CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

PAGE

1. On Mechanical Selection and Other Problems (Plates XVI.—XIX.) KARL

JORDAN . 426

426

Part I. ES M Notes .

Part II. —The Variation of the Genital Armature a Certain Papilios . 458

Part III.— Conclusions 497

2. Index to Volume III. . : ; A : ; 605

(See also pp. 182, 577—579, 591, and 599.)

MAMMALIA.

1. On Mammals Collected by Mr. Albert Meek on Woodlark Island, and on Kiriwina

in the Trobriand Group. OLDFIELD THOMAS 526

. (See also pp. 150, 578, and 593.)

AVES.

l. Contributions to the Ornithology of the Papuan Islands. Warrer ROTHSCHILD

and Ernst HARTERT.

No. I.—List of Three Small Collections from British New Guinea

(PlateL) . é 5 5 : : . : ö 2 : 8

No. II. — Notes on Two More Specimens of Astrapia splendidissima

No. III.—On the Forms of Macropterya mystacea

No. IV.—List of a Collection made by Albert S. Meek on Fergusson,

Trobriand, Egum, and Woodlark Islands . : : à - 233

No. V.—On Some Species in a Small Collection made on the Owen

Stanley Mountains in January 1896 : 252

No. VI.—On Some Skins Collected on Mount Victoria, Owen Stanley

Mountains , , - . R 530

No. VII.—List of a Collection made in the Aru Islands ] by Captain

534

Cayley Webster

2 ma

(vi)

PAGE

. Preliminary Descriptions of Some New Birds from the Mountains of Southern

Celebes. Ernst HARTERT . F : F à 5 ; A . 69

. On the Extinct Birds of the Chatham onde C. W. ANDREWS.

Part I.—The Osteology of Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi (Plate III.) . T3

Part 11. —The Osteology of Palaeolimnas chathamensis and Nesolimnas

dieffenbachii (Plates IX., X.) : ; : : $ . 260

. On Ornithological Collections made by Mr. Alfred Everett in Celebes and on the

Islands South of it. Ernst HARTERT . : ; : : : : . 148

Part I.—On the Birds from South Celebes . i : ö 5 . 149

Part II.—The Birds of Saleyer, Djampea, and Kalao . . : . 165

. A New Form of Swift from Madagascar. Ernst HARTERT. ; : : . 231

. Description of a New Finch from the West Indies. Ernst HARTERT . : . 257

. Description of a New Cyanops from North Cachar. E. C. Stuart BAKER . . 257

. Description d'une Nouvelle Espèce de la Famille des Trochilidae. E. Sımox . . 259

An Account of the Collections of Birds made by Mr. William Doherty in the

Eastern Archipelago (Plates XI., XII.) Emxsr HARTERT.

Part I.—Introduction 537

Part II.—On Birds from East as 5 . r : . 537

Part III.—The Birds of Bali f : : : : E : . 542

Part IV.—The Birds of Lombok . : : ; à 5 di)

Part V.—The Birds of Sambawa — . : 5 é i ; . 565

Part VI.—The Birds of Satonda . : : : ; : : . 914

Part V1J.—The Birds of Sumba . 5 : 516

10, List of a Collection of Birds made in Lombok by Mr. Alfred Everett: Ernst

HARTERT. (With Notes on Lombok by A. EvERETT.) . . 591

(See also Plate TI., Uratelornis chimaera Rothsch., description of which appeared

in Vol. IT., p. 479.)

REPTILIA.

1. Further Notes on Gigantic Land Tortoises. WALTER ROTHSCHILD . : . 85

2. Description of a New Toad from New Guinea (Plate VIII.). ALBERT Güxraer . 184

3. Testudo ephippium (Plates XX.— XXII.) ALBERT GÜNTHER . : $ . 329

COLEOPTERA.

1. Descriptions de Nouvelles Espèces de Lampyrides du Musée de Tring. Ernest

OLIVIER : : - 1

2. Lampyrides capturés au N, par M. iB Dr. Bohs. er OLIVIER . : 4

3. On a New Species of Ateuchus (Actinophorus) from Australia, Jonn W. Suipp . 72

4. Die Passaliden dichotomisch bearbeitet. A. Kuwerr.

Part I.—Die Gruppen und Gattungen (Plates V., VI., VIT.). : . 209

5. On a New Species of Actinophorus from Madagascar. Jon W. Supp : . 420

LEPIDOPTERA.

l. Notes on Heterocera, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species. WALTER

Rornsemmp and Kart JORDAN . . . MEME Sm

. Further Notes on my Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive

of Africa, Watrer ROTHSCHILD P ; A à fi à A 19963

or om Co

( vii )

. New Lepidoptera. WALTER ROTHSCHILD

. New Geometridae in the Tring Museum, WB. WARREN - 5

. Notes on Heterocera, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species (Plate luv

WALTER ROTHSCHILD and KARL JORDAN

. Some Undescribed Lepidoptera. WALTER ROTHSCHILD

. New Species of Drepanulidae, Uraniidae, Epiplemidue, and Geometridae from

the Papuan Region (Albert S. Meek Coll.). W. WArkrFN

. New Indian Zpiplemidae and Geometridae. W. WARREN

. New Lepidoptera. WALTER ROTHSCHILD : i : : .

. New Species of Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, U mantidas, Epiplemidae, P Geometridae

in the Tring Museum. W. WARREN

1. On Some New Subspecies of Papilio. WALTER ROTHSCHILD : : ;

2. Descriptions of Some New Species of Lepidoptera, with Remarks on Some Previously

Described Forms (Plates XTII.—XV.). WALTER ROTHSCHILD

(See also pp: 458—525.)

NOMME ZOOLOGICA H.

No. 1.

Vol. III. MARCH, 1896.

DESCRIPTIONS DE NOUVELLES ESPECES DE LAM-

PYRIDES DU MUSEE DE TRING.

Par ERNEST OLIVIER,

Membre des Sociétés Entomologiques de France, de Londres, ete.”

1. Lucidota disjuncta sp. nov.

d. Oblongo-ovalis, picea; antennarum 2-9 articulis hirsutis, longe slabellatis,

tribus primis et ultimo albidis, alteris fuscis; prothorace subogivali, villoso,

albido, disco piceo, angulis posticis vectis; sculello brunneo; elytris fuscis vitta

lata submarginali albida; mandibulis, palpis, pedibusque albis; ultimo ventrali

segmento albescente, pygidio bipartito.

Long. 6 mm.; lat. hum. 3 mm.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Cette petite espèce est remarquable par les articles 2-9 de ses antennes munis

au cóté interne d'un long rameau hérissé, ainsi que les articles eux-mémes, de longs

poils gris, et par son pygidium profondément divisé en deux lobes triangulaires à

sommet trés aigu.

Je ne connais pas la ?.

2. Lucidota tenuis sp. nov.

Oblongo-ovalis, fusca; antennis compressis, nigris, ultimo articulo albido;

prothorace ogivali, albido, macula discoidali brunnea, basi recte truncato, angulis

rectis; elytris pubescentibus, nigris, vitta lata submarginali albida; pedibus

infuscatis; pygidio subquadrato, postice leviter emarginato.

Long. 5 mm.; lat. 3 mm. :

Hab. Para (Mus. Tring); Fonteboa (ma collect.).

Cette espèce est la plus petite connue du genre.

3. Cratomorphus elevatus sp. nov.

d. Breviter oblongus, piceus; capile nigro; prothorace pallide flavo, macula

basali obscura, medio longitudinaliter carinato; scutello triangulari flavescente ;

elytris piceis, pallide marginatis, tricostatis; ventri pubescente, nitido, nigro,

quinto et sexto segmentis plaga cerea ornatis, ultimo triangulariter producto,

punctis duobus basalibus flavidis notato; pygidio ogivali.

* Voir un premier mémoire, Vol. II., 1895, p. 29.

(2)

9 ignota.

Long. 15 mm.; lat. 65 mm.

Hab. Mexico.

Cette espèce est à peu-près de la taille du picipennis Gorh. Elle en diffère

bien nettement par les caracteres suivants: sa téte est noire; son prothorax offre

à la base une tache quadrangulaire obscure ; ses élytres sont bordées de testacé pâle

largement au bord externe, étroitement sur la suture, et sont, en outre, chargées de

trois côtes longitudinales bien saillantes qui ne se prolongent pas jusqu'à l'angle

apical, la médiane étant la plus longue et l'interne la plus courte; le sommet de ces

côtes très tranchants est de couleur brun testacé,

Le C. elevatus se place dans la quatrième section du genre, section qui

comprend les espèces dont le dernier segment ventral, chez le mâle, est rétréci

prés du sommet en une pointe conique obtuse.* Le tableau de cette section

devra donc étre ainsi complété :—

Pygidium légèrement bisinué: C. distinctus Ern. Oliv. et C. ovatus Gorh.

Pygidium trilobé : C. concolor Perty et C. parmatus Gorh.

Pygidium en ogive: C. elevatus Ern. Oliv.

4. Luciola ambita sp. nov.

Oblonga, pubescens; capite nigro; antennis, tibiis, tarsisque piceis ; prothorace

rufo, transverso, convexo, punctulato, in medio longitudinaliter sulcato, antice

valde attenuato, lateribus arcuatis, basi recte truncato, angulis valde retro productis ;

sculello triangulari, nigro, rufo limbato; elytris prothorace haud latioribus, leviter

ampliatis, dense, profunde et seriatim punctatis, nigris, rufo cirewmdatis; pectore,

femoribusque rufescentibus; abdomine piceo, duobus ultimis segmentis cereis.

Long. 11 mm: ; lat. 5 mm.

Hab. Java, Sukabumi.

Cette espèce se rapproche de L. circumdata Motsch.; mais elle en diffère

essentiellement par sa forme plus allongée, sa forte pubescence fauve, ses élytres

sans côtes saillantes, son écusson en triangle aigu, noir avec une bordure d'un

rouge flave, etc.

5. Luciola humilis sp. nov.

Angusta, nigra, pubescens; prothorace rufo, subquadrato, in medio antico

anguloso, basi recte truncato, angulis vectis, haud prominulis; scutello triangulari,

rufo; elytris prothorace parum latioribus, parallelis, rugosis, costulatis: coxis et

duobus ultimis ventris segmentis cereis, ultimo hamulato apice

femorum basi rufis ;

nigro.

Long. 7 mm. ; lat. 3 mm.

Hab. Cairns, North Queensland.

Cette petite espèce est voisine des L. pupilla Ern. Oliv. et microthorax Ern. Oliv.:

elle en diffère par la coloration du ventre, qui n'offre que deux segments blancs, au

lieu de trois, et surtout par la forme tout autre du dernier segment; elle s'écarte,

en outre de L. microthorax, par son prothorax plus élargi et la couleur rousse de son

écusson,

* Voir mon “ Essai de Classification du genre Cratomorphus” in Soc, Ent, France, 1895 p. exlv

(3)

6. Luciola praestans sp. nov.

Oblonga, rufa, pubescens ; capite antennisque nigris; prothorace rufo, attenuato,

in medio canaliculato, margine antico rotundato, basi recte truncato, angulis obtusis

prominulis; scutello rufo triangulari, apice obtuso; elytris prothorace haud

latioribus, elongatis, parallelis, punctulatis, costulatis, nigris, sutura tenuiter rufa ;

tarsis, tibiis, femorumque dimidia parte piceis; ventris segmentis piceis, rufo

limbatis, tribus ultimis cereis, ultimo triangulari, apice inciso.

Long. 15 mm. ; lat. 5 mm.

Hab. Stanley Pool, Congo.

Cette belle espèce se place près de l’insignis Ern. Oliv., dont elle se reconnait

aisément à la couleur noire de la téte et du bord marginal des ¢lytres, à son dessous

rembruni, ete.

Cette description est faite sur la ? ; le d m'est inconnu.

7. Photuris telephorina Perty ab. mixta ab. nov.

Elytres flaves: une large tache noire couvre toute la base, sauf la cóte suturale,

qui reste flave ; au deuxième tiers de la longueur, une bande oblique noire se joint à

la suture sans atteindre le bord externe et se prolonge en une fine bordure tout autour

de l'angle apical.

Hab. Petropolis, une $.

Je crois devoir signaler cette nouvelle modification bien caractérisée de cette

espèce si variable,

(4)

LAMPYRIDES CAPTURES AU PARAGUAY PAR M. LE

DR. BOHLS.

Determines ET Décrits par M. ERNEST OLIVIER,

Membre des Sociétés Entomologiques de France, de Londres, etc.

1. Lucio splendens Ern. Oliv.

Ern. Oliv., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. 129, pl. 3, fig. 1 d.

2 2. La coloration du corps est la méme que chez le d : les articles des antennes

sont appendieulés seulement d'un seul cóté; le dernier segment ventral est court,

triangulaire, incisé au sommet.

2. Lamprocera extincta sp. nov.

d. Omnino nigra; prothorace antice maculis duabus rufis ornato et tenwissime

rufo limbato ; tribus ultimis ventris segmentis in medio puncto fulvo notatis.

Long. 20 mm.; lat. hum. 9 mm.

Entièrement noir à l'exception de deux taches triangulaires rousses attenant au

bord antérieur du prothorax, d'une fine bordure rousse aux cótés de ce prothorax et

d'un petit point fauve au milieu de chacun des trois derniers segments du ventre.

3. Ledocas xanthomus Ern. Oliv.

Ern. Oliv., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1894, p. 23.

d. Les taches flave-orangé de la base des élytres sont confluentes; la suture est

semblablement colorée sur une très petite longueur à partir du sommet de l’écusson.

4. Dodacles nigricollis Gorh.

Cladodes nigricollis Gorh., Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 8.

Dodacles nigricollis Ern. Oliv., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. 141, pl. 3, fig. 6.

d. Les deux points lumineux placés à chaque côté du dernier segment ventral

sont bien accentués sur un exemplaire.

5. Dodacles erebeus sp. nov.

d. Ater, opacus, ultimo ventrali segmento punctis duobus albidis notato.

Long. 12—16 mm.; lat. 6—7:9 mm.

Cette espèce est aussi obscure que Ledocas carbonarius Ern. Oliv. Elle s'en

éloigne par la forme du prothorax et des élytres, ainsi que par la sculpture de ces

dernieres.

6. Lucidota thoracica Oliv.

Lampyris thoracica Oliv. Ent. II. No. 28, p. 27, pl. 3, fig. 29.

Lampyris vitellinithorax Perty, Del. an. art. p. 27, t. 6, fig. 6.

Lucidota rubricollis Gorh., Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 19.

D'un noir brillant à l'exception des parties de la bouche, de la base des antennes,

des jambes antérieures, qui sont plus ou moins jaunátres, et du prothorax, qui est

(5)

d'un beau rouge brillant. La femelle est un peu plus grosse et les articles de ses

antennes sont moins longuement appendiculés. Le mile a le dernier segment

ventral en carré transversal avec une petite pointe triangulaire dans le milieu de

son bord postérieur: de chaque côté, on remarque une tache jaunâtre qui a du être le

siège de l'appareil lumineux pendant la vie de l'insecte, Le dernier segment ventral

de la femelle est triangulaire, largement échancré au sommet, jaunátre à la base,

Je possède le type du Lampyris thoracica étiqueté de la main d'Olivier, et j'ai

vu au Musée de Bruxelles le Lucidota rubricollis de Gorham. Je suis done certain

de la synonymie que je donne.

Cette espèce a un habitat étendu. On la trouve à la Plata et au Brésil, et elle

remonte au Nord dans l'Amérique centrale jusqu'au Mexique.

Lucidota bella Gorh. en diffère par son écusson fauve, par ses élytres chargées

de côtes beaucoup plus saillantes, et par sa forme un peu plus allongée.

7. Lucidota cucullata sp. nov.

d. Nigra, nitida; ore et duobus primis antennarum articulis piceis ;

antennis compressis; prothorace ogivali, apice erecto, lateribus rugose pun etatis,

luteis, macula discoidali nigra, angulis posticis leviter vetro productis; scutello

triangulari ; elytris elongatis, parallelis, crebre punctatis, nigris, margine externo

tenuiter luteo limbato; comis piceis, pedibus nigris; ultimo ventrali segmento

duobus punctis lucidis ornato.

Long. 6 mm.

Var. Un exemplaire de ma collection, provenant du Pérou, a la suture très

étroitement fauve sur une petite étendue au milieu de sa longueur.

8. Lucidota audax sp. nov.

d. Omnino nigra, mandibulis piceis et disco prothoracis miniato, exceptis ;

antennis compressis; prothorace rotundato, basi recte truncato, angulis obtusis ;

ultimo ventrali segmento in medio leviter producto, utrinque puncto lucido

ornato.

Long. 5 mm.

9. Lucidota tardita sp. nov.

3. Brunnea, nitida; antennis parum compressis; prothorace in medio antico

leviter anguloso, basi recte truncato, angulis fere rectis, vufescente, macula

discoidali antice dilatata nigra; scutello piceo; elytris brunneis, sutura et

margine esterno tenuiter flavo limbatis; coxis et tibiis piceis; tribus ultimis

ventris segmentis cereis, ultimo parvo, emarginato.

Long. 7—8 mm.

10. Lucidota misera sp. nov.

d. Nigra; antennis compressis, serratis; prothorace rotundato, antice

attenuato, basi leviter arcuato, angulis retro productis, marginibus crebre et

profunde punctatis, nigro, antice rufescente, disco duabus maculis oblongis

miniatis ornato; elytris brunneis, margine externo anguste flavo, ante apicem

desinente; penultimo ventrali segmento puncto medio lucido ornato, ultimo

breviter producto.

Long. 6:5 mm,

(6)

11. Phengodes uruguayensis Berg.

Perg, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. lix.

Un seul exemplaire (d), qui diffère légèrement du type par son prothorax

entiérement noir, sans bordure flavescente.

12. Phengodes pallens Berg.

Berg, Soc. Cient. Argentina, 1885, p. 232.

Deux exemplaires (d) plus grands que le type que je possède ; les élytres sont

un peu plus longues et arrivent à la hauteur du troisiéme segment abdominal.

M. Bohls a capturé en méme temps deux larves que je crois étre celles de ce

Phengodes. En voici la description: Corps étroit, linéaire, d'un brun jaunátre

brillant, hérissé de longs poils roux épars sur le thorax, plus denses sur l'abdomen ;

yeux, mandibules, et palpes noirs; segments thoraciques légerement déprimés;

abdomen cylindrique, composé de dix segments d'égale dimension, sauf le dixième,

qui est beaucoup plus étroit, brun, et légèrement échancré à l'extrémité ; pattes

courtes, massives.

Long. 13—14 mm.

13. Cratomorphus bifenestratus Gorh.

Gorh , Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 34.

2 d. J'ai vu le type de cette espèce au Musée de Bruxelles. Le pygidium est

fortement trilobé à lobe médian large, tronqué carrément; les latéraux, beaucoup

plus courts et plus étroits, sont arrondis au sommet.

14. Aspidosoma fenestratum Bl.

Lampyris fenestrata Bl., Voy. d'Orb. p. 111.

d ?. La taille de cette espèce est assez variable. Le type existe au Muséum

de Paris.

15. Aspidosoma lineatum Gyll.

Lampyris lineata Gyll., Sch. Syn. Ins. App. p. 23.

Très commun au Brésil. Ce n'est qu'une variété de VA. hesperum de Linné,

Olivier, Fabricius.

16. Aspidosoma sticticum Gemm.

Aspidosoma sticticum Gemm., Col. Heft VI. 1870.

Lampyris maculata Fabr., Oliv., Cast.

De Geer (1774) ayant déjà donné le nom de maculatum à une espèce d’Aspide-

soma, M. Gemminger a du changer le nom de l'espèce de Fabricius, d’Olivier, ete.

17. Aspidosoma buyssoni Ern. Oliv.

Em. Oliv., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 95, pl. 1, fig. 6.

Décrit sur des exemplaires de ma collection et du Musée de Bruxelles provenant

de la République Argentine.

(ET)

18. Aspidosoma lepidum Gorh.

Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer. Malacod. p. 54.

Plusieurs exemplaires légérement différents du type en ce que la bordure

marginale des élytres est un peu plus longuement prolongée et les taches latérales du

prothorax ne sont pas jointes à la médiane.

19. Aspidosoma bohlsi sp. nov.

Oblongum, piceum; prothorace subogivali, macula quadrata praescutellari

migro et rufo variegata ; scutello triangulari, rufo; elytris prothorace vic latioribus,

dein ampliatis, fuscis, margine externo late pallido, ventri voseo, d tribus ultimis

segmentis cereis, 2 quinto macula mediana flava ornato.

Long. 8—8:9 mm.

Cette espèce ressemble beaucoup à une autre encore inédite (Aspidosoma

meglectum Ern. Oliv.), qui fait partie de ma collection et provient du Brésil. Cette

dernière diffère cependant essentiellement de A. bohlsi par son prothorax bien arrondi

en avant, au lieu d’être atténué en ogive, par ses élytres chargées de trois côtes

saillantes, à bordure marginale peu distincte, et par la poitrine et le ventre, sauf les

segments lumineux, bruns,

20. Photuris fruticola Motsch.

Telephoroides fruticola Motsch., Et. Ent. 1854, p. 60.

Photuris trivialis Bohm., Eug. res. 1858, p. 77.

Espèce très répandue au Brésil,

21. Photuris lividipennis Motsch.

Bicellonycha lividipennis Motsch., Et. Ent. 1854, p. 58.

Aussi du Vénézuela et du Brésil.

22. Photuris signifera Kirsch.

Kirsch, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1865, p. 78.

Ern. Oliv., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. 243, pl. 3, fig. 16.

C'est avec doute que je rapporte à cette espèce un unique individu (9?) en

mauvais état.

23. Photuris lurida Kirsch.

Kirsch, Berl. Ert. Zeit. 1865, p. 76.

Ern. Oliv., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. 244, pl. 3, fig. 17.

Aussi en Colombie.

(8)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE

PAPUAN ISLANDS.

Bx THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD ano ERNST HARTERT.

(The work of these “contributions” is so divided that Walter Rothschild works out

the families Paradiseidae, Ptilonorhynchidae, and Rallidae, while E. Hartert

alone is responsible for the rest.)

LIST OF THREE SMALL COLLECTIONS FROM BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

MOSTLY BROUGHT TOGETHER IN THE OWEN STANLEY MOUNTAINS.

(Plate I.)

NE of these collections was made by our collector Anthony in the Mailu District

during the months of July and August; another in the Fafa District between

Mounts Alexander and Bellamy, in elevations of from 5000 to 6000 feet, in October ;

and the third consisted of some skins from high elevations in the Victoria District,

which were purchased in London.

Anthony left Port Moresby for the first trip on June 12th, 1895, and reached

Mailu after a very long and bad passage in a small boat. He started inland on

July 6th, marehed about twenty-five miles through broken country towards Mount

Dayman, formed a camp, and collected for two weeks. He then made another march

of about twenty-five miles, and collected ten days. A third march of about ten miles

brought him to the foot of the mountains, where he stopped five days, but found

birds very searce, while insects were more abundant. He then ascended the top of

the range, where he collected three days with very little suecess in birds. He wished

to descend on the other side and to colleet on the north-eastern slopes, but the

report of the murder of the Clarke Expedition so frightened the natives that they

would not proceed. He therefore followed the range in a south-easterly direction and

collected another three weeks, in very bad weather, rain pouring almost every day,

while the hills were continually enveloped in fog. After these three weeks he pro-

ceeded to Orangery Bay, where he reached the coast again in a place about twenty-five

miles to the east from where he started inland, and collected a short time near the

coast. Port Moresby was reached again early in September. All the birds were

collected in July and August, some having exact dates, others not. All the birds

from the second trip were collected in October, inland from Port Moresby, in what is

called the Eafa district, between Mounts Alexander and Bellamy, in heights of about

5000 to 6000 feet. The collector says he could have reached higher elevations if his

natives had not refused, but they declared they could not bear the cold, and the

hill-tribes seemed not to know what to make of the party, as their district had not

been visited before by strangers. Besides he seems to consider the time of the year

unfavourable for shooting, and it rained * night and day."

No particulars could be obtained with regard to the few skins bought in London,

but there were some very good things among them.

Craspedophora intercedens Sharpe, Jowrn. Linn. Soc. XVI. p. 444 (1882).

A series of males from Mailu and Eafa districts, The breast-shield varies in

certain lights from metallic green to blue. The wings are 183—194 mm. long ; the

bill very constant, varying in length only about 3 mm,

INOVITATES ZO

JG Keulerr

Jel eb Hitt

AMBLYOR

NTIC

INLD

INORI

(9)

This species is at once distinguishable from C. magnifica of North-Western

New Guinea by the base of the culmen being entirely hidden by the frontal feathers,

which unite on each side, as properly remarked by Sharpe in his new Monograph of

the Paradiseidae. The bill is also a little shorter, the breast-shield of a less metallic

gloss, but these differences are trifling. Birds from German New Guinea (Con-

stantinhafen, Simbang, and the Finisterre Mountains) are entirely similar to those

from British New Guinea. W. R.

Drepanornis albertisii cervinicauda Scl., P. Z. S. 1883, p. 578.

Two females shot on July 19th and 21st, 1895, near Orangery Bay, and a good

series of both sexes from the Eafa district. The iris is given as brown, feet grey,

bill black. Dr. Sclater most appropriately called this bird, when he first named it,

a subspecies, and bestowed upon it a trinomial. As such it must stand, the only

obvious differences between the male of it and the Arfak bird being the lighter

rump and tail; and the colour of the latter is by no means absolutely constant,

neither in the darker nor in the paler species, though the former is always recog-

nisable. The differences stated to exist in the colour of the crown and on the tips of

the side-plumes are minute, and not quite constant in a large series. A constant

difference in the length and thickness of the bill seems not to exist. The female of

the Arfak bird is darker and more rufous above. All this seems not to indicate more

than a well-marked subspecies, W.R.

Epimachus meyeri Finsch.

Both sexes from the Eafa and Victoria districts.

Astrarchia stephaniae Finsch.

Both sexes of this magnificent bird from the Eafa and Victoria districts. The

femaies do not differ in structure from those of Astrapia nigra, but only in

colour. The genus, therefore, is hardly of much value. W. R.

Paradisornis rudolphi Finseh & Meyer.

Both sexes of this glorious bird from the Eafa district and Mount Victoria. In

October males were in full plumage, while others had their long tail-feathers not

developed and a female was in full moult. WER:

Paradisea raggiana Scl., P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 559, 697.

A fine series of adult males from the Mailu district, all very constant in colour,

except that in two specimens the straw-yellow colour of the hind-neck extends much

less down towards the back than usual. All are in full nuptial plumage, except one

which has only short side-plumes and one which has none at all. The wing is mostly

about 185 mm. long, the shortest being 183 and 181 mm. long, while a few have

longer wings, i.e. 187, 190, and one even 194. W. R.

Cicinnurus regius (Linn.).

A large series of males and females from Mailu. Female: “ Eye brown, feet pale

blue, beak yellow."

I have now before me in the Tring Museum many specimens of Cicinnurus

regius, about thirty of them with exact localities, from Mailu and Nicura in

(10)

British New Guinea, Simbang and Constantinhafen in German New Guinea, from

Arfak, Salwatti, Mysol, and Aru Island, and I find that they are very constant on

the whole, and have the forehead and the feathers on the bill light orange, quite

different from the rest of the upperside. The specimens from Jobi Island differ

obviously in having the short feathers on the bill produced farther towards the tip,

thus leaving a smaller piece of the bill unfeathered, in having these feathers a little

longer, much darker, and of the same colour as the back. These characters can be

seen at a glance, and certainly are important enough to establish a subspecies upon.

As there is a slight variation in the colour and extension of these parts, we may

fairly expect that intermediate forms will occur, and therefore had better call

the Jobi form a subspecies only, although my specimens are so obviously different.

Salvadori was the first to notice the differences of Jobi specimens (Ornitologia

Papuasia II. p. 650), and his seven specimens were evidently alike. A. B. Meyer

(Zeitschr. f. ges. Ornithol. III. p. 36, 1886) also recognises the same characters as

being peculiar to the Jobi Island specimens, and states that a Kafu skin showed the

same peculiarity, but had a very yellowish red tail. Guillemard (P. Z. S. 1886,

p. 656) also describes the Jobi bird as differing from the others, but the size of the

supraocular spot and the violet tinge of the throat vary, and are therefore of no

consequence. For the Jobi bird I propose the name of

Cicinnurus regius coccineifrons Rothsch., subsp. nov.

I may also mention that the one Aru skin I have is large, the wing longer than

in any of my other specimens, the nasal plumes rather short and yellowish.

Guillemard (P. Z. S. 1886, p. 656) mentions the same character, and therefore I

should very much like to compare a series of specimens from Aru. WR.

Diphyllodes hunsteini Meyer.

A male in moult and two females from the Eafa district, which seem to

belong to D. hunsteini Meyer. WAR.

Parotia lawesi Rams.

Of this excellent species I have received a large series from the Fafa district.

The most important character to distinguish it from P. seapennis seems to me the

white frontal plumes on the top of the bill, extending right to the front. Between

the two rows of white nasal plumes is a long upright crest of black feathers with a

(5115

strong browny gloss, not hitherto recognised in any figure of this bird, and laid back

in most of the skins seen by me, but standing up as in the accompanying figure in

some of my new skins; and this is evidently its proper position, though the bird may

be able to lay it back sometimes. W. R.

Lophorina minor Rams.

A fine series from the Eafa district, shot at elevations of about 5000 to 6000

feet. The males have the wing from 124 to 136, but mostly about 130—132, mm. in

length, the tails from 89 to 100. The adult female has the wing about 112—118, mostly

about 115. The young male is entirely similar to the female in colour, but can be

‘distinguished by its longer wing. The black feathers of the adult male begin to

show at an early age in large patches above and below, and some black remiges and

rectrices appear irregularly, but the feathers of the brilliant green breast-shield and

the velvety mantle-plumes evidently come later.

This species was first described as L. superba minor, “but it must evidently

stand as a good species. The male can be distinguished at a glance by the very

conspicuous black centres to the upper feathers of the breast-shield. Besides this,

the wing is shorter, the longest of the mantle-plumes are broader at their tips, and

there are some more differences, as pointed out by Ramsay and Meyer (ef. Zeitschr.

f. ges. Ornith. YI. p. 376, Pl. XVII. ; III. p. 180; Ibis, 1886, p. 244, ete.). The female

differs entirely from that of L. superba in the colour of the upperside, and in having

a broad superciliary line of whitish spots running towards the occiput. W. R.

Phonygama purpureoviolacea Meyer.

Three skins from the Eafa district, October 1895, 5000—6000 feet. “ Iris red,

feet and bill black.” This is the finest of the known species of Phonygama. It

inhabits the mountains of British New Guinea, while Ph. hunsteini Sharpe (= Ph.

thomsoni Tristr.) lives in the D'Entrecasteaux Group, Ph. gouldi in Queensland,

and Ph. keraudreni is said to occur all over New Guinea and the Aru Islands! I

am much in want of good specimens of the last two species, with exact localities

and dates.

The male is apparently larger than the female. W.R.

Manucodia atra (Less.).

Mailu district ; several specimens of both sexes.

The males are considerably larger than the females. W. R.

Chlamydodera cerviniventris Gould.

Mailu ; both sexes.

“ Eye grey, feet brown, bill black.” The male seems to be distinctly larger than

the female. W. R.

Aeluroedus melanocephalus Ramsay.

Typical skins from Mailu and Victoria districts.

Amblyornis inornata (Schleg.).

A. macgregoriae de Vis.

A. musgravianus Goodwin.

I am sorry to say that I cannot any longer distinguish between A. inornata and

A. macgregoriae (or A. musgravianus, as one may call it, both names being pub-

lished in 1890).

(12)

For a long time, from 1871 to 1894, no specimen of Amblyornis inornata with

a crest was known, though Bruijn's hunters, D'Albertis, and others had brought many

females and males out of the Arfak region. In 1884 Sharpe described the totally

distinct A. subalaris, also from a female (or young male), without any sign of a

crest, but soon afterwards Finsch & Meyer made us acquainted with the beautifully

crested male. In 1890 the names of A. macgregoriae and A. musgravianus were

given to crested males from the mountains of British New Guinea, but no specimens

of that form reached Europe until this year. As late as 1894 a crested male of

A. inornata was first made known by Meyer, and I have since acquired seven. Quite

lately came, among some birds sent for sale to London from the Victoria district,

two males which fully agreed with the description of A. macgregoriae (that of

A. musgravianus being very incomplete and in general terms). They were very much

like the Arfak birds, but the crest decidedly shorter, and the whole bird rather small.

Comparing my specimen (the other is in the British Museum) with the series of

A. inornata from Dutch New Guinea, I soon anticipated that they would probably

be not more than subspecies. I was, therefore, not a little surprised when in the

last collection from the Eafa district I found a beautiful male, with a crest fully

as long as any of those from Arfak, and not different in size! I now give the

measurements of the crested males at present in my collection in millimètres :—

| CREST. WING. | TAIL. TARSUS,

| = TT. = | Rd

| |

| 1. d' ad. Arfak Region cn pet occ 06 95 137 | 96 35

[s E E 7 = E » |

2. d ad. Arfak Region ES ses 2: Ca 95 142 | 97 35

| 3. d ad. Arfak Region 2 S. s e 94 136 95 35

M Eh | p |

4. gad. Arfak Region die 5S so cep 96 136 None. 36

5 a k : Not fully 2 A >

» d apparently adult. Arfak Region developed. 135 95 36

6. a Joa y € a

i. g ad, Northern Co Coast pu ew Cue 86 140 96 35

7. 8 ad, Northern Con C Ue of Dutch New Guinea | 90 Pira n 91 36

8. gad. Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley Mountains 85 | 132 | 90 24

9. d ad. Eafa District, between Mts. Alexander | 95 137 93 35

and Bellamy, 5-6000 feet. October 1895 \ e CU E à

On the di is no remarkable difference in colour between any of these, but beneath

Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 are somewhat more rufous, and No. 7 is exactly between these and the paler

ones, which are Nos. 3, 8, 9.

One more reason not to attach great importance to the length of crest in

this Amblyornis is that it is not constant in A. subalaris.

Crestless specimens from Arfak (Bruijn coll.) have mostly shorter wings, and

these are apparently females, while some, evidently young males, have the wings as

( 13 )

long as the crested mules. The very different descriptions of the “ bowers” of the

two supposed species are rather puzzling at present, and we should try to learn more

about it, but if the birds cannot be distinguished our present knowledge of the

differences in their bowers cannot constitute their distinctness. WE

Amblyornis subalaris Sharpe.

A series of beautiful males and females from Eafa and Victoria districts. The

crest is 60 to 65 mm. long, but in one 70. In some skins it is pointed to a sharp

angle, but in others not. This is apparently due to preparation. The females have

the wing a little shorter.

The plate illustrates the differences of the three recognised species: A. inornata,

A. subalaris, and A. flavifrons (see Nov. ZooL. IT. p. 480). W. R.

Loria mariae (de Vis).

One female from the Eafa district ; on the label: “ Eye grey-black, feet greenish,

bill black.” This bird entirely agrees with the descriptions of Cnemophilus mariae 9

and Loria loriae Salvadori, but, as it has no wattles at the angle of the mouth, it

would properly belong to L. mariae (de Vis). I, however, have a male from the Arfak

region which exactly agrees with the male of De Vis's species, only the metallic

sheen on the inner secondaries is slightly more greenish. In view of this wide

distribution, which is the same as that of Amblyornis inornata, I cannot at present

believe that Loria loriae and Loria mariae are really two different species. W. R.

Oriolus striatus Quoy & Gaim.

Three skins from Mailu. Iris dark red, bill red, feet bluish.

Mino dumonti Less.

+ ad. One skin from Mailu. “ Eye, feet, beak yellow." Wing 143 mm.

Calornis metallica (Temm.).

? ad. Mailu. Iris red. Wing 104 mm.

Paramythia montium de Vis.

Mount Victoria; one perfect skin, not sexed. Another in the British Museum,

Sclater has given an admirable figure by Keulemans in the /bis of this marvellous

bird. He there proposed, under reserve, to create a new family Paramythidae for

this bird, chiefly for the reasons that the covering of the tarsus differed from that of

the Sturnidae (under which family it was classed by its first describer) and that it

seemed to him (judging from an imperfect wing) that there was no first primary, or,

better said, that it had only nine primaries. It is true that the tarsus, with the

exception of its lowest part, is covered by an unbroken lamina, while it is covered

throughout with a number of very distinct scales in the Sturnidae, and the tarsus

and toes are very slender in comparison with those of the Sturnidae. On the wing,

however, I find that the first primary is not quite absent, though very much reduced.

It is stiff and narrow, about 8 or 9 mm, long, and certainly not “functionary "

as a flight-feather. Nevertheless it is there, and the difference between it and the

first (or tenth, as it is called by some authors) primary of Sturnus vulgaris, where

it is about 15 mm. long, is less than that between Sturnus vulgaris and Lamprocolius

(14)

phoenicopterus, where it is about 32 mm. long, though both the latter are recognised

as Sturnidae. How uncertain the length of the first primary as a family character

is, may be seen by comparing it, for example, in Pholidauges verreauxi (14 mm.),

Calornis metallica (14 mm.), Streptocitta torquata (19 mm.), Acridotheres tristis

(25 mm.), Gracula robusta (40 mm.), Gracula javanica (31 mm.), Mino dumonti

(30 mm.), Basilornis (25 mm.), and others, as well as comparing different species

and genera of Alaudidae. I was rather surprised to find that in the so-called nine-

quilled (or rather, nine-primaried!) Passeres the tenth primary is not always, nay,

not even as a rule, and very likely never, entirely absent, but only much reduced,

and often difficult to find, because stiff and narrow and hidden by its longer covert.

From these reduced little feathers to those of Pholidauges, Sturnus, or Calornis is

no longer step than from the latter to Acridotheres, Basilornis, and Gracula. How-

ever wide the gap between total absence and development of an organ may be

considered, it is wholly unscientific to use its presence in a diminutive size as a

character to separate large groups, such as families, when we see that in the groups

which we recognised it varies as wide as the difference is between its size in the

families where it was called “absent ” and the smallest in the families where it was

called * present." Iam very sorry that these facts exist, because they take from us an

apparently very convenient character to split up into groups a number of the many

* Passerine birds," which, in spite of the many clever attempts to classify them,

will long remain a crux of ornithologists. Finally, I am bound to mention (and this

should and will be known to ornithologists) that what I saw is no new discovery, but

has long before been laid before the Zoological Society of London in an important

paper entitled * Remarks on the Numbers and on the Phylogenetie Development of

the Remiges of Birds,” by Hans Gadow. See Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 655.

The creation of the family of Paramythidae may be justified for other reasons,

but the minute size of the first primary cannot be taken as an important reason for

it. The measurements of our specimen are: wing 103 mm., tail 105, tarsus 30,

entire eulmen 20. E. H.

Rhectes nigrescens Schleg.

A female from the Eafa district differs from a female from Arfak in a decidedly

longer bill. As Meyer (Zeitschr. f. ges. Ornith. III. p. 21) mentions some slight

differences between males from the two different localities, it is quite possible that

they are not the same, but more material is necessary to decide finally. E, H.

Pomareopsis bruijni (Salvad.).

1875, Grallina bruijni Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa VII. p. 929; id., Orn. Papuasia II. p. 191

Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. III. p. 273 ; id., in Gould's B. New Guinea ILL. pl. 13.

1880, Pomareopsis semiatra Oust., Bull Ass. Sci. de France p. 173.

1894, Symmorphus nigripectus de Vis, Report on New Guinea 1894, Rep. on Ornith. Specim. p. 4, No. 44.

I believe that the three synonyms quoted here really belong to the same species.

The description and measurements of Symmorphus nigripectus so closely agree with

this species that I cannot help regarding it as synonymous for the present, though

I hope to be enlightened on the subject by our fellow-worker Mr. de Vis, to whom

we owe so much of our knowledge of birds from South-Eastern New Guinea.

The Tring Museum has it from the Mailu and Victoria districts, E. H.

Monachella mülleriana (Schleg.).

?. Mailu, July 19th, 1895. “ Iris, feet, beak dark brown,” Wing 96 mm.

(15)

Colluricincla megarhyncha (Quoy & Gaim.).

d. Mailu, July 30th, 1895. “Iris deep brown, bill and feet dark grey."

Wing 92 mm.

Melanocharis bicolor Rams.

?. Mailu. “Iris grey, feet and beak brown.” Wing 67 mm.

Pachycephala schlegeli obscurior Hartert subsp. nov.

The south-eastern representative form of the Pachycephala schlegeli typica from

the Arfak region of New Guinea, of which two males are at hand for comparison

with fifteen males from Arfak, differs only from the latter in having the abdomen

of a deeper tawny orange, which colour seems also to be extended farther on towards

{he sides, in having a larger black chin-spot, and the white of the throat less in

extent. We have it from the Eafa district from heights of 5000 to 6000 feet, and

from the Victoria district Mr. de Vis has had specimens from 6000 to 8000 feet.

Wing. 85 mm. E. H.

Myzomela rosenbergi Schleg.

Two from the Eafa district, not distinguishable from a large series from Arfak

in the Tring Museum. E. H.

Ptilotis visi Hartert sp. nov.

Ptilotis, speciei P. chrysotis dictae similis, sed corpore supra et alis rufescen-

tioribus, gutture pallidiore, regione supra-auriculari pallidiore facile distinguenda.

Hab. Nova Guinea meridionali.

This species has been mixed up with P. filigera Gould, from North Queensland,

by Salvadori, Gadow (cf. Ornit. Papuasia IL. p. 345; Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IX. p. 237),

and others, but it is not typical P. filigera from Queensland (Cape York), from

which it differs in being much darker above and below, the top of the head not being

grey but greenish olive, the breast being washed with greenish olive, the white mark

above the ear-coverts indistinet, if visible at all, the whitish grey spots on the nape

smaller and sometimes quite absent. In fact Ptilotis visi is nearer to P. chrysotis

of North-Western New Guinea, from which it differs in the quite different colour of

the upper parts, which are strongly washed with rusty rufous, the paler chin and

throat, the paler ear-coverts, the paler line above the ear-coverts (which is almost

black in P. chrysotis), and generally in the presence of some greyish spots on the

nape. The breast is also less greenish (though distinctly so), the wings more rufous

outside and with much broader inner rufous margins. The type of P. vis? is from

the Mailu district, from where the Tring Museum has four beautiful skins; but we

have also specimens q, u, V, T, à of Salvadori's list (l.c. p. 346), which I consider to

belong to this species, as well as two skins from the Fly River which seem to belong

to the same form, although the white mark above the ear-coverts is rather distinet

and the region above it rather dark, They may be subspecifically distinct, but more

material is required from that place to decide that question. We have also two

skins from Wokan, Aru Islands, which are not P. visi, but nearer to P. filigera.

They are, however, skinned after having been preserved in spirits of wine (see

Salvadori, l.e. p. 346), and therefore not much weight can be attached to their

(16)

coloration, but they are certainly nearest to P. filigera, from which they will

probably differ in some slight points only.

P. visi d ad. (type): Bill black. Upperside greenish olive, strongly washed

with rufous on the interscapulium, back, and rump, but strongest on the inter-

scapulium. Remiges deep brown, outer webs narrowly bordered with rusty olive,

inner webs broadly margined with rufous, specially towards the base. Wing-coverts

rufous brown, margined with rusty rufous. Under wing-coverts light rufous.

Rectrices deep brown, narrowly margined with olive on the outer webs, broadly

bordered and tipped with rufous. Under the eye a short whitish line. Ear-

coverts greyish, bordered above with an often indistinct line of whitish, below

with a long golden-yellow line. Chin and throat pale brownish grey ; rest of under

surface rufous brown, with a greenish olive wash on the breast, and without any

distinct spots. Nape generally with some pale greyish spots. Total length about

180 mm., «a. 92—97, c. 80—85. Salvadoris Naiabui specimens have the wing mostly

a little longer. Old skins are not so bright as our fresh ones.

It is not impossible, of course, that all these forms may one day, when a large

material comes to hand, be regarded as subspecies only, but at present they must

most decidedly be kept separate. I am obliged to Mr. Ogilvie Grant, who went over

our birds with me in the British Museum, and who is likewise of the opinion that

Ptilotis jiligera, P. chrysotis, and P. visi, the last of which stands somewhat in

the middle between the two others, are three different species.

I named the new form after Mr. de Vis, of the Queensland Museum, whose

different articles on the collections made during Sir William Macgregor’s expeditions

have greatly enlarged our knowledge of the birds of British New Guinea. E. H.

Melirrhophetes belfordi de Vis.

d. Eafa district, between Mount Alexander and Mount Bellamy, 5000 to 6000

feet, October 1895. * Eye brown, bill dark brown, feet grey." This specimen agrees

well with the description of Mr. de Vis. E. H.

Melirrhophetes ochromelas batesi Sharpe.

One adult specimen from the Mailu Mountains. The Melirrhophetes from the

mountains of British New Guinea was named M. batesi by Sharpe, but when he did

so he did not have a specimen of M. ochromelas to compare, but had to go merely by

the deseription of Meyer and Gould's figure of that species. Mr. Grant and I have

compared the two forms, of which there are now specimens both at Tring and in the

British Museum ; and we did not find any other tangible difference than the colour

ofthe stripe above and behind the bare space surrounding the eye and the tips of

the upper ear-coverts. These are pale buff in M. ochromelas from Arfak, and rufous

fawn-colour in M. batesi. Perhaps the breast and abdomen are also a shade darker in

M. ochromelas, but it requires a series of fresh specimens to decide whether that has

any constaney. It is very doubtful to me whether these slight differences will be

found to be constant when some series from the countries between Arfak and the

Owen Stanley Mountains come to hand, and the safest course seems to treat these

forms as subspecies, thus recording the fact that the forms from the extreme points

of their distribution are slightly different ; while we may take it for granted that

intermediate forms will be found. E. H.

(el)

Centropus menebeki Less. et Garn.

d ad. Mailu district, August 5th, 1895. “Iris pink.” Wing 230 mm.,

tail 365.

Sauromarptis gaudichaud (Quoy & Gaim.).

Dacelo gaudichaud Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Aut. d. Monde Zool. p. 112, Pl. XXV. (1824).

Mailu.

The name of this large kingfisher is S. gaudichaud, and not S. gaudichaudi,

as spelt by modern ornithologists. Messrs. Quoy & Gaimard spelt it without an 4,

and there is no reason to alter their spelling.

No white on the back in our specimens from British New Guinea, but we have

one from Aru and one from German New Guinea, collected by Kubary, which have

also no white on the back. The blue in our bird from Constantinhafen (S. kubaryi

Meyer, Ibis, 1890, p. 414) is in no way more whitish or silvery cobalt than in others,

but its bill is larger than in any other specimen before me. 8. kubaryi is certainly

not a species, but it may possibly stand as a local subspecies. E. H.

Dasyptilus pesqueti (Less.).

Two specimens from Mailu. In comparing these skins and one from the Owen

Stanley Mountains with one from Constantinhafen, German New Guinea (Kubary

coll.), and sixteen from the Arfak region (Arfak, Dorey), I cannot find any constant

differences. Females are smaller, but I cannot see that the red colour is less bright ;

it is, however, absent on the side of the occiput in one female. E. H.

Neopsittacus pullicauda Hartert sp. nov.

Speciei Neopsittacus musschenbroeki dictae similis, sed occipite nuchaque

obseuriore, cauda supra obscuriore, infra virescente (nee ochraceo-flavo vel aurantio),

breviore, distinguendus.

Hab. Owen Stanley Mountains (type from the Victoria district).

The Neopsittacus of the mountains of British New Guinea differs from N.

mvusschenbroeki Schleg. from the Arfak Mountains in the hinder part of crown,

occiput, and nape being dark green, with a very slight brownish red wash and some

very faint yellowish streaks, while these parts are olive-brown with a strong orange

shade and very distinct yellow shaft-stripes in N. musschenbroeki. "The tail is a little

shorter than in the latter, of a much darker green above and without an indication of

orange tips, below dark brownish green instead of oehre-yellow or orange. It seems

also that the red on the breast and middle of abdomen is much more extended, but

this character varies with age. Mr. C. W. de Vis, in the Report on Ornithological

Specimens collected in British New Guinea of 1894, mentions on p. 1 that he had

specimens of a parrot collected on Mount Manaeao, at elevations of 5000 and 5650 feet,

in April, which he “referred with diffidence to N. musschenbroeki,’ as he noticed

some peculiarities, but the characters he mentions, viz. a yellow bill and the green

of the outermost tail-feather being confined to the base of the outer web, are not

clear. The bill in the skin before me is orange-yellow, and the extent of the deep

red colour in the rectrices is the same as in N. musschenbroeki, where, however, it

varies a little. Its total length is about 190 mm., the wing 102 mm., tail 86 mm.,

tarsus 12 mm. E. H.

(18)

Psittacella brehmi pallida Meyer.

A. B. Meyer in Zeitschr. f. ges. Ornith. III. p. 3 (1886) described as a new

species from some females from British New Guinea Psittacella pallida, because it

differed from females of P. brehmi from Dutch New Guinea in being paler and

washed with greyish on the throat and sides of the head, and in having a shorter

tail. Salvadori afterwards (cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XX. p. 499, 1891) declared

that he had not been able to detect any difference between the supposed two species,

We have now received three males from the Eafa district, and, comparing them with

three males and four females from Arfak, I find that they differ from the latter in

having the throat and sides of the head paler and with a slight greyish wash, and in

being more yellowish green on the breast and abdomen, while the north-western

birds are more grass-green. These characters are quite noticeable in the specimens

before me, but as they are not quite constant they can hardly be considered to justify

a specific separation, but they seem constant enough for a subspecific distinction.

I may add that there is no great difference in the length of the tail or in size,

though P. b. pallida is a little smaller as a rule. De Vis (Report, 1894) mentions

some doubtful specimens which seem to belong toa third form, to judge from his

remarks. E. H.

Charmosyna stellae Meyer.

Males and. females from the Eafa district and Mount Victoria.

Accipiter cirrhocephalus (Vieill.).

An evidently perfectly adult male, with the wing 185 mm. long, from Mailu.

Falco severus Horsf.

A fine skin from Mount Victoria. Some of the old feathers on the underside

are paler, and have longitudinal black spots, which are probably the remainder of the

immature plumage. The rectrices have a narrow rufous terminal border. EICH:

Falco ernesti Sharpe.

A beautiful male (though marked female on the label by mistake) from the

Eafa district, October 1895. “ Iris brown, feet and cere yellow.”

The Tring Museum has also a female from Arfak.

Reinwardtoenas reinwardti griseotineta Hartert subsp. nov.

Comparing specimens of Reinwardtoenas reinwardti from S.E. New Guinea,

Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, Arfak, Waigiu, and the Moluceas, I find that the Moluccan

birds are much more white on head, neck, and breast, and have more dark feathers on

the wing-coverts, besides being a trifle smaller as a rule; while the birds from New

Guinea have the head, neck, and breast of a much darker grey, more rufous on the

wing-coverts, and are perhaps a little larger. Waigiu specimens stand somewhat

between Moluccan and Papuan specimens in the darkness of the neck and breast,

but belong rather to the latter. Of the New Guinea specimens it may be said that

those from Arfak seem to be a little lighter than those from the Eastern and Southern

parts of the island, where they are of the darkest grey. In any case, however, the

(19)

Moluccan bird is easily recognisable as being whiter, and it is therefore desirable to

give the Papuan bird a subspecifie name. I do not know the R. minor Schleg. from

the island of Misori in the Geelvink Bay, but R. browni (Sel.) is a very distinct

species. Count Salvadori, to whom we owe so much of our knowledge of the Papuan

Islands, has already (see Ornitol. Papuus. III. p. 128) pointed out some differences

between Moluecan and Papuan specimens, but gave no new name, as he did not

consider such local forms important enougli to give them a name. E. H.

Goura albertisii Salvad.

Two typieal specimens from Mailu.

NOTE ON TWO MORE SPECIMENS OF ASTRAPIA SPLENDIDISSIMA.

Since I described and figured this splendid bird in Vol. II. of this journal, I

have received two more males, which are quite complete. The central rectrices are

185 and 210 mm. long, cream-colour with black tips for 70 and 81 mm., and

only 1:5 inch (= 38 mm.) longer than the next pair. The wings of these specimens

measure about. 5:15 inches (— 130 mm.). W. R.

III.

ON THE FORMS OF MACROPTERYX MYSTACEA.

When arranging the Swifts in the Tring Museum I found two specimens, a male

and a female, of Macropteryx mystacea, collected on the island of Guadalcanar

by Mr. Woodford, and recorded by Grant in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 194-

They struck me at once by having a uniform grey underside, while M. mystacea

from other localities have the middle of the abdomen white and a good deal of white

on the lower tail-coverts. On further examination I found that the wings of the two

Solomon Island specimens were about three-quarters of an inch, or about 20 mm.,

shorter. These differences, if the two specimens are compared with a number of

New Guinea specimens of M. mystacea, are so obvious that I should not have hesi-

tated to describe them as a species had I not found that both the length of the wing

and the colour of the under parts vary to a certain extent in M. mystacea. So I find

that the Moluccan specimens have the wings mostly shorter than those from New

Guinea, and the extent of the white colour on the abdomen varies also. "There are

a skin from Buru and one from Ceram in the British Museum which have very

little white on the belly only. Nevertheless the Guadaleanar birds are striking

enough to deserve a subspecifie name, and I propose for them that of

Macropteryx mystacea woodfordiana Hartert subsp. nov.

It differs from M. mystacea typica from New Guinea in the uniform grey under tail-

coverts and abdomen (without white in the middle) and the shorter wing. It

has the wings 821 inches (=208 mm.) and 8:15 inches (—206:5 mm.), the tails

7 and 7:5 (=177°5 and 190 mm.). I think it is quite possible that the Moluccan

birds will be separated subspecifically at one time or another, but at present I have

not sufficient material to decide, and I find too much variation in size, while I can

(20)

see no differences in colour, The species was first described from New Guinea, and

the Papuan form must therefore stand as Macropteryx mystacea typica. T have

measured the following specimens from New Guinea and adjacent islands :—

Wing.

1. Mailu district, British New Guinea er ... 90 inches.

AO Ve » ” T » aoe e: 207] 5;

S sr M E » a is sane) at} a

. Kafu ves ses Roe Fa es s 9:4 ^

0.093; iss s Boe vate nae wes 8:00;

6. Andai, Dutch New Guinea eus ane i. 865 ,

7. Mansiman, Arfak... Ber Ser Bas Bone) Pr

8. Arfak Mountains ... Bale s TE Soo. ER: ^

9. Owen Stanley Mountains he P er S955 5

10. Fly River A: er AR: 2 sco, 9:0 »

11. Jobi Island Vae $E. Goo Ana 30 8:9 2

12. Waigiu ... Ass m cee MS 388 92 Le

3. Port Moresby — ... 300 bac ae oo 90:

14. Aru Islands md ase ai Nos T 9:180

'The following from Duke of York and New Ireland :—

1. Duke of York ... T s See a, ek

2. New Ireland ue Fee Jes m sue bh ox

From the Moluccan Islands :—

1. Halmaheira Ht SE d Ran an 8:5 g

2. Buru AS oan Phá "e a a 86 =

3. Amboina ... Hee sae ix vs we 86 5

4. Buru vus Bod e. wee T EC. 8:5 E

5. Halmaheira Abe € vs s du 86 a

6. Buru 8:5 3

rA NM 868 ,

8 5 adn 85 p.

9: Batjan e. D. s oup ace 080 5

10. Amboina ... N Br Ne Wis T. 8:56 =,

11 = 84

15. HUI AVR.

16. Ceram En BSc ES adt ee ote 88 >

(2913)

NOTES ON HETEROCERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

GENERA AND SPECIES.

Bx THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD asp DR. KARL JORDAN.

OR some time past we have been working at several families of Heterocera, and

publish in this paper a number of notes on structural characters and aflinities,

as well as diagnoses of genera and species which are to our knowledge new to

science. The descriptions of new species are by Walter Rothschild, while Dr. K.

Jordan is responsible for the remainder of this article as far as it is undersigned

SORTS

We have thought it best to give the exact size of the wings of the new species

by measuring three lines—the anterior margin, exterior margin, and posterior margin.

The anterior margin is measured from base of subcostal nervure to tip of vein 8 of

forewings, or vein 7 of hindwings; the posterior margin from base of subcostal

nervure to tip of vein 1"; and the exterior margin to forewings from tip of vein 8

to tip of vein 1", that to hindwings from tip of vein 7 to tip of vein 1°, if not

otherwise stated. AM means anterior margin, EM exterior margin, PM. posterior

margin.

If the wing of a species is different in general shape from that of an allied

species, the mere expanse (length of wings + body) does not.give us any idea about

that difference.

SATURNIDAE.

1. Opodiphtera inversa Rothsch. sp. nov.

Larger than astrophela Wlk., tawny ochraceous with grey shades. Ocelli much

smaller, but with a larger vitreous centre, that of hindwings considerably more

cireular. The inner band on forewings is straight behind cell, not curved, and is

joined along the median vein to intracellular portion, forming two right angles.

The band is double, the inner side pinkish grey, outer side dark vinaceous. The

outer band is much nearer posteriorly the outer margin, and differs conspicuously,

as also do the other bands, by having the light half inside, while in astrophela the

light half is outside. On hindwings is a curved double band, of same colour as those

on forewings, at basal half, which crosses cell at origin of vein 3; this band is absent

from the d of astrophela. Half-way between ocellus and outer margin of hindwings

is a band composed of three lunulated lines; the two outer are dark vinaceous, the

inner one pinkish grey. Underside more shaded with pinkish grey ; outer bands of

both wings indicated, but pinkish only. Collar grey ; rest of body similar to wings.

Expanse: forewing AM 55 mm.; EM 36 mm.; PM 33 mm.

7 hndwnoe „ SA 0,0 2300 5 5 Sl,

Hab. Mailu, British New Guinea (Anthony, July 1895); 1 d. W. R.

SPHINGIDAE.

2. Phlegethontius stuarti Rothsch. sp. nov.

Upperside: forewings greyish white, with a strong yellow wash which makes

them have the colour of ground mustard seed. On the discocellulars is a white

stigma surrounded by a black ring; obliquely between this and the costa is a smaller

stigma, also surrounded by a black ring. At the base of wings are three black dots,

one before costa and two behind it, the two latter including a white dot between

themselves. Between base and stigmata are four zigzag transverse black lines,

which converge behind till before inner margin two amalgamate, leaving only three.

Beyond the stigmata are three black lines which are strongly dentated; the space

between the outer two is much paler than between the first and second. Between

the outer of these three lines and the outer margin are two rows of irregular anchor-

shaped spots, one quite close to the outer margin, the other half-way between it

and the dentated lines. The outer margin is very distinetly and strongly marked

in alternate black and white spots. Hound the area of the stigmata the wings are

more or less clouded with black scales. Hindwings same ground-colour as forewings,

but darker, especially in costal and apical area. In the hairy basal region is a black

band, eut short posteriorly, where it is followed by a square whitish spot. There are

three black dentated bands across outer half of wing, terminating at anal angle, the

inner one of which is sometimes double, and stands closer to the second than that

does to the third. Outer margin equally distinetly marked as in forewings.

Underside: all four wings grey, with yellow tinge much feebler. Basal half of

forewings darker. Apical half of both pairs of wings crossed by three zigzag dentate

black lines.

Head above lavender-grey, a spot on either side in front of eye black; palpi

almost maize-yellow. Thorax above same colour as wings; two small black dots

behind head, followed by two transverse lines (interrupted or complete), two black

dots in centre, and one on each side above base of wings.

Abdomen darker, except middle of first two segments above and whole underside ;

down the centre of abdomen above run two rows of white spots at the hind edges

of segments. On each side of second segment is a black patch, and on the five

following ones an ochraceous rufous (not yellow) patch, partly surrounded by black.

The last patch is small in the male and practically absent in the female.

Expanse : forewing AM 53 mm.; EM 29 mm. ; PM 31 mm.

» hindwing 2.32 ass) 2] C MNT. S

Hab. La Paz, Bolivia (Arthur Maxwell Stuart, October 1895) ; 2 d, 1 9.

The peculiar mossy appearance of the scales and the greenish yellow ground-

colour are such that, when the wings are closed and the insect is at rest, it must be

practically impossible to distinguish it from yellowish lichens. WER.

3. Theretra crossei Rothsch. sp. nov.

This is most closely allied to T. lucasi Wlk. and its Indo-Australian allies, but I

must describe is as distinct, for I have two specimens identical, and it comes from

West Africa.

Differs from lucasi Wlk. by the conspicuous convex outer margin and the much

rounded inner angle. Between the margin and the row of black dots on the veins

(23)

are two zigzag transverse lines, not straight as in lucasi, and the spots stand behind

the line reaching the apex, while in lucasi they stand upon the line.

expanse : forewing AM 33 mm. ; EM 17 mm. ; PM 21 mm.

" handwanoa N20 TI ey Re nh

Hab. Assaba, Lower Niger (Dr. Crosse); 1 4. Gold Coast ? ; 1 d.

I name this species after the collector, but hope soon to have the pleasure

of naming a more conspicuous insect after him,

Panaera mira Swinhoe, Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 13. n. 54. t. 1. f. 6 (1892)

(Cape York), is a synonym of P. turneri Lucas, Queensland newspaper; Miskin, Proc.

R. Soc. Queensl. 1891. p. 62 (Mackay). Wisk:

4. Pachygonia maxwelli Rothsch. sp. nov.

This species is very distinct from any of the others of the genus, but stands

nearest to P. coffeae WIk.

Upperside: both pairs of wings longer and narrower than in coffeae. The

submarginal line of forewings runs from inner angle to vein 4, and is here five

millimetres from outer margin; from vein 4 it runs straight towards the apex, where

it ends at vein 7; while in coffeae it is zigzag, does not form an angle, and is more

or less parallel with outer margin. The three transverse lines between costa and

vein 4 run obliquely inwards in maawelli, while in coffeae they run obliquely

outwards. A pale pinkish grey line runs from inner angle to the small black stigma

on the discocellulars. Near the base of inner margin is a large black wedge-shaped

patch abruptly terminated at vein 2; in coffeae this patch is scarcely darker than

rest of wing, and instead of being cut off by vein 2 it runs up gradually narrowing to

the costa. On hindwings the black transverse band across the yellow dise is wanting,

and the yellow area itself reaches to the base; apex rufous red followed by black ; at

anal angle are four lines terminated by vein 3— inner one broadest, pale pink, next

blackish, third very narrow, pinkish, fourth grey.

Markings of underside corresponding to upperside, but much heavier and more

distinctly apparent than in coffeae, and ground-colour much redder.

Head and thorax grey, with a black median line, forked behind; on each side

of thorax is a large black patch edged with white behind. Abdomen grey, variegated

with rufous, below almost rufous.

Expanse : forewing AM 32 mm.; EM 163 mm.; PM 21 mm.

5 hindwing) MOSE cy LS S Se

Hab. San Augustino, near Mapiri, Bolivia, 3500 feet (Arthur Maxwell Stuart,

September 1895); 1 d. W. R.

5. Unzela variegata hothsch. sp. nov.

Upperside: forewings differ from U. japix (Cram.) firstly in that the transverse

line which separates the area of the basal fourth from the dark patch in centre of

wing is serpentine, while it is straight in U. japiæ ; then in the basal area itself being

in the new species cinnamon-grey, with a longitudinal brown streak at inner margin,

while in japie it is olive-brown, with a round lavender patch in centre. The central

dark patch is much less distinct, and instead of being sharply incised on the outer

side is constricted into the shape of an hour-glass. Hindwings in japix are uniform

dark brown, with two short pink streaks at the anal angle, while in variegata they

(24)

are yellowish grey with a broad dull brown border and a narrow transverse line

beyond the middle.

Underside: the wings in japix have pale grey borders; in variegata these

borders are broadly dark brown, while the rest of the wings is much more whitish.

Abdomen on underside in variegata much dirtier greyish white. The antennae are

longer and thicker, and the male claspers are larger.

Expanse : forewing AM 25 mm.; EM 12 mm.; PM 17 mm.

"i hindwing LT SE lc eee Oly

Hab. San Augustino, near Mapiri, Bolivia, 3500 feet (Arthur Maxwell Stuart,

September and October 1895); 2 d. W. R.

AGARISTIDAE.

Note.—My attention was drawn to the definition of this family especially by

Prof. Dr. Karsch’s article on the African Agaristidae in Ent. Nachr. p. 343 (1895),

where that learned author says that, according to Aurivillius, the Agaristidae are

Noctuid-like moths distinguished from the allied families by vein 5 of the hindwing

originating from the apex of the cell in the middle between veins 4 and 6; a short

definition which I found in discordance with Hampson, Moths of India II.—a work

which every student of moths will appreciate the more the longer he works with it,

though in detail it is, of course, not free from errors—who includes in the Noctuidae

a number of forms which Karsch’s definition would bring to the Agaristidae, and I

became convinced that a few stray notes on the structure of some genera and species of

the Agaristids would be of some help in coming in future to an exact delimitation of the

present family. Karsch’s definition is based upon that of Aurivillius in Ent. Tidskr.

p. 183 (1892)—in fact it is only a repetition of one of the nine characters by which

Aurivillius distinguishes that family ; and I therefore shall annex my notes to those

nine characters, which I give in the same order as Aurivillius did.

1. * Stirn aufgeblasen oder mit einer hornigen Erhabenheit.”

The forehead is indeed mostly gibbose and often armed with a more or less

prominent conical processus, which is truncate at the tip, and bears a circular or

subcireular ridge. In Trimen’s Pais pulchra, and in a new genus and species from

Madagascar described in this paper, the processus is long and thin; in Copidryas

gloveri S. & R., Apina callisto Wlk., and in Butlers Aegocera cornigera it is naked

and has the form of a flattened, slightly excavated horn, the tip of which is rounded,

or bi- or tripartite, recalling the frontal horn of certain Cetonidae.. A great number

of Agaristids have, however, the forehead only slightly convex, such species as

Agarista saturata Wik. and allies for example, and are without a frontal processus

or horn, the cireular ridge also being wanting ; while on the other hand well-developed

frontal horns occur amongst the Noctuidae. Agrotis segetwm Schiff. has a feeble, but

distinctly visible, frontal circular ridge. In Cramers Phalaena hyroglyphica (Pap.

Ex. IL. t. 147. f. D) the front of the head is produced into a short cone. Agrophila

sulphuralis (L.), various species of Acontia O. and of allied genera—for example

A. dispar Wlk. (Lep. Het. B. M. XII. p. 790), Omia cymbalariae Hb., Heliodes

rupicola Hb.—have a more or less obviously gibbose forehead with a circular horny

ridge; whereas in the species of Megalodes Guen. the head is armed with a long

horn as in Copidryas and Apina. Vein 5 of the hindwings comes in the Noctuids

mentioned here from below the middle of the discocellular veinlets.

(25)

2. “ Rippe 1 der Vorderflügel wurzelwärts nicht gegabelt, einfach.”

3. “ Rippe 5 der Vorderflügel nahe an der Rippe 4 entspringend.”

These two characters the Agaristidae have in common with the Noctuidae and

Arctiidae. A bifurcation of the submedian nervure to the forewing is sometimes

obviously indicated by a longitudinal furrow in the basal portion of the vein.

4. “Rippe 2 der Hinterflügel nahe an der Hinterecke der Mittelzelle ent-

springend."

The position of vein 2 to the hindwings is neither amongst the Agaristidae nor

in the Noctuids, Arctiids, Hypsids, etc., of great constancy, and this vein stands on

an average not nearer to vein 3 in the Agaristidae than in the allied families. We

find the extremes in respect to the position of vein 2 of the hindwings in Agarista

agricola (Don.), Phalaenoides latinus (Don.), Euthisanotia argentata Druce, with vein

2 coming from near vein 3, and on the other hand in Pais pulchra Trim., Charilina

amabilis (Drury), and Eusemia mollis Wlk., in which that vein originates before the

apical third of the cell. |

5. “Rippe 3 und 4 der Hinterflügel aus einem Punkte (der Hinterecke der

Mittelzelle), oder mit sehr kurzem gemeinschaftlichen Stiel entspringend.”

This character applies to many Agaristidae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae, ete., but is by

no means met with in all Agaristids; vein 3 is removed from 4, though it always

stands nearer to 4 than to 2, in many species of various genera, most obviously so in

Eusemia mollis Wik. and Agarista luctifera, Boisd.

6. * Rippe 5 der Hinterflügel aus der Mille der konkaven Querrippe ausgehend."

Prof. Karsch (l.e.) thinks this character the most important one, and sufficient

to distinguish the Agaristidae from their allies by. In the Arctiids, Hypsids, and

most Noctuids, ete., vein 5 of the hindwings comes from the lower angle of the cell,

or from between lower angle of the cell and middle of the discocellular veinlets. In

a great number of Noctuids vein 5 approaches the centre of the discocellulars ; in

others it eomes just from below the centre ; while in others again, as in Heliothis Tr. and

some allied forms, it originates exactly from the middle of the apex of the cell. We

can, in fact, draw up a series of genera which show every intergradation between the

two extremes, the position of vein 5 at the lower angle of the cell and the position in

the centre of the discocellulars ; compare Barasa Wlk., Chariclea Steph., Agrotis O.,

Asperasa Moore, Erastria O., Bryophila Tr., Heliothis Tr. And this occurrence of

intergradations makes it probable to me that not all the species of Noctuoid moths

with vein 5 coming from the middle of the discocellulars are true Agaristidae, and

that there might be true Agaristidae with that vein originating below the centre

of the discocellulars. Even if we admit Heliothis Tr., Glottula Guen., Sphetta

Wik., and some other genera to be Agaristids, there remain many others, like

Eupsephopaectes procinetus Grote from California, which I cannot convince myself

to be anything else but Noctuidae in spite of vein 5 to the hindwings having the

same position as in Episteme Hübn. (Eusemia Dalm.) On the other hand, in a

number of true Agaristidae, in A. albomarginata Moore, «matriæ Westw., semperi

Feld., hesperioides Wlk., and others, there is a peculiarity in the neuration of the

hindwings—explained on p. 37—which gives vein 5 the appearance of coming from

near the lower angle of the cell In Phalaenoides albamedia Luc. vein 5 stands

below the middle, owing to the development of a stridulating organ ; and, alas, in

Agarista belangeri Guér. vein 5 is decidedly depressed at the base, as it is in typical

Arctiids, Hypsids, ete.

In Agarista agricola Don. and its nearest allies vein 5 stands nearer to 6 than to 4.

(26)

7. * Rippe 8 der Hinterflügel nahe an der Wurzel mit der vorderen Mediana

vereinigt und daselbst mehr oder weniger verdickt."

In this respect the Agaristidae and Noctuidae are identical, and exhibit rather

important variation. In most Agaristidae the basal partition of the subcostal

nervure (vein 7), before touching vein 8, is very feebly developed, and veins 7 and 8

appear, therefore, to be shortly stalked together, the more so as vein 7 is mostly not

anastomosed to (confluent with) vein 8, but joined to it by a very short thick bar,

which has such a position as to appear to be a prolongation of the main part of vein 7

(compare Episteme victrix Westw., dentatriz Westw., Aegocera, Metagarista, Ovios).

In Agarista agricola Don. and allies the basal partition of vein 7 is obliterated, so

that veins 7 and 8 are actually stalked, as in many Arctiids. Sometimes veins 7 and

8 are merged together for about 4 mm. (Pyenodontis Feld., Clitis Wlk.); or they

touch one another, remaining separated by a slight furrow (Mila Auriv., Diamuna

WIk.), or by a deep and rather broad one (Godasa Wlk.) The basal partition of

vein 7 is much thicker in Godasa, Mila, Clitis, ete., than in Episteme, Agarista,

Phalaenoides, Aegocera, etc.

8. * Hinterflügel mit Haftborsten."

This character the Agaristidae have in common with the Noctuidae,

Arctiidae, ete.

9. “ Die Fühler gewöhnlich vor der Spitze mehr oder weniger verdickt.”

There occur very different types of antennae in this family. The typical

antennae are more or less club-shaped (Agarista, Episteme, Aegocera, Rothia, ete.),

but very often the antennae are not thickened towards the apex, or they are even

setiform (Phalaenoides funebris Moore, albamedia Luc. Zalissa-species) ; and

there are a good number of genera with serrate and pectinate antennae (Apina

callisto Wlk., Aucula Wlk., Pyenodontis and Leiosoma Feld., Psychomorpha Marr.,

and others) Clubbed antennae are found, besides Castniidae, also among other

families of moths—for example, in Cistidia Hb., a genus of Geometridae.

As it becomes pretty clear from the above short notes that none of the nine

points of Aurivillius's definition of the present family are really decisive, every one of

them either occurring in other families or being found only in part of the true

Agaristidae, an exact definition of the family remains still a desideratum ; but as we

believe that, before our knowledge of the earlier stages of Agaristidae, which seem

to exhibit some constant characters, has increased, and till we know more of the

anatomical and morphological details of the Noctuoid and Bombycoid moths, an

exact delimitation of Agaristidae will be impossible, we think it after all best to

accept, for the present, Aurivillius’s view, and to unite to the Agaristidae all

Noctuid-like moths with vein 5 of the hindwings originating in or before the middle

of the discocellulars, and to exclude all other forms, with the exception, I am sorry to

say, of Agarista belangeri Guér.

To the Agaristidue of Kirby's Catalogue of Lep. Het. we have to add some

genera and species which are undoubtedly Agaristids, and to remove some which

belong to other families.

Apina callisto Wlk., Kirby's Cat. p. 442, is certainly an Agaristid. Apina

angasi Wik. is by no means generically identical with callisto ; it is no Agaristid.

Vein 7 of the hindwing is in angasi anastomosed to vein 8 for about 2 mm. ; the

same character we find in Satara aequata, Wlk., Kirby’s Cat. p. 33 (= Arctioneura

lorquini Feld.), which is likewise no Agaristid, but an Arctiid s.l.

CE)

Callimorpha lemnia Boisd., in Kirby’s Cat. under Episteme Hb., is most

probably a Geometrid.

Eusemia siriella Druce, Kirby’s Cat. p. 28, is a Geometrid according to the

type-specimen.

The genera Hecatesia Boisd. (Kirby's Cat. p. 12), Diamuna Wik. (Lep. Het.

B. M. XII. p. 960), Clitis Wik. (l.c. p. 961), and Aucula Wlk. (Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. (3). I. p. 253) are Agaristids.

Listonia jamaicensis Möschler, Abh. Senk. Nat. Ges. XVI. p. 37. f. 13 (1891),

is perhaps also an Agaristid.

Duga Wlk.,in Kirby's Cat. amongst the Agaristidae, p. 898, contains in the

Catalogue two species, pinguis and zemire; D. pinguis Wlk. is a Geometrid,

D. zemire (Stoll) a Pyralid. Swinhoe’s Duga vana, Cat. Lep. Oxf. I. p. 96. t. 3. f. 3

(1891), is not a Lithosid, as Swinhoe says, but a Geometrid.

Phaegorista pallida Druce, Kirby’s Cat. p. 417, is the same as Sarothroceras

(nee Sarothrocera White, 1845) alluaudi Mab., according to Mabille’s figure and the

type of pallida. Druce gave as habitat * Ogowai, East Central Africa," perhaps (? )

a mistake for Ogowe R., West Africa. The name of pallida has the priority over

that of alluaudi. I agree with Karsch that this insect is not an Agaristid, though

vein 5 of the hindwings comes from the centre of the discocellulars.

Phalaena Bombyx mummia Cramer, Pap. Ex. HII. p. 61. t. 228. f. c (1782)

(Surinam) is an Agaristid, and comes into the genus Pyenodontis Feld., not into Are

Wik., Lep. Het. D. M. Ill. p. 758 (1855), where it is placed by Walker with a “?”.

In pattern of the forewings many Agaristidae agree perfectly well with the

Noctuidae. A most obvious and rather widely distributed character amongst the

Agaristids is the occurrence of metallic bluish scales on the forewings above, which

often form conspicuous patches, especially one in the cell beyond the middle and

another upon the discocellular veinlets. Red, yellow, and white markings on a black

ground are prevalent in this family, and it appears to me that there is rather commonly

a variation of the colour within the same species from white to yellow, and from yellow

to red. This variability has not yet been noticed, except in the genus Episteme Hb.

by Hampson, Moths of India, and so a good number of colour-varieties stand still in

Kirby's Catalogue as species. In Eusemia longipalpis Kirsch the d has the band

of the forewings and the patch on the hindwings white; of the female sex of this

species there occur three forms, one similar to the male, a second with the patch to

the hindwings orange, and a third with both the patch to the hindwings and the

band on the forewings orange ; intergradations prove that these forms belong to one

species. Eusemia longipalpis and some other Agaristidae, as well as Milionia

glauca (Stoll), apparently confirm Eimer's opinion that the new colour develops from

the posterior side. The white-marked Aegocera trimeni Feld. and the orange-

coloured A. tricolor Druce are not only identical in the outline and position of the

markings, but there occur also specimens of trimeni with the hindwings obviously

tinged with orange, and examples of tricolor which are much paler thau others.

There are two specimens of a Mitophrys Karseh from Sierra Leone in the Tring

Museum, one marked with orange, the other with white. We find no other difference

between the specimens besides that disparity in colour, and are convinced that the

two specimens are the same species; they agree fairly well with Mitophrys halans

Karsch, Ent. Nachr. p. 354. t. 2. f. 7 (1895), and M. agoma Karsch, l.c., respectively.

Among the numerous species (?) of X«nthospilopteryz Wall. similar cases of

diehromism can be observed. The hindwings of X. pardalina (Wlk.) are yellow

( 28 )

or red; sometimes they are orange. X. geryon (F.) has occasionally orange hind-

wings instead of red ones. Rothia eriopis (H. S.), from Madagascar, has bright

yellow hindwings in the ordinary type; the Tring Museum possesses a series of

specimens taken in the same district with eriopis which have the hindwings

bright carmine.

Sexual dichromism is not seldom. Usually the female is darker than the male;

such is the case in Phalaenoides donowani Boisd., tropica Luc., in the genus

Aegocera, in Ophthalmis mollis (W1k.), ete. The female of Eusemia saturata Wik.

(= doleschalli Feld.) has the bands on fore- and hindwings orange, while they

are white in the male.

Other secondary sexual differences are not rarely met with. Haase, /ris I.

p. 165 (1887), noticed already tufts of long hairs at the base of the abdomen of the

males, and described them as scent-organs. These organs are present in all typical

Agaristidae, but as the hairs fall off easily, they often escape notice. A number of

species have, besides, another scent-organ, not mentioned by Haase, on the hindwings

within a deep longitudinal fold (Episteme dentatriz Westw., albomarginata Moore,

hesperioides Wlk., ete.). In the males of Andrhippuris Karsch and Hespagarista

Wik. the abdomen is furnished at the tip with a tail of long hairs. Hecatesia Boisd.,

Androloma Grote, and Aegocera tripartita Kirby have in the male a stridulating

organ on the forewings; a similar one, situated on the hindwings, is present in the

male of Phalaenoides albamedia Luc.

The antennae are usually thicker in the male than in the female; in the species

with pectinated antennae, the pectinations are shorter in the female sex, sometimes

scarcely perceptible. The forehead is narrowed behind in the males of a number

of species, such as Aegocera trimeni Feld., bimacula Wlk. The terminal joint of

the palpi is usually, not always, longest in the female.

In consequence of my researches on the structural characters of the Agaristidae,

which showed me that under the genera Agarista, Episteme, Phalaenoides, ete.,

very heterogeneous forms stand united, I am obliged to propose a good number of

new genera, which I base on such characters as can more easily be grasped. There

is only one alternative—either to split up the family in a greater number of genera,

or to treat all Agaristidae as “ Agarista.” In what state the division of the

Agaristidae into genera at present is will be understood when I say that the diagnosis

of every genus of this family in Hampson, Moths of India, is wrong. I divide the

Agaristidae in the following groups :—

Group L-—Antennae simple; forewings without areole.

a. African forms.—There are no representatives of this group inthe Aethiopian

fauna.

b. Indo-Australian forms.—Here comes only the genus Episteme Hb., with lectriæ

(L.) as type. Hampson, Moths of India II. p. 149 (1894), rejects Hübners name

of Episteme as “genus non descriptum” (many other genera of Hiibner’s have

been accepted in that volume) and employs the name of Æusemia Dalm. The

incompleteness of Hiibner’s generic descriptions is no reason not to accept his

names; insufficient are so many (perhaps most) diagnoses of Lepidopterous genera

created by ancient and modern authors, and so many genera have been based: upon

heterogeneous forms—even Hampson’s diagnosis of ** Zusemia " applies only to some

of the species included in that genus in Moths of India—that I fully agree with

(29)

what Aurivillius says about names of genera (Iris 1894. p. 123), and must treat

as nomina nuda only such names as are not accompanied by any diagnosis

whatever. I hope I shall not be accused of inconsequency because Felder’s generic

name Pyenodontis is applied in this paper; we ought to have given a diagnosis

to that name, but we prefer to wait until our researches on the American Agaristidae

are more complete.

Without areole are the following species in Hampson’s work : lectrix (L.), type

of genus Episteme Hb., nigripennis Butl., adulatrix Koll., maculatria Westw.,

irenea Boisd., latimargo Hamps., fasciatria Westw., vetula Hiibn., and perhaps

negrita Hamps., which is unknown to me. Besides these species, which include

numerous named varieties, true Episteme Hb. are also bisma Moore, bijugata W1k.,

and a new species described below by Mr. Rothschild; all other forms that stand

under * Husemia” in Hampson's book have an areole and belong to other genera.

Westwood's figure of E. maculatriæ Westw, in Nat. Libr. differs remarkably

from that given later on in Cabinet of Oriental Entomology. Kar):

6. Episteme conspicua Rothsch. sp. nov.

MaLe.—Upperside : forewings black, with the usual slight blue gloss. Basal

fifth has a number of scattered metallic blue scales forming two spots behind the

costa; across the apical third of the cell runs a transverse yellow line. Beyond the

cell is a broad yellow transverse fascia, split up below the lower median vein so as to

form a separate spot at the angle of inner margin. In the middle between this

fascia and the outer margin is a row of six very small half-obliterated spots. Hind-

wings similar to bisma Moore, but the black outer margin is much reduced, and the

red discal area is paler and brighter.

Underside as above, only the costal margin for its basal half is lavender, and

there is a round white dot at the basal fourth of cell; the cellular transverse line

is broader, and the submarginal spots are large, very distinct, and of a lavender tint.

Hindwings with submarginal spots distinctly marked, while above they are almost,

if not quite, absent.

Body as in bisma, but the yellow abdominal bands broader, and the pale spots

on the thorax smaller.

FEMALE similar, but submarginal spots on both wings less developed.

Expanse: forewing AM 38 mm.; EM 23 mm. ; PM 25 mm.

hindwing , 25 298 lo,

5 3 »

Hab. Kina Balu, North Borneo; 24,24.

This species is much larger than bijugata Wlk., which it resembles, and ean at

once be recognised by the yellow underside of the thorax, the extremely narrow

and obsolete cellular band, and the presence of the round spot at the angle of inner

margin of forewing. WR:

c. American forms.—We have a moth from Jamaica of Noctuoid appearance.

which has the antennae setiform and is without areole. The name of this insect

we have not yet found.

Westwood, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2). I. p. 202. n. 7 (1877), says of his Othria

ecuadorina that the areole is wanting; we do not know the species, and can, there-

fore, not say whether that statement is correct. K. J.

( 30 )

Group II.—Antennae simple; forewings with areole.

Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 1895. p. 347, divides this group in two sections, according

to the position of vein 10 to the forewings; this nervule is either stalked with

8 and 9, or it arises from the areole. These two sections do not seem to me to be

quite natural, as the following examples will show; but I accept them, as they are

certainly very convenient for a preliminary grouping of the genera. In Druce's

Agarista darna, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). XIV. p. 22 (1895), from Timor, the position

of vein 10 is so variable that we have specimens, caught at the same locality and

at the same time of the year, with vein 10 being stalked with 8 and 9, others

with vein 10 originating from the apex of the areole close to the stem of 8. 9, and

others again with that vein coming from the areole and being distinctly separate

from 8 and 9.

In the d of Hecatesia thyridion Boisd. veins 9 and 10 are shortly stalked to-

gether, while in the 9 vein 10 arises from the areole independently of 9.

The type of the genus Othria Westw., Othria augias (H. S.), Auss. Schm. I. f. 18

(1853), comes in most characters very close to Phasis noctilux WIk., the type of

Phasis Wlk., Lep. Het. B. M. II. p. 312 (1854), but has vein 10 originating beyond

the areole, while in Phasis it arises from the areole. KC.

1. Vein 10 to the forewings stalked with 8 and 9 (often with 7. 8. 9).

d. African forms.—Here come the genera Xanthospilopteryx Wllgr., Massaga

Wik., Schausia Karsch (see Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 1895. pp. 345. 346).

There are in the Tring Museum twenty-eight specimens of X. africana Butl., of

which four are aberrant in having an orange spot in the black marginal border to the

hindwings near the anal angle. In one of these specimens that spot is indicated,

under a lens, by four reddish scales on the upperside of the left wing. while on the

right wing it is represented by about a dozen scales; below, the spots are entirely

absent from either left or right hindwing. The second example has above on both

wings a very few seattered orange-red scales, whereas below the spot is well marked.

In the other two specimens the spot is conspicuous above and below. Out of twelve

specimens of X. fatima Kirby, five show a more or less obvious trace of that spot,

especially below. This proves, I believe, that the occurrence of such a spot cannot

be used to separate specifically specimens with and without that mark which are

otherwise the same. X. perdriæ Druce (=eoa Mab.) is, therefore, only an aberra-

tion of africana Butl., which itself is perhaps the red form of one of Walker's

species.

We have a female of X. hornimanni Druce, from the Gold Coast, in which the

basal and median white spots are confluent with one another along the costal, median,

and submedian nervures, thus forming a large triangular patch that includes a

black spot in the cell and another behind it. The markings on the wings of

Xanthospilopteryx vary, in fact, a good deal. In X. superba Butl., for example, the

spot. before the middle of the inner margin is in our series of twenty-three specimens

quadrate, or is prolonged along the submedian nervure, assuming the form of a broad

comma, sometimes merging together with the second spot of the post-median row,

or is reduced to a rather narrow oblique streak ; in one example this spot is quadrate

on one wing, linear on the other. The median band of X. butleri (WIk.), of which

species we have fifteen specimens, is often complete, sometimes it is constricted at the

median nervure, and not farely it is even widely interrupted; and so on. I fear that

(31)

a good number of the species based on slight differences in the shape of the markings,

and on the red, yellow, or white colour of the hindwings, are mere aberrations.

Massaga delicia Butl., and M. demena Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). XIV.

p. 23 (1895), belong to the genus Misa Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 1895. p. 349. KJ

7. Massaga angustifascia Rothsch. sp. nov.

FEMALE.— Upperside: all four wings black with an oily green gloss, the veins

being strong metallic green. Wings crossed by a single convex cream-coloured band,

situated about 1 millimetre beyond the cell of forewing, measured at the upper

median vein. The band on forewings stops at the costal nervure, where it is nar-

rowest, while it is widest at the discoidal nervules, being here a little more than

2 millimetres. At the apex of forewings the fringe is white, otherwise dark.

Palpi, except third joint, head, anterior coxae, anterior femora, and prothorax

crimson ; tip of abdomen yellow ; rest of body oily green.

Underside of wings similar to above, but veins on hindwings from base to edge

of band of same colour as band.

Expanse: forewing AM 29 mm.; EM 15 mm. ; PM 21 mm.

" Iundwinge 200 A SA

Hab. Old Calabar ; 1 9.

Differs from virescens Butl. in the narrower band, it being uniformly wide on

both wings and well outside the cell, and in the cream veins on underside of

hindwings. WIR:

e. Indian forms with vein 10 of forewings being stalked with 8 and 9.

Here belong Chelonomorpha Motsch., Burgena Wlk., and a number of new

genera.

Immetalia Jord. gen. nov.

d ?. Front of the head scarcely with an indication of the usual conical processus,

without a circular ridge or with only a trace of it. Palpi almost naked, 7.e. clothed

with short hairs, terminal joint at least three times as long as broad. Antennae a

third shorter than the costal margin of the forewings, distinctly clubbed in either

sex. Tibiae naked, or almost so.

Neuration : forewing with vein 10 stalked with 8 and 9; vein 3 close to 4 from

hinder angle of cell; 2 from near hinder angle of cell; second partition of median

vein* shorter than the respective portion of the outer margin. Hindwings with

veins 3 and 4 together from lower angle of cell; 2 from near hinder angle of cell, as

on forewing.

Male with the anal segment large, and the upperside of the abdominal margin

of the hindwings clothed with long, often partly erect, hairs.

Type: 7. saturata (WIk.), Lep. Het. B. M. XXXI. p. 54 (1864) (Buru, nec

Gilolo, nec Key); Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. I. p. 162. n. 753. t. 5. f. 1 (1892)

(Buru).

Comes nearest to Xunthospilopteryx Wllgr., from which it differs in the longer

and maked terminal joint of the palpi, the less gibbose forehead, and in the

* “Second partition” of the median nervure is the portion between veins 2 and 3,

(32)

shorter second partition of the median nervure to the forewings, this partition in

Xanthospilopteryx being longer than the respective portion of the outer margin.

Chelonomorpha Motsch. is distinguished from the new genus by the presence

of a conical frontal horn, the more hairy palpi, hairy abdomen, and again the longer

second partition of the median vein to the forewings.

Felder’s I. doleschalli is a synonym of saturata (Wlk.). Besides saturata the

following species must come in the new genus :—

Immetalia longipalpis (Kirsch), Mitth. Mus. Dresd. I. p. 130. n. 141. t. 7. f. 12

(1877) (Rubi, N. Guinea). As said above (p. 27), this species varies in the colour of

the bands from white to orange, and is also not constant in the size and shape of the

markings. It has received five names :—

1. I. longipalpis (Kirsch) is based upon a female with the band of

the forewings yellow and that of the hindwings orange.

2, I. brujini (Oberth.), Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. XV. t. 4. f. 6 (1880) (no

description, no habitat), is based upon a female with the band white on

either wing.

3. I. doreana (Swinh.), Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 164. n. 762. t. 5.

f. 4 (1892) (Dorey), is based upon a female (according to the figure), not

a male as Swinhoe says, with the bands white and rather narrow, that of

the forewings being also rather longer than in ordinary examples.

4. I. cynaspes (Druce), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). XIV. p. 22 (1895)

(N. Guinea), is described from a male with the bands white, and a female

with the band on the forewing white and that on the hindwing orange.

5. I. prochyta (Druce), l.c. (N. Guinea), is a female with the band on

either wing orange.

William Doherty found all these forms together at Humboldt Bay, Dutch

N. Guinea, September to October 1892. The male sex has apparently the bands

always white, as isthe case in Z. saturata (Wlk.). Our series of twenty-one specimens

exhibits a good deal of variation in the extent of the bands.

Immetalia bernsteini Voll., Tijdschr. v. Ent. VI. p. 132. t. 9. f. 1 (1863)

(Morotai), and josioides Wlk., Lep. Het. B. M. XXXI. p. 54 (1864) (Gilolo), are the

same ; Swinhoe, Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. p. 162. n. 752 (1892), gave josioides WIk. already

as a synonym of bernsteini. K. J.

8. Immetalia bernsteini angustiplaga Rothsch. subsp. nov.

Male and female: this form differs from typical bernsteini Voll. in the much

longer band of the forewings and the much narrower patch of the hindwings, and in

the luteous apical fringe being more conspicuous; a striking difference also is that

the patch of the hindwings gradually becomes narrower till it ends up almost in a

point at the anal angle, while in the typical form it is uniformly wide.

Hab. Patchian (W. Doherty, March 1892); 1 d, 1 9. W.R.

9. Immetalia meeki Rothsch. sp. nov.

Male differs from longipalpis (Kirsch) in the band of the forewings being

3 millimetres wide, and reaching from the costa to almost the anal angle, just

crossing submedian vein. It is of almost equal breadth from costa to lower median

vein, while beyond to the submedian it is much narrower. Diseal orange area of

( 33 )

hindwings reduced from the base so as to form a distinct band, 5 millimetres wide,

reaching the costa.

Of longipalpis I only know of white males, while of females I have white ones,

some with white on forewings and orange hindwings, and others all orange ; while

my three males of meeki have deep buff bands to forewings and orange bands on

hindwings.

Expanse: forewing AM 27 mm.; EM 16 mm.; PM 19 mm.

T hindwings; om 2

Hab. Fergusson Island, D'Entrecasteaux Islands (Meek, November 4th to 18th,

1894); 3 d. . W.R.

10. Immetalia cyanea Rothsch. sp. nov.

MALE and FEMALE,— Upperside : forewings deep blue, with basal line below the

costa and a spot in the cell of bright metallic blue green scales. Hindwings also

blue, but with a more greenish tint. All wings in certain lights have a strong

metallic lustre.

Underside: blackish brown, with strong blue gloss in side light.

Underside of palpi except third joint, a line in front of and one behind the

antennae, white; legs deep brown with blue gloss; body deep blue; tip of

abdomen rufous.

Expanse: forewing AM 25 mm. ; EM 16 mm.; PM 19 mm.

= hindwing ,, 17 Pee ae a LP

Hab, Biak, Geelvink Bay, Dutch New Guinea (W, Doherty, 1892); 1, 2 9.

MEERE

5» 5 m

”

11. Immetalia celebensis Rothsch. sp. nov.

FEMALE.—Upperside: forewings differ from saturata (Wlk.) in having the

orange band of equal breadth from the costal to the third median nervure, whence

it is contracted towards the angle of inner margin; this band also stands more

than two millimetres away from cell, while in Z. saturata (Wlk.) it touches apex

of cell. On the basal half of forewings there are four blue transverse lines, the two

outer ones stopping short within the cell, and there are also two less distinet blue

lines running along the lower median and submedian veins. Fringe white both at

apex and inner angle, while in saturata (Wlk.) it is only white at apex. Hindwings

black as in saturata, but with whole of fringe white.

Underside as above, but blue markings absent.

Underside of first and second joints of palpi, sides of forehead, centre of vertex,

and three lines on the upperside of thorax white. Underside of thorax, eoxae, femora,

and inner side of tibiae ochre-yellow. Abdomen entirely black, while in saturata

(WIk.) the tip is reddish orange.

Expanse similar to that of Z. saturata (Wlk.).

Hab. S. Celebes (W. Doherty, August and September 1891) ; 3 9. W. R.

Immetalia celebensis Rothsch. has the stem of veins 8, 9, 10 to forewings very

short, while in satwrata (WIk.) and allies it is long; the frontal circular ridge is

obvious; vein 3 of the hindwings is a very little removed from 4, and the femora

have long and dense hairs beneath,

( 94 )

The species of Immetalia Jord. ean be distinguished as follows :—

a. Disc of hindwings without band or patch.

a. Forewings with band.

a?. Thorax black beneath :

1. T. satwrata (W1k.) from the Southern Moluccas. Walker

also gives Gilolo and Key as “habitat” of saturata, but these

islands are most certainly inhabited by different—at least sub-

specifically different—forms. The band of the forewing is variable

in length in the Amboina specimens; it is always widest in the

middle. Bands of male white, those of female orange.

b?. Thorax yellow beneath, striped with white above :

2. 1. celebensis Rothsch. from Celebes.

| Wings deep blue, without bands:

3. I. eyanea Rothsch. from Biak Island.

h. Dise of hindwings with white, orange, or orange-red patch or band.

c. Underside of palpi yellow.

c". Patch to hindwings penetrating into the cell, broader than the black

basal area of the wing:

4. I. bernsteini Voll. from Morty and Halmaheira. Bands

of either sex orange.

A male from Gani, S. Halmaheira, captured by W. Doherty,

has a much shorter band than our only Gilolo female; the latter

is identical with a female from Morty (Morotai) and agrees well

with Vollenhoven’s figure, which represents a female.

d?. Patch to hindwings bandlike, not touching cell, narrower than black

basal area of wing :

5. I. bernsteini angustiplaga Rothsch. from Batjan.

d'. Palpi black, usually with white scales at the outside.

€. Patch of hindwings penetrating into the cell, broader than the black

basal portion of the wing :

6. I. longipalpis Kirsch from Dutch New Guinea. In the

male the band to the forewings is mostly less oblique than in the

female; the band reaches sometimes from the costa to beyond

the submedian vein, while in other specimens it reaches only from

near the subcostal nervure to the lower median nervule; mostly

the band is broadest in the middle, as in-/. saturata (WIk.), but

there occur also examples with the band being anteriorly of even

breadth and gradually tapering off behind.

f”. Vand of hindwings not touching cell, narrower than the basal

black area :

7. I. meeki Rothsch. from Fergusson Island. RENÉ

Fleta Jord. gen. nov.

3%. Differs from Jinmetalia Jord. in the second joint of the palpi being clothed

with long hairs, in the abdomen and femora being also hairy, especially strongly so

beneath, and in the areole of the forewings being minute.

d : hindwings clothed with hairs at the longitudinal median fold.

Type: Fleta belangeri (Guér.), Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or. p. 506. t. 5. f. 3 (1834)

(Java).

(35)

Fasily recognised by the minuteness of the areole, which latter is often reduced

to a point. In F. belangeri vein 5 of the hindwings stands nearer to 4 than to 6,

its base being distinctly depressed. Agarista moorei Feld., Reise Novara IL. Lep.

t. 107. f. 4 (1874) (Java), finds its place for the present best in this genus, though it

has vein 5 of the hindwings coming from the middle of the discocellulars. F. moorei

(Feld.) is distinguished, besides the position of that vein, by vein 2 of the forewings

standing nearer to 3 and by the black border to the hindwings above being broadest

in front, while in belangeri it is widest behind.

In the type-specimen of F. moorei (Feld.) vein 11 of the left forewing is con-

nected with the areole by a bar, so that there are two areoles.

This genus is highly inconvenient as regards the delimitation of the family of

Agaristidae (see p. 25). KIJ

Exsula Jord. gen. nov,

d 9. Forehead without a conical processus. Third joint of palpi somewhat

shorter than in Zmmetalia Jord.; second joint hairy, the hairs as long as, or longer

than, the terminal joint. Femora hairy.

Neuration : forewing nearly as in Jmmetalia Jord., but with the second partition

of median nervure longer than the respective portion of outer margin. Upper

discocellular veinlet of hindwing straight, the second one concave or nearly straight ;

vein 3 close to 4, but not stalked with it; vein 5 only slightly longer than the

median cell (measured from base of wing to middle of discocellulars).

Type: Exsula dentatrix (Westw.), Cab. Or. Ent. p. 68. t. 33. f. 5 (1848)

(Assam). Distinguished from Chelonomorpha Motsch. especially by the absence

of a conical processus from the forehead ; from Immetalia Jord. by vein 2 of the

forewings being remote from 3, and by the hairy first and second joints of the palpi ;

from Fleta Jord. by the position of vein 3 of the forewings again, by the much

larger areole and the straight upper discocellular veinlet to the hindwing. ‘The cell

of the hindwings is longer than in the allied genera.

Jesides dentatriz Westw. two more species come in this genus: Æ. victria

(Westw.) and orientalis (Butl.). Our series of E. victriz (Westw.) confirms Hampson's

statement, Moths of India ll. p. 150. n. 1556 (1894), that silhetensis (Butl.) and

tyrianthina (Butl.) are not specifically different from victrix (Westw.). K. J.

Crinala Jord. gen. nov.

d. Palpi hairy, except third joint; the latter very short, about half as long again

as broad (d). Forehead with obsolete circular ridge, without conical processus.

Tibiae naked. Hindwings above clothed with hairs except near outer margin.

Neuration: forewings with the areole longer than half the breadth of cell at

apex; vein 3 from before hinder angle of cell, 4 nearer to 5 than to 3; second

partition of median nervure longer than the respective portion of the outer margin.

Hindwings with veins 3 and 4 close together, but not stalked: second partition of

median nervure longer than lower discocellular veinlet; discocellulars together

slightly curved.

Type: Crinala mimetica Rothsch. sp. nov.

The short terminal joint of the palpi, and vein 3 of the forewings standing a

milimetre short of the apex of the cell, distinguish this genus at once from

its allies. Jj

(1905)

12. Crinala mimetica hothseh. sp. nov.

MaLe.—Upperside : forewings blackish brown, with the usual blue spots in cell

and on discocellulars. All the discoidal and median nervules, and the subcostal, are

white from the cell to about half their length; there is a white streak on the sub-

median fold, and another on the submedian vein. These streaks form a band similar

to that of Massaga monteirona Butl. and Phasis radians (Feld.); this resemblance

induces me to call the insect mimetica, though, of course, it is not a case of so-called

“ mimiery.” Hindwings dark brown, with a distinct velvety black gloss produced by

long hairs. "There are some very faint submarginal white lines on the nervures, and

the fringes of both pairs of wings are white, slightly sprinkled with black scales,

mostly on the front wings.

Underside: forewings chocolate-brown, with faint traces only of white scales on

the nervules. Hindwings as above.

Minder edge of head, collar, palpi, except third joint, all coxae, four anterior

femora. underside of anterior tibiae and of abdomen orange ; rest of body bluish black.

Expanse : forewing AM 26 mm. ; EM 17 mm. ; PM 20 mm.

k hindwing? n 20) s DTE ESL ON

Hab. N. Luzon (John Whitehead); 1 d. W. R.

Crinocula Jord. gen. nov.

d $. Palpi hairy; hairs of third joint, which is about half as long again as

broad, sparse and shorter. Eyes clothed with hairs. Forehead devoid of a conical

processus. Femora and abdomen, especially beneath, rough with long hairs.

Neuration: forewings with minute areole; vein 3 close to 4; second partition of

median nervure shorter than the respective portion of outer margin. Hindwings with

second partition of median nervure scarcely as long as the lower discocellular veinlet,

which is slightly longer than the upper one and is more oblique; veins 3 and 4

from angle of cell.

Type: Crinocula kinabaluensis Rothsch. sp. nov.

Distinguished from all Agaristids known to me by the hairy eyes. K. J.

13. Crinocula kinabaluensis Rothsch. sp. nov.

MALE and FEMALE.—Upperside: forewings black, with very faint indications of

the usual blue spots. A very narrow oblique band of cream-colour crosses the forewing

just outside cell from the costal vein to the lower median nervure. Hindwings black,

with a large discal rufous orange patch extending from about centre of cell to half-

way between cell and outer margin, and from abdominal margin to near costal vein ;

this patch is rounded anteriorly, and emarginate behind lower median vein.

Underside as above, but band of forewings extends farther and is half as wide

again, and at the base are white scales and retinaculum is yellow, while discal patch

of hindwings extends to the base, where it is paler, and reaches anteriorly from the

base to middle of costa.

Upperside of head and thorax black, with many grey hairs. Palpi whitish, as

also a ring round eyes. Rest of body below yellow, including legs. Abdomen above

darker yellow, with black middle line. Claspers of d' entirely black.

Expanse: forewing AM 18 mm.; EM 11 mm.; PM 13 mm.

T hindwing 5, 134545 N12 LO

Hab. Kina Balu, N. Borneo; 1 4,1 9 (obtained from Messrs. Staudinger &

Bang-Haas). W.R.

Scrobigera Jord. gen. nov.

$2. Forehead without distinct conical processus. Palpi hairy, except terminal

joint, which is more than three times as long as broad. Femora hairy.

d with a longitudinal middle fold to the hindwings densely filled with long

hairs; anal segment very large.

Neuration: forewing with vein 3 arising before the apex of cell; interspace

between 3 and 4 twice as wide as that between 4 and 5. Diseocellular veinlets

to hindwings arched, forming together an angle the point of which is directed

towards the outer margin; vein 5 originating from this point; the fold of median

cell is forked, and by joining the discocellulars eireumseribes together with them

a rhomboidal space; veins 3 and 4 either together from angle of cell—amatrix

(Westw.), or 3 before the apex of cell—elymene (Boisd.).

Type: Scobigera amatrix (Westw.), Cab. Or. Ent. p. 68. t. 33. f. 4 (1848) (Assam).

Easily recognised by vein 3 of the forewings arising before apex of cell, and

by the peculiar form of the discocellulars of the hindwings.

Other species of this genus are :—

Scrobigera albomarginata (Moore), flaviciliata (Boisd.), semperi (Feld.), clymene

(Boisd.), hesperioides (WIk.), and vuleania (Butl.). S. albomarginata (Moore) and

opheltes (Druce) (syn.: candidemarginata Pouj.) are not separable as species, as

there exist all intergradations between the two forms; the Andaman specimens have

apparently the white border never so wide as it oceurs amongst Burmese examples ;

opheltes (Druce) has to stand as aberration of albomarginata (Moore).

S. flaviciliata (Boisd.) is unknown to us.

With S. semperi (Feld.) (1874), based on a female, Swinhoe’s milionata, Cut.

Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 162. n. 754. t. 5. f. 2 (1892), described from a male, is identical.

S. clymene (Boisd.) varies considerably in the size of the markings on the

forewing : in the Java specimens the two median spots are usually well separated at

the median vein, but sometimes they touch one another; in Malacca specimens the

spots are slightly separated; in Burmese and Assamese examples the spots form an

uninterrupted, but at the veins constricted, band; these latter specimens are Walker's

proxima, which I must treat as a subspecies of clymene (Boisd.).

The spot in the apical half of the forewing of S. clymene (Boisd.) has disappeared

from the upperside in the Bornean representative, which I identify with Butler's

pulchra, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4). XV. p. 143. t. 13. f. 4 (1875). Butler gives as

habitat of pulchra Muhrut, India; Hampson, Moths of India M. p. 150 (1894),

writes *? Meerut.” In the Tring Museum are certain females from Borneo which

agree very well with the figure and description of pulchra. The fringe of the

hindwings of pulchra is said to be white; none of our specimens have it entirely

white, but our series of S. clymene (Boisd.) includes examples with the fringe all

white and others with the fringe all black, so that the extent of white at the fringe

is certainly not of specific value in these forms. Therefore I do not hesitate to

consider the habitat * Muhrut, India," as erroneous, the more so as the British

Museum did not receive the type of pulchra directly from the collector, but got

it as a “ second-hand specimen.”

On the underside of the forewings of pulchra there is only one band as above,

or there appears another, short and ‘linear, band outside the cell between the

subcostal and upper median veins, either well marked or faint, separated from the

median band or connected with it in front and behind; in one female this additional

( 38 )

band, which corresponds to the subapical short band on the upperside in clymene

(Boisd.), is represented above by a number of white scales, and this confirms my

opinion that clymene and pulchra are very closely allied insects and perhaps will

be proved one day to be geographical forms of the same species.

The males in the Tring Museum vary, moreover, in the length and width of the

orange-red patch to the hindwings. In one male the portion of the patch before

the longitudinal fold is reduced to a point, in a second specimen it is a little larger,

and in 2 third it is still larger and of half the size of that in Oberthür's figure of

his Episteme staudingeri, Et. d'Ent. XIX. p. 22. t. 3. f. 15 (1894) (Kina Balu), and

increases in other examples gradually till it reaches the size of the pateh of Oberthiir’s

figure. The male specimens with the patch to the hindwings smallest agree well

with some North Bornean females in our collection, which themselves do not differ

from Swinhoe’s figure of the type of S. hesperioides (WIk.) in Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. I.

p. 162. t. 5. f. 5 (1892). Though we have in the Tring Museum no intergraduates

between hesperioides (Wlk.) and pulchra (Butl.) in the female sex, but only in the

male sex, I must treat the examples with large orange-red patch to the hindwings

and those with a small patch as mere aberrations of one species, of which the eldest

name is hesperioides (Wlk.). ‘The synonymy of S. hesperioides (Wlk.) is therefore

as follows :—

Scrobigera hesperioides (WIK.).

Eusemia hesperioides Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. VI. p. 86 (1862) (Sarawak).

$. Eusemia tricolor Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4). XV. p. 142 (1875) (Sarawak).

ab. pulchra (Butl.) ; patch to hindwings broader than in the typical form.

$. Eusemia pulchra Butler, l.c. p. 143. t. 13. £. 4 (1875) (* Muhrut, India," loc. err.).

d $. Eusemia staudingeri Oberthür, Et. d Ent. XIX. p. 22. t. 3. f. 15 (d) (1894)

(Kina Balu).

14. Scrobigera niveifasciata Rothsch. sp. nov.

FrEMaLE.— Upperside: all four wings black; anterior pair with an oblique white

transverse band crossing the wings from the costa almost to the inner angle, stopping

short just on the submedian nervure. This band is straight and crosses the cell

1 millimetre short of the apex, and has a breadth of 3 millimetres at each end and 2 on

the dise; one blue spot on discocellular nervules and another inside the band. Fringe

white at apex of anterior and posterior wings.

Underside same as above, the band being identical in shape and position, but

the two blue spots absent.

Head, thorax, and abdomen above black ; head edged all round with white ring ;

palpi, legs, and middle of underside of abdomen orange, slightly sprinkled with brown

on top joint of palpi and upperside of tibiae and tarsi.

The hindwings are suddenly emarginate between lower diseoidal and upper

median nervures.

Expanse : forewing AM 32 mm.; EM 20 mm. ; PM 24 mm.

T hindwing 4, 24 5 21905 qu NETT, NS

Hab. ** Borneo”; 12 (ex Coll. Felder).

This species differs especially from semper? (Feld.) in the much narrower band to

forewings, which is the same above and below and is white instead of orange, by the

absence of the blue gloss to hindwings and abdomen, by the less extent of white fringe

to hindwings, amd by the entirely yellow legs and underside of abdomen. WR.

( 39 )

15. Burgena chalybeata Rothsch. sp. nov.

MaLe.—Upperside : forewings black, with an intense and brilliant blue gloss

in side light, washed over with a glittering metallie fiery sheen. A little away from

the base there is a band of lavender-blue, 6 millimetres wide at the costal and

4 at the inner margin. Hindwings same colour, but without markings.

Underside: forewings as above, but bar wanting, and three small spots of pale

blue, one in apex of cell, the two others bordering apex of cell.

Palpi black with a white side line; head black with white border to eye. Hairs

of coxae and femora ochraceous ; rest of body black with a blue gloss.

Expanse: forewing AM 22 mm. ; EM 14 mm. ; PM 15 mm.

" HDMI OS alos gp Mn LO

Hab. New Britain (Capts. Cotton & Webster); 1d. W. R.

16. Burgena amoena Rothsch. sp. nov.

FEMALE.— Upperside : forewings similar to B. chalybeata mihi, but the metallic

sheen more green and less fiery; a pale blue spot beyond the centre of cell; a

discal bandlike patch crosses the wings between the subcostal vein and the inner

margin, 4 millimetres wide in centre, which is white, while at each end the band is

pale blue. Hindwings unicolorous, deep greenish blue, as in chalybeata.

Underside as above, but the gloss is much less strong and the spot in cell is not

round but linear, and the bandlike patch is of uniform width, while above it is

much constricted towards the subcostal vein.

Palpi, head, thorax, legs, and abdomen as in chalybeata, as is expanse.

Hab. Kinnigunang, New Britain (Ribbe); 17.

I have described this species as distinct from chalybeata, because in the genus

Burgena no case of sexual dichromism is known; and certainly there is in the family

Agaristidae no such extreme case as this would be. WER:

Cruria Jord. gen. nov.

d ?. Forehead with a conical processus bearing a strong circular ridge. Antennae

slender, very feebly thickened between middle and tip, scarcely longer than half the

length of the forewing. Terminal joint of palpi naked, at least four times as long as

broad ; rest of palpi hairy, but hairs not longer than third joint. Legs very slender,

tibiae naked.

Neuration : forewings with vein 10 nearer to 9 than to the areole; vein 3 from

below apex of cell, 4 nearer to 5 than to 3 ; second partition of median nervure longer

than the respective portion of the outer margin. Hindwings with both discocellulars

oblique; vein 3 distinctly from before angle of cell; second partition of median

nervure of the length of the lower discocellular veinlet.

Type: Cruria donowani (Boisd.), Voy. Astrolabe, Lép. p. 176. n. 7 (1882)

(Australia).

Fasily distinguished from Phalaenoides Lewin by vein 10 of the forewings

being stalked with 8 and 9. The females are generally darker than the males in this

genus, and seldom have the costal margin of the forewings ochreous, as it is in the

males.

I refer to Cruria the following species: donowani (Boisd.),

(Butl.), darwiniensis (Butl.), and tropica (Lue.), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. N. W. (2).

VI. p. 302 (1891) (Tropical Queensland).

neptioides

( 40 )

With C. tropica (Luc.) is identical Agarista platywantha Meyr., Tr. R. Soc.

S. Austr. XIV. p. 194 (1891) (Queensland).

Meyrick, l.c., mentions an Agarista kochi which I fail to find published anywhere.

William Doherty obtained a pair of Cruria donowani (Boisd.) in Dili, Timor,

in May 1891, which agree so well with typical donowani that we cannot even sub-

specifically separate them from Australian examples. ROUE

Comocrus Jord. gen. nov.

d $. Forehead with a short conical processus bearing a circular ridge. Palpi

with long hairs, except third joint, which is about four times as long as broad. All

the tibiae tufted with long hairs. Breast and abdomen rough with long hairs.

Neuration : forewings with vein 10 from nearer to 9 than to areole ; vein 9 of about

double the length of the stem of 8 and 9; vein 3 from a little before apex of cell, 4

nearer to 5 than to 3; second partition of median nervure longer than the respective

portion of the outer margin. Hindwings with upper discocellular veinlet arched,

shorter than the second one, which is oblique and straight ; second partition of median

nervure as long as lower discocellular veinlet ; veins 3 and 4 from lower angle of cell.

Type: Comocrus cortortus (WIk.), Lep. Het. B. M. XXXI. p. 45 (1864)

( Australia).

Distinguished from the allied genera by the tibiae bearing long hairs at the

outer edge; from Agarista Leach and Phalaenoides Lew. it differs in vein 10 to the

forewings being stalked with 8 and 9, instead of coming from the areole as in those

genera. K. J.

The Indo-Australian genera with vein 10 of the forewings being stalked with

8 and 9 can be distinguished as follows :—

a. Third joint of palpi twice as long as broad, or shorter.

a'. Eyes clothed with hairs. Crinocula Jord. gen. nov.

b'. Eyes naked. Crinala Jord. gen. nov.

b. Third joint of palpi three (or more) times as long as broad.

cœ. Middle and hind tibiae with long hairs. Comocrus Jord, gen. nov.

d'. Middle and hind tibiae without long hairs.

a”. Veinlike fold within cell to hindwings forked, joined to the disco-

cellular veinlets, and encircling together with them a rhomboidal

space. Serobigera Jord. gen. nov.

b. Veinlike fold not forked.

a. Forehead with a conspicuous truncate cone.

a*. Abdomen above at base with tuft of hairs; discocellular

veinlets to hindwings deeply concave, lower one longer

than the second partition of the median nervure.

Chelonomorpha Motsch.

b'. Abdomen above at base without tuft of hairs; discocellular

veinlets to hindwings feebly incurved; lower discocel-

lula; nervule not longer than the second partition of the

median nervure, Cruria Jord, gen. nov.

P. Forehead convex, without conical processus.

c*. Antennae only one-fifth shorter than the forewing.

Burgena Wk.

d’. Antennae one-third shorter than the forewing.

(41)

a, Second joint of palpi with short hairs Immetalia

Jord. gen. nov.

b°. Hairs of second joint of palpi as long as third joint.

a. Second partition of median nervure to forewings

longer than the respective portion of the outer

margin. Hesula Jord. gen. nov.

l^. Second partition of median nervure to forewings

shorter than the respective portion of the outer

margin. Fleta Jord. gen. nov.

Some more genera will in future come in this group, one for Agarista darna

Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). XIV. 22 (1895), and another perhaps for Aegocera

tripartita Kirby, which species has, according to Hampson’s figure in P. Z. S. 1892.

p. 191, vein 10 of the forewings stalked with 7, 8, and 9.

About Hecatesia Boisd. see p. 51. Keg

f. American forms with vein 10 of the forewings stalked with 8 and 9.

Here belong only three genera: Othria Westw., with O. augias (H. 8.) as type,

Euschirropterus Grote, and a new one.

Olhria amalthea (Dalm.) and columbina Westw. have vein 10 of the forewing

arising from the areole, according to Westwood, and belong therefore to the genus

Phasis Wik.

Of Euschirropterus poeyi Grote we have a male from Jamaica, captured by

C. B. Taylor, which agrees with our only Cuban specimen, but is somewhat smaller.

Laquea Jord. gen. nov.

?. Forehead as broad as the eyes are high, faintly narrowed behind (2), convex,

without horn, but with subeireular ridge. Antennae slender, slightly thickened

towards tip, joints well marked under a lens. Second and third joints of palpi with

long hairs, third joint about twice as long as broad (2). Middle and hinder tibiae

with long hairs at the outer side. First joint of posterior tarsi visibly curved.

Neuration: forewings with vein 10 stalked with 8 and 9, stalk short; 9 origin-

ating much nearer to 10 than to middle of 8; 6 from areole, not from cell; second

partition of median nervure of the length of the respective portion of the outer margin.

Hindwings with second partition of median nervure of half the length of the lower

discocellular veinlet.

Type: Laquea argentata (Druce), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). XIV. p. 23 (1894)

(Mexico).

Comes nearest to Euschirropterus Grote, but is easily distinguished by vein 10

of the forewing originating between areole and vein 9, whereas in Euschirropterus

Grote vein 10 branches off from 9 as in Hecatesia d, which is quite an exception

amongst the Agaristidae. Euthisanotia Hb., to which genus argentata has been

referred by the author, has vein 10 arising from the areole.

We have only Jamaica specimens before us, which agree very well with typical

argentata from Central America, except in the border to the hindwings being slightly

narrower near the anal angle than in Druce’s specimens.

Laquea argentata (Druce) bears a rather close resemblance to Copidryas gloveri

G. & R., which species has, however, a long frontal horn and vein 10 arising from the

areole, KJ:

(42)

2. Vein 10 of forewings arising from areole (for 1 see p. 30).

Here come more than half the number of the species of Agaristidae, and most

of the species seem structurally so closely allied that it is very difficult to give a

delimitation of the genera.

g. African forms with vein 10 from the wreole.

Hampson, Moths of India II. p. 149 (1894), differentiates Aegocera Latr. and

Mimeusemia Butl. from the other Indian Agaristidae by the absence of vein 5 from

the hindwings. This statement, I think, is erroneous. In all our specimens of

Aegocera and Mimeusemia that vein is present. Karsch’s Aethiopian genus

Aegoceropsis, Ent. Nachr. 1895. p. 348, said to be distinguishable from Aegocera

Latr. by the presence of vein 5 on the hindwings, must accordingly sink as a synonym.

Aegocera norma Karsch, Le., is, as the author has already suggested, the same

as A. affinis Druce, Ent. M. Mag. XX. p. 155 (1883), according to the description

and figure of norma and the type-specimen of affinis Druce. The middle and hinder

tibiae of affinis Druce and fervida, Wlk. are on the upperside clothed with long hairs.

In the Tring Museum is a male of Misa memnonia Karsch, l.c., from Bathurst,

West Africa, which agrees perfectly with Karsch’s description and figure of the

female, but has the white band on the forewings above of even width.

Of Misa delicia (Butl.), described as a Massaga and standing under this genus

in Kirby’s Catalogue, we have four males and three females from Accra, Gold

Coast. These females, which structurally differ from the males in the slender and

long terminal joint of the palpi, agree well with those deseribed (as query females of

delicia) by Aurivillius in Ent. Tidskr. 1892. p. 186, and confirm the statement of

the learned author that in the female of delicia the outer edge of the band on the

forewings is not strongly angulate, and that the band on the hindwings is wider than

in the other sex.

Karsch, l.e., p. 348, says of his new genus Mitophrys: “ Vein 2 of the hindwings

originating very close to vein 3.” This statement, I think, is incorrect, as it does not

apply to the type of the genus, M. menete (Cram.), the second partition of median

nervure being longer than the lower discocellular veinlet in this insect, while in all

the other species referred to Mitophrys by the author, as far as I could examine them,

that partition is much shorter than the veinlet [trimeni (Feld.), tricolor (Druce),

tigrina (Druce), halaris Karsch]; M. rubida (Feld.) agrees in this respect with

menete (Cram.). The forehead of the males of Mitophrys Karsch is said by Karsch

to be narrowed behind. This, again, is not correct, as it does not apply to the type

of the genus, M. menete (Cram.). Moreover, the narrowed forehead is met with in

the males of several species which are referred by Karsch to Aegoceropsis Karsch =

Aegocera Latr., namely in A. norma Karsch (type of Aegoceropsis Karsch, and =

«fis Druce), fervida Wlk., obliqua Mab., and also in the Indian Aegocera

bimacula WIk., not in A. venulia (Cram.) and rectilinea Boisd. The third and last

character by which Mitophrys is differentiated by the author from the allied genera

is the slenderness of the antennae. As, however, the antennae of Aegocera venulia

(Cram.) and rectilinea Boisd. are in either sex decidedly thieker than in A. fervida

Wilk. and obliqua Mab., it is very difficult to draw a parting line between sections

15 and 18 of Karsch’s key to the Aethiopiam genera, and we are, in fact, quite at

a loss to say whether the new species described below stands better in Mitophrys

Karsch or in Aegocera Latr. There may be generic differences between the type-

( 43 )

species of Aegocera Latr., Aegoceropsis Karsch, and Mitophrys Karsch, but those

which Karsch gives are partly not prominent enough (form of antennae), partly

incorrect (absence of vein 5 from hindwings, narrowness of forehead in front of

antennae in d, position of vein 2 to hindwings).

Aegocera elegantula Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1893. p. 56; Mab. & Vuill.,

Nov. Lep. 12. p. 157. t. 22. f. 2 (1895), is nothing else but A. trimeni Feld. with the

discal area of the hindwings pure white; in typical trimeni the hindwings are

slightly tinged with orange ; in tricolor Druce they are orange. These three forms

occur together in Natal, and are certainly not specifically different. as intergrada-

tions prove.

Mitophrys fabricata. Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 1895. p. 355. t. 2. f. 4, from “ Nieder-

Guinea.” is based on a specimen of Aegocera tigrina Druce with the marginal region

of the forewings black instead of reddish brown. In the figure of tigrina the thorax

and base of abdomen are unicolorous; this is the case only in strongly rubbed

specimens. Tigrina has the same dark thorax striped with white, and the same

black dorsal line to the abdomen, which we find mentioned in the careful description

of fabricata ; but the abdomen of fabricata is said to be yellow with a black dorsal

line; our good specimens of tigrina have the posterior segments black, edged with

white. Judging from the photograph of the only specimen of fabricata which Karsch

possessed when he described the species, this specimen is rather worn, and there-

fore the difference in the colour of the abdomen of fabricata and tigrina could

very well be due to the bad condition of the type of fabricata. The markings of the

forewings are in our series of thirteen specimens so variable that the differences

shown in this respect by the figures of tigrina Druce and fabricata Karsch are of no

importance whatever. One of our thirteen specimens has the marginal region of the

forewings coloured like fabricata Karsch; all the others, mostly from the same place

(Gaboon), have it like tigrina Druce. The small white spot between the lower

median nervules to the forewings stands often isolated, as in the type of tigrina Druce;

sometimes it is merged together with the subapical band, as in fabricata Karsch : and

in one of our specimens it is absent. The linear white mark at the apex of the cell

is in some cases three times as broad as in others. The submedian yellowish band is

often dilated at the submedian nervure, as in Karsch's figure; sometimes it is of even

breadth and does not reach that vein; in other examples it is club-shaped, as in

Druce’s figure. On account of the marginal region to the forewings being black,

fabricata Karsch might be kept separate. as an individual aberration of tigrina

Druce, unless it could be proved by the presence of characters not mentioned in the

description and not to be seen in the figure that it is distinct. K. J.

17. Aegocera dispar Rothsch. sp. nov.

MaLE.—All four wings black. Forewings with a minute white dot at the base.

A triangular white patch one-fourth from the base extends obliquely from below the

costa to the submedian vein, not quite 3 millimetres in breadth at the widest

point. One-third from the apex the forewings are erossed by a second oblique white

band, 2 millimetres in breadth, which extends from the costal nervure to the second

median vein. Near the white basal dot below the costa is a small patch of blue

scales; a linear spot of blue is situated just beyond the middle of the cell, and a

longer one on the discocellular veinlets. There is also an indistinct blue line outside

the subapical white band, and another along the lower median vein, a few scattered

blue scales being also on the submedian vein. Hindwings with a large discal white

(44)

patch, which extends from near the base to half-way between the cell and the outer

margin, gradually widening out as it approaches the margin ; its outer edge is strongly

convex, indented at the lower median vein, and is limited on one side by the subcostal

vein and on the other by the submedian fold.

Underside of wings as above, but without blue scales.

Body black; palpi, except the black tip of first joint, head, prothorax, and a

few hairs on each side of the anterior part of mesothorax, also anterior coxae and

inner side of first pair of legs, golden orange.

FEMALE.—Larger than male. Subbasal white patch almost or entirely wanting ;

hindwings black, and extreme tip of abdomen yellow.

Expanse : forewing, d, AM 20 mm.; EM 11 mm.; PM 14 mm.

S 5 Mem BLOSS UE Va Sa) eee

4 hindwing, di, „ 14 2 los len

5 A ger CE ny Se

Hab. Wassein, E. Africa (Mathews, April 1889); 1 d,3 $.

The antennae are thicker and in the d less pointed than in A. menete (Cram.),

but thinner than in venulia (Cram.). Vein 2 of the hindwings stands as close to

vein 3 as in A. trimeni Feld. The terminal joint of the palpi is shorter than in

menete (Cram.). MIR?

» 13 ”

18. Hespagarista echione Boisd. ab. funebris Rothsch. ab. nov.

Differs from typical echione Boisd. by the absence of the luteous spots on both

pairs of wings. That this is only a melanistic aberration of H. echione is shown by

the blue spots being in exactly the same position, and the luteous patches being

indicated by scattered yellow scales. Head, palpi, legs, thorax, and abdomen identical

with typical form.

Hab. Wassein, E. Africa (Mathews, April 1889); 1 $. W. Rh.

19. Rothia simplex Rothsch. sp. nov.

FEMaLE.—Upperside: forewings black, fringe at apex white. At apex of cell

the forewings are crossed by an oblique band of creamy white extending from the

subeostal to the submedian nervure. This band, at its widest part, has a breadth

of 5 millimetres, and at the lower median nervule is 4 millimetres from outer margin.

At the base of the forewings are situated a number of creamy dots and a dull dark

metallic spot. Hindwings black, with fringe white at apex, and with large discal

creamy patch exteriorly rounded, reaching the costal vein and the abdominal

margin, where it is 3 millimetres short of the base. Along basal half of costa runs

a creamy streak joined to the discal patch. Width of black border 9 millimetres

at vein 7 and 4 millimetres at submedian.

Underside: forewings similar, but without the basal spots, and in one of my

two specimens there is situated in the cell a round white spot, while from the base

along the inner margin runs a streak of cream-colour. Hindwings as above, but

diseal pateh extending to base and the blaek border extending along the costal

margin to near the base.

Palpi, head, and thorax black, with two, four, and eight white spots respectively.

Underside of thorax, legs, and abdomen orange-yellow; anal tuft and basal spot

( 45 )

above and below on the preanal segment black or nearly so, as well as the last

abdominal segment on upperside.

Expanse: forewing AM 31 mm.; EM 17 mm.; PM 23 mm.

» Hin Wino SN gu ID

Hab. Morondava, Madagascar (Last); 2 2.

Differs from R. pales (Boisd.), R. epipales (Mab.), and R. micropales Butl. in

the large creamy diseal patch on hindwings and the longer terminal joint of palpi.

From R. agrius (H.S.) it is distinguished especially by the much larger creamy area

to the hindwings and the entirely yellow upperside of the abdomen. MR.

20. Rothia lasti Rothsch. sp. nov.

MaLe.—Upperside : forewings black, with one white dot at the base and two

in the cell. From the subcosta to the lower median vein, a millimetre beyond the

cell, is an oblique transverse white patch, the anterior half much narrower than the

lower half. At the base of the wings are indications of the usual blue spots. Hind-

wings black, with a more or less rounded white discal patch between the subcostal

and submedian veins, greatest width of which is about 5 millimetres. This patch is

often indented along the veins.

Underside as above.

Palpi, head, and thorax black, with two, four, and eight white spots respectively.

Black hairs of thorax slightly intermixed with orange ones; abdomen black. Hairs

of thorax below and legs orange.

Expanse : forewing AM 19 mm.; EM 11 mm.; PM 15 mm.

sa Gaa EN 0 NE NM cL Ome,

Hab. Morondava, Madagascar (Last); 10 d, 3

All the white markings vary much in size in the individual specimens. W. R.

21. Rothia eriopis H.S. ab. carminata Rothsch. ab. nov.

The yellow dise of hindwings of eriopis is in this aberration bright carmine-red.

This is neither a local nor a sexual variation, as I have one male and six females of

carminata, as well as two males and three females of typical eriopis, all from

Morondava, Madagascar. WER.

22. Rothia nigrescens Rothsch. sp. nov.

MaLE.—Upperside: forewings black and shaped and marked as in R. simyra

Westw., but the indentations of white band at the veins are deeper, and there are one

or two small creamy dots in cell. Hindwings black, the fringe spotted with white,

as in A. zea (H.S.).

Underside as above, but distinguished at once from all other Rothia by the

entirely black hindwings.

Palpi, head, and thorax black, spotted as in other Rothia. Upperside of

abdomen black. Underside of body and legs orange; tarsi above black.

Expanse: forewing AM 27 mm.; EM 16 mm.; PM 18 mm.

y 80m

Hab. Morondava, Madagascar (Last); 3 d. MESZ

2 hiudwangz UR Say, UNG)

( 46 )

Arrothia Jord. gen. nov.

?. Forehead with a thin conical horn raised obliquely forwards and sharply

truncate at the tip; diameter of horn at tip scarcely one-eighth of the breadth of

forehead. Antennae distinetly thickened beyond middle, with the extremity slender,

a little thicker than those of Aegocera tigrina (Druce). Third joint of palpi naked,

almost longer than the second joint (?).

Neuration : vein 9 to forewings arising a little beyond middle of 8; veins 3, 4, 5

as in Aegocera Latr. and Rothia Westw. Second partition of median vein longer

than the respective portion of the outer margin. Hindwings with veins 3 and 4

together from lower angle of cell; second partition of median nervure shorter than

lower discocellular veinlet.

Type: Arrothia bicolor Rothsch. sp. nov.

Differs from Aegocera Latr. and Rothia Westw. in vein 9 of the forewings

standing beyond middle of vein 8, instead of arising from between middle of 8 and

areole, and in the thin and long horn of the forehead. From Pais Hiibn. it is dis-

tinguished by the horn again, and by the long and naked third joint of the palpi ;

from Paida Jord. gen. nov. by the shape of the frontal horn, the position of vein 9

to the forewings, and by the shorter second partition of the median vein of the

Kenge

hindwings.

23. Arrothia bicolor Rothsch. sp. nov.

FEMALE.— Upperside : forewings, basal half buffish yellow, reaching at costal

margin 1 millimetre short of middle, while on inner margin it reaches one-fourth

short of the inner angle; the outer edge of the yellow area is eonvex, and from base

of wing to half its extent is much shaded with black scales; outer half of wing black.

Hindwings similar, but yellow area less shaded with black scales, black area narrowest

behind.

Underside of wings as above, but yellow area brighter and not shaded with black

scales.

Antennae, palpi, head, underside of body, and last two segments of abdomen

black ; upperside of thorax orange and of abdomen yellow.

Expanse : forewing AM 20 mm.; EM 11 mm. ; PM 15 mm.

P. hindwing TS RP LOS M IC Man

Hab. Morondava, Madagascar (Last); 1 9. WER.

Arctiopais Jord. gen. nov.

d 9. Forehead narrowed behind in d, almost parallel in ? , anteriorly convex with

a sharply raised circular ridge, of which the diameter is longer than a third the

breadth of the forehead. Antennae thicker than in Aegocera menete (Cram.), thinner

than in Aegocera venulia (Cram.) Palpi long in either sex; second joint strongly

hairy, third joint naked, about eight times as long as broad, of the length of the

basal joint of the foretarsi in d and 9. In d hindtibiae and -tarsi and long spurs

of the former clothed with long hairs; in ? hindtarsi and long spurs of hindtibiae

almost. naked.

Neuration : costal nervure to forewing parallel to costal margin to a little beyond

apex of cell, where it rather suddenly turns towards the margin ; vein 10 arising from

between middle and apex of areole; stem of 8.9 short ; veins 3, 4, 5 as in Aegocera

Latr. and Rothia Westw. ; second partition of median nervure as long as the respective

vortion of the outer margin. Hindwings as in Aegocera trimeni Feld.

(47)

Type: Arcliopais ambusta (Mabille), Bull. Soe. Ent. Belg. XXV. r- 55 (1881)

Madagascar).

Most nearly related to those species of Aegocera Latr. which have, in the male,

the front of the head narrowed behind, but differs from them in the terminal joint of

the palpi being in either sex of equal length and as long as the first joint of the

anterior tarsi. The long terminal joint of the palpi of A. ambusta misled Mabille

to describe the insect as a species of Hyrsa Hb.!! The hinder tarsi and long spurs

of the posterior tibiae being clothed with long hairs seems to be a character peculiar

to this genus and the American genus Zuschirropterus Grote. In Aegocera trimeni

Feld. and tigrina (Druce) the basal joint of the hindtarsi bears in the males some

long hairs on the upperside ; in the male of the only species of the new genus all

the joints are hairy, but less densely so than the hindtibiae. KAJ:

Paida Jord. gen. nov.

d ?. Forehead produced into a tripartite horn, of which the middle part is much

longer than the two lateral parts, a little turned upwards and sharply pointed.

Antennae thinner than in Pais Mübn. Palpi slender, first and second joints

moderately hairy, third joint not hairy (as it is in Pais), long, four times as long as

broad. Middle and hinder tibiae clothed with long hairs at the upper- and underside.

Neuration: vein 9 of forewings originating between areole and middle of vein 8;

veins 3, 4, 5 as in Aegocera Latr. ; second partition of median nervure longer than

the respective portion of the outer margin. Hindwings with veins 3 and 4 together

from lower angle of cell; second partition of median vein longer than the lower disco-

cellular veinlet.

Type: Paida pulchra Trimen, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3). 1. p. 524 (1863) (Damara-

land). We have 2 d from “South Africa" and a ? from Weenen, Natal (caught in

January 1895) of this handsome insect.

Paida differs from Pais Hübn. in the structure of the head and the long and

naked terminal joint of the palpi. From Aegocera Latr. and allies the new genus

can easily be distinguished by the horn of the head. K. J.

24. Godasa rufodiscalis Rothsch. sp. nov.

MaLE.—Upperside: forewings chocolate-brown, passing into reddish chocolate

towards the margin, covered with a number of small blue patches, especially one at

the base behind the costa, one beyond the middle of cell, another on the disco-

cellular veinlets, and three before the submedian vein. There are eight small white

spots close to the outer margin, the last being the largest. Hindwings black, with a

large discal patch, broadest at the abdominal margin, of a bright rufous colour. It

extends anteriorly to the submedian vein. The outer black area of hindwings has

a width of 2 millimetres at anal angle and 5 millimetres at the submedian vein;

the inner edge of rufous patch is indented with black upon the discocellulars.

Underside black-brown. — Forewings without any markings, and hindwings

showing rufous patch very distinctly as above.

Head, palpi, thorax, legs, first, second, and last segments of abdomen, a series of

dorsal and abdominal spots black; tip of first and second joints of palpi, three spots

on the anterior tibiae, and tips of all tarsal joints white. Rest of abdomen yellow.

Expanse : forewing AM 20mm.; EM 11 mm.; PM 14 mm.

= band wine A YR OE

(48)

Hab. Madagascar; 1 d.

Easily distinguished from Godasa sidae (Fabr.) by the colour and pattern. W. R.

This species differs from Godasa sidae (Fabr.) structurally in vein 7 of the hind-

wings being joined to vein 8 in the ordinary way, as in Episteme Hiibn., while in

sidae the juncture of those veins takes place farther from the base and the veins

remain close together for more than a millimetre. K. J.

h. Indo-Australian forms with vein 10 arising from the areole.

Agarista Leach, Zool. Mise. I. p. 37 (1815).

To this genus I refer only A. agricola Don. (as type of the genus), biformis

Butl., daemonis Butl., and a new species described below by Mr. Rothschild. These

species are characterised by the antennae being strongly clubbed in either sex, by all

the femora being rough with long hairs, and by some peculiarities in the neuration :—

The upper diseocellular veinlet of the forewings is strongly concave ; the second

partition of the median nervure is on the forewing much longer than the respective

portion of the outer margin, and on the hindwing only half the length of the lower

discocellular veinlet; vein 5 of the hindwings has the base feebly but visibly bent

towards vein 6, while in the allied genera vein 5 is either straight at base or faintly

curved towards vein 4. K. J.

25. Agarista timorensis Rothsch. sp. nov.

d. Differs from A. agricola Don. in the subapical band of spots being white,

not orange, and in the cellular patch being very narrow. The red band of the hind-

wings is replaced by a partly obliterated row of whitish spots. Underside shows same

differences.

Hab. Oinainisa, Dutch Timor (W. Doherty, November and December 1891); 1d.

Eventually, when we possess material from all the lesser Sunda and Papuan

Islands, I feel sure Agarista biformis Butl., A. daemonis Butl, and my new

A. timorensis will all have to rank only as subspecies of A. agricola Don., but

at present no intergraduated forms are known. WER,

Phalaenoides Lewin, Lep. Ins. N. S. Wales p. 2 (1805).

The species which are generically identical with Ph. glycinae Lew., the type of

the genus, differ from Agarista Leach in the middle and hinder tibiae being clothed

in male and female with long hairs in the middle on the upperside. In neuration

Phalaenoides Lewin comes very close to Agarista Leach; the second partition of the

median nervure to the forewings is, however, shorter, that of the hindwings longer

than in Agarista, and vein 5 of the hindwings is at the base straight, or feebly bent

backwards. The antennae are less clubbed than in Agarista, and in the ? much

thinner than in the d. The tibiae are not so hairy in this genus as they are in

Zalissa Wik. [= Seudyra Stretch according to Hampson, Moths of India I.

p. 155 (1894)].

Phalaenoides Leach contains a good many heterogeneous forms which ought

to be removed from this genus. Ph. funebris (Moore) and vithoroides (Leech)—the

latter stands under Episteme Hb. in Kirby's Catalogue p. 29. n. 51—have setiform

antennae im both sexes, and the terminal joint of the palpi is very short ; in these

characters the two species (or are they geographical forms of one species ?) agree with

Zalissa longipennis (Wlk.). In Ph. megisto (Boisd.), pamphilia (Stoll), goldiei

( 49 )

(Druce), and the new species described below, the antennae are also not thickened

towards apex, and these species differ, moreover, from typical Phalaenoides in the

middle and hinder tibiae, though not naked, bearing no tuftlike clothing of long

hairs in the middle. Phalaenoides voeberi (Ribbe), milete (Cram.), mutatus (WIk.),

confertus (W1k.), all under Phalaenoides in Kirby’s Catalogue, and Episteme pagen-

stecheri (Röb.) of Kirby's Cat, must be referred to Ophthalmis Hb. on account of

the slender and naked middle and hinder legs which they have in common with

O. lincea (Cram.).

Phalaenoides affinis Boisd. will in future come into another (new) genus : the

antennae are in the d feebly, but visibly, biserially serrate ; those of the ? appear to

be simple and setiform, as im Ph. funebris Moore.

The male of Phalaenoides albamedia (Luc.), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2).

VI. p. 301 (1891) (Brisbane), has a peculiar stridulating organ which reminds one

of that of Hecatesia Boisd., but is situate on the hindwings. Within and before the

cell of the hindwings, along the subcostal nervure, the membrane of the wing is

dilated, denuded on the underside, where it forms a deep furrow, covered with one

layer of scales only on the upperside, and transversely ribbed like the vitreous mark

in Hecatesia d ; on the forewing there is before and behind the median nervure

a similar, but much less developed, organ. By examining the legs of this species

I found that the first joint of the hinder tarsi is much thicker in the d than in

the 2, and is provided above, a little towards the inner side, with a row of obviously

raised transverse ridges, which I did not meet with in the ?, nor anywhere else

amongst Agaristidae, and which, when pressed during flight against the ribbed

membrane of the vitreous mark, might very well serve to produce a buzzing sound

similar to that observed by Meyrick in Hecatesia fenestrata Boisd. (see Hampson,

P. Z. S. 1892. p. 190). In consequence of the development of that stridulating

organ the anterior part of the cell to the hindwings (between longitudinal fold and

subcostal nervure) is broader than in other Agaristidae, and hence the upper disco-

cellular veinlet longer than the lower one. Notwithstanding that in the other sex the

stridulating organ is entirely absent, the lower discocellular veinlet to the hindwings

is also here visibly shorter than the upper one, a character which one might suppose

to be inherited from the male, or, as in the d of Ph. glycinae (Don.) without stridu-

lating organ the lower discocellular veinlet is likewise, though almost imperceptibly,

shorter than the upper one, at least to be influeneed by the presence, in d, of that

vitreous mark.

Vein 5 of the hindwings of albamedia (Luc.)is parallel to vein 4; it is rather

curved at two-thirds of its length from the outer margin, and thence becomes

straight. The hindtibiae are without long hairs in the middle. The basal third

of the costal margin of the forewings is in either sex more dilated than in any other

species of Phalaenoides Lewin. The spines of the first joint of the hinder tarsi are

less developed in the d than in the ?. K. J.

26. Phalaenoides inconspicua Rothsch. sp. nov.

Differs from P. goldiei (Druce), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). XIV. p. 21 (1894), in

the following characters :— :

It is somewhat larger; the apices of both fore- and hindwings are black, not

white. The oblique white patch on forewings is broader and has a strong projection

at lower angle of cell; the small white spot in the cell is wanting, as are also the blue

(50)

dots at the base. On the hindwings the white discal patch is about three times the

size of that in P. goldiei, and, unlike in that species, reaches the abdominal margin.

Collar and shoulders edged with grey, not yellow; abdominal tuft black above, pale

buff below, not entirely orange, as in goldiei. Underside of abdomen all white, not

banded, as in the other species. Terminal joint of palpi shorter.

Hab. Humboldt Bay, Dutch New Guinea (W. Doherty, September and October

1892): 510 Wire

In this species the second partition of the median nervure to the hindwings is of

half the length of the lower discocellular veinlet. The antennae are not thickened

towards the apex. The forehead is somewhat produced and bears a subeireular ridge.

The third joint of the palpi is longer (d) than the forehead is broad. K. J.

27. Ophthalmis basalis Rothsch. sp. nov.

FemaLe.—Upperside: forewings differ from O. mutatus (WIk.) in having a row

of three white subbasal spots instead of two, and in the two central white spots being

much larger, that between the lower median and submedian veins having a length of

4 and a breadth of 3 millimetres. Hindwings are at once distinguishable from those

of all allied forms by the presence of a large white basal area; this area does not

quite reach either the base or the apex of cell between costa and median vein, being

here 5 millimetres wide, while between the median vein and abdominal margin it

reaches from the base to within 5 millimetres of the outer margin at the lower

median vein, including a black dot just behind the latter vein.

Underside shows a faint line connecting the lowest subbasal spot and the lower

of the two central spots. Middle of underside of abdomen yellow; otherwise similar

to O. mutatus (WIk.). Size somewhat larger than that of O. mutatus (WIk.).

Hab. Mangola, Sulla Islands (Dr. Platen) ; 19. MUR:

28. Mimeusemia perakana Rothsch. sp. nov.

$. Differs from M. albicilia Hamps., Moths of India II. p. 160 (1894), in the

more reddish maroon ground-colour of forewings, in the larger and more oblique

subbasal white patch, which is more than twice as broad before submedian vein than

at the costa; the two median patches are joined together to form an uninterrupted

band. On the hindwings the baso-abdominal area is pure white, while the discal

white spot is larger than in albicilia and on the underside is connected with basal

area by a long white streak. Basal black patch on abdomen much extended.

Hab. Padang Rengas, Perak; 1 ?. WR.

Agarista semyron H.S. is most nearly related to the species standing under

Mimeusemia Butl., and ought to be referred to that genus. Mimeusemia Butl. is

scarcely separable from Phalaenoides Lewin in the present extent of the latter. In

the typical species of Mimeusemia, in M. persimilis Butl. from Japan, the second

partition of the median vein to the forewings is decidedly longer than in peshwa

Moore and the other species.

Hampson, Moths of India IL. p. 155 (1894), says of the genus Zalissa Wlk.

(= Seudyra Streteh ace. to Hampson) that the terminal joint of the palpi is very

short, and that the tibiae are without spines. The first character applies only to

Z. longipennis Moore and perhaps some allied species, while in other species, for

(pole)

example in Z. noctuina (Butl.) from Japan, the third joint of the palpi is very long;

in the of Z. transiens (WIk.) it is at least four times as long as broad, and can,

therefore, by no means be called short. The second character, if its meaning is

“tibiae without spurs,” is stated by mistake, I think; all the species of Zalissa which

we have possess the usual spurs to the tibiae. The position of vein 7 to the fore-

wings, which Hampson has incorrectly made use of in the key to the Indian genera

of Agaristidae, is variable in Zalissa; it originates either from the apex of the

areole, or, in specimens of the same species—f. e. transiens (Wlk.)—is stalked with 8

and 9. : Red:

Longicella Jord. gen. nov.

d ?. Forehead with a short conical truncate processus; diameter of subeireular

ridge one-third or less the breadth of forehead. Antennae feebly thickened towards

apex in d, almost filiform in ?, with the tip very slender. Second joint of palpi

with the hairs not longer than the third joint; the latter naked, longer than the

forehead is broad, about four times as long as broad. Middle and hind tibiae not

clothed with long hairs.

Neuration: vein 3 of forewings from before angle of cell; second partition of

median nervure longer than the respective portion of the outer margin. Hindwings

with vein 3 also from before angle of cell; second partition of median nervure longer

than the lower discocellular veinlet; vein 5 shorter than the cell is long.

Type: Longicella mollis (Walker), Lep. Het. B. M. VII. p. 1774 (1856) (East

Indies and Malacca).

Differs from all allies in vein 3 of either wing arising from before the apex of the

cell, and in vein 5 to the hindwings being shorter than the median cell is long

(measured along the middle fold).

L. decipiens (Butl.), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5). XIV. p. 34 (1884) (Nias), is only

a subspecies of L. mollis (Wlk.) and occurs in Nias and Sumatra; the extent of the

black spots is so variable that mollis and decipiens run into one another.

L. luctiferu (Boisd.), Spec. Gen. I. t. 14. f. 4 (1836) (Java), belongs in this new

genus; it has at first sight a different appearance, but the markings correspond in

position very well with those of mollis (W1k.). KT

Hecatesia Doisd., Mon. Zyy. p. 11 (1829).

The figures which Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2). I. p. 199. t. 33. f. Le

(1877), and Hampson, P. Z. S. 1892. p. 190. f. 2, give of the peculiar neuration of

the male of H. fenestrata Boisd. do not agree with one another. I have compared

our eighteen male specimens of fenestrata Boisd. and thyridion Boisd., and find that

both figures are incorrect, and that Westwood’s figure comes nearer the truth than

Hampson’s does. In Hampson's figure H. fenestrata Boisd. has no areole, veins 6, 7,

8, and 9 are stalked together, and 10 is free; Westwood’s figure shows correctly the

long areole, but the position of veins 6, 7, and 8, and that of fhe upper discocellular

veinlet, are erroneous. According to our specimens, the males of fenestrata and

thyridion have a very long and narrow areole, reaching from close to the origin of

vein 11 to beyond the apex of the cell; vein 11 arises much nearer the base of the

wing than is shown in Westwood's figure. Veins 7 and 8 come from the apex of the

areole, 9 and 10 are stalked together (not with 8); vein 6 arises from apex of cell,

(52)

not from areole; middle part of discocellular veinlets between veins 5 and 6 is

obliterated in our specimens, or is at least so feeble that I cannot see it under a

strong lens.

Two female specimens of Hecatesia fenestrata in our collection, and a specimen

of this sex of thyridion in Mr. Herbert Druce’s collection, show that the

neuration in Westwood’s figure of the female of H. thyridion (Le. t. 33. f. 4) is

so far correct, as vein 10 arises from the areole and 8 and 9 are stalked together.

The antennae of thyridion Boisd. are much more pointed than those of fenestrata

Boisd.; the terminal joint of the palpi is longer and naked. The terminal joint of

the palpi of fenestrata is much too short in Westwood’s figure.

Hecatesia Boisd. is placed by Kirby in his Catalogue at the end of the Castniidae ;

in this Kirby follows Westwood, /.c., who pointed out, in opposition to Boisduval, that

Hecatesia was much more nearly allied to Castnia Fbr. than to Eusemia Dalm. and

Aegocera Latr. Westwood was, however, entirely wrong, and Boisduval, Druce,

Hampson, etc., were and are right in treating Hecatesia as an Agaristid. Hecatesia

disagrees with Castnia nearly in every respect, while there is nothing in its structure

which might justify one in removing it from the typical Agaristids.

The American insect described by Druce as Hecatesia falcata, Biol. Centr. Amer.,

Lep. Het. I. p. 35. t. 5. f. 23 (d). 24 (2) (1883) (Panama), must certainly be referred

to another (new) genus. As we have, however, no females of this faleata, I abstain

from proposing a genus for it, but give the following note on the structure

of the male :—

Differs from Hecatesia Boisd. as follows: terminal joint of palpi shorter;

antennae gradually thickened, much less abruptly clubbed ; all the tibiae clothed

with long hairs; hinder wings with the abdominal region dilated (recalling the

hindwing of Euploea).

Neuration: areole short and extremely narrow; vein 10 from areole, not stalked

with 9; veins 8 and 9 stalked together; second partition of median nervure twice as

long as the respective portion of the outer margin; same partition on hindwings

longer than lower discocellular veinlet. As the veins near the anterior angle of the

cell to the forewings are so close together that a simple woodcut would not give

a right idea of the position of veins 10, 9, 8, and 7, and the form of the inconspicuous

areole, we propose to give a figure of the venation on one of the plates of this journal

when an opportunity occurs.

The stridulating organ on the forewings of H. falcata Druce is scaled on either

side of the wing. KS

Haase, Tris I. p. 323 (1888), says of the peculiar organ on the forewing of the

male of H. fenestrata Boisd. that probably in the live specimen the thickened costal

margin approaches the scaled portion of the wing by means of the vitreous membrane

being depressed, and that it is removed by the wing being excessively spread out

when the specimen is set. This is erroneous; unset specimens have the vitreous

mark the same as set specimens. Haase, regarding this stridulating organ as being

a scent-producing one, had to find a fold for scent-producing scales. KSI:

i. American forms with vein 10 of the forewings arising from the areole.

Agarista sabulosa Feld. from California and A. noctuiformis Möschl. from Porto

Rico, both with (?) under Metagarista in Kirby's Catalogue, are very closely allied if

(53)

not identical insects. They have, of course, nothing to do with the genus Metagarista,

and agree with none of the present genera of Agaristidae, and will require a genus of

their own. They differ structurally from Copidryas G. & R., to which genus they

come nearest, in the forehead bearing a short conical processus with circular ridge

and being narrower than the eyes are high (when viewed from front side), and in the

second partition of the median nervure to the hindwings being shorter than the lower

discocellular veinlet. In the male of sabulosa Feld. and noctuiformis Möschl. the

forehead is narrowed behind as in Aegocera trimeni Feld. and allies. Kr:

Diamuna Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. XII. p. 960 (1857).

We have two female specimens (from Venezuela and British Guiana) of an

Agaristid which is apparently the same as Diamuna severa (Stoll), Pap. Ex. IV.

p. 235. t. 398. f. l (1782) (Surinam), though they have not the peculiar patch on the

forewings as shown in Stoll’s figure. They exhibit the following structural characters

which I think necessary to point outwas Walker's diagnosis of Diamuna is a very

vague one :—

?. Front of the head a half narrower than the large eye (when viewed from the

front side) is high, conically produced, with a sharp subcireular ridge. Palpi strongly

hairy, terminal joint scarcely longer than broad. Antennae almost filiform, not

reaching apex of cell to forewings ; dilatation towards apex scarcely noticeable. All

the tibiae strongly hairy.

Neuration: similar to that of Phasis Wlk., but second partition, of median

nervure to forewings half as long again as the respective portion of the outer margin ;

same partition to hindwings longer than lower discocellular veinlet. Vein 7 to hind-

wings, though touching 8, distinctly separate from 8 by a furrow, its basal partition

thicker than in Phasis Wlk. and most other Agaristids.

Differs from Phasis WIk. to which Diamuna Wlk. comes nearest, in the thin

antennae, the narrower forehead, the larger eyes, the longer second partition of the

median nervure to either wing, the hairy middle and hind tibiae, and in vein 7 to

the hindwings being thicker at base and being separate from 8 by a furrow when

touching it. Ke J.

Clitis Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. XII. p. 961 (1857).

A d specimen without locality in the Felder collection agrees fairly well with

Stoll’s figure of Clitis proserpina (Stoll), Pap. Ex. IV. p. 239. t. 399. f. à (1782)

(Surinam). It has the short and thin antennae of Diamuna Wlk., and is similar to

that genus in the form of head and eyes, and in the long second partition of the

median nervure; but vein 7 of the hindwings is confluent for about 1 millimetre

with vein 8 beyond the basal third of the cell; the basal partition of vein 7 is well

developed.

In the narrow forewings and broad hindwings Clitis proserpina (Stoll) reminds

one of Hecatesia falcata Druce. The underside of the abdomen is in our d specimen

clothed along either side with long hairlike scales, which are broadest at the tips,

and being turned over the middle of the abdomen give the underside of the latter a

strongly woolly appearance. The hindwings are furnished above at the basal portion

of the costal margin with long hairs, covered by the abdominal margin of the

( 54 )

forewings, which is hairy underneath; these hairs represent probably a secondary

sexual character analogous to that of Patula Guen. IX Ale

Grour III.

Antennae pectinate ov serrate; forewings with areole.

k. African forms.—Here belong Pristoceraea Karsch and Ovios Wik. (see

Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 1895. p. 349). LS dlc

l. Indo-Australian forms.

There was hitherto only one genus in this section, Apina Wik., with one

species, A. callisto Wlk.; I add a new genus based upon Aegocera cornigera But].

and in future a third one must be erected for Phalaenoides affinis (Boisd.).

Ipana Jord. gen. nov.

d 9. Forehead broadest in front of antennae, its supra-oral edge produced, with

a flattened, somewhat recurved, and at the tip truncate or rounded horny processus,

which is excavate above and convex below. Antennae biserially serrate in d, serrations

very short and broad, scarcely narrower at the tip than the respective antennal joint

is long; in 9 the serrations are feeble, but can be noticed under a moderate lens,

especially towards the apex of the antennae. Second joint of palpi clothed with

elongate scales, which are shorter than the joint is long ; third joint naked, about two

_or three times as long as broad. Hairlike scales on mid- and hindtibiae much

shorter than the long spurs. Abdomen hairy only at tip.

Neuration : forewings with vein 10 from between middle and apex of areole ;

stalk of 8. 9 shorter than areole ; second partition of median nervure longer than the

respective portion of the outer margin. Hindwings with lower discocellular veinlet

a little longer than, or as long as, the second partition of the median nervure.

Type: Zpana cornigera (Butler), Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1886. p. 381 (Gayndah

and Peak Downs).

Agarista diversa Wlk., Lep. Het. B. M. XXXI. p. 49 (1864) (N. Australia),

belongs probably also in this new genus, which has nothing to do with Aegocera

Latr., but comes close to Apina Wlk. Apina Wlk. differs from Ipana gen. nov. in

the pectinations of the antennae being much longer, in the legs and palpi being

clothed with long hairs, and in vein 2 of the forewings standing farther from the

lower angle of the cell.

Ipana cornigera (Butl.) has been recorded from N. Australia and British New

Guinea. William Doherty obtained some specimens of either sex at Oinainisa, Dutch

Timor, November and December 1891, which do not seem to us to be subspecifically

separable. This is the second case amongst Agaristidae of Timor and North

Australia being inhabited by the same insect. Agarista timerensis Rothsch. sp. nov.

(p. 48) may be quoted as a third case, indicating a relationship of the Timorese

fauna to that of North Australia. K. J.

m. American forms with pectinate or serrate antennae.

The number of genera of this section is much greater in the Neotropical and

Nearctic regions than in the Eastern hemisphere.

(55)

The genera Aucula Wlk., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3). I. p. 253 (1862), Pyenodontis

Feld., and Leiosoma Feld. are closely allied to one another. In Aweula Wlk. the

second partition of the median nervure to the fore- and hindwings is much longer

than in the two uncharacterised Felderian genera. Pycnodontis Feld. has in the

d the antennae more shortly pectinate than Leiosoma Feld.; the latter, if really

distinct from Pyenodontis, requires a new name, as Leiosoma has been preoccupied

at least four times. I prefer to treat Leiosoma Feld. as a synonym of Pyenodontis Feld.

To Aucula Wlk. belongs Diamuna adrasta Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep.

Het. Y. p. 334. t. 30. f. 20 (1889) (Mexico). K. J.

Caularis Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. XII. p. 801 (1857).

I give the following description of this genus :—

Forehead with a thin conical horn, which is truncate at the tip, and is here about

one-tenth as broad as the forehead. Antennae biserially pectinate, branches long,

those of the fifth joint already longer than the joint is broad, those of the middle

joints more than three times as long as the respective joints are broad. Second joint

of palpi hairy ; third joint more than twice as long as broad, nearly naked. Legs

slenderer than in Pycnodontis Feld., otherwise similar.

Neuration: similar to that of Pycnodontis Feld. Discocellulars of hindwings

concave before vein 5, straight and strongly oblique behind it; vein 5 therefore from

below the deepest point of the discocellulars; second partition of median vein to

hindwings shorter than the respective portion of the outer margin.

Type: Caularis undulans Wlk., l.c.

I do not know the genus Robinsonia Grote from Cuba, but it seems to me to

have some affinities to Cuularis Wlk. Kar

We insert here, at the end of the Agaristidae, the description of a new species

of Sarothroceras Mab., a genus of doubtful position.

29. Sarothroceras sordidus Rothsch. sp. nov.

MALE. — Upperside: forewings differ from S. pallida (Druce) = alluaudi Mab. in

the more dirty drab-brown ground-colour, and in the dark sepia-brown subbasal patch

being much smaller; on the inner margin it has a length of 74 millimetres, while

in S. pallida it is 12, and in S. rhomboidea Weymer it is still bigger. Anteriorly

its point reaches the hind end of the cell, and its outer edge is concave. The

transverse whitish band of pallida is here much more ill-defined, being scarcely

paler than the ground-colour of the wing, and is wider, extending to the angle

of the inner margin. The apical spot is more defined, owing to the paler ground-

colour of the wing. Hindwings as in pallida, but the discal area not red but

yellow, and so densely powdered with drab scales as to be very indistinct and faint.

Underside similar to pallida, but discal area of hindwings yellow, and the outer

margin broader.

FEMALE.— Similar to male, but with the subbasal patch on forewings larger, its

outer edge straight, and the pale band outside it almost as pale as in pallida.

Hab. Gold Coast; 2 4,1 2.

This, as well as rhomboidea Weym., St. E. Z. 1892. p. 104, on receipt of more

material, may prove to be only aberrations of pallida (Druce), but at present I prefer

to keep the three species separate, W.R.

( 56 )

CHALCOSIIDAE.

30. Histia nivosa Rothsch. sp. nov.

MaLe.—Upperside : forewings white, costa and apical area brownish black; the

latter 8 millimetres wide at apex, and running to a point at the submedian vein

above the inner angle. Median nervure also black. Hindwings white, outer margin

black.

Underside same as above, but costal margin of hindwings also black.

Antennae black, head red, collar same, with black dot on each side. Thorax

beneath and abdomen red, the latter with five series of black spots.

FEMALE.—Only differs from male in that the black of apical area does not reach

the apex of cell.

Shape as in H. selene Kollar, but wings shorter and blunter.

Hab. Kina Balu, N. Borneo (obtained from Messrs. Staudinger & Bang-Haas) ;

EG Ines W. R.

31. Canerkes javanicus Rothsch. sp. nov.

MALE.—Differs form C. euschemoides Moore in the borders to the nervures being

violet instead of metallic blue-green, in the transverse yellow band being split up

into spots and not joined to the basal yellow area, in the white spots of the apical

half of forewings being much smaller, and in the yellow of both pairs of wings being

orange-ochraceous.

Hab. Mount Gede, Java (Fruhstorfer, August 1892, 4000 feet); 1 d. W.R.

32. Isbarta pandemia Rothsch. sp. nov.

FEMALE.—Upperside: forewings straw-white at basal half, with veins marked

black. Apical half black, with veins picked out in dull steel-blue. One-fifth from

the apex is a transverse row of almost obliterated grey spots between the nervures; this

row eurves inwards, so that at inner angle the distance from margin is least. "There

is also a white patch between the two lower median nervures. Hindwings— basal

fourth lavender-grey, with red of underside shining through; rest of wing smoky

black, with a large creamy discal patch shading off into primrose-yellow, and reaching

from abdominal margin, where it is 10 millimetres wide, to the subcostal vein, and

shading off into basal grey area.

Underside: forewings black, with steel-blue gloss on veins, a large creamy patch

in cell, two beyond it, and one between the two submedian veins. The transverse

row of subapical spots white, and much more distinct than above. Hindwings black,

with veins and apex steel-blue; a large triangular basal patch of red extends from

the-abdominal margin to the middle vein of cell. A primrose-yellow spot in apex

of cell, and two subapical ones. A large triangular primrose patch reaches from

abdominal margin, where it is widest, to vein 5, towards which it rapidly diminishes ;

in its anterior part it is cut up into spots by the black veins.

?ody above pale steel-blue, abdomen beneath greyish white.

Another female has the forewings in basal half nearly glaucous, the creamy

white scaling having almost. vanished.

Expanse: forewing AM 33 mm.; EM 19 mm.; PM 25 mm.

e hindwing: 5725 CR 000000]

(57)

Hab. Kina Balu, N. Borneo (obtained from Messrs. Staudinger & Bang-Haas) ; 2%.

This strange and beautiful species is an exact mimic in appearance and marking

of Delias pandemia Staud., after which I named it. W. R.

ARCTIIDAE.

33. Eligma malgassica Rothsch. sp. nov.

9. Upperside: forewings—the brown costal area narrower than in the other

species of Eligma, its hind edge faintly bordered with yellow; it is, close to the

base and again 9 mm. from the base, dilated rectangularly, then is parallel to costa

for about 8 or 9 mm. ; at apex of cell it is indented, and from there becomes some-

what broader again for about 3 or 4 mm., and then runs towards the apex of the wing,

this apieal portion being dentate at the veins; the three basal black spots of the

other species are here not rounded, but transverse, and form an interrupted zigzag

line; the subbasal black line of E. hypsoides Wlk. and duplicata Auriv. is very thin,

strongly undulate, and not interrupted; the black line on the posterior part of the

dise runs from the inner margin to the base of vein 3, being twice strongly curved,

then turns round in the direction of the two black spots which stand between veins 3

and 5, so as to form with them an almost continuous line; in the curve behind apex

of cell the line is double. The submarginal black spots are linear, transverse, and

oblique. The middle of the wing behind the costal brown area is whitish, as in

hypsoides Wlk., while the rest of the wing is fawn-colour, with a whitish zigzag band

outside the subbasal black line and two more zigzag lines between discal black line

and outer margin. Hindwings yellow, as in the other species, with a brownish black

outer border, which has at apex a breadth of 6 mm., runs a little along costa, and

is strongly tapered off behind, scarcely reaching as far as extremity of vein 1".

Underside: forewings yellow from base to 4 mm. beyond apex of cell, apical

region brown. Hindwings as above, marginal border shorter.

Outline of wings nearly as in Æ. narcissus (Cram.).

Palpi, head, thorax, abdomen, and legs similar to those of Æ. duplicata Auriv.

Expanse: forewing AM 30 mm.; EM 14 mm.; PM 21 mm.

" hind withove 22) 05 20 a

Hab. Morondava, Madagascar (Last); 2 ?.

This species is easily distinguished from the African E. hypsoides Wlk. and

duplicata Auriv., Ent. Tidskr. 1892. p. 191. f. 1°, by the apex of the hindwing being

without a white patch, and from the Indian E. narcissus (Cram.) by the outline of

the costal area of the forewings, the subbasal black line, the form of the diseal line,

the much nanower blaek border to the hindwings, and on the underside by the

basal two-thirds of the forewings being yellow. MERE

34. Eligma narcissus indica Rothsch. subsp. nov.

$. Differs from typical E. narcissus (Cram.) from China as follows: forewings

shorter and broader; if we take the breadth of the wing as 1, the length is 2} in

indica and 3 in narcissus; outer margin much less oblique between veins 1 and 3 ;

the white colour behind the costal area is more extended, and the posterior region of

the wing is of a paler isabella colour; the anterior portion of the median inter-

rupted transverse black line is shorter and broader, and the submarginal spots are

(58)

more prominent. On the hindwing the bluish black border is deeper concave between

veins 4 and 7 than in the female of narcissus, and therefore appears more convex at

vein 2.

Below, the forewings and the apex of the hindwings are paler in colour, and have

a feebler bluish gloss.

Hab. Nilgiri Hills, S. India; 3 $. MER

35. Eligma narcissus javanica Rothsch. subsp. nov.

9. Smaller than narcissus, forewings similar in shape; anterior portion of the

transverse black median line as in indica; blue-black apical area of hindwings

hroader, evenly concave, at vein 4 only 1 millimetre short of cell. Dorsal black

spots of abdomen very small.

Hab. Java; 1 9. W. R.

36. Eligma narcissus philippinensis Rothsch. subsp. nov. |

$. Forewings somewhat broader than in narcissus; emargination of outer

margin to hindwings less obvious. Submarginal spots of forewings much larger than

in the other subspecies; anterior portion of black interrupted median line forming

a rounded dot; white longitudinal streaklike area as in indica; blue-black apical

region of hindwings as broad as in javanica and of the same shape. Posterior tibiae

without a black spot.

Hab. Mindoro; 1 9. W. R.

Oberthür describes and figures in Et. d’Ent. XVII. 1893. p. 32. t. 1. f. 6, a

beautiful moth from Usambara, German East Africa, as Eligma laetepicta, which has

a quite different aspect from the other species of the genus. We recently received

a female specimen of this insect from Nguela, Usambara, which, on examination,

proves that laetepicta Oberth. can very well be referred to Kligma Hb., as it exhibits

only the following slight structural differences: the areole is broader, vein 7 comes

from below the apex of the areole, and vein 6 stands farther from the areole than in

narcissus, duplicata, and malgassica.

The species of Eligma Hb. hitherto known to science (and all contained in

the Tring Museum) can be distinguished as follows :-—

A. Forewing with two yellow transverse bands. Æ. laetepieta Oberth. from East

Africa.

B. Forewing without those bands.

a. Apex of hindwing with a white patch.

a‘, Forewing with a single transverse line running from beyond

middle of hindmargin to apex of cell. Æ. hypsoides Wik. from

West Africa. We have 2 9 from the Lower Niger.

b', Forewing with that line double. Æ. duplicata Auriv., Ent.

Tidskr. 1892. p. 191. f. 1°, from Cameroons.

b. Apex of hindwing without white patch.

c'. Forewing beneath yellow, with apical third brown. E. malgassica

Rothsch. sp. nov. from Madagascar.

d'. Forewing beneath brown with blue gloss, extreme base yellow.

E. nareissus (Cram.) from China and its subspecies from South

India, Java, and Mindoro, K Ji

AGANAIDAE (=HYPSIDAE).

We include in this family only the forms allied to Asota Hb. (= Hypsa

Hb.) which are characterised especially by the presence of a proboscis and by

veins 7 and 8 of the hindwings being connected by a bar near the middle of the

cell, and differ in the first character from the Lymantriidae and in the second

from the Arctiidae. With Hampson, Moths of India I., we have to exclude

from the Aganaidae the following genera of Kirby’s Catalogue of Heterocera V.

pp. 383—393 :—

1. Sebastia Kirby, le. p. 383 (1891) is Aretiid. New synonym: Moorea

Hampson, l.e. IT. p. 33 (1894).

2. Eligma Hb. is Arctiid. (s./.).

3. Bapata Wlk. 5

4. Agaposoma Feld. ,,

5. Stenognatha Feld. ,,

6. Caryatis Hb. 5

7. Godasa WIk. is Agaristid.

8. Calpenia Moore is Aretiid.

9. Migoplastis Feld. ,,

10. Zaracha Wik. *

11. Egybolis Boisd. N

Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1886. p. 758, brings Nyetemera Hb. and

Anerila Wlk. to the Aganaidae; we cannot agree with him that these genera are

more nearly allied to Asofa Hb. than to other Arctioid moths. Digama Moore is

regarded by Meyrick as an unattached genus differing from Asota “essentially in

having vein 8 of the hindwings approximated but not connected to the upper margin

of cell.” This statement is quite correct as regards Digama hearseyana Moore, the

type of the genus, and the only Australian species hitherto known, D. marmorea

Butl., but does not apply to several other species standing at present under Digama,

for example D. insulana Feld. and marchali Guér., and, therefore, we shall in this

paper treat Digama as an Hypsid, and give a fuller explanation of the Hypsoid

characters of this genus at the end of the family.

A revision of the A ganaidae, exclusive of Digama Moore, has been given by Snellen

in Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 109 (1888), and we should restrict ourselves to a few

notes about some oversights and errors in that excellent paper, if it were not for

Kirby's Catalogue of Heterocera and Hampson's Moths of India, the authors of which

works do not seem to have taken any notice of Snellen’s classificatory results. . The

Indian AGANAIDAE, exclusive of Digama, are divided into three genera by Hampson

and into nine by Kirby, while Snellen enumerates them under five well-characterised

genera. As our researches show that Hampson unites under Hypsa a number of very

heterogeneous forms, and that several of the genera in Kirby's Catalogue are identical,

and also prove that Snellen's division of the family into five genera is mot quite

correct, we shall dilate a little longer upon this family, the more so as, besides the

genera, the species also are in rather a great muddle, K. J,

( 60 )

Agape Snellen.

Hypsa, Walker (nec Hübner), Lep. Het. B. M. II. p. 455 (1854).

Agape Felder, Reise Novara Lep. II. (1874) (mom. nud.); Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI.

pp. 115. 116 (1888).

This is a very peculiar genus, and stands quite isolated amongst the Hypsids

in the absence of the cavity from the forewing and the corresponding patch of

scabrous scales from the upperside of the hindwing which are found in the allied

genera. Snellen was the first to find this out; Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.

Wales 1886. p. 771, has Agape chloropyga (Wlk.) under the genus Hypsa, which

he characterises inter alia by the presence of that supposed stridulatory organ ;

Hampson has Agape also asa synonym of Hypsa. Agape differs, moreover, in the

absence of the costal retinaculum in the male, either sex only having the retina-

culum at the median nervure, which is again an exception amongst Aganaidae. The

antennae are similar to those of Asota Hb. described on p. 61. The terminal joint

of the palpi is shorter than the second joint. Vein 7 of forewings originates from

the apex of the areole, or is shortly stalked with 8. 9; veins 6 and 7 of the hindwings

are shortly stalked or arise from a point.

To Agape Snellen belong two species, chloropyga (WIk.) and leonina Butl. ; the

other two species which stand in Kirby’s Catalogue under Agape, javana Cram. and

celebensis Hopff., have nothing to do with this genus.

The Moluccan and Australian specimens of A. chloropyga (Wlk.) can generally

be distinguished from one another by the shape of the exterior brown spot on

the forewings. In our extensive series of chloropyga (Wlk.) from Queensland that

spot is round and always well defined; out of our thirteen specimens from

Amboina it is only in one example rounded, in all others it is anguliform or it is

so much prolonged as to form a complete band which extends from the costal to

inner margin, as deseribed by Snellen, /.c. The two spots beyond cell are some-

times very feebly marked in Moluccan examples, and on such specimens A. amalis

WIk. seems to be based.

Of Agape leonina Butl. there are two males only in the Tring Museum from

New Britain, which differ from the male of chloropyga (Wlk.) in the black spots

on the thorax being very feeble, and in the two preanal segments of the abdomen

being ochreous with bluish black basal marks instead of being above entirely

blue-black.

A male specimen from Alu Island, Solomon Islands, captured by Captains Cotton

& Webster, has a complete brown transverse band across the basal fourth of the

wing, and another band in the apical fourth similar to that of the above-mentioned

variety of chloropyga (WIk.); the spots on the thorax are scarcely traceable under

a lens; the spot on the first joint of the palpi is very small and isabella-colour, not

black ; the blue-black colour at the bases of the abdominal segments is reduced, and

absent from the preanal segment.

Another male from Lifu, Loyalty Islands, is still more different from leonina

3utl. The thoracic spots are entirely obliterated; the eighth and ninth abdominal

segments are above much more extended bluish black, in fact the upperside of the

eighth segment is bluish black with only the hinder edge yellow. As this Lifu

example is, besides, smaller and has broader forewings than leonina, it belongs most

probably to a subspecies of leonina; we can, however, not give a name to it until we

have more material. K. J.

( 61 )

Aganais Boisd.

Phalaena Noctua, Drury, Illustr. Nat. Hist. TI. Index (1773).

Noctua, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 595 (1115).

Phalaena Bombyx, Stoll, Pap. Ex. III. p. 173 (1782).

Damalis Hübner (nec Fabricius, 1805), Verz. bek. Schm. p. 172 (1822 ?) (e.».).

Aganais Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Ent. p. 248 (1832) (e.p.; nomen nudum); id., Faune Ent. de

Madagascar p. 96 (1833) (e.p.) ; Hopff., Wonatsb. Köngl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1857. p. 422 ; id.,

Peter's Reise Moz., Ins. p. 432 (1862).

Hypsa group 8, Lacides Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. II. p. 456 (1854).

Hypsa, subgenus Lacides, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1815. p. 321.

Hypsa, subgenus Agunais (part), id., Le. p. 322.

Hypsa, group B (Aganais Butler), Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 125 (1888).

Lacides, Moore, Lep. of Ceyl. TI. p. 53 (1883) : Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I. p. 385 (1891).

Pseudhypsa Kirby, l.c. p. 384 (1891).

Hypsa, Section II. ( Lacides), Hampson, Moths of India Y. p. 504 (1894).

The distinguishing characters of this genus lie especially in the structure of the

antennae. Snellen, as well as Hampson, says of the antennae of the male only that

the fasciculae are long; the important differences between the male and female

antennae of Aganais and those of Asota (= Hypsa) have not yet been noticed, though

these differences are obvious under a weak lens. In Aganais Boisd. the joints of the

antennae of either sex are cylindrical, as can be seen from a section through the

antennae, and in the male each joint (except the apical ones) bears on each side a

long processus of even breadth, which itself is furnished dorsally at the tip with a

bristle. In Asotw Hb. the antennae of either sex are compressed; a transverse

section of the female antennae has an ovate outline, with the lower end often acute,

each joint being rounded at the upperside, and carinate, or nearly so, at the under-

side; in the male of Asota Hb. the cariniform portion of the under surface is high,

which can easily be noticed by looking at the antennae from the side; as the edge of

the carina is shorter than the respective joint, there is an interspace between the

carinae of every two joints, which gives the antennae of the male in a side view the

appearance of a broad-toothed saw. The cariniform portion of the joints is covered

with fine hairs and bears a pair of bristles, while the dorsal portion is sealed and is

furnished on each side with a longer bristle, varying in length and thickness accord-

ing to sex and species. In Aganais d the lateral processus originate from the ventral

side of the joint and are hairy beneath; the bristles at their extremities are homo-

logous to the dorsal bristles in Asofa. Further notes about the antennae of Asota

and figures will be found under this genus.

Boisduval introduced the name of Aganais first in Voyage de l'Astrolabe 1832,

but did not give a description of the genus; the species which he describes there

under Aganais are generically different from his two species described under Aganais

in Faune Ent. de Madagascar p. 96. Boisduval applied the name nearly to all

Agameidae he knew ; Butler and Snellen restricted it to the species allied to borbonica

Boisd. ; Kirby gives caricae Fabr. as type, and includes in it a great number of Indo-

Australian forms. As Aganais of Vogage de l'Astrolabe is a nomen nudum, we dare

not take it into consideration ; under Aganais of Faune Entomologique de Madagascar

only two species are mentioned by name, borbonica and insularis, which are male

and female of one species. Type of Aganais is, therefore, doubtless borbonica Boisd.,

and Pseudhypsa Kirby has to sink as a synonym. To Aganais Boisd. belong the

following Hypsids of Kirby's Catalogue: Pseudhypsa speciosa (Drury), subretracta

(62)

(WIk.), aphidus (Hopft.), undulifera (W1k.), borbonica ( Boisd.) ; Lacides ficus (Fabr.) ;

Aganais insularis Boisd.

Pseudhypsa ambusta (Mab.) is an Agaristid (see p. 46).

As Lacides ficus (Fabr.) can by no means be kept generically separate from

Agamais borbonica Boisd., Lacides must sink as a synonym.

Aganais insularis Boisd. has been treated by Herrich-Schüffer, Samml. auss.

Schm. f. 118, and Saalmüller, Lep. von Madagascar p. 160, as the female of borbonica

Boisd.; Butler, l.c. p. 323, Snellen, l.c. p. 132, and Kirby, l.c. p. 387, regard it as a

close relative of Asota egens (W1k.) and bring it accordingly into a different genus or

section respectively. The structure of the antennae of insularis is the same as in

Aganais speciosa 9, ficus 9, and the other forms mentioned above; insularis is

therefore doubtless an Aganais. Further, as of borbonica only males and of insularis

only females are known, and both insects inhabit the same districts, it is also beyond

doubt that these two Aganuis are really male and female of the same species.

Aganais aphidas (Hopff.) is the same as subretracta (Wlk.), as already men-

tioned by Butler, /.c. ; Kirby gives it again as a distinct species.

Agamais speciosa (Drury) is a very variable species. Drury's figure is rather bad,

especially in respect to the pattern of the forewings; his description is much better,

and leaves no doubt that speciosa is that form of Agamais which has the hindwings

pure white. Our series of forty specimens of African Aganais includes so many

individuals which are intermediate between speciosa, subretracta, and undulifera

that we cannot draw a parting line between these forms, and have accordingly to unite

them to one species ; the four forms are not restricted to certain districts, but occur

all over tropical and South Africa, and are therefore mere individual aberrations. The

hindwings are white, yellowish white, or orange; they are unicolorous or have a

minute black point near anal angle, or a black anguliform mark instead of that

point ; the apex is with or without black border; this border is very narrow or broad,

reaches to near anal angle or is shorter; the forewings are isabella-colour or are

ochraceous like the hindwings, with the usual basal patch of a faintly deeper

tint. K. J.

37. Aganais speciosa (Drury) ab. unicolor Rothsch. ab. nov.

This is the most conspicuous aberration, having the ground-colour of both wings

ochraceous ; the black spots at the base of the forewings as in speciosa (Drury). I

have 1 d from Natal and 1 ? from Namaqualand. The various forms of speciosa

have to stand as follows :—

1. Hindwings pure white : speciosa (Drury).

2. F white or ochraceous, with black border: ab. undulifera (WIk.).

oe T ochraceous, without black border : ab. subretracta (WIk.).

4. Fore- and hindwings ochraceous: ab. wiicolor Rothsch. W. R.

(To be continued.)

(63)

FURTHER NOTES ON MY REVISION OF THE PAPILIOS

OF THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE, EXCLUSIVE OF

AFRICA.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

R. O. STAUDINGER has sent me a series of very interesting Indo-Australian

Papilios, especially aberrant specimens, out of his rich collection, which

enables me to publish the following additional notes to my Revision of the Eastern

Papilios in Vol. II. of NovrrarEs Z00LOGICAE. I take the opportunity of thanking

Dr. Staudinger very much, and hope that he will forgive me that the first note about

the specimens is a correction of his “ Berichtigung " in Zris VILI. p. 283 (1896).

18 (c). Troides oblongomaculatus celebensis (Wall.); Rothsch., /.c. p. 214.

Staudingers “ Berichtigung,” l.c., induces me to comment on my short note

about celebensis in order to show to the reader what we really know of this form.

I divided Troides oblongomaculatus into four subspecies :—

1. oblongomaculatus (Goeze) from the Southern Moluceas ;

2, bowruensis (Wall.) from Buru;

3. celebensis (Wall.) from $. Celebes and Saleyer ;

4. papuensis (Wall.) from New Guinea.

The male of celebensis is characterised by Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV.

p. 39 (1865), as follows :—

“e, Local form Celebensis.— Male: wings a little more pointed than in O. Helena ;

yellow pateh of lower wings extending nearer to the posterior margin, and bounded

towards the abdominal margin by the first branch of the median nervure. Beneath,

having the nervures between the discoidal cell and the outer border ashy-margined.

“ Female not known.

* Hab. Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.).”

Wallace’s example or examples are apparently lost, and, to our knowledge, there

never came other specimens from Celebes, except a female from North Celebes

(Minahassa) in Dr. Staudinger's collection. From the island of Saleyer, however,

a good series of specimens of both sexes has been sent to Dr. Staudinger by his

collector, and of these I have six before me. The Saleyer males have all the narrower

black outer border, or, as Wallace’s expression is, the “ yellow patch extending

nearer to the posterior margin,” and are by this character at once distinguished from

all Moluecan examples which stand at my disposal. Most of the Saleyer males,

uot all, have, moreover, the veins of the hindwings within the yellow area more or

less obviously bordered with black, a character which is sometimes conspicuously

( 64 )

indicated also in Molucean oblongomaculatus. In [ris IV. p. 74 (1891) these

Saleyer specimens have been described as “ var. leda” by Dr. Staudinger, who had

at that time overlooked that there was already a leda Wall. and that the Celebes

form had already received the name of celebensis in 1865, and the author gave as

chief character of his new “var. leda” the thickly black veins of the hindwings,

adding, however, that in one of his Saleyer males the veins are scarcely thicker black

than in ordinary. Moluccan individuals. In my Revision I treated that “ var. leda

Stauding.” as a synonym of celebensis Wall. for the following reasons :—

1. Wallace’s description applies exactly to all those Saleyer specimens which

have the veins to the hindwings not unusually broadly black.

2. Wallace’s description gives the principal character by which all the Saleyer,

and, according to Wallace, the South Celebes specimens (of course, as far as they

have become known to science), are distinguishable from the Moluccan specimens;

whereas

3. the characters by which Dr. Staudinger differentiates his “var. leda” are

found only in the greater number of the individuals, not in all examples.

4. We know the Celebes form only from Wallace’s description, and as this

description gives the chief distinguishing character of the Saleyer specimens, there

is no reason to regard the Saleyer specimens as subspecifically different, until material

from Celebes proves this to be the case, though certainly the specimens with broadly

black veins form an interesting aberration.

I objected to rename that aberration—the name of leda was preoccupied—

since I consequently should have had to bestow names upon a great number of

aberrations of other yellow Troides.

In /ris VIII. p. 283 (1896) Dr. Staudinger renames his “var. leda,” and calls

it thestius. I hope it will be clear enough, from the above explanation, that the

black-veined fhestius have to stand as aberrations of celebensis (Wall), and not the

reverse, as Dr. Staudinger puts it.

There are two collectors at present exploring Celebes, and it is to be hoped that

they will sueceed in procuring a series of specimens of celebensis.

The female from North Celebes (Minahassa) which Dr. Staudinger mentions,

Tris VIII. p. 283. and which he has been kind enough to lend me for inspection,

differs from the Saleyer females especially in the black upper- and underside of the

forewings, the latter being below marked with a large white patch near hinder

margin (before and behind submedian nervure), and bearing indistinct and rather

small white patches near the nervules in the submarginal area; further, in the discal

yellow spots being somewhat shorter and the postcellular spot somewhat larger than

in Saleyer females, in the discal cone-shaped black markings being obviously longer

and the submarginal yellow spots standing nearer the margin.

Perhaps this female belongs to a North Celebesian subspecies of oblongo-

maculatus.

Staudinger, l.c., says, in respect to the names oblongomaculatus and helena :

“Zum Schluss bemerke ich noch, dass, nach Rothschilds sehr griindlichen Unter-

suchungen, Helena Linné die spiiter von Cramer als Pompeus beschriebene Art sein

soll, ...” If my explanation about this matter (Nov. Zoou. lI. p. 212) does not

prove that helena L. is the same as pompeus Cram. (not “sein soll”), I am sorry to

say that I cannot add a word to my explanation, as to dilate any longer upon the

subject certainly would be a waste of words and time, and would not open those eyes

which are kept closed. :

( 65 )

107. Papilio acheron Smith; Rothsch., Le. p. 331.

?. In Dr. Staudinger’s collection, from Kina Balu. Differs from the male

especially in the larger ochreous area in the anal region of the underside of the

hindwings; this area is extended to the margin and includes three marginal, two

submarginal, and three subdiscal round black patches; behind subcostal nervule

there is a small ochraceous submarginal spot.

121 (A). Papilio canopus tenimberensis Rothsch. subsp. nov.

A male specimen in Dr. Staudinger’s collection differs from the other subspecies

of canopus Westw. as follows :—

Of the size of large specimens of canopus Westw. Band to forewings as in

certain examples of hypsiclides Rothsch.; the two first spots largest, the following

two somewhat shorter, the other four nearly equalin size. The band on the hindwings

nearly as in P. hipponous Feld.; spots 5 and 4 the longest, measuring 9 mm., the

first spot larger than the last one; anal orange spot indistinct ; no submarginal spots.

On the underside the band of the forewings is broader than above, especially

spots 5 to 8; the hindwings have a complete series of sharply defined more or less

orange-coloured submarginal.spots, as in canopus Westw.

Tails long and strongly spatulate, much broader than in hypsiclides Rothsch.

and canopinus Rothsch.

The form of the tail and the broad band of the hindwings are the principal

characters of this subspecies.

Hab. Timorlaut (Holz leg.) ; 1 d in coll. Staudinger.

125 (g). Papilio polytes nicanor Feld.; Rothsch., l.e. p. 354.

Dr. Staudinger sent me several females from Batjan which are of the pattern of

the male, and prove that nicanor $ is not monomorphic, but dimorphic. The two

forms of the female I propose to call :—

(q): 2-f. manzer mihi.

Similar to the male.

(0): 2-f. typicus mihi.

Equivalent to P. polytes alphenor 8 -f. alphenor Cram.

Types in my collection.

Of the first female-form Dr. Staudinger possesses a specimen in which the

submarginal spots to the hindwings are enlarged and the discal spots reduced ; the

diseal and submarginal spots are connected with one another by means of seattered

buffish scales on the upperside; beneath, these buffish scales are so dense between

veins 2 and 5 that there are longitudinal bands in the posterior cellules. — The

marginal spots of the forewings are enlarged in this specimen, chiefly those near

hinder angle.

In a specimen of the second form of the female the submarginal red spots of the

hindwings are confluent with the discal red markings, and form long and broad

longitudinal streaks,

( 66 )

Both these varieties are homologous to that of theseus figured by De Haan in

Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. overz. bes. t. 8. f. 3 (1840) from Borneo, which he named

melan ides.

129 (a). Papilio castor Westw.; Rothsch., l.c. p. 358.

The discal indistinct whitish buff patches on the forewings form sometimes

a complete series, which extends from the costal to the hinder margin.

1354. Papilio veiovis Hew.; Rothsch., l.e. p. 503.

In a female of Dr. Staudinger’s collection, from the Minahassa, the white colour

is much more reduced than in my female from South Celebes. Are the North and

South Celebes veiovis subspecifically different ? Males from North Celebes are

unknown to me.

139 (a). Papilio paradoxus (Zink.); Rothsch., Lc. p. 371.

$. Upperside: forewings mummy-brown, marginal region paler; with a series of

small submarginal whitish spots. Hindwings paler than forewings, with a series of

hastate discal dirty white spots half-way between cell and outer margin, and with

another series of lunate submarginal spots.

Underside paler than upperside ; submarginal spots milky white; discal markings

of hindwings less distinct.

One specimen in Dr. Staudinger's collection from Lawang, East Java (Holz leg.).

139 (b). Papilio paradoxus niasicus Rothsch., Le. p. 372.

1 recently received a second example of the female which agrees perfectly with

that described in Vol. II. of Nov. Zoor.

139 (c). Papilio paradoxus telesicles Feld.; Rothsch., /.c. p. 372.

Dr. Staudinger sent me a beautiful series of varieties of this Papilio, which proves

that the variability of telesicles is still greater than I have shown in my Revision.

The most obvious form among Staudinger’s material is the following :—

$-ab. albostriatus Rothsch. ab. nov. Wings above mummy-brown. Forewings

with a feeble purplish gloss in marginal region ; dise with long white streaks, which

are joined to the submarginal spots; cell with a well-defined white spot in lower

angle of apex, and some indistinct longitudinal whitish streaks. Hindwings with

long and broad white discal streaks, which reach from cell to close to submarginal

white lunules; cell with three white longitudinal lines, which are more or less merged

together.

Underside with the white markings larger and less shaded with brown at the

edges ; submarginal spots milky white.

Hab. Labuan, N. Borneo (Waterstradt leg.) ; 1% in coll. Staudinger.

( 67 )

146 (a). Papilio paris L.; Rothsch., le. p. 385.

John Watson, Esq., sent me for inspection a male of P. paris L., which is in so

far highly interesting as it has on the lower median nervule of the forewing a narrow

hairy streak which is homologous to the hairy patches of P. polyctor Boisd. and

bianor Cram. The occurrence of that peculiar male character in paris proves again

what we have said in several places in the Revision, that this secondary sexual

character cannot be made use of in characterising genera.

156 (b). Papilio lorquinianus philippus Wall.; Rothsch., /.c. p. 393.

9. Differs from that sex of lorquinianus Feld. in the same way as the male

does. Submarginal green streaks shorter than in lorquinianus; blue-green area

more extended ; submarginal spots to hindwings more green, and submarginal pale

area of forewings beneath less triangular, being broader behind and narrower in front

than in that race.

A specimen of this sex from Ceram is in Dr, Staudinger’s collection.

170 (e). Papilio antiphates decolor Stauding.; Rothsch., Le. p. 413.

Amongst my unset Lepidoptera I found a number of antiphates collected by

A. Everett in July, at the Limbang River, N.W. Borneo, which belong partly to

the subspecies decolor, partly to aleibiades. The two Bornean examples alluded to

in the Revision, and doubted by me to be correctly labelled, can therefore very well

be from Borneo,

172. Papilio ornatus Rothsch., Lc. p. 414.

9. Similar to the male; somewhat larger, and the black mark at inside of the

orange one between lower median nervules on underside of hindwings much reduced.

A specimen of this sex from Halmaheira in Dr. Staudinger's collection.

173. Papilio androcles Boisd.; Rothsch., Le. p. 416.

$. Does not essentially differ from the male.

A specimen in Dr. Staudinger’s collection from Minahassa, N. Celebes

(Dr. Platen leg.).

174. Papilio dorcus De Haan; Rothsch., l.e. p. 417.

9. Like the male.

Staudinger’s specimen, from Minahassa, N. Celebes (Dr. Platen leg.), has a short

black mark behind the costal margin within the white median band, as it is present

in one of my mules,

( 68 )

176. Papilio stratiotes Smith; Rothsch., l.c. p. 417.

2, The same as the male.

A specimen from Kina Balu, N. Borneo, in my collection.

177 (a). Papilio aristeus Cram. ; Rothsch., l.c. p. 418.

9$. A specimen from Batjan, in Dr. Staudinger’s collection, is rather larger than

my males ; the white discal area is much more reduced, and the submarginal lunules

of both wings are, above, very obscure.

180 (a). Papilio rhesus Boisd.; Rothsch., l.e. p. 425.

$. Staudinger’s specimen from Minahassa, N. Celebes (Dr. Platen /eg.), has all

the bands narrower than they are in my males from 8. Celebes, and the submarginal

spots of the forewings above are more shaded with brown scales.

198 (g). Papilio agamemnon plisthenes Feld.; Rothsch., Le. p. 453.

Dr. Staudinger’s specimens from Batjan belong to guttatus, not to plisthenes ;

my two “ Batjan ” plisthenes are, therefore, not from that island.

202 (b). Papilio macareus indicus Rothsch., l.e. p. 457.

I received a second female of this Indian subspecies from Upper Burma from

H. Fruhstorfer, which is not so brown as that described in the Revision, but has

the white streaks as large as they are in the male.

210. Papilio leucadion Stauding.; Rothsch., l.e. p. 461.

$. The pale markings are larger than in the male; the oblique black line

traversing the apex of the cell to the hindwings is very feeble.

A specimen from Batjan (Dr. Platen leg.) in Dr. Staudinger’s collection.

( 69 )

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW BIRDS

FROM THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN CELEBES.

By ERNST HARTERT.

ps a very fine collection made by Mr. Atrrep EVERETT are some very interesting

birds, which are new to science, and which are characterised in the following

notes. The most interesting fact illustrated by Mm. EvrnETT's collection is the

affinity to the avifauna of the mountains of Borneo which some of the species

show. Besides these new forms, the collection contains a number of the species

described by Mr. J. Bürrixorer in the Notes of the Leyden Museum 1893, such

as Merula celebensis, Stoparola meridionalis, Rhipidura teysmanni, and Pachycephala

meridionalis, and all those recently discovered by Messrs. Sarasin in the same

country and described by Messrs. A. B. Meyer & L. W. WrieLEswomnrH in the

Abhandl. und Berichte des Königl. Zoolog. und Anthropol. Ethnogr. Mus.

Dresden, ie. Zosterops anomala, Cryptolopha sarasinorum, Melilestes celebensis

meridionalis, and Pachycephala bonthaina.

A full list of the collection will be given in the next number of this journal.

l. Androphilus everetti sp. nov.

Supra rufo-brunneus, 'stria superciliari grisea, regione auriculari fusco-grisea,

albido striata, gutture albido, pectore griseo, abdomine medio albicante-brunneo,

corporis lateribus, regione anali, tibiis subeaudalibusque rufo-brunneis. Long. tot.

cr. 140—150 mm., al. 55—59, caud. 56—59, tars. 23, culm. 16, digit. med. 23.

Hab. Bonthain Peak, South Celebes.

This bird, of which a series of both sexes was collected in October 1895, on

Bonthain Peak and the hills surrounding it, at elevations of from about 2500 to

above 6000 feet, is of great interest.

It agrees with Androphilus accentor Sharpe from Mt. Kina Balu in Borneo

(the type of which is before me) in all essential characters, and especially in having

only ten rectrices, a most important character first pointed out quite recently by

Mr. OcıLvıe Grant. In the shape of the wing it agrees also fairly well with

A. accentor, the first primary being about three quarters of the second in length,

the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh nearly equal and longest, the whole wing very

full and rounded. The outer rectrices are about half as long as the central, and

they gradually increase in length towards the middle. The rectrices are loose and

soft, much as in Sphenoeacus. The sexes are similar in colour. The tarsus is

clothed with large scales, which are very distinct at the lower end, but partly fused

in the middle of the tarsus.

Above dark rufous brown, darker and less rufous on the head and neck. A

fairly well defined grey superciliary line. Chin and throat greyish white; ear-coverts

Primaries deep brown, bordered with

Sides of body, under tail-coverts,

dark brownish grey, with white shaft-lines.

rufous brown outside. Breast dark greyish.

thighs, and vent rufous brown. Under wing-coverts dark brown. * Iris chocolate

brown. Bill black, base of mandible pale brown. Legs and claws olive-brown.”

(A. Everett.)

( 70 )

2. Chlorocharis squamiceps sp. nov.

Capitis superioris plumis nigro-brunneis, argenteo-griseo marginatis, medio

anguste albo lineatis, notaeo reliquo fusco-viridi. Gulae plumis albidis, nigres-

cente marginatis. Abdomine flavo, corporis lateribus virescentibus, subeaudalibus

flavis. Long. tot. cr. 120—125 mm., al. 63—65, caud. 47—50, culm. 15.

Hab. Bonthain Peak, Celebes.

A large series collected by Mr. EvEnETT's men on Bonthain Peak in elevations

of 6000 feet and above. This species agrees structurally very well with Chlorocharis

emiliae Sharpe. This latter genus is one of the many genera of birds the characters

of which were not fully described when introduced into science. Convenient as this

method is to the deseriber, it is very inconvenient and makes working nearly

impossible to those ornithologists who are not so fortunate as to have specimens

of the new genus at their disposal.

“Genus simile generi * Cyanoderma’ dicto, sed caudi magis quadratà nec

rotundatä.” This is all the description (Ibis 1888, p. 392) of the genus, though

the coloration of the species is carefully described and a good figure is given.

I, however, with the type and a number of other specimens before me cannot at all

agree that * CAlorocharis" has any relation whatever to Cyanoderma, a genus

most closely allied and hardly generically separate from Mixornis. There is no

resemblance in the wing-formula, no resemblance in the structure of the plumage,

nor any in coloration, form of tail, etc. In fact the structure almost entirely

agrees with that of the genus Zosterops. To this latter genus, in my opinion,

Chlorocharis is closely allied, but not to any of the Tmeliidae.

The present new species is dark green above, brightest on the rump, top of

head blackish-brown, each feather with a distinct narrow whitish shaft-line and

margined with silvery grey. Bar-coverts yellowish silvery white. Chin and throat

whitish, the feathers of the latter with blackish margins. Chest dirty yellow.

Abdomen yellow, sides of breast and abdomen olive-green. Under tail-coverts

yellow. Primaries and rectrices blackish, outer webs edged with the colour of the

rump, inner webs with brownish white. Under wing-coverts whitish. Bill black,

feet brown. The sexes seem to be entirely alike.

3. Cataponera turdoides gen. et sp. nov.

Genus ex affinitate. generum “Garrulax,” “ Rhinocichla,” et * Allocotops”

dictorum, sed cauda fere aequali distinguenda. Ala rotundata, remige primo dimidio

seeundi, sexto longissimo. Digitus medius paullum tarso brevior. Tarsus lamina

perpetua vestitus, imo parte paucis tantum scutellis. Naribus oblongis, plumis

usque ad nares attingentibus. Spatium postoenlare ealvum. Rictus et mentum

setis ornatis. Typus est :—

Cataponera turdoides.

Colore supra olivaceo-brunneo, capite dilutiore. Stria supraocularis lata a

rostri basi usque ad occiput vergens. Subtus brunneo-olivaceo, abdomine pallidiore,

imo fere albescente, subcaudalibus brunnescentibus, pallidiore striatis. Rostro

anrantiaco. Mento albido. Long. tot. cr. 250 mm., al. 113, cand. 105, eulm. 24;

tars. 35, dig. med. cum ungue 32.

Hab. Bonthain Peak.

Above dark olive-brown, more olive on the interscapulium, back, and rump,

more brown on the wings and tail, and lighter on the head, especially on the

forehead. Underside and sides of the head brownish olive, much paler on the

abdomen and nearly whitish on the lowest abdomen. Chin very pale, almost

whitish ; some feathers at the angle of the mouth and just below the chin with

blackish tips. A broad black stripe running from the lores over the eye towards

the nape. A triangular spot behind the eye bare. Under tail-coverts olive-brown

with whitish shaft-stripes. Under wing-coverts greyish olive. Dill orange. Feet

orange-yellow (in skin).

Several specimens from Bonthain Peak, 6000 feet and above.

Altogether of a much Thrush-like appearance. The tail is nearly square,

the outer tail-feathers only about 9 mm. shorter than the central pair. The

feathers of the forehead reach in two angles towards the nostrils, which are large,

oblong, and but partly covered by a membrane. The gape and the feathers of the

chin have short bristles.

The generic name is given in reference to the difficulty and hardships con-

nected with the shooting of these birds in the great altitudes they inhabit.

4. Siphia omissa sp. nov.

The Siphia from Celebes has hitherto been considered the same as Siphia ban-

yumas (Horsf.), but Messrs. A. B. Meyer & WrerngswonrH have already noticed that

a female they got from Messrs. Sarasin has “hell rüthlichbraunen Ziigelstreif.” *

This is indeed the most striking specific difference, .e. that the adult yemale has the

lores pale orange rufous and that this colour meets on the forehead, while the adult.

Jemale of S. banyumas has two white spots on the lores, sometimes tinged with

yellowish, which are widely separated from each other on the forehead. Besides

this the ear-coverts are of a very deep blue, almost blackish, in S. banyumas, while

they are brown with pale shafts and tinged with pale bluish posteriorly in

S. omissa. The males of the two species are very much alike, but the upper part

of the throat, just below the black chin, is not perceptibly paler than the rest of the

throat in S. omissa, while there is a distinct though tiny white spot in S. banyumas

and the whole throat is darker in S. omissa. Besides this the brighter blue colour

of the forehead and line above the eye is much lighter and more distinct in

S. omissa, where it may be said to be of a dark azure-blue. The upper surface too

of the female is a little paler than in the female of S. banyumas, while there is very

little difference in the colour of the upperside in the males. Of S. omissa I have

before me a series of both sexes and young from the hills of Indrulaman, about

2500 feet high, just below Bonthain Peak (types), and a pair from the lake of

Tondano, collected for Dr. A. D. Meyer in 1892. Wing: $ 72—73, d 75—78 mm.

* Abh. und Ber. Kön. Zool. und Anthrop. Mus. Dresden No. S. p. 9 (1895).

(72)

ON A NEW SPECIES OF ATEUCHUS (ACTINOPHORUS)

FROM AUSTRALIA.

By JOHN W. SHIPP.

Actinophorus leei sp. nov.

LACK, shining. Clypeus six-dentate, with the margin much. reflexed and

emarginate. Occipital carina raised and smooth; two transverse carinae

cross the dise towards the centre, where they become obsolete, being much plainer

near the eyes; dise slightly raised in the centre between the carinae. Head

coarsely and irregularly punctured; near the margins the punctures have run

together, and are elongated near the front margin of the elypeus. Posterior portion

adjoining the thorax is very finely rngose. The margin of the clypeus is furnished

with a number of porreet pitchy hairs. Maxillary palpi four-jointed.

Thorax rounded at sides ; anterior margin sinuate, emarginate, and smooth, the

lateral margins crenulate and fringed with porrect pitchy hairs; posterior margin

slightly produced in centre, forming an almost obsolete scutellery projection, with

a row of large punctures round the whole of the margin except the projection in

the centre, and each puncture with a small porrect bristle standing in it.

Thorax asperate, very sparingly punctured with fine punctures, and slightly

pilose. A large cicatrix on each side near the lateral margins, with the discal side

raised into a small obtuse point.

Elytra granulo-asperate and six-striate, the striae being formed of a series

of elongated punctures, which are very plainly marked, the punctures being rather

deep. Interstices sparingly punctured, but the punctures are very fine. Sutural

ridges smooth and glabrous ; the first interstice is transversely wrinkled on the dise

and near the apex. Margins of elytra distinctly emarginate, the margins being smooth,

but the fold between the two marginal carinae is very thickly and coarsely punctured.

Pygidium very finely granulo-asperate, and emarginate. Legs hairy; anterior

femora finely punctate ; anterior tibiae four-dentate on outer margin, with the inner

margin finely crenulate and a row of porrect hairs down the whole length of the

dise. Intermediate and posterior femora sparingly punctured with large punctures,

but quite glabrous on the underside near the apex. Hind tibiae and tarsi as in

Actinophorus Creutz. Abdomen smooth; sternum with a few large punctures

scattered round the edges, almost impunctate on the dise, an impressed longitudinal

furrow on the disc, the keel being ridged in the centre. Sides of abdomen covered

with long pitchy hairs.

Long. corp. 18 mm.

Hab. Swan River, West Australia (type in the Tring Museum).

This is the only Atewchus coming from the Australian Region with which I

am acquainted, and it certainly shows that the Atewchinae have extended their range

over a larger area than the majority of writers believed. Up to the present time

this is, I believe, the only specimen of Ateuchus (s.g. Actinophorus) which has been

obtained south of the Indian or Oriental limit, and most probably why New Guinea

and Australia are so deficient in Atewchinae is consequent upon the dearth of animal

stercore. x

NovrrATES Z00LOGICAE, Vou. II., 1896. PLATE III.

DIAPHORAPTERYX HAWKINSI Forbes,

4 NAT. SIZE.

(73)

ON THE EXTINCT BIRDS OF THE CHATHAM ISLANDS.

Parr L—THE OSTEOLOGY OF DIAPHORAPTERYX HAWKINST.

By €. W. ANDREWS, F.G.S.

(Plate IIL.)

N March 1892 Dr. H. O. Forbes announced, in a telegram to Natwre,* that he had

received from the Chatham Islands, a group lying about 500 miles east of New

Zealand, a skull of a species of Aphanapteryx, for which he proposed the name

Aphanapteryx hawkinsi. He subsequently f paid a personal visit to the islands,

and succeeded in obtaining a large collection of bird remains, including the more

important parts of the skeleton of Aph. hawkinsi, as well as of several other extinct

forms. These he has since named and in part described in various journals. In

a paper in the /bis (1895, p. 254), following the advice of Prof. Newton, he referred

Aph. hawkinsi to a new genus, Diaphorapteryx; but afterwards (tom. cit. p. 450),

having himself examined the specimens on which Milne-Edwards founded Aphanap-

teryæ broecki, he reverted to his original opinion and withdrew his new name.

During last summer, through the kindness of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, I

had an opportunity of examining an immense collection of bird remains from the

Chatham Islands, consisting of many thousands of bones, mostly in good condition,

and including numerous skulls and other portions of the skeleton of Diaphorapterya.

In addition to the isolated bones, there are one or two more or less complete skeletons

which are of great value for purposes of determination. The great bulk of the

collection eonsists of remains of recent seabirds, such as Albatrosses, Cormorants,

and Penguins; but, in addition to Diaphorapteryw, there are many other extinct

forms, including some large species of Fulica, (?) Cabalus dieffenbachii, Palaeocoraa

moriorum, and there are also a few seal bones, some human metapodials and

phalanges, remains of rats and mice and of fish, but I have not found any reptilian

bones whatever.

Examination of so large a mass of material has rendered it possible, not only to

obtain nearly complete skeletons of several of the extinet species, but also to form a

fairly accurate idea of the degree of individual variation occurring in some of them.

In the present paper I propose to consider the skeleton of Diaphorapterya hawkinsi

only, the other species being reserved for a future communication.

OSTEOLOGY OF DIAPHORAPTERYX HAWNKINS! Vonnrs.

The skwll.—Comparison of the skull with those of Ocydromus and Cabalus shows

at once its great similarity to them. The most noticeable differences are—(1) the

greater proportionate length of the beak; (2) the larger and more clearly defined

temporal fossae ; (3) the more strongly developed paroccipital, mammillary, postorbital,

and other bony processes. The last two characters are clearly correlated with the

increased size and weight of the skull and mandible, which render necessary larger

* Vol. XLV. 1892, p. £16. + Nature, Vol. XLV. 1892, p. 580.

(74)

and more powerful muscles, and consequently more strongly marked surfaces and

processes for their attachment.

The foramen magnum is oval, with its long axis vertical; it is slightly flattened

below and constricted in the middle by a pair of small processes which arise just

within its margin and project forwards and inwards. It resembles that of Aptornis,

but differs from those of Ocydromus, Cabalus, Hypotaenidia, and Erythromachus,

which are as wide or wider than high, and have a nearly straight lower border. The

occipital surface above the foramen slopes more forwards than in the smaller Ocydro-

mine rails, apparently owing to the relatively smaller size of the cerebellum. In

this respect there is more resemblance with Aptornis. From the upper edge of

the foramen a rounded occipital ridge, most strongly developed in the larger skulls,

runs up to the lambdoidal crest. This latter is strongly developed; in its middle

portion it runs transversely in a straight line, and does not dip down towards the

foramen magnum, as in Aptornis. Laterally it is confluent with the temporal

ridge and forms the hinder border of the temporal fossae; its lower portion con-

stitutes the outer border of the immense paroecipital processes. These project

considerably below the occipital condyle, and are much larger than in any other

rail I have examined, though Aptornis approaches them in this respect. Their

ventral border is divided by a semicircular incision into a larger outer and a smaller

inner lobe. In Aptornis there is no trace of this arrangement ; but in Ocydromus

and Cabalus the small paroccipital processes are distinctly bifid.

The cranial roof as far as the middle of the orbits is convex; but anteriorly the

frontals are depressed in the middle line, the depression being deepest just behind

their junction with the premaxillae. Among the smaller rails this character is best

developed in Ocydromus and Cabalus dieffenbachii, a nearly complete skeleton of

which is in the collection. The interorbital region of the frontals is much shorter

and broader in Diaphorapteryx than in the smaller Oeydromines; in Porphyrio,

on the other hand, it is considerably wider; while in Aptornis, owing to the

extension backwards of the nasals and premaxillae, it is practically wanting.

The temporal fossae are very large and deep; they extend well up into the roof

of the skull, and are there separated by a space about equal to the width of the frontals

between the orbits, but varying somewhat in different individuals. Posteriorly the

temporal ridge is confluent with the lambdoidal crest, as above mentioned ; anteriorly

in runs on to the outer surface of the postorbital process, enclosing a sort of lobe of

the main fossa. In the smaller Oeydromines this anterior lobe is usually a separate

muscle impression, marked off from the temporal fossa by a more or less clearly

defined ridge.

As in Ocydromus, Cabalus, and Hypotaenidia, the upper border of the orbit is

thick and truncate as far back as the postorbital process; in Erythromachus it is

rounded. The postorbital processes are very large, but do not extend downwards to

join the zygomatic processes of the squamosals, as in Aptornis ; in Erythromachus

these processes are extremely small. The posterior wall of the orbit bears a very

deep and clearly defined depression for the lachrymal gland, similar to that seen in

Ocydromus and Cabalus, but much more strongly developed.

The interorbital vacuity is of much the same form as in Ocydromus : just above

its anterior margin is the aperture of the tube in which runs the olfactory nerve ; in

the smaller rails the channel for this nerve remains completely open.

The posterior portion of the basitemporal platform is not prominent and inflated

as in the smaller forms, but is slightly concave from side to side, and lies about

( 75 )

on a level with the lower edge of the occipital condyle, from which it is separated

by a very slightly marked precondylar fossa. At the sides it is raised into the very

large and prominent mammillary processes (m.) to which Mr. Forbes has drawn

attention: they extend below the paroccipital processes, and are separated from them

by a deep cleft at the bottom of which the vagus foramen opens. In the smaller rails

the mammillary processes are very slightly developed ; in Aptornis they are carried

far below the level of the occipital condyle, owing to the peculiar arrangement of the

precondylar region, which is directed downwards nearly at right angles to the long

axis of the skull. The anterior portion of the basitemporal platform is somewhat

inflated, and is united laterally with the prominent pretemporal wing.

The rostrum resembles that of Ocydromus. At its base, immediately in front

of the eustachian opening, there is a small longitudinal cleft, apparently the remnant

of the pituitary space.

The form of the tympanic cavity is very similar to that of Cabalus or Ocydromus,

differing only in the deepening of its posterior wall consequent upon the increased

size of the paroccipital process. The pretemporal wing above mentioned forms a

large rounded prominence, internal to the articular surface for the inner head of

the quadrate.

The ethmoidal region also closely resembles that of Ocydromus, but the

antorbital plate is somewhat less developed. In all the skulls I have examined the

lachrymal has been lost.

The beak is very long and decurved, but both the length and curvature are

subject to considerable individual variation. The relation of the premaxillae and

nasals to one another and to the frontals is the same as m Ocydromus. The narial

opening, though large, is less in proportion to the size of the skull than in the

smaller Ocydromines : and the increased length of the beak in the fossil is entirely

due to the elongation of the premaxillae in front of the nostril, this prenarial portion

being rather more than half the total length of these bones measured along the facial

process. In this elongation of the beak Cabalus sylvestris, among living Ocydromine

rails, approaches the fossil most nearly. The palatal surface of the united premaxillae

is channeled by a deep longitudinal groove, narrowing somewhat from behind

forwards.

The maxillo-palatine plates and the palatines are very Ocydromine, but the scroll-

like portion of the latter bones is more decurved and inrolled at the edges. Mr. Forbes

has pointed out that the posterior ends of the palatines do not meet in the middle

line beneath the rostrum, but this may be merely due to the loss of the pterygoids

allowing them to spring apart in the dry skull. The vomer, which is very rarely

preserved (it is present. in a specimen in the Natural History Museum), is relatively

shorter than in Oeydromas, and does not appear to have anchylosed with the palatines.

The quadrate has the articular surface for the mandible similar to that of

Ocydromus or Cabalus sylvestris, but its orbital process is proportionately larger.

The mandible much resembles those of Aphanapterya and Erythromachus, but

there are some well-marked differences. — Anteriorly it is much more sharply

deeurved (in this respect, however, as in Zrythromachus, there is considerable

variation), and the symphysial portion seems to be wider and much less compressed

than in Aphanaptery.x.

The articular region is proportionately larger and more massive than in that

genus; the outer articular surface projects beyond the ramus, and the inner is

broader and apparently more continuous with the outer. The posterior border of the

(76 )

angular process is more nearly vertical, and it projects to a less degree posteriorly

and more ventrally than that of the Mauritian bird. The points of difference from

Erythromachus are much the same.

As already mentioned, there is considerable individual variation in size, both in

the skull and other portions of the skeleton of this species. Indeed Mr. Forbes has

suggested that there may really be several distinct species. But examination of more

than twenty skulls and a very large series of limb-bones shows that there is, in fact,

only one, the interval between the largest and the smallest individuals being completely

bridged over by many intermediate varieties. The table appended will give some idea

of the variations in the size of skull and mandible :—

Skull. i|[s|s || sels |s louis]

Mm.|Mm | Mau. | Mri, | Mn. | Mm. Mm. | Mn. | Mm.

.|Mm.| Mm. | 5 5

Length from tip of beak to middle ari eoe ion iin tess

of occipital condyle . è 144 |144 142 |141 |135 [135 135 134" 134 |130 |129 |124 |122 |120

Width between the ends of the | | | |

postorbital processes. . 47 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 48 | ...-| 47 | 46 | 49 | 47 | 44 | 43 | 41 | 42

Greatest width between the onter | | |

edges of paroccipital processes. | 43 | ... | 44 | 45 | 42 | 42 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 38 | 40*

Least width of frontals between | | | |

orbits j 20 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 17

Width of temporal fossae i ina hori- | |

zontal line from tips of post- |

orbital processes : p - | 23 | 25 | 26 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 28 | 20 | 22 | 22

Length of cranio-facial axis . . || 60 | 58* 60 | 57 | 58*| 54*| 60*| 58 | ... 55 | 50*| 52

Length of roof of cranium 5 . || 50 | 51 | 55 | 52 | 53 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 50 | 48 | 45 | 44

Greatest length of premaxillae . 1100 | 90 | 99 | 96 | 94 | 99 | 95 | 92 | 92 | 95 | 89 | 86 | 88 | 85

Length of nasal aperture . : 35 | 35 | 36 | 34 | 32 | 37 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 32

Length of beak in front of nasal |

aperture . 52 | 43 | 52 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 49 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 45 | 45 | 45

Least distance PES the "cs |

ends of the temporal fossae . || 17 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 17*

Width of articular surface of quad- | | | |

rato. uu S UR ss eran een eras 7135161421122 1122 dr om sd lod eq

Mandible. 7192 3 CONS 6 7 SO AC) 10

+ = | a er tad |

Length of mandible . : |127 | 126 | 125 | 124 | 120* | 119 |118 | 110 | 110 | 108

Greatest height of mandibular 1 ramus || 16 | 15 | 17 16 15 15 13 13 13 14

Length of symphysis . . .|| 43| 41} 40 | 40 | 38 | 45 | 38 | 40*| 38 | 34

Greatest width of symphysis . TE: 9 8 g 10 8 8 8 8 bi

Numbers marked with an asterisk are only approximate,

The skulls in columns 3 and $, and mandibles in 3 and 4, are in the British Museum,

These considerable individual differences in the size of the skull and mandible

are accompanied by equal differences in the dimensions of the other portions of the

skeleton, measurements of some of which will be given below.

Most flightless birds appear to be subject tothis great variability ; for instance, it

is well marked in Didus, Pezophaps,* Erythromachus, and among the Dinornithidae,

although in the last case its extent is apt to be underestimated, owing to the practice

of giving distinct names to forms differing slightly in size only. Its cause must be

See A. and E. Newton, * On the Osteology of the Solitaire” (Phil. Trans. Vol. CLIX. 1869, p. 356),

where the probable cause of this variation is discussed,

(oo)

sought in the changed conditions under which such birds exist. In the first instance

the absence of enemies on the insular areas inhabited by them leads to the loss of

the power of flight through the reduction of the wing by disuse, or by the natural

selection of the less strongly flying individuals; by this profound change of habit

the organism is thrown out of equilibrium with its environment, and variations,

eliminated under ordinary circumstances, survive. "The reason why these variations

tend towards an increase of bulk may be that the expenditure of energy is much

less. It must, however, be pointed out that very great differences of size also

occur among ordinary birds within the limits of a species. In an important

paper* published in 1871, J. A. Allen has shown that individual variation in the

size of the body to the extent of from fifteen to twenty per cent. often occurs in

many species of North American Passeres, while in particular measurements the

range may be much greater. In different skulls of Diaphorapteryx the beaks are

commonly dissimilar, not only in size but also in form (degree of curvature, etc.),

but since in the above-quoted paper somewhat similar differences are shown to

occur in such species as Mniotilta varia and Quiscalus versicolor, there can be

no exeuse for establishing new species on the strength of such variations.

Vertebrae.—No complete vertebral column has been found, the most perfect series

only consisting of sixteen vertebrae, and of these some may not belong to the same

individual as the rest; there is, therefore, some doubt as to the precise number in

the various regions of the column, but, partly from examination of a large series of

odd vertebrae, and partly from comparison with Ocydromus, I conclude that there

were 13-14 true cervicals and 2 cervico-dorsals. Of the number of dorsals it is

impossible to be certain; none were anchylosed with one another.

The atlas is very similar to that of Ocydromus, but the neural arch is propor-

tionately much broader and the hypapophysis is larger.

The «xis has a much larger and more massive neural spine than that of Ocydromus,

and the hypapophysis, instead of forming a sharp keel-like outgrowth, is expanded

at its hinder end into a J-shaped structure. In the next vertebra (3rd) the median

bar of the | is much reduced, and the two lateral processes come off from the hinder

portion of the centrum almost independently, being only united by a transverse ridge

which represents the remnant of the median hypapophysis. In the next vertebra

(4th) the paired hypapophyses rise quite separately from the hinder end of the

centrum, and project nearly vertically downwards, enclosing a channel for the

carotid (?), just as the catapophyses on the 7th, 8th, and 9th cervicals do. In all the

smaller rails the hypapophysis on the anterior cervicals is simple; in Aptornis on

the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th it is j-shaped, but in no case are there two distinet

hypapophyses, as in the present species.

On the fourth cervical there is a well-developed interzygapophysial bar enclosing

a large interzygapophysial foramen. This does not occur in any of the other

vertebrae.

On the fifth the catapophyses appear, and in the succeeding five or six vertebrae

they gradually increase in size, and approach one another till they nearly completely

enclose a carotid canal. In the last vertebra in which they occur they are reduced

in size and rise from a common base, and in the following vertebra they are replaced

by a median forwardly projecting hypapophysis similar to that seen in Ocydromus.

In the succeeding vertebrae this process is gradually reduced in size. In the last

cervical, the two (?) cervico-dorsals, and first one or two dorsals, in addition to the

* Bull, Mus. Comp. Zoology, Harvard, Vol. II. p. 186.

(78)

hypapophysis, there is a pair of ventral processes standing immediately below the

parapophyses. ‘The centra of the posterior cervicals and anterior dorsals are perforated

by pneumatic foramina.

In the cervical region behind the fourth vertebra the neural spines are almost

obsolete, but in the (?) last cervical there is a short and broad one, and in the

succeeding cervico-dorsals and dorsals they form large nearly rectangular plates

closely similar to those of Ocydromus. The exact number of dorsals is uncertain—

none of them anchylosed with one another, but the last is fused to the lumbo-sacral

series. These latter will be referred to in the description of the pelvis.

The ribs, of which six pairs are united with the sternum, are very broad and solid

at their upper ends; in all cases the uncinate processes are lost, having apparently

been but loosely connected with the hinder border of the rib.

In its general structure the sternum very closely resembles that of Erythromachus,

Ocydromus, and Cabalus, but the keel is much more reduced than in any of these,

and seen from the side is similar to that of Aphanapteryx broecki, lately figured by

Newton & Gadow.* Inthe larger specimens the apex of the keel is bifurcate, as in

Ocydromus, but in the smaller individuals only a trace of this structure is visible ; in

Cabalus sylvestris, C. dieffenbachii, Erythromachus, and Aphanapteryx the apex of

the crista is simple. The coracoid grooves are widely separated from one another, and

their lower lips are not connected by any ridge: in Ocydronvus, Cabalus dieffenbachii,

and Aphanapteryx there is always a more or less distinct ridge between them,

Cabalus sylvestris approaches the fossil most nearly in this respect. The antero-lateral

processes are very large, and the tubercles for the attachment of the sterno-coracoid

ligaments are prominent, much more so than in Aphanapteryx. In some specimens

the concavity of the upper surface of the sternum is much deeper than in others.

There are facets for the attachment of six pairs of sternal ribs.

CoMPARATIVE DIMENSIONS (IN MILLIMETRES) OF THE STERNA IN SEVERAL FLIGHTLESS

RAILS (MEASUREMENTS OF TWO SPECIMENS OF THAT OF DIAPHORAPTERYX ARE

GIVEN) AND OF HYPOTAENIDIA CELEBENSIS, RALLUS AQUATICUS, AND TRIBONYX

MORTIERI, ;

£ E À |

2 Z FAI. ET E

$ Elle | 39 es

a | 8 o Ó E CA z

Width between end of antero- T | |

lateral processes . 15 42 | 26 | 29 23 22 |20 approx.| 16 approx. 41

Width between inner ends of | | |

coracoid grooves . I COS SE TN NE (X || 5 2 approx.| 2 i

Width between anterior rib | |

articulations t RC IE 21 22 | 20 19 | 16 approx.| 14 approx. 37

Width at narrowest part . 17 17 10 11 need 6 22

antero-lateral processes to |

end of external xiphoid |

processes) . 5 . | 68 68 E 50 48 47 |47 40 12

Length in median line . .| 58 55 46 40 38 36 |47 38 62

Height of keel (measured from

inner surface to highest

point) . 4 ; : 5 6 5 8 7 8 10 |12 13 11 ap.

* * On Additional Bones of the ode and me Extinct Birds of Mauritius," Trans. Zool, Suc. Vol, XII-

(1893), Pl. XXXV. Figs. 14—16.

T This is the specimen figured,

(79 )

The posterior region is unlike that of any other ralline sternum I have examined,

and is subject to considerable individual variation, Instead of the short median and

deep lateral notches, bounded externally by long slender lateral processes which

project far beyond the median ones, there are here a median and two pairs of shallow

lateral notches, bordered by three pairs of short processes. Both the notches and

the processes are very irregular and inconstant in form; in some specimens the

external notch is converted into a fenestra, and the inner pair of processes are almost

obsolete.

The coracoid is very similar to that of Ocydromus, but is relatively shorter, and

is thicker in proportion to its length; it also has a much smaller, indeed almost

rudimentary procoracoid process, while the acrocoracoid is larger and more swollen ;

its lower extremity is wider, and it has a fairly prominent lateral (hyosternal) process.

There is a supra-coracoid (subclavicular) foramen, below which the inner border is

sharp and somewhat irregular; the inner angle is produced into a sharp angular

process. The posterior surface of the bone is hollowed by an extensive sterno-coracoid

impression.

The dimensions of the coracoids associated with the figured sternum are :—

Length, 40 mm.; greatest breadth, 16 mm. ; least ditto, 5 mm.

Expressed, according to Fürbringer's method, in terms of the average length of

a dorsal vertebra (11 mm.), its length is roughly 3:5, its breadth 1-5.

The scapula differs only from that of Ocydromus in being somewhat less curved

in having a somewhat more expanded distal end and a more massive articular end,

with a smaller acromium process. Its length, in the same individual as that to which

the coracoids above described belong, is 65 mm., its greatest breadth (at the

articular end) 12 mm.; or, expressed in terms of the length of a dorsal vertebra,

6 and 1 nearly.

As already mentioned, the scapula and coracoid above described belong to the

same individual, and the most interesting point about them is that, when they are

placed in their natural position relatively to one another as nearly as their articular

surfaces allow one to judge, they make an angle of nearly 130° with one another,

a much larger one than occurs in any other carinate bird except perhaps Aptornis.

In most Carinatae the angle is less than a right angle, but in Ocydromus and Didus

rather greater. The coraco-scapular angle of Hesperornis is about the same as in

Diaphorapteryx. Much importance has been attached to the form of this angle,

since in all the Ratitae it is very obtuse (from 130—160 degrees), while in the

flying birds it is, as already stated, less than a right angle; but in such forms as

Diaphorapteryx, Ocydromus, and Didus, in which the power of flight has been lost,

the accompanying increase in this angle appears to be merely the mechanical result

of the reduction in length of the coracoid or of the increase in the size of the thorax,

or of both. It is possible that, owing io the difficulty of determining the precise

position of the bones with regard to one another, the size of the angle may be found

to be somewhat overestimated; but I do not think this is the case to any serious

extent.

The humerus has the characteristic twisted appearance of that of the

Ocydromine rails. It is about equal in length to that of Aphanapteryx broecki,

recently figured by Newton & Gadow,* but it is considerably stouter and has more

massive articular ends; the shaft is also less curved, and the median tubercle is

larger. A blunt ectepicondylar process projects beyond the border of the bone, In

* Loc cit.,.Pl. XXXV. Figs. 17, 18.

( 80 )

an Ocydromus in which the bone is about the same length as in the fossil, the shaft

is much more slender; and in Cabalus sylvestris and C. dieffenbachii, in which,

however, the bone is much smaller, its proportions differ from the fossil in the same

way.

The ulna is similar in structure to that of Ocydromus, but is considerably shorter

and thieker; there isa deep depression for the brachialis anticus, and the points

of insertion of the secondaries are well marked.

The radius is also shorter and thicker than in Ocydromus.

The metacarpus is extremely short and stout, and the proximal end is dispro-

portionately large. The second metacarpal is very much thicker than the third,

which is laterally compressed. The first metacarpal is less prominent than in

Ocydromus and Cabalus, and forms a rectangular prominence. At the post-axial

end of the pulleylike surface for the carpals there is, on the outer side, a very large

deep pit into which the outer end of the “ cuneiform” fits when the manus is flexed

upon the forearm.

THE LENGTH IN MILLIMETRES OF THE PRINCIPAL BONES OF THE WING.

x zi

2 | z z |

£ | E SUMUS MM arches =

pos | $ $ S =

| F | = "|

| a. b. |

| Humerus . ` > -| 57—68 | 60—66 | 45—50 | 47 53 52 45 47 66

Ulna : ü : .| 44 n 37—42 36 375 42 NRA 49 |

Radius . à 5 9 40 Gs ie rf 32 32:8 38 | 31 40 45

Metacarpus . : $ 27 EN | 24(?) 24 | 28 approx. | 28 22 29 37

| |

In a skeleton of Diaphorapteryx in which all the wing-bones probably belonged to one individual

the respective lengths of humerus, ulna, radius, and metacarpus are 65, 44, 40, 27 mm.

Except that it is eonsiderably broader in proportion to its length, the pelvis

is very like that of Ocydromus. The obturator notch is, however, more rounded,

and the ischiadic foramen somewhat different in form. The supra-acetabular crest

of the ilium is more strongly developed than in Ocydromus, Erythromachus,

and Cabalus, but behind the acetabulum the ridge is smaller than in those

birds, and is not produced outwards into a pointed process overhanging the surface

for the ischio-femoral muscle. In the preacetabular region the lower borders of

the ilia are less concave than in Ocydromus; the upper borders unite above the

neural spines to form a crest strongly convex from before backwards. In some

specimens the ilio-neural canals remain open posteriorly; in others they close.

As in Ocydromus and Cabalus sylvestris, the upper surface of the sacrum behind

the iliac crest is somewhat depressed and concave from side to side; there is a

number of irregularly placed interosseous foramina. The pectineal processes are

very small.

The first of the fused vertebrae which constitute the “ sacrum " has its neural

spine almost completely overlapped by the ilia; it bears eapitular and tubercular

facets for articulation with a free rib, and really belongs to the thoracie region. The

sueceeding five vertebrae (lumbar) are united with the ilia by their transverse

processes, which increase in size from before backwards; in Erythromachus and

( 81)

Cabalus dieffenbachii there are only four such vertebrae, but Ocydromus resembles

the fossil in this respect. Behind the interacetabular fossae come three vertebrae

with long slender processes ; in the smaller rails there are usually only two. Behind

these again there are two vertebrae with short stout transverse processes abutting

against the inflected border of the ilium. There are in all fourteen vertebrae in the

“sacrum.” As in other rails, the posterior renal fossae form large pocket-like recesses,

partly floored by an inflected portion of the ilia.

The dimensions (in millimetres) of six specimens of the pelvis were :—

| Dose D rese [ees

| "E ao | RS 3

| Extreme length of ilium . . | 106 | 103 | 101 | 100 96 92

Width between antitrochanters . | 49 50 48 47 46 44

Least preacetabular width . : 21 22 21 | 21 21 19

Length of sacrum . : 5 MESS 88 80 T7 TT 75

In the femur the curvature characteristic of the rails is well marked. The only

points in which it differs from that of Ocydromus are—(1) it is somewhat stouter

in proportion to its length; (2) at the lower end of the linea aspera there is a short

cristiform ridge, running obliquely to the median angle of the inner condyle, and

forming the inner border of the comparatively shallow popliteal fossa (this crest

is also wanting in Aphanapteryx and Erythromachus, but is well developed in

Fulica); (3) the surface for the fibula does not form a groove, but is a mere shelf.

The points of attachment of the sling for the tendon of the biceps erwris are well

marked, as are all the muscle impressions.

The femora of Aphanapteryx and Erythromachus also closely resemble the fossil,

but judging from the figure, the former appears rather straighter. Im Aptornis

the femur is proportionately considerably stouter, is nearly straight, and has a deep

popliteal fossa.

The length of this bone ranges from about 90 to 106 mm., the largest specimen

thus being roughly 18 per cent. larger than the smallest. The average size of

thirty-three specimens was 97:4 mm.; in a specimen of that size the width of

the distal end is 23 mm., of the proximal end 22 mm., and of the middle of the

shaft 58:5 mm.

The tibio-tarsus is extremely like that of Aphanapteryx broecki, and con-

sequently, as Milne-Edwards has shown in his valuable paper on that bird, it is very

similar to the tibia of Ocydromus. The shaft, however, appears to be somewhat

straighter, and the extremities, particularly the lower, more massive; the upper

articular surface is proportionately wider from side to side, and the outer and inner

glenoid facets are separated behind by a wider notch. As in Aphanapteryx, there

is a deep fossa between the inner glenoid facet and the base of the anterior enemial

crest; this latter rises above the articular surface to a somewhat greater degree than

in the Mauritian bird.

The channel for the tendon of the peroneus profundus is only slightly marked,

the retinaculum remaining unossified in all the specimens I have seen. The fibular

crest is prominent, and the lower end of the fibula reached down to about the

junction of the middle and lower thirds of the bone. The length of this bone varies

from 122 to 140 mm., the longest specimen measured being about 15 per cent. longer

than the shortest. The average length of twenty-eight specimens was 130 mm. In

( 82)

a specimen 135 mm. long the width of the proximal articular surface is 21, of the

distal end 19, and of the middle of the shaft 8. :

The fibula is greatly expanded at its upper extremity; opposite the lower end

of its union with the fibular crest is a large rough surface for the insertion of the

biceps cruris. Its lower portion is styliform, and extended to about the commence-

ment of the lower third of the tibia. The fibula associated with the tibia of which

the measurements have just been given is 80 mm. long, and its upper end is

13 mm. wide.

It is in the farso-metatarsus that the differences between Diaphorapteryx and

Aphamapteryx are most emphasised, that of the former being short and stout, that

of the latter comparatively long and slender; it has, however, been suggested by

Forbes that the tibia and metatarsus described by Milne-Edwards may not belong

to the same species.

As in most rails, the inner glenoid surface is higher than the outer, and there

is a prominent intercondylar tubercle; the whole proximal articular surface is

considerably more extended transversely than in Aphanapteryx and Ocydromus.

The talon forms apparently a much more prominent mass than in Aphanapterya,

but the specimen figured by Milne-Edwards is said to be somewhat broken. In the

arrangement of the crests it is very closely similar to Ocydromus in most specimens ;

but in some the inner crest is much produced backwards and curves somewhat

outward towards the main ridge, while the intermediate one is almost absent. The

peculiar hypotarsus of Aptornis, which consists of two high crests meeting posteriorly

and enclosing a large canal, may have originated in this way. On the anterior

surface of the bone the two interosseous foramina open at different levels, the inner

being the higher; in many specimens this inner interosseous channel has no aperture

on the posterior surface of the bone. On the inner side of the inner foramen there

is a well-marked channel for the tendon of the extensor communis digitorum. The

inner rugosity for insertion of the tibialis anticus is considerably the larger; in some

specimens the two are completely confluent.

The shaft of the bone is much flattened from before backwards; there is a very

large surface for the attachment of the hallux. There is a large foramen for the

adductor of the outer digit. The distal trochleae are very large and set wider apart

than in the smaller rails, and even than in Ocydromus, in this respect resembling

Aphanapteryx ; the inner trochlea is greatly reflected backwards.

The whole bone diverges from the normal ralline form in its short stout shaft

and its expanded extremities; in these respects it approaches the metatarsus of

Aptornis, which has been still further modified in the same direction, and differs

from our fossil in the form of its talon, in the fact that its glenoidal cavities are

nearly at the same level, in possessing a still broader and more flattened shaft, and

in the arrangement of the distal trochleae. Owen regarded it as modified for

** rasorial ” purposes, and perhaps Diaphorapteryx had to a less extent adopted similar

habits.

The length of this bone ranges from 63 to 78 mm. in length, the longest

being about 24 per cent. longer than the shortest. The average size of fifty-five

specimens was 69 mm. In a specimen 70 mm. long the width of the proximal end

is 20 mm. and of the distal 21 mm. ; the antero-posterior diameter of the middle of

the shaft 6 mm., that from side to side 10 mm.

In the following table the relative lengths of the femur and metatarsus compared

with the tibia in various birds is given, the latter being taken as 100 in all cases :—

(83)

FEMUR. METATARSUS.

Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi ... > re 74 54

Aptornis defossor ... yee c 5 71 4]

Tribonyx mortieri ... Abe oe A 65 63

Aphanapteryx broecki sss dx 353 65 (2) 67

Erythromachus leguati 2m d 62 59

Ocydromus fuscus ... Br Co Dec 70 56

Cabalus sylvestris |... En BAe z 72 58

Hypotaenidia celebensis — ... as ER 80 64

Fulica atra ... ke =o EN 7 60 57

Rallus aquaticus — ... oe ees 2% 64 62

A comparison of the relative proportions of the fore and hind limbs in Diaphor-

apteryx and other birds may be of some interest, and the following table shows this

approximately, the length of the leg being taken as 100 :—

WING.

Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi ... er por 065 44 approx.

Ocydromus fuscus | ... € x6 T pe 46°5

Tribonyx mortieri |... ses -— er cac 48

Erythromachus lequati … ack Ro T 52 approx.

(2) Cabalus dieffenbachii ... ER S a 52

Cabalus sylvestris... oco apa I dco 58

Hypotaenidia celebensis — ... € ae esa 595

Rallus aquaticus — ... ... zoe -— m 64

Fulica atra ... v ach = T on 82

In making this caleulation the length of the wing is taken as the sum of the lengths

of the humerus, radius, and metacarpus, because in the fossils the phalanges are

wanting ; since, however, these latter are greatly affected in the reduction of the

wing, their omission tends to make difference between the wings of the flightless and

flying forms appear somewhat less than it really is. The length of the leg is, of

course, taken as the sum of the lengths of the femur, tibia, and metatarsus.

From the foregoing description it will be seen that Diaphorapteryx is merely an

Ocydromine rail, in which the reduction of the wings has advanced somewhat farther

than in the living forms, and has been accompanied by a lengthening of the beak

and a considerable increase in bulk. Milne-Edwards* has shown that Aphanapteryx

is likewise an Ocydromine rail which has undergone a similar series of modifi-

cations, and its similarity to Diaphorapteryx is so remarkably great that Forbes

was justified in his hesitation in according the Chatham Island bird generic

rank; but the inferences he draws from the similarity of the two forms do not appear

well founded. He considers t that their occurrence in Mauritius and the Chatham

Islands is strong evidence that these were formerly connected with the great Antarctic

Continent, for the existence of which a large body of evidence has been brought

forward by various writers. It is true that the geological structure of the Chatham

Islands tends to show that they form part of a continental area, since they are largely

formed of sedimentary deposits consisting of clay-slates, limestones, ? and various

fossiliferous tertiary deposits, which, according to Hutton, $ probably range from the

* “Sur les Affinités Zoologiques de l'Aphanapteryx," Ann. Sci, Nat. (5 series), Vol. X. (1868), p. 325.

T “The Chatham Islands : Their Relation to a former Southern Continent," Supplementary Papers of

the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. III., Pt. 4 (1893), p. 607 (with map).

i Von Haast, “On the Rock-Specimens collected by H. H. Travers, Esq., in the Chatham Islands,’

Trans. N. Z. Instit. Vol. I. (1869), p. 180 (with map).

§ Catal. Tert. Moll. and Ech. N. Z. in Coll. Colonial Museum, Introduction, p. viii. Wellington, 1873,

( 84)

Upper Eocene to the Upper Miocene; but, on the other hand, there is nothing in

their present fauna to show that since their last emergence they have been connected

with any land area whatever. On the contrary, it seems clear that since that period

they have never been united even with New Zealand, for not a trace of any of the

Dinornithidae, Apteryx, Cnemiornis, Aptornis, or any of the flightless birds charac-

teristic of those islands have been found in them. Moreover, as Mr. Forbes himself

has pointed out, no fragment of the skeleton of Diaphorapteryx is recorded from

New Zealand. This complete difference in the flightless birds of the two areas

does not seem to be outweighed by the occurrence of Hatteria, remains of which

Mr. Forbes states he has found on Wharekauri, the main island ; indeed, since in the

whole of the immense collection of bones at the Tring Museum no reptilian remains

occur, it seems possible that this determination may be due toa mistake. Dr. Gadow *

has, I think, given the true explanation of the likeness of Diaphorapteryæ and

Aphanapteryx to one another, namely, that it is the result of parallelism of evolution,

or, in other words, similar conditions acting on similar organisms have produced like

results. The ancestors in the two cases, generalised rails capable of flight, were

probably of different genera, or, at least, species. In the case of Diaphorapteryx this

ancestor was most likely some widely spread form, such as Hypotaenidia philippinensis

is at the present day, individuals of which from time to time reached New Zealand,

Lord Howe Island, and the Chatham Islands, the channels between which may

formerly have been narrower than at present. The modified descendants of these

birds are now referred to the genera Diaphoraplerya, Cabalus, and Ocydronvus, the

most highly modified forms being the outcome of earlier, the less altered of later

colonisations, In any case there can be little doubt that these rails became flightless

in the islands they now inhabit, and cannot therefore be regarded as evidence of the

former extension of land ; in other words, they are of no value in determining former

geographical conditions, since they are themselves the outcome of the present one.

* Bronn's Thierrvich, Aves, Vol. II. (Systematischer Theil.), p. 101.

18 MAR :396

NOMBRES ZOOLOGICA,

Vol. III. JUNE, 18960. No. 2.

FURTHER NOTES ON GIGANTIC LAND TORTOISES.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

Hue lately become possessed of the very fine collections made by Dr. Georg

Baur on the Galapagos Islands, some interesting facts have come to light in

connection with the tortoises collected on that expedition. The total number

recorded by Dr. Baur consists of twenty-one specimens, of which three specimens

from South Albemarle and four from Duncan Island have passed into my possession.

In an article in the American Naturalist for December 1889 Dr. Baur publishes an

elaborate and most valuable supplement to Dr. Günthers famous work on the

Gigantie Land Tortoises, living and extinct, which was published in 1877. In this

article, among other notes, Dr. Baur gives a synopsis of all the species then known

to inhabit the Galapagos group. In this synopsis he, to my mind, proves that

elephantopus Marl. is the vicina of Günther, that elephantopus Jackson (nec Harl.)

was new, and that elephantopus Günth. (nec Harl.) was also without a name. To the

two latter he gives the names of Testudo galapagoensis and T. güntheri respectively.

He therefore recognises six species of tortoises from the Galapagos Islands.

Dr. Baur, however, from certain records, tries to prove that Dr. Günther's Testudo

ephippium is identical with T. abingdonii of the same author. This he goes to

prove on circumstantial evidence only, for he entirely ignores the fact, partially

stated in the description, that T. ephippium has the thickest carapace of all this

group, while Testudo abingdonii has a carapace almost as thin as paper in most

parts. Under these cireumstances I think we are justified in accepting seven

distinct species as being known to have inhabited the Galapagos Islands, as follows :—

Testudo abingdonii Günth., Abingdon Island.

T. ephippium Günth.

T. elephantopus Harl., South Albemarle.

T. microphyes Günth., North Albemarle.

T. nigrita D. & B.

T. galapagoensis Baur, Charles Island.

T. güntheri Baur, James Island.

As there are, however, many more islands on which, as we know from records as

late as 1835, there were tortoises, we can, I think, fairly assume that the Galapagas

Islands held at the time of their discovery at least fifteen species of tortoises.

Jefore proceeding to the diseussion of Dr. Baur's specimens, I think it will be

of interest to give a translation of that portion of the narrative of Dr. Baur's

expedition, in the Beilage der Münchener Allgemeinen Zeitung, Nos 26—29, 1892,

which deals with the eapture of the tortoises,

( 86 )

* Albemarle is the largest of the Galapagos Islands, and at the same time was

the least well known; till my visit only fowr species of birds had been recorded.

Therefore one of my principal tasks was to more closely explore this island, and

we accordingly stayed on the island about three weeks.

* During this stay we sueceeded in observing no less than forty species of birds.

Here also we encountered the first Giant Land Tortoises, about which I will now proceed

to speak. I only wish to remark that Albemarle Island reminds one in flora very

closely of Indefatigable Island, and its fauna also strongly resembles that of the latter

island. Already on the second day after our arrival I made a tour with Silva on to

the mountainous highlands in order to become acquainted with the Land Tortoises.

All along the shore they are no longer to be found, having long ago been exterminated

by whalers and the gatherers of orchilla moss ; but, according to the assertions of our

men, they are still to be met with in the difficult and very inaccessible parts of

the interior. 1

“On the morning of July 15th we set our shortly after sunrise. The road first

passes along the shore across meadow-land, and then through mangrove thickets by

the side of a lagune. Farther on we go up the mountain by a road which Silva had

cleared a little the day before, but still through thick underwood which arches over

above our heads, producing an agreeable shade and coolness. We wander along thus,

perhaps for half an hour, uphill. The road consists of crumbled lava. We continually

pass large manzanilla trees, which give delightful shade and always present nice green

resting-places. More and more birds appear. But soon we come to wide lava fields,

on which only thorny cacti and acacias grow, which greet an incautious approach most

unkindly. Then followed a stretch of the thickest scrub, through which we had to

cut our way with the hatchet. Now we came toa lava bed covered with loose slag,

which had to be traversed, and it took an hour and a half to do so, each step having

to be carefully weighed, for the slag is loose and shaky, and a fall among these

jagged masses is far from pleasant. Even where there is more vegetation it is most

unpleasant, for in addition to slipping on the loose slag, you are liable to catch your

feet in the thorny creepers. It was already 9 o’clock, and yet we had not espied any

tortoises. But now the grass gets thicker, and the ground better and pleasanter to

walk on. Suddenly we come upon a footpath about 12 inches wide, and Silva

halts with the words, ‘A galdpago has passed here.’ We look closely around, and

soon espy the first living Galapagos tortoise. The carapace measured about 16

inches in length. We tied it by the legs to a shady tree, and our journey proceeded,

now fortunately through nice underwood well turfed with grass and with but few

scattered blocks of lava. Up to 11 o'elock we had found eight specimens, the largest

measuring 26 inches in length of carapace. ‘This was all very fine, but now came

the reverse of the medal, how to get them down to the shore. Of course it was

out of the question to take more than two, one per man. We each bound a tortoise

on to our backs with a rope, and the return began. At first all went well, but on the

slag field there was a hard struggle. If walking before was difficult, it was ten times

more so with the creature on one’s back, because every minute it jammed its thick

feet against one’s back in its endeavours to escape. Several times I fell down bodily,

tortoise and all, among the slag; but onwards we went over sticks and stones, though

but slowly. We had taken no provisions with us, neither to eat nor to drink. The heat

got greater, and our thirst more acute. At last it was past 3.30 p.m. when Silva

said he knew of a place near by where there was some water. The nearness of the

place seemed far to me, but at last we arrived, after much fighting of our way through

( 87 )

scrub and sharp-edged slag, at a shady group of manzanilla trees. Silva hunted

about, and really at last found a small puddle, in which lay a lot of leaves and twigs.

That was his water! We filled my panama hat, and the dirty water was drunk with

gusto in spite of its foul taste. Yes, even after thirst was quenched, we drank again,

for at all events it was cool and refreshing. Last year I drank in Kansas, and also

in Wyoming, some water which, under ordinary circumstances, nobody would have

touched, but that was the pwrest spring water compared to this. However, after our

drink we were refreshed, and about 6 o'clock we reached our camp, after an

absence of twelve hours.

“ On the following day I again went with Silva and the captain, whom I begged

to accompany us, to the place where we had tied up the rest of the tortoises. Two

further specimens were carried off. The captain and I carried the bigger one between

us on a pole, and it was the cause of a regular tumbling and stumbling match amongst

the slag when we got back. The captain was half dead; he had smashed off some

lava bloeks with his knee, as he said, and when he seized hold of a tree to prevent

himself tumbling he found, to his pain and horror, that he had hold of a prickly

cactus stem. He swore that never in his life would he again go on such an expedition.

He did indeed look badly smashed up; of clothes he only had rags hanging about

him, and his boots were cut to pieces. This was on July 16th. On the following

day Adams, Silva, our two sailors, and the black set out to bring in the tortoises we

had tied up two days before; in the evening they returned, each with a tortoise on

his back. Thus we certainly had a considerable number of tortoises in camp, but

they were not the giant tortoises, which, according to Silva’s account, existed in the

interior.

“On July 18th, therefore, five of us set out to go farther inland, and, if

possible, to get one of these giants. Our party consisted of Adams, Silva, a sailor,

our blacky, and myself. We proceeded by the old route, as before. We halted

under the manzanilla trees and took in water ; then we proceeded on our march through

the serub, Silva cutting the track with his axe, while the rest followed in single file.

Thus we forced our way onwards, and had, up to half-past four, encountered perhaps

a dozen tortoises. Scattered about in the bushes there were the remains of many

large tortoises. I took away two perfect skulls and a humerus of 29 centimetres =

11:5 inches. When darkness fell we halted, and one of the tortoises we had found

was eaten; the liver roasted over the wood fire was delicious, but, alas! our meal was

not moistened, for our small supply of water had to be reserved for the next day,

when we wanted to push farther into the interior in search of the giants. We dragged

together a quantity of grass, and lay down to sleep, but the mosquitos never left us

in peace. As soon as day broke we started again. About 9 o'clock we passed out

of the region of Opuntias and Palo-Santos, and reached the middle zone, the more

wooded region. Here we noticed the same trees as on Chatham Island, but in addition

a large tree with ash-like foliage and small white flowers in bunches, called Savoneillo.

The ground is covered with high grass. On the trees, and in many places also on the

ground, was a large orchid, but, as on Chatham, flowerless. Giant creepers climbed

all over the trees, as well as a convolvulus with enormous white flowers. Up till

11 o'clock we had met again more than a dozen tortoises, but not one that reached

our ideal point of size. We encamped now, and killed a tortoise to eat. Unfortu-

nately our water was nearly used up. We only had enough for a cup of tea all

round. If we had known if we could find water we would have proceeded, but it

was probable that none existed in the immediate surroundings. Nothing remained

( 88 )

but to turn back, and meanwhile it was nearly 1 o’clock, and in the most wretched of

spirits we began the return journey. Two days of suffering through thirst, bad roads,

legs badly lacerated, all for nothing. We wandered on thus under the burning sun,

no one uttering a sound, for about an hour, when suddenly Silva halted and shouted,

‘Here is a large galäpago!’ and really there was a huge one wandering along. It

must have weighed two hundredweight, and its carapace measured 39 inches in

length. We could not dream of bringing this giant alive into camp, and so it was

necessary to kill the beast. We suffered most awfully from thirst, and I at once

started to try the water in the sack above the heart, about which T had read so much.

It was most refreshing, and only tasted somewhat like white of egg; we found over

five cups full, and each of us who wanted got his share. We ate the liver, which was

bigger than that of a calf, and all the remaining meat which was eatable was put into

a sack and carried with us. The cutting up took over an hour. It was half-past

two, and if we walked smartly we could still reach the group of manzanilla trees,

in order to camp there. Silva took the carapace on his back, and off we started.

“Tt was a long tramp, but about 6.30 p.m. we erected our camp under the trees,

it having already got dark, Early next morning we struck camp, and arrived about

7 a.m. in the harbour.

* But Silva declared that farther west there were much bigger tortoises, so if

such exist we must get them.

* Already the following morning, July 20th, I set out with Silva and a sailor

towards the supposed locality. For four and a half hours we proceeded along the

beach to the westward, at first across wide sandbanks which afford an excellent place

for the study of the various birds’ footprints, but farther on across steep rocks and

sharp lava. On the projecting water-surrounded and rugged banks of lava numerous

marine iguanas, often 4 feet long, were sunning themselves, but drew back into

the clefts at our approach.

“Suddenly the road ceased, for the mangroves grew right down to and into the

water; in consequence we had to cut our way through with axe and knife. About

midday we arrived at a straw-built hut, which had formerly been built by Cobos’

people when they caught tortoises to make oil I strolled round the hut, and

discovered about two dozen shells of small tortoises. In some of these I still found

the skulls attached, and so I was able to make a good collection. At 2 o'clock we

left the hut, and, after a hard struggle against the thick serub and broken lava,

encamped on top of the height. From time to time we came across large tortoise

shells, under which I generally found a family of small geckos and big black ants.

* On the following day, shortly before 6 o'clock, we again set out, and after a long

march, as usual cut step by step with the axe, we halted at 12 o'clock. On the way

I caught a lot of land-shells, which sat on the long grass. Vegetation here was most

verdant and prolific. We saw on the way several tortoises, among them one measuring

quite 39 inches over the carapace, but we were after larger ones. Continually we

encountered wide paths through the grass evidently made by large animals, but none

were fresh-made. At last we came across a puddle, which was in a hollow in the

lava. After a good meal of tortoise soup and roast tortoise liver, we laid aside all

superfluous baggage, and set about the search in earnest. At the end of twenty

minutes we found an old female whose shell just spanned 39 inches, and I was about

cutting her up, when I heard the others, who had continued the hunt, calling. I

hurried up to them, and beheld a gigantic monster, such as I had never before seen.

The carapace measured in length 56 inches, 60 inches across, and about 25 inches

( 89 )

high. It was, of course, utterly impossible to carry off this creature, which weighed

at least 400 Ibs. [perhaps nearer 800 Ibs.— W. R.] alive; it was even a question if we

could take it when cleaned and prepared. The skull of this specimen measures in

length 7:12 inches, while the largest in the British Museum, collected by Captain

Cookson and said to have belonged to the largest remaining tortoise, is only 5:52

inches long. After a tiring job of three hours, the preparation of this huge specimen

was finished, and, on darkness supervening, we returned to the puddle, where we

pitched our camp.

“The following morning, while my fellows again started on a hunt, I finished

the preparation of the first tortoise of the day before. The fellows came back

about 11 o'elock. They had found and tied up another tortoise, about 39 inches

long. We now had to think about starting on our return, for I had agreed with Adams

to meet him the next day at the old hut. We felled a slender tree, whose stem was

passed through the shell of the giant, and my two men proceeded to take this load on

their backs. Our progress was extremely slow, and every fifteen minutes we had to

halt and rest. The road also which we had eut was often too narrow, and had to be

widened. At 6 o'clock we stayed our march, as it had begun to rain. The next day

although it had rained all night, we set out afresh. I went ahead, in order to meet

Adams at the prearranged time. At 12 o'clock I arrived at the old hut, wet to the

skin. At 1 o’elock my men put in an appearance, but without the big tortoise; it

had been too heavy for them, and they had left it behind on the roadside. Shortly

after Adams, with the blacky, appeared, having come from the east. In the course

of the afternoon the men went up the hill again, and brought down the giant shell.

As the road along the beach to our headquarters was only available at low tide, I

remained with the rest for the night in the hut. On the morning of July 25th I set

out to our principal camp, while Adams and the three men again went up the hill to

fetch in the remainder of the tortoises. I arrived at 2 o'clock at our anchorage. On

the 27th I sent the two sailors to the hut with some fresh provisions, as I judged that

by now Adams and his men must have got back. On the 28th Adams came back

into camp with the two sailors. He had found two more larger-sized tortoises, an d

all were now being brought down to the hut by the three men he had left behind.

Therefore, almost five hours’ journey from our anchorage, there were lying five large

tortoises, which had to be brought in. Landing at that place was out of the question,

on account of the fierce surf and the rocks. Nothing remained, therefore, but to

bring them along the troublesome road by the beach. On the evening of July 29th

our men appeared with two of the tortoises, and on the 30th we sent all five men,

for this time even the cook had to assist, to bring the three remaining ones, which

were lying to the west of the hut, down to the ship. On the evening of July 31st

they returned, after almost overpowering exertions. Full ten days had it cost us to

collect five of the large tortoises.

“At daybreak on Sunday, August 2nd, we left Albemarle, where we had been

since July 12th. We passed the Grossman Islands, sailing on to Duncan Island,

which was our next place of destination. While south of Duncan Island we got a

capital view of the large island of Albemarle. The whole island consists of five huge

voleanoes, and Narborough is a similar sixth giant.

“ We anchored at Duncan Island at 2 o'clock, and we stayed till the evening of

August 4th. We were fortunate enough to discover on this island a new species of

tortoise, of which, after hard work, we got down eight specimens. The tortoises of

Duncan Island are totally different in shape to those of South Albemarle, and are

( 90 )

similar in shape to those of Abingdon Island. Besides having their carapace shaped

like a Spanish saddle, they have a much longer neck than the Albemarle species."

Now as to the seven specimens in my collection :—

Of the South Albemarle tortoise, there are, as before mentioned, three. One is

the large one described above; it is 56 inches in length over the carapace, and 491

inches in a straight line, and is the largest Giant Land Tortoise in any museum,

being half an inch longer than the large Testudo elephantina in the British Museum.

The second is about 39 or 40 inches long, and the third one is quite small. All these

three animals belong to the species Testudo elephantopus Harlan = T. vicina Günth.,

and thus prove that Dr. Giinther was right when he said that the type of his

T. vicina, though unlabelled, most likely came from South Albemarle.

Of the four Duncan Island specimens I cannot say much. Two of them are

now in the British Museum, and two I have retained at Tring. I am not yet certain

whether they are a new species or not, but they are undergoing a thorough

comparison by Dr. Giinther, and I hope to publish the result in the next number

of this journal. They, however, certainly belong to the same section as 7. ephippium

Günth. and T. abingdonii Günth., which among the Aldabra tortoises is represented

by Testudo daudinii Dum. & Bib. and among the Mascarene tortoises by T. vosmoeri

Dum. & Bib. :

I think it may also be of interest to give an account here of the recent capture

of some wild tortoises on Aldabra, for all those received lately have been specimens

from the Seychelles, where they have been acclimatised. The Zoologische Garten,

which appears at Frankfort, publishes the following about Dr. Voeltzkow’s journey :—

“Dr. A. Voeltzkow, who went to Madagascar for embryological studies, and has

now, after almost seven years- absence, returned to Europe, always kept before him

as a special task the procuring of some of those Giant Tortoises which are now only

to be found in a wild state on the Aldabra Islands, about 250 miles north of

Madagascar. "Through him the Senkenberg Natural History Society received, two

years ago, the two large specimens at present in the Frankfort Zoological Gardens.

On a recent stay of a month on Aldabra, Dr. Voeltzkow succeeded, after almost daily

excursions, in capturing seven more specimens. The capture of these creatures,

however, is associated with many dangers. As there is no direct communication

with Aldabra, a small schooner of fifty tons had to be hired, and during the stay had

to be strongly fastened to the beach with cables. Aldabra is much larger than

usually believed. It is an oval atoll, cut through in three places, whose greatest

length is about twenty miles (English).

" But what forms the chief hindrance in the search for these tortoises is the

impenetrability of the island. The soil consists entirely of razor-sharp waterworn

corals with their points uppermost, while the whole is covered with such thick masses

of low scrub that the way has first to be cut with an axe before each expedition, so

that an extended search over a large area is quite out of the question. To land on

the outside is most dangerous on account of the heavy surf, while landing from the

inside of the «toll is much hindered by the dense thickets of mangrove-trees.

“ As drinking water (and that very bad) is only found in one place, rain-water

has to be collected from the natural hollows and carried along in tanks. "Thousands

of mosquitos prevent one remaining over-night in those places which the tortoises

frequent. Then at last, when one has discovered one of these creatures—which, in

( 91 )

consideration of the thick serub and the only slight movements of these animals,

which pass the heat of the day hidden away in the bushes, is always a stroke of luck—

the real hard work begins, viz. the conveyance of the beast. Because they are very

obstinate and will not walk of their own aecord, each has to be carried tied to a

ladder-like structure, and upside-down, often for hours, by four men over the sharp

corals and through the dense bush, and the bearers inevitably reach the lagune with

their clothes torn to rags and their feet all bleeding. Of these seven tortoises six

reached Europe alive. The two smallest are in Frankfort, and the four others are in

Hamburg." The latter will shortly be deposited in the Zoological Gardens in London,

NEW LEPIDOPTERA.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

1. Troides haliphron pistor Hothsch. subsp. nov.

d. Very similar to T. haliphron pallens (Oberth.), but differs in the abdomen

being less edged with yellow beneath, and in the first discal yellow mark on the

hindwing being usually smaller.

9. Most specimens as pale as pallens, some darker; differs chiefly in the

abdomen being less edged with yellow underneath, in the discal area of the hind-

wing being below more yellow, often as yellow as above, in the yellow spot in cell

being less extended, reaching only as far as origin of subcostal nervule, in the first

discal yellow mark being larger, and in the whitish mark behind the cell being less

extended down towards base.

Hab. Kalao I. and Djampea I., between Celebes and Flores; a considerable series

of both sexes (A. Everett, December 1895).

I shall give in one of the future numbers of this journal a more detailed account

of the species of Papilioninae obtained by Mr. A. Everett on his recent expeditions.

2. Papilio adamantius insulicola Rothsch. subsp. nov.

d. Differs from P. adamantius Feld. in the outer margin of the forewing being

less concave, the wing shorter, the green scaling in the apieal region much more

restricted in the direction of the nervules, remaining 3 mm. short of the origin

of the fourth subcostal vein, and in the blue basal area of both wings being more

extended.

The outer edge of the blue region on the forewing crosses the median nervure

close to the origin of the second median brauch; at the submedian nervure the blue

area is extended close to the inner edge of the large cottony scent-organ.

On the hindwing the blue scaling reaches as far as the tip of the cell, occupying

also the base of the cellule between veins 3 and 4 for a length of about 6 mm.

There are three cottony stripes on the forewing, situate upon the two lower

median branches and upon the submedian fold respectively; they are very large

and merged together to one patch, which extends a little beyond the submedian

vein,

(92)

On the underside the brownish black area is more extended, especially beyond

the apex of the cell, than in adamantius Feld.

Hab. Saleyer, south of Celebes; 1 d (A. Everett, November 1895).

'This form is very interesting, as it comes in the extent of the blue area on the

wings nearer to the forms of P. peranthus F. than it does to adamantius; it is

most readily distinguished, however, from P. peranthus and P. peranthus inter-

medius Snell. by the absence of submarginal markings from the upperside of the

hindwings.

3. Papilio antiphates kalaoensis Rothsch. subsp. nov.

d. The blaek bands on upperside of forewing narrow, more so than in P.

antiphates alcibiades ¥.; the marginal band 34 to 4 mm. wide at the fourth sub-

costal vein, reaching a little beyond lower median nervule ; subapical black band

terminating midway between lower and middle median veins, not joined behind to

the marginal band; the fourth cellular band reduced to a spot 2 or 3 mm. in length,

the other cellular bands stopping at median vein.

On the hindwings the first marginal black spot (before subcostal vein) is absent

or only represented by a few black scales ; between veins 4 and 5 (before tail)

there are, besides the black marginal lunule, no black scales or only a few, and

there is in that cellule no submarginal black spot.

On the underside the first marginal black spot to the hindwings is present, but

is minute; the anterior lunule of the discal macular band, situate between costal

and subcostal nervure, is thinner than in aleibiades F., and all the geminate black

spots of the submarginal row are minute.

Hab. Kalao I., between Celebes and Flores; 3 d (A. Everett leg., November

1805).

4. Papilio eurypilus insularius Rothsch. subsp. nov.

d ?. Comes nearest to P. eurypilus sallastius Staud. from Sambawa ; however

is generally larger. The two posterior spots of the discal row are not separate from

one another, and are longer, the last spot having a length of 6 to 8 mm., while the

spot before it is usually 1 mm. shorter ; the submarginal spots are somewhat smaller

than in sallastius. The median band of the hindwings is considerably broader than

in sallastius, being from 6 to 9 mm. wide within cell. Below, there is, as in

sallastius, a white spot within apex of cell of hindwing, situate at the second and

third discocellular veinlets, not separate from these veins, as in eurypilus axion Feld.

and other subspecies of evrypilus. This cellular spot includes sometimes some red

scales, but in most specimens it is all white. The submarginal spots of the hind-

wings scarcely smaller than in sallastius, and the two elongate marks near the

second submarginal spot are as in that form.

Hab. Kalao L, between Celebes and Flores; a series of both-sexes (A. Everett

leg., November 1895).

5. Morphotenaris nivescens sp. nov.

This, the second species of the genus Morphotenaris Fruhst., is easily distin-

guished from M. schönbergi Fruhst. by the entire absence of the broad brown band

on the forewing, and the much narrower brownish black border to the hindwing;

in fact this border is so narrow that it is almost restricted to the fringe.

(932)

lab. Eafa District, 5000 feet, British New Guinea; 2 99? (Anthony,

October 1895).

In the two specimens before me the ocelli on the hindwing are four in

number, small and partly obliterated, but, as in all the species of Tenaris and the

allied genera the ocelli vary to an almost indefinite extent in both size and number

individually, this cannot be taken as a specific character. I think that it is quite

possible that, when the fauna of the high mountains of New Guinea has in future

become better known, we shall find connecting links between M. schónbergi and

M. nivescens, but at present I know of no such links, and I therefore am bound to

treat M. nivescens as a distinct species. The two females I have are quite as large

as the largest female of M. schönbergi I have seen.

6. Canerkes natunensis hothsch. sp. nov.

9. Differs from C. euschemoides Moore and javanicus Rothsch., Nov. Zoor. III.

p. 56 (1896), in the ground-colour of the forewing above being clove-brown, with a

faint bluish green tint in side light and without metallic gloss, in the base of the

wing having two separate yellow spots, in the dark violet area of the hindwings

being more extended, and in the crown of the head being metallic green-blue

without yellow colour.

The spots on the forewing are smaller than in javanicus Rothsch.; the median

band does, as in that insect, reach from costal margin to vein 1°, is well separated

from the basal yellow spots, and is incised at the veins. The white spot between

veins 2 and 3 is wanting, while it is present in the two allied species.

On the hindwing the violet area reaches 3 mm. down the apex of cell ; the

yellow spot at anterior angle of cell stands 2 mm. away from the yellow basal area ;

the yellow streak before vein 1° is separated into a discal streak and a marginal spot ;

there is no yellow marginal spot before vein 3, and the spot before and that

behind vein 2 are small.

The colour of the underside agrees with that of ewschemoides, but the costal

region of hindwings near apex of cell is bright metallic blue. There is no black

basal patch in cell.

Hab. Bunguran, Natuna Islands ; 12 (Hose leg., July to October 1594).

7. Spilobotys leonina lifuensis Rothsch. subsp. nov.

Agape subsp. nov.? Rothschild, Nov. Zoor. TIT. p. 60 (1896) (Lifu 1.).

Of this insect I recently received another specimen, which agrees with that

mentioned under Agape on p. 60 of this volume, and now no longer hesitate to

describe it as a subspecies of leonina (Dutl.).

As said on p. 60, this form differs from leonina especially in its smaller size, the

total absence of thoracic spots, and in the two last abdominal segments * having a

bluish black patch on the upperside ; the patch on the preanal segment is twice as

large as that on the anal one.

Hab. Lifu I., Loyalty Is. ; 2 d d.

The specimen of Sp/lobotys from the Solomon Islands (Alu) referred to on p. 60

belongs to Spilobotys arctioides Butler, Ann Mag. N. H. (5). XX. p. 123 (1887)

* Seventh and eighth segments, not eighth and ninth. as is said on p. 60.

( 94 )

(Guadaleanar). Spilobotys Butl., le., has the priority over Agape Snell ; Agape

Feld. is a nomen nudum, and can consequently not be employed.

Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 117 (1888), records Spilobotys chloropyga

(WIk.) from Sumatra. Il now have a $? from Nias and another from Mont Mulu,

North Borneo (Hose leg., August and September 1894), which do not seem to me

to differ from typical chloropyga.

8. Phalaenoides vitticollis Rothsch. sp. nov.

d. Upperside: both wings black. Forewing with some metallic blue scales in

basal half before costal nervure, a lunate mark beyond middle of cell and some short

indistinct rays upon veins 4 to 7 also metallic blue; a creamy white band

extends from the costal to the submedian vein, situate just outside the apex of cell;

this band is broadest at vein 2, having here a breadth (measured along that vein)

of 6 mm., while at the subcostal vein it measures a little more than 3 mm. ; upon

the subcostal vein between base and band stands a small creamy white spot, and

close to the band there are upon that vein some creamy white scales.

Hindwings with fringe and small marginal spots white; spot behind vein 2

largest, ill defined ; no marginal spots between costa and vein 6.

Underside as above, more brownish black; band to forewing somewhat wider;

small subcostal whitish spot absent, and marginal spots to hindwing larger.

Antennae longer and stronger than in P. glycinae, almost as thick as in

Agarista, but much less clubbed. First joint of palpi and ventral middle line of

second white; third joint about twice as long as broad.

Head creamy white, middle of front and oceiput behind eyes black. Thorax

above with three creamy white stripes; below, with coxae and femora, orange.

Abdomen black ; anal segment large (as in /mmetalia Jord.) and orange. Tibiae

without tufts of hairs.

Expanse: forewing AM 27 mm.; EM 16 mm.; PM 15 mm.

» hindwings 9158592 2199 2:25 Lo

Hab. Fergusson I., D’Entrecasteaux Is.; 1 d (A. S. Meek leg., October

1895).

Vein 2 of the forewing stands closer to vein 3 than in Phalaenoides

glycinae Lew.; the antennae are thicker, the third joint of the palpi is shorter, and

the tibiae are without tufts of hairs. In pattern r7tticollis resembles somewhat

glycinae, but is different in the colour of the palpi, thorax (above and below), coxae,

and femora ; the band on the forewings is broader and shorter, and the white colour

atthe margin of the hindwing is much less extended and does not include black

spots.

9. Phalaenoides maculosus ltothsch. sp. nov.

d. Upperside: both wings olive mummy-brown. Forewing with a creamy

buff band outside cell, extending from costal margin, which it nearly reaches, to

beyond vein 2, broadest behind (33 mm.), its outer edge indented between veins 5

and 6 and posteriorly rounded, its inner edge with sinus at the bases of veins 3

and 4. Ontside the band there is a row of minute creamy white spots. A spot

within apex of wing (diameter a little more than 1 mm.), fringe at apex, a spot

in inner angle, a few scales before it near extremities of veins 2 and 3, a

(95)

rounded spot at the middle of inner margin (14 mm. wide), a minute spot before and

a somewhat larger one (1 mm. wide) beyond middle of inner margin also creamy

white. No blue scales present.

Hindwing with a buff patch in basal half, neither reaching base nor costal and

abdominal margins, about 5 mm. wide, rounded outside; a small subluniform spot

(14 mm. at its widest part) within anal angle, and fringe at extremities of nervules,

especially in front, buff-colour.

Underside as above, all the spots buff-coloar. Cell of forewing with a rounded

spot in the middle and a transverse line near apex ; spots in and near middle of

inner margin merged together to one longitudinal mark. Apex of hindwing with a

marginal spot, diameter about 1 mm.

Antennae as thin as in P. goldiei Druce. Palpi, head, thorax, and abdomen

buff-yellow. Base of second and the whole third joint of the palpi, the frontal pro-

cessus of the head and a transverse spot at the insertion of the antennae, thorax

above (except edge of collar, tips of tegulae, and a lateral spot upon metathorax),

apical half of the dorsal and basal half of the ventral portions of the abdominal

segments (except last segment, which is all buff-yellow), a large spot upon the fore-

breast, all the femora, tibiae (except a spot upon the foretibiae), and tarsi black.

Third joint of palpi scarcely half as long again as broad; tibiae without tufts of

hairs; frontal processus of head rather convex, circular ridge one-fifth the diameter

of the front of the head. Second partition of the median nervure on the fore-

and hindwings slightly shorter than the respective portion of the outer margin.

Upper discocellular veinlet to hindwings shorter than the lower one.

Expanse: forewing AM 19 mm. ; EM 11 mm. : PM 14 mm.

5 ind wine sn A elle,

Hab. Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, North Queensland; 1 d. (A. S. Meek leg.).

10. Aegocera triplagiata Rothsch. sp. nov.

d. Upperside : forewing black, with three maize-yellow markings—namely, a

spot in basal fourth 4 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, neither reaching costal margin

nor submedian vein, broadest at median vein; a second spot within apex of cell,

1 mm. short of the discocellulars, faintly reniform; and a band situate 1 mm. outside

apex of cell, and running from the costa towards inner angle, ending a little beyond

vein 2, rounded behind, slightly tapering towards costa, 34 mm. broad at vein 3.

Besides these markings there are three white minute spots near the base, one

before costal nervure, the two others at the submedian vein. Three short metallic

blue lines, one in middle of cell, the second upon the discocellulars, and the third.

outside the maize-yellow band ; some blue scales behind costal margin and between

median and submedian veins. Fringe plumbaginous at the extremities of the

veins.

Hindwing orpiment orange; outer margin black ; this border is 6 mm.

broad at vein 7 and becomes slightly narrower behind, having at anal angle a

breadth of 4 mm. ; at costal margin it is extended down to the base, but this costal

border is only 4 mm. broad. A minute black spot upon the discocellulars. Fringe

irregularly white at the nervules.

Underside: forewing with the three markings deeper yellow; the subbasal

patch enlarged, nearly occupying the basal fifth of the wing, and the subapical band

broader at vein 3.

( 96 )

Hindwing with the costal black border broader than above, having a breadth

of about 1 mm.

Antennae clubbed, as in Aegocera fervida Wlk.; tip pale ochraceous, upperside

scaled white. Palpi black; first and second joint (except back and sides of the

latter) and ventral portion of the base of the third joint tawny ochraceous ; second

joint with long hairs, as in A. fervida Wlk. Head black, with two white frontal

lines. Thorax black, with four white spots on the collar, one on each tegula, and two

in the middle line of the mesothorax ; below, the thorax has a tawny orange mark

uear the base of the forewings. Abdomen black, sides of base tawny ochraceous.

Legs black; anterior coxae and two spots on the middle tibiae tawny ochraceous.

Expanse : forewing AM 24 mm. ; EM 13 mm. ; PM 16 mm.

5 hindwings lo ETT E]

Hab. Mpeta, Loangwa R., northern affluent of the Zambesi R.; 1 d (C. T.

Coryndon leg., November and December 1895).

In pattern unlike every species hitherto described from Africa.

1l. Aegocera coryndoni ltothsch. sp. nov.

9. Upperside : forewing maroon, but this colour much covered by grey (base

and outer margin) and maize-yellow (disc) seales ; with two white patches, one of

5—6 mm. length in the middle of the wing between subcostal and submedian vein,

not reaching this vein, nearly parallel and of about 2 mm. breadth in one specimen

(type), widened behind in the other ; the second patch stands about 14 mm. beyond

the apex of the cell, is 4 mm. broad and 5 mm. long, and expands between veins 3

and 10. Each patch is encircled by an olive band on a maroon ground, the edges of

which are here and there marked by silvery scales, which form a conspicuous

silvery line in the basal third of the wing ; a spot in the middle of the cell, another

between median white patch and costa, a third between this patch and vein 1, and

an arch on the discocellulars also composed of silvery scales. Fringe grey.

Hindwing orange-ochraceous ; outer border black, narrowing behind, 5 mm.

wide at vein 7 and 14 mm. at vein 2, running down at costal margin half-way to

base. Fringe white, much shaded with black.

Underside : forewing black ; basal sixth yellow ; basal half of inner margin

white: white patches as above, median one merged together with the white area of

inner margin ; fringe white ; outer margin somewhat grey.

Hindwing as above, but black border extending farther down the costal

margin ; fringe more white.

Antennae scaled white above, scarcely thickened towards apex (9). Palpi,

head, and collar wax-yellow; first and second joint of palpi with a black spot, third

joint black with a few wax-yellow scales ; head with four black spots, one in the

middle of the front, the second between the antennae, and the two others on the

occiput behind the eyes ; collar with seven black spots. Mesothorax grey; tegulae

with long whitish and maroon hairs, and a black baso-lateral spot. Metathorax

orange-yellow, like the abdomen. The latter with the extreme tip, part of the

underside, especially the underside of the posterior segments, tips of the dorsal tufts

of hairs, and faint basal spots in the median line above, black. Underside of thorax

orange-yellow ; anterior coxae grey behind. Legs orange-yellow, more or less

(97)

variegated with black ; anterior tibiae with two black spots; all the tarsi more

black than yellow.

Expanse: forewing AM 24 mm.; EM 8; PM 17 mm.

i 7 hmdwine e selon, lo; oun.

Hab. Mpeta, Loangwa R., northern affluent of the Zambesi; 2 9 9 (C. T.

Coryndon /eg., November and December 1595).

Is closely allied to A. obryzos Mab. from Madagascar, but at once distin-

guishable by the much more extended orange hindwings.

The male of A. obryzos Mab. has prolonged foretarsi; the second and third

joint are much longer than in other Agaristidae.

12. Metagarista (?) rendalli Rothsch. sp. nov.

d. Upperside: forewing black, with some metallic blue scales near the base, a

small spot of the same colour beyond middle of cell, a second upon the discocellu-

lars, a third in hinder angle, and a fourth near the apex of the wing. Two large

buff patches : one in basal half, trapeziform, oblique, 2} mm. from base, expanded

between costal and submedian nervure, 3$ mm. broad at subcostal and 54 mm. at

submedian vein, outer edge straight; the second patch stands 14 mm. outside apex

of cell, and expands between veins 2 and 10; it is 44 mm. wide at vein 4, and

narrows in front and behind ; its inner edge almost straight, its outer edge convex.

Besides, a minute buff spot in apex of cell close behind subcostal vein. Fringe

black.

Hindwings orange; outer border black, of nearly even width (3 to 4 mm.),

anteriorly extended down half-way to base, inner edge slightly convex at vein 2.

Fringe black. Some black scales upon the discocellulars and at extreme base.

Underside: as above, without blue scales ; basal patch of forewing extended

down to base and inner margin, occupying basal fourth of wing, and, like the sub-

apical patch, orange-buff instead of buff. Black border to hindwing not convex at

vein 2.

Antennae, palpi, head, thorax, legs, last segments of abdomen and underside of

abdomen except three median spots, black. A patch on each side of collar, and rest

of abdomen (basal segment partly black above, all black below) orange-buft.

Expanse: forewing AM 20 mm.; EM 12 mm.; PM 13 mm.

5 Ihindwin a eE TE]

Hab. Zomba, British Central Africa, south of Lake Nyassa; 1 d (Dr. Perey

Rendall /eg., December 1895, wet season).

This species, which I name in honour of the collector, does not fit well in any

of the genera of Agaristidae. The hairy third palpal joint it has in common with

some other African Agaristids, namely /Jespagarista Wlk., Pais Hb., and Meta-

garista Wlk.; but differs from these genera in the convex front ef the head bearing

a circular ridge of which the diameter is only about one-tenth the breadth of the front

of the head, and is, moreover, distinguished from Hespagarista by the third joint

of the palpi being three times as long as broad, and by the absence of the tail of

long hairs from the tip of the abdomen in the g ; from Pais by vein 2 of the hind-

wings originating nearer to three ; from Metagarista by the narrower forewings and

the longer third palpal joint.

( 98 )

As 1 have only one sex before me, and of this only one specimen, I prefer to

put the species provisionally into Metagarista instead of erecting a new genus for it,

The front of the head is faintly narrowed behind.

13. Pycnodontis ovata Rothsch. sp. nov.

d. Resembles P. spadicea Feld., but the band on the forewing is reduced to an

ellipsoid spot of 4 mm. length; the greater portion of the costal margin, median and

submedian fold of the hindwing below, and the fringe to the hindwing, are

white.

Head and thorax sprinkled with creamy white scales; coxae with long creamy

white hairs; tarsal joints with white scales at apex. Tip of the abdomen orange.

Hab. Bahia, Brazil; 1 d. j

There are two females in the Tring Museum, one from Petropolis, near Rio de

Janeiro, the other without exact locality, which belong most probably to this species.

They differ from the above-described d in the hindwing having a creamy white

patch on the dise between veins 4 and 6 which is rounded exteriorly and tapers

off towards base, and in the hairs on the coxae being black intermingled with white

scales.

14. Pycnodontis pulverosa Rothsch. sp. nov. (Felder in coll.).

$. There are two females under this name in the Felder collection which are

to my knowledge still undescribed. They resemble P. leuconoë Feld. very much,

but are distinguished by the absence of the indistinct white patch from the cell of

the forewing above, by the discal band not being split up into spots by the

nervules, by the costal margin of the hindwings having on either side a black border

of 1$ to 2 mm. width, and by the abdomen being devoid of the ventral and lateral

longitudinal white bands, and having the penultimate segment above orange, like

the anal segment.

Hab. Venezuela; 2 9 2 in coll. Felder.

15. Milionia everetti Rothsch. sp. nov.

9. Upperside : black, deep blue in side light. Forewing crossed by a slightly

arched metallic blue band, varying to pale bluish green in different lights. "This

band is 4 mm. wide at the subcosta and tapers off behind, having at the inner

margin, where it ends 2 mm. short of tip of vein 1°, a breadth of scarcely 2 mm. ;

the discocellulars are situate inside the band very near its outer edge. In the

anterior portion of the band there is a pinkish buff line of 5 mm. length, extending

from vein 2 to near middle of apex of cell, crossing vein 3 close to its origin. Base

of wing metallic blue at median and submedian nervures.

Hindwing across the dise with a band which is of the same colour as that on

the forewing, and reaches from the costal nervure to the abdominal margin, where

it ends 3 mm. short of tip of submedian vein ; the band is almost straight, has a

breadth of 2 mm. in the middle, and is somewhat narrower at either end ; disco-

cellulars in middle of band.

Underside: as above, base of both wings metallic blue at the veins. Band on

forewing broader than above, widest between veins 2 and 3, ending before reaching

submedian vein. Band of hindwing separated into two spots, one at anterior, one

( 99 )

(larger) at posterior angle of cell ; blue scales along subcostal and median nervures

and base of vein 2; the two spots connected by a few blue scales along discocellular

veinlets. Body metallic blue, metallic especially on collar and at edges of ab-

dominal segments.

Neuration the same as in Milionia rawakensis (Quoy & Gaim.).

Expanse: forewing AM 29 mm. ; EM I8 mm. ; PM 20 mm.

s hindwings, Al le 5, 1075;

Hab. Bonthain Peak, S. Celebes, 5000-—6000 feet; 1 ? (A. Everett, October

1895).

Differs from all species of Mlionia in the baud across the wings being metallic

blue.

NEW GEOMETRIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM.

By W. WARREN, M.A., FES.

SUBFAMILY OENOCHROMINAE,

Physetostege gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa hardly curved, except at the base and before apex; apex

rounded ; hindmargin obliquely curved.

Hindwings: broad, with hindmargin bluntly elbowed in middle; the inner margin

rather dilated.

Forewings of d with an exaggerated fovea, which is covered on the upperside by a

raised wave of curved hairlike scales, extending from the median to the submedian vein.

Antennae of d with very fine oblique pubescent pectinations, which decrease

gradually to the apex; tongue present; palpi porrect, rostrate, the terminal joint

drooping; legs slender; hind tibiae with two pairs of unequal spurs.

Newration: as in Alex WIk., but the median vein of forewings is curved upwards

near the base.

Type: Physetostege miranda sp. nov.

1. Physetostege miranda sp. nov.

Forewings: dull einereous with a reddish tinge, covered with numerous small

irregular fuscous strigae ; the basal two-thirds deeper in tint than the marginal area ;

the two lines darker, the first very indistinct, bluntly angled on the subcostal and

median veins; exterior line consisting of three curves, concave outwards—from the

costa to below the fifth subcostal nervule, thence to.above the third median, and

thence to the inner margin at two-thirds; discal mark linear, vertical; costa more

reddish.

Hindwings: the same, but the second line is irregularly dentate and eurved.

Underside paler and redder, with less fuscous dusting.

Head and thorax dark cinereous; face and palpi black-brown ; abdomen and

legs paler, the latter with darker patches at the joints.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea.

( 100 )

SUBFAMILY ORTHOSTIXINAE.

Sebastosema gen. nov.

Forewings: narrow at base, widening outwards; costa straight, slightly indented

at three-fourths, then shortly convex; apex rounded; hindmargin bluntly elbowed

opposite the cell, then oblique to anal angle, which is nearly rectangular.

Hindwings: with both angles rounded; hindmargin curved, faintly indented

opposite the cell.

Thorax and abdomen stout. Antennae of d short, curled round, strongly pecti-

nated to the apex, the pectinations ciliated. Forehead very flat; palpi short, hairy,

decumbent; tongue not visible. Pectus and femora hairy; hind tibiae with a pair

of short terminal spines. All the tarsi hooked at extremity.

Neuration: forewings, cell rather more than half as long as wing ; discocellular

slightly angled; first median at three-fourths, second before angle of cell, third

from the angle; radials normal; last three subcostals stalked from end of cell; second

a little before ; first from close to base, running close to and parallel with the subcostal

as far as the origin of the second, where it appears to vanish; point of origin of the

second thickened. Hindwings, costal united to subcostal by a bar near base; first

subcostal before upper angle of cell; second median before the lower angle.

Type: Sebastosema bubonaria sp. nov.

Akin to Epirrhanthis Hüb.

2. Sebastosema bubonaria sp. nov.

Forewings: lilac-grey, dusted with fuscous atoms and suffused in parts with tawny ;

a curved dark-brown basal line at one-fifth, the area included slightly suffused with

tawny; second line at three-fourths, dark brown, sinuous, nearly parallel to hind-

margin; marginal area beyond, tawny, except a minute pale grey spot on costa

heyond second line, a larger triangular apical spot edged outwardly with brown, and

a paler space above the anal angle; discal blotch large, round, tawny; above it

towards the base is a dark oblique costal streak.

Hindwings: dull orange dusted with coarse blackish atoms, with two fine

blackish lines, the inner thickening towards costa, the outer towards inner margin ;

hindmargin diffusely brownish, with a multitude of short fuscous and dark striae.

Thorax, face, and antennae grey, mixed with darker; abdomen tawny. Under-

side pale straw-colour and yellow, with the lines ferruginous, and suffused in parts

with tawny, the markings of the upperside being more or less represented.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm.

One d from Japan.

Schistophyle gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa sinuous, convex in basal half, inflexed beyond ; apex

produced, acute, faleate ; hindmargin concave below apex, then vertical, and abruptly

rounded above anal angle, before which it is also slightly indented ; inner margin

slightly sinuous, convex near base, inflexed beyond middle.

Hindwings: triangular; both angles distinct, the anal angle rectangular, the

apical rounded ; hindmargin nearly straight.

Palpi upeurved, squamose, the joints indistinct; tongue present; antennae of

? filiform.

( 101 )

Neuration : forewings, cell fully half as long as wing ; the discocellular rather

oblique ; first median at five-sixths, second well before end of cell, third from the

end; radials normal; last four subcostals stalked together. Hindwings with costal

free, united to subcostal by a bar at one-half the cell; first subcostal from before end

of cell; medians as in forewings.

Type: Schistophyle falcifera sp. nov.

3. Schistophyle falcifera sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, thickly freckled with orange; the costa from before the

middle to apex broadly brown, tinged slightly with brown towards the base; first

line near base, brown, acutely angled outwards in the cell, with a darker spot at the

angle in the cell, and another on the submedian fold ; a brown oblique discal mark ;

a broad red-brown oblique median line from middle of inner margin towards apex,

becoming obsolete in the costal shade ; a sinuous outwardly dentate submarginal line ;

a brown spot at anal angle; fringe red-brown, with red-brown hindmarginal line.

Hindwings: like forewings ; a broad red-brown antemedian line, followed by a

brown cell-spot ; submarginal line and fringe as on forewings ; a brown spot at apex.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Underside like upper.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

One 9? from the Khasias.

4. Rambara costata sp. nov.

Forewings: pearly white, dusted with grey scales; the costa irregularly ochreous

grey ; first line grey, very indistinct ; cell-spot round, black ; second line curved and

sinuous, grey ; hindmargin thickly dusted with grey scales; fringe white, with black

dots at the end of the veins.

Hindwings: the same, but the discal mark grey and linear. Underside pure

white, with the fringe-dots small.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Many examples from the Khasias. Appears to be quite distinct from any

described species.

SuBFAMILY PSEUDOTERPNINAE.

5. Hypochroma subrubescens sp. nov.

9. Forewings: white, almost wholly suffused with pale greyish green, and

dusted with darker green and blackish atoms; the lines black, dentieulate, neatly

edged externally with the white ground-colour; costa white, dotted with black ; an

indistinct dark line close to base ; first line at one-third, distinct, black, forming two

sharp angles outwardly in the cell and on the submedian fold, and one inwardly on

the median nervure; discal ocellus oblique, white, edged with black and connected

above with a small black subcostal spot; second line from two-thirds of costa to

middle of inner margin, outwardly curved in dise, forming two more prominent angles

outwardly on upper radial and third median nervure; subterminal line curved, con-

sisting of black wedge-shaped marks; fringe concolorous, preceded by a black marginal

festoon ; the marginal area is dusted with blackish scales between the lines, and the

whole wing shows an undertone of pink.

( 102 )

Hindwings: like forewings, but the pink tinge is more conspicuous, and the

basal area is quite densely dusted with blackish scales.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; head wanting. Underside pale straw-colour,

tinged with yellowish towards the base, with the lines and costal markings black ;

the inner line angulated as above, the exterior simply curved, and the subterminal

represented by a thick diffuse blackish fascia; discal ocellus large, black; on the

hindwings the diseal ocellus is represented by a small dark spot; in both wings the

marginal area broadly vinous red, which colour extends in the forewings also along

the lower part of the dise to the base.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One 9 from Queensland.

SUBFAMILY GEOMETRINAE.

6. Agathia subdeleta sp. nov.

Forewings: bright apple-green ; a small round-edged black-brown basal spot ;

costa fuscous or greyish; first line at one-third, irregularly zigzag, passing over the

dark discal spot; outer line at five-sixths, consisting of contiguous denticulated

lunules, indented opposite the cell, then running parallel and nearer to the hind-

margin, with some darkening by numerous fuscous transverse streaks above the anal

angle; a small black-brown apical spot and black fringe-line, swollen into a small

spot at end of third median nervule; fringe whitish, chequered with fuscous at end of

each vein, especially at the apical spot and that at end of third median.

Hindwings : the same, but without the first line; the second strongly marked ;

inner margin narrowly grey, more broadly grey at anal angle; fringe-line swollen

before the short tail at end of third median.

Thorax green, marked with brown; abdomen wanting; antennae, face, and

outside of palpi reddish ; inside of palpi ochreous. Underside paler, silvery green,

exterior line alone marked by broad contiguous blotches; apical spot of forewings

brown.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

One specimen, not in very good condition, from Sikkim.

Camptolophia gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa slightly curved; apex rectangular ; hindmargin elbowed

at vein 4, and with a slight tooth at vein 6; oblique and straight from elbow to anal

angle.

Hindwings: with erenulate hindmargin and a sharp tooth at end of veins 4

and 6; the anal angle bluntly rectangular; abdomen with three stiff tufts of hair,

erect at first, then bent backwards; palpi short, hardly reaching beyond front;

antennae of d thick, strongly serrate ; hind tibiae with two pairs of short spurs.

Newration : as in Agathia.

Type: Camptolophia marmorata sp. nov.

7. Camptolophia marmorata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale sea-green ; a minute black dot at base; first line pale, close to

base, curved and outwardly dentate on the subcostal, median, and submedian veins

( 103 )

and on the two folds; second line white, slender, oblique, and irregularly wavy, from

three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, the green ground-colour being

slightly deeper before it; marginal area ochreous white, with two cloudy greenish

patches; some contiguous green blotches touching outer line below costa and above

inner margin; four greenish spots along hindmargin from apex to elbow, and a green

line from elbow to anal angle; the space above anal angle and towards apex is also

marked with a few very slender vertical dark green streaks; on inner margin touching

outer line is a small yellowish ochreous spot, followed by some deep red scales ;

fringe white, with the apices dark grey from apex to elbow; a small black cell-spot.

Hindwings: with basal half green, edged by a curved whitish line, before which

the green is deeper; marginal area varied with yellowish ochreous, grey, green, and

red scales; the white line is followed by a corona of acute teeth, of which the upper

three near costa are grey, tinged with red, and the lower three dark green, the central

one being much prolonged and reaching nearly to the margin ; a dark purplish grey

cloud runs from costa to anal angle, and the whole area is covered with fine dark

green streaks which become confluent and form blotches along the margin below the

apex; the marginal space in the middle is bright pale ochreous; towards the anal

angle are several small patches of red scales, and the pale ochreous ground runs up

along the inner margin mixed with red scales; a white curved line on discocellular,

and two small white dashes on the inner-marginal edge of the green basal area;

fringe ochreous at base and apex, with a broad grey-green central line.

Abdomen and crests ochreous; face and palpi orange-red; vertex pale green;

collar green, with its front pure white; patagia green; thorax blackish, with the

front reddish. Underside of wings white; forewings with two large black blotches

corresponding to the two dull clouds in the marginal area above; hindwings with

a broad submarginal black band Pectus orange-red; abdomen beneath blackish.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm,

ld from the Khasias. A very beautiful insect.

Chlorochromodes gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa faintly curved, rather more strongly towards apex, which

is blunt; hindmargin nearly straight, oblique; anal angle distinct.

Hindwings: triangular; hindmargin slightly curved; both angles well defined,

but blunt.

Palpi porrect, long ; second joint hairy beneath; terminal joint naked. Antennae

pectinated in d, minutely serrate in $. Frenulum absent; costa of forewings hairy

near base.

Newration: forewings, cell barely half as long as wing; discocellular very

oblique; first median at two-thirds, second before the end of cell, third from end;

lower radial from above centre of discocellular; upper radial stalked with the five

subeostals. Hindwings, medians as in forewings; the two subcostals on a long stalk.

Type: Chlorochromodes tenera sp. nov.

8. Chlorochromodes tenera sp. nov.

Forewings : pale green; costa white; fringe white, with a rust-red line at base ;

discal spot red-brown; usually without any lines or markings; sometimes there is

just visible an oblique white inner line, and a sinuous exterior line denoted only by

white dots on the veins.

Hindwings: the same.

( 104 )

Abdomen whitish, or very pale green with rust-red dorsal spots; vertex and

thorax green; collar and front of thorax whitish ; face green; palpi whitish, dusted

externally with reddish fuseous, and with the terminal joint either with a broad dark

ring at base or wholly reddish fuscous. Antennae white. Underside pale, glossy ;

the base of the costa with reddish fuscous hairs. The scaling is very fine, and the

wings semi-transparent. |

Expanse of wings: d,26 mm.; ?,34 mm.

Several examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills.

Chloromianta gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight till shortly before apex ; apex rectangular; hind-

margin with very slight bend in middle, more oblique below the bend.

Hindwings: with slight prominence at end of second subcostal and third

median, ineurved between the veins; anal angle squared.

Abdomen with flat crests; antennae of d pectinated to beyond middle; palpi

porreet beyond face; tongue present; hind tibiae thickened, with terminal pair of

spurs.

Neuration: forewings, cell not half the length of wing; discocellular angulated ;

first median at two-thirds, second and third from the lower angle of cell; lower

radial from above centre of discocellular; upper radial from the common stalk of

the last four subcostals; of these the second does not separate till long after the

fifth, the third and fourth parting shortly before apex; first subcostal free, and

ending only a little way before apex. Hindwings with discocellular oblique; the two

subcostals on a longish stalk; the last two medians on a very short one.

Type: Chloromianta ferruginata sp. nov.

9. Chloromianta ferruginata sp. nov.

Forewings: green, the costa white for three-fourths ; markings rust-colour ;

first line thick, wavy, at one-fourth; second at three-fourths, irregularly wavy, and

parallel to hindmargin ; submarginal line wavy, interrupted above, the whole of the

space between the two last lines filled up with dark cinereous and pinky scales, as

far as the radial, leaving only the edges formed by the lines dull ferruginous; a

ferruginous spot at end of each vein, connected below with the submarginal line ;

fringe ferruginous; the green basal half of wing is spotted in places with ferruginous.

Hindwings: with a large dark greyish black and pinky patch at apex; a

ferruginous darker-centred patch on inner margin near base, extending along margin

to another smaller patch; an irregular submarginal band of ferruginous and yellow

spots; the veins also yellowish ; marginal spots ferruginous, with the fringe.

Abdomen reddish, with the tufts darker; thorax and collar green; vertex and

shaft of antennae white; face, palpi, and antennal pectinations ferruginous. Under-

side pearly whitish green; a purplish grey blotch from anal angle of forewings and

at apex of hindwings.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

Three d d. from the Khasias.

Chloromma gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa gradually curved throughout; apex produced, bluntly

subfaleate ; hindmargin oblique, hardly curved; anal angle well marked.

( 105 )

Hindwings: with a prominent tail at end of third median. Frenulum absent ;

antennae of d strongly pectinated ; palpi porrect, hairy, reaching a little in front of

face; hind tibiae dilated, with a tuft of hairs and four spurs.

Neuration: first subcostal of forewings anastomosing with costal; the other four

stalked from upper angle of cell; in the hindwings the two subcostals and last two

medians are stalked.

Type: Chloromma mimica sp. nov.

10. Chloromma mimica sp. nov.

d. Wings olive-green ; the lines olive fuscous, irregularly denticulate ; the first

at one-third, distinet only on inner margin; the second at three-fourths, parallel to

hindmargin, but incurved before inner margin; a black cell-spot; fringe paler green.

Hindwings: with second line only, and with a large black blotch on the

discocellular.

Thorax and abdomen green; face and palpi dull red; fillet white. Underside

duller, with the cell-spots denoted, and a dull dark central fascia on each wing.

Expanse of wings: 28—32 mm.

Two dd from the Khasias.

Superficially this species recalls /diochlora ophthalmicata Moore.

11. Comostola albifimbria sp. nov.

Forewings: apple-green, with a paler wavy basal line and a wavy denticulated

slightly sinuous exterior line at two-thirds; costa evenly fawn-coloured throughout ;

cell-spot purple-brown on lower half of discocellular; fringe broad, white, with a

broadish purple basal line, formed of shallow lunules between the veins, interrupted

by a white vein-spot.

— Hindwings: the same, with the cell-spot longer, covering the whole of the

discocellular.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous green; vertex and shaft of antennae whitish ;

palpi and antennal pectinations rufous; face brown. Underside pearly whitish green.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

1 d from the Khasias.

12. Comostola mundata sp. nov.

Forewings : apple-green ; the costa grey, with a few brown scales towards apex ;

first line indicated by white dots on inner margin and median vein; cell-spot round,

dark red-brown, with paler, slightly metallie centre and whitish orbit; outer line

represented by six whitish dots on the veins, the upper four lying in a curve, the

lower three in a straight line; fringe white with basal half lustrous, containing a

line of shallow dark red-brown lunules from vein to vein.

Hindwings: the same, without any basal dots.

Face red-brown; frontlet narrowly white; vertex, thorax, and abdomen green.

Underside uniform whitish green, glossy.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

A few of both sexes from the Khasias.

Distinguished from C. meritaria Wlk., with which it agrees in size, by the

different shade of green, and the pure white or yellowish white dots and grey costa,

( 106 )

Helicopage gen. nov.

Forewings: ample; costa strongly rounded at base, then straight and faintly

convex before apex; apex blunt, rectangular ; hindmargin crenulate throughout, the

upper half vertical, the lower oblique.

Hindwings: with hindmargin deeply erenulate; a longer tooth at end of third

median and a slightly deeper indentation above it opposite the cell; anal angle

squared; abdomen long, without tufts; antennae of d bipectinated, the pectinations

thickened towards apex and pubescent.

Palpi long, porrect, the second joint reaching well in front of face, third more

slender, half as long as second ; tongue present ; hind tibiae slender, with four spurs,

and a thin pencil of hairs on the inner side; frenulum very fine, working in a spiral

hair-covered retinaculum, which springs from the extreme base of forewing and is

not attached to the wing beyond.

Newration: forewings, cell nearly half as long as wing; discocellular with

short upper arm oblique inwards, the longer lower arm oblique outwards; first median

at three-fifths, second close before end, third from end of cell; lower radial from

angle of discocellular, upper from below upper angle; last four subcostals stalked

from the angle, first anastomosing with costal. Hindwings with the medians as in

forewings; the two subcostals from upper angle of cell; radial from just below it

and above the angulation of discocellulars.

Type: Helicopage hirundinalis sp. nov.

Distinguished from all other genera, as far as I know, by the unusual character

of the retinaculum.

13. Helicopage hirundinalis sp. nov.

Forewings : pale green, with darker greyish green mottlings and markings, the

mottlings confined to the basal area and first half of costa; basal patch edged with

a thick grey-green blotch, angulated outwardly, with some blackish seales in the

middle; a grey-green discal blotch; a double irregular series of grey-green lunules,

oblique outwards above the median, inwards below it; the three lunules above the

median each contain a black sagittate mark, much resembling a swallow on the

wing; marginal area with a broad grey-green fascia from apex to middle, broken into

lunules below the middle; extreme hindmargin pale green; fringe pinkish white;

costa yellowish, with innumerable small brown mottlings.

Hindwings : with grey-green basal blotch and discal spot, followed by three

irregular sinuous bands of lunular spots, the submarginal above the anal angle being

the most conspicuous; fringe as in forewings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous green; palpi externally and antennae

fuscous ; lower part of face whitish. Underside pale faded green, with the bands of

lunules dull gilded; the costa of forewings with many irregular blackish blotches,

of which the apical is the largest.

Expanse of wings: 50 mm.

A few examples from the Khasias.

14. Hemithea (?) anomala sp. nov.

éd 3. Wings apple-green.

Forewings: with costa narrowly ochreous yellow; a curved slightly wavy first

( 107 )

line, and a straight oblique minutely wavy second line, white; fringe concolorons ;

no diseal dot; both lines are more distinet towards inner margin,

Hindwings: with a central straight white line, slightly curved towards the

inner margin.

Head and thorax green; abdomen white, greenish towards base; face fawn-

colour; palpi and forelegs tinged with fawn. Underside of wings uniform pale

green.

Expanse of wings: 34

Kulu; Masuri.

Agrees in neuration and shape of wings and palpi with Hemithea; but the d

36 mm.

antennae are merely pubescent, not ciliated; and the abdomen is entirely without

tufts, or the reddish segments that characterise Hemithea proper.

15. Idiochlora contracta sp. nov.

Forewings: dull apple-green, with two pale olive indistinet eross lines; the first

at one-third, outwardly curved and slightly wavy; the second from costa at two-thirds,

irregularly waved and approaching the first line on inner margin, paler-edged

externally ; fringe paler green,

Hindwings: the same; both wings with dark olive-green cell-spot.

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen green; vertex and antennae white. Underside

dull whitish green, with a dark grey submarginal shade, strongest towards inner

margin of forewings and costal margin of hindwings.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One ¢ from the Khasias.

16. Iodis annulifera sp. nov.

Like argutaria Wlk., but smaller; the costa narrowly yellowish; the exterior

pale line running strongly inwards opposite the cell; the discal spots in both wings

larger and with pale outlines; the upper half of the discocellular not marked with

dark green; the whole ground-colour more shagreened with whitish; the hindwings

narrower, with the tail more produced.

Expanse of wings: 21 mm.

Only d d from the Khasias.

17. Iodis coeruleata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale bluish green; the costa deep green, with its extreme edge

yellow; central fascia edged, as in the allied species, by a paler line of curves

preceded by a deeper green shade, a similar shade also following the first line;

discal spot round, dark green; fringe concolorous; hindmargin deeper green, without

line or vein-spots.

Hindwings: the same.

Head, thorax, abdomen, and face deep green; basal joint of antennae and

vertex narrowly white; antennae pale fuscous. Underside pearly whitish green.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

A few from the Khasias.

18. Iodis inumbrata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale glaucous green, with the usual two denticulated white transverse

lines, but these are much more distinct than usual, and towards the inner margin

( 108 )

consist of broad white lunules; the inner line is edged externally and the outer

internally by blotehes of deep green, and the opposite sides are edged with a thin

iine of the same colour; ocellus edged with the same green.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

d 9 from the Khasias.

19. Iodis iridescens sp. nov.

Forewings: semi-diaphanous opalescent green, dusted with pearly scales; costa

dark grey-green ; the two lines, as usual, consisting of a series of lunules, the inner

line followed and the outer line preceded by a slightly deeper green shade, unsuffused

with the pearly scales; the lunules forming the outer line are more uniform in

direction than in the allied species, the last two beneath the costa not being reflexed

basewards, but rather approaching the apex, so that the width of the central area

between the two lines is much greater on the costa; hindmargin preceded by a narrow

band of unsuffused darker green ; fringes paler, with a concise green basal line.

Hindwings: the same.

Head, thorax, and abdomen pale green; vertex white. Underside white.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

20. Megalochlora convallata sp. nov.

Very near vallata Butler, from Japan, which also occurs in the Khasia Hills,

but certainly distinct. The costa is concolorous with the forewings, without any

traces of dark or light speckles, and there is no dark spot at the origin of the

transyerse lines, nor the slightest trace of any submarginal line. The hindwings are

not so distinctly elbowed in the middle, and the dark spot at the angle is entirely

wanting. The specimens I have seen have all faded in the same way that vallata

is wont to fade; the markings, viz. the two transverse lines on the forewing and the

central line on the hindwing, with the ocelloid spot on both wings, are, as in vallata,

rusty olive.

Both d d and ? 9 from the Khasias.

21. Tanaorhinus discolor sp. nov.

Forewings : liver-colour, the basal area strewn with hoary lustrous scales; traces

of a darker line from three-fourths of costa to second median, where it touches a

bean-shaped ochreous white blotch, the outer side of which it traverses and renders

diffuse; basal line visible only on inner margin near base; fringe from apex to

middle pale, thence to anal angle liver-colour ; costa paler than ground-colour, but

probably through discoloration.

Hindwings: with basal and marginal thirds liver-colour, darker towards anal

angle, where there are some paler spots ; median area dull fulvous yellow, with darker

suffusion and curved lines; fringe dark, paler opposite the cell.

Head, face, and palpi pale ochreous; collar and abdomen fulvous; thorax and

patagia liver-colour. Underside duller, more reddish grey, with the pale spaces

distinct, pale hyaline yellow.

Expanse of wings : 60 mm.

Two d d from the Khasias,

( 109 )

SuBFAMILY STERRHINAE.

22. Arhostia (?) persimilis sp. nov.

Forewings : dirty ochreous, dusted coarsely with grey, especially from the base

outwards and along the hindmargin ; the three lines dark grey, slightly curved, and

parallel to hindmargin ; first at one-fourth ; second at one-half, passing close to the

small blackish cell-spot; third at three-fourths, the last the clearest ; fringe con-

colorous, with dusky basal line.

Hindwings: the same, without the first line.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; face reddish. Underside duller.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

A few from the Khasias.

23. Craspediopsis inaequata sp. nov.

Forewings stone-colour, slightly darker im tone than bimaculata Warr. and

more tinged with ochreous, the costa paler. The markings are similar to those of

pallivitiata and bimaculata, but the exterior line, instead of consisting of a series

of lunules with denticulations between them, is a continuous fine thread, which forms

a distinct curve opposite the cell, and is immediately followed by a somewhat

indistinct reddish line, not parallel to it, which bears a spot beyond the curve and

another between the first and second median nervules, from which an oblique line

runs to the top of the two blotches in the exterior line; the fringe, which in

bimaculata is quite pure, has, like that of pallivittata, a small spot opposite the end

of each vein. The lower spot of the exterior line is smaller and blacker than in

bimaculata, while the upper one is more faintly expressed. The pectinations of the

3 antennae are much shorter and of more uniform length throughout, whereas in

bimaculata they are plumose in the middle. Face and palpi black, as in the other

species,

Expanse of wings : 36 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

Of the four species which I refer to this genus, palliwittata Moore is the largest,

and also the most mottled with ochreous and reddish; bipunctata comes next in

point of size, and is the palest in colour; then persimilis Moore, which is the greyest ;

and last inaequata, which is decidedly smaller and slightly darker than bimaculata,

but less mottled than pallivittata.

24. Chrysocraspeda perpicta sp. nov.

Forewings : yellow, irregularly blotched and dusted with blood-red ; the costa,

hindmargin, and inner margin dull pinkish drab; discal spot white, surrounded with

reddish.

Hindwings: yellower; basal area thickly dusted with blood-red, the apical

region more sparsely so; hindmargin dull violet-grey, becoming dull red at base of

fringes, which are yellow; on inner margin above anal angle is a curved dark red

blotch concisely eut by the second median nervule ; discal spot white, set in red.

Thorax and vertex pinkish drab; abdomen yellow, dusted with blood-red, the

penultimate segment with a blotch of the same colour as that on inner margin of

hindwings ; face and antennae yellow, spotted with red. Underside yellow, suffused

( 110 )

in the forewings with bright rosy ; the hindwings with the red-brown blotch of inner

margin only.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

A good series from the Khasias.

25. Chrysocraspeda sanguinea sp. nov.

Forewings : brilliant red, with a few darker red strigulations ; costa broadly

fawn-colour ; hindmargin blood-red, thinning out towards the anal angle, the extreme

hindmargin being left narrowly yellow; diseal spot blackish, surrounded by deep

red ; fringe pale yellow.

Hindwings: like forewings, but with a pearly white discal spot.

IIead, thorax, abdomen, and antennae all red. Underside bright rosy, with the

fringes yellow.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

26. Chrysocraspeda subangulata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale pinkish ochreous, suffused with purplish grey except along the

inner margin, and dusted throughout with fine rust-coloured atoms ; cell-spot distinct,

blackish, lying in a short streak of unsuffused ground-colour; the lines purplish

brown ; first from costa near base is acutely angled just before the cell-spot, running

thence obliquely inwards to inner margin at one-fourth ; second line at two-thirds

but not quite touching costa forms a right angle on the upper radial, and runs

vertically, but slightly bent, to anal angle; extreme hindmargin bright yellow,

preceded by a deep purple shade, with the veins also purple, their extremities sharply

jutting out into the yellow; fringe bright yellow.

Hindwings : with the dise only unsuffused ; the first line continued across them

near the base ; the second line irregularly bent from before apex to before anal angle ;

discal spot white, oval, followed by a slight dark shade; hindmargin and fringe as in

forewings.

Head, face, antennae, thorax, and abdomen all dull rosy. Underside bright

rosy, with fringes and extreme margin bright yellow.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Subangulata differs from abhadraca and its allies in being slightly but visibly

angled at the third median of each wing ; but it agrees with that species in having

the first subcostal stalked with the remaining four, in the bright rosy underside with

its yellow fringe, and in the white discal spot of hindwings. The acute angulation of

the first line separates it from all others.

Discoglypha gen. noy.

Akin to Lipomelia Warr., but the antennae of 4 are not ciliated, but minutely

serrate and fasciculate ; palpi short; hind tibiae of d with a terminal pair of spurs,

and their extremity fringed with hairs, first joint of tarsi also being dilated and

fringed with hairs.

Neuration: as in Erythrolophus; veins 7, 8, 9, 10 of forewings stalked; 10

anastomosing with 11, and afterwards with 8, 9, forming a double areole, The

(111)

three transverse lines generally distinct and denticulate, darker than the uniform

ground-colour.

Type: Discoglypha œureifloris sp. nov.

Idaea hampsoni Swinh., Tr. E. S. 1892. p. 14, and Erythrolophus punetimargo

Hmpsn., F. B. 1. III. p. 453, should be referred to this genus.

27. Discoglypha aureifloris sp. nov.

Forewings : dull dark red, a little paler towards hindmargin; the costa broadly

smoky black; the lines blackish ; first from costa at one-fifth, wavy, to inner margin

at one-third; second from just beyond the middle, denticulate, incurved below the

cell; submarginal denticulate, about midway between second and hindmargin ;

fringe concolorous, with a concise darker red line at base, interrupted at ends of veins

by a paler dot; a small black cell-spot.

Hindwings: like forewings, with two outer denticulate lines; in the middle of

the cell, extending from the subcostal to the second median nervule, is a large

golden blotch resembling a flower with its stalk.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; face and palpi bright red; vertex and base

of antennae white. Underside dull rosy, with the two outer lines of each wing

darker.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

Two dd from the Khasias.

28. Discoglypha inflammata sp. nov.

Forewings: bright fulvous red, overlaid in parts with fuscous grey, with two

broad streaks of unsuffused fulvous along the cell and the submedian fold; sub-

marginal line indicated also by fulvous blotches; costa dark fuscous, as are the lines:

the first at one-fourth, slightly oblique outwardly and hardly wavy; the second

central, slightly denticulated, and with a projection outwards between the second and

third medians; the third exterior, decidedly denticulated ; cell-spot small, fuscous ;

fringe fulvous and fuscous.

Hindwings: the same, but with the cell-spot large, triangular in shape, silvery

white, edged with fuscous.

Vertex white; face dark red. Underside dull fulvous, unsuffused, with all the

lines indicated.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

Both sexes from the Khasias.

29. Eois flavisinuata sp. nov.

Wings dull rosy, with a leaden tinge; the lines obscure, blackish; first line

at one-third, straight; second, just beyond centre, wavy; third, a little beyond

second, straight; all the lines are thicker towards the costa, which they do not

reach; fringe and hindmargin broadly clear yellow; the dividing line between the

yellow marginal area and the red is sinuous, starting obliquely and diffusely from

the costa just before apex,

and rectangularly above inner margin, forming a single rounded projection above the

first indentation, and a bilobed one between the two; the costa and this dividing

line are blood-red,

strongly indented opposite the cell, and still more strongly

( 1125)

Hindwings: like forewings, but the yellow marginal space narrower, the

dividing line less sinuous and distinct.

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen deep leaden red; vertex and antennae white.

Underside the same, but darker, less reddish.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

The yellow fringe and margin on forewings does not extend beyond the apex

along the costa, as in Æ. rubridentata.

30. Eois rubridentata sp. nov.

Wings dull rosy; forewings with costa and three transverse sinuous lines deeper

rosy ; first line at one-third, curved; second in middle, passing just outside the discal

spot, and slightly wavy ; third at two-thirds, running to near anal angle, more sinuous;

fringe clear yellow, with the extreme hindmargin of the same tint, starting on costa

before apex; this yellow margin is preceded by a deep red line, which emits minute

red teeth at the end of each vein.

Hindwings: the same, with the lines curved, and the first line wanting.

Thorax and abdomen dull rosy; face deep red; vertex and antennae white,

Underside the same, but rather duller.

Expanse of wings: 16 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

The forewings are narrow, elongate, with the apex produced, blunt, and hind-

margin very oblique; anal angle well marked ; hindwings bluntly elbowed in middle.

31. Janarda ruptifascia sp. nov.

Forewings: pale ochreous, dusted with greyish; costa throughout pale; basal

half greyish, bounded by an oblique pale fascia, the inner edge of which starts from

the middle of inner margin and runs parallel to hindmargin ; the outer edge also runs

parallel till opposite the cell, where it goes obliquely to apex; marginal space beyond

this greyish, divided by a narrow submarginal line; fringe pale, with small dark dots

opposite the ends of the veins, and brownish at extreme apex of wing; a small

blaekish cell-spot near the outside of the greyish basal area.

Hindwings: the same.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; face and vertex dark red-brown. Underside

duller.

Expanse of wings: 21 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

32. Nobilia strigata sp. nov.

Forewings: dull red-brown, with numerous undulating silvery grey strigae ;

the costa broadly olive, with scattered silvery grey scales; discal spot red-brown :

an indistinet red-brown curved line beyond the middle and another before apex from

costa to middle of hindmargin, followed by a broad silvery streak; fringe red-brown,

with a darker line at base.

Hindwings: uniformly striated and alternated with red-brown and silvery grey ;

diseal spot oblong, whitish, with a black dot at its lower end.

Head, thorax, and abdomen mixed red-brown and grey ; face and palpi deep

( 113 )

red-brown, Underside deep gilded yellow, dull reddish along costa and towards

hindmargin of forewings.

Expanse of wings: 50 mm.

Several d 4 from Borneo.

2°

33. Organopoda sanguinata sp. nov.

Forewings: deep yellow, much suffused with deep dull red; costa of forewing

smoky; antemedian, median, postmedian, and submarginal lines deep red, thick, and

indistinctly denticulate ; with some blackish scales on the teeth, especially towards

inner margin; submarginal line with a darker blotch opposite the cell; a row of

black spots along hindmargin ; fringe reddish; a large round dull black discal bloteh.

Hindwings: the same.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; face and collar smoky, like the costa of

forewings. Underside dull reddish, with the discal spots blurred, blackish.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Orthoserica gen. nov.

‘orewings: with costa gradually curved throughout ; apex rounded ; hindmargin

strongly curved ; anal angle obtuse.

Hindwings : broad; hindmargin well rounded, suberenulate ; anal angle produced;

d antennae pectinated, the pectinations shortly ciliated; palpi horizontally porrect,

thick; third joint indistinct; tongue present; hind legs shortened; tibia with very

long tuft of hair from base covering tarsus, which is quite short.

Neuration: forewings, cell half the length of wing: first median at four-fifths,

second close before end, third from the end of cell; lower radial from rather above

centre of discocellular, upper from upper angle; second subcostal shortly stalked

with the last three, anastomosing with the first and then again with the common

stem of the others, forming a double areole. Hindwings with the two subcostals short-

stalked ; medians as in forewings. Wings of weak structure, and thinly scaled.

Type: Orthoserica rufigrisea sp. nov.

34. Orthoserica rufigrisea sp. nov.

Forewings: dull brick-red with pale greyish markings; the costa is broadly dull

grey; the space between basal patch and central fascia, a large apical blotch, a

narrow blotch along lower half of hindmargin, and the submarginal line are pale grey,

rather glossy; discal spot dark red-brown; beyond and slightly above it is a

subquadrate pale grey spot, coalescing with the costal streak; the exterior line at

four-fifths is darker red, denticulate, and wavy, but not distinct ; submarginal line

narrow, zigzag; fringe grey mixed with rufous.

Hindwings: with basal area pale grey, with a few reddish scales close to base ;

a blackish diseal spot surrounded with grey; central and submarginal lines wavy ;

denticulate, pale with dark red edging internally ; marginal space more or less mixed

with grey scales.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dull reddish ; face and palpi and edge of costa dark

brown-red. Underside pale dull grey, with the diseal spots and exterior lines alone

marked darker.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

Two d d from the Khasias.

( 114 )

35. Perixera mediusta sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, very finely dusted with purple scales ; first line represented

by scarcely visible purplish dots on veins ; exterior line with the dots plain but small;

fringe concolorous, with a row of small purple dots at base; cell-spot indicated by a

few slightly darker scales; a broadish diffuse dull purplish central band from two-thirds

of costa to middle of inner margin, slightly wavy and angled outwardly.

Hindwings: the same, but the cell-dot white, surrounded by purplish scales;

the central purplish band widened along costa.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous; face whitish; palpi and forelegs externally

and top of forehead dull rosy. Underside duller, with the central band in both wings

broader and dull rosy ; the forewing also suffused with rosy patches along the dise.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Phrissosceles gen. nov.

One of the varied developments of Anisodes. The hind legs are fully developed,

as in Platisodes Warr., and the median pair of spurs absent; the tibiae are slightly

thickened and indented at the place where the spurs would be, and the femora are

thickly clothed with woolly hair, which at the end forms a curl; the third segment

of the abdomen bears on each side a rounded tuft of scales.

Type: Phrissosceles argyromma sp. nov.

36. Phrissosceles argyromma sp. nov.

Forewings : straw-colour, dusted with reddish atoms; costa dark fuscous; first

line dull grey, forming two or three curves, and marked by a distinct black dot on

subcostal, and a minute dark dot on the median vein; cell-spot obscure, dull fuscous ;

median line greyish fuscous, strongly denticulate, and distinet; exterior line reddish

grey, strongly denticulate, marked by black points on the veins, that on the radial

most distinct and surrounded by a grey shade; submarginal line indistinet, preceded

by fuscous blotches opposite the cell and above anal angle; fringe straw-colour, with

a black spot at the end of each vein, and a minute dot between the veins.

Hindwings : like forewings, but the cell-mark round and bright silvery, edged

finely with black.

Head, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour, dusted with reddish, the abdomen with

a reddish patch on the sides above the lateral tuft; palpi above deep red. Underside

duller straw-colour, in the forewings much suffused with rosy; curl at end of hind

femora red.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

37. Platisodes (?) jocosa sp. nov.

Forewings : yellow, thickly dusted with bright ferruginous speckles; the lines all

denoted by black grey-edged spots, and all angled on the subcostal; the spots on

costa and subcostal coalesce to form black blotches at the rise of the basal, central,

and exterior lines; a black spot on the subcostal close to base; three black spots in

a straight oblique line, on the subcostal, median, and submedian veins, represent the

basal line; five spots represent the median line, and seven, more linear, the exterior;

( 118 )

cell-spot large, round ; submarginal line represented by four larger blackish spots—

one below the costa, two almost contiguous, opposite the cell, and the fourth between

the first and second median nervules; three small black dots on costa before apex,

and a row of distinct black spots along base of fringes, which are concolorous,

Hindwings: the same, but the cell-spot larger, with a pale grey centre.

Head and thorax with abdomen yellowish speckled with red, the abdomen with

some black dots; face pale, unspotted ; palpi reddish. Underside pale straw-colour,

with the markings and frecklings more diffuse. Dise of forewings suffused with rosy,

and the spots towards the hindmargin purple-grey.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

A very distinct and gaily marked species. In this case, as the legs are all broken

off, the genus of the species must remain uncertain.

38. Ptychopoda luteata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale yellowish ochreous, with three diffuse paler whitish ochreous

fasciae, without any darker lines or dusting; the pale fasciae come between the basal

area and the central fascia, between the latter and the submarginal fascia, and along

the hindmargin ; fringes of the paler colour.

Hindwings : exactly similar.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with the yellower ground-colour. Under-

side the same, but the yellower tints are greyer, and the first pale fascia is absent.

Expanse of wings: 16 mm.

A good series from the Khasias.

39. Ptychopoda obliquilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: rufous ochreous ; first line at one-fourth, slender, obliquely sinuous

inwards; outer line at five-sixths, irregularly wavy and faintly denticulate, followed

by a rufous wavy submarginal and marginal shade ; fringe pale ochreous, with dark

basal line, which is more strongly marked towards anal angle, and with very faint

dark dots opposite the veins; a thick oblique rufous grey line from two-thirds of

costa to middle of inner margin, preceded by a small blackish cell-dot.

Hindwings: the same, with the thick oblique line antemedian, followed by the

cell-dot.

Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous ochreous; face dark brown. Underside

paler, less rufous.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm,

A few from the Khasias.

40. Ptychopoda rubellata sp. nov.

Wings pale ochreous, suffused with pinkish brown scales.

Forewings: with a curved basal, sinuous central, and wavy darker pink exterior

line; a pale wavy submarginal line of the ground-colour; discal dot distinct, blackish ;

fringe of the ochreous ground-colour, with a minute round dark dot at the end of

each vein.

Hindwings: the same, with two curved pale submarginal lines, and a dark

distinct diseal dot,

Abdomen and thorax ochreous; vertex whitish ochreous; face dark brown.

( 116 )

Underside paler, with less suffusion; all the wings showing three wavy pinkish lines,

one central and two submarginal.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Several of both sexes from the Khasias.

Symmacra gen. nov.

Closely related to Discoglypha Warr., but the neuration of forewings is different :

the first subcostal anastomosing with the common stem of the other four for a

considerable distance ; the hind tibiae have a pencil of hair and the terminal spurs

unequal; the 6 antennae are subserrate and ciliated. The character of the markings

is the same as in Discoglypha.

Type: Symmacra regularis sp. nov.

41. Symmacra regularis sp. nov.

Forewings: dull reddish, thickly dusted with darker; costa broadly brown ; first

line dark grey, at one-fourth, outwardly oblique; second just beyond middle, nearly

vertical, wavy, dark grey; submarginal line distinct, blackish, dentate, the teeth

marked by black dots on the veins, followed by an obscure reddish dentate shade;

a thin black marginal line, concisely interrupted at each vein by a whitish dot ;

fringe concolorous; cell-spot round, black.

Hindwings: like forewings, but the cell-spot oblong, silvery white edged with

dark.

Thorax and abdomen dark red-brown ; vertex and shaft of antennae white ; face

and palpi red-brown. Underside of forewings rosy, of hindwings pinky white.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

A few d d only from the Khasias.

In a second. example the first line is not visible at all, the second very obscure,

and the submarginal distinct, but not marked by black dots.

42. Timandra strigulata sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, suffused with rufous, and covered with short fuscous

transverse strigulae; a diffuse rufous streak from apex to inner margin beyond

middle; submarginal line grey, sinuous; fringe rufous, with a darker line at base;

cell-dot rufous, indistinct.

Hindwings: with the rufous line antemedian; the submarginal line with a

blunt angle in middle.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous dusted with fuscous; face and collar rufous.

Underside like upper, but rather paler and duller.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

Distinguished from responsaria Moore by the dense strigulations.

SuBFAMILY ASTHENINAE.

43. Autallacta livida sp. nov.

Wings dull slate-colour, with liver-coloured wavy transverse lines, six on the

forewings, four on the hindwings: of the former two are basal; the third and fifth

form the edges of the central area, having the fourth midway between them; the

(Cata)

sixth is submarginal; each of the last three is followed by another much fainter

wavy line. In the hindwings the first line is basal, the next central; the other two,

close together, submarginal ; fringes concolorous. Forewings with costa between the

lines ochreous, and wholly ochreous just before apex.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; tip of abdomen ochreous; face dark

chocolate-brown ; extreme apex of forehead and antennae ochreous. Underside

duller, with the chief markings reproduced.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

SuBFAMILY TRICHOPTERYGINAE.

Aphantoloba gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa well curved throughout; apex produced, but blunt ;

hindmargin with bluntly rounded projection in middle, incurved above, oblique and

straight below; anal angle well marked.

Hindwings: in d quite narrow, in ? more developed; the hindmargin nearly

straight, and both angles squared; no trace of a lobe in the d, the inner margin

being limited by vein 2.

Palpi porrect, rostriform, reaching well in front of forehead; antennae of 4

pectinated, but not strongly; of $ simple, filiform; hind tibiae of & with four spurs.

Neuralion: forewings, cell not half as long as wing; first median at one-half,

second and third from lower angle of cell; lower radial from centre of discocellular,

upper from upper angle of cell; the five subcostals stalked from before end. Hind-

wings, cell short; costal connected with subeostal by a bar at middle of cell; the

two subcostal nervules stalked, as are the last two medians; first median close before

end of cell. f

d only half, or not half, as large as ?.

Type: Aphantoloba nigrinotata sp. nov.

44. Aphantoloba nigrinotata sp. nov.

Forewings: glossy pale olive ochreous, with a few sparsely scattered black atoms ;

two triangular dark olive fuscous costal blotches at one-third and two-thirds, from

which the two transverse lines start, the first very indistinct, the second curved and

sinuous, olive-brown ; a small black blotch on costa before apex, and a still smaller

one at apex; a small curved blackish blotch on margin of the subapical con-

cavity; fringe concolorous, with a black bloteh in the lower half of the concavity

and along the middle of the lower arm.

Hindwings: paler, more whitish, with an irregular dark greyish black sub-

marginal streak and some scattered fuscous scaling; fringe pale, with black

marginal line.

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, the latter with some dark markings

towards apex. Underside pale ochreous, with coarse fuscous mottlings ; the exterior

line broadly dark on both wings.

Expanse of wings: d, 14 mm. ; 9, 30 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

( 118 )

45. Dysethia pallescens sp. nov.

Forewings : pale bluish grey, thickly dusted with fine blackish atoms; three

brown-black spots on costa, first at one-third, second at two-thirds, the third at five-

sixths; the first oblique outwards, the second inwards, the third quite small; from

the end of the first a tawny line runs obliquely inwards to inner margin at one-third,

marked by a brown dot on median and submedian veins; from the end of the

second a tawny line runs in a large curve outwards to the first median nervule, then

straight to inner margin, also marked by brown dots on the veins; from the third a

very indistinct submarginal shade can be traced; fringe concolorous, with a very fine

dark basal line.

Hindwings : with no markings except an outer dark line, which is irregularly

bent, and only distinct towards the inner margin.

Head, thorax, and abdomen all concolorous. Underside dull ochreous yellowish,

dusted with darker; costal area of forewings yellow, undusted ; inner margin whitish ;

a faint discal dot.

Expanse of wings: ¢, 32 mm.; 9, 36 mm.

A pair from Japan.

Emmesomia gen. nov.

9. Forewings: very broad; costa slightly curved at base, then straight till

shortly before apex; apex produced, curved, falcate ; hindmargin strongly incurved

below apex, then running out so as to form a broad blunt elbow in the middle at end

of third median, thence very obliquely eurved in to anal angle, which is strongly

marked and almost rectangular.

Hindwings: small; apex rounded; hindmargin forming a short projection at

end of first subcostal, thence slightly curved to anal angle, which is square.

Antennae short, thick, curled at apex, lamellate; tongue present; palpi

exceedingly short, not reaching front of face.

Neuration : forewings, cell not quite half the length of wing; discocellular

straight; first median a little beyond one-half, second close before angle, third from

angle of cell; lower radial from middle of discocellular, upper from near the base of

last subeostal; third, fourth, and fifth subcostals stalked; first and second stalked ;

second anastomosing with third and fourth for some distance. Hindwings, costal

connected with subcostal in middle of cell by a bar; two subcostals stalked ; last two

medians short-stalked.

Type: Emmesomia bilineata sp. nov.

46. Emmesomia bilineata sp. nov.

Forewings: stone-colour, dusted with very fine and dense fuscous atoms, which

are darkest towards hindmargin and apex; costa finely brick-red ; two transverse bands

olive-yellowish, edged, the first externally, the second internally, with dark grey ; first

band from costa just before middle is sharply angled on subeostal, then curved

inwards to inner margin at one-third; above the angulation at the costa the olive-

yellow becomes brick-red and the dark grey edging black; second line from costa at

about three-fourths to inner margin shortly before anal angle, quite straight; the

small costal portion is coloured brick-red, as in the first band; a curved black spot on

hindmargin in the subapical excision opposite the cell; fringe dark red, with pale drab

outer half and a faint dark grey line in the middle.

( 119 )

Hindwings: paler, without dark dusting except along inner margin, with the

second band of forewings represented very faintly; fringes red.

Head, antennae, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings ; face dull olive-red,

Underside mainly dull brick-red or orange-red ; the base and inner margin of forewings

cinereous; the second band in both wings black, as well as the marginal blotch on

forewings; fringe of forewings blackish at base, of hindwings with a fine black

basal line.

Expanse of wings: 56 mm.

One 9 from the Khasias.

47. Lobogonia olivata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale silvery green, suffused in parts with olive-green, and dusted

with very fine dark atoms; costa whitish, with numerous irregular blackish frecklings ;

lines thick, olive-fuscous; first at one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin ;

second from two-thirds of costa to inner margin just before anal angle, parallel to

first line; both lines nearly straight, and edged internally with pale whitish green,

which gradually deepens into olive towards base ; hindmargin likewise whitish green,

deepening into olive outside the second line; a small round black spot near hindmargin

opposite the cell; a small dark cell-speck on discocellular; fringe pale green, but

dark olive-fuscous in the curve between apex and central prominence, and again

between it and anal angle.

Hindwings: pale shining whitish, speckled with faint green, with a bent fuscous

olive line at two-thirds and a faint darker cell-spot ; fringe pale ochreous.

Head and thorax olive-green ; abdomen silvery grey. Underside dull yellowish

ochreous, mottled with fuscous; the forewing mostly suffused with cinereous.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

A few from the Khasias.

Hypocometa gen. nov.

Allied to Phthonoloba Warr.; like that genus, with neither wing distorted or

excised ; agreeing also in the antennae and palpi, and in the neuration of forewings ;

vein 10 anastomoses with 11, and then with 8,9, to form a double areole. The points

of difference from Phthonoloba are twofold: the hind tibiae of d are without spurs,

and instead of the femorotibial tuft have a thick short brush of dark scales at the

junction of the tibia and tarsus; secondly, in the d hindwing one of the median

nervules is wanting, presumably the second.

Type: Hypocometa clauda sp. nov.

48. Hypocometa clauda sp. nov.

Forewings : bright green or whitish green, with black waved and dentated lines ;

fifteen can be counted ; of these the first is basal; 2 and 3 are confused together by

black sealing, forming a fascia; 4 is thick, 5 very slender; 6 and 7 form a fasciaform

edge internally to the central fascia; 8, 9, 10, 11 are fine and subdentate, close

together, and form the outer edge of central fascia; 12 is slender and wavy, and

forms the centre of a whitish fascia; 13 and 14 form a submarginal fascia; 15 is

submarginal, and consists of triangular or lunulate contiguous blotehes, preceded by

à whitish line ; a series of double black spots along hindmargin at end of veins ; the

upper half of central fascia is widened and pale, and contains a large oval black discal

spot, with pale edges.

( 120 )

Hiwdwings: dark silky fuscous.

Face, palpi, and thorax green; abdomen ochreous, with black segmental mark-

ings; antennae ochreous, annulated with black. Underside dull ochreous cinereous :

tibial tufts black.

Expanse of wings : 50 mm.

Numerous examples from the Khasias.

49. Pseudoschista bicolor sp. nov.

Forewings : broader and shorter than usual, pale green, with darker green and

fuscous wavy and denticulated transverse lines ; basal space consisting of diffuse dark

green eurved bands with paler interspaces, bounded by a paler green narrow space

with a dark green thread in its centre: central space or fascia formed of six dark

green lines, the second and fifth faintest, all becoming dentieulate below the middle ;

the first, third, and sixth ending in outwardly directed blackish spots on inner

margin; lower half of discocellular marked by a dark linear spot, to which from the

costa stretches a narrow tooth-shaped pale whitish green blotch; the central fascia is

followed by, first, a paler green fascia, then a dark green one, then the whitish green

subterminal line, all three dentieulated ; beyond this the marginal space is deep

olive-green, paling again towards the margin itself, which is marked by blackish spots

at the ends of the veins; fringe pinkish green; the space below the median vein and

beyond the cell as far as the dark green exterior fascia is suffused with dull lilac.

Hindwings: small, dull whitish, with the apical region fuscous and the fringe

ochreous.

Thorax green, mottled with darker; abdomen ochreous (? faded); face and

vertex pale green; palpi dark green; antennae reddish at base, becoming blackish

towards their apex. Underside pinkish cinereous.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

A few from the Khasias.

The species may be recognised by the ample forewings, with lilac discal suffusion,

and the whitish green tooth-shaped mark from the middle of the costa.

50. Pseudoschista nigrifusalis sp. nov.

Forewings : green, with darker green and blackish cross lines ; a black outwardly

curved line close to base, with a shorter black line inside it; a black wavy line at

one-third, broad on costa and angled on the subcostal vein, runs to the inner margin

at middle; two or three indistinet dark green wavy lines in the interval between it

and the basal line ; beyond the middle a broad blackish fascia of three or four lines,

the outer edge sharply angulated, and then incurved and dentate to inner margin

before anal angle, leaving a pale green space on costa between its inner edge and the

second line ; apical space pale green, with three wavy denticulate lines, which become

darker and approximate towards inner margin; a wavy dentieulate submarginal line

parallel to hindmargin, the marginal space beyond its lower half clouded with

blackish ; a blackish longitudinal shade from the angle of central fascia to hind-

margin ; fringe whitish green, with darker mottlings.

Hindwings: pale grey.

Mead and thorax greenish ; abdomen ochreous (? green. when fresh) ; antennae

black ; palpi greenish. Underside dull cinereous.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

A pair from the Khasias.

1275

51. Trichopterygia ustimargo sp. noy.

Forewings: pale grey, tinged in parts with ochreous and suffused with dark

fuscous or blackish ; basal patch and broad central fascia smoky grey, darker towards

the edges, along the inner margin smoky black, forming a streak from base to anal

angle; outer edge of central fascia followed by three or four alternate pale and dark

grey wavy and denticulated lines, mixed with ochreous scales and crossed by lon-

gitudinal black streaks on the veins, which on the costa form a dark ochreous and

black velvety spot; marginal area grey ; fringe lighter, with indistinct pairs of dark

dots at base. There appears to be a dark ochreous-edged curved line down the centre

of the central fascia, and the discal spot is oblique, linear, dark, edged with ochreous ;

veins generally streaked with black.

Hindwings : white.

Underside of forewings dingy grey, of hindwings white. Thorax dark grey ;

abdomen paler; face pale ochreous ; palpi blackish.

Expanse of wings : 34 mm.

One d. from the Khasias.

SUBFAMILY HYDRIOMENINAE.

52. Cidaria subcanescens sp. nov.

Forewings : with the ground-colour silvery grey; basal patch dull ehestnut-

brown, bounded by a silvery grey line, whieh is bluntly angled below costa; the

central fascia is likewise bounded internally by a silvery grey line, which forms a

beaklike projection beneath the first median nervule; the space between the two

lines is mottled with fuscous and grey, and contains a darker triangular blotch ;

central fascia dull chestnut-brown above the median, dark grey below, containing

four lunular lines, coneave inwards, the two middle ones uniting and forming a series

of flattened ovals, of which the four below the median are complete and separate,

while those above are irregular and coalescent ; it is edged by a curved white line.

which emits a sharp tooth inwards along the fifth subcostal and second median ;

marginal area silvery grey mottled with dark grey; an indistinct series of irregular

dark lunules; a rounded brown-blaek subapical patch along the upper part of hind-

margin, and a bright chestnut pateh along the lower, edged beneath at anal angle

with white; an interrupted black line before the fringes, whieh are brown.

Hindwings: silky grey, tinged with fuscous, with traces of three or four wavy

lines in the outer half, which are visible only towards inner margin ; fringe and basal

line as in forewings; both wings with blackish cell-spot.

Face, palpi, head, and collar bright ochreous; thorax and abdomen brownish

ochreous, tinged with grey; patagia grey. Underside silvery grey, dusted with

brown, with the discal spots large and distinct, and traces of lines.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

Two $ ? from the Khasias.

53. Epirrhoe (?) contortilinea sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish, suffused with dull grey, and crossed by thick blackish

lines; basal area dark grey, its outer edge curved; followed by two irregularly

( 122

sinuous thick black lines, the outer nearly touching the large black cell-spot; a

broad bulging black sinuous fascia at two-thirds is preceded by a thick black sinuous

line, and followed by a white fascia, broadening at costa and traversed by a fine

slightly wavy black line; marginal area dull smoky grey, with a paler submarginal

line immediately before the hindmargin ; fringe dark grey.

Hindwings : exactly the same.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark smoky grey. Underside dirty white, with all

the dark markings of upperside expressed, except the basal, where there is only one

line before the cell-spot.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

ld from the Khasias.

Unlike any other species with which I am acquainted.

54. Ochyria inconspicua sp. nov.

Forewings : pale grey, with a slight olive tinge; lines rather darker; basal line

curved, edged with whitish externally; inner line at one-third, curved obliquely

inwards, edged internally with whitish; outer line at two-thirds, at first oblique

outwards, then vertical, and again oblique inwards, faintly wavy and denticulate,

edged externally with whitish; submarginal line indistinct, close to margin, preceded

by a darker olive-grey cloud; fringe grey, preceded by a series of dark double dots ;

diseal spot distinct, dark grey.

Hindwings: with the lines and shading distinct only on inner margin; a dark

grey whitish-edged shade in the middle.

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey, with darker dusting. Underside dull grey,

with a darker central shade on both wings.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

A few only from the Khasias.

55. Perizoma quadrinotata sp. nov.

Forewings: bright straw-colour, with the basal patch, an angulated central

fascia, a truncated subapical fascia, and an apical triangular spot, all blackish ; the

basal patch is filled up with black only in its costal half, and is limited by a concise

black line; in the pale space of ground-colour between it and the central fascia are

two diffuse wavy dull orange lines, and some blackish smudges beneath the costa;

central fascia concisely edged with a fine white and black sinuous line on either side ;

the truncated fascia is followed by a white interrupted submarginal line, and is itself

continued to the inner margin as an orange fascia; the triangular apical spot is

produced as a dark fine shade edging the submarginal line externally; fringe straw-

colour, wide, with very distinet black dashes at the ends of all the veins.

Hindwings: glossy pale grey, with a dull darker cell-spot, and two pale curved

faseiae towards hindmargin, both obscure, and the outer interrupted; fringe ochreous

grey.

Head, face, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen all straw-colour. Underside

of forewings glossy dark cinereous, with distinct blackish diseal spot and whitish

interrupted submarginal line; hindwings straw-colour mottled with grey, with three

more or less distinct darkish curved fasciae; fringes as on upperside,

Expanse of wings: 14 mm.

In abundance from the Khasia Hills.

(1230)

56. Perizoma semifusca sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous grey, tinged in parts with rufous; a narrow central blackish

fascia edged with black lines, and with a black line down its centre; the inner edge

evenly curved, the outer indented opposite the cell, and with a slight bilobed projection

between the first and third medians; basal space within this fascia traversed by

several curved lines, and suffused with dull reddish grey ; basal patch itself fuscous

or blackish; a reddish band in the space between it and the central fascia; the

outer edge of central fascia is itself edged by a white line, followed by two wavy dark

lines; submarginal shade cuneiform, a double blackish wedge-shaped mark opposite

the cell; extreme hindmargin fuscous and reddish, with a paler patch in middle, as

in taeniata; fringes reddish grey mottled with darker.

Hindwings: dull ochreous grey, with broad curved dark grey marginal band

and traces of curved lines in the central portion of the wing.

Thorax and abdomen blackish; anal segment in d pale; vertex, palpi, and face

pale grey. Underside dull greyish, with a broad pale submarginal fascia beyond

exterior edge of central fascia; base of hindwings paler.

Expanse of wings: ?,20 mm.; 4,18 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

Generally, owing to the dark suffusion of the space between the basal patch and

central fascia, the whole basal three-fifths appears dark, while the outer two-fifths

remains in the main of the pale ground-colour, and by this the insect may be easily

recognised,

57. Perizoma tenuifascia sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish white, with a narrow basal patch and slender central fascia

brown; the fascia is broader on costa, and has a small projection on its outer edge

below the median; a small brown costal spot before apex; a blackish discal spot in

central fascia; marginal line dark grey; fringe whitish, with dark grey triangular

mottlings.

Hindwings : greyer, with a faint central curved line.

Head and thorax dark grey-brown, the metathorax black; abdomen greyish

white, with black band on first segment and black spots on back of the rest.

Underside of forewings dark grey ; of hindwings paler, with a blackish cell-spot and

traces of two curved lines.

Expanse of wings: d, 24 mm.; ?, 26 mm.

Both sexes from the Khasias.

It is possible that this and triplagiata may be forms of the same species : tri-

plagiata has an ochreous suffusion which is wanting in lenwifascia ; and the specimens

were taken a month later than those of the latter—in October, instead of September.

58. Perizoma triplagiata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, with faint traces of waved ochreous lines; a dark brown basal

patch, with outer edge vertical and faintly waved; a triangular brown patch on middle

of costa, the apex blunt and reaching the median vein; a small brown costal patch

before apex ; fringe white.

Hindwings: white, with a minute dark discal spot.

Head and thorax dark brown; abdomen greyish white. Underside of forewings

dull grey, of hindwings paler; both wings with a dark cell-dot.

(124)

Expanse of wings: g, 24 mm.: $,28 mm.

Both sexes from the Khasias.

In one ? the submarginal lime of forewings is distinct, wavy throughout, with

the marginal area beyond it clouded with grey and the marginal line grey; and the

hindwing is greyish, with a darker spot at anal angle.

SUBFAMILY TEPHROCLYSTINAE.

Aétheolepis gen. nov.

d. Forewings: exaggerated, very broad ; costa eurved throughout ; apex rounded ;

hindmargin obliquely eurved, inner margin straight ; both equal in length.

Hindwings: very small, triangular ; costa arched ; apex strongly rounded ; anal

angle rounded, but somewhat produced.

Forewings clothed with ordinary scales; hindwings with their base covered with

dense papillae ; the central area iridescent and very finely scaled ; the marginal area

clothed with a mealy efflorescence ; no fringe except at anal angle on inner margin.

Underside of forewings iridescent on inner half; in the hindwings the whole area

except just above the costal vein is clothed with dense overlapping broad square-

tipped scales. Palpi fairly long, porrect, rostriform. Antennae simple.

Neuration of forewings like Chloroclystis, and probably of the hindwings also.

Hind tibiae with four spurs, the median pair very short and near to the end pair.

Type: Aötheolepis papillosa sp. nov.

59. Aétheolepis papillosa sp. nov.

Forewings: pale green, crossed by numerous irregularly wavy fuscous lines;

several near base form a darker basal area ; two from about the middle of costa are

curved outward round the discal line and form the edge of the usual central fascia,

while two or three more close together form a confused subterminal line ; a darker

shade at anal angle; all the lines thicker and darker on inner margin; fringe

greenish.

Tindwings: with the papillae at base grey-green, the efflorescence along the

hindmargin dull reddish brown.

Head, thorax, and abdomen greenish. Underside of forewings pinkish cinereous,

the inner half pearly ; scales of hindwings dull brownish.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

A few from the Khasias.

60. Chloroclystis nigroviridata sp. nov.

Forewings: bright green; basal patch black ; central fascia with the inner edge

broadly eurved from costa to middle, thence straight, its outer edge with a conical

projection below the upper radial, a blunt elbow on third median, thence running

oblique inwards and waved; the whole of the middle of the fascia is overrun by the

green ground-colour, so that it appears to consist of two irregular black fasciae, of

which the outer is-obsolete in its lower half except for the black waved outline ; both

inner and outer margins are finely edged with white; submarginal line represented

by a black costal blotch and two small black spots below it, the rest of the line being

faintly white; fringe rufous grey, chequered with dark grey, and with traces of a

dark basal line,

( 125 )

Hindwings: glossy grey, with traces of a submarginal and marginal curved

band; fringes as in forewings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen green. Underside whitish grey, mottled with darker;

the fringes yellowish, with dark grey mottlings.

expanse of wings: 22 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

61. Tephroclystia biviridata sp. nov.

Forewings: with basal and marginal areas delicate pale green; median area

purple-brown ; a curved fine black line close to base, with a blackish costal spot a

little beyond; inner edge of central fascia slightly curved above, straight below ;

outer edge bulged in middle, and there with neat denticulations ; oblique inwards

below the costa and sinuous above inner margin; both edges are finely black ; within

the fascia can be traced a median thick wavy dark band, and two more towards the

outer edge; cell-spot distinct, black; submarginal line darker green, denticulate ;

fringe green, with a line of fine black dashes at base.

Hindwings: glossy pale grey at base, then smoky grey with a purplish tinge,

and finely green along the hindmargin ; fringe and fringe-line as in forewings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen green. Underside duller green, with the markings

and suffusion dark grey.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Onagrodes gen. nov.

Forewings: short and broad; costa straight, convex at apex, which is broadly

rounded ; hindmargin strongly eurved ; inner margin short.

Hindwings: with both angles and hindmargin strongly rounded.

Antennae of d simple, annulated ; palpi porrect, reaching beyond face; second

joint hairy; third pointed, drooping.

Newration: cells very short. Forewings with first median from two-thirds, curved

at origin towards inner margin ; second from close before lower angle of cell; third

from angle ; lower radial from centre, upper from upper angle of cell; all five sub-

costals stalked, the fifth leaving first, the first, second, and third at equal intervals

running shortly into costal margin, the fourth into the rounded apex, third and fourth

widely separate and concave to each other. Hindwings with costal anastomosing for

two-thirds of cell ; the two subcostals stalked ; discocellular angulated, the radial from

the shoulder of the angulation ; second median well before the lower angle of cell;

first at two-thirds, straight at its origin. The forewings have a roundish patch of

smooth ochreous scales above and below the origin of the second median on the

underside ; the hindwings have a similar patch on the upperside, visible also beneath,

between the two subcostals shortly after their point of separation. Scaling rough

and lax.

Type: Onagrodes obsewrata sp. nov.

62. Onagrodes obscurata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull smoky brown, with no distinct markings; a paler spot on costa

at one-third and two-thirds seems to denote the origin of the first and second line

respectively.

( 126 )

Hindwings: the same, with the ochreous patch of scales strongly marked.

Underside the same, but duller: on the forewings the pale origin of thetwo lines

is more distinct towards the costa, the second showing a dark line down the centre

of the pale fascia; the ochreous patch plain. Head, thorax, and abdomen, as well as

fringes, all smoky brown.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Three dd from the Khasias.

In a fresher example lately received the course of the usual pale lines across the

forewings is more visible, and the whole ground-colour of both wings is decidedly

paler.

Sesquiptera gen. nov.

d. A development of Chloroclystis, with which it agrees in the forewings, but the

hindwings are reduced in size and shape; the costa is rounded, and curves into the

hindmargin, and this again into the inner margin, so that the wing, which is not

more than one-half the width of the forewings, has no angles; the inner margin is

bounded by vein 2. The whole outer half of the wing is clothed with a thick mealy

efflorescence in place of scales, as in the genus Aötheolepis Warr.

Neuration of hindwings: costal anastomosing with subcostal for three-fourths

of cell; the two subcostals from upper end of cell; the discocellular oblique; radial

from the centre; third median from lower end of cell; second and first at equal

distances before the end.

Type: Sesquiptera inaequata sp. nov.

63. Sesquiptera inaequata sp. nov.

Forewings: dull green, with the central fascia blackish, its inner edge curved

and wavy, its outer edge acutely angled outwards below the costa; traces of a basal

dark line, and of wavy lines in the marginal area; fringe greenish, with black basal

line.

Hindwings: pale green at base; the efflorescence reddish olive-green.

Underside dirty greenish, with indistinet markings. Head, thorax, and abdomen

green, with an olive tinge: two thin black lines at base of abdomen.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One & from the Khasias.

Gymnopera gen. nov.

Another development of Chloroclystis, allied to Sesquiptera and Aötheolepis.

The d hindwings are rounded, and appear puffy, being clothed above with coarse

mealy scales, which towards the hindmargin are developed into a fine suberect

efllorescence ; the hindmargin itself is thickened, and there are no vestiges of fringe ;

the inner margin, and also vein 2, are clothed with long pale curved hairs. On the

underside of the forewings of the d the area below the median vein is clothed with

thick green hairlike scales. The underside of hindwings is clothed with the ordinary

fine sealing.

Newration of hindwings: costal anastomosing with subcostal for half the cell,

then curving away vertically and reaching the costal margin just beyond the middle ;

the two subcostals shortly stalked; discocellular twice angulated, the radial from the

lower angulation ; first median at one-half, second at five-sixths, third from angle of

cell.

Type: Gymnopera rubroviridis sp. nov,

( 127 )

64. Gymnopera rubroviridis sp. nov.

$. Forewings: pale green, almost whitish, with darker green transverse lines and

fasciae; the edge of basal area denoted by a green line; central fascia with a broad

green fascia on its inner edge, with three other green stripes only plain along the

costa, becoming thinner towards inner margin, where the whitish green ground-

colour predominates; submarginal line double, fine green, starting from a large

green subapical blotch ; marginal line green, interrupted, consisting of subeontiguous

blotches; throughout the cell the green lines become rosy; fringe whitish green,

with darker green chequering.

Hindwings: whitish ochreous, becoming pale green towards hindmargin, with

a paler submarginal band.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous (? green when fresh). Underside dull

whitish green, with the markings hardly indicated.

d like ? in the forewings; the hindwings without markings, pale dirty greem,

thickly clothed with deep green mealy scales in the centre, which towards hindmargin

become more olive, finer, and suberect ; costal area whiter, without scales; no fringes,

but the hindmargin thickened; inner margin and the marginal area clothed with

long pale greenish hairs. Underside of hindwings scaleless, smooth; underside of

forewings below the median vein clothed with a bed of dull green rough scales.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

A pair from the Khasias.

SUBFAMILY OURAPTERYGINAE.

65. Ourapteryx modesta sp. nov.

Fovewings: whitish, semi-transparent, the whole surface rendered somewhat

sordid owing to the numerous short transverse strigae and freckles; costa yellowish,

with very short blackish dots and strigae; lines and fringes reddish fuscous; first

line fine, straight, from one-third of costa to middle of inner margin ; a fine vertical

discal line at end of cell; exterior line slightly concave outwards from three-fourths

of costa to inner margin at five-sixths.

Hindwings: with a thin brown straight line from top end of discocellular

towards anal angle; fringes becoming redder on either side of the acute tail, before

which, on the upperside, are some diffuse black scales, containing a small triangular

brick-red spot. The inner vein is pale brown, and the region of the anal angle is

filled with dull grey speckling.

Head, thorax, and abdomen, with underside and legs, pure white; antennae,

palpi, and face drab brown. Underside of wings simple, white; the costa of fore-

wings dusted with dark dots; the fringes dark brownish red.

Expanse of wings: 56 mm.

One & from S. Java.

SUBFAMILY SCARDAMIINAE.

: 66. Scardamia rectilinea sp. nov.

Forewings : deep orange, with darker transverse strigae ; costa broadly brown-

black; transverse lines brown-black ; the first oblique outwards, slightly bent on the

median, and running in basewards along the costal streak ; the second at three-

( 128 )

fourths, quite straight from costa to inner margin; the second is edged outwardly

and the first inwardly by a fine line of metallie scales; discal spot linear, brown;

a series of metallie dashes close to hindmargin between the veins; fringes concolorous.

Hindwings: with a round cell-spot, and a nearly straight exterior line at

two-thirds.

Thorax and abdomen orange-red, the latter with a black spot above first segment ;

face and vertex red; palpi dull orange; antennae black. Underside dull greyish

yellow, with the markings dull red-brown.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

This form appears restricted to the Khasia Hills, and exhibits no variation

whatever in the direction of the typical melallaria and its different forms.

SUBFAMILY DEILINIINAE.

67. Heterostegania denticulosa sp. nov.

Forewings: yellowish ochreous, washed with deeper yellow and tawny fuscous,

and thickly sprinkled with coarse fuscous atoms; the costa blotched and spotted

with fuscous grey; first line dark fuscous at one-third, curved and forming angles

outwards on the subcostal, median, and submedian veins, the angle on the median

containing a distinct white spot, that on the submedian a white dot; cell-spot black ;

exterior line at five-sixths, curved parallel to hindmargin, and consisting of a very

regular series of curves between the veins, preceded by a broad grey-brown fascia,

which runs in along the median vein as far as the cell-spot, thence to inner margin

at middle, the inner edge concave between the veins; marginal area mostly grey-

brown, and connected with the fascia, except towards costa; a darker brown oblique

shade from apex to outer line; fringe grey-brown, with darker patches opposite the

veins; the space immediately beyond the discal spot is paler yellow, with very few

brown atoms.

Hindwings: with whole outer half grey-brown, the basal half yellowish much

dusted and varied with fuscous ; cell-spot black ; the outer line like that on forewings ;

fringe rufous, with pale apices.

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown; vertex, base of antennae, and upper

part of face yellow; lower part of face blackish. Underside like upper, but greyer

and duller.

Expanse of wings: 40—44 mm.

Both sexes from the Khasias.

68. Orthobrachia latifasciata Moore, ab. flavidior nov.

Both wings with the usual straw-coloured ground orange-tinted, with deeper

orange striae and without any grey suffusion ; the median area of forewing no darker

than the rest of the wing; the exterior line generally straighter; line at base of

fringe orange.

I have only seen $? ? of this form; but the d d probably vary in the same

ways,

69. Orthobrachia particolor sp. nov.

Forewings: dull pale chestnut, with a few darker specks and a minute black

cell-dot ; first line dark brown, bluntly angled below costa, then straight and oblique to

inner margin at one-fifth; basal area within this line cream-colour, with some brown

( 129 )

atoms; an irregularly rounded costal subapical blotch of the same eream-colour, with

some dark brown atoms, densest in the middle; the blotch outlined with dark brown ;

fringe concolorous with ground-colour, with fine dark brown line at base; no trace

of any exterior line.

Hindwings: with extreme base cream-colour, bounded by a brown line; second

line sinuous, crenulated ; cell-spot dark brown; central area and outer area from apex

to the second subeostal dull chestnut-brown, like the forewing; rest of marginal area

cream-colour, with dark brown specks and the outer veins darker, especially near the

second line; basal line of fringe dark brown; fringe cream-colour, with chestnut-

brown marks at ends of veins, and wholly chestnut below apex.

Head, thorax, and anal segments of abdomen eream-colour ; rest of abdomen

chestnut. Underside of forewings ochreous, dusted with dark brown and tinged

towards hindmargin with reddish ; apical blotch cream-colour as above; the first line

dark brown, Hindwings ochreous hardly tinged with reddish, with cell-spot and

outer line indicated.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

? ? only from the Khasia Hills.

70. Parasynegia atomaria sp. nov.

Forewings: sandy yellow, mottled and suffused with deeper yellow, and dusted

in parts with fuscous; costa thickly dusted with fuscous; first line not visible; second

indicated only by dark vein-spots and dark fuscous dusting within them, followed

by a slightly paler fascia of ground-colour; subterminal line equally obscure,

indicated mainly by the darker tint and fuscous dusting on either side of it; a row

of small black dots along hindmargin between the veins; fringe concolorous; a

distinct black cell-dot.

Hindwings: the same.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Face, palpi, and antennae

reddish brown, Underside paler, dull straw-colour, with more confused mottlings

and indications of two irregular blotched curved fasciae on both wings.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

Two d 4 from the Khasias.

71. Syntaracta maculosata sp. nov.

Forewings : yellow, dusted with coarse orange atoms; the three lines as usual in

the genus; the first below the median irregularly clouded with leaden grey ; the

second below the median followed by a broad leaden grey fascia reaching to the

submarginal line ; this latter indistinct, followed opposite the cell by a small leaden

grey blotch, and below the median by a larger one ; costa and marginal spots leaden

grey; fringe yellow, faintly chequered with grey opposite the spots.

Hindwings : like forewings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, spotted with orange; collar leaden grey ;

underside dull straw-colour, with all the markings dull.

In the d all traces of the first two lines are absent, and the leaden grey blotches

and fascia are edged throughout with orange; the costa is dark only at the extreme

edge, and the marginal spots are wholly absent.

( 130 )

Expanse of wings: g, 34 mm.; 9,38 mm.

A pair from the Khasias.

The insect has a superficial resemblance to Parasynegia lidderdalii.

72. Borbacha pardaria parviscripta subsp. nov.

Smaller than pardaria Guen., with all the markings thinner and finer ; not con-

sisting of broad grey lunules edged with reddish, but of reddish grey or orange lines

formed of narrow contiguous lunules ; forewings with a large grey spot towards costa,

obliquely beyond the cell-spot ; cell-spots of both wings blackish, small.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One d from S. Java.

SUBFAMILY BRACCINAE.

75. Bordeta tricolor sp. nov.

Forewings : black, with three white blotehes edged with grey ; one oblique, oval,

elongated, just before middle of wing, from subcostal to submedian fold, directed

towards anal angle; the second and third smaller, with irregular edges, lying one

above the other in a line parallel to the first, the third, which is the smallest, being

near the centre of the hindmargin ; fringe black.

Hindwings: yelow, with the base, the costa narrowly, and a broad marginal

band black ; in this marginal band is a large yellow straggling blotch from near the

-costa to two-thirds of hindmargin, separated from the yellow basal portion of the wing

by a narrow margin of black.

Head and thorax black; collar whitish; abdomen yellow, with black segmental

rings ; underside like upper, the black not so deep; legs and antennae dark fuscous.

Expanse of wings: 60 mm.

d ? from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea.

SUBFAMILY ABRAXINAE.

74. Abraxas unisinuata sp. nov.

?. Wings silky white.

Forewings: with basal one-sixth yellow, edged and spotted with blackish; costa

slenderly black towards base, then irregularly spotted with black ; two exterior rows

of elongated blackish spots, slightly sinuous, the inner of the two rows forming a

blotch on costa; a blackish spot beyond discocellular, another in the cell, and a few

scattered irregularly below it; hindmargin with fringe narrowly blackish, with some

small round spots contiguous, and two or three smaller, before the apex, unconnected,

Hindwings : with fringe blackish and a single curved row of round spots.

Opposite the cell, the hindmargin is very perceptibly indented.

Head, face, and thorax yellow; abdomen yellow, spotted with black; antennae

black. Underside like upper.

As is frequently the case with Abraxas, the markings of the two wings are not

symmetrical.

Expanse of wings: 50 mm,

One $ from Java.

( 131 )

SuBFAMILY ASCOTINAE.

75. Alcis (?) fuscibrunnea sp. nov.

Forewings: dull brownish wood-colour, suffused with dingy fuscous and blackish ;

the markings indistinct ; first line at one-third, outwardly curved and wavy to inner

margin at one-fourth, where it is more distinct and geminated; second line from

two-thirds of costa, wavy and slightly dentate to inner margin in the middle, here

appearing geminated like the first ; submarginal line very faint, but edged internally

by a brown dentate shade ; traces of a dusky fuscous suffusion beyond second line oppo-

site the cell, and a dark brown triangular blotch on the hindmargin below the apex.

Hindwings : the same, but the first line not visible, and the second only on the

inner half of the wing.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous; anal segment of abdomen pale. Under-

side dingy grey, with dull fuscous markings; the cell-spots black and distinet, but

small.

ixpanse of wings: 36 mm.

A good series from Newcastle, Jamaica.

Fovea absent ; 10 and 11 stalked, 11 anastomosing with 12, and 10 connected by

bar with stem of 8 and 9, just after the origin of 7.

76. Alcis orbifer sp. nov.

Forewings : pale reddish fuscous, with dark fuscous atoms and suffusion ; costa

irregularly black marked ; the origin of the lines indicated by spots at one-third, one-

half, and two-thirds; subterminal line pale, denticulated, with darker scaling on

either side; exterior line indicated only by black vein-dashes; base of wing dusted

with blackish ; no distinct cell-spot ; fringe concolorous, with elongated black spots

along the base.

Hindwings: with a broad straight diffuse line near base; a large round discal

spot, followed by a broad curved blackish second line, which approximates to first

line on inner margin ; a large irregular black patch at apex, and another smaller at

anal angle, leaving the middle of the marginal space paler, like the dise ; submarginal

line pale, denticulated, indistinct ; fringe as in forewings.

Head and thorax concolorous ; abdomen much marked with fuscous ; face blackish.

Underside dull cinereous, with fuscous markings; outer line clearly denticulate on

both wings.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

77. Alcis squamosa sp. nov.

d. Forewings: dull fuscous, speckled with lighter and darker scales, which give

the insect a rough appearance ; fovea large and prominent ; costa speckled with black,

and the lines blackish, but ill-defined ; first at one-third, curved, and marked more on

the veins; exterior at two-thirds, from a dark costal spot, dentieulate, but. marked

chiefly on the veins; a curved central line between them, passing over the largish

but ill-defined blackish discal spot; submarginal pale, indistinct, preceded on costa

and opposite cell by blacker patches, and again at anal angle, where the line itself

( 132 )

forms a whitish spot ; fringe concolorous, with rather large blackish spots at the end

of the veins.

Hindwings: with a scaleless semihyaline patch at base ; indistinct antemedian,

dentieulate postmedian, and interrupted submarginal lines; discal spot blackish,

diffuse.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside dull cinereous; the costa

ochreous, spotted with darker; all the markings dull blackish.

Expanse of wings: d, 32 mm.; 9,40 mm.

A few from the Khasias.

Closely allied to, but quite distinct from, the preceding species.

78. Calicha (?) minima sp. nov.

Forewings: fuscous ochreous, slightly pink-tinged, and suffused and striated

with dark einereous fuscous ; first line at one-fourth, curved on subcostal, and running

in to the inner margin at one-sixth, just beyond the prominent fovea; exterior line

at three-fourths, wavy, sinuous outwards in midwing, then incurved, and finally

vertical to inner margin just beyond middle; the included space dark cinereous,

except along costa, which is striated with darker; an obseure central dark shade is

just visible in the centre, eurved outwards round the blackish cell-spot; the exterior

line is edged outwardly and the basal line inwardly with paler, most distinctly on

the two margins; marginal area mottled with cinereous, with an interrupted obscure

submarginal line, which is enlarged towards costa and forms an elongate pinkish

blotch with two dark blotches above it; fringe mottled pale and dark, with darker

basal line.

Hindwings: the same, but darker einereous; an obscure pinky ochreous blotch

at anal angle.

Head, abdomen, and thorax dull fuscous, darker mottled. Underside dingy

cinereous, with the markings all indicated.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

This species is hardly congenerie with Culicha retrahens, but the first two

subeostals are, as in it, coincident.

Diplurodes gen. nov.

Akin to Paraleis Warr. and Prorhinia Warr.; agreeing with the former in

the short button-shaped third joint of the palpi; but characterised especially by a

pair of thick lateral tufts of scales from the middle of the abdomen, which project

so as nearly to meet above; anal segment also tufted; fovea of hindwing of d

partially protected by a flat sheath of shining scales; in other respects like

Prorhinia.

Type: Diplwrodes vestita sp. nov.

79. Diplurodes vestita sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish ochreous, suffused with fuscous and dark grey throughout

the basal and marginal areas, and striated with blackish; first line blackish, twice

bent, and nearer base on inner margin than on costa, where it starts from a blackish

spot; the line is preceded by a dark tawny fuscous shade; discal spot black, followed

immediately by a somewhat obscure central line, also rising from a dark costal spot,

( 133

and becoming irregularly wavy towards inner margin; exterior line at two-thirds,

from a costal spot, forms a small but very distinct sinus outwards opposite the cell,

enclosing a round white spot, then runs inwards and forms a shallower sinus below

the median, thence vertically wavy to the inner margin close to the central shade;

this line is followed, as the first line is preceded, by a tawny fuscous shade; sub-

marginal line pale, denticulate, preceded by a blackish costal blotch and more or

less margined with blackish throughout; a darker shading on each side opposite the

cell, and a blackish blotch below the sinus of the exterior line; fringe wholly

fuscous, with black dots at base between the veins.

Hindwings: with base whitish; a thick blackish oblique basal line to middle

of inner margin; a curved subdentate line beyond the dark cell-spot, followed

immediately, as in forewing, by a tawny fuscous shade; a subdentate submarginal

line.

Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous, mottled with darker; vertex paler, without

mottlings. Underside smooth, glossy, dull ochreous grey; with the basal and

marginal areas fuscous, and the lines darker.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Superficially much like a large Psilalcis inceptaria.

Enantiodes gen. nov.

Like Alcis, but with the d' antennae not pectinated, but with fascicles of cilia,

the joints strongly angled; the patagia roughly scaled, and the metathorax with a

strong tuft of coarse scales; forewings of d with fovea; hind tibiae thiekened and

with a tuft of hair. In the forewings the first and second subcostals are free, and

the other three stalked.

Type: Enantiodes stellifera sp. nov.

80. Enantiodes stellifera sp. nov.

Forewings : reddish brown, suffused and dusted with fuscous along costa and

hindmargin ; the lines blackish, starting from black costal spots; first at one-fourth,

angulated on subcostal, then oblique and straight to inner margin near base; a black

curved discal spot; median line vertical to middle of cell, then oblique and straight

to middle of inner margin; outer line at three-fourths, strongly dentate, excurved

in middle, ineurved below and reaching inner margin quite close to median line;

submarginal line formed by a curved row of black somewhat irregular lunular spots,

edged outwardly with white; that between the second and third medians replaced

by a round white spot; a row of shallow black triangles along margin; fringe

concolorous.

Hindwings: less red; a central curved dark line passing over the black discal

spot; postmedian line regularly curved and strongly dentate ; submarginal line and

fringe as in forewings; the veins of both wings are rather bright ochreous, spotted

with black.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous, the abdomen mixed with reddish

scales. Underside dull cinereous, with all the lines obscurely darker; costa of

forewings pale ochreous, spotted and marked with black; the pale spot in the

submarginal line indistinct.

expanse of wings: 44 mm.

One d from the Khasias,

( 134 )

81. Ephemerophila costistrigata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale ochreous, varied towards hindmargin with olive and fulvous

shades; the lines pale fulvous; the costa fuscous, marked with blackish ; first line

pale fulvous, double, biangulated as usual, the upper angle beneath costa becoming

dark fuscous; exterior line thin, fulvous, preceded by a thicker more diffuse fulvous

central line: the end of the exterior line forms a long dark fuscous subcostal streak,

running basewards so as nearly to touch the upper dark tooth of the first line; it is

followed by a broad greyish olive fascia, whieh is more distinet above, where it

extends from the apex along the hindmargin to the elbow; from the elbow to the

anal angle is a fulvous suffusion, separated from the olive band by a pale ochreous

space; fringe pale ochreous, varied with fulvous, altogether fulvous towards apex.

Hindwings: ochreous, crossed by numerous fuscous olive streaks; a dark fascia

close to base, amd a diffuse one beyond middle; a broad submarginal olive fuscous

band, limited internally by a dark line; the hindmargin fulvous and ochreous; fringe

as in forewings.

Thorax and abdomen ochreous, mottled with fulvous; collar and head darker,

mixed with fuscous. Underside pale ochreous grey, much mottled with coarse

blackish atoms; both wings with a black cell-spot, and a broad olive-grey submarginal

fascia, the inner edge of which is marked by a row of black spots on the veins;

marginal area of both wings below the middle ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

Two or three d d. from the Khasias.

Distinguished by the pale ochreous ground-colour and almost obsolete lines.

82. Ephemerophila serpentinaria sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous fawn-colour, suffused in parts with pinkish and greenish,

and towards the hindmargin with dull red-brown ; first line exactly as in humeraria

Moore, but very distinct and velvety black, the inner arm being vinous; space

included between this line and the base hoary glaucous with a few black atoms, the

costal region pinkish ochreous ; the second line, instead of being, as in humeraria,

a continuous line, is marked only by black vein-spots, with here and there a thin

black thread between; area between the lines, as far as the median from the inner

margin pinkish fawn-colour, above the median much mixed with dull green ; marginal

area clouded with dull reddish brown; above the anal angle is an irregular blotch of

olive-green and blaekish scales; fringe concolorous, with no dark basal line; cell-spot

round, black.

Hindwings: with the basal two-thirds pale pinkish ochreous, varied with a

number of longish transverse grey or fuscous striae, which in places become laterally

confluent, and about the middle form an irregular straight fascia; exterior line,

instead of being simple, as in humeraria, consists of a series of distinet lunules from

vein to vein, the line being dentieulate outwards on the veins; marginal area dark

wood-brown, with a paler pinkish ochreous space from anal angle along hindmargin

to the tooth at end of third median.

Abdomen ochreous, with brown segmental rings; patagia and thorax glaucous,

like the basal space of forewings; collar and face vinous brown; vertex and base of

collar pinkish ochreous. Underside pale stone-colour, with scattered fuscous mottlings,

and a more or less distinet wood-brown marginal fascia on each wing, strongest towards

(135)

the apex, and becoming paler along the margin towards the anal angle ; cell-spots

distinct in both wings, but small.

Distinguished from humeraria by the coloured tints, hwmeraria being entirely

fuscous; by the absence of the transverse striae with which that species is covered ;

by the difference in the outer line of both wings; and in partieular by the different

outline of the forewings, which have a marked elbow at the end of the third median

and less regularly erenulate hindmargin.

Expanse of wings: 66 mm.

Many d 4 from the Khasias.

Taken apparently as commonly as humeraria Moore, and at the same time of

year, in February and March ; but a comparison of two series seems quite to preclude

any idea of their being forms of one and the same species.

85. Hemerophila trilineata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale wood-colour, the costa broadly suffused with fuscous olive and

finely dusted with black atoms; first line, as usual, double and acutely angulated on

either side of the black cell-spot, brown-black filled in with reddish; exterior line

the same, double only as far as the angulation before the apex, where the inner line

is acutely retracted, and again bluntly angulated before the costa; marginal space

dusted like the costa, blackish from third median to fifth subcostal; fringes like the

margin; in the pale central space between the two lines a third less distinct red-

brown line runs parallel to the others, fading out before the costa.

Hindwings: darker, suffused with fuscous and covered with fuscous strigae; a

black line close to base; a straight red-brown central shade and another submarginal ;

marginal space from anal angle to third median of the pale ground-colour, with a

few darker clouds ; a small black cell

spot.

Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish ochreous, mottled with darker; metathorax

brown ; palpi and face mixed with brown. Underside pale straw-colour, with indistinct

markings.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

A considerable number from the Khasias.

84. Lassaba tephrosiaria sp. nov.

Forewings: dull pale ochreous, tinged with greenish, this hue being caused by

a sprinkling of diffuse coarse olive freckles; the lines darker, olive or fuscous olive ;

each appearing geminated, the second arm being paler than the first, and sinuous

outwards above and below the median vein; first line before one-third, oblique from

the costa to inner margin at one-fourth; the outer arm indistinct, but forming a

dark dot on median and submedian; second line central; the sinuses of the outer

arm distinct; third line at three-fourths, subdentate and darker, slightly curved,

forming dark spots on veins, those on second and third median nervules coalescent ;

the outer arm similar but paler, and forming a dark fuscous grey blotch from second

to third median; submarginal line pale, denticulate, margined on both sides with

darker, and witha small dark blotch opposite the cell; hindmargin and fringes wavy ;

a series of dark blotches between the veins, extending into the paler fringes.

Hindwings: the same, without the basal line; a small dark cell-spot in both

wings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside dingy straw-colour, with

( 156 )

the mottlings and lines more distinet, dark fuseous; an irregular thiek exterior fascia

is more distinct on forewings.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Superficially resembling an Ectropis.

85. Paralcis rufaria sp. nov.

Forewings: pale ochreous suffused with fulvous, and with very fine transverse

black striae; the central area dark grey, becoming blackish below the median vein ;

the antemedian and postmedian lines whitish, the former curved at one-fourth, the

latter wavy and dentieulate from two-thirds of costa to just beyond middle of inner

margin ; the dark central area forming black dashes on the veins along its edges, and

with an oblique black line along the median nervure and first median nervule ; cell-

spot black; submarginal line indistinet, wavy, pale, preceded and followed by dark

fuscous and fulvous patches; fringe fulvous, with a darker line at base.

Hindwings: with the base whitish, the rest of the wings fulvous, the central

area slightly greyer, with the lines only indicated by black dashes; cell-spot large,

blackish ; fringe fulvous, with shallow black lunules along the base.

Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous dusted with fuscous; basal segment of

abdomen with a white ring. Underside pale ochreous, with fuscous strigae and black

cell-spots; both wings with a broad dark marginal band.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Superficially like Poeeilaleis latifasciata Warr. and Gasterocome euryzona

Hmpsn.

86. Paralcis subochrea sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish white, much suffused and dusted with fuscous and black

atoms; the lines starting from dark costal spots; first at one-fourth, curved, marked

by three linear black dashes, on subcostal, median, and submedian veins, preceded

by a rusty shade; second line at one-half, curved outwards beyond the dark cloudy

diseal spot, then straight to inner margin; followed by a rusty shade; exterior line

at three-fourths, denticulate, the teeth black on the veins, followed immediately by

a fine pale space, and then by a denticulate rusty line; submarginal line pale, wavy,

dentieulate, preceded by three geminate dark blotches, one costal, the second

opposite the cell, the third above anal angle; space beyond ferruginous fuscous ;

fringes ehequered dark and light fuscous, with a row of black spots along base.

Hindwings: the same, but with no central line.

Thorax and abdomen whitish grey, mottled with darker; metathorax dark grey ;

vertex and front of collar dull rusty. Underside dull ochreous yellowish, with

cinereous suffusion towards base, and a broad blackish fascia, which partially fades

towards anal angle of hindwings.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

87. Phthonandria (?) conjunctiva sp. nov.

Forewings: reddish fuscous, with dark fuscous suffusion and mottlings; the

lines blackish ; first at one-third, twice angled and towards inner margin geminated ;

second from costa at. two-thirds, inwardly oblique parallel to hindmargin, denticulate

and wavy, reaching inner margin in middle, after forming an angulation outwards

on the submedian vein, and connected by a black dash with the first line along the

submedian fold ; between the two is a curved black central line; the second line is

followed by a dark shade; submarginal line blackish, interrupted, with some white

dashes externally below costa; an ill-defined dark shade on hindmargin below apex,

connected below with the second line; fringe concolorous, with black dots at end of

veins.

Hindwings: with a straight antemedian and rather curved postmedian line,

with black cell-spot between them ; submarginal line indicated by black white-tipped

spots.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside dull brown, with darker

markings.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

A single ? from the Khasias.

The example described is a ? with slightly pectinated antennae: whether it is

really congenerie with wtrilineata Butler, the type of Phthonandria, is, I think,

doubtful.

88. Racotis boarmiaria Guen. ab. sordida nov.

Wings dull dirty olive, with the ordinary markings a shade darker and very

indistinet ; cell-spot and basal area of forewings with some scattered red-brown scales ;

fringe concolorous.

Head, thorax, and abdomen all dull olive. Underside as in typical species.

The example, a d, is in perfect condition, and the dull blurred appearance is

quite natural, and not, as at first sight might be suspected, the result of exposure

or bleaching.

89. Sinameda intricata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale straw-colour, with dark fuscous atoms; the lines and all the

markings dark fuscous; basal line at one-fourth, curved, double, diffuse, the two

branches irregularly connected ; costa from base to first line fuscous; central spot

oblong, dark fuscous; a fuscous blotch on costa above it, touching it, and curved

round it externally, meeting a fuscous streak above the median vein from first line to

outer line, and continued in a straight line with the discal mark to touch the exterior

line; exterior line from costa at two-thirds, running nearly parallel to hindmargin,

and bent in below eosta; marginal space beyond filled in with fuscous, leaving patches

of pale ground-colour at apex, below middle of hindmargin, and at anal angle: a thiek

fuscous basal fringe-line ; fringe straw-colour, chequered with dark fuscous.

Hindwings: with a thick basal line at one-third, dark cell-spot, double dentate

postmedian line, and irregular marginal shade, all fuscous.

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour, the abdomen with some fuscous

mottlings. Underside the same.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

Both sexes from the Khasias.

SUBFAMILY FIDONIINAE.

90. Chiasmia maculata sp. nov.

Forewings: straw-colour, sparsely dusted with blackish atoms; costa blackish

near base ; lines pale yellow, starting from blackish costal blotches, and more or less

( 138 )

dusted with blackish atoms; first near base, very indistinct, the costal blotch being

quite small; a larger costal blotch near middle above the blackish discal spot, and a

smaller one beyond; from each of these can be traced a curved yellowish line; the

two lines approximating below the discal spot are lost in a large curved blackish

blotch in middle of inner margin; a fourth blackish costal spot stands shortly before

apex; a marginal blotch below apex, and a collection of blackish atoms at anal angle ;

fringe pale straw-colour, with some dark mottlings towards apex and at anal angle.

Hindwings : with a minute cell-spot ; two pale yellow curved central lines, and

the three marginal dark blotches as on forewings ; fringes wholly straw-colour.

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside yellower, with dark

fuscous strigae, and the dark markings indicated, but not plainly.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

In some numbers from the Khasias.

Allied to C. strigata Warr.

Chiasmiodes gen. nov.

Forewings: more elongate than in Chiasmia Hüb.: costa gradually curved from

base to apex, which is nearly rectangular; hindmargin almost vertical to middle, then

oblique and incurved to anal angle, which is rectangular.

Hindwings: kite-shaped, both angles well marked, the hindmargin with a broad

blunt prominence in the middle.

Forewings with fovea; d antennae thick, subdentate, with stout fascicles of

cilia; forehead with sharp tuft of scales; palpi porrect, rostriform, laxly scaled ;

tongue present.

Neuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing ; discocellular straight, oblique ;

first median nervule at two-thirds ; second and third from lower end of cell ; radials

normal; last three subcostals stalked from end of cell; second wanting; first

anastomosing with costal. Hindwings with the medians as in forewings; the two

subcostals from upper end of cell.

Type: Chiasmiodes variolinea sp. nov.

91. Chiasmiodes variolinea sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish, tinged with yellow along costa and inner margin, and with

all the veins yellow; numerous irregular transverse brown strigae; lines brown,

distinet; first from one-fourth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, strongly

angulated outwards on subcostal nervure; second from costa just beyond middle

runs at first towards middle of hindmargin, then bluntly rounded back to inner

margin in the middle; third, half-way between second and apex, also runs outwards

for a short distance, then, forming nearly a right angle, goes perfectly straight and

concise to inner margin before anal angle; a fourth line, more diffuse, starts from

apex, running alongside the third from its angle to near the margin, where it diverges

into the anal angle; a dark brown marginal line, interrupted by the yellow veins;

fringe straw-colour, mottled with brown ; a large round blackish cell-spot.

Hindwings: with the transverse strigae denser, the costal region whitish,

without markings; only two lines, one central, thick, straight ; the other half-way

to hindmargin, slightly curved.

Head and patagia white; collar yellowish ; abdomen yellow, much mottled

with brown; antennae and palpi brown. Underside like upper, with traces of an

(917395)

additional cross line on forewings just beyond the discal spot, which ean also be faintly

seen on the upperside.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

SUBFAMILY SEMIOTHISINAE.

92. Azata subcinerea sp. nov.

Forewings: fuscous, darker at base and in the marginal area; first line from

costa at one-fourth, blackish, angled on subcostal, and obsolete towards inner margin ;

central line from a thick dark oblique costal streak, vertical, and slightly sinuous ;

exterior line at three-fourths, slightly sinuous outwards, denticulate, pale ochreous,

with black scales on its inner edge; a pale dentate submarginal line through the dark

marginal area; a large oval black discal spot.

Hindwings: the same, with cell-spot indistinct.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings, the thorax darker like the

base. Underside dull cinereous, striated and suffused with darker.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

A series from the Khasias.

93. Calletaera angulata sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, dusted with fuscous atoms, more thickly along the costa;

first line near base, angled below costa, then oblique inwards and indistinct; median

line oblique, thick, and slightly irregular from middle of costa to middle of inner

margin ; preceded by the dark fuscous cell-spot ; exterior line at three-fourths, oblique

and interrupted opposite the cell, followed by a broad rusty grey fascia, which grows

fainter towards the costa; fringe white, preceded by a row of black spots between the

veins ; the lines are rusty grey.

Hindwings: darker, more suffused with rusty grey, the submarginal fascia

broader and nearly reaching the margin.

Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, dusted with grey. Underside whiter, with

the markings darker and much more distinct ; the fascia black-brown, narrowed on

forewings, and there edged with ochreous yellow.

Expanse of wings: 4,26 mm.; 9,32 mm.

A few from the Khasias.

Differs from other species of the genus in having the hindmargin of forewings

distinetly angled in middle ; that of hindwings produced below apex, with a tooth at

veins 4 and 6, thence straight to anal angle, which is rectangular.

94. Gonodela ruptifascia sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish white, with a slight ochreous suffusion in parts, and dusted

sparsely with dark atoms; an indistinct curved subbasal line, followed by the inner

line, which is angled below subcostal; an indistinet wavy central line, with an oblique

brownish costal blotch beyond it; a brown-black outer fascia, much interrupted

opposite the cell and below the middle, and intersected by the pale veins, its inner

edge traversed by the pale outer line, which starts from a brown-black costal spot

before the fascia; a shallow dark costal spot before the apex, and a brownish cloud

( 140 )

on hindmargin opposite the cell; cell-spot indistinet ; fringe concolorous, with inter-

rupted dark spots along base.

Hindwings: like forewings, with a large black cell-spot, and the fascia reduced

to irregular blotehes in the middle; basal line of fringe continuous.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with ground-colour of wings. Underside

paler, with the fascia broad and very distinct, continued in the forewings opposite

the cell to the hindmargin.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One $ from the Khasias.

95. Hyperythra rufifimbria sp. nov.

Forewings: deep olive, overlaid with rufous and fuscous scales, with no markings,

but traces of a darker, wavy-edged submarginal fascia; fringe bright red.

Hindwings: the same, the fascia still more indistinct.

Head, face, and thorax dull ochreous olive; abdomen concolorous with wings,

with the sides and anal segments reddish ; palpi and antennae red. Underside deep

dull red; costal region of forewing fuscous; marginal area broadly suffused with

blaekish between the veins, and especially at anal angle; hindwings more or less

dusted with blackish; a blackish blotch at anal angle; the inner margin broadly

yellowish ochreous. Pectus yellowish ; legs red. There are no signs of any lines or

discal spots, and the hindmargin of the wings is scarcely crenulate.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

A true Hyperythra, with the usual characteristics of the d; it may be an

extraordinary aberration of H. lutea Cram.

96. Semiothisa brunneata sp. nov.

Forewings: dull white, covered on their basal half with olive-grey, on their

outer half with olive-brown suffusion, except below the median, where the white

ground shows through in places between the strigae; first line at one-third, second

at one-half, third at two-thirds, all starting from oblique red-brown costal streaks,

angled on subcostal, then parallel to hindmargin; the first and second brownish

throughout, the third becoming paler in the middle and bisecting an oblique black

blotch; submarginal line undulating, from before apex to anal angle, preceded by a

red-brown costal blotch and a deeper shade throughout, and marked by pure white

linear spots between the veins; some irregular white apical spots; fringe olive

fuscous, with middle and apical lines darker, and a fine pale basal line, without any

black dots at the base.

Hindwings : with a nearly straight central line, an obscurely dentate and slightly

wavy exterior line, and nearly straight submarginal line from apex to anal angle,

brownish; the last is preceded by a brown shade, and marked by a white dash on

either side of the second median. The exterior line is followed in the middle by an

indistinct blackish blotch; the pale basal line of fringes is preceded by irregular

black scaling.

Collar, face, palpi, and antennae brownish; thorax and abdomen greyish white,

the latter with two rows of dorsal black spots. Underside white, with the mottling,

and all lines and markings, as well as the veins, rich brown; submarginal line

consisting of pure white lunules.

( 141 )

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

d d from the Khasias.

Distinguished, over and above the difference in outline of forewings, from S.

maculosata by the brown costal blotches, the more angulated exterior line. and the

non-transparency of the white ground-colour.

97. Semiothisa maculosata sp. nov.

Forewings: opalescent white, semi-transparent, containing a profusion of drab,

and ochreous olive, more or less coalescent, roundish spots; the veins ochreous yellow ;

basal line at one-fifth, dull fuscous olive, angled on subcostal and submedian veins,

with some blackish scales above the submedian ; an irregular, bent, oblique, thick

central shade, dull fuscous, with black scales on the submedian and geminated

below the median ; some black scales on the discocellular at its extremities; exterior

line yellowish ochreous, starting from a dark costal spot at two-thirds, curved opposite

the cell, and then running nearly parallel to hindmargin, and preceded by a narrow,

yellowish ochreous shade; this line bisects a roundish black blotch on the upper

radial, and a larger, more quadrate, blotch extending from the lower radial to the

second median; marginal area beyond the exterior line fuscous olive, varied with a

congeries of black and yellowish scales along lower half of hindmargin ; submarginal

line undulating from before apex to anal angle, whitish yellow, but forming irregular

white spots at apex, and one larger white spot obliquely below it; fringe fuscous

olive, with a row of black spots at base between the veins.

Hindwings: with central and outer line as in forewings, the outer line passing

through only one black blotch, extending over the second and third medians; sub-

marginal line pale, nearly straight from apex to anal angle, preceded by a thick

fuscous olive shade ; marginal area fuscous, mottled in the middle before the slight

tail with white and black scales.

Palpi, face, antennae, and collar ferruginous ; thorax and abdomen dull whitish ;

basal segments of abdomen with double black spots; underside of wings white, with

the spots and all the lines and shades dark brown.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

Distinguished from S. brunneata, to which it bears great superficial resemblance,

by the more oblique hindmargin of forewings, scarcely perceptibly elbowed at the

end of the third median, and the more produced and acute apex.

d d from the Khasias. :

98. Semiothisa penumbrata sp. nov.

Forewings: shining pale grey, thickly dusted with olive fuscous atoms; first line

slender, brown, vertical, at one-fourth, slightly eurved below costa and above inner

margin ; an oblique brown streak from middle of costa just touches the slender brown

discal linear mark; a small brown spot on the median nervure and first median

nervule just beyond their point of separation, and another on the submedian exact ly

below them; exterior line whitish, strongly curved below costa and slightly curved

above inner margin, running in the main parallel to the hindmargin ; on the costa it

is preceded by a broadish oblique brown-black streak, which does not pass beyond the

upper radial, aud curves up to the costa shortly before apex, so forming a rounded

triangular costal mark with a paler centre ; a brown-black spot in midwing is divided

into four parts by the exterior line and the third median nervule ; marginal space

( 142 )

beyond exterior line dark grey; submarginal line slightly bent, consisting of white

intraneural spots in the upper half of wing, and preceded in the lower half by a still

darker fuscous grey shade ; fringe dark grey, with a paler line at base; veins in outer

half of wing paler than ground-colour.

Hindwings: like forewings, but the second line is brown, denticulate, and the

submarginal line is straight, continuous, whitish in front of the angle of the wing,

and preceded by a broad diffuse dark violet-grey shade; the pale fringe-line is preceded

by a dark grey or brownish marginal line; inside the dark linear discal line is seen

an indistinct irregular brownish central line.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous with pale ground-colour of wings ; face, palpi,

and antennae brownish. Underside paler, with all the markings dark brown and

very distinct ; especially the dark marginal shade, which in the forewing contains

the submarginal line, and in the hindwing half the angular area, distinctly white.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

Both sexes from the Khasias.

The hindmargin of forewings is not emarginate, only bluntly elbowed at end of

third median ; the hindwing distinctly angled at the same place, with the margin on

either side of it slightly wavy.

Antibadistes gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight, only faintly arched at the extreme base, and

convex before apex, which is blunt; hindmargin oblique and faintly curved; anal

angle well marked.

Hindwings: with hindmargin rounded and faintly erenulate ; anal angle squared.

Antennae (?) simple; palpi with second joint raised, rough-scaled and tufted

beneath; third joint almost as long as second, but smooth, with appressed scales,

spatulate ; tongue well developed.

Newration : forewings, cell two-fifths of wing ; discocellular nearly straight ; first

median at three-fourths, second and third from the lower end of cell; radials normal ;

last three subcostals on common stem from before end of cell; second subcostal

anastomosing with their stem and apparently with the first as well. Hindwings, cell

one-third of wing ; discocellular as in forewings; first median at three-fourths, second

and third short-stalked from lower angle of cell; first subeostal just before the upper

angle of cell, second from the angle. Scaling smooth and glossy.

Type: Antibadistes subeinerea sp. nov."

99. Antibadistes subcinerea sp. nov.

3%. Wings uniform glossy grey, with a metallic lustre; costa rather darker,

marked with paler dots; the two lines slightly darker than the ground, very obscure,

at one-third and two-thirds, straight, oblique outwardly, parallel to each other, the

second reaching inner margin at four-fifths, the first at one-third; an obscure dark

discal mark ; fringe shining white, with a concise dark basal line, which at the extreme

apex runs to the top of the fringe.

Hindwings: with no basal line, and the second line curved concave to hind-

margin, whieh is slightly indented between the veins; fringe as in forewings.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings; face and palpi (apparently) fer-

ruginous. Underside paler, with hindmargin deeper; this, however, is very faint in

( 143 )

forewings; but in hindwings the margin is broadly blackish, preceded by a wide

whitish line.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

Amboina ; Java.

100. Nadagara diversilineata sp. nov.

Wings mouse-coloured, with many indistinctly marked fuscous transverse striae ;

costa narrowly bright ferruginous, speckled with black; hindmargin narrowly dull

ferruginous ; fringe lustrous yellowish with dark base, except at extreme apex, which

is wholly pale; an indistinctly darker line from costa shortly before apex to inner

margin at two-thirds, running nearly parallel to hindmargin.

Hindwings: the same, the ferruginous tint along the hindmargin broader and

clearer.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous ; collar, face, palpi, and antennae ferruginous.

Underside duller, cinereous ; the forewings towards the costa strongly ferruginous,

speckled with fuscous.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

One d from the Khasia Hills.

Distinguished from the other species by the different direction of the exterior line.

101. Nadagarodes subfasciata sp. nov.

Forewings : brownish ochreous, thickly sprinkled with fuscous strigae, especially

along the costa and in the space beyond the outer line; first line at one-third, hardly

perceptible above; second line dark brownish grey, from inner margin at two-thirds

towards apex, before which it is angulated, and reflexed towards costa, and becomes

obsolete.

Hindwings : like forewings, with the second line continued straight and some-

what diffuse across the wings; fringes of both wings concolorous.

Abdomen rather paler; thorax grey; face and vertex rufous brown. Underside

dull ochreous yellow; forewings with numerous blackish strigae; an incomplete

blackish line at one-third, and a broad blackish oblique line at two-thirds, neither

reaching costa; a blackish mark at anal angle. Hindwings with a central curved line

and a blotch at apex blackish, with a few blackish strigae along costa only; base of

fringes at apex and throughout on forewings blackish.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

SUBFAMILY ENNOMINAE.

Azelinopsis gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight, slightly curved at base, and strongly convex

before apex; apex produced, slightly faleate; hindmargin bidentate, a small tooth

at the end of the upper radial, and a larger one at end of the second median nervule ;

anal angle distinct.

Hindwings: with the margin from the rounded apex to the second median

nearly straight, a tooth at end of each of the first and second medians, and a deep

circular excision between them.

( 144 )

Forehead protuberant, with slight cone of scales; antennae (9) simple; palpi

porrect, reaching just in front of face, the third joint short, drooping ; tongue present.

Neuration: cell of forewings quite half as long as wing; discocellular bilunate ;

first median at four-fifths, second close to end of cell, third from the end; lower

radial from two-thirds of discocellular, upper from top end of cell; stem of last three

subcostals long before the end of cell; first and second free, close together. Hindwings

with first subcostal rising long before the end of cell; medians as in forewings; discal

spots in both wings hyaline.

Type: Azelinopsis externa sp. nov.

102. Azelinopsis externa sp. nov.

Forewings: dull fawn-colour, tinged with fulvous and lilac-grey, and powdered

with numerous dark atoms and striae; the costa more prominently marked with

striae; first line very indistinct, from one-third of costa to one-third of inner

margin, running at first outwards from costa, where it is marked by an iron-grey

streak, forming a blunt prominence in cell before the discocellular, then running

basewards and forming a second prominence between the median and submedian

nervules; second line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, parallel

to hindmargin and minutely crenulate at the veins; the basal and central areas are

tinged with fulvous; the marginal one-third is varied with lilac-grey ; a small black

white-tipped submarginal spot in each of the three uppermost cells, and another

between the first and second median nervules.

Hindwings: the same, but with no first line, and the subapical spots indistinct ;

discal marks in both wings hyaline, that of the forewings being erescentie, with a

shorter upright prolongation above, that in the hindwings forming an irregular

lunule.

Head and abdomen (probably the thorax also, which is worn) concolorous with

wings. Underside of forewings pale greyish fawn, dusted and striated with brown ;

the hindmargin irregularly dark purplish grey, preceded by a tawny shade; the

second line indicated by a row of black dashes on the veins. Hindwings with some

tawny submarginal blotches, but no dark marginal shade.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One ? from Mackay, N. Queensland.

The example from which this description is taken is rather worn, and the hind-

wings frayed in their margins, so that their exact contour is not quite certain.

103. Corymica arnearia Wlk. ab. brunnea nov. ? spec. dist.

Both wings entirely dull pale chestnut, with all the markings slightly darker,

and the costa finely speckled with darker; fringes concolorous. Underside’ slightly

paler.

ld from the Khasias.

Drepanopsis gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa convex in basal half, then incurved, becoming convex

before apex; apex produced upwards and curved, blunt; hindmargin strongly

bulging in middle, oblique below ; anal angle well marked.

Hindwings: with both angles well marked; the hindmargin slightly curved.

Forehead with short tuft of hair; antennae of d regularly pectinated almost

(1459)

to apex; palpi thick, porrect; second joint densely haired beneath; third short,

drooping, obscure ; tongue present; hind tibiae not dilated, with four spurs. Pectus

and base of wings woolly.

Newration: forewings, cell considerably longer than half the wing ; discocellular

concave outwardly ; first median at two-thirds, second shortly before, third from the

lower angle of cell; radials normal; last three subcostals stalked, first and second

free; the second close to stalk of the other three, the first remote.

first subcostal rising before upper angle; medians as in forewings.

Type: Drepanopsis ferrugata sp. nov.

Hindwings with

104. Drepanopsis ferrugata sp. nov.

Forewings: brown-grey, tinged with pink and ferruginous, and thickly covered

with dark transverse strigae; costal area and space beyond second line ferruginous,

the extreme edge of costa yellowish; first line very obseure, dark, at one-third,

curved below costa, then vertical and wavy; second line from apex of forewing to

below middle of inner margin of hindwing pale pinky grey, the space immediately

beyond ferruginous; a black cell-spot in each wing; fringes ferruginous ; the basal

area of hindwings paler.

Abdomen eoncolorous with this basal area; thorax redder; collar, face, and tip

of palpi dark ferruginous; rest of palpi pinkish grey; front of vertex rosy, edged

with white. Underside greyish ochreous, with coarse dark striae; the outer line and

cell-spots as above; marginal area of both wings and costa of forewings darker.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One & from the Khasias.

105. Hygrochroa albipuncta sp. nov.

d. Dull fawn-grey, dusted with dark atoms, the central area tinged with ferru-

ginous ; first line at one-fifth, curved, dark fuscous ; second line very diffuse, in fact

only indicated by the difference in shade, from costa just before apex to inner margin

at two-thirds, sinuous; this broad central area is tinged with ferruginous, especially

towards the outside beneath the costa; discal spot dark with a pale centre, preceded

by one or two very obscure small dark blotches; on the costa before the limit of the

central area is a small pure white tooth-shaped spot ; fringe fawn-grey, like ground-

colour.

Hindwings: like forewings, but whitish in basal half; towards inner margin

suffused with reddish and fuscous.

Underside like upper, but the reddish tints stronger. Head, thorax, abdomen,

and antennae pale fawn-grey; face and palpi red-brown; legs grey, mottled with

reddish.

? larger, greyer, and browner; central area limited externally by a denticulate

lilae-grey line, followed by an obscure green shade; marginal area beyond it a

mixture of greenish and pale lilac; the redder tinge of the d' seems to be altogether

absent in the $.

Expanse of wings: d, 42 mm.; ?, 48 mm.

Sikkim; Khasias.

This species comes very close to Hygrochrow colorata Warr., P. Z. S. 1893.

p. 401. Pl. XXXII. fig. 26 (described as an /schalis), but that insect is much redder

and paler, and has no toothlike white costal spot. ‘The exterior line really rises from

( 146 )

this spot, and is sharply angled towards apex, as may be seen by an inspection of

the underside; but the brown suffusion of the central area runs up to the apex and

hides the angulation of the line, making it appear itself to run to the apex. The

antennae of the 9 are pectinated, as usually in Hygrochroa, and the eyes, as far as

I can see, are not hairy.

106. Hygrochroa amethystina sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, almost wholly suffused with dull pinkish grey, and with

green and fulvous transverse striae; first and second lines thick, diffuse, dull olive ;

first at one-fourth, second just before middle, both angulated below costa, the first

curved inwards near to base, the second curved and sinuous outwards to inner margin

at two-thirds; the basal area and the costa, as far as and beyond this central line,

is ochreous with green mottlings ; the area between the lines is more mottled with

fuscous, and overspread with the pinkish grey suffusion ; exterior line forms an acute

angle outwards, then curves in and approximates to the central band ; subterminal line

indicated by a curved irregular pale space of ochreous mottled with green, the patches

forming it being larger and more conspicuous towards costa, where one of them is

white, semihyaline, and scaleless, and altogether interrupted in the middle of wing;

a small dark cell-dot beyond the angulation of the second line; fringe pinkish grey.

Hindwings: with base and inner margin ochreous, mottled with dark fuscous

or blackish atoms; first line at one-third, straight, thick, blackish; second central,

distinct, and blackish on inner margin, forming interrupted denticulations beyond ;

subterminal space most distinct at inner margin.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, shaded with green and pinkish ; face dark

brown. Underside whitish ochreous, thickly mottled with coarse fuscous, with the

first lines dark olive fuscous, the marginal area washed with green.

Expanse of wings: 46 mm.

Several from the Khasias.

Comes near to H. versicolor Warr. from Padang.

107. Ocoelophora maculifera sp. nov.

d. Forewings: testaceous ochreous, tinged with rufous, and covered with fine

transverse dark brown strigae, most thickly towards inner margin; costa with short

dark strigae ; first line indicated only by two or three red-brown markings; exterior

line very faint, rufous, denticulate, nearer hindmargin than in basipuneta, passing

through a squarish red-brown blotch opposite the cell, and another of irregular form

at anal angle ; a red-brown shade before hindmargin, thicker above the elbow ; fringe

red-brown, slightly paler along base.

Hindwings: slightly darker, more suffused with red-brown, and with the veins

paler and marked by lines of blackish dots ; traces of a submarginal denticulate line ;

hindmargin dull brown-red ; fringes reddish brown ; both wings with dark cell-spot.

Heaa, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Underside pale testaceous,

with the blotches and strigae blackish, and without any rufous tinge.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

A d from the Khasias.

Differs from the type of the genus in that the hindmargin is not crenulate,

and the cell is half as long as the wing.

( 147 )

Phanauta gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa gradually curved throughout ; apex minutely produced ;

hindmargin obliquely curved.

Hindwings: with apex rather truncate, anal angle prominent; hindmargin

crenulate, with slight teeth at end of veins from apex to third median, thence nearly

straight to anal angle.

Antennae of d simple; forehead with slight tuft of scales; palpi with second

joint obliquely upraised, hairy above and beneath; third joint smooth, porrected,

distinet ; tongue present.

Neuration: as in Dissoplaga Warr., but differing in one particular: the last

four subeostals are stalked together, but the fifth rises at one-third and the second at

two-thirds—in other words the second, third, and fourth are stalked from the fifth ;

whereas in Dissoplaga it is the second that rises at one-third and the fifth at two-

thirds, the third, fourth, and fifth being stalked from the second.

Type: Phanauta eburnivena sp. nov.

108. Phanauta eburnivena sp. nov.

Forewings : bone-colour, more or less suffused with fawn, and covered with

fawn and fuscous transverse strigae ; all the veins and the two cross lines bone-

colour, and sometimes the costa; first line from costa at one-fourth, angled on the

subcostal, thence oblique to inner margin, outwardly dark-margined ; second line

from apex to inner margin at two-thirds, edged internally with dark brown, and

produced as a central line across hindwing ; a distinet black cell-spot in both wings ;

fringes concolorous; a small dark apical spot, and oblique subapical brown streak in

forewings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside like upper, but paler and

more indistinct.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm.

d 9. Khasia Hills.

The fawn-coloured suffusion predominates in the d ; in the ? the bone-white

costa, cross lines, and veins are very conspicuous.

Polyscia gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa gently curved throughout; apex produced, subacute ;

hindmargin obliquely curved.

Hindwings : with hindmargin slightly rounded ; both angles rounded,

Antennae of d simple, lamellate ; forehead slightly produced ; palpi with second

joint oblique, closely applied to face,and smoothly scaled; terminal joint small, sharp,

porreeted ; tongue present ; hind tibiae of d not dilated.

Neuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing; discocellular slightly curved ;

first median at two-thirds, second a little before the end, third from lower angle of

cell; radials normal ; first subcostal free, upeurved towards costal, but not anastomosing

with it; the other four subeostals stalked, the second rising at one-third, the fifth at

two-thirds. Hindwings with first subcostal from before upper angle of cell ; medians

as in forewings.

Type: Polyscia ochrilinea sp. nov.

( 148 )

109. Polyscia ochrilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: pale ochreous, with a tinge of olive, dusted with minute black

specks; an indistinct oblique olive line from inner margin at one-fourth, retracted to

costa; a small dark cell-dot ; exterior line olive, straight from apex of forewing,

where it is tinged with pink, to middle of inner margin of hindwing, followed by an

olive band, which broadens from apex of forewing to inner margin, and on hindwing

is equally broad throughout ; a submarginal pale space, followed by another band of

olive, with fine dark specks ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: without basal line; the wings are palest immediately before the

oblique line, the base and costa of forewing being suffused with olive.

Head, face, and thorax like base of wings; abdomen paler. Underside straw-

colour, with numerous dark transverse fuscous strigae, coarser than those of upperside.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

ON ORNITHOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE BY

MR. ALFRED EVERETT

IN CELEBES AND ON THE ISLANDS SOUTH OF IT.

By ERNST HARTERT.

EFORE Mr. Everett's first collections from the Eastern Islands arrived at this

Museum, it was planned that Mr. Rothschild, who is so keenly interested in

the zoology of the Eastern Archipelago, and I should work out the birds together,

but unfortunately Mr. Rothschild found himself too much engaged at present with

entomology and other work. He therefore entrusted me alone with the work of

the collections under consideration, which we had promised Mr. Everett should be

studied without much delay. I must here express my thanks to Mr. Rothschild

for giving this most interesting work into my hands, for I have hardly ever studied

a collection with more interest than these well-prepared skins, collected with so

much skill and love. Besides, although all the responsibility rests with me alone,

Mr. Rothschild has compared many of the skins together with me, and given me

several useful hints, but his co-operation did not seem important enough to him to

attach his name to these articles as a co-author,

I am also obliged to Hofrath Dr. A. B. Meyer, whose knowledge of Celebes birds

is at present unrivalled, for giving me notes on a few species I sent to him for

comparison. I gained much important information, besides others, from the recent

writings on the birds of Celebes of Messrs. A. B. Meyer & L. W. Wiglesworth, and

of Dr. Büttikofer, who too most kindly compared some of my specimens with his

types for me. Again, as so often before, am I further obliged to Messrs. Sharpe and

Grant in the British Museum, who enabled me to compare with great ease the species

I wanted to see in cases where the Tring Museum had not yet sufficient. material for

comparison. The mixed ornis of the small southern islands necessitated special care,

and the comparison of comparatively many descriptions and skins from several regions.

Any notes given on the labels have been faithfully inserted in these papers.

( 149 )

ON THE BIRDS FROM SOUTH CELEBES.

Our friend Mr. Everett, of whose unlucky journey to the Philippines I reported

in this journal, Vol. II., pp. 64, 486 ff., left Labuan again on August 21st for Celebes,

and arrived at Makassar on September 16th. After some short stay in that town, he

determined to work the Bonthain Peak, an enormous mountain of nearly 10,000 feet

in the south of the Southern Peninsula of Celebes. He proceeded to Bulekomba, on

the south coast; but the mountain being evidently inaccessible from the west and

south, he went round to Balang Nipa, and travelled thence to Bikeroe, and on as far

as Indrulaman, a place which is situated at about 2300 feet on the foot-hills of the

Peak, about a short day's walk from the mountain itself. He arrived there on

September 28th, and then despatched his assistant in various directions in order to

ascertain the best route for ascending the mountain, with the result that he sent him

to Tasoso, the highest village in the district, with three of his Borneo men and full

instructions as to what and where they were to collect. Mr. Everett remained himself

at Indrulaman, where he collected every species of bird that was observed, with the

exception of one Caprimulgus. His assistant returned on November Ist, having

succeeded in reaching the most elevated portion of the summit on October 15th.

A few days before his return, the Messrs. Sarasin came to Tasoso from Makassar, and

they also ascended to the highest point of the Peak. It is known from Messrs.

Meyer & Wiglesworth’s article in the Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden how successfully

they collected there. As their specimens reached Europe long before those of

Mr. Everett, and as they fell into the able hands of our colleagues in Dresden, it

was natural that they were described first, and that in this way Messrs. Sarasin’s

birds anticipated several of the most interesting discoveries, such as Zosterops

anomala, Cryptolopha surasinorum, Pachycephala bonthaina, and others. Never-

theless there remained much to reward Mr. Everett’s efforts, as can be seen from

the discoveries'of the Androphilus everetti, Chlorocharis squamiceps, and Cataponera,

as well as from many other valuable things, dilated on in the following pages.

The following extracts from Mr. Everett's letters will be of interest :—

“My men worked altogether for twenty-three days on the Peak, collecting for

the most part between 6000 and 7000 feet, and not at all below 5600 feet. No

doubt a collector remaining several months on the mountain, and changing his

station several times, would make large additions to its fauna, especially if working

immediately after the wet season. The Peak seems to represent an ancient volcanic

vent, being composed of a number of summits and ridges forming the walls of a

crater, the eastern of which would seem to have been blown away. The country

between Balang Nipa and the mountain is wholly composed of old volcanie rocks

and disjectamenta, and neither on the eastern side nor in travelling to Bulekomba

did I see any sedimentary rock whatever. Of the remaining walls the highest is

a ridge called locally Lampo Batang, the next in altitude being the peak known as

Buah Kraïing. The former is a little below 10,000 feet, and the latter, according to

Messrs. Sarasin, about 9000 feet. The Buah Kraiing was found by my assistant

covered with arboreal vegetation to its very top, but the trees were very stunted and

thickly clothed with mosses. He found the temperature ‘at midday’ on Buah

Kraiing to be only 49° F. At Indrulaman 60° was the lowest temperature noticed.

( 150 )

Messrs. Sarasin informed Mr. Dumas that 42^ F. was registered at night on the top

of Lampo Batang. Nobody has as yet passed a night on the summit of Buah

Kraiing."

“The entire country surrounding Bonthain Peak is old cultivated land—rice-

fields next the shore, coffee, tobacco, rice, maize, scrubby secondary jungle, fields of

coarse grasses, etc., inland—and it is quite denuded of primitive forest up to an

elevation of some 5000 feet, or even more, on the eastern aspect of the mountain.

Hence the mammalian fauna below that elevation is very poor, even for Celebes.

Wild pig, deer, and a rat which is, I think, M. neglectus Jent., abound, and in the

villages a shrew; and Cuscus celebensis is fairly common in the coffee-plantations.

I also obtained a single individual of the Celebes Tarsier. But not a single monkey

or squirrel was seen or heard by any of us, the peculiar jungle-rats of the island were

not to be found, there was no Anoa and no Babirusa, and even bats were seldom

seen. Even in the old forest above Tasoso only one species of squirrel was observed,

and of that few were met with. Some black monkeys were seen once—probably

Macacus maurus—and the quill of a porcupine was found beside one of the traps

set at 6500 feet, from which it had escaped. A jungle-rat with bi-coloured tail was

obtained, and the Anoa was said by the natives to be plentiful, but the Babirusa

neither they nor the Buginese in the lower country had heard of as inhabiting this

part of Celebes. The Cuscus was not met with by my party on the mountain,

although both C. ursinus and C. celebensis seem to exist in the lower country, nor

did they encounter any Viverra or Paradoxurus, but the natives say that V. tanga-

lunga is common in the coffee-plantations."

1. Merula celebensis Biittik.

d. Upperside dark olive (Ridgw., Nomenel. Colours II. 9), wings and tail more

blackish. Under wing-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast pale olive; palest on

chin, which is pale hair-brown (Ridgw., le. III. 12), darkening towards the breast.

Whole abdomen pale cinnamon-rufous, paler in the middle and whitish on the vent,

dark olive-brown with whitish tips and lines along the shafts. Bill and feet yellowish

(in skin). Wing 125—129 mm. The female is browner on the breast.

Bonthain Peak, from about 6000 to 7000 feet upwards to the highest regions.

2. Pratincola caprata (L.).

d ?. Indrulaman. A nest with three eggs found at Indrulaman, October 3rd, :

1895. They agree with Indian specimens, and measure 17 to 18 by 14 to 14:4 mm,

3. Phylloscopus borealis (Blas.).

Bonthain Peak, 5500 feet.

4. Phyllergates riedeli Mey. & Wigl.

Three males and a female from Indrulaman. Hofrath Meyer has compared one

of the males with the type and declared them to be the same. The shade of colour

on the crown varies. The female has the head uniform with the back.

5. Cisticola exilis (Vig. & Horsf.).

Indrulaman. d. “Iris yellow-brown; bill sepia; mandible pale horn-brown ;

legs flesh-colour."

(151)

6. Cisticola cisticola (Temm.).

Makassar.

7. Trichostoma finschi Wald.

Several specimens shot in October from Makassar. Dr. A. B. Meyer compared

one of our skins with his five specimens of June and July in the Dresden Museum.

He found them to be alike, though our skin was slightly browner, specially on the

tail and tail-coverts. This is probably because our birds are in very fresh plumage.

8. Cataponera turdoides Hartert (wnted, p. 70).

In the somewhat rounded wing the first primary is of about half the length of

the second, the fifth or the sixth is longest, the fourth, fifth, and sixth generally

not differing much in length. The outer web of some of the middle primaries are

slightly emarginated from about the middle. The tarsus is covered with an unbroken

lamina in adult birds, only at the lower part a scale or two can be distinguished.

In an immature bird before me, however, the ridges of the margins of scales can still

be distinguished in the middle part of the tarsus! This young bird also has pale

shaft-lines on the head, and on the breast and abdomen some feathers with pale

centres and dark brown margins, like those of some young thrushes, have remained.

Behind the eye is a small but conspicuous bare space. The nostrils are longish; the

feathers extend towards the nostrils. There are bristles on the rictus and also on

the tips of the feathers of the chin. The colours have been described L.c.

9. Androphilus everetti Hartert (wnted, p. 69).

This interesting little bird was found all over the Bonthain Peak and surrounding

hills, from about 2000 feet near Indrulaman to above 7000 feet near the summit.

Unless some of the specimens are wrongly sexed, there is no constant difference in

size between the sexes, but some of the birds from the higher elevations are longer,

one of them being a perfect giant, with a wing of 64 mm. in length. In some

specimens the feathers of the breast have dark shaft-stripes.

10. Acmonorhynchus aureolimbatus (Wall.).

Indrulaman and Makassar. Specimens from these places do not differ from those

from Northern Celebes. The iris is burnt sienna-colour. Bill black; mandible

greyish; legs and claws black. The species is included in the genus Prionochilus in

the Cat. B. X., though that genus is said to have “a distinct bastard primary," and

P. wureolimbatus does not have it. I have therefore provisionally accepted the

proposed generic name of Acmonorhynchus for this bird.

11. Dicaeum celebicum Müll. & Schleg.

Makassar and Indrulaman.

12. Dicaeum nehrkorni Blas.

Herr Prof. Dr. Wilh. Blasius has been kind enough to compare one of our

specimens with the type of D. nehrkorni and found them to be the same species. It

has never been described in a scientifie journal. "The original deseription appeared

in the Braunschweigische Anzeigen, a newspaper (!), and was, I believe. reprinted in

( 152

Russ’s /sis, both places not easily accessible to an ornithologist ; and the female has

never been described, as far as I know. I therefore append a short description of

both sexes :—

d ad. Top of the head and forehead, feathers of the rump (somewhat elongated),

and a small spot on the upper breast scarlet ; hindneck and remiges black; back,

scapulars, and upper wing-coverts deep steel-blue ; ear-coverts, chin, throat, and sides

of body ashy, darker on the latter ; axillaries, tufts under the wing, under wing-coverts,

under tail-coverts, and abdomen white, a blackish stripe along the middle of the

abdomen.

Total length about 80 mm.; wing 49—51 mm.; tail about 26 mm.; culmen

9—10 mm.

“Tris brown ; bill, feet, and claws black ” (A. Everett).

? ad. (breeding). Upperside dark ashy grey, crown washed with rufous brown,

rump light scarlet ; wings and tail blackish. Underside whitish; sides of head and

neck, sides of body, and an (often irregular) line along the middle of the abdomen

ashy; axillaries, under wing- and under tail-coverts white.

“Tris brown; bill black; base of mandible paler; feet bluish grey; claws blackish.”

The immature male resembles the female, but seems to be darker above, and has

no scarlet on the rump in very early age.

This pretty bird was not rare near Indrulaman, 2000 to 3000 feet, and was also

met with on the Bonthain Peak at heights of 5000 to 6500 feet.

13. Cinnyris frenata dissentiens subsp. nov.

An adult pair in good fresh plumage from Indrulaman (October 1895) are

evidently most nearly related to C. frenata plateni Blas., the form of this sunbird

which inhabits many parts of Celebes, and which is very closely allied to C. frenata

typica. The new form is less greenish and very much darker above, where it is of a

dark OLIVE colour, and the abdomen is much paler yellow. The colour of the throat

of the male is also of a different shade, but this is liable to individual variation.

Besides these two skins we have received five from Saleyer, which I must refer

to this same form. The abdomen of all these Saleyer specimens is paler sulphur-

yellow, and the under tail-coverts whiter ; but the specimens are not quite alike, and

none of them is in such fresh plumage. They are also slightly paler and more greyish

above (but not greenish, like C. frenata typica), but I am inclined to ascribe these

differences to the more worn plumage.

14. Cinnyris porphyrolaema (Wall.).

This rather distinet Celebes species was procured at Bulekomba and Makassar.

A young male from the latter place (September) is in full moult, the dark black and

metallic feathers appearing here and there in the dull plumage, chiefly so on the

wings and flanks. Another male, in full plumage, has the first primaries not yet full

grown.

3. “Tris brown; bill glossy black; legs dull black ; claws blackish.”

15. Aethopyga flavostriata (Wall.).

One male from Indrulaman, quite similar to a skin. from North Celebes in the

Tring Museum, but bill (and wing ?) rather shorter; culmen 18 mm.; wing damaged,

but apparently a little shorter.

(901535)

16. Anthreptes malaccensis celebensis (Shell.).

Makassar. Common.

17. Myzomela chloroptera Walden.

Bonthain Peak, from 2500 to above 6000 feet.

d ad. Iris brown; bill very dark brown, almost black ; legs and claws light

olive-brown.

? ad. Iris brown; bill very dark brown, basal portion paler; legs and claws

olivaceous brown.

18. Melilestes celebensis meridionalis Mey. & Wigl. (Abh. und Ber. Mus.

Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 11).

On Bonthain Peak, at elevations of 6000 feet and above.

The sexes are alike in colour, but the females have shorter wings and bills.

19. Zosterops anomala Mey. & Wigl. (Le. 1896, p. 12).

Apparently common at Indrulaman. The bare black ring round the eyes without

white plumes, surrounded by some black feathers, characterises this species easily.

It is well described, /.c.

20. Zosterops sarasinorum Mey. & Wigl. (J. f. O. 1894, p. 114).

Dr. A. B. Meyer has kindly compared one of our specimens with his type in the

Dresden Museum and declared them to be the same. The description, however, does

not quite agree. The breast and abdomen are not “ fast rein weiss," but of a pale

sulphur-yellow, more so in the middle, the under tail-coverts of the same yellow as

the middle of the throat. The forehead is greenish yellow. Dr. Meyer's specimens

were collected by Messrs. Sarasin on Mount Klabat, in the Northern Peninsula of

Celebes, at elevations of 2000 metres. Mr. Everett's skins came from elevations above

6000 feet from Bonthain Peak.

21. Zosterops intermedia Wall.

Specimens from Indrulaman and Bonthain Peak to elevations of about 6000 feet.

22. Chlorocharis squamiceps Hartert (wnted, p. 70).

L.c. I gave a diagnosis and description of this new species to which I have little

to add. It was collected at elevations of 6000 to about 7000 feet, where it seemed to

be common. The specimens are all alike, mostly in fairly fresh plumage, but some

moulting. The bill of the skins is black; the legs seem to have been bluish, with

yellowish or greenish soles. "The mandible and legs are light-coloured in skins of

Chlorocharis emiliae, but I cannot find any characters to separate the two species

generically ; and, as stated l.c., I consider Chl. emiliae to be closely related to

Zosterops, from which genus it is perhaps not separable. Unfortunately no tongues

have been secured of my new species.

23. Motacilla boarula melanope (Pall.).

Makassar and Bonthain Peak, up to about 6000 feet.

( 154 )

24. Motacilla flava L.

Bulekomba.

25. Munia pallida Wall.

Two females from Bulekomba and Makassar. One of them, in quite freshly

moulted plumage, has the top of the head and the hindneck strongly washed with

greyish brown ; but the other specimen, in abraded plumage, is much paler on the

head. I therefore do not think that the Celebes bird differs from that from Lombok

and Flores, of which I could compare six skins in the British Museum. (See also

Mey. & Wigl., Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 13.)

26. Munia atricapilla brunneiceps (Wald.).

See Mey, & Wigl., l.c. p. 13. They mention considerable individual varia-

tions. Four skins from Indrulaman do not vary much and are typical brunneiceps.

The birds mentioned by me in Nov. ZooL. II. p. 469, from Bunguran, have much

darker heads and more rufous backs. So they resemble more the purely black-

headed M. atricapilla typica, but much of their bright colour may be due to their

being in very fresh plumage. I have seen Bornean specimens agreeing with those

from Bunguran, though most of them are also slightly paler on the head, and yet a

little darker than those from Celebes.

27. Scissirostrum dubium (Lath.).

Indrulaman. “Iris dark brown; bill deep chrome-yellow; legs light chrome;

nails pale sepia."

28. Calornis minor (Bp.).

d 9. “ Iris scarlet.” Indrulaman.

The principal home of this small Calornis appears to be the islands south of

Celebes, such as Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, Lombok, ete., and it is much less known

as an inhabitant of Celebes, where C. panayensis abounds in many parts ; but it has

been recorded from Celebes long ago by Dr. A. D. Meyer in Sitz. Ber. Natwrf. Ges.

Isis, 1884, I. p. 48, and Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 4. The tail of

this species is certainly not much graduated, but only slightly rounded, nearly square ;

and altogether C. minor stands not very far from C. chalybea, though it is decidedly

smaller, and the neck much more purple. The wings of the two Indrulaman

specimens measure 64—66 mm.

29. Basileornis celebensis Gray.

Indrulaman. d$. “Iris dark brown; bill greenish white; legs wax-yellow ;

claws blackish brown."

Specimens from North and South Celebes do not differ.

30. Acridotheres cinereus Bp.

Makassar, where it is common.

31. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.) and A, monachus Bp.

Indrulaman,

(21555)

32. Dicrurus leucops Wall.

Makassar and Indrulaman. g. “ Iris milk-white."

33. Oriolus celebensis meridionalis.

In Abh. und Ber. Kon. Zoolog., ete., Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 14, Messrs.

A. B. Meyer & L. W. Wiglesworth have remarked that North and South Celebes

birds differ, those from the south having more black in the plumage, and that this

point will be discussed in the authors work on the birds of Celebes. Hofrath

Dr. Meyer then wrote me that in the MS. they called the southern Oriole O. celebensis

meridionalis, and I accept their name herewith, as I consider it a good subspecies.

The most characteristic feature of the southern form is the broad black eye-stripe,

which fully encircles the occiput, broadly and quite wninterrupted. The secondaries

are blacker. Makassar and Indrulaman. d. “ Iris crimson lake; bill reddish sienna-

brown ; legs olive-grey ; claws deep brown."

34. Gazzola typica Bp.

Both sexes of this very rare crow from Indrulaman (2500 feet to about 7000

feet on Bonthain Peak). ‘ Iris warm brown." The wing of the female about 4 mm.

shorter than that of the male (208 and 212 mm.).

35. Corvus enca Horsf.

Indrulaman, Makassar. Several local varieties of this crow may be distinguished

with the help of sufficient material.

36. Streptocitta albicollis (Vieill.).

Makassar. This species represents Str. torquata in Southern Celebes.

37. Pachycephala bonthaina Mey. & Wigl.

A series of skins, collected from elevations of little over 6000 feet to the summit

of Bonthain Peak (nearly 9000 feet), belongs, no doubt, to the species named

P. bonthaina, and well described by Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth in Abh. und Ber.

Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 10. Both sexes agree well with the description,

except that the under tail-coverts are not of the same colour as the lower back,

rump, upper tail-coverts, and flanks; but they are brownish ochraceous, while the

latter parts are greenish olive-yellow. The female differs from the male only in the

chin and throat being striped and spotted with pale buff, but the termination of the

yellowish cap is not less abrupt than in the majority of the males. "There is also an

immature male, which has the whole upperside washed with olive, the whole underside

striped with pale brownish buff, the head and neck olive-brown. It seems from this

not impossible that P. bonensis (Mey. & Wigl., Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1894-5,

No. 4, p. 2) is, after all, the same as P. bonthaina, but adult specimens of the

northern bird must be awaited to decide by.

38. Pachycephala meridionalis Düttik. (Not. Leyden Mus. XV. p. 168, 1893).

Indrulaman and Bonthain Peak to above 6000 feet. Iris chocolate; bill black ;

legs and feet pale bluish grey ; nails dark grey.

Wing of males, 8& mm.; of females, 80—81 mm,

( 156 )

39. Graucalus leucopygius Bp.

Indrulaman and Makassar. Iris yellowish white; bill and legs black. A young

male (September 1895) has the feathers of the head, back, and rump with a terminal

buffy white and a subterminal blackish bar; the remiges with buffy white narrow

edges; the upper wing-coverts with broad buffy white edges; feathers of throat and

breast with blackish subterminal bars.

40. Volvocivora morio (Müll.).

Indrulaman, common; very variable. Only rather aged males seem to have the

throat and upper breast black; the underparts of the females and young are more or

less deep buff.

d juv. and ?. “Tris chocolate ; bill, feet, and claws black.”

d ad. “Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and claws black.”

41. Lalage leucopygialis Walden.

Indrulaman. It is wrong to quote L. leucopygialis Gray, as the latter author

never has described the bird. “ The iris of the male is chocolate-brown ; bill, legs,

and claws black."

42. Lalage timoriensis (5. Müll.).

Indrulaman and Makassar.

43. Muscicapa griseosticta (Swinh.).

Indrulaman.

44. Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe.

Mey. & Wigl. (Abh. wnd Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 9) have already shown

that this bird inhabits Celebes, but they had received one pair only, and believed

that they differed slightly from typical M. westermanni from Java and Borneo.

Mr. Everett sent a number of fine males and two females, as well as a young bird.

These I have compared with the large series of the species in Tring and in London,

and I am able to state that they do not differ in anything from typical M. westermanni.

The young bird has the feathers of the upperside fringed with black and variegated

with a large buff subterminal spot, those of the underside bordered with black.

45. Muscicapula hyperythra (Blyth).

Two pairs from elevations of about 6000 feet on Bonthain Peak do not differ in

colour from Muscicapula hyperythra. Compared with skins of that species from North

Jorneo, the white line extending from the forehead backwards over the eye is broader

and longer. This character, however, does not seem to have any constaney, and

Himalayan specimens in the British Museum are perfectly similar to those from Celebes.

jut the wings of the Celebes birds before me are longer, those of the males measuring

65 mm., those of the females 61 and 62 mm., while those of my males from Borneo

measure 56 to 59 mm., those of females from the same place 56 mm.; and Messrs.

Sharpe & Oates give only 58 mm. as the length of the wing of Indian males. So it

would seem that the Celebes birds differ in having longer wings, but a larger material

than I have before me at present is desirable to work out the local forms of M. hyperythra,

of which there may be several.

I have not seen M. hyperythra recorded from Celebes before,

46. Siphia omissa Hartert (ated, p. 71).

Indrulaman.

9. “Tris dark brown; bill black; legs light purplish brown; claws pale sepia."

47. Siphia bonthaina sp. nov.

d. Supra olivacea, remigum marginibus exterioribus rufescentibus ; cauda

tectrieibusque superioribus castaneis Macula supralorali magna pallide ochracea.

Mento, gutture, jugulo, pectore ochraceis. Abdomine subcaudalibusque albis.

Al. 65 mm., caud. 47 mm., eulm. 13 mm., tars. 19 mm.

? similis, pectore guttureque pallidioribus.

Hab. Monte Bonthain Peak dicta, Celebes.

Above olive, quills margined with rufous brown on the outer webs and with light

brown on the inner webs. Tail deep chestnut, more brownish on the tip; upper tail-

coverts of the same colour. A large spot over the lores; from the base of the bill to

the middle of the eye pale ochraceous. Chin, throat, and breast light ochraceous.

Abdomen white, bases of feathers slate-colour. Under tail-coverts white with an

ochreous shade; under wing-coverts very pale brownish. L. t. about 110 mm.; wing

65 mm.; tail 47 mm. The female has the wing only 61 mm., the tail 45 mm., and

the chin, throat, and breast are very much paler than in the male.

The only pair sent was procured by Mr. Everett's men, at an elevation of about

6000 feet, on Bonthain Peak.

This species belongs to the little section of the genus Siphia, as limited in the

Cat. B. by Dr. Sharpe, in which the sexes are very much alike, both being olive or

brown above and with more or less rufous tails, to which S. erithacus from Palawan

belongs. The birds from Bonthain Peak differ considerably from all the species I am

acquainted with and do not agree with any description.

48. Gerygone flaveola Cab.

One male from Indrulaman,

49. Hypothymis puella (Wall.).

Indrulaman and Makassar.

50. Rhipidura teysmanni Büttik.

Five skins from Indrulaman.

“Tris dark brown; bill dark sepia; base of mandible white; legs purple-grey."

The female and immature male have the throat-pateh not pure black, but rather

washed with greyish.

51. Culicicapa helianthea Wall.

Bonthain Peak, from Indrulaman to above 6000 feet elevation.

d 9. Iris dark brown; maxilla dark sepia; mandible ochraceous orange; legs

and claws light sepia; soles of feet yellow. The sexes do not differ perceptibly, but

young birds have lighter breasts and are not so yellowish above,

( 158 )

52. Cryptolopha sarasinorum Mey. & Wigl. (Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896,

No. 1, 9.29):

This excellent new species was found in numbers on the Bonthain Peak, where

it was discovered by the brothers Sarasin in the same month when Mr. Everett

collected there, 7.e. October 1895, from Indrulaman to above 6000 feet.

The iris is dark brown; bill sepia-brown ; mandible ochreous, tinged with sepia;

legs lead-blue ; claws light brown.

53. Stoparola meridionalis Büttik. (Notes Leyden Mus. 1893, p. 170).

Found at Indrulaman, and up to elevations of about 6000 feet. The sexes are

alike in colour, but the wing of the female seems to be 2 or 3 mm. shorter. The

iris is chocolate-brown ; the bill, legs, and claws black.

A young bird from Bonthain Peak, 6000 feet, caught in October, has subterminal

light brown spots and black tips to the feathers of the upperside; the feathers of the

underparts are buff, bordered with black.

54. Caprimulgus affinis Horsf.

A perfectly adult male, Makassar, September 1895.

55. Collocalia esculenta (L.).

Indrulaman and up to about 6000 feet on Bonthain Peak. On November 2nd

a colony was found breeding in a cave near Indrulaman. The nests were not edible,

but consisted of moss, rootlets, lichens, and little twigs, agglutinated and fixed to the

walls of the cave with saliva. Eggs were found in a number of nests, and there were

always two (or one only if incomplete) in a clutch. The eggs measure from 17 to 18

by 10 to 11:1 mm. They are not quite equal at both ends, but one end is decidedly

more pointed.

Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth mention of specimens from the island of Banggai

that their wings were 69 to 90 mm. long, while those from North Celebes had wings

85 to 97 mm. long. Those from Indrulaman have the wings 95 to 102 mm. long.

Unless many of the skins before me are wrongly sexed, which seems not to be

possible, these differences are not sexual, nor can I account for them in any other way.

56. Haleyon chloris (Bodd.).

Up to at least 6000 feet on Bonthain Peak.

57. Ceycopsis fallax (Schl.).

?. Indrulaman, 2300 feet, October 1895. “Tris dark brown; bill and feet and

nails bright coral-red; middle of culmen faintly tinged with black."

This specimen differs from three skins from Lambeh, North Celebes, in having

the interscapular region of the same brown colour as the wing-coverts and scapulars,

while the Lambeh skins have the interscapulium light rufous. Hofrath Meyer, who

has more material to compare, kindly informed me that he had specimens from the

north which did not differ from our Indrulaman skin.

58. Coracias temmincki (Vieill.).

September, Makassar; November, Bulekomba.

' $ ad, Iris chocolate ; bill black ; feet olive-yellow ; claws black,”

( 159 )

59. Microstictus wallacei (Tweedd.).

Indrulaman. “ Iris lemon-yellow ; bill black; feet greyish olive; claws blackish

brown.”

60. Iyngipieus temmincki (Malh.).

Indrulaman and Makassar.

d. “Iris erimson-lake; bill black; mandible grey towards the base; feet dirty

greenish; nails brown."

61. Cuculus intermedius Vahl.

Two grey males, Indrulaman. One of them is very much broader-barred than

the other.

Two females, Indrulaman, both in the rufous plumage. “Iris raw sienna-brown ;

bill brownish black; basal half of mandible greenish yellow; eyelids pure chrome-

yellow; feet wax-yellow; claws light brown.”

62. Cacomantis virescens (Briigg.).

Indrulaman and Makassar.

63. Chalcococcyx malayanus (Rafil.).

d $. Indrulaman and Makassar. d. “Iris clay-brown ; eye-wattle scarlet ; bill

black; legs greyish black; claws black.”

64. Chalcococcyx basalis (Horsf.).

A female belonging to this species, shot on the Bonthain Peak 6000 feet high.

The longer wing (this ? has it 97 mm. long), both webs of the second rectrix from

outside being rufous for the basal two-thirds, the rather broader and paler bands of

the breast, a superciliary whitish line, and a broad dark line from the eye along the

sides of the neck distinguish this species without difficulty from Ch. malayanus,

which is a usual inhabitant of Celebes. I am not aware that Ch. basalis has been

found before in Celebes, but as it inhabits “ Australia, Aru Islands, Timor, Flores,

Lombock, Java, and reoceurs in Malacca " (Shelley, Cat. B. XIX. p. 295), it is not to

be wondered at much.

65. Scythrops novaehollandiae Lath.

Indrulaman. d ad. * Iris, orbit, cere, and nostrils erimson-lake ; bill horn-white,

clouded with plumbeous grey; feet dark plumbeous."

66. Surniculus muschenbroeki Meyer.

The greatest surprise to me in this collection was a pair, or rather two males,

of this cuckoo, of which only one specimen, a female, procured in Batjan by Dr. A. B.

Meyers hunters, was known. Cf. Meyer in Rowley's Orn. Misc. III. p. 164, Cat.

B. XIX. p. 230. Though the specimens before me agreed fully with the original

description, I thought it best to have them compared with the type, and therefore

sent them to Dr. Meyer, who kindly wrote me that they fully agreed with his

bird. The wing of S. muschenbroeki has been given as 140 mm., while my specimens

have wings of 134—135 mm. only; but Dr. Meyer was kind enough to inform me

that really the wing of his bird is only 136 mm, long, according to his own recent

( 160 )

measuring. In one of our males the white on the occiput is much more developed

than in the other, and in the type there is « little less even than in the latter, The

white on the shortened outer rectrices is also a little more marked in the two

Celebes specimens, and one of them has also a narrow white tip to one of the

longest rectrices. All these characters, however, vary much in the other species of

Surniculus, and they also differ in the two specimens from Celebes.

The specimens were shot at Indrulaman, and are in perfect plumage.

67. Phoenicophaes calorhynchus meridionalis (Mey. & Wigl.) (Abh. und Ber. Mus.

Dresden, 1896, No. 2, p. 11).

Three skins from Indrulaman (breeding at the time, according to Mr. Everett)

differ considerably from the bird from Northern Celebes in having a much paler

crown and a decidedly paler throat, and it seems that also the tail is about half an

inch longer than in any of the northern specimens. Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth

have (l.e.) proposed the name of Rhamphococeyx calorhynchus meridionalis for this

form, and the former gentleman kindly compared one of our specimens with their

type. The discovery of Count Berlepsch of the difference between the Phoenicophaes

from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo in the different form of the nostrils clearly

shows that the genera Dryococcyx, Urococeyx, Rhinococcyx, and Rhamphococeyx

cannot be upheld wisely, and the Count also encloses the Phoenicophaes of Ceylon

in the same genus, the latter name thus having the priority as the generic title of

the group.

68. Centropus javanicus Dumont.

Indrulaman. “Tris dark brown; bill black ; legs and claws blackish plumbeous

( females).”

69. Pyrrhocentor celebensis (Quoy & Gaim.).

Indrulaman. * d. Iris erimson-lake; bill and orbital skin black; legs and

claws blackish plumbeous" These specimens do not. belong to P. celebensis rufescens,

a well recognisable subspecies recently described by Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth,

who received it from Tonkean. Two of the cotypes of the latter are in the Tring

Museum.

70. Tanygnathus mülleri (Müll. & Schleg.).

Apparently common at Indrulaman. The ovaries of the adult females showed

(in October) no sign of enlarged eggs. The bills of the females from Indrulaman

are white, those of the mules red.

71. Prioniturus platurus (Temm.).

Apparently not rare at Indrulaman. d wing 181—183 mm. d.“ Iris dark

chocolate; bill black, basal half nearly white; feet greenish grey."

72. Loriculus stigmatus (Müll. & Schleg.).

Some specimens from Makassar and one from Indrulaman. The adult male

from Makassar has the red of the crown extended much farther back than the

male from Indrulaman,

( 161 )

73. Trichoglossus ornatus (L.).

Indrulaman. dad. “Tris orange; bill orange-red; feet greenish grey; nails

dark brown.”

74. Pisorhina manadensis (Quoy & Gaim.).

Indrulaman. d. October 1895. “Tris ochreous orange; cere pale brownish ;

bill olivaceous horn; feet brownish white; claws horn-yellow, the longer ones brown

on the distal half."

75. Ninox punctulata Quoy & Gaim.

Three males from Indrulaman and Makassar. “Tris dark chocolate; bill horn-

black; tip and mandible pale horn-colour; feet white; claws dark brown." In the

two other specimens the bill is greenish horn-colour, blackish towards the base.

The male with the dark bill is of a deep blackish chocolate-colour above; the

whitish spots incline to cross-bars only on the back and upper wing-coverts; the

markings on the breast and abdomen are very deep brown. The other two males

are of a paler brown above; the dark colour on the breast and abdomen is more

rufous brown ; the pale markings above are more like cross-bars, and in one they are

really short eross-bars everywhere. When Sharpe described the species in Cat. B.

Vol. II. p. 183, he said that the whitish spots “inclined to bars nowhere except

on the secondaries, and here very minute." However, such specimens seem to be

rarer than those where there are cross-markings.

76. Strix rosenbergi Schleg.

Indrulaman and Makassar.

d. “Iris white; bill horn-white, clouded with brown in the middle of the

maxilla; feet dirty brownish white; claws dark brown.”

This fine owl seems to stand, by its large size as well as by its richly spotted

underside and other colour-characters, farther away from Strix flammea typica than

any of its other numerous subspecies, and may probably well be kept specifically

distinct. The wing of our females is 330 mm. long, that of our male 320.

77. Spilornis rufipectus Gould.

Makassar, Indrulaman, and Bonthain Peak, up to about 6000 feet above the sea.

d ad. “Iris golden yellow; bill black, basal portion plumbeous grey ; mandible

plumbeous grey, its apical portion black; cere dirty greenish; eyelids dark yellow ;

skin of loral region yellow; legs wax-yellow ; claws black."

d juv. “Iris golden yellow; loral skin yellow; legs dark wax-yellow; claws

black."

The colour of the breast varies in the old bird, it being much paler in some,

in fact as pale as in Spilornis sulaensis, darker in others. The whole throat and

ear-coverts are deep black in an apparently freshly moulted bird.

Mr. Everett procured, during October 1895, fully adult birds, quite young ones,

and others in change of plumage.

There seem to me not to be sufficient reasons to separate the Sula birds

specifically. They can only form a subspecies, those from Peling and Banggai (of

which I have now five before me) standing between the two forms and hardly being

separable from Spilornis rufipectus. See Meyer & Wiglesw., Abh. und Ber. Mus.

Dresden, No. 1, p. 7, 1896.

( 162 )

78. Baza celebensis Schl.

d.lIndrulaman, 9. Indrulaman. “Iris orange-brown; bill and cere black;

legs white; claws brown." The male agrees with the figure of this species in

Cat. B. Vol. I. Pl. X. Sharpe calls it there Baza erythrothorax, but Schlegel’s

name has evidently priority, the article of Sharpe being only received by the

Zoological Society of London in June, and therefore certainly not published in that

same month. The female has the top of the head rufous, broadly streaked with

black. It seems to be immature.

79. Butastur liventer (Temm.).

Makassar, where it is said to be common. The rufous colour of tail and wings

is darker when the feathers appear and fades when they are worn. The upperside is

sometimes darker (evidently fresh plumage), sometimes paler, and the dark shaft-

stripes are more or less distinct.

80. Spilospizias trinotatus haesitandus subsp. nov.

Seven skins of adult birds from Bonthain Peak, from Indrulaman to above 6000

feet, differ from a great number of specimens from North Celebes in having the

abdomen paler, in fact white for its greater part, the vent and under tail-coverts

pure white, the thighs pure white or with a very faint rosy shade on their upper

part only. Above they are mostly very dark, the head and hindneck being distinctly

paler than the back and rump. Hofrath Dr. A. B. Meyer has confirmed the above-

noted differences in litt. ` I therefore give it a subspecifie name, and I believe this

to be the right course. The males are smaller than the females, but do not differ in

colour.

The totally different well-known spotted young bird has the iris lake, bill

black, loral region and base of mandible orange-chrome, legs dark chrome, claws

black. The adult male has the iris chocolate-brown, the bill jet-black, base and

cere orange, legs chrome-yellow, claws black. A young female in the spotted

plumage shows a few slaty feathers above and some salmon-coloured ones on the

breast. The generic name of Spilospizias is now often used for this bird, but

Sharpe (Cat. B. I. 1874) included it in the genus Astur. I am inclined to think

that it cannot be separated from Astur.

81. Accipiter rhodogaster (Schleg.).

Makassar and Bonthain Peak to above 6000 feet. It is remarkable how closely

this bird must at a distance resemble the Astur trinotatus of Celebes.

82. Tinnunculus moluccensis occidentalis Mey. & Wigl.

Cf. Abh. wnd Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896-97, No. 2, p. 8, February 1896, where

the anthors have for the first time separated the very distinct Celebes form from

Tiwnwneulus moluccensis typicus. The lighter underparts, lighter under wing-

coverts, and the whitish grey ear-coverts are very characteristic. A specimen from

Java (collected by Mr. Whitehead) is also referable to this subspecies.

Mr. Everett sent some skins from Makassar and from about 6000 feet on

Bonthain Peak.

( 163 )

83. Circus assimilis Jard. & Selby.

d and ? ad., ? juv., with feathers of crown, sides of head and neck broadly

margined with rusty rufous. d and ? juv. from Indrulaman and Makassar.

? ad. “Iris brown; bill black, basal part pale plumbeous; cere and lores

greenish; legs very pale wax-yellow; claws black.”

d juv. “Tris olive-brown; bill black, basal portion pale grey; cere greenish

yellow; lores light greenish ; legs very pale wax-yellow; claws black.”

? juv. “ Iris golden yellow.”

84. Milvus migrans affinis (Gould).

d ?. Makassar. The female has the culmen distinctly yellow towards the base

(in skin).

85. Ptilopus meridionalis (Mey. & Wigl.).

Leucotreron fischeri meridionalis Mey. & Wigl, Orn. Monatsber. I. p. 12;

Ptilopus meridionalis Salvad., Cat. B. XXI. p. 74.

Bonthain Peak and surrounding hills from about 2500 feet to above 6000 feet.

The female of this beautiful pigeon is slightly more greenish above, a little more

brownish below, and a little smaller. d wing 172—175 mm., ? wing 165—166 mm.

" ?. Iris orange-red; bill dark leaf-green; feet dull purplish; nails brownish

plumbeous."

86. Ptilopus temmincki (Des Murs & Prév.) (Cat. B. XXI. p. 115).

Ptilopus formosus Gray of the majority of authors.

Indrulaman.

87. Carpophaga forsteni (Temm.).

Bonthain Peak, 6000 to 6500 feet.

88. Osmotreron wallacei Salvad. (Cat. B. XXI. p. 42, Pl. IT.).

“ d. Iris orange.” “ ?. Tris rufous brown, with thin outer ring of dull orange ;

bill greenish white; cere and base of mandible light green; bare orbital skin lemon-

yellow, tinged with green; feet carmine; nails pale brownish grey."

Indrulaman, nesting in October. The male rather more brick-red than specimens

from Minahassa, Peling, but otherwise not different,

It is remarkable how closely allied this species is to O. griseicauda of Java, though

the differences pointed out by Salvadori are quite constant.

89. Osmotreron vernans (L.).

Bulekomba, 8. Celebes, November 1895, moulting.

Wing (complete) 142 mm. (= 5:6 inches).

90. Chalcophaps indica (1..).

Indrulaman.

91. Turtur tigrinus (Temm. & Knip.).

Indrulaman.

( 164 )

92. Geopelia striata (1).

Makassar.

93. Turacoena manadensis (Q. & G.).

d. October, Indrulaman. “Iris light briek-red; bare orbital and loral skin

carmine; bill black; feet black, tinged with purple-red; claws black.”

$. October, Indrulaman. “ Iris orange-red; orbital skin carmine; feet brown ;

claws brown."

94. Macropygia albicapilla Bp.

d and 2. Indrulaman, October 1895. “ d. Iris with the inner ring blue, the

outer carmine; bill black; feet carmine; claws dark brown.”

The feathers of the hindneck of the male have very strong purplish reflections,

but otherwise it agrees with specimens from other parts of Celebes.

95. Gallus gallus (1.).

Bulekomba.

96. Turnix rufilatus Wall.

Makassar and Indrulaman. | d. “Iris white; bill greenish yellow; tip and ridge

of eulmen brown; legs greenish yellow." The female has the forehead and lores black,

but the male has these parts speckled dark brownish black and white or whitish.

97. Hypotaenidia philippinensis (L.).

$ ad. Bulekomba. “ Iris crimson-lake ; bill light red; apical third horn-brown ;

legs greyish white.”

98. Gallinula chloropus orientalis (Horsf.).

d. Bulekomba. All the specimens of Gallinula chloropus from the East now

before me are very much smaller than those from Europe, so that I am inclined

to believe it can stand as a well-marked subspecies. The male from Bulekomba

(apparently adult) has the wing only 154 mm. ; Sharpe gives 7:3 inches = 185 mm

as the length of the male of the species in the Cat. B. XXIII. p. 173.

99. Phoyx manilensis (Meyen).-

Bulekomba. Sharpe considers the Eastern Red Herons to be specifically distinet

from the Ardea purpurea of Europe, and also places them in a separate genus, Phoyx.

100. Ardetta cinnamomea (Gm.).

Bulekomba.

101. Bubulcus coromandus (Bodd.).

julekom ba.

102. Ardeola speciosa (Horsf.).

Makassar.

( 165 )

103. Nettion gibberifrons (Müll.).

(See Salvadori's description and remarks Cut. B. XXVII. pp. 255, 256.)

November, Bulekomba. g. “Iris lake-red ; bill above and feet shining lead-

grey." The females are decidedly smaller than the males, the culmen being about

8 mm. shorter, the wings about 10 mm., the middle toe about 4 or 5 mm. shorter.

The difference in size of the sexes is remarkable, and seems a further proof that

N. gibberifrons is really quite distinct from N. castaneum, though the females,

according to Count Salvadori, seem not distinguishable.

It is evident from the above list that much interesting work is still left for an

able collector on the higher mountains of Celebes. Such forms as Merula celebensis,

Androphilus, Chlorocharis, and perhaps Siphia bonthaina show interesting similarities

with the ornis of the high mountains of Borneo. The butterflies, I believe, will show

corresponding facts. It is most probable that all the very high mountains from

North India to the outmost branches of the Indo-Malayan region have great similarities

in the fauna of their highest regions—witness the Himalayas, the Gunong Ijau in

Perak, the Kina Balu, the high mountains in Java and Sumatra, and Bonthain Peak.

They may be remainders of very ancient times, as the fauna of the intervening plains

is often totally different. Similar cases are known to exist in Europe and elsewhere.

It is most desirable that more of the higher regions of high mountains—that is to say,

the parts from above 3000 feet and upwards—should be explored ; and there are many

left untouched or but partly known, even in better known countries, such as the Malay

Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java. It is also of utmost interest to know whether the

highest peaks in New Guinea take part of the Indo-Malayan highland ornis, though

it is more likely, perhaps, that they are, and have always been, out of their influence.

Species like Surniculus muschenbroeki and Lalage timoriensis represent Moluccan

and Sundanese elements, the occurrence of which will probably appear less remarkable

when all the gaps between the different larger groups are filled in, for instance when

a thorough exploration of the Sula group has taken place—witness also the ornis of

Saleyer, Djampea, and Kalao.

Il.

THE BIRDS OF SALEYER, DJAMPEA, AND KALAO.

After the successful exploration of Bonthain Peak in South Celebes, Mr. Everett

sent his men to Saleyer, and afterwards went there himself, and also to the islands of

Kalao and Djampea, between Flores and the southern part of Celebes and Saleyer.

On some maps they are called * Schiedam Islands,” but this name is not generally

known. Saleyer, Salayer, Seleyer, Selayer, Silajara, or Boegeroens Island, is about

forty miles long, but only from one to seven miles in width. “It is very populous,

and the people are industrious, raising considerable quantities of produce, The teak

tree has been planted, and flourishes; cattle, fowls, and vegetables are plentiful, and

the woods abound with deer. It is said that this island is the division of the climate

systems of the eastern and western parts of the archipelago, the rainy season being

reversed, and conforming to the west with the north-westerly and to the east with

the south-easterly monsoon” (Findlay, Indian Archipelago Directory, p. 803).

( 166 )

Not much is known of the fauna of Saleyer, but lepidoptera have been collected

there by several collectors. Ornithologically it was unexplored until 1889, when

Prof. Max Weber obtained there twenty-two specimens of birds, representing fourteen

species, from January 13th to 19th. Dr. Büttikofer gave a list of these in Weber's

Zoolog. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederländisch Ost-Indien, Vol. III. The species

obtained by Prof. Weber were :—

1. Haliaötus leucogaster (Gm.). 8. Lalage timoriensis (Müll.).

2. Alcedo bengalensis Gm. 9. Chibia leucops (Wall.).

3. Haleyon chloris (Bodd.). 10. Treron griseicauda Gray.t

4. Siphia banyumas (Horsf.).* 11. Ptilopus melanauchen (Salvad.).

5. Pachycephala teysmanni Biittik. 12. Macropygia macassariensis Wall.

6. P. orphea Jard. 13. Erythra phoenicwra (Penn.).

7. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.). 14. Totamus hypoleucos (L.).

It will be seen from the following article that Mr. Everett's collections have

added a good number of species to the Saleyer list. “Small as the number of species

recorded by me from Saleyer may be," says Büttikofer, /.c., “ it proves nevertheless, by

the presence of Pachycephala orphea and Lalage timoriensis, that the ornis of this

island, which must geographically be looked upon as a continuation of the Southern

Peninsula of Celebes, and may also be regarded so ornithologically, represents some

relationship with the ornis of the Timor group, though not with that of Flores, as

one might have expected from the geographical situation."

Djampea, Jampea, Tjampeah, or Tana Djampea (the land of Djampea), is the

largest island of the little group sometimes called the “Schiedam Islands,” and is

about fifteen miles in length. It has a rugged appearance and is mountainous, the

hills being covered with high trees, but it terminates to the eastward and northward

in low points. There are rivers with good water. No birds, as far as I know, have

ever been recorded from Djampea, though a list of lepidoptera from that island has

been given by Snellen.

Kalao, or Lwmbego as it is called by the natives, lies less than ten miles to the

south-east from Djampea, and is a narrow mountainous island, thirteen or fourteen

miles in length from east to west. Off the east end is Bonerate Island, with a safe

channel between. No list of birds from Kalao has ever been given, nor does any one

seem to have collected any birds there; but Messrs. Sarasin visited Bonerate and

collected there five species of birds, which were recorded by Messrs. Meyer &

Wiglesworth in Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, No. 1, 1896, p. 16. They are :—

1. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.). 4. Oriolus boneratensis n. sp.

2. Cyrtostomus sp. 5. Megapodius duperreyi L. & G.

3. Zosterops intermedia, Wall.

The following list will show the excellent ornithologieal work done by Mr. Everett

and his men on these islands, and we confidently hope that we shall soon receive

collections from him from other hitherto unexplored or but imperfectly known islands

of the Eastern Archipelago.

1. Pratincola caprata (L.).

32. Saleyer.

* This is my S. omissa.—E. H. T This is Zreron wallacei Salvad.—E, H.

CVET)

2. Phylloscopus borealis (Blas.).

Saleyer, one specimen ; Kalao, two specimens.

3. Dicaeum splendidum Büttik. (Notes Leyd. Mus. t.c.).

A series of both sexes from Djampea. The principal differences from D. mackloti

are the colour of the throat, which is much lighter, more vermilion, and extends

farther down on the breast, and the greatly diminished dark surroundings of the

red throat. They are broad and deep black in D. mackloti, while they are blackish

grey and narrow in D. splendidwm. The colour of the back varies and is not

constantly different in the two species. My birds have been compared with the

type in Leyden.

The female is dark olive-grey above and on the sides of neck and head; rump

and upper tail-coverts vermilion ; the wings bluish black, with narrow olive outer

edges; tail bluish black. Below creamy white. Axillaries, under wing-coverts,

and inner wing-lining white. Wing 51—52 mm. The immature male is like the

female.

d. “Iris dark brown; bill black; mandible grey, palest at base; feet and

claws very dark grey, almost black." 9. “Iris dark brown ; basal portion of maxilla

and two-thirds of mandible dull orange ; feet and claws greyish black."

Dr. Büttikofer described this species from Makassar! (See Cinnyris teysmanni,

Rhipidura celebensis.)

4. Cinnyris frenata dissentiens Hartert (wed, p. 152).

As mentioned above, there are five skins from Saleyer, four adult males and one

immature male, which are paler below than my type from Indrulaman, but I have

only one from the latter place in the most perfect and freshest plumage, while those

from Saleyer are not in such fresh plumage. However, I think it most likely that

the Saleyer bird always differs slightly from that from South Celebes. In that case

it would have to be considered, so to say, a form of C. frenata dissentiens, just as

the latter is rather a form of C. frenata plateni than of C. frenata typica; but we

can only call the present form C. frenata dissentiens, and, in case that from Saleyer

should constantly differ, would have to call it, by a trinomial, a subspecies of

C. frenata, as otherwise we should get into a perfect labyrinth of names, which

would be impossible to use.

5. Cinnyris teysmanni Büttik. (Notes Leyd. Mus. XV. p. 179, 1893).

Common on the islands of Djampea and Kalao; specimens from the two islands

do not differ. I sent a male to my friend Dr. Büttikofer, who kindly compared it

with the type and found them to be identical. The pectoral tufts, however, are

more or less tinged with orange in nearly all the specimens before me, but this is

absent in a few, probably fading in time. The adult male is very exactly described

by the author (/.c.), but the female was not known. It is greyish olive above, washed

with green on the rump and the margins of the quills. A whitish yellow superciliary

line over the eye. Beneath lemon-yellow, paler in younger birds, and always paler

on the throat and under tail-coverts. Under wing-coverts and inner lining of wing

whitish. Outer rectrices broadly tipped with white, these tips decreasing in extent

( 168 )

towards the middle, so that the centre ones are only narrowly fringed with white on

the tip. Wing about 2 or 3 mm. shorter than in the male.

The species has originally been described from the Makassar district in Celebes,

It was collected by the distinguished Dutch botanist Teysmann. As the bird is so

common on Djampea and Kalao, but was not found in Saleyer, nor near Makassar

by recent collectors, one cannot help being somewhat sceptical with regard to the

locality “Makassar district,” especially as Teysmann travelled over many parts of

the Eastern Archipelago, no original labels, as far as I know, having been attached

to his birds. Some of his many important discoveries are species peculiar to the

Celebes “highlands, as we have seen in the preceding article on the birds of Bonthain

Peak.

6. Myzomela chloroptera Wald.

Saleyer and Djampea. The same as the Celebes form. The young male is like

the adult female. Many intermediately coloured specimens.

7. Zosterops intermedia Wall.

Saleyer, Djampea, and Kalao. The species was first described from Celebes

(Makassar), but it is said to oceur also in Lombok and Ternate.

8. Anthus gustavi Swinh.

Djampea and Kalao. This species breeds in Siberia and wanders southwards

to Timor, Celebes, and the Moluccas.

9. Motacilla flava L.

Saleyer, Kalao.

10. Munia molucca (L.).

A series from Saleyer and Kalao. They agree entirely with specimens from

Celebes. These latter have been included with his subspecies propinqua (from

Flores) by Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII. p. 368, though he admits that they stood somewhat

between the two forms, and have been united with M. molucca by Büttikofer,

Weber's Reise, III. p. 280. Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth also say that they are inter-

mediate, but call them M. molucca (Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 13).

I cannot see any constant differences between Celebes and Moluccan birds, and those

from Saleyer and Kalao do not differ either, though some few specimens have

perhaps a little whiter breast, thus apparently pointing towards the Flores form.

11. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.).

Saleyer and Djampea. The young bird (Djampea) has a brown beak, a very

pale grey throat, the feathers on the back tipped with ochraceous brown, the remiges

and rectrices tipped with whitish.

12. Calornis minor (Bp.).

Saleyer and Djampea. $? juv. “ Iris olive-yellow; bill and legs dull black.”

15. Dicrurus leucops Wall.

3%. Saleyer. One very young without the glossy tips to the feathers.

( 169 )

14. Oriolus boneratensis Mey. & Wigl.

Abh. wnd Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 1, p. 16 (January 1896). Found in Djampea

and Kalao, but more numerous in Kalao. This large Oriole has been well charac-

terised by the authors, who had one female from Bonerate, collected by Messrs.

Sarasin; but it is perhaps nearer to O. broderipi than one might have imagined

from their description. The size of the bill in O. broderipi varies considerably, as

does the length of the wing. So does also the width of the black surrounding the

crown, but there always remains a considerably larger yellow spot on the erown in

O. boneratensis, the bill is always larger, and the black surrounding the crown is

narrower. The speculum on the wing is mostly larger than in O. broderipi, but

smaller in some (not all) females. The primaries do not have yellow tips, as they

have in O. broderipi, but the secondaries are tipped with yellow, though the latter

varies very much in extent, is wider and more greenish in some females and (probably

younger) males, and is wanting in a few of the females. The yellow tips to the

secondaries, however, are larger in O. broderipi. The extent of black on the rectrices

varies much, as in O. broderipi,though it is generally extended more towards the

tips, but the central rectrices are also tipped with yellow, as in O. broderipi, in every

one of the large series before me.

The colour is of a pure and perfect orange in some specimens; in others some

feathers are orange, others yellow; in some the whole plumage is washed with yellow,

while others are of a pure lemon-yellow without a shade of orange, and of the latter

some have the mantle faintly tinged with greenish. These variations in colour are

either due to age or perhaps to food, but not to sex or locality, specimens from Kalao

being perfectly similar to those from Djampea. Herr Hofrath Meyer has kindly

compared some of my birds with his type of O. boneratensis, and declared it to be

the same bird. The wing measures 162—173 mm., the tail 123—133, the tarsus

26—29, the culmen 36—38. The sexes are alike, unless many are wrongly sexed.

d. * Iris deep cinnabar-red ; bill white, tinged with rosy red; feet dark olivaceous

grey.” $. “Tris crimson-lake; bill horn-white, tinged with rose-colour; feet dark

lead-grey."

15. Pachycephala teysmanni Büttik. (Notes Leyd. Mus. XV. p. 167).

A series from Saleyer only. d. “Iris brown; bill jet-blaek; legs and feet with

claws dark grey." Dr. Büttikofer has kindly compared one of our males with his type,

and found them to be quite alike. He described it from South Celebes. Further

researches must show whether it occurs there too, or whether it is restricted to

Saleyer.

The female resembles the male, but the white of the throat does not extend so

far down towards the breast; the top of the head is not dark slaty-grey but paler

grey, the lores tinged with ochraceous, the ear-coverts pale fawn-colour with paler

shafts. Wing 73 mm. A very young male, just out of nest, resembles the old

female; but the breast and abdomen are white streaked with dark brown, the mantle

washed with brown. In the fully adult male in fresh plumage the ear-coverts are

darker than the crown, in fact almost. black.

The female of P. teysmanni resembles much the female of P. everetti, but the

latter has a larger bill, the head not clear grey, the back and rump not so greenish.

The males are, as a comparison of the descriptions will show, entirely different, the

( 170 )

latter belonging to the section of the genus in which the males are black and yellow

and the females quite different, while the former belongs to the group in which the

sexes differ but slightly.

16. Pachycephala everetti sp. nov.

Pachycephala ex affinitate specierum P. melanura, P. clio, P. fulvotincta

dietarum, sed ultimae proxima. d ad. Capite et collari pectorali nigris. Mento

gulaque pure albis. Pectore, abdomine, subcaudalibus aurantio-favis. Subalaribus

flavescentibus. Tibiarum plumis nigris et flavis. Collari nuchali (saepe indistineto)

flavo, tectricibus supracaudalibus nigris, plus minusve flavo limbatis, notaeo reliquo

virescente olivaceo-flavo, plus minusve nigro intermixto. Remigibus nigris, pogoniis

externis cinereo marginatis. Teetrieibus alae nigris. Rectricibus nigris, olivaceo-

viridi terminatis. Al. 80 mm.; caud. 64—66; culm. 19; tars. 23. —$ ad. Supra

olivaceo-brunnea, capite grisescente, uropygio ochraceo lavato. Remigibus nigrescenti-

bus, pogoniis externis uropygii colore limbatis. Cauda olivaceo-viridi. Gula albida.

Subcaudalibus citrino-flavis. Gastraeo reliquo ochraceo-lutoso. Subalaribus albidis.

Magnitudine maris.

Hab. Insula Djampea sie dicta.

A fine series of this new species from Djampea. The top of the head to the

nape, the surrounding of the eyes and ear-coverts, and connected with this black area

a band across the jugulum black. Chin and throat white, rest of under surface orange-

yellow, a little more orange on the breast; thighs black, but with broad yellow tips

to the feathers; an indistinct yellow collar across the hindneck. Interscapulium,

back, and rump greenish olive-yellow, more or less mottled with black, caused by

the feathers being black towards the base; wing-coverts black, some of the larger

sometimes with narrow yellow edges; upper tail-coverts black, sometimes narrowly

edged with olive-yellow ; wing-quills black, primaries with narrow grey outer edges;

secondaries with pale brownish tips; tail black, tipped with olive-green. This is the

colour of the majority of specimens. The black lower parts of the feathers above are

more or less conspicuous, from the greenish olive-yellow edges being narrower or

broader. In a few specimens there are no black spots at all on the upperside.

These must, I think, be very old individuals, as a bird just changing (by moult) from

the immature dress to that of the adult has a fair amount of black on the back,

though not on the rump. Perhaps, however, there is only much individual variation.

In the spotless individuals the yellow collar on the hindneck is also more visible,

while it is obsolete in the majority of specimens. The immature male is like the

adult female. d. ad. “ Iris crimson-lake ; bill jet-black ; legs plumbeous or plum-

beous blue-grey ; claws darker grey or brown." The females have the throat sometimes

quite white, sometimes less so. The iris of the female and young male is brown.

Mr. Everett found this Pachycephala common on the island of Djampea. 1t

resembles P. fulvotineta Wall. from Flores (Gadow, Cat. B. VIII. p. 196), which also

varies somewhat, but has not so much orange on the breast, has the lesser wing-

coverts black, the baek not uniform as a rule, the female somewhat different in colour.

17. Edoliosoma emancipata sp. nov.

This new species, of which we have a fair series from Djampea only, is chiefly

characterised in the female. The male very closely resembles that of E. amboinense

Hartl. (as the species must be called according to Salvad., Orn. Papuas. II. p. 156,

(Cata

not E. ceramense, as it is termed in Cut. B. IV. p. 47), but the wing seems to be

slightly longer; the grey edges ou the wing-coverts amd secondaries are broader.

The female differs entirely from that of E. «mboinense, which is ashy brown above,

in being above light slaty grey, and there is no fawn-coloured superciliary streak, as in

the female of that species. The ear-coverts are light slaty grey, streaked with white.

There isa slight brownish wash on the rump. The young bird is narrowly barred

with dusky black on the upperside, as the remaining feathers in one of the females

clearly indicate.

d ad. Wing 132—138 mm. ; tail 113; culmen 25—26; width of bill at nostrils 9;

tarsus 23. 2 ad. “ Iris chocolate-brown ; bill jet-black; legs, feet, and claws greyish

black." Wing 129—132 mm.

Several of the species of Edoliosom« are very closely allied, and a large material

from many places is still required to understand them thoroughly.

The male of E. timoriense is quite different from E. emancipata, not having any

black in the face. — E. tenwirostris of Australia is much like it, but the wings and

wing-coverts are bordered with grey only, not with grey and white outer edges;

the females also differ.

18. Lalage timoriensis (5. Müll.).

Saleyer, Djampea, Kalao. (Büttik., l.c., Saleyer.)

19. Culicicapa helianthea Wall.

d.Saleyer. Identical with specimens from Celebes.

20. Gerygone flaveola Cab.

Like the specimen from Indrulaman, but looking paler because not in such

fresh plumage.

Two males from Saleyer.

21. Myiagra rufigula Wall.

Djampea and Kalao. ?. “ Iris dark brown; bill black; mandible pale blue,

with black tip; legs and claws greyish black.”

The male and female are well described in the Cat. B. The younger female

(and male) are still more uniform above than the adult female, and the throat is still

paler. This species bears much resemblance with M. albiventris from Samoa, but

the greyish (not deep black) lores, the smaller bill, and the greater extent of the

rufous colour underneath distinguish it without difficulty.

The species is otherwise an inhabitant of the Timor group of islands.

22. Siphia omissa Hartert.

See anted, pp. 71 and 157.

A fine series from Saleyer shows that the birds from that island entirely agree

with those from Celebes. The male of 5. omissa is paler blue above than that of

S. banywmas, the bill is a little narrower, but altogether the differences between the

males are trifling, while those between the females of the two species are very obvious,

(172)

The feet in S. omissa are described on the labels as “light purplish brown," while

they are given as “dark brownish grey” on labels attached to skins of S. banyumas

from Borneo, also collected by Mr. Everett. The legs of S. omissa look mostly much

paler in dry skins than those of S. banywmas.

23. Siphia djampeana sp. nov.

d mari S. omissae similis, sed macula gulari alba, rostro majore, regione malari

et aurieulari nigris distinguendus. —? maris S. omissae colore, sed rostro majore.

Hab. Insula Djampea sic dieta.

A good series of this fine new Siphia from Djampea. It is remarkable that the

female of S. djampeana does not resemble the female of S. omissa, but only differs

from its own male in the almost total absence of the white throat-spot, thus closely

resembling the male of S. omissa, or rather more so that of S. banyumas, which

also has a tiny whitish spot just below the black chin. Im fact it can only be

distinguished from the males of S. banyumas and S. omissa by a slightly larger bill

and darker, almost entirely black, ear-coverts and malar region.

The male of S. djampeana is above everywhere uniform blue, the forehead and

a narrow line to over the eye lighter and brighter blue. Lores, from nostrils to eye,

chin and malar region, with ear-coverts, black, the latter slightly tinged with blue.

A white gular patch, larger in adults, smaller in young birds, under the chin; all

the rest of the under surface orange-rufous. Under wing-coverts white, washed with

orange-rufous. “Iris dark brown; bill black; legs and feet dark purplish grey;

claws blackish.” Wing 78—81 mm.; tail 67—69; tarsus 18—19; culmen 17.

The young bird is above brownish, spotted with orange-rufous ; there is no black

on the chin, and the feathers of the breast have blackish edges.

24. Siphia kalaoensis sp. nov.

d mari S. djampeanae similis, sed gula, jugulo, pectoreque albis haud difficile

distinguendus. ¢ mari similis, sed macula gulari et pectoris lateribus tantum albis,

itaque mari S. djampeanae simillima.

Hab. Insula Kalao sic dicta.

A good series of males and two females from Kalao. This species bears about,

though not quite, the same relationship to S. djampeana as the latter does to

S. omissa, the male of S. djampeana being obviously different, while the female

of S. kalaoensis is practically indistinguishable from the male (not so from the

female) of S. djampeana.

d ad. Upperside entirely like that of S. djampeana. On the underside the black

chin is often washed with blue, the throat and breast are white, the abdomen pale

orange-rufous, the under tail-coverts white, more or less washed with pale orange-

rufous. Under wing-coverts white, a little washed with orange-rufous. The female is

like the male, except that the breast is strongly washed with orange-rufous and that

the under tail-coverts are coloured like the abdomen. The female is, therefore,

practically indistinguishable from the male of S. djampeana, but the breast is

paler. Wing 76—78 mm.; tail 65—68; tarsus 19—20; culmen 16—17. The female

is a little smaller, with the wing 72 mm.

The increase in white on the underparts in these flycatchers from Celebes and

Saleyer to Djampea and Kalao is very interesting, and it would be a pleasure to

(13)

know whether or not the other islands more to the south and south-east also have

such forms, in which the white may still more increase in extent.

A closer examination of the fauna of Flores especially would, I believe, reveal

many interesting forms, as the island is but imperfectly known.

25. Rhipidura celebensis Büttik.

This species was described by Dr. Biittikofer in his excellent review of the genus

Rhipidura in Notes Leyden Mus. XV. p. 79, as coming from Makassar, Celebes.

Future explorations will have to prove whether it ever occurs there, but I cannot help

doubting it somewhat, as it was found by Everett and his men in Kalao and Djampea

only, but not in Saleyer nor in Celebes. Dr. Biittikofer has been kind enough to

compare our male from Kalao with his type, and found it identical with the latter.

It is the only specimen Mr. Everett sent from Kalao, but there are two males and a

female from Djampea. They have the jugular black spot not of such a deep black,

the abdomen and breast not so pure white, but more or less tinged with fulvous, the

forehead not so bright rufous, and the upper wing-coverts tipped with rufous. Not-

withstanding these differences, they belong, I think, to the same species, as those

from Djampea seem to be, all three, immature birds, one of them undoubtedly being

young, and the characters in which they differ not being equally developed in them.

The male (Djampea) has the “iris dark brown; bill dark brown ; mandible ochreous,

dark brown towards the tip; legs pale grey.”

26. Monarcha inornatus ((rarn.).

Common on Djampea Island.

d. “Tris dark brown ; bill pale slate-blue, whitish at tip; legs and claws dark

slate-blue.”

9. “Tris dark brown ; bill horn-black, white at the tip; legs slate-blue ; claws

brownish grey."

The specimens are what I believe to be typical M. inornata. They are slightly

paler rufous on the abdomen than specimens from Peling and Banggai. See Mey. &

Wiglesw., Abh. wad Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896, No. 2, p. 14.

27. Monarcha everetti sp. nov.

Monarcha mari chalybeo-atra, uropygio, supracaudalibus, pectore, abdomine,

corporis lateribus, subeaudalibus, axillaribus, subalaribus, remigum pogoniis internis

ad basin, caudae basi imo albis, remigibus lateribus tribus extimis latissime, quarta

minore pro parte in apiee albis. Femina supra brunnescente grisea, loris albidis, alis

brunneis, subtus albida, ochraceo-rufo lavata, cauda nigra, albo notata, sieut in mari.

Al d 69 mm.; caud. 72; tars. 19; culm. 16.

Hab. Insula Djampea sie dicta.

A good series of adult males was collected on the island of Djampea in December

1895. They are black with a steel-blue gloss, the tail less glossy. The rump and

upper tail-coverts, breast, abdomen, sides of body, axillaries, and under wing-coverts,

inner webs of remiges towards the base, the utmost base of tail, broad tips to rectrices,

about 25 mm. in first, about 20 mm. in second, about 15 mm. in third, and a small

tip of a few mm. in fourth, white. Thighs black, some of the feathers with white tips.

The primaries have more or less indistinct brownish edges in the middle of the outer

webs. “Tris dark brown; bill and legs light blue; claws dark grey." Length

( 174 )

about 14 cm.; wing 66—69 mm.; tail about 70—72 ; tarsus 19; culmen 16—17.

Several evidently immature specimens, males, have the mantle dark cinereous grey,

but the steel-black colour of the adult male seems gradually to spread over it in one

specimen, as if it was changing its colour. The feathers of the throat and jugulum

in these specimens are tipped with white.

There is only one specimen, in abraded plumage, that is marked “ 9." It differs

entirely from the male, as we might expect in any Monarcha or Piezorhynchus. It

is above cinereous grey, slightly washed with brown. Lores whitish. A spot behind

the eye pale whitish grey. Wings dark brown, inner webs white towards the base.

No white on rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail as in the male. Under surface whitish,

washed with pale orange-rufous, especially on the breast; abdomen almost white.

Thighs pale brownish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dirty white. “ Iris chocolate ;

bill pale lead-blue, black at apex; legs dark slate-blue ; claws blackish.” As this

specimen comes from the same island, as the size of bill and markings of tail agree

with those of the male (wings not exactly measurable, being much abraded and partly

damaged), I do not at all doubt that this bird really is the female of M. everetti mihi,

and we know that the females in this genus always differ from the male, in some

cases even more strikingly than in this. The species belongs to Piezorhynehus, if

that genus can be separated from Monarcha, as limited in the Catal. of Birds, Vol. IV.

It does not agree with any of the known species, though the coloration is of a

pattern common in so many birds.

28. Pitta virginalis sp. nov., or Pitta irena virginalis subsp. nov.

Pitta speciei P. irena dictae similis sed macula mentali nigra minore (interdum

indicata tantum), stria superciliari brunnescentiore et multo latiore, ala paullum

breviore distinguenda. Ala 103—109 mm.

Hab. Insula Djampea sic dicta.

d ad. Bill horn-blaek (A. Everett) (evidently pale at base in P. trena—in

skin). Iris dark brown ; crown, nape, and side of head deep black ; broad superciliary

stripes from the base of the bill to the nape, where the two approach each other

a little, deep buff, very faintly, hardly perceptibly, tinged with greenish towards the

end; mantle, outer edges of remiges, greater wing-coverts, and tips of the black

rectrices dark green; rest of remiges black, with a white speculum on the primaries,

Under wing-coverts black ; lesser wing-coverts and rump pale shiny sky-blue; upper

wing-coverts black, with narrow dark green edges. Chin more or less black, generally

for about 10 mm., in one for 13 mm., and in one white with a few black feathers

only. (In P. irena black for about, at least, 25 mm., and reaching in a point towards

the throat.) Beneath deep fawn-colour ; throat white, shading into the fawn. Centre

of lower abdomen, crissum, and under tail-coverts scarlet, on the abdomen tinged

and mixed with black. Thighs fawn; legs and feet white, tinged with pinkish; claws

dark grey.

Total length about 170—180 mm.; culmen 25; wing 103—109; tail 38—39 ;

tarsus 35.

As said before, this beautiful and hitherto unknown form of Pitta, from an

ornithologically hitherto quite virgin island, is nearest to Pitta irena from Timor

and some other small islands of the Timor group, but is at once distinguished by

the very broad (twice as broad) superciliary stripe of deep buff or fawn-colour, and

by the smaller extent of the black on the chin, also by a slightly shorter wing,

(alam)

Future explorations of the adjoining islands and larger series of P. irena must decide

whether we have to keep the Djampea form as a species or as a subspecies. Of

Pitta irena Y have only seen two skins, one in the Tring Museum and one in the

British Museum.

From Pitta vigorsi, from Banda, Dammar, Timorlaut, it is distinguished by

some black on the chin (there is none in P. vigorsi), and by a differently coloured

superciliary stripe, also slightly different dimensions; from P. concinna, from

Lombock and Flores, also by a differently coloured superciliary stripe, which in the

latter passes into a very pale blue behind the eye, and by much less black on the

throat. Pitta vigorsi, irena, and concinna are different from each other, but at

least as closely allied as P. virginalis to any of its congeners. Wishing to have

a comparison made with the type, I sent a skin of my new species and our skin

of P. irena to Dr. Büttikofer, who informed me that the latter entirely agreed with

the type, while the one from Djampea “was unlike any Pitta in the Leyden Museum,"

where they have all the allied forms.

29. Macropteryx wallacei (Gould).

Both sexes from Saleyer. Not different from Celebes specimens.

30. Collocalia esculenta (1..).

Two females from Kalao. Wing in both 93 mm. long, which is considerably

shorter than in our Celebes specimens. See Mey. & Wiglesw., t.e. No. 2, p. 14,

where measurements from 69 to 101:6 mm. are given, and anted, p. 158.

31. Collocalia francica (Gm.).

Two fully-feathered nestlings and a number of nests and eggs from Pulau Batu,

Djampea, taken on December 6th, 1895. At this date nests contained eggs (always

two each), and young in all stages. The nests are good white “ edible” ones, some

(probably older ones) being less white, two nests or more often hanging together.

The eggs, being large in proportion to the bird, measure 19:8 by 13:4, 20:4 by 12:9,

19 by 13:3 mm. ‘The wings of the nestlings are not measurable. The tarsi have a

few scanty feathers on them ; the rump is of a pale brownish grey, not very obvious.

It is a pity there is no adult bird with them.

32. Caprimulgus macrurus Horsf.

A typical male from Saleyer, wing 184 mm.; a female, wing 178 mm., and a

nestling from Djampea.

33. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.).

Saleyer and Djampea. The bills measure as follows (from anterior end of nostril

to tip): d Saleyer, 40 mm.; d Saleyer, 37 mm.; d Djampea, 41 mm.; ? Djampea,

395 mm. On the whole the specimens from Celebes, and the islands north and east

of it, seem to be somewhat short-beaked ; but the individual variation is very great,

even in the same country. See Mey. & Wigl., t. c, No. 2, p. 12, 1896.

34. Alcedo ispidoides Less,

Saleyer and Djampea,

( 176 )

35. Eurystomus orientalis (1..).

A pair from Djampea. I consider them to be typical E. orientalis. (See Meyer

& Wigl., t.c. No. 2, p. 13.)

36. Cuculus intermedius Vahl.

Saleyer, Djampea, Kalao. Adult in grey plumage, all marked “ male,” some

young; females in grey as well as in rufous plumage. In one adult male wing 7:95

inches long. (See Shelley, Cat. B. XIX. pp. 241 ff.)

37. Centropus javanicus Dumont.

Djampea and Kalao. g. “Iris chocolate-brown." — $.

(Djampea).

“Tris dark brown ”

38. Cacatua sulphurea (Gm.).

Two females from Djampea seem to belong to this species, though the bills are

very small. They measure only 24 mm. from end of cere to tip. The wings 223 to

230 mm. They are exactly like Celebes specimens, except for the small size of the

bills, and they do not belong to C. parvula from the Timor group, whieh hardly

deserves more than subspecifie rank, though it certainly is not the same as C. sulphurea.

?. “Tris erimson-lake ; orbital skin white; bill greyish black ; feet dark grey; claws

blackish.”

39. Tanygnathus megalorhynchus (Bodd.).

Common on Djampea Island.

? ad. “Tris, before skinning, white (probably pale yellow in life?) ; bill deep

wax-red ; feet olivaceous grey ; claws blackish grey.” The females are considerably

smaller than the males, specially with smaller beaks and shorter wings, but the

variations in size are also remarkable apart from sex.

The distribution of this parrot is remarkable. Salvadori (Cat. B. XX. p. 428) gives

it as follows: “ Western coast of Northern New Guinea, Western Papuan Islands,

Northern Moluceas or Halmahera group, Sanghir and Talaut Islands; according to

Meyer, also Togian Islands." T. afinis inhabiting the Southern Moluccas and

C. subafiinis the Tenimber Islands, one might have expected these rather than

T. megalorhynchus on Djampea.

40. Trichoglossus forsteni Bp.

This beautiful species was found to be common on Djampea Island. “ The iris

(d) is orange ; the bill orange-red ; feet dark grey ; claws brown.” One specimen from

Sumbawa, collected by Guillemard, in the Tring Museum, the same specimen which

has been described in the Cat. B. XX. by Salvadori and will be figured in the

monograph of the Loriidae by Mivart, has the head above intermixed with some

dirty greyish bluish feathers, the ear-coverts more purple, and but an indication of

the broad purplish blue band behind the greenish yellow band on the hindneck. It

is moulting, and the plumage partly abraded. A specimen in the Leyden Museum,

kindly lent me by Dr. Biittikofer, which has been compared with the type in the

same museum, is perfectly alike. The wing of this species measures 139-—146 mm,

This species has only been recorded from Sumbawa !

Cale)

41. Strix flammea L.

Kalao. Typical S. flammea, which has nothing to do with the large and powerful

Strix rosenbergi of Celebes. “ Bill white; feet sepia-brown ; claws dark horn-grey."

42. Ninox scutulata japonica (Schleg.).

$. Kalao. “Tris golden; bill olive-green, clouded with horn-black ; feet wax-

yellow; claws blackish brown."

43. Baza reinwardti (Mull. & Schleg.).

d. December 1895, Djampea. “Iris yellow; cere, mandible, basal half of

maxilla light plumbeous ; apical half of maxilla jet-black ; feet white ; claws brown."

The number and position of the bands in this widespread species vary considerably.

44. Elanus hypoleucus Gould.

December 1895, Kalao.

45. Pernis spec.

One specimen, marked female, November 1895, Saleyer. A large bird, remiges

moulting, wing 440 mm. The whole underside is buff or ochraceous buff, some

feathers (older ones) paler, others (the new ones) darker and brighter. The throat is

surrounded by an irregular black band, the feathers of the lower throat and upper

breast have narrow deep brown shaft-lines, but all the breast, abdomen, flanks,

scapulars, and under wing-coverts are uniform, without a trace of bars or bands.

Upperside dark brown as in most Pernis, not differing from many specimens of

P. ptilonorhynchus. I believe this bird to belong to the latter species, but not to

P. celebensis, unless it is an unknown plumage of the latter species, of which we do

not yet know very much.

46. Accipiter gularis (Temm. & Schleg.).

In spite of the instructive articles of Gurney (List Diwrn. B. of Prey, App. O,

pp. 165—177) and Grant (Ibis, 1896, pp. 104—107), I found it difficult to name the

three specimens from Djampea before me, but at last came to the conclusion that they

must be (immature?) A. gularis. The breast is longitudinally marked in the two

females, as well as in the one male; the line along the centre of the throat very

narrow, and absent in one of the females. No shade of rufous anywhere on the under-

side. The fourth primary is longest, and 6 to 8 mm. longer than the fifth, while in an

adult (rufous) male of what I consider to be A. manillensis the fifth primary forms

the tip of the wing and is slightly longer than the fourth! I wish somebody would

give distinctive characters for these birds of the young as well. The material at

this Museum is but scanty at present.

3. “Iris golden; cere Indian yellow; loral region greyish green; bill black ;

basal portion bluish plumbeous ; legs wax-yellow; claws black." $.* Iris golden;

skin of orbital and loral regions and cere dull yellowish green; bill black, basal

portion light lead-grey ; legs pale wax-yellow ; claws black.”

47. Astur torquatus (Temm.).

Adult and young specimens from Djampea and Kalao. The young bird is above

brown ; the feathers white at base, some of this white being shown on the hindneck ;

( 178 )

all feathers margined with rusty rufous; shoulders deep rufous. Underside white ;

chin, throat, and breast longitudinally striped with brown; abdomen with more

rounded pale rufous spots. Thighs entirely rufous, the feathers with paler edges.

Quills more distinetly barred than adult birds. A male shows most instructively

some of the barred feathers of the entirely different adult plumage on the breast.

d adult wing 195 mm., ? adult wing 230 mm. * Iris pale golden.”

The species is widely spread.- Sharpe in the Cat. D. I. gives only Timor as its

“ habitat,” but see Schlegel, Mus. d? Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas Accipitres, p. 91, ete.

48. Tinnunculus moluccensis occidentalis Mey. & Wigl.

Djampea and Kalao. Similar to those from Celebes (ced, p. 162).

49. Spilornis rufipectus Gould.

Saleyer, November 1895. Two adult birds. Throat slaty black; feathers under

the eye and ear-coverts dark grey, somewhat in contrast with the throat, and specially

so with its lower, darker part. Im the adult bird from South Celebes (see antea,

p. 161) all these parts are alike and much darker, while they are also nearly alike,

but altogether very much paler, in a bird from North Celebes. These birds are very

variable.*

50. Pandion haliaetus leucocephalus Gould.

1 ?. Kalao, December 1895. Wing 440 mm. The head is nearly quite white,

though there are some dark spots on the occiput. Iam inclined to place this bird

with the subspecies leucocephalus, which cannot possibly be called a species, the

smaller size and the whiter head being the only characters to distinguish it, and

both these being rather variable. I have before me, for example, in the Tring

Museum, specimens from the Solomons with pure white head, as well as others which

are more densely striped than any from North Asia, ete., before me now, though they

agree in being generally a little smaller.

51. Osmotreron wallacei Salvad.

One male from Saleyer. It is exactly as brick-red on the mantle as the male

from Indrulaman which I mentioned ante“, p. 163. It is possible that the specimens

from South Celebes, including those from Saleyer, are all like these two, and in this

case they would have to be recognised as a slightly differentiated form and would

deserve a subspecifie name. As the colour of the mantle seems to vary a little

according to age or freshness of plumage, it is not possible to decide about this

question from the scanty material now before me.

52. Osmotreron wallacei pallidior subsp. nov.

A series from Djampea and Kalao are closely allied to O. wallacei typica from

Celebes, the males agreeing in the colour of the mantle with the northern specimens,

and not with those from South Celebes and Saleyer, but being larger, with a stronger

bill and a little longer wing, the head paler grey, the throat lighter and a little more

washed with grey, the entire breast and abdomen of a paler green, the anal region

* I may here remark that my birds from Bunguran, Natuna Islands (Nov. Zoot. I. p. 482 and II,

p. 476), are, in my opinion, the same species as Sy.-salvadorii Berl., op.cit; II. p, 73.—E. H.

( 179 )

more white and the under tail-coverts slightly paler. The brownish orange spot in

front of the shoulders is very much paler and occupies a larger area. ẸĦ ad. “ Iris

orange; orbital skin vivid yellowish green; basal half of bill pale green, apical

half ivory-white, with a faint green tinge; feet carmine; claws light grey." Wing

of males 157—161 mm.; tail 95—98; tarsus 20—22; bill from hind-end of nostrils

to tip 16—17, height from angle of mandible 9. Female same dimensions.

This form resembles O. sanghirensis—which; however, appears to me to be only

a subspecies of O. wallacei—in its powerful bill and its long wing, but it differs

from it in colour, as it does from O. wallacei typica. It has nothing to do with

O. griseicauda, as it has the black on the lateral tail-feathers as strongly developed

as in O. wallacei typica and sanghirensis, if not more so.

The female of O. wallacei pallidior is chiefly remarkable for its paler mantle

washed with greyish.

53. Ptilopus melanocephalus (Forst.).

Both sexes from Saleyer, Djampea, and Kalao. Büttikofer (/.c. p. 287) has

already mentioned this form (under the name of P. melanauchen Salvad.) from

Saleyer. It is certainly highly remarkable that Saleyer, which is so close to Celebes,

has P. melanocephalus and not P. melanospilus from Celebes! The latter is

without difficulty distinguished from P. melanocephalus by its throat-spot and wider

tail-coverts being orange and not lemon-yellow. This, and also P. chrysorrhous and

P. xanthorrhous, can be distinguished from P. melanocephalus and from each other,

though it is not always very easy, and they may after all be best considered sub-

species; but, curiously enough, the most northern form, P. bangueyensis Meyer, is

closest to the most southern form, P. melanocephalus, and there are some specimens

(males) which I cannot with certainty distinguish from typical P. melanocephalus,

though the black occipital spot is mostly (but not always!) tinged with purple. (See

on the subject Büttik., l.c. ; Salvad., Cat. B. XXI. pp. 142-6; Mey. & Wigl., Abh.

und Ber. Mus. Dresd. 1896, No. 2, p. 19.)

Salvadori himself has (Cat. B.) not sustained his P. melanauchen, but united

the birds from Java, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Lombok under the name of

P. melanocephalus. Büttikofer's remark (/.c.) seems to strengthen Salvadori’s more

recent view, though perhaps Javan specimens are, on the whole, a little paler. yellow

on the throat. The birds from Saleyer, Djampea, and Kalao do not differ from each

other. d (Djampea). “Iris yellow, with orbital ring and bill bright yellow-green ;

feet carmine; claws dark brownish grey." Males: wing 118—119 mm.; females:

113—115 mm.

54. Carpophaga rosacea (lemm.).

Five specimens from Djampea. d. “ Iris erimson-lake ; bill dark grey, clouded

with black; cere dull carmine ; feet dull dark carmine ; claws dark grey.”

'The rosy vinous colour of the head and breast and abdomen varies much. In

some specimens, I think those that have worn their plumage longer, or perhaps in

less mature ones, it is almost entirely absent. ‘This species is widely spread, reaching

from the Timor group to the Tenimber and Key Islands, to Halmahera and Celebes.

(Salvad., Cat. B. XXI. p. 199.)

55. Carpophaga concinna Wall.

Several specimens from Djampea. They are perfectly similar to those from other

localities, the vinous tinge on the nape mostly very strong.

( 180 )

Comparing Key specimens with a very large series from many localities (Sanghir

Islands, Siao, Dammar, Timorlaut, and Djampea), I do not find that they differ in

size, but that the entire under surface is not light grey, but creamy white, with only

a very faint cinereous tinge. I consider it worth a subspecifie name, and propose for

it the name of C. concinna separata.

56. Myristicivora bicolor (Scop.).

Djampea.

57. Macropygia macassariensis Wall.

A fine series of this rare pigeon from Djampea and Saleyer. There is evidently

no difference between the sexes, except that the wing of the female is about 5 to

10 mm. shorter. The male has “the iris with an outer ring pink and an inner

ring blue. The pink ring becomes orange after the bird has been dead for some

while. Bill very dark sepia-brown; the cere light carmine; the feet carmine."

The adult bird is well described by Büttikofer in his list of Saleyer birds, p. 288,

and by Salvadori in Cat. B. XXI. p.343. Younger birds are darker; the head is deep

blackish brown, each feather tipped with rufous. Breast and abdomen washed with

rusty brown, the upper wing-coverts margined with rusty rufous. The iris of the

younger birds is ** chocolate-brown ; bill and feet dark sepia-brown."

58. Esacus magnirostris Geoff.

December, Kalao.

59. Gallinago megala Swinh.

November 22nd, Saleyer.

60. Tringa ruficollis Pall.

November, Saleyer.

61. Himantopus leucocephalus Gould.

Saleyer.

62. Totanus littoreus (L.) (= glottis L.).

Saleyer.

63. Totanus calidris (L.).

Saleyer.

64. Charadrius fulvus Gm.

Saleyer.

65. Strepsilas interpres (L.).

Saleyer.

66. Poliolimnas cinereus (Vieill.).

Djampea, December 1895.

67. Erythra phoenicura (Forst.).

Saleyer. Büttikofer has already recorded this species from Saleyer.

( 181 )

68. Nycticorax caledonicus (Gin.).

?. Djampea, December 1895. “Iris golden; ophthalmie and loral regions,

base of maxilla, with a line on the sides, and the mandible light grass-green ; rest

of maxilla and small stripe near apex of mandible black; legs light yellowish green ;

claws brownish grey."

69. Butorides javanicus (Horsf.).

&. November 22nd, Saleyer.

70. Bubulcus coromandus (Bodd.).

3. November 1895, Saleyer.

71. Nettion gibberifrons (Müll).

One pair, a male and a female, from Saleyer. Again the female has a distinctly

shorter bill, though there is no difference in the feet, and the wing is only a trifle

shorter. (See wited, p. 165.)

72. Microcarbo melanoleucus (Vieill.).

?. December 1895, Djampea.

73. Megapodius duperreyi Less. & Garn.

Djampea and Kalao. d. “Iris cinnamon-brown; bill dull Indian yellow;

skin of ophthalmic and loral regions and of throat dull crimson ; legs vermilion-

red ; upper surface of toes blackish brown ; claws black."

A mound with a large number of eggs was found on Kalao on December 21st.

The eggs measure from 82 to 88 mm. by 50 to 52 mm. The species is known from

Bonerate and Saleyer. (Meyer & Wiglesw., Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1896,

No. 1, p. 16.)

O. Grant was evidently justified in uniting the different forms that have been

separated of this bird, but if it should be found possible to separate some sub-

specifie forms, then it would seem that the birds under consideration would belong

to M. gouldi Gray.

Valuable as the present collections undoubtedly are, they are probably not

exhaustive for any of the islands; therefore any conclusions we may draw from

them must be subject to alterations, or even be erroneous for a great part, when we

come to know everything from all these islands. Even among the few birds collected

on Saleyer by Max Weber there was a land-bird, Pachycephala orphea, which was

not obtained by Everett. The differences between Kalao and Djampea would be

great if we could with any certainty judge from the absence of a species in the

collection from one island that it did only occur on the other. This, however, would

be hazardous; but from the difference between the two new species of Siphia on the

two islands, and from the absence of some of the most numerous species from

Djampea among the Kalao skins, and vice versé, we must conclude that the ornis

of Djampea and Kalao is not entirely the same, though, of course, much alike in

its general character. From the present material it would seem that both Djampea

and Kalao have as much, or rather more, in common with the Lesser Sunda Islands

and Timor than with Celebes. Besides a few forms probably peculiar to them

( 182 )

(Oriolus boneratensis, Siphia djampeana and kaluoensis, Monarcha everetti, Pachy-

cephala everetti, Pitta virginalis, Edoliosoma emancipata), and some (Cinnyris

teysmanni, Rhipidwra celebensis, Dicaewm splendidwm) of which the distribution

outside of these islands is, in my opinion, doubtful, and further, besides many wide-

spread species, we find of true Celebensian species on Djampea, for example, the

Myzomela chloroptera and Macropygia macassariensis. On the same island is a

common bird, the Trichoglossus forsteni, hitherto only recorded from Sumbawa! From

Timor we have invaders, as Myiagra rufigula and Lalage timoriensis, and we might

also count as such the Pitta and Dicaewm, which have their allies there, and others.

But I cannot see a species hitherto known from Flores, except some of the wide-

spread forms, among the birds of Djampea and Kalao, nor are the affinities of any

of the new forms with the Flores group, but rather with species from Timor or Celebes,

with the exception of Pachycephala everetti. It is, of course, possible that this is

partly due to our imperfect knowledge of the fauna of Flores, but we might possibly

better understand the greater connection with the Timor group if we knew the

birds of Ombai, Pantar, Lomblem, Solor, Adonara, Kalatua, ete., of all of which we

know very little or nothing at all.

An interesting feature is also the occurrence of the large Tanygnathus megalo-

rhynchus on Djampea. Being chiefly an inhabitant of the Northern Moluccas (its

place being taken by T. affinis in the Southern Moluccas), it is also known from some

islands skirting round the large island of Celebes, such as Sanghir, Talaut, and the

Togians, but never as yet found on the mainland of Celebes itself.

The Celebensian species have evidently spread down to Djampea and Kalao by

the way of Saleyer, and it seems not very probable that forms inhabiting Djampea

and Kalao and not Saleyer are found in Celebes (cf. Cinnyris teysmanni—a bright

and lively little bird, which is not likely to be overlooked where it is anything like

common).

A glance at the lepidoptera seems to show that they are much more related to

the fauna of the Lesser Sunda Islands, Flores, Timor, ete., than to that of Celebes.

The ornis of Saleyer is evidently that of South Celebes in general, but some few

forms of the Timor region seem to have invaded it, such as Pachycephala orphea (see

Büttikofer, L.c.), Lalage timoriensis, Calornis minor, the latter two (and most likely

via Saleyer) extending also to South Celebes. Caprimulgus macrurus also seems to

have reached Saleyer from the south, as it is not of usual occurrence in Celebes, if

found there at all.

There are zoologists who are of the opinion that the distribution of such un-

wearied ereatures as the birds, which may fly in one night to an island hundreds of

miles distant from another (though certainly not from Egypt to Heligoland, as Gütke

wishes to make one believe, without even an indication of proof), is of less value than

that of such stationary animals as snails, shells, etc. However, I am not of the same

opinion. Experience teaches us that birds on small islands are as much, and often

much more, differentiated than any other animals. This is quite easy to understand,

for birds, on account of their strong wings, are able to resist the agencies of distribu-

tion: they cannot be driven from island to island with wood or weeds like shells and

insects; they can resist even a strong wind, while insects never can, but are carried

away by it. In warmer climates most species find sufficient insects or vegetable food

throughout the year, the soil not being covered with snow and ice, nor all the lower

life disappearing for a long period. "Therefore they are very stationary, and must be

( 183 )

looked upon as very important for the limitation of zoogeographical areas; but it is

quite possible, and sometimes evident, that their distribution does not exactly corre-

spond with that of other classes of animals, as totally different agencies may have

acted upon them.

The currents of the sea, for example, might have been acting in

the dispersal of shells, while birds are not influenced by them. All such questions are

as yet but little settled, and any material is welcome to clear them up.

I append a list of the species at present. known from the three islands,

In that

of the Saleyer birds I have also inserted those recorded by Biittikofer and not found

by Everett.

to them.

The species described as new in this article are marked with an asterisk (*).

D © D IS Où À & N mm

[em

oe VW

SALEYER.

. Pratineola caprata.

. Phylloscopus borealis.

. Cinnyris frenata dissentiens.

. Myzomela chloroptera.

. Zosterops intermedia.

. Motacilla flava.

. Munia molucca.

. Artamus leucogaster.

. Calornis minor.

. Dicrurus leucops.

. Pachycephala teysmanni.

12.

orphea (Büt-

tik.).

. Lalage timoriensis.

. Culicicapa helianthea.

. Gerygone flaveola.

. Siphia omissa.

. Macropteryx wallacei.

. Caprimulgus macrurus.

. Halcyon chloris.

. Alcedo ispida

(Büttik.).

. Alcedo ispidoides.

. Cuculus intermedius.

. Pernis spec.

. Spilornis rufipectus.

. Haliaetus leucogaster (Büt-

tik.).

26. Osmotreron wallacei.

27. Ptilopus melanocephalus.

. Macropygia macassariensis.

. Gallinago megala.

. Tringa ruficollis.

. Himantopus leucocephalus.

- Totanus littoreus.

calidris.

5 hypoleucus (Büt-

tik.).

. Charadrius fulvus.

. Strepsilas interpres.

. Erythra phoenieura.

. Butorides javanicus.

. Bubulcus coromandus.

. Nettion gibberifrons.

bengalensis | $

. Dicaeum splendidum.

. Cinnyris teysmanni. |

. Myzomela chloroptera.

. Zosterops intermedia.

. Anthus gustavi.

. Artamus leucogaster.

. Calornis minor.

. Oriolus boneratensis.

. Pachycephala everetti (*).

. Lalage timoriensis.

. Edoliosoma emancipata (*).

. Myiagra rufigula.

. Siphia djampeana (*).

. Rhipidura celebensis.

. Monarcha inornatus.

. Pitta virginalis (*).

. Collocalia francica.

. Caprimulgus macrurus.

. Halcyon chloris.

. Alcedo ispidoides.

. Eurystomus orientalis.

. Cuculus intermedius.

. Centropus javanicus.

5. Cacatua sulphurea. E

. Tanygnathus megalorhyn- |:

27. Trichoglossus forsteni.

28. Baza reinwardti.

. Accipiter gularis.

30. Astur torquatus.

. Tinnunculus

. Osmotreron wallacei palli- |

. Ptilopus melanocephalus.

. Carpophaga rosacea.

. Myristicivora bicolor.

. Macropygia macassariensis.

. Poliolimnas cinereus.

. Nycticorax caledonicus.

. Microcarbo melanoleucus.

. Megapodius duperreyi.

DJAMPEA.

everetti (*).

chus.

moluccensis

occidentalis.

dior (*).

concinna.

e GO

They are only four, and the name of the author (Biittik.) is added

Karao.

. Phylloscopus borealis.

. Cinnyris teysmanni.

- Zosterops intermedia.

. Anthus gustavi.

. Motacilla flava.

. Munia molucca.

- Oriolus boneratensis.

. Lalage timoriensis.

. Myiagra rufigula.

. Siphia kalaoensis (*).

. Rhipidura celebensis.

2. Collocalia esculenta.

. Cuculus intermedius.

. Centropus javanicus.

5. Strix flammea.

j. Ninox scutulata japonica.

. Elanus hypoleucus.

. Astur torquatus.

. Tinnuneulus moluccensis

occidentalis.

. Pandion haliaetus leuco-

cephalus.

. Osmotreron wallacei palli-

dior (*).

. Ptilopus melanocephalus.

. Esacus magnirostris.

. Megapodius duperreyi.

(184)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TOAD (XENORHINA) FROM

NEW GUINEA.

By DR. A. GUNTHER.

(Plate VII. fig. 1.)

HE genus Xenorhina was established by Peters in M. B. Berlin Ac. 1863, p. 82

for Bombinator oxycephalus Schleg., Handl. Dierk. II. p. 58. t. iv. fig. 74!

Through the kindness of Dr. Jentink, I have been able to compare a toad from the

Clyde River with this species of Schlegel's: there is not the least doubt that they

belong to the same genus ; but B. owycephalus has a larger tympanum (3 mm. in a

specimen 39 mm. long.), a larger eye (2-2 mm.), and the first and second fingers of

the same length. The contracted state of the snout and the warts on the tip of the

snout, considered to be characteristic of the genus and species, are due to the strength

of the spirit in which the typical specimen was preserved.

Xenorhina Peters.

Body and limbs stout; head broad and short, with the snout rounded. Eye

very small, with round pupil. Mouth narrow; no teeth in the jaws or on the

palate. Choanae widely apart, of moderate width. Tongue very large, oval,

extending far into the pharynx, on the sides and behind narrowly free, with a deep

groove running along its middle and terminating in the posterior margin of the

tongue. Tympanum rather large, its outline being visible from below the general

integument, below which it is hidden. Eustachian tubes rather wide, situated

entirely on the side of the pharynx. Fingers and toes free, the latter with their

extremities slightly dilated, and supported by T-shaped phalanges. Outer meta-

tarsals united. No metatarsal tubercle or fold. Skin uniformly smooth.

Diapophysis of saeral vertebra dilated.

Having one specimen only at present, I must defer the examination of the

sternal apparatus.

Xenorhina atra sp. nov.

The short snout has no canthus rostralis whatever, and the minute nostril is

placed a little nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye. Fingers short, the

first conspicuously shorter than the second, the second and fourth equal in length,

the third projecting far beyond the others. Toes with the dilated tips smaller than

the eye; the third rather longer than the fifth. Cleft of the mouth not extending

backwards beyond the front margin of the orbit. Black, with an extremely fine

threadlike greyish line along the median line of the back ; sides more intensely

black than back, and separated from it by a bluish shade. Snout and lower parts

marbled with a very dark bluish grey. |

Length of body ie de Sor e COMM,

Length of orbit "x ER wae sse M KES

Diameter of tympanum Sot on Et onc das,

Distance between vent and heel Ts d NOUS

Length of foot with tarsus... de 2 AMINO qs

Length of foot without tarsus S e oom qu ale es

Novrrares ZooLocıce.Vor.]I.1896

J. Green del.et lith: Mintern Br

1. XENORHINA ATRA 2.3.DIPLOPELMA BUNGURANUM

Novirates ZooLocice® Vou lll. 1896.

KWeesar, J

Anst.v.

Lih

D -3 © Um & toe

10.

48.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

One of the middle joints of the antennae of Aganais ficus 9 , side view.

The same, front view.

» » of d, front view.

35 » » d, dorsal view.

» » » Asota caricae d, side view.

» D P m » ©, front view.

» » » A.heliconia 9, front view.

T i^ xp E Xi Ones » from distal side.

” ” » » » hr ” ” ” proximal side.

” ” »o»n » d, side view.

” ”» 9 9 ^ g, dorsal view.

Clasper with harpe of Asota heliconia semifusca.

Harpe of same, side view,

» » dorsal view.

Clasper with harpe of 4. egens.

Harpe of same, dorsal view.

The same of another individual.

» » »„ 4. caricae, side view.

QU XB oo » dorsal view.

T » » another individual, side view.

5 71277 Tm » dorsal view.

» » À. paliura, dorsal view.

Clasper with harpe of A. ficus.

Harpe of same, dorsal view.

» » » Side view.

Clasper with harpe of Peridrome orbicularis.

» 5» » o» Euplocia membliaria.

» 2: » » Neochera inops.

” » » » M. eugenia butleri.

” » » s» N. bhawana.

” » » » Digama marmorea.

Uncus of Asota heliconia intacta, dorsal view.

55 55 T T side view.

» o» Spilobotys chloropyga, dorsal view.

5.5 - 55 side view.

Fold before cavity on forewing of Asota heliconia.

The same of Aganais ficus.

» » » Peridrome orbicularis.

» o» o» Neochera eugenia.

» » » Digama hearseyana.

Costal portion of hindwing of Asota heliconia to show patch of thick scales before

costal nervure.

Some scales of that spot.

The homologous organ of Digama hearseyana.

A scale of that mark of Asota heliconia.*

The same of Neochera bhawana.

End of abdomen of Asota plaginota 9 .

The same denuded.

End of abdomen of Asota caricae 9.

The same denuded,

* There are too many stripes both in this and the next figure :

pages 194 and 208,

( 185 )

A single specimen was obtained by Mr. W. Day of the unfortunate Clarke

Expedition on the Clyde River, within a few miles of the frontier between British

and German New Guinea.

The same collection contained also Gonyocephalus papuensis (MeL.), Lygosoma

mülleri (Schleg.), Lygosoma macrurum (Gtnr.), Lygosoma cyanurum (Less.),

Lygosoma jobiense (Meyer), Gymnodactylus louisadensis (De Vis), Hyla dolichopsis

(Cope).

The figure 1 on Plate VIII. represents Xenorhina atra, the other figures (2 and 3)

the beautiful Diplopelma bunguranum, described Nov. Zoor. II. p. 501.

NOTES ON HETEROCERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

GENERA AND SPECIES.

Br THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD asp DR. KARL JORDAN.

(Plate IV.).

AGANAIDAE (— HYPSIDAE) (continued from p. 62).

Aganais Boisd. (continued).

LTHOUGH I agree with Dr. K. Jordan (see p. 62) that the difference in colour

and pattern of the hindwings of speciosa (Drury), wndulifera (Wlk.), and

subretracta (W1k.) is of no importance whatever in respect to specific or subspecifie

distinctness of these forms, I am not certain whether this species of Aganais could

not be separated in two subspecies, one inhabiting West Africa from Sierra Leone to

Angola, and the other occurring in South and East Africa. In the male sex, the

South and East African specimens seem to me to be distinguishable from West

African examples by the presence of a white band on the underside of the forewings

outside the cell; this band runs from the costa mostly as far as the second median

nervule, In West African individuals the band is either absent, or slightly marked

behind the costal margin. My series of West and East African males is not large

enough to decide if this distinguishing character holds good.

When writing the note on the varieties of A. speciosa on p. 62 I was not aware

that in the December number of Entomologische Nachrichten p. 369. t. IV. f. 5 (1895)

Karsch described and figured that form of ab. wndulifer« which has ochraceous

hindwings as a new species, Pseudhypsa bawmanniand.

Add tothe four aberrational names this as fifth :—

5. Hindwings ochraceous, with black border: ab. baumanniana (Karsch).

W. R-

Anagnia Walker.

Hypsa. Group 2. Anagnia Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. TI. p. 446 (1854).

Anagnia Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. 1. C. II. p. 296 (1859) ; Butl, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lend. p. 327

(1875) ; Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I. p. 383 (1891) ; Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Ozf. I. p. 83 (1892).

Hypsa, Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 123 (1888).

Peridrome Wlk. Sect. II. (Anagnia), Hampson, Moths of India Y. p. 407 (1892).

The genera Anagnia Wlk. and Peridrome WIk. are remarkable for the develop-

ment of conspicuous scent-organs in the males, which have much influenced the

( 186 )

structural characters of the species, more particularly so in Anagnia than in

Peridrome.

As explained under Asota Hb., every joint of the antennae of Aganaidae bears

(as in most other HETEROCERA) dorsally two transverse rows of elongate scales. In the

male of Anagnia subfascia Wik. the scales are partly less, partly more, prolonged,

which disturbs the serial arrangement; on a number of joints beyond the middle of

the antennae the scales are more than twice as long as usual, protrude laterally (and

horizontally), and form a kind of tuft; the joints are not flattened, as Snellen says,

l.c., nor are they so thickened as in the utterly incorrect figure in Tijdschr. v. Ent.

XXXI. t. 1. f. 1%. The subdorsal setae of these joints are thicker than those of the

other joints. In the female the scaling of the antennae is normal.

The second joint of the palpi bears in the male of Anagnia dorsally at the apex

a tuft of elongate scales; the third joint is somewhat broadened towards the tip, and

has a slight dorso-lateral carina. The scales at the interno-lateral portion of the

upperside of the third palpal joint are prolonged, and being directed for- and

upwards form a kind of crest; on the ventral side of the joint the scales are long only

towards the apex, and are here directed backwards.

In the female of A. subfascia the second joint is } mm. shorter, the third } mm,

longer, than in the male, and both joints are without tuft- or crestlike sealing.

The scent-organs on the fore- and hindwing of A. subfascia Wlk. have been

described by Haase, [vis I. p. 167 (1887). I have to add that the elongate (hairlike)

scales on the upperside of the forewing are, between costal margin and median

nervure, directed backwards, while the scales of the rest of the woolly surface are

directed obliquely forwards; in Peridrome orbicularis Wlk. all the hairlike scales

are directed backwards.

The apical region of the forewing of A. subfascia is nearly normally scaled,

On the hindwings above the scales are narrower in the male than in the female.

The neuration of the male of Anagnia is, in consequence of the development of

the scent-organs, much distorted. In Hampson’s figure, l.e. p. 448. f. 331, the

neuration is incorrect. The cell of the forewing is strongly narrowed from the origin

of vein 2 to the upper angle, which is very acute. Veins 2, 3, 4, and 5 are of equal

distance from one another (4 mm.); in the apex of the cell projects a veinlet which

originates between veins 4 and 5, and is seldom so plainly marked in other Aganaids

as here; the upper discocellular veinlet, between vein 5 and the areole, is parallel

tothe eosta; vein 6 comes from the areole; the basal portion of the areole, below

the upper angle of the cell, is a half shorter than the apical or outer portion.

On the hindwing the upper discocellular veinlet is very oblique; veins 2 and 3

are shortly stalked together, and stand closer to vein 4 than this does to 5; veins 6

and 7 are stalked together,

The neuration of the female does not show that distortion in the apical region

of the cell to either wing. The cell to the forewing is broadest towards the apex;

the second partition of the median nervure, between veins 2 and 3, is nearly three

times as long as the third portion, between veins 3 and 4; the upper discocellular

veinlet is deeply ineurved ; vein 6 comes from the upper angle of the cell, not from

the areole as in the male; the areole is much shorter than in the other sex, and its

basal and apical portions are of nearly equal length. On the hindwing the cell is

longer than in the male; vein 2 stands separate from 3; the second partition of the

median nervure is about. twice as long as the third partition,

Snellen, le., united Anagnia subfascia Wlk. and Peridrome orbicularis Wlk. to

(187)

a subgenus of Asota (= Hypsa) which he calls Aganopis Butler. The genus Aganopis

is erected by Herrich-Schiiffer, Auss. Schmett. pp. 12 and 70, for Peridrome orbi-

cularis Wlk., and has been described neither by its author nor by Mr. Butler. Why

Snellen gave preference to this younger nomen nudum, instead of accepting the

older name of Anagnia Wlk., I cannot understand, the more as Walker's diagnosis

of Anagnia is not at all bad.

Snellen says, l.c., that orbicularis Wlk.—Snellen writes orbicularia Moore—

and subfascia Wlk. are different from the species of Asota (— Hyps«) only in the

male; we shall see that this is not the case.

Hampson, l.c., treats Anagnia Wlk. and Peridrome Wlk. as sections of

Peridrome WIk., and differentiates the two “sections” only by the secondary

characters of the males. We can neither agree with Snellen nor with Hampson,

though in one point both authors are perfectly right—namely, in objecting to base

genera on differences in secondary sexual characters.

Peridrome and Anagnia may be characterised as follows :—

Anagnia, d ? : Second joint of palpi at least half as long again as the third.

Stridulating organ different from that of Asota Hb.; fold before cavity on forewing

short, narrow, and covered with an irregular row of (twelve to fifteen) large but rather

thin scales, here and there two or three scales of different size beside one another; on

upperside of hindwing there is in d a patch of thick scales near the base close to the

black portion of the strongly developed scent-organ ; in ? these thick scales are situate

in the middle of costal region between costal vein and centre of apex of cell.

Neuration: Areole nearly as in Asota; vein 9 terminating in costal margin,

vein 7 in apex of wing, which is quite an exception amongst Aganaidae; second

partition of median nervure of either wing much shorter than the respective portion

of the outer margin; veins 6 and 7 of hindwing on a short. stalk (in nine individuals

before me).

Peridrome, d ? : Second joint of palpi about one-fourth (or less) longer than the

third, slenderer and longer than in Asota. Cavity on forewing, as in Æwplocia,

deeper than in Anagnia and Asota, and basally sharply limited ; fold before it as in

Anagnia; corresponding patch of thick scales on hindwing standing in d before

and in apex of cell, in 2 much more restricted than in ? of Anagnia.

Neuration: Vein 11 of forewing originating before middle of cell, areole much

longer than the cell is broad; vein 8 terminating in apical angle of wing; second

partition of median nervure of either wing about as long as the respective portion

of outer margin; veins 6 and 7 of hindwing from a point, not stalked.

As the neuration and the stridulating organ are of remarkable constancy

amongst the numerous species of Asota Hb., the peculiar development of these

organs in Anagnia and Peridrome proves certainly that the species of Asola are

much closer allied with one another than they are with orbicularis and subfasei«,

and that therefore these two insects cannot be included in Asota, as Snellen does.

Whether Anagnia and Peridrome must be kept separate as two genera—that is

another question. The chief differences between them are these: vein 11 stands

before middle of cell in Peridrome, far beyond middle of cell in Anagnia ; the basal

portion of the areole is at least twice as long in Peridrome as in Anagnia; the

second partition of the median vein of either wing is mueh shorter than the

respective partition of the outer margin-in Anagnia, while in Peridrome the

partition is at least as long as the partition of the margin; vein 7 of forewing

( 188 )

terminates in apical angle in Anagnia, in Peridrome it is vein 8 which terminates

there; on the hindwing veins 6 and 7 come from a point in Peridrome, and are

stalked together in Anagnia. The second joint of the palpi is in Anagnia at least

half as long again as the third one, whilst in Peridrome the second joint is only

one-fourth longer than the terminal one. Moreover, the antennal joints of Peridrome

are vertically broader than those of Anagnia; in the male of Peridrome the base of

each joint forms a short subeylindrical stem, distinctly visible under a lens, and

consequently the ventral subcariniform portions of two subsequent joints when looked

at from the side are rather widely separate; while in Anagnia that stem is very

short, and the ventral free portions of the joints are much closer together.

These discrepancies in the characters of orbicularis and subfascia not only

justify a generie separation of the two insects, but demand it, considering that, if

we in this case neglect such differences, we have consequently to do it also amongst

the other Arctioid and Lymantrioid moths. K.J.

Peridrome Walker.

Hypsa. Group 1. Peridrome Walker (nec Peridroma Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 227, 1816),

Lep. Het. B. M. YI. p. 444 (1854).

Aganopis Herrich-Schäffer, Auss. Schmett. I. p. 12. 70 (1855) (Nom. nud.) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc.

Lond. p. 325 (1875) (Nom. nud.).

Anagnia, Moore (nee Walker, 1854), Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. II. p. 296 (1859).

Hypsa. A. (Aganopis Butler), Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 123 (1888).

Aganopis, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I. p. 384 (1891).

Peridrome, Hampson, Moths of India Y. p. 496 (1892) (Ex p.); Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. I.

p. 82 (1892).

Compare the notes under Anagnia.

There is, as in Anagnia, only one species known of this genus, and that is

probably the reason why some entomologists objected to keeping Anagnia subfascia

WIk. and Peridrome orbicularis Wlk. generically separate.

P. orbicularis Wlk. oceurs from Sikkim to Sambawa and the Philippine Islands.

The variability of the species is but slight. In the male the size of the black spots

on the underside of the wings is rather inconstant at every locality; the black spot

at the anal angle of the hindwing above is sometimes absent. The black spots on

the wings of the female also are not quite constant either in size or number.

Our only female from Sambawa differs remarkably from all our other females

in the following particulars: the black discal spot on the forewing behind the middle

of the cell, above and below, stands farther towards the base; a line drawn to connect

the origin of vein 2 with the middle of the stridulating organ would be situate outside

the spot, while in the specimens from other localities it would stand at the basal side

of the spot; the orange region of the forewing above and below does not extend

beyond the origin of veins 3 and 4; the black mark in the anterior angle of the cell

to the same wing below is larger, rectangular; the blackish brown border to the

hindwings is broader, having a width of 11 mm. at vein 7 and of 7 mm. at vein 4,

while the respective measurements are in Indian examples 9 and 5 mm., or less.

The males from Sambawa do not seem to me to be different from typical orbicularis

WIk.

P. orbicularis Wlk. is in the Tring Museum from Assam, Caleutta, Andaman

Islands, Natuna Islands, Pulu Laut (S.E. of Borneo), Palawan, and Sambawa ;

Dr, Staudinger lent us a ? from Java, K.J.

( 189 )

Euplocia Hiibner.

Phalaena Bombyx, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ITI. p. 175 (1782).

Euplocia Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 172 (1816): Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 327 (1875) ;

Snell., Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 118 (1888) ; Kirby, Cut. Lep. Het. I. p. 390 (1891) ; Hamps.,

Moths of India I. p. 495 (1892) ; Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. I. p. 83 (1892).

Hypsa. Group 3. Euplocia, Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. IT. p. 447 (1854).

Aganais, Snelien, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXII. p. 77 (1879).

As explained by Snellen, l.e. XXXI. p. 118 (1888), this genus is distinguished

in the neuration by veins 6 and 7 of the forewing being stalked together, by veins

4 and 5 of fore- and hindwing coming from a point, and by the very narrow areole.

The antennae of the d rather resemble those of Neochera 4nops (Wlk.) and

Asota caricae (F.). The terminal joint is a little longer than the preceding ones;

these are scarcely a fifth longer than (dorso-ventrally) broad; from the tenth joint

they become gradually broader than long, and are in the middle of the antennae

as broad as in Neochera marmorea Wlk. The joints are compressed, without the

lateral impression found in most species of Asofa, clothed with short hairs, which

are about a third the length of the middle joints; the ventral and subdorsal bristles

are a little thicker than in Asota caricae (F.), represented on Pl. IV. fig. 5.

The antennae of the 2 are slenderer, and the apical joints therefore are

relatively longer.

The genital armature of the d differs remarkably from that of the other

Aganaidae. The claspers (Pl. IV. fig. 27) are broad, and are ventrally before the apex

produced into a sharp triangular tooth: their inside is very thickly clothed with

elongate hairlike scales. The harpe consists of two almost fingerlike pieces: the

exterior one, situate along the clasper, is the longest; it is strongly chitinous, and

in its apical half somewhat curved away from the clasper towards the longitudinal

axe of the body ; the inner and more dorsal piece is less chitinous, rounded at the

tip, and is from the middle, when viewed from the side, curved upwards.

The cavity on the underside of the forewing near the abdominal margin is rather

deep and basally sharply limited ; the raised fold bordering it in front is very narrow,

and bears about five or six enlarged yellowish scales, one behind the other, which have

the breadth of the fold, are more chitinised than ordinary scales, and occupy only

the second fourth of the fold, while the basal fourth is clothed with smaller scales,

of which two or three lie beside one another, and of which the apices are rounded

(Pl. IV. fig. 38); the apical half of the fold is covered with narrow, elongate, rather

acute scales, which are of the pale brown colour of the wing.

The corresponding portion of the stridulating apparatus on the hindwing is a

patch of thick scales which has the same position as in JVeochere Hb., but is less

defined, and the seales composing it are more elongate, being partly almost tongue-

shaped. The patch is less conspicuous than in Neochera, since its greater posterior

portion has the colour of the rest of the wing, and the smaller anterior portion is only

slightly, though distinetly, yellowish.

Neuration : Hampson's statement, l.c., that Ewplocia is devoid of an areole, is,

I think, erroneous. Snellen, /.c. p. 115, mentioned already the presence of an areole

in Ewplocia, and I find that in all our specimens of Ewplocia veins 10 and 8 are

connected by a bar, or, which will perhaps be more correct to say, veins 8 and 9

are anastomosed together to form an areole—which version is the correct one can,

of course, only be decided by examination of the growing wing in the chrysalis;

( 190 )

anyhow, there is a narrow areole in all our specimens, though in some individuals,

especially of the typical subspecies, the bar connecting veins 8 and 10 is so weak

as to be nearly obliterated, so that on superficial examination the areole appears to

be absent. The length of the areole is extremely variable; in our Andaman

specimens, for example, the length varies from 12 mm. to 5 mm.

Veins 6 and 7 of the forewing are stalked together, which character does not

occur again amongst Aganaidae ; the length of the stalk is quite inconstant. Veins

3 and 4 come from a point, or are also, though shortly, stalked. The upper disco-

cellular veinlet is deeply incurved (see Snellen, /.c.), more so than that of the

hindwings.

Veins 6 and 7 of the hindwings are either shortly stalked together or are slightly

separated from one another; veins 4 and 5 originate close together, while 3 is

removed from 4.

The costal fold of the male of typical P. membliaria (Cram.) is, when spread

out, covered on the upperside with rather small, oval, glandular scales (see Haase,

Iris I. p. 168, 1887); and similar scales are situate just before and behind the costal

vein. The long hairlike scales underneath the fold, which Hampson (l.c.) describes

as a glandular tuft of long hairs, are not situate upon the lappet, but stand on a vein-

like fold which is homologous to the actual costal margin of the Aganaidae without

this scent-organ. These * hairs” are broadest at the tip, and are, in fact, elongate

scales. In the form of Euploeia from Celebes and the Lesser Sunda Islands, which

have the fold very narrow, the small glandular scales on the upper surface of the

fold, when opened out, are similar to those found in membliaria, but the hairlike

scales are much shorter and broader, and are lanceolate, with the tip rounded.

I do not understand what Haase, l.c., means by stating that “in den übrigen

untersuchten Arten war er [the costal fold] nicht ausgebildet," as all males of

Euplocia have a costal fold.

The breadth of the fold is in the Indian and Andaman examples, in one of our

^ornean individuals, and in one from Palawan, 3 mm. ; in another specimen each from

Borneo and Palawan the fold has a breadth of 2 mm., while in Java specimens it is

slightly less than 2 mm. ; in the examples from Pulu Laut (S.E. of Borneo), Celebes,

the islands between Celebes and Flores, and from Sambawa and Adonara, the fold

measures only + mm.

To Ewplocía Hb. belong the following insects: membliaria (Cram.) described

from India or., renigera (Feld.) from Java, moderata Butl. also from Java, and

inconspieua Butl. described from Celebes. -

E. membliaria (Cram.) is the broad-folded form, and oceurs in Burma, Siam,

Malacca, Andaman Islands, Natuna Islands, Borneo, Palawan, and probably also

on the Nicobar Islands and in Sumatra.

The males from Burma have often a small orange spot upon the discocellulars

of the forewing, corresponding to the patch in the same place in the female; this

spot we have not noticed in males from other localities.

The whitish nervular and internervular lines of the wings, especially those on

the hindwings, are in typical membliaria longer than in inconspicua, but in some

of our Celebes, Sambawa, and Djampea specimens they are quite as long as in certain

individuals from the western localities,

The females vary especially in the development of the orange colour in the cell

of the forewing. In E. membliaria the basal patch occupies almost two-thirds of

the cell, and is mostly connected along the median nervure with the square, or slightly

( 191 )

reniform, patch upon the discocellulars ; near the apex of the basal patch stands often

a black dot. The discocellular mark is mostly smaller in the Java form than in

typical membliaria, but there is a specimen (mountain form?) from Mount Gede,

West Java, in Dr. Staudinger’s collection in which the whole cell is filled up with

orange, except a small mark near the apex at the subcostal nervure. The female of

inconspicua is usually devoid of the discocellular patch, and the basal patch is mostly

small; the individuals in our series vary in this respect rather much; the basal patch

is either nearly absent or feebly marked, or is even as large as it is in certain Java

specimens, and in one of our Celebes individuals there are orange scales upon the

discocellulars.

From these remarks it seems to me to be pretty clear that Hampson, l.c., was

perfectly right in uniting the above-named four “ species" to one species, which we

have to divide into three subspecies: E. membliaria membliaria (Cram.), E. mem-

bliaria renigera (Feld.), and E. membliaria inconspicua Butl. RG dle

38. Euplocia membliaria membliaria (Cramer).

Phalaena Bombyx membliaria Cramer, Pap. Exot. III. p. 139. t. 269. f. c. p (1782) (India or, * 9 "

ex err. ).

Euplocia membliare Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 172. n, 1782 (1822).

Hypsa membliaria, Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. II. p. 448 (1854) (E. Indies ; * North India” loc, err.).

Euplocia membliaria, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 327 (1875) (Maulmein ; “N. India” loc. err.) ;

Hamps., Moths of India Y. p. 496. n. 1121 (1891) (Ex parte; Maulmein, Siam, Andamans,

Philippines ; nec Java); Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het, Oxf. Y. p. 83. n. 373 (1892) (Syn. ex parte ;

Cambodia, Siam, Philippines).

There are specimens of this insect in the Tring Museum from the Andaman

Islands (5 3, 5 ?), Pulu Laut (Natuna Islands, 1 ? ; Hose, September 1894), Borneo

(2 4,2%), Palawan (1 4,1 2); it has, besides, been recorded from Burma, Siam,

and the Philippines; Dr. Staudinger gave us for inspection a specimen each from

Penang and Mindanao.

The upperside of the wings is, in either sex of this and the other subspecies,

opalescent blue in certain lights.

In Dr. Staudinger’s 9 from Mindanao the orange patches of the forewing are

as much extended as in ordinary Andaman or Burma examples; the hindwing is

without white longitudinal lines in the marginal region. KEJ

39. Euplocia membliaria renigera (Felder).

Euplocia membliaria, Moore (nec Cramer, 1782), Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. II. p. 295. n. 679 (1859)

(Syn. excl. ; Java).

9. Aganais renigera Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. I. t. 106. f. 2 (1874) (Java accord, to explan. of pl.

page 1 and the label at type-specimen) ; Snell., Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 118. n. 2 (1888).

d 9. Euplocia moderata Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 327. n. 3 (1875) (Java).

9. Euplocia membliaria form renigera, Hampson, Moths of India I. p. 496. sub n. 1131 (1892)

(Java).

The type-specimen of renigera (Feld.) is still presery ed in the Felder collection .

it is rather faded, and the orange patches on the forewing are therefore much paler

than in fresh specimens.

The ? of Butler’s moderata has the orange markings rather smaller than the

type of renigera.

We know this form, which does not seem to be always distinguishable from

membliaria, only from Java. K, J.

( 192 )

40. Euplocia membliaria inconspicua Butler.

Euplocia inconspicua Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 328. n. 4 (1875) (Macassar) ; Swinh., Cut. Lep.

Het, Oxf. I. p. 83. n. 374 (1892) (Flores, Macassar).

Aganais membliaria var. radians Snellen, Tijdschr, v. Ent. XXII. p. 77. n. 34 (1879) (Celebes :

Bonthain, Balangnipa, Amparang).

Euplocia membliaria form inconspicua, Hampson, Moths of India Y. p. 496. sub, n. 1131 (1892)

(“ Java” ex err.).

This form is in the Tring Museum from 5. Celebes (W. Doherty, August and

September 1892; 4 d, 6 ?), Kalao (A. Everett, December 1895; 1 d, 2 9), Sambawa

(W. Doherty, 1 d, 7 2), Adonara (W. Doherty, November 1891; 2 d), Pulu Laut

(S.E. of Borneo; W. Doherty, March 1891; 4 4,1 9). Swinhoe records it also from

Flores.

The specimens from Celebes are of a darker shade than those from other

localities; the Adonara specimens are palest.

The nervular and internervular lines are in Celebes males seldom marked on the

upperside of the hindwings, while in three out of our four Pulu Laut examples and

in one of the two Adonara males the white lines of the fore- and hindwings are as

long as in Andaman specimens. In the Celebes males there appears often an orange

line upon the costa of the forewing corresponding to the basal orange patch of the

female.

In our Pulu Laut ? and in one of our Celebes 9 ? the basal orange patch is

represented by a small number of orange scales situate along the costa; in some

other specimens from Celebes there is an orange line upon the costa, and in others

again from the same place, as well as in two females from Sambawa, the basal patch

has at the apex a width of 21 mm. and attains a length (measured from the base of

the wing) of 11 mm.; some orange scales are occasionally present upon the disco-

cellulars. K. J.

Neochera Hübner.

Phalaena Bombyx, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ITT. p. 174 (1782).

Neochera Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 173 (1816) ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins, Mus. E. I. C. II. p. 294

(1859) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond, p. 328 (1875) ; Snell., Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 120 (1888) ;

Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. Y. p. 389 (1891) ; Swinh., Cat, Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 84 (1892).

Hypsa. Group 4. Neochera, Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. II. p. 448 (1854).

Hypsa. Group 9. Philona, Walker, l.c., p. 456 (1854).

Philona, Moore, l.e. p. 294 (1859) ; Butl., Ze. p. 325 (1875) ; Snell, Lc. p. 119 (1888) ; Kirby, Le.

p. 291 (1891) ; Swinh., Le. p. 95 (1892).

Hypsa. Sect. I. (/Typsa), Hampson, Moths of India Y. p. 498 (1892).

Notwithstanding Snellen, /.c., enumerates a number of characters said to dis-

tinguish Philona from Neochera, to which generic names he puts as author Butler,

instead of Walker and Hiibner respectively, though Butler never published a line

about the generic characters of the insects in question, I cannot accept Philona as

a genus distinct from Neochera. Snellen differentiates Philona from Neochera by the

following three characters (l.e. p. 116) :—

1. Philona: “Rand van de middencel der voorvleugels tuschen ader 3 en 4

schuin ”;

Neochera: “ Rand van de middencel der voorvleugels tuschen ader 3 en 4 recht.”

I fail to find this difference. In our specimens of N. inops (Wlk.), bhawana

(Moore), marmorea (Wlk.), etc., the partitions of the median nervure and the

discocellular veinlets of the forewing do not exhibit any constant differences,

( 193 )

2. Philona: “hunne ader 7 uit de spits der aanhangcel " ;

Neochera : “ hunne ader 7 uit het midden van den achterrand der aanhangeel.”

The position of vein 7 is, neither in the forms referred to Philona nor in the

various species of Neocher«, constant. In all the insects in question the common

stem of veins 8 and 9 comes from the tip of the areole (aanhangcel) ; in inops (Wlk.)

vein 7 originates usually rather close to this stem, though it is always distinctly

separate from it; sometimes vein 7 is farther removed, and occasionally it stands as

far away from the tip of the areole as to originate at the apical third of the free

(outer) portion of the areole. On the other hand, in N. eugenia (Cram.) and allies

vein 7 originates generally midway between the apex of the areole and the cell,

or is more basal, or stands even close to the anterior angle of the cell; in many

individuals, however, vein 7 approaches the apex of the areole, and has often the

same position as in such specimens of inops (Wlk.) in which that vein has the most

basal position. On an average, vein 7 is, however, certainly more apical in inops

than in eugenia, marmorea, ete., and in so far Snellen’s statement would be correct,

but as that character applies only to the greater number of specimens, not to all

individuals, it is neither of generic nor of specific value.

3. Philona: “ eindlid der palpen slechts een derde zoo lang als lid 2.”

Neochera bhawana, p. 121: “ eindlid der palpen korter dan de helft van lid 2."

Ihave measured the joints of the palpi of several specimens, and find that the

terminal joint has a length of 2 mm. in inops, while the second joint is 13 mm. long ;

the latter is therefore only twice, not three times, as long as the third joint. The

only structural character of importance by which Walker, /.c., differentiates Philona

reads: “ Third joint of the palpi less than half the length of the second.”

The third palpal joint is shorter in inops than in marmorea, eugenia, dominia,

etc, but this cannot serve to separate inops generically, since N. marmorea and

bhawana take an intermediate position and approach more inops than eugenia and

dominia. Moreover, marmorea and bhawana agree with inops and disagree with

eugenia in another character, namely in veins 3 and 4 of the hindwings standing close

together, whereas in eugenia and allies they are more or less widely separated (see

Snellen, l.c. p. 121). This character again is not constant; there are specimens of

eugenia in which those veins have the same position as in certain specimens of inops

which are most extreme in respect to the separation of veins 3 and 4.

If Neochera is to be split up into two genera, inops (with privata), marmorea,

and bhawana must come into Philona, and dominia and eugenia (with numerous

subspecies) into Neochera, and Philona would be characterised by the somewhat

shorter terminal joint of the palpi. However, that character is so slight, and the

generic separation of marmorea from eugenia seems to me so unnatural, that I must

treat Philona as a synonym of Neochera, the more so as inops, marmorea, eugenia,

ete., have some remarkable characters in common which distinguish them at a glance

from Asota (= Hypsa).

Snellen, l.c., separated Neochera and Philona from Asota by the cell of the

hindwing being longer than half the wing, and by the presence of a “ viltachtig dick

beschubde pleck ” near the anterior margin of the hindwing. The first character is

quite correct as regards N. marmorea, bhawana, dominia, and eugenia (inclusive of the

subspecies) ; but in N. inops (and privata) the cell is mostly just half the length of the

wing. In Asota contorta (Auriv.) (= A. tortwosa Snellen, nec Moore) the cell to the

hindwing is also half as long as the wing [see Snellen, /.c. XXXVIII. p. 180 (1896)] ;

in Aganais ficus (F.) it is likewise of half the length of the wing. The proportion is

(194 )

never quite constant: for example, in two specimens of N. marmorea the number of

millimetres of the length ofthe cell and the length of the wing are respectively

14 and 26, and 14 and 271; in Asota plagiata, 10 and 21, and 8 and 19; in Asota

lacteata, 10 and 22, and 91 and 20.

The second character mentioned by Snellen is of great importance, as that part

of the stridulating apparatus, as well as the fold before the cavity of the forewing,

are essentially different from the apparatus of Asofa. The patch referred to by

Snellen stands at the apex of the cell on the hindwing above, is rather sharply

defined, and consists of enlarged, rounded, thick scales, the surface of which mostly

has seventeen stripes; the spot hasa glabrous, not a “ viltachtig ” appearance (PI. IV.

fig. 45, one of the scales, N. bhawana). In Asota the corresponding mark is elongate,

smaller than in Neochera, and stands immediately behind the costal nervure (Pl. IV.

fig. 41); the scales composing it are larger than in Neochera, and have usually

thirty-five stripes (Pl. IV. fig. 44).

The fold in front of the cavity on the forewing below is narrow, and clothed

with strong, enlarged, yellowish scales, which are rounded at the apex and cover one

another for the most part, as shown on Pl. IV. fig. 39 (V. eugenia). The fold with

these strongly chitinised and striate scales produces a sound by friction upon the

scales of the before-described mark on the hindwing.

The scales between the costal margin and the middle of the cell of the upperside

of the hindwing of Neochera are elongate, being at least four or five times as long as

broad, while in Asota that portion of the wing is covered with short rounded scales

whieh are scarcely half as long again as broad and slightly resemble the scales of the

stridulatory patch. Just before the costal nervure, in the basal half of the hindwing,

there is in Asota a streak of (mostly yellowish) hairlike glandular scales, corresponding

to a similar streak behind the submedian vein on the underside of the forewing ;

neither streak is developed in Neochera.

Contrary to all species of Asota I could examine, the harpe of Neochera is very

slender and long (PI. IV. figs. 28, 29, 30).

Besides the cell of the hindwing being usually longer than in Asota (see above),

there is very little in the neuration to distinguish Neochera by. The free apical

portion of the areole is in Neochera shorter than the basal portion, while in Asot« the

reverse is mostly the case. Vein 11 of the forewing stands in Neochera farther away

from the apex of the cell than in Asota, the basal portion of the costal vein to the

hindwing is weaker than in Neochera, and the same portion of the subcostal nervure is

mostly stronger than in Asota. These differences are, however, by no means constant.

The upper- and underside of the thorax, especially the tegulae, as well as the

coxae, are in Asota clothed with long hairs, which give these parts of the body a

woolly appearance. In all Neochera the upperside of the thorax is covered with

relatively short scales, which do not conceal the outline of the tegulae ; in N. dominia

and eugenia also the underside is scaled, and the scales at the sides of the sterna and

in front of the anterior coxae are very broad and rounded, while in önops the scales

before the anterior coxae are longer and partly hairlike. The sterna of N. marmorea

appears to be hairy, but the hairs are dilated at the apex, exclusive of those at the

edges of the epipleurae, and differ in this from the hairs on the sterna of Asota.

The scaling of the wings of Heterocera is said by Kettelhoit, Schneider, and some

others, who have compared the scales of various families, to differ from the scales of

Rhopalocera in being generally without a basal sinus, which is always present in

the greater portion of the wing-scales of Rhopalocera. Schneider mentions only

( 195 )

Castniidae, Psychidae, and certain Noctuidae (Catocala) as being provided with

* sinus-scales.” I find, however, that the sinus-scales are much more widely dis-

tributed amongst Heterocera, and that the term ** Rhopalocera-scale " for sinus-scale

and * Heterocera-scale " for scales without sinus, as applied by Kolbe, Einführung in

die Kenntniss der Insecten p. 32 (1893), is misleading, and cannot be accepted.

In Aganaidae sinus-scales are present amongst scales without sinus in all species,

and in Neochera marmorea and bhawana nearly all the scales of the upper layer

on both sides of either wing, which scales assume a metallie bluish gloss in certain

lights, have a sinus, while the scales of the under layer are, to my knowledge,

without sinus. Sinus-scales are also very common on the wings of Agaristidae. The

scales with and without sinus are connected by all intergradations. The stridulatory

patch of thick scales on the upperside of the hindwing is, in Neochera as well as in

Asota, composed of sinus-scales (Pl. IV. figs. 44, 45), whereas the fold on the underside

of the forewing is clothed with scales without sinus.

The following Aganaidae belong to Neochera Hb. :—

N. dominia (Cram.), eugenia (Cram.), stibostethia Butl., basilissa (Meyr.),

butleri Swinh., heliconides Snell. = zaria Swinh., marmorea Wlk., bhawana Moore,

inops (WIk.), privata, (Wlk.), and cinerascens Moore.

The other insects standing in Kirby’s Catalogue under Neochera must be

referred to Asota.

Those eleven names belong to insects of three different types, each type repre-

'senting, in my opinion, one species, so that there would be only three species of

Neochera; for want of intergradations, however, bhawana and eugenia must at

present still be kept separate from marmorea and dominia respectively, so that

the number of species is five.

l. Inops-type. Here belong inops (WIk.), privata (WIk.), and cinerascens

Moore; the latter is a synonym of privata (WIk.). The antennae are, as in all

Aganaidae except Aganais Boisd., compressed. In the male each joint is clothed

with long and with short thin hairs; the long ones are shorter than the joint, and

dispersed all over the not-scaled portion of the joint. The two apical joints are of

nearly equal length—the apex of the terminal joint is, as in the other Ayanaidae,

produced into a thin cone—and are about one-fifth longer than broad; the preceding

joints are relatively and absolutely longer than the two apical ones; from the apical

third of the antennae, towards the middle, the joints become gradually shorter and

higher, and are from the middle to the base of the antennae shorter than vertically

broad.

The female antennae are thinner than those of the male, all the joints except

those of the basal fourth are longer than broad, and the hairs and bristles are shorter

than in the male.

The claspers of the male (Pl. IV. fig. 28) have lost the solelike form usually

present in Aganaidae. They are broad and outwardly convex at the base, and their

apical half is transformed into a strongly chitinous hook, furnished at the inside

half-way down to the base with a rather broad dilatation from which projects ventrally

a sharp tooth. The claspers are without a clothing of hairlike scales at the inside,

but are hairy outside. The dorsal, more chitinised, portion of the clasper turns at

the base round towards the bipartite harpe, which consists of two sticklike pieces,

one with nearly its entire length joined to the clasper, the other projecting free.

There is little variation in the form of this apparatus, as it seems; the median

( 196 )

dilatation of the clasper, as well as the tooth projecting from it, are, however, slightly

different in various individuals.

N. inops and privata agree in the structure of the antennae and genital

armature perfectly, and as there is to my knowledge no other difference between

the yellow inops and whitish privata than that of colour, I believe that Snellen, l.c.,

is right in uniting inops and privata to one dichromie species. It remains, never-

theless, a curious fact that intergradations are unknown to science.

The stridulatory mark of thick scales on the hindwing is yellowish in inops and

ab. privata, and becomes anteriorly often black in both forms.

The yellow form inops is in the Tring Museum from Bhutan, the Khasia and

Naga Hills, Nias, Borneo, Java, and Palawan; Dr. Staudinger lent us specimens from

Balabac and Mindoro; Hampson, l.c., records it, besides, from Sikkim and Burma.

The white form privata we have before us from the Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Nias,

Pulu Laut (S.E. of Borneo), Borneo, and Java; Hampson records it, besides, from

Burma and the Philippines. Timor and the Lesser Sunda Islands are inhabited by

a slightly different subspecies of the whitish colour of privata. Apparently the

white form does not occur in North India, and the yellow form not on the Lesser

Sunda Islands inclusive of Timor, while the interjacent districts are inhabited by

both.

Typical inops (Wlk.) comes from Assam; the specimens are somewhat larger

than those from the Malayan Islands, and have the black border to the hindwings

narrower than the individuals from Borneo and the Philippines; in our three

examples from Palawan the cellule between veins 6 and 7 of the hindwing below

is all black, while in Indian and Andaman individuals the yellow area penetrates into

that cellule. The two ventral rows of black spots on the abdomen are in North

Indian inops rather large, and in most examples from the Malay Archipelago and

the Philippines more or less obliterated. KJ.

41. Neochera inops tenuimargo Rothsch. subsp. nov.

d $. Differs from N. inops ab. privata (Wlk.) in the white colour of the under-

side of the forewing being of a purer white tint, in the black border to the hindwing,

though extending beyond vein 2, being marrow, having at vein 6 a width of only

34 to 4 mm., and in the black costal border to the hindwing being either absent

or feebly marked.

Hab. Dili, Timor (type; W. Doherty, May 1892); Alor (W. Doherty, October

1891); Pura (W. Doherty, October 1891) ; Adonara (W. Doherty, November 1891).

In the narrow black border to the hindwing this geographical form resembles

much certain yellow specimens from Assam, but the black border is in the latter

individuals, when it is as narrow as in tenwimargo, shorter, not reaching vein 2.

WEBER?

2. Dominia-type. Here come dominia (Cram.), eugenia (Cram.), stibostethia

3utl., basilissa (Meyr.), butleri Swinh., heliconides Snell. = zaria Swinh., and a

number of new forms described below by Mr. Rothschild.

All these insects are distinguished from the other forms of Neochera by the

longer terminal joint of the palpi.

The antennae do not essentially differ from those of inops (Wlk.); but the thin

hairs of the male antennae are longer, those near the edges of the middle joints being

as long as, or a little longer than, the joints.

( 197 )

The claspers resemble those of inops much more than those of marmorea; they

are broad and outwardly convex at the base, Pl. IV. fig. 29 (butleri Swinh.); the

apical half is narrow, strongly chitinised, somewhat twisted, and bent down to form

a strong hook. There are only a few hairs on the inner side of the clasper. The

harpe is very slender, twisted, and much curved, and is dorsally between tip and

middle slightly denticulate.

The stridulatory patch of thick scales on the hindwing is more or less square,

and generally of a black colour, but becomes often yellowish buff anteriorly behind

the costal nervure. K. J.

42. Neochera dominia (Cram.).

Phalaena Bombyx dominia Cramer, Pap. Exot. TIL. p. 123. t. 263. f. a. » (1782) (Coromandel).

Noctua chione Fabricius, Spec. Ins. IT. p. 213. n. 20 (1781) (Ind. or.) ; id., Ent. Syst. II. p. 19.

n. 34 (1793) (Syn. et var. exel.).

Neochera dominia Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 173. n. 1784 (1816) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond.

p. 329. n. 6 (1875) (Coimbatoor, S. India) ; Snell., Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 121. n. 3 (1888).

Hypsa dominia, Hampson, Moths of India T. p. 499. n. 1136 (1892) (Localities erroneous).

This insect occurs in South India only; Hampson records it by mistake from

Sikkim, Assam, Burma, and Java. The differences between dominia and the North

Indian butleri are not very important, and are only such of degree. Though the

absence of the orange colour from the head, thorax, two basal segments of the

abdomen and from the base of the forewings, the entirely white upperside of the

forewings, and the long blue-black streaks on the hindwings, between the median

and submedian veins, distinguish dominia at once, I have little doubt that dominia

is nothing else but the South Indian form of that widespread species of which

eugenia, basilissa, butleri, ete., are subspecies, considering that all those distinguish-

ing characters are very inconstant in butleri and allies, of which we have long series

of individuals. Certain butleri approach dominia very closely in the orange colour

being much reduced, in the forewings above being almost pure white, and in the

posterior spots of the macular marginal border to the hindwings being produced

towards the base. We have not seen any specimens of Neochera from the districts

between Calcutta and Madras, where probably specimens occur which overbridge

the gap between dominia and butleri. If this tarns out in future to be so, there

will be only one species of the dominia-type, and the name of dominia wil have

to stand for that species; for the present dominia must be kept separate specifically.

The other “ species ” of Neochera which belong to the dominia-type (see above)

are all subspecies of one species, the eldest name of which is eugenia (Cram.).

K. J.

43. Neochera eugenia butleri Swinh.

Hypsa dominia, Walker (nec Cramer, 1782), Lep. Het. B. M. II. p. 448 (1854) (E. Indies, N. India,

Silhet ; nec Java).

Neochera dominia, Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 295. n. 677 (1859) (Cherra Punji ;

nec Java).

Neochera marmorea, Moore (nec Walker, 1856), P. Z. S. p. 677 (1867) (Cherra Punji) ; Butl., Tr. Ent.

Soc. Lond, p. 329. n. 5 (1875) ( p.p.; Silhet, N. India, Maulmein) ; id., ZU. Typ. Sp. Lep. Het.

B. M. V. p. 43 (9, nec d). t. 87. £. 11 (9) (1881).

Neochera eugenia, Snellen (nec Cramer, 1782), Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 120 (1888) (Ex p. ;

Rangoon).

Neochera butleri Swinhoe, Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 84. n. 377 (1892) (Assam, Silhet, Cambodia).

ITypsa butleri, Hampson, Moths of India I. p. 499. n. 1135 (1892) (Maulmein, Penang).

We have this form from the Khasia and Naga Hills, Burma, the Shan States,

and the Malay Peninsula; Swinhoe records it from Cambodia.

( 198 )

‘The amount of white on the head and thorax is very variable; in some

specimens the white colour is by far prevailing on these parts. The base of the

abdomen is, in a few examples, quite as white as in dominia. The forewings vary

from being nearly as white as in dominia to having the darker tint of N. eugenia

herpa Snell. from Celebes. The veins are broader white than in the subspecies from

the Malayan and Papuan Islands. The blue-black spots of the marginal band to the

hindwings are seldom all isolated in butleri; mostly the two, three, or four anterior

ones are merged together or touch one another; the posterior ones remain separate

by the nervules. The spot before and that behind vein 3 vary in our series of

thirty-four specimens from 4 to 8 mm. The fringe of the hindwing is all white, not

spotted between the nervules with blue-black, or very faintly so. On the underside

the white colour on the forewing is always much extended, and the hindwings have,

near the apex of the cell, a black spot corresponding in position to the stridulatory

patch of thick scales of the upperside, but composed of normal scales like the rest

of the dise. K. J.

44. Neochera eugenia javana Rothsch. subsp. nov.

Hypsa dominia, Walker (nec Cramer, 1782), Lep. Het. B. M. IL. p. 448 (1854) (Pro p. ; Java).

Neochera dominia, Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. II. p. 295. n. 677 (1859) (Ex p. ; Java).

Neochera bhawana, Butler (nec Moore, 1859), Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 328. n. 2 (1875) (Es p.; $,

Java).

Neochera j ugenia var. herpa Snellen (nec Snellen, 1879), Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 120 (1888)

(Java ; nec Celebes).

(?) Hypsa dominia, Hampson, Moths of India Y. p. 498. n. 1136 (1892) (Ex p. ; Java).

Differs from the darkest specimens of butleri by the white lines upon the veins

of the forewing being narrower, the marginal spots to the hindwing forming an

almost uninterrupted band, and the fringe of the hindwings being black between

the veins.

The posterior spots of the marginal band to the hindwing are slightly separated

from one another; the white spots at the end of the nervules are not restricted to

the fringe, as in typical eugenia, but are distinctly produced upon the wing.

Hab. Java.

This form is a transition to the Celebensian kerpa Snell. and the Timorese

proxima Rothsch. subsp. nov. Week:

45. Neochera eugenia herpa Snellen.

Aganais eugenia var. herpa Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXII. p. 78. n. 35 (1879) (Bonthain).

Neöchera eugenia var. herpa Snellen, Lc. XXXI. p. 120 (1888) (Celebes ; nec Java).

Differs from the Java form especially in the submedian fold of the forewing

being much broader white on the dise. In a specimen from Tombugu, E. Celebes,

this white line is patchlike, and so broad in the middle as to touch the median

nervure.

From Celebes and Sanghir in the Tring Museum. K. J.

46. Neochera eugenia fumosa Rothsch. subsp. nov.

d 9. Forewings as in heliconides Snell., but veins thinner white, especially

at the extremities; below, the subapical white pateh eut short at vein 3. Hindwings

suffused with bluish black scales, especially in the middle of the disc. Border to

hindwing as in herpa Snell., i.e. spots between the median nervules somewhat longer

than in javana Rothsch.

( 199 )

Hab. Sambawa (type; W. Doherty leg. ; 5 d,4 2); Pulu Laut (S.E. Borneo :

W. Doherty, May 1891; 6 d,2 9); Pura (W. Doherty, October 1891 ; 2 2).

Some of my Pulu Laut specimens, and an example from Sambawa in Dr.

Staudinger’s collection, have the hindwings as dark as they are in the Philippine

form heliconides Snell., and are distinguishable from that form only by the slightly

thinner white spots on the fringe of the forewing, and by the basal half of the

median nervules of the hindwing being much less white.

Another Sambawa specimen in Dr. Staudinger’s collection is like the Java form,

but has the marginal border to the hindwing a little broader between the median

nervules.

Borneo and Sumatra individuals of eugenia are unknown to me. W- R:

47. Neochera eugenia proxima Rothsch. subsp. nov.

d ?. Forewing paler than in herpa Snell. ; submedian fold narrower white and

subapical white patch of underside marked above. Marginal band to hindwing as

in herpa ; white colour of fringe more restricted.

Differs from basilissa (Meyr.) in the darker forewings, in the costal border to

the hindwings being bluish green and well marked, not obliterated in the basal half

of the wing, in the submedian fold of forewing above being narrower white, and

in the bluish black colour of the marginal band to the hindwing being at anal angle

more extended and more pronounced.

Hab. Timor (W. Doherty: Dili, May 1892. type; Oinainisa, November and

December 1891, 7 4); Alor (W. Doherty, October 1891 ; 1 4) ; Adonara (W. Doherty,

November 1891; 4 d); Kalao (A. Everett, December 1895; 1 d, 1 2); Port

Darwin, N.W. Australia (2 d).

Two males from Adonara have the hindwing somewhat shaded with fuscous,

and one of them is not distinguishable from fumosa m. The two Kalao individuals

lead over to herpa by the submedian fold being broader white than in typical

prowima.

Specimens from Port Darwin, N.W. Australia, come much closer to proxima

than to the Queenslandian basilisse (Meyr.). NOE

48. Neochera eugenia basilissa (Meyrick).

Hypsa basilissa Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2). I. p. 767. n. 108 (1886) (Cooktown and

Cairns).

The large series of specimens from Queensland in the Tring Museum does not

exhibit much variation in the essential characters of this subspecies. The pale

forewings have the subapical white patch of the underside also marked above ; the

posterior region of the wing between the median nervure and abdominal margin is

much suffused with white; the nervules are rather thinly white on the dise, and

become a little broader white near the outer margin; the fringe is white at the

extremities of the nervules.

On the hindwings the white area is not shaded with fuscous scales, the stridu-

latory mark often assumes a tawny tint at the edges; the bluish blaek border of the

wing is not quite continuous, since the lower median and submedian veins remain

thinly white when traversing the band; in this respect basilissa agrees best with

herpa Snell.; the spot between veins 1* and 1" is mostly very feebly marked; the

abdominal margin is seldom shaded with fuscous.

( 200 )

The meso- and metathorax are much more white than orange, often nearly all

white; the first abdominal segment is white, with some orange scales dorsally.

On the underside the costal bluish green border of the hindwing is partly

obliterated, especially towards the base.

Known to us from Northern Queensland, Cooktown and Cairns. KDE

49. Neochera eugenia stibostethia Butler.

Neochera stibostethia Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 329. n. 4 (1875) (Buru) ; Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het.

Oxf. I. p. 85. n. 378 (1892) (Buru).

The head, thorax, and the base of the abdomen are white as in dominia, but

there are mostly a few orange scales at the edges of the tegulae and the metathorax,

Known to us only from Buru. RUE

50. Neochera eugenia affinis Rothsch. subsp. nov.

Neochera eugenia, Swinhoe (nec Cramer, 1782), Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. I. p. 84. n. 375 (1892) (Ex p. ;

Ternate).

Differs from eugenia (Cram.) inthe black border to the hindwing being narrower,

having at vein 4 a breadth of 4 mm. only; the band is much better defined and

posteriorly slightly produced towards the dise; the white area outside the cell is not

shaded with fuscous. The fringe of the hindwing and the veins of the forewing are

as in eugenia. The thorax is orange, with the usual black spots large, those on the

tegulae often merged together, as in ewgenia.

The dorsal and ventral spots of the abdomen are always large and transverse;

the ventral ones are often confluent to form transverse bands; there appear black

lateral spots round the stigmata.

Hab. Halmahera (type; W. Doherty, August 1892; 2 d, 1 $); Ternate (W.

Doherty; 1 d, 1 2); Batjan (W. Doherty, March 1892; 2 9); Morotai (Bernstein ;

1:2.

This form stands, as regards the pattern of the hindwing, intermediate between

typical eugenia and herpa. The white veins of the forewing are very prominent.

We Re

51. Neochera eugenia papuana Rothsch. subsp. nov.

Neochera eugenia, Butler (nec Cramer, 1782), Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. p. 328 (1875) (Dorey, Aru) ;

Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 84. n. 375 (1892) (Ex p.; Mysol, Aru, Dorey, N. Guinea).

3%. Veins of forewing thinner white than in eugenia, and mostly without white

scales (or nearly so) near the outer margin. Head, thorax, and base of abdomen

particoloured with orange and white. Blue-black border to hindwing 4 to 5 mm.

wide at vein 4, very slightly produced towards disc between veins 1 and 4, well

defined; white area not shaded with fuscous, pure white. Fringe to hindwing all

black, or with traces only of the usual white dots at the ends of the veins. Dorsal

black markings of abdomen rather small.

The white patch on the underside of the forewing situate between the cell and

abdominal margin is very variable in size, and is often a mere line. ‘The mesothorax

is sometimes more white than orange; the metathorax is mostly all white, as is

usually the case with the first abdominal segment. The black dorsal spots of the

abdomen never form transverse bands, as in eugenia and some other subspecies, and

are often reduced to minute points, or are even absent.

( 201 )

Hab. Dutch and German N. Guinea (type from Humboldt Bay); Waigeu; Aru;

Mysol ; and probably all the islands near the western peninsula of N. Guinea.

It seems to be a rather common insect, the most prominent features of which

are the uniform blue-blaek border to the hindwing and the very thinly white veins

of the forewing. W. RK.

52. Neochera eugenia eugenia (Cramer).

Phalaena Bombyx eugenia Cramer, Pap. Exot. III. p. 235. t. 398. f. M (1782) (Amboina).

Noctua echione var., Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 19. sub n. 34 (1793).

Neochera eugenia, Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 173. n. 1783 (1816).

Hypsa eugenia, Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. TI. p. 449. n. 5 (1854). E

Neochera eugenia, Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 120 (1888) (Ex p.).

On Amboina and Ceram.

The white veins of the forewing are thin and nearly all of even breadth from the

base to the outer margin; the fringe is all black except at the hinder angle, seldom

with some white scales at the extremities of the veins. The blue-black border to the

hindwings is broad, not interrupted, and between the median and submedian veins

irregularly produced towards the base; those veins themselves remain rather broadly

white; the rest of the wing is suffused with fuscous, but is whiter than in heliconides

from the Philippines; the fringe has very small white spots, except at the hinder

angle, where nearly all the scales of the fringe are white; the abdominal margin,

except fringe, is more or less broadly bluish black.

The spots on the tegulae are usually merged together. The black spots of the

abdomen vary very much in size; sometimes they are as small as in butleri, while in

other individuals they form transverse bands, as in «ffjmis Rothseh.; the ventral

markings are generally enlarged. K. J.

53. Neochera eugenia fuscipennis Rothsch. subsp. nov.

d 9. Forewing as in papuana mihi. Border to hindwing very broad, gradually

shading off on the disc; outer half or nearly the whole of the wing suffused with

fuscous, the white colour often (type) reduced to a narrow space at the inside of the

stridulatory patch; white spots mostly absent from fringe of hindwing.

The other characters as in typical eugenia.

Hab. New Britain (4 d, 5 8).

Sometimes scarcely distinguishable from eugenia, to which it is much nearer

related than to papuana. W.R.

54. Neochera eugenia heliconides Snellen.

Neochera eugenia var. heliconides Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 121 (1888) (Philippines).

Neochera zaria Swinhoe, Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. I. p. 85. n. 380 (1892) (Manila).

Occurs on Palawan, Mindoro, and Luzon, and probably also on the ot her islands

of the Philippine group.

Snellen, l.e., identified this insect erroneously with Moore's Neochera heliconioides,

P. Z. S. p. 6 (1878), which is an Asota, not a Neochera. The characters of “ heli-

conides” mentioned by Snellen are quite sufficient to recognise the present form of

eugenia, and therefore Snellen’s name must stand instead of Swinhoe’s name of zaria.

The veins of the forewings are near outer margin broader white than in fumosa

Rothsch.; the hindwings are all bluish black except the base, the basal half of the

costal region, a patch beyond the stridulatory mark, and the greater portion of veins

l to 4, which are whitish or white, From the darkest specimens of fumosa this

( 202 )

form differs scarcely in any other character than in the extremities of the veins of

the forewing being broader white. In the extent of the blue-black colour on the

hindwing heliconides surpasses most specimens of typical eugenia. The white fringe

to the hindwings with very small black dots, and the rather evenly suffused basal

two-thirds of the same wing on which the thin white veins are rather sharply picked

out, distinguish heliconides easily from dark specimens of eugenia and fuscipennis.

3. Marmorea-type. Here belong two forms, marmorea Wlk. and bhawana

Moore, which are structurally the same and differ only in the colour of the hindwing;

intergradations are not known to us.

The antennae of the male of bhawana are thicker than those of eugenia, and the

fine hairs near the base and the apex of each joint are more prolonged, forming

a basal and an apical row which join each other just below the scaled dorsal portion

of the joint. In this character N. bhawana and marmorea are nearly related with

most Asota; there are, however, no lateral impressions on the joints in Neochera.

The ten to twelve terminal joints are longer than broad, especially the four last

ones; thenee towards the base the joints become broader than long. Im the female

the fine hairs are all short and of even length, and the antennae are thinner than in

the male.

The claspers (Pl. IV. fig. 30) resemble more those of Asota than of .Veochere

eugenia and inops, being broadest towards the apex and having almost the shape of

a shoe-sole; on the inside they are thickly hairy. The harpe is very slender and

long; see PI. IV. fig. 30. Kerr

55. Neochera marmorea Walker.

Hypsa marmorea Walker, Lep. Het. B. M. VII. p. 1674 (1856) (Silhet) ; Hamps., Moths of India

I. p. 498. n. 1134 (1894) (Ex p. ; localities partly erroneous).

Neochera marmorea, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 329 (1875) (Syn. ex p.) ; id., IU. Typ. Lep.

Het. B. M. V.p. 43 (Q, nec 9). t. 87. f. 10 (d) (1881) ; Snell., Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 121.

n. 5 (1888) ; Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I. p. 390. n. 2 (1891) (Ex p.) : Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf.

I. p. 84. n. 376 (1892) (Silhet).

This insect is known from Northern India (Silhet, the Khasia and Naga Hills),

and is in Lower Burma, the Shan States, Tenasserim, Malacea, and on the Greater

Sunda Islands represented by N. bhawana Moore.

The abdomen of marmorea has, at least on the basal segments, three dorsal and

two ventral rows of black spots, as already stated by Walker. The lateral spots of

marmorea which stand near the lateral edge of the dorsal plate of the segment are

wanting in eugenia and inops. Those lateral spots mentioned under N. eugenia

affinis stand on the pleural piece of the somites and are also present in marmorea.

Walker's description gives the essential characters as regards the colour: * Head

blaek, with white bands; . . . abdomen with three rows of black dots; underside

with lateral black dots; . . . hindwings white from interior border to the disk."

In the Tring Museum from the Khasia and Naga Hills. K. J.

56. Neochera bhawana Moore.

Neochera bhawana Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. II. p. 295. n. 678. t. Ta. f. 4 (8) (1859)

(Java) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soe. Lond. p. 328 (1875) (Java) ; Snell., Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 121.

n. 2 (1888) (Java, Sumatra) ; Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 85. n. 381 (1892) (Borneo,

Singapore).

The white colour of the posterior region of the hindwing of marmorea is in

( 203 )

bhawana absent, except on the veins. The subcostal nervules on the upperside of

the hindwing are in marmorea white just outside the stridulatory patch of thick

scales, while in bhawana they are not, or seldom, white there.

In the Tring Museum from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Shan States.

KEJ

Asota Hübner.

Phalaena Noctua, Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. X. p. 512 (1758).

Noctua, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 596 (1775).

Phalaena Bombyx, Cramer, Pap. Ex. TIT. p. 175 (1780).

Hipocrita vulgaris Hübner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. t. 190 (1806).

Asota Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 164 (1822) [Type : javana (Cram.)].

Hypsa Hübner, l.c. p. 172 (1822) [Type : silvandra (Cram.)] ; Walk., Lep. Het. B. M. IL. p. 444.

n. 65 (1854) (Ex p.); Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. IL. p. 292 (1859) ; Butl., Tr. Ent.

Soc. Lond. p. 315 (1875) (Ex p.); Sunell., Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXI. p. 122 (1888) (Ex p.) ;

Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. Y. p. 85 (1892) ; Kirby, Cut. Het. I. p. 388 (1892) ; Hamps., Moths

of Ind. Y. p. 498 (1892) (Ex p.).

Damalis Hübner, l.c. p. 172 (1882) [Type : caricae (F.)] ; Swinh., Le. p. 93 (1892).

Aganais Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lép. p. 248 (1832) (Nom. nud.) ; Snell., Le. XXII. p. 77 (1879)

(Ex p.) ; Kirby, l.c. p. 385 (1892) (Excl. of insularis Boisd.).

Hypsa. Group 5. Hypsa, Walker, l.c. p. 449 (1854).

Hypsa. Group 6. Aspa Walker, Le. P. 452 (1854) [Type 2 puphos (F.)].

Hypsa. Group 7. Damalis, Walker, l.e. p. 453 (1854).

Hypsa. Group 10. Petalia Walker, Le. p. 457 (1854) [Type : plagiata WIk.].

Hypsa. Subgenus Damalis, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 319 (1875).

Hypsa. Subgenus Aganais, Butler, Lc. p. 322 (1875) (Excel. of insularis Boisd.).

Hypsa. Subgenus Agape, Butler, l.c. p. 322 (1875) (Excl. of chloropyga WIk.).

Petalia, Butler, l.c. p. 326 (1875) : Swinh., Le. I. p. 95 (1892) ; Kirby, l.c. p. 385 (1892).

Neochera, Butler, l.c. p. 328 (1875) (Ex p.) ; Kirby, l.c. p. 390 (1892) (Er p.).

Agape, Swinhoe, l.e. p. 93 (1892) (Ex p.) ; Kirby, Le. p. 387 (1892) (Ez p.).

Antichera Snellen, l.c. XXXVIII. p. 180 (1896) [Type : contorta ( Auriv.)].

I unite under the (eldest) name of Asota Hb. all those Aganaidae which are

distinguished by the following prineipal characters :—

Fold in front of the cavity on forewing with one enlarged carimate scale; hind-

wing above with an elongate spot of thick scales just behind costal nervure in the

middle of the wing; the last but one joint of the antennae shorter than the last

but two, and at the utmost as long as broad, mostly shorter; third joint of palpi

seldom a little shorter, mostly as long as or longer than the second.

In neuration the species of Asota come very near Neochera eugenia (Cram.).

The “genera” Damalis Hb., Hypsa Hb., Aspa Wik., Petalia Wlk., and

Antichera Snell. I cannot keep separate from Asota Hb.; the types of these

“genera” differ from one another only in the pattern, sometimes in the shape, of

the wings, and in secondary sexual characters, as in fact do nearly every two species

of Aganaidae. Under Asota Hb. we have therefore united all Aganaids which do

not belong to Spilobotys Butl. = Agape Snell., Aganais Boisd., Peridrome WIk.,

Anagnia Wlk., Euplocia Hb., Digama Moore, and Sommeria Hb. The number

of the species will in this paper be considerably reduced, as our series of specimens

prove to us that many of the * species " are only geographical races and not distinct.

Structurally the variety within the genus Asota Hb. is nearly as great as it

is in respect to pattern. I give here a general account of the structural characters

of Asota, and shall make some more remarks under the various species.

As in the other Aganaidae, the front of the head is in Asofa Hb. slightly

widened behind, is anteriorly faintly convex in the middle, and generally a little

broader than each eye is high,

( 204 )

The eye is almost circular in all Aganaidae, a little more rounded in front than

behind, not triangularly projecting beneath, as in Agaristidae. When viewed from

the side, with the object somewhat higher than the eye of the observer, the eye of

Aganaidae shows a faint trace of emargination, or rather depression, near the

antennae.

The antennae are always sexually different, and their structure is, at least in

the male sex, often convenient to prove specific distinctness of superficially similar

forms. The antennae of the females are the more simple ones, and may therefore

be described and compared first.

The joints (Pl. IV. figs. 5 to 11) are compressed, being vertically thicker than

transversely; as the compression takes place especially ventrally, the transverse

section of a joint has an ovate outline. The degree of compression is somewhat

different according to the species; it is lowest in A. caricae (F.), and seems to

be highest in A. egens (WIk.). The basal joints are cylindrical, or nearly so, and

the apical joints are also less compressed than the middle ones. The apex of each

joint is ventrally produced into a tooth; the apical joint, which is longest and

thinnest of all, is at the tip produced into a thin cone. ‘The last but one joint

is as long as broad, or slightly shorter, and is always shorter than the last but two;

the preceding ten to twelve jeints are also longer than broad. The joints consist

of an internal and external chitinous sheath, and are clothed dorsally with scales

and laterally and ventrally with hairs. There are two transverse rows of elongate

scales on each joint, amongst which stand, besides, some thin hairs. "The apical row

of scales projects upon the base of the next. joint.

The hairs, which form a moderately dense covering upon the convex sides and

the ventral portion of the joint, are very fine, short, and depressed, aud are longer in

A. egens (W1k.), heliconia (L.), papuana (Boisd.), and others, than in A. caricae (F.).

Each joint bears two pairs of large bristles: the ventral pair is situate (one

bristle at each side of the joint) near the apex; the other pair is basal, subdorso-

lateral, and stands near the base of the basal row of scales. "The subdorsal bristles

are always longer and thicker than the ventral ones; both pairs vary in length,

rather considerably, according to the different species. Besides these four bristles,

there are, as mentioned before, some dorsal hairs projecting from between the two

rows of scales, and these hairs assume on the apical joints a more or less bristle-like

character, but. remain always thinner than those principal bristles.

The antennae of the males are built up after the same type, but are always

different in every species in certain points from those of the respective females.

They are more compressed ; the free ventral portion is higher, more cariniform ; the

joints, especially the apical ones, are shorter; the clothing of thin hairs is longer,

at least near the base and apex of the joint, and the bristles are much stronger. The

last but one joint is in all males shorter than it is vertically broad. In detail there

is rather much variation amongst the different species, not only in respect to the

length of the hairs and bristles and the size of the joints, but also as regards the

structure of the joints. There are three principal modifications of the male antennae

of Asota, which may here be represented by the antennae of A. caricae (F.),

A. heliconia (L.), and A. contorta (Auriv.).

In A. caricae (V.) the apical joint is twice as long as broad, the penultimate

one is somewhat shorter than broad, the preceding six joints are somewhat longer than

broad, and the following ones become gradually broader than long, the middle joints

being about one-fifth broader than long. The ventral compressed dilatation of the

( 205 )

middle joints is scarcely one-half the breadth of the body of the joint (Pl. IV. fig. 5).

The sides of the joints are convex ; the fine hairs about one-third or one-fourth of the

length of the joints, and all of nearly equal length. The ventral bristles are slightly

longer than the joints; the larger subdorsal bristles are about half as long again as

the joints, and the dorsal fine bristles remain very thin and have nearly the length

of the joint.

The antennae of A. versicolor (Don.) are similar to those of caricae; but all the

joints except the terminal one are broader (vertically) than long, the setae are

stronger, and the sides are very faintly flattened in the middle close to the dorsal

scaled portion; the fine hairs are extremely faintly longer at base and apex of the

median joints.

The antennae of A. plaginota (Butl.) are of the heliconia-type, and therefore

quite different from those of caricae.

The bulk of the species of Asota—in fact all species exclusive of caricae,

versicolor, contorta, and an undescribed species allied to contorta—have the antennae

of the heliconia-type, and differ from caricae in having a lateral impression on

each joint (except apical one), and in the fine hairs in front of and behind this

impression, or the hairs all along apical and basal edges, being prolonged.

A. plana (Wlk.) and allies come nearest to A. caricae (F.) and versicolor

(Don.) The last ten or twelve joints (except the penultimate one) are longer than

broad; the middle joints are about one-fourth broader than long. The impression

mentioned before is rather slight, deepest near the large subdorsal bristle, and

gradually fades away ventrally; the edges of the joint are somewhat raised near

the impression, and the hairs on these slight ridges are much prolonged, being about

of the length of the joint.

The antennae of A. albivena (WIk.) = vitessoides (Snell.) are similar, but all

the joints except the apical one are broader than long.

The impression becomes deeper in A. heliconia (L.) (Pl. IV. fig. 10); the edges

of the joints are more raised ; the ridges are, however, not on the same level, but

the basal one is more dorsal, the apical one more ventral. In consequence of the

different position of the ridges, a front view of a detached middle joint from the

distal side shows a dilatation of the joint in the ventral half (Pl. IV. fig. 8), while

the joint appears broadest in the dorsal half when it is viewed from the basal side

(Pl. IV. fig. 9). The hairs on the ridges are longer than in A. plana (WIk.); when

looked at from above, these hairs protrude at each side like brushes; the two

brushes nearest to a subdorsal bristle belong to two subsequent joints (Pl. IV. fig. 11).

The large subdorsal bristles are more than three times as long as the joint ; all the

joints are broader than long, except the terminal one; the middle ones are about

half as broad again as long.

In A. egens (Wlk.) and allies the impression is still deeper, the cariniform

(ventral) portion of the joints is higher, and the bristles are stronger.

The third chief modification of the male antennae is found in A. contorta

(Auriv.) and an undescribed Bornean species, not in A. tortuosa (Moore), to which

Snellen puts contorta (Auriv.) as a synonym, by mistake I think. Here the apical

ten joints, inclusive of the penultimate one, are longer than broad. The ventral

subeariniform dilatation of the joints assumes quite a different aspect from that

of the heliconia-type, in consequence of its becoming (longitudinally) very short,

being about half the length of the stem of the joint, and being transversely dilated.

The two lateral ridges of the heliconia-type stand here very close together, as the

( 206 )

joint is so short, have for the most part merged together, and are very high. In

a transverse section, or in a front view, of a middle joint, the diameter of the stem

of the joint is much shorter than that of the ventral dilatation, the outline being

somewhat like this &. The hairs upon the ridge are much longer than in any

other Aganaid, being about three times the length of a joint; they stand in two

rows, as in heliconia, but these rows join each other near the subdorsal bristle, as in

Neochera marmorea Wik. In a side view, the ventral dilatation appears as a

short square tooth of which the vertical diameter is shorter than the vertical diameter

of the stem of the joint; while in a ventral view the processus is transverse and

somewhat rhombiform. The subdorsal bristle is very strong and long; the ventral

pair is present on the apical elongate joints, but is obliterated on the other joints.

The strong subdorsal bristles of A. contorta (Auriv.), egens (WIk.), and other

species of Asota remind one of the lateral processus found in Aganais Boisd., if one

examines the antennae quite superficially under a very weak lens, but are by no

means homologous with that processus. On p. 61 I tried to point out the difference

between the antennae of Aganais Boisd. and Asofa Hb.; on Pl. IV. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, I

now give front and dorsal views of an antennal joint of d and 2 of Aganais ficus

(F.), which will at once show to the reader, when comparing figures 5 to 11, the

remarkable differences described on p. 61.

The antennae of all Aganaidae are similar to those types described in these

lines. The heliconia-type we rather frequently meet with amongst Geometridae.

The palpi of Asofa do not exhibit much variation. The second joint is generally

slender, at the base curved, and somewhat twisted; the third is very thin, slightly

thickened towards the tip, and is in A. caricae (F.) as long as, in egens (WIk.)

shorter than, and in heliconia (L.) longer than, the second joint; the difference

in length between the second and third joint is always slight, except in A. contorta

(Auriv.) and tortuosa (Moore), which have the second joint shorter and thicker than

it usually is in Asota, and the third joint more prolonged.

The thorax of Asota and all other Aganaidae, inclusive of Agape Snell., bears

just in front of the hinder edge of the mesoseutum in the middle line a rounded

impression often filled up with a brownish matter. This impression is most easily

seen in Neochera, on account of the thorax of this genus being less hairy than that

of Asota or Peridrome, and looks here like a small black spot. This impression is

the mouth of a gland which I have not yet found in other moths; it is certainly not

present in Aletis Hb., Nyctemera Hb., and Pelochyta Hb., which some authors have

associated with the Aganaidae.

The abdomen of A. caricae (F.) is in the female remarkably different from that

of all other Aganaidae, and resembles that of Lymantriidae. For comparison I give

two figures of the tip of the abdomen of A. plaginota (Butl.) and two of caricae

(F.). The seventh segment is in the 9 of plaginota (Butl.) and all other Aganaidae

conical ; the dorsal plate is longer than the ventral one, and is covered, like the rest

of the abdomen, with narrow elongate scales, which are at the apical edge of the

segment somewhat prolonged (Pl. IV. fig. 46). Fig. 47 shows the tip of the abdomen

denuded.

In A. caricae (F.) the seventh segment (fig. 48) is shorter and thicker than in

other Aganaidae, not conically narrowed towards the apex, and is covered, like the

eighth segment, with long curly hairs, which form a conspicuous anal tuft. In the

( 207 )

denuded abdomen of caricae (fig. 49) we find the seventh and eighth segments being

longitudinally much folded; the eighth segment is much more prominent than in

other Aganaidae. In consequence of the folding of the last segments their surface

is much increased, and the amount of wool which finds place here is considerable.

The genital armature of the males of Asota does not seem to me to be of much

interest from a systematic point of view; the various species differ very little in the

form of the claspers, harpes, and unci, at least those species which I could dissect

caricae (F.), plana (Wlk.), paliura (Swinh.), heliconia (L.) and various subspecies,

egens (Wlk.), australis (Boisd.), versicolor (F.), and some others. I have not

examined the genital armature of A. contorta (Auriv.), tortuosa (Moore), and isthmia

(WIk.), which are perhaps more different in respect to those organs than the other

species.

The clasper and harpe of A. heliconia semifusca (Butl.) from the Solomon

Islands are represented in fig. 12 of Pl. IV. The claspers are covered with long hairs

on the outside, and have a very dense covering of hairlike scales on the inside; these

latter hairs are directed from the apical and ventral side towards the back and base.

The harpe is a short chitinous piece turned upwards at the apex, which is horizontally

widened out and excavated, so that in a dorsal view the harpe has the form of a spoon

(fig. 14); the apical portion is asymmetrical ; the edges are very sharp.

The organs of A. egens (WIk.) (fig. 15) do not show much difference from those

of A. semifusca (Butl.); the lower edge of the clasper is more rounded, the harpe is

more symmetrical at the apex and broader. Figs. 16 and 17 represent the harpes of two

individuals of egens (WIk.), and we notice that the harpes are not quite identical.

The clasper and harpe of A. caricae (F.) are also nearly the same as those of semi-

fusca. Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21 give a dorsal and side view of the harpes of two individuals ;

the inconsistency in the harpe is here again visible.

The harpe of A. paliwra (Swinh.) (fig. 22) again does not show any obvious

peculiarity.

The uncus of Asota heliconia intacta, (Wlk.) is represented by figs. 32 and 33 in

dorsal and side view; it consists of two pieces, a strong basal angle and a slender,

slightly undulate, apical piece. The latter has a tooth at the apex, and is furnished

with hairs on the upperside, especially in the middle. The unci of egens, caricae,

and other species agree with that of intacta.

On the whole we shall, I think, be correct in stating that the genital armature

will not be of much help in defining the species of Asota.

The claspers of Aganais ficus (L.) and speciosa (Drury), fig. 23, differ in being

almost symmetrical; the apex is not turned upwards. The harpe (figs. 24 and 25)

is short, spoonlike, with the apex produced into a sharp point.

The claspers of Spilobotys Butl. = Agape Snell. are much longer than those of

Asota. The basal piece of the uncus of Spilobotys chloropyga (W1k.) (figs. 34, 35) has

à broad processus at each side; the hairs upon the dorsal edge of the apical piece are

shorter than in Asota Hb.

The claspers of Digama marmorea Butl. from Queensland (fig. 31) stand in form

intermediate between those of Asofa and Aganais, and are narrower than in both

these genera. The harpe is longer and much slenderer than in Asota and Aganuis,

not spoon-shaped, consisting of one sticklike piece.

The neuration of the wings of Asota Hb. much resembles that of Neochera

( 208 )

eugenia (Cram.), but vein 11 of the forewing originates closer to the areole, vein 3

to the fore- and hindwing stands closer to vein 4, and the cell of the hindwing is

shorter. In Asola contorta. (Auriv.), not in A. tortuosa (Moore), the cell to the `

hindwing is just half the length of the wing, while in the other species of Asota

the cell is shorter. The apical portion of the areole, beyond origin of vein 6, is

generally longer than the basal portion.

The structure of the stridulating organ is peculiar. The cavity on the forewing

is well limited only in front, not at the basal side, as in Peridrome Wlk. and

Euplocia Hb.; the fold in front of the cavity (Pl. IV. fig. 36) is rather broad, and

is covered with irregularly arranged scales which are rounded at the apex; in the middle

portion of the fold the number of such scales standing beside one another and partly

covering each other is, across the fold, about eight or ten. "There is in the middle of

the fold one large obliquely placed scale of a yellowish colour, which is thicker and

more chitinous than normal scales are, and has one or more sharp longitudinal ridges.

The scales immediately beside this one are also enlarged and yellowish, and are

attached to one another and to that large scale to form a rather strong organ for

friction against a patch of thick scales on the upperside of the hindwing. This

patch (Pl. IV. fig. 41) stands along the anterior side of the costal nervure, is longer than

broad, of a yellowish colour in all species, and consists of large, slightly pentagonal,

scales with a basal sinus and thirty-five surface ridges (Pl. IV. figs. 42 and 44) [Asota

heliconia (L.)] The stridulating organ does not vary much in Asota, neither

according to individuals nor to different species, and is readily distinguished from

that of all other Aganaids.

The homologous organ of Aganais ficus (F.) (Pl. IV. fig. 37) comes very near

that of Asota; there are, however, three or four large scales on the fold before the

cavity of the forewings.

In Digama Moore the fold is very narrow, and is covered by twenty-two to twenty-

four transverse, somewhat asymmetrical, thick scales which stand in a single longi-

tudinal row and are strongly ribbed longitudinally (Pl. IV. fig. 40). The corresponding

mark upon the upperside of the hindwing is a regularly arched row (Pl. IV. fig. 45)

of about fifteen thick scales which stands between costal margin and costal nervure.

All Asota species have on the underside of the forewing the basal half of the 1

cell between median and submedian nervure covered with hairs, and there is a stripe

of hairs just behind the submedian vein which extends from the stridulating organ

down to the base of the wing, and is, like a similar stripe on the upperside of

the hindwings before the costal nervure, most probably a scent-producing organ.

K.J.

(To be continued.)

9691- NO: BB

26 JUN 1896

Novitates ZooLocicA. VoL Ill. 1896.

ie 2. Là

“heer ai cit

Autor del Lith. Anst.v. KL Wasser Jonas

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fig.

”

Genus 1 to 6.

y HUES

Kopf von Ceracupes.

”

Taeniocerus.

A ulacocyel WS.

Passalus.

Rimor.

Odontotaenius.

Ogyges.

Proculejus.

Soranus.

Popilius.

Sertorius.

Undulifer.

Eriopterus.

Eriononrus.

Rhodacanthopus.

Neleuops.

Lophocephalus.

Morosophus.

Prosoclitus.

Manlius.

Severus.

Pertinacides.

Ptichopus.

Veturius.

Verres.

Verroides.

Unterlippe von Proculus.

”

Kopf von Paxillus.

”

Paxilloides.

( 'yphoproculus.

Novirares Zoorocicæ. VoL.I1.1896.

A sa h

A VRAC

Pee AN ATION OF PLATES Vi. AND VIT.

FIGURE

33.

34.

50.

Kopf von Paxillosomus.

Macrolinus.

Tiberius.

Episphenus.

Polyacanthopus.

Phoronaeus,

Valerius.

Phoronaeosomus.

Toxentotaenius.

Epiphanus.

Tetraracas,

Cassius.

Lucilius.

Synesius.

Thryptocerus,

Petrejus.

Phanocles.

Vindex.

Oeneus.

Ninus.

Ptychotrichus.

Calidas.

Semicyclus.

Tarquinius.

Ciceronius.

Solenocyclus.

Flaminius.

Trichostigmus,

FIGURE

61.

62.

63.

Oo Qo m w

SES Roy MEC

aaa

DEST Sa cn

Kopf von Stephanocephalus.

mn , Didimus.

35 » Vitellinus.

» , Pentalobus.

„ und Unterlippe von Omegarius.

A) 5 n , Gonatas.

m 5 „ Tatius.

Vellejus.

m sowie Fühler von

Labienus.

m * sowie Fiihler von

Pelops.

von Pelopides.

” 5 A „ Eriocnemis.

a x 5 „ Plesthenus,

5 5 5 a Phraortes.

» T 2 „ Aurelius.

2» 9 , , Episphenoides.

» ” ” 5, Cetejus.

» » pe „ Pharochilus.

7 5; » „ Heterochilus.

Mastochilus.

DE t -

Unterlippe von Analaches.

Kopf und Unterlippe von Epilaches.

» Laches.

55 5 „ Basilianus.

” T » „ Acerajus.

( 209 )

DIE PASSALIDEN DICHOTOMISCH BEARBEITET.

Von A. KUWERT.

(Tafel V. VI. VII.).

1728 THEIL.—DIE GRUPPEN UND GATTUNGEN.

poe ner W. von Rothschild versprach vor einigen Jahren dem

Verfasser, für die Veroffentlichung der Monographischen Bearbeitung der

Passaliden Sorge tragen zu wollen, und gab dies Versprechen hauptsächlich in

Rücksicht darauf, dass infolge der ungenügenden Beschreibung so vieler Gattungen

und Arten in der Bestimmungstabelle in Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1891 ein ferneres Arbeiten an

Passaliden ohne die Veröftentlichung des ausführlichen Manuscripts sehr erschwert

sein würde.

Wir übergeben hiermit die Kuwert'sche Arbeit der Wissenschaft und bemerken,

dass wir keinerlei Verantwortung für den Inhalt der Arbeit übernehmen, dass wir

uns jeder Kritik enthalten und auch die sachlichen und nomenclatorischen Irrthümer

nicht berichtigen. Dagegen haben wir uns erlaubt, einige ganz unnóthige Satze

des recht umfangreichen Manuscripts zu streichen, wie z. B. eine langere Entschul-

digung wegen des Fehlens lateinischer Diagnosen und eine Liste (mit Angabe der

Lebensstellung, u.s.w.) von Personen, nach denen Passalus-Arten benannt sind,

und haben ferner einen der monographischen Bearbeitung beigegebenen Katalog

der Passaliden nicht als Anhang gedruckt, sondern die Synonymie und die Citate

in den Text gesetzt.

Dn. K. JORDAN.

Die Passaliden sind von Lacordaire zu den Lucaniden gestellt. Doch bilden

sie, wie die äusserlich im Kieferbau ihnen ziemlich gleichenden Heteroceriden eine

eigene Familie und haben mit den Lucaniden wenig anderes gemein, als dass die

letzten Fühlerglieder gelappt und die Fühler hinter dem ersten Gliede geknickt

sind. Der tiefe Ausschnitt in der Unterlippe, welcher dieselbe zweilappig erscheinen

lisst und ihr jede Aehnlichkeit mit dem Kinn der Lucaniden nimmt, die in dem

tiefen Unterlippenausschnitt ganz frei liegende Zunge, der bewegliche Zahn im

Oberkiefer, der flache Körper, die Lappen des Prosternums, das grosse, frei liegende

Schildchen, welches vorne nicht durch das Halsschild verdeckt wird, die Gleichheit

des Kopfbaues bei beiden Geschlechtern—alle diese Eigenschaften trennen diese

Thiere, abgesehen von ihrem häufig unsymmetrischen Clypeus und den verschieden-

artigen Wülsten, Buckeln und Auswüchsen des Kopfes, von allen ihren Verwandten.

Die Passaliden haben bisher 3 monographische Bearbeiter gefunden (Percheron

1835, Burmeister 1847, Kaup 1871). Bei der Art und Weise jedoch, dass man

bisher in den Monographieen zu wenig die unterscheidenden Merkmale der

verwandten Arten hervorhob, ist heute kaum Jemand im Stande, nach denselben

sein Sammlungsmaterial richtig zu bestimmen ; und so steckt in Folge der

Unkenntniss der beschriebenen Arten eine sehr grosse Zahl neuer Arten unerkannt

in den Sammlungen.

( 210 )

Kaup hätte besser gethan, wenn er auf dem Fundamente, welehes ihm

Percheron und Burmeister hinterliensen, zu einer systematischen Zusammenstellung

der Arten und Gattungen geschritten wäre, ohne seine individuellen Ansichten über

die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thierwelt nach dem Fünfersystem in übersprin-

gender Verwandschaft in seine Arbeit hineinzuflechten. (Man lese in Kaup’s Arbeit

Seite 12 die ersten Zeilen !). Mit mir bedauern gewiss alle Entomologen, dass diese

fixe Idee der Fünftheiligkeit Schuld an der Verwirrung und Unverständlichkeit der

Kaup’schen Arbeit hatte. Diesem philosophischen Satze zuliebe mussten Genera

und Arten, die dicht an einander gehóren, von einander getrennt werden, mussten

einzelne bereits beschriebene Arten eingehen, konnten ferner auch die Grenzen der

Genera, die Unterscheidungsmerkmale der Arten nicht immer genau fixirt werden.

Es würe sonst der künstlich ideale Bau zusammengefallen, nach welchem bei Kaup

die Riesen der Proculus-Arten in der Mitte von 5 Proculinen-Gattungen und

von 75 Gattungen überhaupt stehen, während zu einer Seite der Proculinen sich

zunächst 25 Erioeneminen-Gattungen und dann 5 Aulacocyclinen-Gattungen der

östlichen Hemisphäre, auf der audern zunächst 25 Neleinen-Gattungen und dann 5

Passaliden-Gattungen der westlichen Hemisphäre anschliessen, natürlich eine jede

dieser nach dem Fünfersystem arrangirten Gattungen mit 5 Arten. Schon in der

Gewaltsamkeit dieses künstlichen Aufbaues lag die Nothwendigkeit der Verzerrung

und das Abhandenkommens einer wirklich systematischen Uebersichtlichkeit.

Zu der Unmöglichkeit leichten Eindringens in die Kaup’sche Arbeit trägt

ferner bei das häufige Zurückgreifen auf den Bau der Kiefer, wo dasselbe nicht

einmal nöthig war. Nicht nur, dass der Leser nicht stets in der Lage ist,

den Bau der Kiefer an jedem Thiere seiner Sammlung ohne Schädigung

desselben ersehen zu können, bietet die grosse Aehnlichkeit im Bau der Kiefer

geradezu eine Unmöglichkeit für eine richtige, unterscheidende Beschreibung,

geschweige denn für das richtige Verständniss einer unvollkommenen und unsichern

Beschreibung und Differenzirung. Ausserdem sind die Kiefer einer überaus grossen

Abnutzung durch den Gebrauch im Leben der Thiere unterworfen.

Hiezu kommt, dass wir in Bezug auf die Kopfformationem und anderweitige

Merkmale in der Kaup’schen Arbeit Benennungen finden, für welche in der

Einleitung keinerlei Aufklärung gegeben sind (Brücke, Augenwand, u.s.w.). Bei

andern Erwühnungen, z. B. der Hinterecken, bleibt der Leser im Unklaren, welchen

Theil des Käfers diese Hinterecken betreffen, ob das Halsschild, den Kopf, das

Prosternum, das Metasternum, und es bedurfte erst wochenlanger eingehender

Beschäftigung mit der Kaup’schen Monographie, bis ich zu dem V erstündniss kam,

dass hiermit, auch wenn vom Halsschilde kurz vorher gesprochen war, immer die

Hinterecken des Metasternums gemeint waren.

Ausser den angegebenen Monographieen hat noch Smith einen Catalog der

Passaliden und zuletzt Wytsmann einen solchen 1884 in Genf erscheinen lassen,

In dem letztem werden 23 neue Arten aufgeführt, von denen 19 von MacLeay,

Stoliczka und Harold beschriebene der indo-malaiischen Fauna angehören, während

nach 1884 noch Aurivillius und Schaufuss je 3 neue Arten beschrieben, so dass

die Summe der bereits veröffentlichen Arten sich auf e. 197 Arten belief, wo

dann die Bates’sche Arbeit (Biologia centrali-americana, 1886—1890) erschien und

die Artenzahl wiederum erhöhte.

Man wird vielleicht in der nachstehenden Arbeit die grosse Zahl der

Gattungen zu bemangeln versuchen, doch wurde dieselbe durch die Stabilitat der

Anordnungen in den Formationen der Erhóhungen und Wülste des Kopfes und

(12190)

durch anderer Merkmale bedingt. Auch erleichtert diese grössern Gattungenzahl

das Erkennen der unteremander sehr ähnlichen Arten ganz bedeutend.

Bei der grossen Schwierigkeit der Determination habe ich ferner, abweichend

von den bisher üblichen Monographieen, die Differenzirung der Gattungen und

Arten auf dem Prinzip der Bejahung und Verneinung der Merkmale aufgebaut, so

dass Irrthümer bei richtiger Beobachtung kaum möglich sind.

Allerdings hatte diese jetzt mit Recht beliebte stets zur unbedingt sichern

Erkenntniss hinführende Art der Beschreibung den Erfolg, dass wie erwähnt mehr

Arten und Gattungen geschaffen werden mussten, als ich noch in der im ersten

Heft der Deutschen Entomol. Zeitschrift 1891 von mir im Auszuge veröffent-

lichten Uebersicht der Passaliden annehmen durfte. Es bleibt hierbei der

Forschung späterer Autoren überlassen, ob sie vielleicht ein oder das andere Genus

als Subgenus auffassen, eine oder die andere Art nur als Variation gelten lassen

wollen. Besonders schwierig war die Differenzirung der Genera um Pertinax und

ANeleides herum, wo es ganze Reihen bisher nicht erkannter Thiere gab, und es mir erst

später nach der Veröffentlichung der Uebersicht in der Deutsch. Ent. Zeitung 1891

gelang, die Trennung zu bewerkstelligen. Ferner war es bei den bisherigen, sehr

unvollkommenen und ohne Differenzirung der Arten von einander abgegebenen

Beschreibungen meistens unmöglich zu ersehen, welche Thiere die Autoren

beschreiben wollten. So blieb in manchem Genus, welches sich besonders reichhaltig

an neuen Arten erwies, da die Typen nicht zu beschaffen waren, nichts übrig,

als mehr nach der Muthmassung und nach dem Vaterlande, als nach der Beschrei-

bung der Autoren die vorhandenen Namen auf bestimmte Arten zu deuten, um

nicht immer neue Namen zu geben, so z. B. bei Veturius, Ninus und Neleus.

Bei den von MacLeay beschriebenen australischen Arten, deren Beschreibung

ich nicht zu erlangen im Stande war, musste in gleicher Weise die Vertheilung der

Namen ohne Prüfung nach der Kaup'schen Arbeit erfolgen.

Man erhält über die Schwierigkeit der Zuerkennung der Namen schon

beschriebener Arten vielleicht ein Verständniss, wenn man die Zahl der Arten der

nachfolgenden Arbeit (e. 600) der Zahl der früher beschriebenen Arten (c. 200)

gegenüberstellt, und noch mehr, wenn man in manchen Gattungen das Wachsthum

von c. 5 Arten der Kaup’scher Arbeit auf 20 und darüber (bei Leptaulax sind es einige

40) in Erwügung zieht.

Die Genera Ninus und Neleus der westlichen, Leptaulax und Acerajus der

üstlichen Halbkugel befinden sich sichtlich in einem Stadium der Artenbildung im

Sinne Darwins. Darauf weist die grosse Mannigfaltigkeit der Abweichungen hin,

welche in den meisten Fallen bereits derart constant geworden sind, dass sich zu der

Beschreibung eines einzelnen Stückes immer mehrere gleiche Stücke, oft ganze

Reihen, finden liessen. Fast immer sind es die Kopfformationen, welche zur neuen

Artenbildung das Fundament geben, und dieser Umstand bestiitigt die Richtigkeit,

dass der systematische Aufbau einer Passaliden-Monographie hauptsächlich nach

der Kopfbildung zu geschehen habe.

Sehr auffällig ist die Erscheinung, dass die absonderliche Unterlippenbilduug

mit dem tiefen Ausschnitte und der ganz freiliegenden Zunge sich kaum bei einem

Küfergenus findet. Man kann bei dieser Formation der Unterlippe den Namen

Kinn für den Theil der Unterlippe ohne die Zunge, wie derselbe in der Entomologie

gebräuchlich geworden ist, kaum in Auswendung bringen, und es hat Kaup in seiner

Monographie überall nur von der Unterlippe gesprochen, worin ich ihm in der

nachstehenden Arbeit gefolgt bin.

(2129)

Vergebens sucht man bei den Passaliden nach Uebergiingen zu andern Familien.

In dem Lucanidengenus Figulus von der östlichen Halbkugel und dem Tenebrioni-

dengenus Phrenopates aus Guatemala scheint bei oberflächlicher Betrachtung eine

Uebergangsform sich zu zeigen, doch sind dei nüherer Besichtigung dieselben nicht

mit der abnormalen Unterlippe der Passaliden versehen, ebensowenig als die

Vertreter der Lucanidengattung Sinodendron. Allen aber fehlt der bewegliche

Zahn der Oberkiefer.

Die Gattungen mit verwachsenen Flügeldecken zu einer Gruppe zusammen-

zuziehen, wie ich dies im Iten Hefte der Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschrift (Berlin, 1891)

gethan hatte, erwies sich bei tieferm Eindringen und sich mehrendem Material als

ganz unzulüssig. Es mussten desshalb diese Gattungen in die iibrigen ihren

Kopfformationen nach eingereiht werden. Ebenso mussten, wie schon erwühnt,

die Neleinen und Pertinacinen bei zunehmender Erkenntniss in Folge neuer

Gattungsbildungen einer vollständigen Umarbeitung unterzogen werden. Es ist

in Folge dessen in der nachstehenden Arbeit nur in Anbetracht der Nomenelatur der

Arten auf die Veröffentlichung in der Deutsch. Ent. Zeitung von 1891, nicht in

Anbetracht der Klassificirung der Gattungen und Arten Bezug genommen.

Sehr interessant ist die Erscheinung, dass die grossen ungeflügelten Gattungen

den Mittelpunkt zweier Centren fürdas Vorkommen der Passaliden zu bilden scheinen,

eines für die westliche Hemisphäre in Guatemala und St. Salvador, eines für die

östliche auf den Philippinen. Wenn die Flügellosigkeit auf deri ungestörten Besitz

dieser Wohnorte zurückzuführen sein durfte, so würde dies einen Schluss auf die

Geschichte der Erdformationen im geologischen Sinne ermöglichen.

Eigene Formen besitzen auf der östlichen Halbkugel Madagascar, Neuholland,

Nenguinea und Afrika, welche nur sehr wenige Arten mit den nächst gelegenen

Ländern gemein haben, die wohl durch irgend welche Einflüsse ihre Verbreitung

dorthin fanden. Die weit verbreiteten Leptaulax-Arten der östlichen Halbkugel

fehlen in Afrika und werden hier durch die Didimus- und Pentalobus-Arten

ersetzt.

Ob die afrikanische Fauna die ihr von einigen Museen und Privaten

zugewiesenen Passalus- und Neleus-Arten wirklich besitzt, scheint mehr als

zweifelhaft, da diese Arten doch nur der westlichen Halbkugel anzugehören

scheinen. Allerdings könnte ich für die Leptaular-Arten der indopolynesichen

Fauna und die centralamerikanischen Stephanocephalus-Arten bisher auch keine

scharf trennende Unterscheidungsmerkmale finden, und es wird die südafrikanische

Calidas-Art nur durch den Mangel der Schulterbehaarung von den amerikanischen

Neleus-Arten geschieden.

Eigenthümlich ist die Gleichartigkeit der Kopfbildung bei beiden Geschlech-

tern, wodurch die Passaliden gänzlich von den Lucaniden abweichen ; nur bei

Veleides duponti konnte ich eine geringe Differenz in der Kopfhornlünge con-

statiren. Vielleicht ist indess eine oder die andere der von mir aufgestellten

Acerajus-Arten nur auf Geschlechtsverschiedenheit hinzuführen, was ich nicht

festzustellen vermochte.

^d den beiden Gattungen Ninus und Neleus war es leider nothwendig zur

Differenzirung der Arten auf die Kieferbildang zurückzugreifen, was desshalb

bedenklich erscheinen muss, weil ein grosser Theil der zur Untersuchung kommenden

Thiere die Kiefer stark abgenutzt hat und nicht in der ursprünglichen Form zeigt.

Man entgeht indessen leicht der Täuschung bei genauerer Untersuchung, da die

abgenutzten Stellen der Kiefer immer matter erscheinen, als der übrige Theil dieses

( 213 )

Organs. Am leichtesten aber hilft hier eine gróssere Reihe einer Art von Thieren

über jede Táuschung hinfort.

Aus der Abnntzung der Kiefer geht hervor, dass die Passaliden auch noch in

ihrem ausgebildeten Zustande mit dem Zerstórungswerk des Holzes sich zu schaffen

machen und ein nicht ganz kurzes, vielleicht mehrjähriges, Leben führen.

Eine Eigenthümlichkeit verdient noch besonderer Erwähnung, dass nehmlich

mit dem Verwachsen der Flügeldecken und dem Aufhóren des Flugvermógens die

Dimensionen des Halsschildes beträchtlich zunehmen.

Die Exploration bisher ganz unbekannter Gegenden wird zweifellos den

Entomologen Veranlassung geben, noch eine grosse Menge neuer Arten zu den

nachstehend beschriebenen c. 500 Arten hinzuzufügen. Bringt doch auch mir

noch eine jede aus Centralamerika anlangende Sendung neue Arten. Wie viele

solehe mógen noch in den Museen und in Sammlungen engherziger Coleopterologen

stecken, welche ich nicht zur Durchsicht erlangen konnte, wie viele unter falschen

Benennungen für lange Zeit verborgen bleiben ?

Ich sage hiermit Dank den öffentlichen Staatsmuseen in Berlin, Braun-

schweig, Breslau, Buenos Ayres, Brüssel, Darmstadt, Dresden, Helsingfors,

Königsberg, Lübeck, Stockholm, Stuttgart, Wien und Zürich für die Unter-

stützung, welche sie mir durch Zusendung ihres Materials zu Theil werden

liessen, und ebenso den Herrn Entomologen, welehe mich in liebenswürdiger

Weise mit Sammlungsmaterial und Literatur unterstützten.

1. OBERKIEFER.

Dieselben bestehen aus :

a. Dem Oberzahn: einem zu den Seiten der Oberlippe aufgerichteten Haken

oder Zahn (Fig. I. «).

6. Dem Vorderzahn, oder Endabschluss der Kiefer, welcher sich in 2, meistens

in 3 mehr oder weniger kenntliche Zäckchen theilt (Fig. I. 4).

c. Dem Unterzahn, welcher niemals auf beiden Seiten ganz gleich gebaut ist

und rückwärts und unterhalb vom Vorderzahn und dessen Zäckchen gelegen ist

(Fig. I. c).

d. Dem beweglichen Zahn, welcher der Basis am nächsten gelegen ist, eine

lang dornartige Beschaffenheit hat und jedenfalls einen den Tastern ähnlichen Zweck

zur Zuführung oder Fortführung der losgebissenen Sägespäne nach oder von den

Mundtheilen hat (Fig. I. 7).

2. FÜHLER :

Die letzten Glieder derselben sind immer seitwärts /appenartig verlängert.

Diese verlängerten Glieder gemeinschaftlich heissen die Flagge, die Glieder der

Flagge heissen Lappen.

3. Korr:

a. Das Kopfhorn, welches nur bei den Spuriinen fehlt, ist die bald hornartig,

bald höckerartig, bald kielartig, bald tuberkelartig geformte Längserhöhung auf

der Mitte des Kopfes, welche vorne fast immer ziemlich steil abfällt. Sie behält

immer in jeder Form den Namen Xopfhorn (Fig. I. m).

b. Nebenhöcker heissen die zu den Seiten des Kopfhorns fast immer vor-

handenen, bald tuberkelartigen, bald querkieligen, bald spitzen Erhöhungen auf der

hintern Mitte resp. dicht hinter der Mitte des Kopfes (Fig. 1. 2).

( 214 )

c. Die Stirnleisten (Fig. I. g) entspringen fast immer, wenn sie vorhanden sind,

von der Spitze oder vom Fuss des Kopfhorns und laufen divergirend nach dem

Clypeus zu. Sie umfassen zwischen sich—

d. Die Stirn oder das Stirnfeld, unter welchem mithin der zwischen den

Stirnleisten eingeschlossene Theil verstanden wird (Fig. I. 2).

e. Die Knétchen sind die kleinen höckenartigen Auftreibungen der Stirnleisten

zwischen dem Kopfhorn und dem Clypeus (Fig. I. 4).

f. Die Augenwände liegen an den innern Seiten der Augen, sind meistens

erhabene kielartige Leisten, welehe auf ihrer Krone durch eine mehr oder weniger

furchenartige Vertiefung in eine äussere (Fig. I. p) und eine innere Augenwand

(Fig. I. q) getheilt werden.

g. Der Augenkiel erstreckt sich in der Richtung des Clypeus bis auf die Mitte

des Auges (Fig. I. 7).

h. Der Clypeus selbst ist der Vorderrand des Kopfschildes und der verschie-

densten Bildungen fähig, gerandet, gezähnt (Fig. I. e und f), gefurcht, u.s.w.

i. Brücken sind die sattel- oder bergartigen Erhöhungen, welche die einzelnen

Erhabenheiten des Kopfes mit einander verbinden. Drücke im allgemeinen heisst

der schräge, die vordere Augenwand mit dem Clypens oder den Stirnleisten

verbindende Wulst (Fig. I. s).

k. Die Unterlippe tragt fast immer in den Hinterecken hinter den 2 langen

und breiten Lappen die Narbe, eine Vertiefung, welche meistens punktirt und

behaart ist. Zwischen den beiden Lappen findet sich bei den Thieren der östlichen

Hemisphäre häufig ein durch eine Furche begrenztes Schild, unabhängig von den

Narben der Unterlippe, das Lippenschild.

4. Das HALSSCHILD :

a. Bucht heisst die meistens rückwärts etwas ausgebogene Erweiterung der

Vorderrandsfurche hinter den Augen.

b. Narbe heisst die Einsenkung oder Vertiefung an der Seite des Halsschildes

vor den Hinterecken.

5. METASTERNUM :

a. Metasternalplatte heisst die mehr oder weniger abgeplattete untere Flüche

des Metasternums.

b. Metasternalhinterecken die die Hinterecken seitlich der Platte begrenzenden,

vor den Hinterhüften gelegenen Winkel oder Ecken des Metasternums.

c. Metasternalseitenfurchen, Episternen oder Seitenrinnen die längs der Epi-

pleuren der Flügeldecken gelegenen, meistens mehr oder weniger concaven, langen

Seitenstiicke der Hinterbrust.

6. Prosternum. Dasselbe läuft vor den Vorderhüften in einen Vorderlappen,

hinter denselben in einen Hinterlappen aus.

7. TAILLENLATZ heisst das untere Mittelstück des Mesosternums. Dasselbe ist

von hinten nach vorne verschmälert und hat meistens nach vorne zu in der Nahe

der Nähte jeseitig einen unebene Vertiefung, die Narbe oder schlechtweg Taillennarbe.

8. ScHILDCHEN heisst das obere Mittelstück des Mesonotums. Dasselbe ist von

vorne nach hinten verschmälert und reieht mit seiner Spitze zwischen den Beginn

der Flügeldecken,

Figur I.

Oberkiefe ps Kopfhorn und Kopfthüler :

a. Oberzahn.

. : l. Nebenhócker.

b. Vorderzahn mit 3 Zückchen, oder Kieferende. E er oh

c. Unterzahn, zweizackig. m. Kopfhorn.

d. Beweglicher Zahn. n. n. Kopfthüler.

Clypeus und Stirn: o. Hinterer Augenwulst.

*. Binnenzähne )

f. Aussenzühne |

p. Aussere Augenwand.

des Clypeus. q. Innere Augenwand.

g. Stirnleisten. r. Augenkiel.

h. Stirnleistenknótchen. s. Brücke von Augenwand zum Clypeusvor

i. Stirnfeld. sprung,

k, Stirnwirbelwarze (hohl). t. Oberlippe.

UEBERSICHT DER GRUPPEN.

1 (la). Ohne Kiel des Prosternums zwischen den Vorderhüften. Unterlippe

immer ohne furchenbegrenztes Schild. Vorderrand des Halsschilds fast immer

ganz gerandet. Clypeus fast immer mit ganz gerandetem oder gewulstetem Vor-

derrande, Fühlerflagge immer dreilappig.—1. Gruppe : Aulacoeyelinae.

la. Immer mit Kiel des Prosternums zwischen den Vorderhüften.

2 (2a). Clypeusvorderrand mit ganzer Randfurche, oder bandartiger Erhöhung,

oder begrenzter, bandartiger, glatter Fläche.

3 (3a). Immer mit vorhandenem Kopfhorne.

4 (4a). Immer mit weit freiem Kopfhorne, Clypeus bisweilen mit einem

Mittelzahn,—2. Gruppe: Passalinae.

( 216 )

4a. Das Kopfhorn immer mit ganz unfreier oder kaum freier Spitze.

5 (5a). Vorderrand des Clypeus gerade, ohne Bogen, ohne Mittel- oder

Binnenzähne. =

6 (6a). Flügeldecken verwachsen an der Naht. Clypeus mit Randleiste.—

3. Gruppe: Proculejinae.

6a. Fliigeldecken nicht verwachsen an der Naht.

7 (7a). Clypeusvorderrand bandartig erhöht, an den Enden zu einem

Zähnchen aufgebogen.—4. Gruppe: Popiliinae.

ta. Clypensrandung nur durch Wulstung entstanden, am Ende nicht zahnartig

aufgebogen. Clypeus häufig mit Längsleiste nach der Stirnmitte.—5. Gruppe:

Sertoriinae.

da. Vorderrand des Clypeus aus 3 nach vorne convexen Bogen gebildet, oder

mit starken Zähnen zwischen concaven Bogen.

8 (Sa). Vorderrand des Clypeus aus 3 nach vorne convexen Bogen gebildet.—

6. Gruppe: Unduliferinae.

Sa. Vorderrand des Clypeus durch 2 nach vorne concave Bogen gebildet, in

der Mitte mit 2 dicht aneinander stossenden Zähnen. Hieher würden Valerius,

Phoronaeus und Phoronaeosomus gehören, die jedoch richtiger in die 19te Gruppe

gestellt werden.

3a. Ohne Kopfhorn, doch mit Nebenhóckern. Vorderrand des Clypeus

gerade.—7. Gruppe : Spuriinae.

2a. Clypeus hóchstens mit theilweiser Randfurche zwischen vorspringenden

Zühnen, oder ganz ohne Randfurche.

9 (9a). Die Randfurche des Clypeus ist nur zwischen den vorspringenden

Zahnen vorhanden.

10 (10a). Kopfhorn lang und frei. Flügeldecken mit verwachsener Naht.—

&. Gruppe : Pseudacanthinae.

104. Kopfhorn fast oder ganz unfrei. Flügeldecken ohne verwachsene Naht.

Clypeuszühne stark. Hieher würde Vindex gehören, wenn er nicht seinen natür-

lichen Platz in der 22ten Gruppe hätte.

9a. Clypeus immer symmetrisch, ganz ohne Randfurche. Unterlippe (Kinn)

immer ohne furchenbegrenztes Schild.

11 (11a). Clypeus nur mit 2 Vorsprüngen, je einem zu den Seiten der Oberlippe,

oder ganz ohne Vorsprung. Kopfhorn meist ganz unfrei. (Thiere mit sehr weit

freiem, langem Kopfhorn gehóren zu der Gruppe 20, Petrejinae).

12 (12a). Fühler mit 3 Flaggenlappen.

13 (18a). Clypeus nicht messerartig scharf.

14 (14a). Vorderschienen auf der Unterseite mit Längsleiste oder Längsfurche.

15 (15a). Stirnleisten innerhalb der Aussenzühne am Clypeusvorderrande steil

abfallend, selten über denselben in Binnenzähne auslaufend.—9. Gruppe:

Erionominae,

( 217 )

154. Stirnleisten immer nach den Aussenzähnen des Clypeus gerichtet.

16 (16a). Mittelschienen mehrfach und stark gezáhnt.—10. Gruppe: Rhoda-

canthopinae.

164. Mittelschienen nicht stark und nicht mehrfach gezähnt.

17 (17a). Die Knótchen bleiben von den Clypeusvorsprüngen entfernt.

18 (18a). Taillenlatz mit deutlichen Narben. (Thiere mit behaarten Seiten-

rippen der Flügeldecken gehören zu Trichostigmus) —11. Gruppe: Neleidinae.

18a. Taillenlatz ohne deutliche Narben.—12. Gruppe: Pertinacinae.

17a. Die Knötchen sitzen auf den Vorsprüngen des Clypeus auf.—13. Gruppe :

Pleuraninae.

14a. Vorderschienen auf der Unterseite eben oder querrunzlig.—14. Gruppe:

Ptichopinae.

13a. Clypeus messerartig scharf (selten etwas wulstig), an den Seiten nicht

zahnartig aufgebogen. =

12a. Fühler mit 3 Lappen. 215. Gruppe: Veturiinae.

19 (192). Fühler mit 4 bis 5 Flaggenlappen. Vaterland Amerika.

20 (204). Flügeldecken au der Naht verwachsen. Clypeus messerscharf.

Körper sehr gross.—16. Gruppe: Proculinae.

204. Flügeldecken an der Naht nicht verwachsen. Körper klein.—17. Gruppe :

Paxillinae.

19a. Fühler mit 4 bis 6 Flaggenlappen. Vaterland Indo-Australien. Clypeus

in der Mitte stark ausgeschnitten, mit ziemlich gleichlangen Vorsprüngen.—

18. Gruppe: Maeroliinae.

lla. Clypeus mit mehr als 2 Vorsprüngen oder Zähnen.

21 (212). Clypeus ohne Mittelzahn und ohne Längskiel auf der Mitte.

22 (22a). Clypeus mit 4 Zähnen oder Vorsprüngen.

23 (23a). Die beiden Binnenzähne des Clypeus nahe aneinanderstehend,

vorgeschoben. Fühlerflagge immer dreilappig, nur bei Tetruracus vierlappig.

24 (24«). Kopfhorn ganz oder fast unfrei.—19. Gruppe: Phoronaeinae.

24a. Kopfhorn sehr lang, vorne meist weit frei. Clypeus bisweilen ohne die

Binnenzähne.

25 (25a). Stirnfeld und Clypeus vorne nicht plattenfórmig gerundet vorgezogen.

—20. Gruppe : Petrejinae.

25a. Stirnfeld mit dem Clypeus plattenförmig vorgezogen ; dieser immer stumpf

vierzähnig.—21. Gruppe: Vatininae.

( 218 )

234. Die Binnenzühne des Clypeus etwa so weit oder weiter von einander, als

von den àussere Zähnen, und falls enger aneinander, nicht zusammen vorgeschoben.

Das Kopfhorn fast immer fast oder ganz unfrei.

26 (264). Mit 3 Flaggenlappen der Fühler.

27 (27a). Immer sind Stirnleisten vorhanden.

28 (28a). Die Stirnleisten ziehen in der Richtung gegen die Binnenzähne des

Clypeus.

29 (29a). Die Binnenzähne des Clypeus weit vorgeschoben. Zwischen ihnen

und den Aussenzühnen noch ein kleiner, leicht za übersehendes Zähnchen. Mada-

gassische Thiere, zur Gruppe der Ciceroniinen gehörend.

29a. Die Binnenzähne ziemlich gleichlang mit den Aussenzähnen des

Clypeus.

30 (30a). Clypeus auf der Mitte mit winzigem, meist auf einem Zahne

stehendem Ausschnitt. Afrikanische Thiere zur Gruppe des Mitrorhinen oder der

Erionominen gehürig.

30a. Clypeus auf seiner Mitte ohne Hinschnitt, wenn auch zwischen den Bin-

nenzähnen tief ausgeschnitten. Afrikanische Thiere.—22. Gruppe: Vindicinae.

28a. Die Stirnleisten ziehen in der Richtung gegen die Aussenzühne des

Clypeus. Stirnfeld und Clypeus bilden keine grosse tischartige Platte (wie bei

Vatininen). Amerikanische Thiere.—23. Gruppe : Neleinae.

27a. Ohne Stirnleisten. Die Binnenziihne weit voneinander. Afrikanische

Thiere.—24. Gruppe: Semicyclinae.

267. Mit 5 oder 6 Flaggenlappen.

31 (314). Mit 5 Flaggenlappen. Diese Thiere-gehóren ihrer Bildung nach zur

Gruppe der Mitrorhinen.

3la. Mit 6 Flaggenlappen. Aus Neu-Guinea.—25. Gruppe: Tarquiniinae.

22a. Clypeus mit 6 oder 8 Clypeusvorsprüngen, doch immer ohne einfachen

oder gespaltenen Mittelzahn.

32 (324). Die von einem langen Stiele vor dem Kopfhorn entspringenden

Stirnleisten ziehen zu den Binnendorne des Clypeus.— 26. Gruppe : Ciceroniinae.

32a. Die Stirnleisten ziehen zu den Aussendornen des Clypeus und entspringen

vom Kopfhorne selbst.

33 (33a). Halsschildvorderrand ganz gerandet. Clypeuszühne scharf. —

27. Gruppe : Solenocyelinae.

33a. Halsschildvorderrand auf seiner Mitte weit umrandet. Clypeusziihne sehr

kurz, unscheinbar und stumpf. —28. Gruppe : Flaminiinae.

214. Clypeus immer mit einem, bisweilen gespaltenen, Mittelzahne, also mit 3,

5 oder 7 Vorsprüngen, von denen häufig der kleine mittlere fast nur durch Längs-

kielung des Clypeus angedeutet wird. Die Spaltung des Mittelzahnes bisweilen zu

einem kleinen Ausschnitt erweitert, dann anscheinend mit 2 Mittelzähnchen.

34 (34a). Die Episternen (Seitenrinnen) der Hinterbrust schmal, ziemlich

parallelseitig. Fühlerflagge immer dreilappig.—29. Gruppe : Leptaulacinae.

( 219 )

34a. Die Episternen der Hinterbrust nach hinten stark verbreitert. Fühler-

flagge bisweilen vier bis fünflappig.—30. Gruppe: Mitrorhinae.

99a). Clypeus fast immer unsymmetrisch ; wenn symmetrisch, dann ist die

Unterlippe mit furchenbegrenztem Schilde Fühlerflagge immer mit 5 bis 6

Lappen.

35 (354). Unterlippe mit furchenbegrenztem Schilde oder W-förmigen

Eindruck.

36 (86a). Unterlippe mit einem W-förmigen Eindruck, oder halbkreisfórmigem

Schilde, dann aber mit stufenartig nach dem Clypeus abgesetzten Kopfflächen.

Clypeus unsymmetrisch.— 31. Gruppe : Gonatinae.

36a. Unterlippe mit furchenbegrenztem Schildchen.

374. Das Schildchen durchsetzt hinten die ganze Unterlippe und ist walzen-

oder trapezfórmig gestaltet.

38 (38a). Clypeus immer unsymmetrisch.

39 (39a). Immer die linke Clypeusseite stárker entwickelt.

40 (404). Ohne Grube zwischen linkem Clypensdorn und Augenwand.—

32. Gruppe: Vedlejinae.

40a. Mit Grube zwischen linkem Clypeusdorn und Augenwand.—53. Gruppe :

Pelopinae.

39a. Immer die rechte Clypeusseite stärker entwickelt, oder beide Seiten mit

Convolut von übereinander und nebeneinanderstehenden Zähnen.—34. Gruppe :

Eriocneminae.

38a. Clypeus symmetrisch.

41 (41a). Beide Clypeusseiten mit Convolut von Zähnen. Zur Gruppe der

Eriocneminen gehörig.

41a. Der in der Mitte breit augeschnittene Clypeus jeseitig mit einem

Vorsprunge.—35. Gruppe : Aureliinae.

37a. Das Schildehen durchsetzt nicht die ganze Unterlippe.

42 (42a). Das Schildehen ist halbmondfórmig und bisweilen hinten nicht

geschlossen.—36. Gruppe : Pharochilinae.

42a. Das Schildchen ist sehr klein, fast punktformig, auf der Vorderrandsmitt-

der Unterlippe gelegen.—37. Gruppe : Lachinae.

35a. Unterlippe ohne furchenbegrenztes Schildehen. Clypeus sehr unsym-

metrisch, auf der linken Seite sehr stark entwickelt.—38. Gruppe: Acerajinae.

BESTIMMUNGSTAFEL DER GATTUNGEN.

1. Grurre: AULACOCYCLINAE.

l (la). Das Kopfhorn von der Länge des ganzen Kopfes, nach vorne etwas

austeigend und sich über den Clypeus hinaus erstreckend, auf der Hinterseite

( 220 )

granulirt und zweileistig, den Clypeus beinahe absorbirend. Oberkiefer mit sehr

langem, vorwürts gerichtetem, hornartigem Oberzahne.

Thibet. Ceracupes Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 3).

ia. Kopfhorn nicht so gebaut. Oberkiefer ohne solchen langen Zahn.

2 (2a). Die Augenwiinde bilden hinter dem Kopfhorn an ihrer Vereinigungsstelle

eiuen nach vorne gerichteten, spitzen Zahn. Das Kopfhorn lang, knollig, nach

unten geneigt.

Sidney. Caulifer Kaup.

2a. Die Augenwände bilden, falls sie sich vereinigen, hinter dem Kopfhorn

niemals einen nach vorne gerichteten Zahn.

3 (3a). Kopfhorn mit zweizühniger Spitze und meistens einer Furche auf der

Oberseite.

4 (4a). Kopfhorn mit 2 hinten hufeisenformig verbundenen Leisten, mehr nach

vorne gelegen. Halsschild mit grossen, punktirten, sich nach vorne verästelnden

Narben.

Assam, Malacca, Borneo. Taeuiocerus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 4).

4a. Kopfhorn ohne hufeisenförmig nach hinten verbundene Leisten.

Indo-Australien. Aulacocyclus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 5).

3a. Kopfhorn nicht mit zweizähniger Spitze, seitlich comprimirt, oder oben mit

Liingsfurche versehen, welche vor der nach unten oder vorne gerichteten Spitze des

Kopfhornes aufhórend 2 von der Spitze entfernte Zähne bildet.

5 (5a). Schildchen, Taillenlatz und Vorderkopf unpunktirt, glänzend.

Neucaledonien. Tristorthus Kuw.

5a. Schildchen oder Taillenlatz oder beide grob und sehr tief punktirt. Vorder-

kopf punktirt und behaart. Kinn auf der Mitte mit Längskiel.

Philippinen, Sumatra, Borneo, Pedang. Comacupes Kaup.

2. GRUPPE: PASSALINAE.

1 (1a). Ohne Stirnleisten.

2 (2a). Flügeldecken an der Naht nicht mit einander verwachsen.

3 (3a). Taillenlatz an den Seiten unpunktirt und unbehaart, glatt.

4 (4a). Kopfhorn zuerst mehr oder weniger senkrecht, dann nach vorne

übergelegt, an der Wurzel nicht halbkuglig.

Amerika (? Centralafrika). Passalus F. (Taf. V., fig. 6).

4a. Kopfhorn halbkuglig, entsendet nach vorne eine horizontale Zunge.

Centralamerika, Mexico. Rimor Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 7).

3a. Taillenlatz an den Seiten punktirt und behaart.

Mexico. Rimoricus Kuw. (Rimor Kaup pars).

2a. Fhügeldecken an der Naht verwachsen. Halsschild gross.

Mexico. Oileus Kaup.

la. Mit Stirnleisten.

5 (5a). Mit langer Stirn und tiefer Furche des Clypeusrandes.

6 (6a). Clypeus auf der Mitte ohne nach vorne vorspringenden Zahn. Kopf-

horn nieht ganz auf die Stirne herabgedrückt.

Centralamerika, Mexico. Passalotaenius Kuw.

6a. Clypeus auf der Mitte mit nach vorne vorspringendem Zahne.

Odontotaenius Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 5).

( 221 )

5a. Mit kurzer Stirn und meist auf diese herabgedrücktem Kopfhorn. Die

Furche hinter dem schmalen Clypeusrande oft flach und schmal. —Petrejus

ähnlich.

Costarica. Petrejoides Kuw.

3. GrUrPE : PROCULEJINAE.

1 (la). Clypeusrandung durch starke Wulstung entstanden. Schulterecken

unbehaart.

Mexico. Ogyges Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 9).

la. Clypeus mit sicherer Randfurche.

2 (2a). Schulterecken unbehaart.

Guatemala. Proculejoides Kuw. (Proculejus Kaup pars).

2a. Schulterecken behaart und punktirt.

Mexico, Guatemala. Proculejus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 10).

4. Gruppe: POPILIINAE.

1 (la). Clypeusrand immer deutlich abgesetzt, oft als breites, vorne messer-

scharfes Band erscheinend. Immer ohne dichte Körnung des Stirnfeldes hinter

dem Clypeus.

2 (2a). Die Stirnleisten entspringen nicht aus einer vom Kopfhorn sich herabsen-

kenden Leiste, sondern von ihm selbst oder dicht vor ihm ohne leistenartigen Stiel.

Central und nórdliches Südamerika. Soranus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 11).

2a. Die Stirnleisten entspringen von einer eiufachen oder doppelten Leiste, die

sich vorne vom Kopfhorn herabsenkt, aber reichen mit ihren Schenkeln niemals bis

an den Fuss oder an die Spitze des Kopfhornes.

Centralamerika, Nordbrasilien. Popilius Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 12).

la. Clypeusrand als breites glänzendes Band erscheinend, hinter welchem das

Stirnfeld dicht gekörnt ist, ohne von diesem durch deutliche Furche getrennt zu

sein,

Centralamerika. Chondrocephalus Kuw.

5. Gruppe: SERTORIINAE.

Nur ein Genus, ohne Taillennarben.

St. Salvador, Centralamerika. Sertorius Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 13).

6. Gruppe: UNDULIFERINAE.

Nur ein Genus. Metasternum punktirt und behaart, hierdurch allein schon

kenntlich.

St. Salvador, Mexico. Undulifer Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 14).

7. Gruppe : SPURIINAE.

Nur zwei Genera, durch das fehlende Kopfhorn der Mitte allein schon

kenntlich.

( 222 )

1 (da). Käfer stark gewölbt, einem Synodendron ähnlich. Die Nebenhöcker zu

Kopfhörnern entwickelt, lang. Der Clypeus an jeder Seite etwas vorgezogen, mit

starker Randfurche.

China. Cylindrocaulus Fairm.

la. Käfer flacher. Die Nebenhöcker nur Knötchen. Die Randfurche des

Clypeus flach, durch Verstärkung des Randes gebildet.

Mexico. Spurius Kaup.

8. Gruppe: PSEUDACANTHINAE.

1 (la). Mit Stirnleisten und ziemlich langem Stirnfeld. Clypeusfurche tief.

Seiten der Fliigeldecken unbehaart.

Mexico, Guatemala. Pseudacanthus Kaup.

la. Ohne Stirnleisten, mit kürzerm Stirnfelde. Binnenzähne des Clypeus sehr

weit auseinanderstehend, zwischen ihnen eine feine Furche ganz nahe dem Clypeus-

rande. Kopfhorn lang, niedergedrückt, frei.

2 (2a). Mit Behaarung der Seitenrippen der Flügeldecken.

Centralamerika. Eriopterus Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 15).

2a. Ohne Behaarung der Seitenrippen der Flügeldecken.

Centralamerika. Triaenurgus Bates.

9. GnuPPE: ERIONOMINAE.

1 (14). Taille an den Seiten behaart. Stirn stark làngsrunzlig ; Prosternalkiel

behaart. Sternalplatte ohne scharf Begrenzung.

2 (2a). Clypeus zwischen den selten etwas vorgeschobenen Stirnleisten nicht oder

kaum zweizähnig. :

Centralafrika, Gabun. Erionomus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 16).

2a. Clypeus zwischen den Stirnleisten stark zweizähnig, auch die Stirnleisten

selbst zahnartig vorgezogen.

Centralafrika. Subgen. Eriosternus Kuw.

la. Taille auf der Mitte punktirt, seitlich stark behaart. Metasternum an den

Hinterecken ohne Punkte. (Das Genus ist mir fremd geblieben und fällt vielleicht

mit einem der vorigen zusammen. Alles nach Kaup).

Centralafrika. Pleurostylus Kaup.

10. Gruppe: RHODACANTHOPINAE.

Von den Neleidinen durch die starke Bedornung der Mittelschienen getrennt.

(Nur ein Genus ; das eventuell auch zur nächsten Gruppe zu ziehen ware).

Centralamerika. Rhodacanthopus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 17).

11. Gruppe: NELIDINAE.

l (14). Schulterecken der Flügeldecken mit starker Haarquaste ; ihre Seiten-

furchen mit breiter Stäbehenbildung. Knötchen weit von den Clypeusvorsprüngen.

Amazonengebiet. Neleuops Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 18).

la. Schulterecken der Flügeldecken ohne starke Haarquaste.

( 223 )

2 (2a). Mit punktirtem und in frischem Zustande behaartem Umschlagrand ( Epi-

pleuren) der Flügeldecken, wenigstens auf der vordere Lüngshálfte.

Centralamerika, Columbia. Trichopleurus Kuw.

2a. Epipleuren immer unbehaart.

3 (3a). Kopfleisten kammartig hoch, vor und zu den Seiten des niedrigen Kopf-

hornes vorragend.

Columbia. Lophocephalus Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 19).

3a. Kopfleisten niemals hóher, als die Kopfhornspitze.

4 (4a). Halsschild in gewöhnlicher Grosse.

5 (5a). Flügeldecken in den Seitenfurchen nur punktirt. Knötchen immer

unweit der Clypeusvorsprünge.

Centralamerika, Brasilien. Neleides Kaup.

da. Flügeldecken mit deutlicher Stäbehenbildung iu den Schulter- oder Seiten-

furehen Knötchen immer hart an den Clypeusvorsprüngen.

Centralamerika. Subgen. Aponelides Kuw.

4a. Halsschild sehr klein. Hinterleib lang.

Columbia. Subgen. Mcrothorax Kuw.

12. Gruere : PERTINACINAE.

1 (la). Kopfhorn und Nebenhöcker zu einem conischen Hügel verschmolzen.

Kleinere Formen mit glattem Kopfe.

Brasilien. Parapertinax Kuw.

la. Kopfhorn und Nebenhócker niemals zu einem Hügel verschmolzen.

2 (2a). Kopfhorn nicht knollenartig.

3.(3a). Entweder der Vorderrand der Brücke zwischen Augenwand und Clypeus-

vorsprung mit Leiste oder hoher Kante versehen, oder, wenn dies nicht deutlich der

Fall ist, die matte Andeutung der Taillennarbe fehlend, oder beides ist der Fall.

Stirnleisten immer bei } bis 2 ihrer Länge das Knótehen tragend, oft mit ihm

endigend. Unterer Halsschildseitenrand schwächer behaart.

Centralamerika, Peru, Brasilien. Morosophus Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 20).

3a. Brücke zwischen Augenwand und Clypeusvorsprung flach, nicht aufstehend

gekantet. Taillennarben ohne matte, verdunkelte Andeutung.

4 (4a). Käfer mit dichter, vorstehender Haarbürste am untern Halsschildseiten-

rande. Fliigeldecken nicht verwachsen.

Central und Südamerika. Pertinax Kaup.

4a. Kifer ohne dichte, vorstehende Haarbürste auf dem untere Halsschildseiten-

rande. Flügeldecken verwachsen. Stirne und Clypeus mit Lüngsrinne.

Mexico, Peru. Prosoclitus Bates (Taf. V., fig. 21).

2a. Kopfhorn knollenartig, etwa in Form eines oben zugerundeten Säulen-

fragments oder einer Warze, immer weit nach hinten gelegen. Nebenhücker klein.

5 (5a). Die Stirnleisten, vom Fusse des Kopfhorns entspringend, umschliessen

ein grosses, ebenes Stirnfeld.

Brasilien, Columbia. Manlius Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 22).

da. Die Stirnleisten halbkreisfórmig, hoch, weit vor dem Kopfhorn gelegen,

umschliessen ein kleines, vertieftes Stirnfeld. Das Kopfhorn als eingesenkte

Warze erscheinend.

Centralamerika. Severus Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 23).

( 224 )

-13. Gruppe : PLEURARIINAE.

1 (la). Unterlippe (Kinn) rauh, grubig, ohne Narben, auf der Mitte des Vorder-

randes etwas eingebogen. Innere Augenwand auf der Mitte mit einem Zähnchen.

(Nach Kaup, mir fremd).

Ostindien. Pleurarius Kaup.

la. Unterlippe (Kinn) immer mit Narben, auf der Vorderrandsmitte meistens

etwas vorgezogen und höchstens auf dem Vorsprung etwas eingebogen.

2 (2a). Flügeldecken mit Haarquasten auf den Schulterecken. Grosse Käfer.

3 (3a). Clypeus und Stirn runzlig. Rechte Stirnleiste uneben.

Antillen. Ninoides Kuw.

3a. Clypeus sehr dicht punktirt. Mit Taillennarben.

Antillen, Brasilien. Pertinacides Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 24).

2a. Flügeldecken ohne Haarquaste. Ohne Taillennarben.

Cuba. Epipertinaz Kuw.

14. Gruppe: PTICHOPINAE.

Nur ein Genus. Thiere an den mangelnden Leisten der Vordertibienunterseite

sofort kenntlich.

Mexico. Ptichopus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 25).

15. Gruppe: VETURIINAE.

1 (la). Flügeldecken verwachsen, ohne Behaarung. i

Columbia. Publius Kaup.

la. Flügeldecken nicht verwachsen.

2 (2a). Oberlippe vorne gerade oder wenig ausgeschnitten. Clypeus nicht steil,

sondern flach auf dieselbe gelegt, an ihren Seiten meist vorgezogen. Taillenlatz ohne

Narben. Nebenhöcker fast immer unbedeutend oder fehlend. Zahlreich an Arten.

Mittel- und Südamerika. Veturius, Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 26).

2a. Oberlippe immer tiefer ausgeschnitten, oder eingekerbt ; Clypeus zwar scharf,

aber weniger steil auf dieselbe fallend, an ihrem Seitenrande eckig vorgezogen oder

mit einem auf die Oberlippe drückenden Zahne. j

3 (34). Nebenhöcker in gleicher Höhe mit dem Kopfhorn, mit ihm zusammen

einen hohen Wulst bildend. Oberlippe gerundet oder eckig ausgeschuitten.

Mittel- und Südamerika. Verres Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 27).

3a. Nebenhöcker schwach, wie bei Veturius, oder fehlend. Oberlippe durch

einen sehr tiefen Ausschnitt zweilappig.

Brasilien. Verroides Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 28).

16. Gruppe : PROCULINAE.

1 (la). Seitenlappen der Unterlippe ohne Auftreibung.

Guatemala, Centralamerika. Proculus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 29).

la. Seitenlappen mit beulenartiger, grosser Auftreibung.

Guatemala, Honduras, Columbia. Cyphoproculus Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 30).

(225)

17. Gruppe: PAXILLINAE.

1 (la). Käfer sehr flach. Clypeus gerade, in der Mitte nicht oder kaum ausge-

schnitten. Schulterecken der Flügeldecken dicht punktirt und behaart.

2 (2a). Mit 5 Flaggenlappen der Fühler.

3 (3a). Die Stirnleisten setzen sich als Dorne über den Clypeusrand fort nnd

fallen keineswegs dicht hinter diesem steil ab. Brücke zwischen Augenwand und

Stirnleisten breiter.

Mittel- und Südamerika. Paxillus Kaup (Taf. V., fig. 31).

3a. Stirnleisten, am Clypeusrande steil abfallend, ragen nicht über denselben

hinaus. Brücke zwischen Augenwand und Stirnleiste schmiiler.

Südamerika. Subgen. Pazilloides Kuw. (Taf. V., fig. 32).

2a. Mit 4 längern, 2 sehr kurzen Flaggenlappen. Paxilloides ähnelnd.

Südamerika. Subgen. Paxillosomus Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 33).

la. Kafer etwas gewölbter. Stirnleistenknötchen nicht mit dem Clypeus ver-

bunden. Schulterecken unbehaart.

Prasilien. Spacalus Kaup.

18. Gruppe: MACROLIINAE.

1 (la). Stirnleistenknótchen nicht durch eine Leiste verbunden.

Ostindien, Australien. Maerolinus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 34).

la. Stirnleistenknétchen durch eine Leiste hinter dem Clypeusausschnitt mit

einander verbunden.

2 (2a). Kopthorn nicht flach gedrückt, nicht durch eine Furche von den Neben-

hóckern getrennt. Käfer gewolbter.

Ostindien, Südafrika. Tiberius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 35).

2a. Das flache Kopfhorn durch eine Furche von den Nebenhóckern getrennt.

Käfer flacher.

Australien. Episphenus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 36).

19. Gruppe: PHORONAEINAE.

1 (la). Fühlerflagge dreilappig.

2 (2a). Stirnleisten etwa in halber Länge zwischen Kopfhorn und Aussenzähnen

des Clypeus mit oder ohne Knötchen endigend. Schulterecken der Flügeldecken

ohne Haarquaste.

3 (34). Stirn ohne theilenden Längskiel.

4 (4a). Kopfhornspitze immer unfrei Mittel- und Hinterschienen mit

mehrfacher starker Dornbildung. Im Stirnwinkel eine Warze.

Centralamerika. Polyacanthopus Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 37).

4a. Kopfhornspitze meist mehr oder weniger frei. Im Stirnwinkel ohne Warze.

Ohne wesentliche stark Dornbildung an den Schienen.

Centralamerika, Brasilien. Phoronaeus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 38).

3a. Stirn mit theilendem Längskiel. Clypeus vorne mit deutlichem Wulst

gerandet.

Centralamerika. Valerius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 39).

2a. Stirnleisten entweder in die äussern Clypeusvorsprünge übergehend oder

vor denselben als Knötchen endigend. Kopfhorn meist ohne freie Spitze.

( 226 )

5 (5a). Hinter dem Ausschnitt des Clypeus mit concaver Liingsrinne auf

der Mitte.

Brasilien. Phoronaeosomus Kuw. (Taf. VI. fig. 40).

5a. Ohne Lüngsrinne auf der Mitte des Clypeus.

6 (67). Stirnleisten gerundet bogenfórmig zu den Clypeusvorsprüngen ziehend,

dicht vor diesen im Knótehen endigend. Schulterecken mit Haarquaste.

Caraccas. Toxeutotaenius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 41).

6a. Stirnleisten rechtwinklig oder geradlinig auseinandergehend, mit dem

Knótehen dicht vor den Clypeusvorsprüngen endend. Schulterecken ohne Haar-

quaste. Stirn oft querrunzlig.

Centralamerika, Brasilien. Epiphanus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 42).

la. Auch das viertletzte oder viert- und fünftletzte Fühlerglied zur halben oder

ganzen Lappenliinge verlängert. Kopfhorn oben in seiner ganzen Lünge scharf-

kielig.

Guyana, Amazonengebiet. Tetraracds Kuw. (Taf. VL, fig. 43).

20. GRUPPE: PETREJINAE.

1 (la). Das sehr lange Kopfhorn ist bis zum Verlassen des Clypeusvorderrandes

unfrei und ragt nur mit freier Spitze über diesen hinaus, welcher dadurch dreizühnig

erscheint.

Peru (Chinchaswiilder). Cassius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 44).

la. Das lange nach vorne gerichtete Kopfhorn ist frei. Clypeus mit 2

Binnenzühnen, welche sehr nahe aneinander stehen, oder ohne Binnenzühne.

2 (24). Das lange, freie Kopfhorn ist an der Spitze gespalten und über den

Clypeus hinausreichend. Dieser mit 2 feinen Zühnchen auf der Mitte. (Nach Kaup.

Mir fremd).

Guyana. Rhagonocerus Kaup.

2a. Das lange Kopfhorn mit ungespaltener Spitze.

3 (3a). Taillenlatz an den Seiten punktirt und behaart.

4 (4a). Kopfhorn rund, ohne Furche. Clypeus mit 2 Zähnen. Neleus-artige

Thiere.

Brasilien, Guadaloupe. Lucilius Kaup (Taf. VI, fig. 45).

4a. Kopfhorn mit Furche. Clypeus ohne oder mit undeutlichen Binnenzühnen.

Guyana, Ecuador, Columbia. Synesius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 46).

3a. Taillenlatz unpunktirt und unbehaart.

5 (5a). Kopfhorn gefurcht, wagerecht, vorne mit herabgedrückt vortretender

Spitze unter den zurückbleibenden Seitenleisten der Riickenfurche ; dadurch fast

dreizähnig erscheinend. Schulterecken mit Haarquaste.

Centralamerika. Thryptocerus Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 47).

5a. Kopfhorn nur niedergebogen. Clypeus mit oder ohne Binnenzühne. Schul-

terecken mit oder ohne Haarquaste.

Centralamerika, Brasilien. Petrejus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 48).

21. Gruppe: VATINIINAE.

1 (la). Kopfhorn plump, vorne frei. Schulterecken immer behaart.

3rasilien, Columbia. Vatinius Kaup.

la. Kopfhorn klein, ganz unfrei. Schulterecken unbehaart.

Brasilien. Phanocles Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 49).

( 227 )

ri]

2. Gruppe : VINDICINAE.

Nur ein Genus.

Madagascar, Bagamoyo. Vindex Kaup (Taf. VL, fig. 50).

23. Gruppe : NELEINAE.

1 (la). Immer mit Episternen (Seitenfurchen) des Metasternums.

2 (2a). Schulterecken der Flügeldecken ohne Haarbusch.

(Mexico ? Brasilien ?). Oeneus Kuw. (Taf. VL, fig. 51).

2a. Immer mit Haarbusch der Schulterecken an den Flügeldecken.

3 (3a). Kopfhorn fast oder ganz unfrei.

4 (4a). Stirnleisten ziemlich rechtwinklig gegen einander gestellt, geradlinig auf

die Clypeusdorne ziehend. Stirn flacher. Taillenlatz unpunktirt, unbehaart.

Mittel- und Südamerika. Ninus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 52).

4a. Stirnwinkel im stumpfen Winkel, geschwungen oder gebogen auseinander-

gehend. Stirne steiler abfallend.

5 (5a). Taillenlatz ohne Punktirung und Behaarung an den Seiten.

Tropisches Amerika. Neleus Kaup.

5a. Taillenlatz an den Seiten punktirt und behaart.

Tropisches Amerika. Subgen. Ptychotrichus Kuw. (Taf. VL, fig. 53).

3a. Kopfhorn lang, mit weit freier Spitze.

Tropisches Amerika. Subgen. Flavius Kuw.

la. Metasternum ohne Episternalfurchen zunächst der Flügeldecken. Schul-

terecken der Flügeldecken fast ohne Haarbusch.

Südafrika. Calidas Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 54).

24. Gruppe: SEMICYCLINAE.

Nur ein Genus.

Madagascar, Afrika centr. Semicyclus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 55).

25. Gruppe: TARQUINIINAE.

Nur ein Genus.

Neu Guinea. Tarquinius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. £

6).

26. Gruppe : CICERONIINAE.

Nur ein Genus.

Madagascar, Bagamoyo. Ciceronius Kaup. (Taf. VI., fig. 57).

27. Gruppe : SOLENOCYCLINAE.

Nur ein Genus.

Madagascar. Solenocyclus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 58).

28. Grurre : FLAMINIINAE.

Nur ein Genus.

Madagascar, Flaminius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 59)

( 228 )

29. GRUPPE : LEPTAULACINAE.

1 (la). Mit behaarten Seitenrippen der Flügeldecken und bisweilen behaarter

Halsschildnarbe. Mittelzahn des Clypeus schwach, oft fehlend und nur durch die

Lüngskielung des Clypeus angedeutet.

Ostindien, Philippinen. Trichostigmus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 60).

la. Mit unbehaarten Seitenrippen der Flügeldecken.

2 (20). Zwischen den Binnendornen der Rand des Clypeus nur unregelmüssig

gekerbt, entweder ohne deutlichen Zahn zu bilden, mit Längskiel auf der Mitte,

oder mit Zahn.

Mexico, Brasilien, Stephanocephalus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 61).

2a. Zwischen den Binnendornen immer ein deutlichen Zahn, oder es ist die

Mittellinie des Clypeus gekielt.

3 (3a). Clypeus fünfzähnig.

Indo-Australien. Leptaulax Kaup.,

3a. Clypeus dreizähnig. Die Aussenzähne werden durch die vortretende Augen-

wand gebildet. Der Mittelzahn stark, ohne Kiel hinter demselben.

Mexico, Columbia. Eumelus Kaup.

30. Gruppe: MITRORHINAE.

1 (la). Mit 3 Flaggenlappen.

2 (24). Niemals ist zwischen den Binnen- und Aussenzähnen noch ein Zähnchen

vorhanden. Die innere Augenwandleiste bildet aber einen Zahn nach vorne, so du

der Clypeus ausser dem Mittelzahne immer 4 Zähne besitzt.

3 (3a). Immer ein deutlicher, nicht durch einen Einschnitt gespaltener Mittelzahn

vorhanden.

4 (4a). Die Zähne vor der Augenwandleiste gleichlang mit den Binnenzáhnen.

Zunge vorne gerade.

Amerika centr. i Mitrorhinus Kaup.

4a. Die Zühne der Augenwandleiste treten gegen die Binnenzähne zurück, d. h.

stehen weiter nach hinten. Zunge vorne ausgerandet.

Afrika, Madagascar. Eumelosomus Kuw.

3a. Der Mittelzahn immer durch einen kleinen Einschnitt gespalten, oder 2

kleine Zähnchen zu den Seiten eines winzigen Ausschnittes daselbst.

5 (5a). Clypeus und Kopfflüchen tragen Punkte. Episternalfurchen unpunktirt,

unbehaart. Die Metasternalplatte tritt scharfkantig gegen die Achselhöhle der

Mittelhüften.

Afrika. Didimus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 62).

5a. Clypeus und Kopfflächen längsrunzlig oder matt. Episternalfurchen flach

punktirt und schwach behaart. Die Metasternalplatte wölbt sich nach den

Achselhöhlen der Mittelhüften mehr oder weniger ab.

Kamerun. Didimoïdes Kuw.

2a. Clypeus ausser dem Mittelzahne noch mit 6 Zähnen, indem sich einwärts

von dem Augenwandzahne noch jeseitig ein stumpfes Zahnchen am Clypeus findet.

Madagascar. Vitellinus Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 63).

la. Mit 4 bis 5 Flaggenlappen.

6 (6a). Der immer vorhandene Mittelzahn immer getheilt oder gespalten.

Clypens vier bis sechszähnig.

Mittelafrika, Kamerun, Pentalobus Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 64).

( 229 )

6a. Ohne Mittelzahn. Clypeus vierzähnie, auf der Mitte gerade, ohne

Einschnitt.

Mittelafrika. Subgen. peus Kuw.

31. Gruppe: GONATINAE.

1 (la). Unterlippe mit kleinem, Omegaförmigem Eindruck, mit abgerandeten

Hinterecken des Eindrucks.

Amboina, Ceram, Neu Guinea, Aru. — Omegarius Kuw. (Taf. VI., fig. 65).

1 (la). Eindruck der Unterlippe anders geformt.

2 (2a). Unterlippe mit dem Bindruck eines scharfkantigen, lateinischen, grossen

W. Der linke Oberkiefer länger, als der rechte.

Neu Guinea, Neuholland, Aru, Ceram. Gonatas Kaup (Taf. VI., fig. 66).

2a. Unterlippe mit halbmondförmigem Eindruck.

Am. Tatius Kuw. (Taf. VIL, fig. 67).

32. Gruppe: VELLEJINAE.

1 (la). Linker Clypeusvorsprung breit abgeschnitten, wenig kürzer als der breit

zugespitzte rechte. Flagge mit 4 langen Lappen. Halsschildnarbe behaart.

Grosse Thiere.

Aru, Neu Guinea. Labienus Kaup (Taf. VIL, fig. 69).

la. Beide Clypeusvorsprünge ziemlich zugespitzt, der linke breiter, als der

rechte. Halsschildnarbe unbehaart, sein Seitenrand unten mit Dürste. Flagge

fünf- bis sechslappig.

Neu Guinea, Philippinen, Salomons Inseln. Vellejus Kaup (Taf. VIL, fig. 68).

33. GRUPPE: PELOPINAE.

1 (le). Der linke Clypeusvorsprung viel länger als der rechte. Von dem

Knótehen der linken Stirnleiste eine Leiste ziemlich gegen die Mitte der innern

Augenwand; davor die Grube.

Aru, Neu Guinea. Pelops Kaup (Taf. VIL, fig. 70).

la. Der linke Clypeusvorsprung nur breiter als der rechte, nicht oder wenig

länger. Wenn eine zur innern Augenwand von den Knótchen aus ziehende Leiste

vorhanden, so zieht sie nach dem Vorderrande der Augenwand.

Mindanao. Subgen. Pelopides Kuw. (Taf. VII., fig. 71).

34, Gruppe: ERIOCNEMINAE.

1 (1a). Die beiden Clypeusvorspriinge sind ungleich. Der linke Oberkiefer

länger als der rechte.

2 (2a). Der rechte Clypeusvorsprung aus einem Convolut von 3 oder 4 Zähnen,

welche zum Theil über einander liegen, bestehend. Oberlippe vorne tief ausgerandet,

meist mit Zähnchen auf der Vorderrandsmitte. Mit Grube zwischen linkem

Clypeusvorsprung und Augenwand.

Borneo, Sumatra, Java. Eriocnemis Kaup (Taf. VIL, fig. 72).

2a. Der rechte Clypeuslappen als abgestutzter Lappen nicht oder wenig linger,

als der linke. Knótchen der Stirnleisten sich zu Dörnchen erhebend. — Halsschild-

narbe meist behaart.

Neuholland, Macassar. Plesthenus Kaup (Taf. VIL. fig. 73).

( 230 )

la. Beide Clypeusvorsprünge aus einem Conglomerat von je c. 4 Zühnen beste-

hend. Oberlippe mit einem Zahne auf der Mitte. Beide Oberkiefer gleichlang.

Sumatra. Phraortes Kuw. (Taf. VIL, fig. 74).

35. Gruppe: AURELIINAE.

Nur ein Genus, dureh das Lippenschild und die sechslappige Flagge von

Veturius geschieden.

Neu Guinea. Aurelius Kuw. (Taf. VIL, fig. 75).

36. Grurre : PHAROCHILINAE.

1 (14). Ein querfurchenartiger, auf der Mitte meist unterbrochener Eindruck

hinter der Vorderrandsmitte der Unterlippe vorhanden.

Neuholland. Episphenoides Kuw. (Taf. VIL, fig. 76).

la. Ein halbmondfórmiges, durch eine Furche begrenztes Lippenschild vor-

handen.

2 (2a). Schulterecken der Flügeldecken unbehaart.

3(34). Linker Clypeusvorsprung viel stärker entwickelt als der rechte (ähnlich

den Acerajusarten). Unterlippe mit Narben.

Australasien. Cetejus Kaup (Taf. VII., fig. 77).

3a. Beide Clypeusvorsprünge fast oder ganz gleichmässig, nicht besonders stark

vorgezogen. Clypeus vorne gerundet ausgeschnitten. _

Neuholland. Pharochilus Burm. (Taf. VIL, fig. 78).

2a. Schulterecken der Fliigeldecken auf starker, dichter Punktirung mit Haar-

quaste. Clypeusvorspriinge sehr ungleich.

Nias, Borneo. Heterochilus Kuw. (Taf. VIL, fig. 79).

37. Gruppe: LACHINAE.

1 (la). Flacher, wie Pharochilus, mit 6 Flaggenlappen. Unterlippe etwas länger,

Neuholland. Mastolichlis Kaup (Taf. VIL, fig. 80).

la. Gewölbter. Kinn sehr kurz. à

2 (20). Lippenschild als ein vertieftliegendes Kórnchen zwischen der Unterlippe

und der Zunge erscheinend.

Indo-Australien. Analaches Kuw. (Taf. VII, fig. 81).

2a. Lippenschild nicht vertieft.

3 (3a). Lippenschild auf einer Randung des Lippeuvorderandes stehend.

Indo-Australien. Epilaches Kuw. (Taf. VIL, fig. 82).

3a. Lippenschild nieht auf solcher Randung stehend, isolirt, innerhalb des

Kinns von einer Furche umgeben.

Indo-Australien. Laches Kaup (Taf. VIIL., fig. 83).

38. Grupre: ACERAJINAE.

1. Schulterecken der Flügeldecken nicht mit Haarquaste besetzt.

Ostindien, Borneo, Java. Basilianus Kaup (Taf. VIL, fig. 84).

2. Schulterecken der Flügeldecken dicht punktirt und mit Haarquaste.

Ostindien. Acerajus Kaup (Taf. VIL, fig. 85).

(Fortsetzung folgt).

(231°)

A NEW FORM OF SWIFT FROM MADAGASCAR.

Br ERNST HARTERT.

HE Rev. James Wills sent to the Tring Museum, together with some other birds

(among them a specimen of the rather rare Caprimulgus enarratus Gray),

a skin of a swift which I cannot refer to any known form. It is a form of Mieropus

melba, or rather of its subspecies M. melba africanus, but very much smaller.

It is of the usual dark sooty blackish brown above, on the under wing-coverts, anal

region and under tail-coverts, across the jugulum, and along the sides of the body and

sides of head; forehead a little paler; chin, throat, and middle of breast and abdomen

white ; flank-feathers with whitish edges. The white on breast and abdomen much

more restricted than in M. melba, and also the white on the throat not reaching so

far towards the sides as in M. melba. Total length about 175 mm. ; wing 190; tail 70 ;

tarsus 14; culmen 10.

I name this form

Micropus willsi sp. nov.,

in honour of its discoverer. The single specimen was obtained at East Imerina,

. in Eastern Madagascar, on February Ist, 1896. Its sex has not been ascertained.

SOME UNDESCRIBED LEPIDOPTERA.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

PAPILIONIDAE.

1. Papilio canopus sumbanus Rothsch. subsp. nov.

Comes close to alorensis Rothsch., Nov. ZooL. I. p. 686 (1894), and IT. t. VIII.

f. 4 (1895), but differs as follows :—

Paler brown. Forewing with three creamy white (d) or white (9) patches in

apical region between upper discoidal and third subcostal veins ; the two first patches

have a length of about 6 mm., while the third is much smaller; at anal angle two or

three small spots ; no spots between median nervules.

Hindwing with the discal band very narrow, the spots composing it being scarcely

more than 1 mm. broad, or almost entirely obliterated ; submarginal spots absent or

showing through from the underside.

Underside paler than upperside. Forewing as above. Hindwing with sub-

marginal lunules distinct ; discal maeular band as above, or faintly broader.

Hab. Patadala, Sumba; 1 d, 1 9.

SPHINGIDAE.

2. Cephanodes unicolor Rothsch. sp. nov.

Similar to H. simplex Rothsch., but differs in the uniform apple-green of the

head, thorax, and abdomen. Anal tuft apple-green, with orange and black margins.

Underside: palpi white ; thorax and legs buffy yellow ; abdomen brownish buff;

anal tuft black and orange.

Hab. Coomooboolaroo, near Duaringa, N. Queensland (Parnard Leg.) : 2 d, 1 9.

- ( 232 )

COSSIDAE.

3. Xyleutes boisduvali Rothsch. sp. nov.

This insect is found in collections under a manuscript name of Boisduval’s, but

has never been described.

Forewings : uniform silvery grey, densely powdered with brownish scales, giving

it an ash-grey tinge. On the dise of the wing and between the median nervules are

some ill-defined dark brown blotches, varying much in size and shape in individual

specimens.

Hindwings: costal margin whitish silvery grey; rest of wing black-brown,

powdered with grey between the submedian and first median nervures.

Head, shoulders, and thorax silver-grey ; centre of thorax black, powdered slightly

with grey ; first segment and anal segment of abdomen whitish grey ; rest of abdomen

black, each segment bordered with greyish white.

Underside: all four wings blackish brown, powdered with grey and broadly

bordered all round with grey. Coxae, thorax, head, and abdomen greyish white ; legs

banded grey and black.

Expanse: d forewing AM 68 mm.; EM 28 mm.; PM 50 mm.

5 $ 5 ONE hice MEER TEE Bm e

Be S hindwings MAUR, is REA ma MEI NE TP D MET

s 9 5 D BUE coe Ol em EB COE c

Hab. Burdekin River, Queensland; 5 d, 6 9.

4. Xyleutes magnifica Rothsch. sp. nov.

Forewings: uniform pale grey in the 9, one of my two specimens showing some

indistinct dark patches between the median nervules; in my two dd these spots are

distinct.

Hindwings : costal margin white; rest of wings chestnut-red.

Head and thorax grey ; abdomen of $ chestnut-red, with anal segment grey ; in

3 chestnut-red, with dorsal stripe and two last segments grey.

Expanse: d forewing AM 64 mm.; EM 21 mm.; PM 38 mm.

F g " mea (e. SCO ge ee t MI s

T g hindwing 200 8 5.27. 5, 5) sO ss

D ? » CU) a Bs ICONE EE OUR

Hab. Brisbane district, Queensland ; 2 d, 2 ¢.

5. Xyleutes pulchra Rothsch. sp. nov.

FEMALE.— Forewings : pale grey, spotted with black dots along costa and outer

margin; from apex to the second median nervule there is an oblique black streak.

On the dise is a group of six large black patches. Between the submedian vein and

the inner margin the forewings are clouded with black.

Hindwings: blackish grey; fringe white, with black dots at apices of veins.

Head, middle of thorax, and upperside of abdomen black, the latter grey at

bases of segments ; apical segment grey. Tarsi with black and white rings.

Expanse : forewing AM 39 mm.; EM 17 mm.; PM 26 mm.

hindwing , 27 5; 3 5 22 5, 5 » 120

Hab. Toowoomba, Brisbane district, Queensland; 1 ?.

— [ccaaaaaaaaaaaaasssssstssssssMlMll

INOVIDATES ZOOLOGICA EK.

Vol, III. SEPTEMBER, 1896. No. 3.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE

PAPUAN ISLANDS.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD Ax» ERNST HARTERT.

(The work of these “ contributions" is so divided that Walter Rothschild works out

‘the families Paradiseidue, Ptilonorhynchidae, and Rallidae, while E. Hartert is

responsible for the rest.)

T.V

LIST OF A COLLECTION MADE BY ALBERT S. MEEK ON FERGUSSON,

TROBRIAND, EGUM, AND WOODLARK ISLANDS.

R. ALBERT S. MEEK, an energetic young collector, spent some time on the

above-named islands, where, besides collecting insects and other natural

history specimens, he brought together a most interesting collection of birds, which

are specially valuable because many of them are accompanied by their nests and eggs.

Though the bird collections are evidently not exhaustive for any of these islands, they

greatly enlarge our knowledge of these imperfectly explored regions.

The bulk of the ornis of Fergusson Island is the same as that of South-Eastern

New Guinea, but some very fine species, such as Paradisea decora, Phonygama

hunsteini, Cyelopsittacus virago, perhaps also Anthreptes meeki and others, are

evidently restrieted to the D'Entrecasteaux group, while some peculiar species they

have in common with other islands east of New Guinea. "The ornis of the Trobriands

and of Egum and Woodlark differs on the whole probably not very much from that

of Fergusson.

In the southern part of Fergusson, where Mr. Meek collected, the mountains

rise steeply close to the coast. The spurs are or have been cultivated up to a height

of about 1500 feet, but higher up no villages were met with. The island is thickly

populated in parts, especially towards a place named Dobu, but a great quantity of

large timber stands in the forests wherever the ground has not been cultivated. The

natives are very honest, but they are frightened at even the idea of ascending the

higher mountains of their island.

Kirvirai, Kiriwina, or Kiriwini, the largest island of the Trobriands, is, like the

smaller islets of that group, a coral island and quite flat. Meek tells us that it is

very thickly populated, the estimated number of natives being 30,000. They are a

fine-built race and all under one chief, every village again under a sub-chief. The

whole island has at one time or another been cultivated, with exception of some

extremely rough places on the coast. Where the natives plant gardens they pile the

coral into heaps and plant between them. The gardens look much like an English

* For Nos. I., II., III, see antea, pp. 8-20.

( 234 )

hop-garden, only very much larger, some of them extending for over a mile in length,

Where the island is not just now under cultivation it is thickly covered with short

vegetation, very difficult to get through. The only large timber extends in a narrow

belt around the coast, or is scattered in small groups to protect the villages.

Yanarba Island, Egum group, is one of some small islets between the D'Entre-

casteaux Islands and Woodlark. It was not visited by Meek himself, but some of his

native collectors spent a few days there. Egum group consists only of small coralline

islands,

Woodlark Island, or Mayu, consists chiefly of corals, but some mountains seem to

have pierced the coralline capping and occupy about one-fourth of the island. It is

very little cultivated, the natives living on sago a great deal. Owing to the scarcity

of thick undergrowth it is, as on Fergusson, easy to get about, and in that way very

different from the Trobriands. The southern part is least populated, but on the north

coast are two or three large villages. The natives all know a few words of English,

and some speak it very fairly. Skin disease (probably ichthyosis) is very common

among them.

1. Corvus orru Bp.

Fergusson Island. Like specimens from other localities, with a purplish gloss,

and not at all like the Corvus spec. described by Salvadori in Orn. Papuasia with a

greenish gloss,

A nest with four eggs was found on January 22nd. They are exactly like the

eggs of other species of crows, and if mixed with eggs of Corvus corone, or C. cornia

especially, would hardly be found again, though the shell seems rather thick. They

measure 40:5 : 29, 42 : 28, 41 : 28:5 mm. E. H.

2. Gymnocorax senex (Less.).

Fergusson Island. “ Iris light blue.”

3. Manucodia comrii Scl.

Evidently not rare in Fergusson and Kiriwina. The iris is described on the

labels as “ red ” and * light hazel.” Nests, containing two eggs each, were found in

March on Fergusson Island, one clutch being fresh, the other very hard-set. The

nest hangs in the fork of a branch, the upper margin being in equal height with the

branch, just as an oriole’s nest hangs. It is fastened with thin twigs of a convolvulus-

like plant and other twigs. It is lined inside with these convolvulus-like twigs. The

bottom is very thick, and outside ornamented with large thick leaves, and in the

middle of the bottom layer are a good many pieces of rotten wood,

The eggs are of a pale buffy salmon-colour, one clutch with a more greyish tint,

shaped like erows' eggs, marked with underlying pale cinereous and pale purplish

brown patches, and with dark brown or rufous brown blotches. They measure 29: 43

and 30:5 : 45°5 mm.

The female is much smaller than the male. Specimens from the different

islands do not differ.

Mr. Basil H. Thomson (Ibis, 1889, p. 554) states that M. comrii is “confined

exclusively " to the D’Entrecasteaux group. This statement was somewhat unwar-

ranted, since the surrounding countries were not yet explored. We know now that

it is not only found on the islands of the D'Entrecasteaux group, as Meek found it on

the Trobriands and the type came from the Huon Gulf in New Guinea. W. R.

4. Phonygama hunsteini Sharpe ( = Manucodia thomsoni Tristr.).

Fergusson. Tristram (bis, 1889, p. 554) was the first to publish the proper

locality for this rare bird, but Sharpe’s short description has precedence. The

tail is strongly hen-tail-shaped in the old male, less so in the female, and hardly

perceptibly in very young birds. The webs of the central rectrices in the fully adult

male stand nearly perpendicular at the tip, but they are not twisted so far as to open

again, as they are in Manucodia comrii, which Sharpe placed in a special genus by

itself, calling it Hucorax. “The iris is red.” The female does not perceptibly differ

in colour, but is a little smaller than the male; wing in the female 180, in the male

186 mm. The young birds are all over black, with a steel-blue gloss, but without

any green or purple, the head being uniform with the rest of the upper surface.

Mr. Meek met with this species in the hills, but seldom below 1500 feet.

WAR-

5. Paradisea decora Salv. & Godm.

From Fergusson Island. “ Iris yellow in both sexes.” Mr. Basil H. Thomson

(Ibis, 1889) says that this species only inhabits Mount Maybole, in the north of

Fergusson Island ; but Meek never was there. He found it not rare, though by no

means very numerous, on the hills of South Fergusson, from about 1500 feet

upwards. MB?

6. Calornis metallica (Temm.).

Fergusson Island. “Iris red.” Like specimens from New Guinea.

Some eggs, said to belong to this species, were found on Kiriwina, Trobriands ;

but no skin was sent with them. As, however, Mr. Meek is well acquainted with this

species from his collecting in Queensland, Fergusson Island, and other places, and as

the eggs agree with eggs of this species from other places, there can be little doubt

about their identity. E. H.

7. Cracticus cassicus (Bodd.).

Fergusson and Trobriands. The extent of black and white on the back varies

very much, females and young birds having the back nearly quite black, old males

white with a black patch in the middle. Nests, containing clutches of two and three

eggs, were found from September to January. The eggs are ovate, come more

pointed than others, and vary much in colour. They are pale olive, brownish olive,

bluish olive-green, marked with faint patches of dark olive-brown or brown and some

small blackish brown spots, mostly more numerous near the broader end. They

measure 32:5 to 33 : 24 to 26 mm. Be He

8. Pachycephala dubia Rams.

Fergusson Island. “ Iris blackish.”

9. Pachycephala fortis Gadow.

Gadow, Cat. B. VIII. p. 369 (Addenda).

Both sexes, nests, and eggs from Fergusson Island. Iris dark hazel. I have

compared our specimens with the type of P. fortis in the British Museum, and found

no differences. This is the more to be wondered at as the birds from the little

Trobriand group differ from those from Fergusson. Hereafter I shall describe the

differences between the two forms. Two nests are quite alike. They consist of dry

( 236 )

grasses, fibres, and twiglets, and are outside covered with dry leaves of different sorts.

The cup is somewhat shallow, being about 30 to 40 mm. deep, the whole nest being

outside about 90 to 100 mm. broad, 50 to 60 high, while the cup measures

65 across on the top. The eggs, of four clutches, are two in each nest. They are

elliptical ovate, and resemble very much some eggs of the genus Lanius, especially

those of some of the larger grey shrikes. The ground-colour is whitish or cream-

colour, the blotches dark brown and pale grey, generally more numerous on the

thicker end. They measure 27:20, 25°6:18, 275 : 19, 27°5:191, 26-1: 18,

25:9: 17:7, 27:8 : 19: 28:5 : 19°3 mm.

Eggs were found in October, November, and December. E. H.

10. Pachycephala fortis trobriandi subsp. nov.

Two skins, d and 9, from Kiriwina, Trobriands, differ from P. fortis of

Fergusson in the following points :—

1. The bill is longer. The culmen of the male is 26, that of the female 25 mm.

long, while the culmen of the ma/es from Fergusson is 22 and 23 mm. long, that of

the females from that island 22 and 21 mm.

2. The wing is longer: d 100, ? 96 mm. Females from Fergusson: wing, 88

and 90; males, 90 and 95.

Coinciding with these differences, which are so slight that I regard them, with

due reserve, as of merely subspecific value for the present time, are obvious

differences in the structure of the nest and in the eggs.

The nest is much larger outside, the cup decidedly deeper. The eggs (two in

number in each clutch) were found in March and June. The eggs are white, with

a faint creamy tinge, marked with a few very large blotches of deep rufous brown

or very deep brown, and some deeper-lying light-grey patches. They measure

253 : 21, 2675 : 20°6, 26:1 : 20 mm., and look much more rounded than the majority

of P. fortis from Fergusson.

All these differences of nests and eggs may not be quite constant, but in any case

they are worth recording.

It is remarkable that even the collector seems to have noticed differences in life

between the two forms, for on the labels of the nests and on the chip-boxes containing

the eggs different names are given, the Fergusson birds being called * Little

Brown Thrush," the Trobriand birds * Brown Thrush," and he believes them to be

different forms. E. H.

11. Chibia carbonaria (5. Müll.).

Fergusson Island. “Iris red.”

Canon Tristram has (Ibis, 1889, p. 556) described as a new species the Chibia

from Fergusson Island, and called it Ch. propinqua. His diagnosis is: * C. chibiae

laemostictae (Sel.) propinqua, sed differt maculis nitentibus colli antici imi et pectoris

summi valde angustioribus, et elongatis, neque, sieut in C. carbonaria, rotundatis.

Statura sieut in C. laemosticta,” and he adds: “The distinctions in this species are

more easily seen by comparison than recognised by description." I am sorry to say

that the skins collected by Mr. Meek on Fergusson Island do not agree with Canon

Tristram's statement. They are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from C. carbonaria,

of which I have a large series from Dutch, German, and British New Guinea for

comparison in the Tring Museum. The spots on the upper breast are in no way more

longitudinal or narrower than in a great many specimens of Chibia carbonaria, but

(02372)

they vary a great deal in the latter and are by no means always round. In fact,

there are specimens of Ch. carbonaria before me in which they are narrower and

longer than in the specimens from Fergusson Island. Therefore I have no hesitation

in considering Ch. propinqua merely a synonym of Ch. carbonaria. This latter is

fairly distinct from Ch. atrocaerulea from the Moluccas, and must, I think, stand as

a species, not merely a subspecies. On the other hand it seems sometimes very

difficult to distinguish Ch. laemosticta Scl. from New Britain and New Ireland, and

I am inclined to think that the latter should stand as a subspecies of Ch. carbonaria.

I feel uneasy about the genus under which to classify these species, They have

often been included in Dicrurus, but Sharpe unites them with Chibia and Salvadori

calls them Dicruropsis. I do not see much of generic characters in either of these

supposed genera.

Nests, with three eggs each, were found in October and December. The eggs

are of two principal sorts of varieties. One has the shell pure white, without gloss,

covered with small deep purplish brown and pale purplish grey spots and dots.

These measure 29:6 : 21:3, 30 : 21, and 29:8: 21:6 mm. The other is of a creamy

ground-colour, and spotted with larger patehes of a kind of brownish brick-red and

the same pale purplish grey patehes, but mostly larger. "They are a little shorter,

measuring 29 : 22, 29 : 21:5, and 29:1 : 22 mm. EME:

12. Melilestes fergussonis sp. nov.

Melilestes speciebus M. iliolophus et M. affinis dictis similis, sed multo major.

Al. d 71—72 mm., ? 63—64; culm. d 25, ? 21 mm.

Hab. Fergusson Island.

This species closely resembles in colour M. iliolophus and M. affinis, if the two

are more than subspecies of one species, and is probably only subspecifically distinct.

The differences in size, especially in the length of the bill, and the separate locality

whence we have received it, however, are remarkable. The iris is dark hazel; bill

black ; about basal half of mandible whitish.

The sexes differ in size, as they also do in M. iliolophus and M. affinis, but it

seems that this was not noticed before.

Gadow, Cat. B. IX., has placed the above-named species in the genus Arachno-

thera, together with M. novaeguineae, while he allowed M. megarhynchus to remain

among the Meliphagidae and put it in the genus Ptilotis. Without wishing to

enter into a discussion on the genera of the Meliphagidae, which, I believe, are on

the whole divided very reasonably in the Catalogue of Birds, I cannot agree to that,

as I believe that M. megarhynchus, M. novaeguineae, M. iliolophus, and allies are

all congenerie, and differ widely from Arachnothera in the form of the bill and

nostrils. On the other hand they differ from true Péilotis, and one might for the

present accept without hesitation Salvadori’s generic name Aelilestes, with M. mega-

rhynchus as the “type,” and including M. novaeguineae, iliolophus, afinis, fergus-

sonis, poliopterus, and probably also Melilestes celebensis and subspecies (see antec,

p. 153), which latter is certainly not an Arachnothera. It differs also from the

Papuan Melilestes in its short tarsus and toes, its naked ring round the eye, and a

narrower bill. Another question which I have often asked myself and which I cannot

answer to my own satisfaction is whether Arachnothera is in its right place among

the Nectariniidae, and whether it is not a Honey-Eater. Oates has already allowed

it the rank of a subfamily.

A nest was found in December. It is fastened to some leaves and a thin twig,

( 238 )

I should say spun on to it, and outside covered with half-decayed dry leaves. It is

rather small for the bird, and consists chiefly of dry grass, but is inside thickly lined

with very soft snow-white vegetable silk. It had one egg, which is creamy white, with

some pale reddish spots all over, and with a close ring of pale brownish red spots and

dots near the broader end, as well as with a few deep brown hair-lines encircling the

egg above the middle. It measures 20 : 14°3 mm. E. H.

13. Ptilotis spilogaster Grant (/bis, 1896, p. 251).

Fergusson Island. g $9. “Iris hazel.” Mr. Ogilvie Grant has kindly compared

the two specimens with the type of the species in the British Museum and found

them to be perfectly alike. E. H.

14. Ptilotis analoga Rehb.

Fergusson Island. ris dark hazel or * black." Bill and feet dark grey. Nests

were found in November and December. The nest hangs in the fork of a branch, is

a deep cup, much narrower at the bottom, wide on top, and consists of small grassy

rootlets and leaves. It is outside about 75 mm. high, the cup about 60 deep, above

about 50 to 75 mm. across. The two eggs are pure white and resemble those of our

nuthateh, being somewhat sparsely speckled with rufous brown and brownish red,

measuring 21:5 : 16 and 22 : 16 mm. E. H.

15. Philemon novaeguineae subtuberosus subsp. nov.

Four perfectly adult specimens of both sexes from Fergusson Island, some taken

from the nest, differ from a series of skins from different parts of New Guinea,

Batanta, and Salwatti in having the hump at the base of the culmen distinctly

smaller and in the pale tips to the rectrices being much less developed, and in fact

hardly or not at all perceptible. The iris is “ hazel.”

This subspecies is certainly much more distinct than the form described as

* Tropidorhynchus aruensis” by Dr. A. B. Meyer, Zeitschr. ges. Ornith. I.

p. 216. This latter form is stated to differ from Philemon novaeguineae Miill.

in its longer and higher bill with a higher hump, a more feathered forehead, and

paler colour of the body. Four specimens from Wokan, Lutor, and Giaba-Lengar,

all Aru Islands, do not show a sign of any of these differences, except that the

bill is slightly longer than in the majority of New Guinea specimens, and that the

hump in one, from Wokan, is decidedly higher than in any I was able to com-

pare from New Guinea. The feathering of the forehead is not at all different

from those from New Guinea, nor is there any difference in colour. Therefore the

Aru form cannot possibly be anything more than a subspecies of P. novaeguineae, but

the majority of ornithologists will no doubt follow Salvadori, who (Aggiunte Orn. Pap.

Il. p. 129) places P. aruensis as a synonym under P. novaeguineae. Why Dr.

Meyer in his original description compared his T. aruensis with P. timoriensis

rather than with P. novaeguineae I cannot understand, for in size, colour, and hump

it stands undoubtedly nearest to P. novaeguineae. Nor can I understand how one

can place P. jobiensis Meyer and P. novaeguineae into different genera, as Salvadori

does in his Orn. Papuasia. I should rather agree with Dr. Gadow, who recognises

P. jobiensis only as a subspecies of P. novaeguineae, for there s a small hump on the

base of the bill, but the somewhat different forehead, which is not feathered, but

covered with scanty stiff black hairs, justifies its specific position. In any case Dr.

Meyers view must be upheld that it is congenerie with P. novaeguineae, though I

fully agree with Dr. Gadow in uniting Philemon and Tropidorhynchus under the

former name, as such forms as P. jobiensis and P. novaeguineae subtuberosus form

distinct bridges from the humped to the unhumped members of the group.

In comparing any of these birds it must be borne in mind that the females have

as a rule slightly smaller humps, and that they are much less developed in young

birds; therefore only adult birds of the same sex should be compared if the size of the

hump is discussed.

Nests of Philemon novaeguineae subtuberosus were found from October to

December on Fergusson Island. They were large open structures, and contained two

or three eggs each. The latter are very pale salmon-colour, and have many

vinaceous rufous patches and a few deeper-lying purplish grey ones. They measure

32:5 : 23, 3277 : 22:8, 2977 : 22:5 mm. and about these measurements. Other clutches

are of a deeper salmon-colour, washed nearly all over with pale vinaceous rufous

patches and with a few black dots. Size about the same. E. H.

16. Myzomela forbesi Rams.

Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, IV. p. 469 (1880); Gadow, Cat. D.

Brit. Mus. IX. p. 135.

The species has been deseribed from Woodlark Island, but Mr. Meek sent a fine

series of both sexes from Fergusson Island only, The wing of the males is 2:3 to 274

inches (about 60 mm.), not 2°25 inches as given by Gadow. “ Iris hazel.” “ Bill and

feet black." The female is greenish olive above ; forehead, crown, and throat dull red ;

underside pale olive, very pale in the middle of the abdomen. “Iris black." Wing

52—53 mm. Altogether smaller than the male. E H:

17. Dicaeum rubrocoronatum Sharpe.

Fergusson Island. Three eggs were found on December 2nd, 1894. They are

pure white, and measure 13:3 : 11, 14:11, 15:2: 10:9 mm. E. H.

18. Anthreptes meeki sp. nov.

d 9. Anthreptes minimus, capite colloque supra, tectricibus alarum minoribus

griseis, dorso, rectricum et seeundariarum marginibus exterioribus, alarum tectricibus

majoribus viridibus, griseo lavatis, Subtus griseo-albidus, corporis lateribus, fascieulis

plumarum peetoris lateribus pallide sulfureis, alarum tectricibus inferioribus albis.

Al. 50 mm., caud. 25—28, culm. 14, tars. 12 mm.

Hab. Ins. Fergusson dicta.

This is perhaps the most interesting of Mr. Meek’s discoveries on Fergusson

Island, and therefore it is appropriate that it should bear his name. Remarkable it is

on account of its very simple coloration, the MALE having no trace of metallic colours

in its plumage and differing in no way from the FEMALE! It is therefore with some

hesitation that I call it an Anthreptes, but it belongs to no other genus known to me,

and I cannot find any structural characters to separate it from that genus. Perhaps

Mr. Büttikofer or Count Salvadori would separate it generically, if I understand. their

point of view, judging from the former gentleman's recent, and most valuable, articles

on some groups of Passerine birds, and from the latter ornithologist's keys to the

genera in his monograph of the Anatidae; but in my opinion coloration alone cannot

constitute genera, and generic characters must be structural, so as to enable us to class

all ages, sexes, and even varieties, such as albinoes, in their proper genera. Besides

( 240 )

the aberrant colour of this new species, it inhabits the most eastern locality of any

Anthreptes hitherto known.

ApvLT.— Head and neck above grey, nearest to “olive-grey " (Ridgw., Nomencl. Col.

pl. ii. fig. 14). Ear-coverts paler, small spot in front of the eye greyish white. Lesser

wing-coverts grey. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts green, slightly washed with

grey. Primaries deep brown, outer webs narrowly margined with olive-grey.

Secondaries and rectrices deep brown, outer webs margined with green. ‘Throat,

breast, and middle of abdomen greyish white; sides of body pale sulphur-yellow;

pectoral tufts sulphur-yellow. Under wing-coverts white, washed with yellow. Iris

deep brown ; legs blackish ; bill black ; base of mandible whitish.

Measurements: see above.

Evidently not rare on Fergusson Island, from where a small but fine series was sent.

Nests were found in September and December. The nest is a characteristic

sunbird’s nest, being constructed of grass and other fine dry materials. The entrance,

at the side, is overhung by a small porch. It is firmly attached to a branch, from

which it suspends. The two eggs resemble those of other sunbirds, being of a

brownish creamy ground-colour, covered all over with a dark brown, like chocolate

with milk, and a few deeper brown, almost black, lines and dots. They measure

18 : 123 and 17°3 : 12:3 mm. E, H.

19. Cinnyris christianae Tristr.

Fergusson and Kiriwina Islands.

This species has been described from St. Aignan’s Island by Canon Tristram in

the Ibis, 1889, p. 555. The description suits our specimens very well, except that I

cannot find that the bill is so remarkably larger than that of other allied species. The

type, now in the Liverpool Museum, has most kindly been sent me by the Director,

Mr. Forbes, for comparison. It agrees entirely with our specimens, except that the

wing is slightly longer. It measures 66 mm. in the type, while it measures 63—65

in eight males from Fergusson Island before me. That, of course, cannot be

considered an important difference, nor can any weight be attached to a slightly

more greenish tint of the upper wing-coverts in the Fergusson males. The female

and the young male, of which there are skins from Fergusson and Kiriwina, have the

head above and nape deep grey with pale grey edges to the feathers, so that they look

somewhat scaly, the rest of the upper parts dull yellowish green, throat and upper

breast pale ashy grey, abdomen pale yellow, under wing-coverts white with a yellow

wash. Wing 57—60; culm. 23. Culmen of males 23—25 mm. Iris deep brown.

Nests were found on Fergusson and Kiriwina from October to March. The nests

resemble those of other sunbirds.

The eggs, two or three in number, are of a brownish white ground-colour, which

is more or less covered with spots and patches of chocolate-colour or a similar brown

colour. Some are entirely and equally covered with the dark colour, so that scarcely

anything is visible of the ground-colour, but most of them have a more or less well-

defined ring near the broader end, and the smaller end is often very pale, showing

much of the ground-colour, which in some is rather whitish. The measurements are

20:19; 17913178: 12:3 18:3 < 121 E78: 12 and soon: E. H

20. Cinnyris frenata (Müll.).

Fergusson Island.

( 241 )

21. (?) Pseudogerygone conspicillata (Gray).

Three specimens of a Pseudogerygone from Fergusson Island agree best, of all the

species represented in the British Museum at present, with P. conspicillata, from which

they seem hardly separable at all, though the flanks are a little more washed with

rufous olive. They are above olive-brown, below whitish with an olive-brown or rufous

olive wash, strongest on the breast and sides of body. Nasal plumes whitish, feathers

in front of the eye dusky. Under wing-coverts white. Wing of females 52—53 mm.,

of male 55 mm. Reetrices with blackish subterminal spots and with rather indistinct

whitish spots on the tips of the inner webs of the outer rectrices. Feathering of the

eyelid white above and below. “Iris red.” These birds also resemble very much a

specimen of P. brunneipectus in the British Museum, but the colour is not exactly

the same. In the Tring Museum is also a skin shot near Cedar Bay in North

Queensland by Mr. Meek on January 16th, 1894. It is marked male. Except a

slightly paler general colour, which may be due to its being in a somewhat worn

plumage, and more distinct whitish spots on the inner webs of the outer four pairs of

rectrices, I cannot see any differences. If the sex is right the wing, measuring only

51 mm., would also be shorter. This should be P. magnirostris Gould, but it has

also white feathers round the eye, and Sharpe’s supposition that they are absent in

P. magnirostris (see his * Key”) seems to be wrong.

I repeat that my specimens agree best with P. conspicillata, but I am somewhat

doubtful whether P. conspicillata, brunneipectus, and magnirostris are specifically

separable.

Nests were found in January. They are hanging from a twig, like sunbirds’ nests,

and have a lateral entrance nearer the top. The eggs, three in number, are without

gloss, reddish white with small brownish red spots, many of them of very minute size,

but one is pure white with only a few red spots. The reddish ones measure 167 : 13,

17:3 : 12:6, the white one 17:4 : 12:9 mm.

Nests of the bird from Cedar Bay are much like the one from Fergusson Island,

but more pointed at the bottom, the eggs more reddish and more plentifully marked

with rufous little spots. They measure from 17 : 12 to 18 : 12:3 and 17:5 : 12:5 mm.

E. H.

22. Rhipidura setosa (Quoy & Gaim.).

Fergusson Island. “ Iris black." A nest found on December 29th isan unmistak-

able Rhipidura nest, viz. a well-built pad, resting on the top of a branch, quite

round, measuring 60 mm. across The two eggs are also at once recognised as

Rhipidura eggs by any one who knows eggs. They are brownish white with a broad

ring of dark brown, paler brown, and deeper-lying grey spots and patches. They

measure 19:5 : 14:3 and 19 : 14:3 mm. E. H.

23. Monarcha melanopsis (Vieill.).

Fergusson Island. “ Iris black ; bill bluish grey ; legs and feet bluish grey.”

24. Monarcha inornatus (Garn.).

Trobriand Islands. 9. * Iris black.”

( 242 )

25. Monarcha guttula (Garn.).

Fergusson Island. Iris dark hazel. The sexes alike. The young bird agrees

with Salvadori’s description (Orn. Papuas. II. p. 22), but the breast is washed with pale

cinnamon. The wing-coverts are without any white spots, which only appear as the

birds get older. Nests were found in December. They are firmly fixed in a corner

formed of three or four twigs, and are deep cups, built entirely of green moss, but

lined inside with black rootlets and human hair. Outside height about 100 mm.;

width across on top 70—80. The two eggs are of a dark cream-colour, thickly spotted

and speckled with pale and dark rufous and with some deeper-lying greyish spots.

They measure 22:5 : 16:1 and 22 : 15:9 mm. E. H.

26. Monarcha chalybeocephalus (Garn.).

Fergusson, Trobriand, and Woodlark Islands. “Iris black ; feet brownish black ;

beak slate-colour." One female from the Trobriands has the chin metallic greenish

black, while another from the same place has no sign of a dark chin.

Nests were found on Fergusson Island from October to December. They are

either built of moss lined inside with dark rootlets, much like that of M. guttula, and

outside ornamented with white pieces of a very tough and close cobweb, or without

moss, of rootlets, twigs, etc., ornamented outside with lichens, greenish or grey

bark, cobwebs, ete. They are mostly fixed firmly in a fork of a branch, or riding on

some twigs.

The eggs have no similarity whatever with those of M. guttula, being greenish

white and with a loose ring of brown and grey spots near the thicker end, altogether

much resembling small eggs of the corresponding variety of Lanius collurio. The

clutches consist of three eggs each. They measure 21:1 : 15, 21:5 : 16, 21 WD os

2I: 15:6, 21:9: 15:3 mm. ESH?

27. Monarcha aruensis Salvad.

Fergusson. These birds agree entirely with skins from Nicura and Mailu in

British New Guinea. They are easily distinguishable from M. melanonota from

Dutch New Guinea by their smaller bill, and are also well distinguishable from M.

chrysomelas of New Ireland, while M. kordensis Meyer is quite a different bird.

E. H.

28. Edoliosoma mülleri Salvad.

Two males and a female from Fergusson Island. The iris in both sexes “ hazel.”

The male of this species hardly differs from that of Æ. tenuirostre except in the

greater massiveness of the bill. The female differs more, according to Salvadori.

E. H.

29. Lalage karu (Less.).

Fergusson Island. Iris in both sexes “ hazel.”

30. Pitta finschi Rams. (?).

A third skin from Fergusson Island agrees perfectly with the two described Nov

Z00L. II. p. 61. I have nothing to add about the birds to what I said there.

Two eggs were found on October 16th, 1894,

( 243 )

They are creamy white, heavily blotched and spotted with purplish brown and

bluish grey.

Measurements: 31:9: 24:5 mm. E. H.

31. Collocalia fuciphaga (Thunb.).

Fergusson and Kiriwina, Trobriands. Wings 116—117 sam. E. H.

32. Collocalia esculenta (L.).

Kiriwina and Woodlark. Wings in specimens from the former island 95—100

mm., in those from the latter 101—103 mm. E: H.

33. Podargus intermedius Hartert.

In the December meeting of the Brit. Orn. Club I described this interesting

new form, of which Mr. Meek sent a small series from Fergusson and Kiriwina,

Trobriand group. These birds are represented in grey and rufous phases, the latter

being sexed as females, the former as males. The iris is described on the various

labels as “ brick-red," dull red, and hazel. Nests with one egg each were found in

November and December on Fergusson Island, and a young bird was found there in

January. The nests are curiously tiny structures, resting on the branches. They

are of a somewhat triangular form, measuring only about 4 to 51 inches across. They

are composed of only a few pieces of vines, twigs, and grass, loosely put together, and

one can easily read through them if held over a book. They are much less of a nest

than that of a turtle-dove. The eggs are dead white, equally rounded on both ends,

rather thin and fragile, and measure 39:4 : 27:6 and 40:3 : 28:6 mm. When held

against the light they shine through greenish yellow. Both sexes seem to breed, as

both were shot from the nests. The nestling was evidently not hatched long before it

was found, but the rectrices, wing-feathers, and scapulars, as well as some feathers of

the spinal and pectoral tracts, begin already to show. ‘The little thing is sparsely

covered with whitish downy feathers, the back, sides of body, and abdomen being very

thinly covered. The nostrils stand out rather tubular. The stomach is full of insect-

remains. Doei

34. Eurystomus australis Sw. and 35. E. crassirostris Scl.

Both these rollers were shot on Fergusson Island. The iris of both species is

described as “ hazel.”

36. Scythrops novaehollandiae Lath.

Both sexes, Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands. “Iris red." One of the two sent

is marked d,the other 9. In the latter the bill is more than 1 em. longer than in

the one marked d, and the wing is 3 em. longer as well ! E. H.

37. Cacomantis insperatus (Gould).

Fergusson Island. — * Iris hazel.”

38. Centropus nigricans Salvad.

Fergusson Island. “ Iris red.”

( 244 )

39. Ceyx solitaria (Temm.).

d. Fergusson Island. “ Iris black.”

40. Alcedo ispidoides Less.

?. Fergusson Island.

41. Alcyone lessoni Cass.

Fergusson Island. “Iris black.”

Nests were found in September and October. The eggs, of the usual form and

colour of kingfishers’ eggs, measure 23 : 19:3, 22:3 : 19:6 mm., and thereabouts.

E. H.

42. Halcyon sanctus (Vig. & Horsf.).

Fergusson, Kiriwina in the Trobriand group, and Woodlark Islands. “ Iris

hazel."

43. Halcyon saurophagus (Gould).

Yanarba Island, Egum group. “ Iris black.”

44. Syma torotoro Less.

d 2. Fergusson Island. “Iris hazel.” The under parts of the four specimens

before me are rather darker cinnamon-rufous than usual. As Sharpe (Cat. B. XVII.

p. 197) justly says, the throat and abdomen are paler in S. torotoro; in those from

Fergusson Island, however, I find the throat but very little paler, and the abdomen

not at all so. Among seventeen skins before me from New Guinea and Waigiou I

find the abdomen only as dark in one single specimen. I suspect, therefore, that the

Fergusson Island birds are subspecifically different, but I cannot find any other

differences, E. H.

45. Halcyon macleayi Jard. & Selby.

A female, Kiriwina, Trobriands, “ Iris dark hazel.”

46. Halcyon sordidus colonus subsp. nov.

Halcyon formae H. sordidus typicus dictae affinis, sed multo minor. Culm. 46

(nee 60) mm., al. 89—93 (nec 112) mm.

Hab. ** Egum group” (subspeciei typus), “ Louisiade Islands.”

Two skins, a male and a female, from Egum Island differ widely from H. sordidus

from Northern Australia and the Aru Islands, in being decidedly smaller and appa-

rently also darker, especially on the head, though this may be due to the freshness of

the skins, The loral spot is not white, but pale buff; the concealed spot on the nape

very distinet and pale buff; the collar on the hind-neck rather broad; above and

behind the eye an indication of an eyebrow. Tail 70 mm.

This very distinct form might stand as a species; but the differences being of a

nature suggesting the occurrence of local variation in a similar direction, and, except

the size, not being striking, it is perhaps safer to at once regard them as of subspecifie

importance only. The skin “n” in the British Museum (ef. Sharpe, Cat. B. XVII.

p. 279) belongs also to this form, which will doubtless be found on many more islands.

The iris is given by Mr. Meek as “ hazel.”

( 245 )

Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. II. p. 159, named the Aru birds Sauropatis

grayi (descr. nulla!); but from glancing at them in the British Museum I could

not see any differences from Australian specimens. E. H.

47. Lorius hypoenochrous G. R. Gray.

Fergusson, Trobriands, and Woodlark. “ Iris red.” Sexes quite alike.

48. Cyclopsittacus virago Hartert.

Fergusson Island only. See Nov. Zoot. II. p. 61.

49. Loriculus aurantiifrons meeki Hartert.

Fergusson Island only. See Nov. Zoor. II. p. 62.

50. (?) Nasiterna pusio Scl.

Fergusson Island. Two males and some nestlings from Fergusson Island are

rather small, have a bluish tinge on the breast, hardly any yellow on the under parts,

and the forehead and sides of the head not so orange, but rather browner. They

differ, however, from each other a little, and I am therefore in doubt whether they

belong to a distinct local form, or whether they are merely immature specimens.

I am not at all sure that the specimens from the Duke of York group and from

“S.E. New Guinea” are fully the same. The type has been described from the

“Solomon Islands,” which was evidently wrong. E. H.

51. Geoffroyus aruensis (Gray).

Evidently not rare in Fergusson Island. Iris in both sexes very pale yellow,

sometimes nearly white ; feet and legs dark grey. E. H.

52. Eclectus pectoralis (P. L. S. Müll).

Evidently common on Fergusson and Kiriwina, Trobriands. The (green) males

have the iris mostly marked “red,” some “yellow.” The (red) females also have

these two colours marked on the labels as those of their irides. E. H.

53. Cacatua triton trobriandi (?).

A female from Fergusson Island has the wing only 263 mm. ( = 104 in.), which

is decidedly less than the length of the wing of C. triton. Salvadori (Cat. B. XX.

p. 119) says: “ The specimens from the Western Papuan Islands, and especially from

the Aru Islands, are generally smaller than those from the mainland, and have even

been separated specifically as C. macrolopha Rosenb.; but I do not think that we are

justified in accepting this view, especially when we consider the great range of

individual variation." Dr. Finsch, in his interesting book Samoafahrten, p. 208, says

that the natives in the Trobriand Islands brought to him * lebende Exemplare einer

eigenen kleinen Kakaduart mit gelber Haube, Cacatua trobriandi Finsch.” This

name he considered afterwards (Salvadori, l.c.) as a synonym of C. triton.

No description of “ Cacatua trobriandi Finsch ” has ever appeared. Most likely

the Fergusson Island cockatoo belongs to the same form as that from Trobriand. It

is still smaller than those from the Western Papuan Islands, Salwatti, Mysol, etc., the

( 246 )

wing measuring only 267 mm., while Mysol specimens have the wing 280 mm. long,

and the wings of those from Dutch New Guinea in Mr. Rothschild’s Museum measure

320 to 330 mm. The bills differ in proportion. It seems to me, and I have no doubt

that a large series with exact localities stated will prove beyond doubt, that the

birds from the Western Papuan Islands form a well-marked subspecies, C. triton

macrolopha Rosenb., and that the birds from Fergusson, Normanby, and Trobriand

Islands are separable as another subspecies, to which the name trobriandi might be

attached. E. H.

54. Ninox goldiei Gurney.

Fergusson. “Iris and feet yellow.”

N. goldiei has been described from “S.E. New Guinea.” Unfortunately many of

Goldie’s skins had no exact locality, though most of them were collected by Hunstein.

The locality “S.E. New Guinea” may have been erroneous, as in the case of

Phonygama hunsteini (vide supra). Mr. Meek has now sent a number of skins of this

owl from Fergusson. Two of them I sent to Mr. J. H. Gurney, who kindly compared

them with the three in the Norwich Museum, and who wrote: “I compared your

two skins with the three at our Museum, with which they are clearly identical, but

your pair are on the whole a trifle smaller than ours, and they certainly are a shade

darker on the back.” After measuring all Meek’s specimens it is evident that they

are not smaller than the types, one having the wings even longer than the types.

The wings vary from 208 to 223 mm., the males being smaller. The shade of colour

on the back differs in darkness. Mr. Sharpe has suggested that N. terricolor Rams,

is identical with N. goldiei, but there is hardly a character in Ramsay’s description

(Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. IV. p. 466) that is found in N. goldiei, which is also very

much larger. Some of our birds have white spots on the wing-coverts, others not.

The breast is more or less mixed with white, and of a more or less deep rufous colour.

E H.

55. Astur etorques (Salvad.).

Mr. Meek has most diligently collected a series of extremely interesting hawks

on the several islands, and we must be very thankful for that, but the study of these

specimens has proved to be very difficult, and took a long time. There are before

me three females and one male, all adult, from Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands, which

are all, undoubtedly, the same species ; further one, probably adult, male and a young

female in first plumage from Fergusson Island, and one not quite adult female from

Woodlark Island. These latter I believe to belong to the same form, and I am of

opinion that all these birds are Astur etorques (Salvad.). (See Orn. Papuas. I.

p. 49, Addenda ILI. p. 508, ete.)

All the specimens from the Trobriands are evidently adult birds, two shot from

their nests. All, except one, show indications of, or even well perceptible, though

faint, eross-barrings on the abdomen, and a greyish wash on the chest.

The females have the wings 268, 270, and 251 mm., the latter evidently younger,

being more barred and of a darker rufous colour below. All these females have

distinctly barred under wing-coverts, one of them having the latter washed with a

bluish grey, a kind of “bloom” of the latter colour being perceptible everywhere

below. The male has only very faint indications of bars below, and hardly any on the

under wing-coverts. Its wing measures 220 mm. The ground-colour of the under

parts of all these is vinous rufous in different shades, some being darker, some paler

( 247 )

and more vinous. The throat in all is rather greyish vinous. The male from

Fergusson differs from all these in being much paler below, perceptibly barred. Its

wings are 215 mm. The young female from Fergusson is totally different. It is

brown above, whitish below, cross-barred with brown, but longitudinally marked on

throat and chest. Wing 260 mm. The female from Woodlark resembles those

from Trobriand, but the ground-colour below is of a deeper rufous, the bars more

distinct, the throat also with cross-markings. Wing 268 mm. The iris of all

these specimens is described as yellow. "The clutch is three eggs. They are of the

form and structure of eggs of other species of Astwr and Circus. They are of a

bluish white, like goshawks' eggs, and unspotted. If held against the light they

shine through dark bluish green. They measure 45:5 : 355, 45:0 : 35, 44 : 9376,

45 : 35:5, 33 : 35 mm.

Specimens of À. etorques from New Guinea agree with the specimens above

described.

Gurney separated a form of this bird from New Britain and New Ireland as

Urospizias dampieri (cf. Ibis, 1882, pp. 126, 453). I have before me in the Tring

Museum an unsexed bird, evidently a male, from New Ireland, and a young bird,

perhaps a female. The male has the wing 201 mm. In colour it agrees with our

specimens of A. etorques, except that the under wing-coverts are very light-coloured,

and the inner wing-lining is not greyish, but of a pale whitish cinnamon. — This pale

cinnamon inner wing-lining is also obvious in the young bird. From these two

specimens I should say that the New Ireland form, which would be A. dampieri, is

very closely allied to A. etorqwes, but not the same. Perhaps it may be subspecific-

ally distinct. (See A. B. Meyer, Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 4,

p. 25 1892-93, No. 3, p. 6.)

Astur griseigularis Gray from the Moluccas is very much like A. etorques, but

the throat is pure cinereous grey, sharply separated from the vinous breast, ete., and

there is a broad, though not sharply limited, band of vinous across the hind-neck.

I am not convinced as to the value of the genus Urospizias, but I hope that

before long we shall be enlightened about the genera of the hawks—a difficult and,

Iam afraid, not very satisfactory chapter. E. H.

56. Astur poliocephalus (Gray).

Fergusson Island. “ Iris hazel.”

57. Baza reinwardti (Müll. & Schleg.).

Fergusson Island. “ Iris yellow."

58. Pandion haliaetus leucocephalus Gould.

d ? shot from nest on Egum, July 25th. These two birds, shot from the nest,

differ in the colour of the head, the ? having the top of the head quite white, the

d having a number of broad longitudinal deep brown spots, especially on the

forehead. The wing of the d is 41 cm., that of the 9 43:5. (See anted, p. 178.)

The nest contained two eggs. "They are similar to the less-spotted varieties of the

European osprey, but one has a few hair-lines, which are extremely seldom seen in

European osprey eggs. They are not large, measuring 60:43 and 58:43 mm.

E. H.

( 248 )

59. Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieill.).

Fergusson Island. “Iris hazel.” Typical girrenera, with pure white head.

E. H.

60. Milvus migrans affinis (Gould).

Fergusson Island.

61. Falco ernesti Sharpe.

A large and very dark female was shot in Woodlark Island on August 3rd, 1895.

“Tris dark hazel.” (See antez, p. 18.) E. H.

62. Carpophaga vanwycki Cass.

Egum Islands. “ Iris red.” Wing 218—233 mm. E. H.

63. Carpophaga salvadorii Tristr.

Fergusson Island. (See Nov. Zoor. II. p. 63.) E. H.

64. Carpophaga zoeae (Less.).

Fergusson Island. “Iris white; feet and legs red.” The specimens from

Fergusson are quite like specimens from Dutch New Guinea, Jobi, German New

Guinea, and several places in British New Guinea. The metallic green line between

the vinous hind-neck and the deep chestnut back is more or less distinct. Dr. A.

B. Meyer (Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1891, No. 2, p. 13) has separated a form

from Kaiser-Wilhelmsland as C. zoeae orientalis, but I cannot see any differences

between our birds from Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and those from the other parts

mentioned above. The metallic green on the back is more or less developed in all;

the chin is not more white in any of my Kaiser-Wilhelmsland specimens; some

metallic greenish gloss is often visible on the breast-band, and not confined to skins

from German New Guinea. Therefore the validity of Dr. Meyer’s subspecies seems

very improbable to me. E. H.

65. Reinwardtoenas reinwardti griseotincta Hartert.

d. Fergusson Island. “Iris hazel.” In coloration similar to skins from

German and British New Guinea. Wing not measurable, because moulting.

E. H.

66. Caloenas nicobarica (Linn.).

The Nicobar pigeon was found in the Trobriand and Egum Islands. “ Iris bluish

white."

67. Ptilopus zonurus Salvad.

Fergusson Island. “ Iris light red." The sexes do not differ.

68. Ptilopus strophium Gould.

One d from Egum, agreeing with specimens from S.E. New Guinea, but with

the bill about 3 mm. longer. “Iris red." Salvadori, Cat. B. XXI. p. 135, gives the

iris as “ yellow " on the authority of “ Ingham.” E. H.

( 249 )

69. Ptilopus superbus (Temm.).

Kiriwina, Trobriands. “ Iris yellow.”

70. Ptilopus lewisi vicinus Hartert.

See Nov. Zoo. II. pp. 62, 63, where I described this subspecies from Fergusson

Island. In a later collection we received it also from Kiriwina, Trobriands.

E. H.

71. Macropygia doreya cinereiceps Tristr.

1 d and 2 9 from Fergusson Island are termed as above with some hesitation.

The females seem not to differ from the females of the allied forms, but the male

is less distinctly barred on the breast than two males of M. doreya from Hatam,

Arfak, and there is a little more grey on the crown and nape; but we have a male,

evidently quite adult, from Ansus, May 6th, 1875, which has on its label, in Salvadori’s

handwriting, “b. Macropygia doreya var. griseinucha Salvad. Typus. Bruijn.”

This bird does not differ from our Fergusson male except in a slightly more purplish

hind-neck, a character which is changeable individually, and in having the breast

slightly more distinctly barred, but nobody would think of deseribing this slight

difference if they came from the same locality. This Ansus specimen is evidently

specimen x. of Salvadori’s list in Orn. Papuasia III p. 155, where it is said that

it belongs to M. doreya, not to M. griseinucha, which is said to be confined to

Miosnom, though this “typus " is from Ansus! If this Ansus bird is true M. doreya,

then my Trobriand bird is certainly scarcely even a subspecies of it. I strongly

suspect that M. cinereiceps, M. griseinucha, and probably also M. goldiei will have to

be classified as subspecies under M. doreya, if that. E.H.

72. Chalcophaps stephani Rchb.

Fergusson Island. See Nov. Zoor. II. p. 64.

73. Chalcophaps chrysochlora Gould.

Fergusson and Kiriwina, Trobriands. “ Iris hazel.” March 10th and April 18th,

nests with two eggs each. In one clutch one egg is much more yellowish and

measures 98:5 : 20°5 mm., while the other, whiter one, measures 29:3 : 21:6.

E. H.

74. Porphyrio melanopterus Bp.

Kiriwina, Trobriands, and Woodlark Island. “ Iris red, hazel in young birds."

Sharpe, Cat. B. XXIII. p. 203, calls this species Porph. smaragdinus Temm.,

but this is, in my opinion, wrong. Temm., Pl. Col. 421, figures a bird with the

thighs of a lighter blue than the abdomen, while in the species under discussion they

are of a deeper colour. Temminck’s bird has a deep bluish green back, and he

describes it as having “le dos, les ailes et la queue, d'un bleu noirâtre à légère nuance

verdätre,” but our bird has a black back. Moreover Temminck states that his species

has been diagnosed by Horsfield under the name of P. indicus, and that it inhabits

the lakes of the islands of Java and Banda. Now our bird does not live in Java, nor

is it, as far as I can make out, recorded with certainty from Banda. It is said by

Sharpe to live “throughout the Moluccas,” and though this is probable, there are

many of those islands where it has not yet been found. Therefore the name

( 250 )

P. smaragdinus cannot be used for our bird. The next oldest name in Sharpe's

synonymy is P. vitiensis Peale. This applies to the Fiji form, and as that seems to

differ, at least subspecifically, from our birds, it cannot be strictly applied to them, so

that P. melanopterus Bp.,* or more likely P. vitiensis melanopterus, will in future be

the proper nomenclature of this form. W. R.

75. Esacus magnirostris Geoff.

Woodlark Island.

76. Squatarola helvetica (1..).

Fergusson Island.

77. Totanus hypoleucus (L.).

Fergusson and Trobriands.

78. Demiegretta sacra (Gm.).

Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands, Woodlark Island. “Iris pale yellow.”

79. Tadorna radjah (Garn.).

Fergusson Island. “ Iris hazel.”

80. Megapodius macgillivrayi Gray.

Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands, where these birds were common. “The iris is

hazel.” The pullus is brown below; throat and abdomen lighter, and tinged with

rusty rufous. Dark brown above; interscapular region tinged with slaty olive, rump

with deep rufous; secondaries, wing-coverts, and scapulars barred with light rusty

brown.

The eggs vary somewhat in colour, some being more rufous, some paler, some

more brownish, but pure white when the coloured upper surface is rubbed off or comes

off through decay. Some regular ones and two smaller varieties measure 84 : 56,

93 : 55, 87-5 : 55, 95 : 55, 83 : 54:5, 89:6 : 51 mm. E. H.

81. Micranous leucocapillus (Gould).

Egum and Woodlark Islands.

82. Sterna bergii Licht.

Woodlark Island. Wing 350 mm.

83. Sterna dougalli Mont.

d ad. Woodlark Island, August 3rd. Wing 216 mm.

It may be useful for persons working with Mr. Saunders’ key to the species of

the genus Sterna (Cat. B. XXV. p. 41) to state that there must be a mistake in the

line * a’. Size larger; wing never less than 9:5 in.” In the description of Sterna

dougalli, p. 73, the wing is given 9:25, though this species falls under a’ in the key.

In fact the wing of Sterna dougalli is not merely 9:25, as given (evidently from one

skin) in the description, but about 8&3 to 9:5 in. It is a custom very convenient to

the writer, and very much in use among the best ornithologists, to describe and

measure one typical specimen ; but this practice is most inconvenient for the student

using their books. E. H.

We append lists of the species sent from each island. Forms described as new

* Temm. is not the author.

from Mr. Meek’s collection are marked with an asterisk.

without numbers have been first discovered on the islands where they are

( 251 )

enumerated, but not sent from there by Mr. Meek.

OmongsSu-gtmzf

FERGUSSON.

. Corvus orru.

Gymnocorax senex.

. Manucodia comrii.

Phonygama hunsteini.

Paradisea decora.

Calornis metallica.

Cracticus cassicus.

. Pachycephala dubia.

. P. fortis.

. Chibia carbonaria.

. Melilestes fergussonis (*).

. Ptilotis spilogaster.

. P. analoga.

. Philemon

novaeguineae

subtuberosus (*).

. Myzomela forbesi.

. Dicaeum rubrocoronatum.

Anthreptes meeki (*).

. Cinnyris christianae.

. C. frenata.

. Pseudogerygone conspicill.

Rhipidura setosa.

. Monarcha melanopsis.

M. guttula.

M. chalybeocephalus.

. M. aruensis.

. Edoliosoma miilleri.

Lalage karu.

Pitta finschi (?).

. Collocalia fuciphaga.

. Podargus intermedius (*).

. Eurystomus australis.

E. crassirostris.

. Cacomantis insperatus.

. Centropus nigricans.

. Ceyx solitaria.

Alcedo ispidoides.

. Alcyone lessoni.

Halcyon sanctus.

. Syma torotoro.

. Lorius hypoenochrous,

. Cyclopsittacus virago (*).

. Loriculus

aurantiifrons

meeki (*).

. Nasiterna pusio (?).

. Geoffroyus aruensis.

5. Eclectus pectoralis.

Cacatua triton

andi (?).

Ninox goldiei.

trobri-

. Astur etorques.

A. poliocephalus.

. Baza reinwardti,

Haliastur indus girrenera,

. Milvus migrans affinis.

Carpophaga salvadorii.

. C. zoeae.

9. Reinwardtoenas reinwardti

griseotincta.

. Ptilopus zonurus.

P. lewisi vicinus (*).

. Macropygia doreya cine-

reiceps,

. Chalcophaps stephani.

. Ch. chrysochlora.

Squatarola helvetica.

Totanus hypoleucus,

Tadorna radjah.

Bab

nano

. M. chalybeocephalus. | 4

. Collocalia fuciphaga. | 5.

. C. esculenta. | 6

. Podargus

. Scythrops novaeholl. |

2. Halcyon sanctus. |

. H. macleayi.

. Lorius

. Eclectus pectoralis.

. Astur etorques.

. Caloenas nicobarica. |

. Ptilopus superbus.

. P. lewisi vicinus,

. Chalcophaps chryso-

. Porphyrio melanop- |

. Totanus hypoleucus.

23. Demiegretta sacra.

. Megapodius macgilli- |

TROBRIANDS,

Manucodia comrii.

. Calornis metallica. 1.

. Cracticus cassicus.

Pachye. fortis trobri- | 2

andi (*).

. Cinnyris christianae. | 3

Monarcha inornatus.

interme- |

dius.

CA]

hypoeno-

chrous. 10

(Cacatua triton tro- |

briandi.)

chlora.

terus.

vrayi.

11.

WOODLARK.

(Myzomela forbesi.) 1.

M. chalybeocepha-

us.

. Collocalia escu-

lenta.

. Lorius — hypoeno-

chrous.

4. Astur etorques.

Falco ernesti.

. Porphyrio melan-

opterus.

. Esacus magniros-

tris. |

. Demiegretta sacra.

. Micranous leucoca-

pillus.

. Sterna bergii.

St. dougalli.

2. H.

. Carpophaga

Some in brackets and

now

EaGUM.

Haleyon sauro-

phagus.

sordidus colo-

nus (*).

. Pandion haliaetus

leucocephalus.

van-

wycki.

. Caloenas nico-

barica.

. Ptilopus stro-

phium.

. Micranous leuco-

capillus,

ON SOME SPECIES IN A SMALL COLLECTION MADE ON THE OWEN

STANLEY MOUNTAINS IN THE KAIARI AND ORIORI DISTRICTS

BETWEEN MOUNTS ALEXANDER AND NISBET IN JANUARY 1896.

1. Manucodia orientalis Salvad.

I have received several Manucodia from S.E. New Guinea, which belong un-

doubtedly to M. orientalis. This form has recently (Ann. Mus. Civ. XXXVI. p. 103,

1896) been separated from M. chalybeata; but Dr. A. B. Meyer had already, on

two occasions, noticed some differences between North-Western and South-Eastern

M. chalybeata.

I am sorry to say I have no material of the true M. chalybeata worth speaking of,

but have no doubt that M. orientalis is merely a subspecies of it. W. R:

2. Astrarchia stephaniae Finsch.

“ Eye dark brown; bill deep brown ; feet dark grey.” Some shot 6000 feet high.

WaR:

“ Live on fruits and insects.”

3. Epimachus meyeri Finsch.

6500 and 6000 feet high. “ Iris bright blue in both sexes; bill black; feet very

dark grey." Native name “ Dadai.” In moult in January. WIR:

4. Drepanornis albertisii cervinicauda Scl.

In moult.

5. Parotia lawesi Rams.

Both sexes, some in moult. “Eye yellow, blue-black ball; feet and beak black.”

W.R:

6. Phonygama purpureoviolacea Meyer.

Partly moulting in January. The iris is described as “ pink,” and on another

label as “ dark yellow.” W. R.

7. Loria loriae Salvad.

A magnificent male was procured on the “ Sakeytanumu range, Kaiari district,”

6900 feet high, on January Ist, 1896. The native name is given as “ Kunukupaiva,”

the iris as brown, feet as dark green, bill as black. “Lives on fruit." This male

agrees very well with De Vis description, but less with the figure in the /bis, which

does not show the brilliant colours.

There is no doubt, I think now, that L. loriae and Cnemophilus mariae are

identical. As Salvadori’s name was published first, his name must stand. I also

agree with him that Sclater's note in the Ibis, saying that the females of some allied

species were very similar, was not justified, since, on the contrary, in several instances,

we find the females to differ more obviously than the males.

As mentioned before (see ante“, p. 13), I have a skin of this bird which came

with other trade-skins, and, to judge from the preparation, must have come from some

part of North-Western New Guinea. It has the wing slightly more greenish than

the type (which Mr. Hartert examined when it was in England for being drawn for

the Ibis), but it does not differ at all from the bird now received from the mountains

of S.E. New Guinea. W. R.

8. Amblyornis subalaris Sharpe.

In moult. “ Eye brown, black ball.”

9. Pomareopsis bruijni (Salvad.).

We have now also received females of this rare bird, while formerly we had only

males.

Anted, p. 14, I omitted to give my reasons for adopting the generic name

Pomareopsis. It was done because I was not convinced that this bird is a true

Grallina. The tarsus, which is very strongly scutellated in the Australian Grallina,

is covered by one lamina, only showing some more or less indistinct divisions at the

lower end. The wing is distinctly more pointed in Grallina. The feathering on

the rump is fuller and richer in Pomareopsis. The sexes differ remarkably in the

colour of the under parts. E. H.

10. Peltops blainvillei (Less. & Garn.).

A Znir from Oriori. Mr. de Vis, in a “Report on Ornithological Collections "

written in June 1894 (date of publication not exactly known to me), “ proposes” to

separate some birds he received from British New Guinea as P. minor. Salvadori, in

an article in the Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, Vol. XVI., of which he most kindly sent

separate copies to his friends, says that he thinks specimens from S.E. New Guinea

cannot be separated. The question is, whether De Vis’ specimens belong to the same

form as those of Salvadori? In reading De Vis’ remarks it seems to me that he had

immature birds, which he tried to separate from old ones, but that he did not compare

birds from S.E. New Guinea with those from other parts of New Guinea. A curious

fact is that De Vis says his birds are smaller than usual, while Salvadori's were larger !

In fact our birds (we have several more from S.E. New Guinea) are also averaging a

little larger than those from Dutch New Guinea, but some of the latter are just as

large. De Vis’ measurement of the wings is 92 mm., while our above-named old

S.E. New Guinea specimens have the wing in the male 112, in the female 107 mm.

The iris Anthony describes as “ rose-colour "; bill and feet black. De Vis speaks of

the “crimson of the back” being “ more or less mixed with black-centred, white-edged

feathers”; but the back in P. blainvillei is never crimson, but black, the rump and

upper tail-coverts only being red above. Probably De Vis’ expression was incorrect,

for if his birds really had crimson backs he would have emphasised that fact, I should

say. E. H.

11. Microeca flavovirescens Gray.

Oriori. In no way distinguishable from one collected by Guillemard in Jobi

Island. E. H.

12. Poecilodryas albifacies Sharpe.

Oriori. 9. “ Iris dark grey ; feet bright yellow." De Vis’ Monachella viridis is

undoubtedly this species. E H?

13. Monarcha periophthalmicus Sharpe.

Oriori. The young bird, as already mentioned by Meyer, Zeitschr. f. ges. Orn.

III. p. 15, has the occiput and nape longitudinally spotted with black. E. H.

( 254 )

14. Arses henkei A. B. Meyer.

Both sexes from Mount Victoria, Sogere, and Oriori. These birds are distinct

enough from A. teleoscophthalmus, but I have none from Aru to compare, with which

Sharpe and Salvadori formerly united the S.E. New Guinea bird that Meyer named

A. henkei. (Zeitschr. f. ges. Orn. III. p. 16, pl. iii.) E. H.

15. Ptilotis polygramma (Gray).

Oriori district. Dr. A. B. Meyer, Zeitschr. f. ges. Orn. III. p. 24, speaks of

some apparent differences of South-Eastern specimens from such of North-Western

New Guinea. Salvadori declares he cannot find differences. I have no material for

comparison at present. E. H.

16. Ptilotis visi Hartert.

Two from Oriori, confirming the notes of myself (anted, p. M5) and of Mr. Grant

in the Ibis, 1896, p. 251. E. H.

17. Lorius erythrothorax Salvad.

One skin only, shot on January 16th in the Oriori district. It is marked 9 ‚and

I believe it to be immature. The hind-neck is more green than blue, the feathers

being green with deep blue edges ; the feathers of the interscapulium are green with

broad dark blood-red borders. A purplish blue band across the crop-region (often

indicated in L. erythrothorax); the abdomen mixed purplish blue and green, the basal

parts of the feathers being green. The under wing-coverts red, mixed with green and

with a little blue. The tail, seen from above, is green at base, then red, the tip

purplish blue; between the purplish blue tip and the red band is a green area, often

confined to the inner webs. In Professor Mivart’s wonderfully illustrated Monograph

of the Lories, p. 52, the tail is described wrong, as he evidently forgot to look under

the upper tail-coverts.

Dr. A. B. Meyer described a Z. salvadorii from Astrolabe Bay, German New

Guinea, which differs from L. erythrothorax in its blue under wing-coverts. I have

one before me from Simbang, German New Guinea, collected by Capts. Webster and

Cotton, which has the under wing-coverts blue, slightly intermixed with red! Another

skin from the same place is a typical L. erythrothorax, but there are a few blue tips

to the red under wing-coverts, a character also visible in a supposed skin of

L. erythrothorax from an uncertain locality in the Tring Museum.

I have no doubt that L. salvadorii, and perhaps also L. rubiensis, will be no

more than subspecies when more material has come to hand. E. B:

18. Cyclopsitta suavissima Scl.

“ Iris dark brown.”

19. Trichoglossus massena Bp.

“ Iris yellow.”

20. Eos fuscata Blyth.

A male and a female, February. The male is very red, the female in a transition

from the yellow to the red phase. “ Iris of both sexes yellow.” Dr. A. B. Meyer has,

iu the Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Orn., 1886, p. 6, separated the S.E, New Guinea form from

( 255 )

that inhabiting North-Western New Guinea, naming it Eos incondita. Salvadori, in

the Cat. B., has not recognised that form as distinct, and it seems to me impossible

to maintain it, there being a great deal of variation in this species, even among

individuals from the same countries. BAER

21. Psittacella madaraszi Meyer.

One male, January, Oriori district, 3000 feet. “Iris pink.” Wing 94 mm.

22. Psittacella brehmi pallida Meyer.

A female from Oriori is like females of Ps. brehmi typica from Arfak, but the

throat and the sides of the head are paler and more greenish. (See anteà, p. 18.)

E. H.

23. Microdynamis parva (Salvad.).

An adult male, Oriori, January 20th, 1896. “Iris dark brown; feet dark grey;

bill black." This is, I believe, the first adult male of this rare bird which reached

England, E. H.

A FEW ADDITIONS TO FORMER NOTES.

By ERNST HARTERT.

ale

B an unfortunate mistake I left out of the list of birds collected by Mr. Everett

in South Celebes a most interesting species : —

Malia grata Schleg.

A series of this bird was collected on Bonthain Peak at elevations of about

6000 feet. However, it is not only that a new locality is added for this rare species,

but I think that our specimens prove that Malia recondita Mey. & Wiglesw.,

described Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1894-95, No. 4, p. 1, is no species. It was

described without comparing the only known specimen from South Celebes,

merely judging from the descriptions of Schlegel (Not. Leyden Mus. II. p. 165 and

VI. p. 175). No doubt, I think, Schlegel had a moulting or somewhat imperfect

specimen, or his description, and specially his measurements, are incorrect, for our

South Celebes specimens agree exactly with the one described by Meyer &

Wiglesworth as M. recondita.

The principal differences of M. recondita are said to be :—

(1) Tarsus shorter (46 mm.), with seven scutellae in front, while there are eleven

scutellae in the type of M. grata. Our Bonthain specimens have from eight to only

four or five distinct scutellae, the upper ones being entirely fused in some. I know

several instances where the young bird has more scutellae than the old one, as they

fuse with age, Therefore this is not a good character. My tarsus-measurements give

me 42 to 46.

(2) Sixth primary longest, fifth and seventh equal and one millimetre shorter

( 256 )

than sixth, while in M. grata the fifth is longest, the sixth nearly as long as the fifth,

the seventh 4:5 mm. shorter. In my specimens the fifth and sixth are equal, the

seventh hardly 1 mm. shorter. A little aberration would soon alter this proportion.

(3) Bill 1 mm. longer from the forehead. My birds vary for 1 mm. in the length

of their bills, besides that the bill-measurements of different ornithologists often vary

for a millimetre, more so those from the angle of the mouth.

(4) Wing 3} mm. longer. My wings measure 138 to 141 mm.

(5) Some slight differences in colour, which, taken from the comparison of the

description of one M. grata and one specimen of the supposed M. recondita, I do not

consider important.

I am glad to say Dr. A. B. Meyer has kindly informed me, in litt., that he does

not consider M. recondita different any more, and that we thus agree on this point.

The sexes do not differ, except very slightly in size. I cannot give the exact

measurements, as my females have abraded wings and tails. Tarsus of female 3 to

4 mm. shorter.

Of Dicaeum splendidum (see p. 167) specimens were also collected in Saleyer.

The occurrence in Celebes is therefore much more probable. The list of Saleyer birds

thus reaches No. 41.

Ante?, p. 18, a specimen of Falco severus Horsf. was mentioned without alluding

to the fact that Meyer & Wiglesworth had separated the New Guinea form as

Falco severus papuanus in Abh. und Ber. Mus. Dresden, 1892-93, No. 3, p. 6.

I have now, since I found that description, compared our New Guinea specimen

with skins from Darjiling, Java, Mindoro, and one from Lotta in North Celebes (the

latter in poor condition), and the only difference I can see is the more uniform and

blacker colour of the central rectrices above in the New Guinea skin.

Those from Ceylon (one) and from Darjiling (one) are a little paler on the back

and rump than the one from New Guinea, but the two from Mindoro and the one

from Celebes are, except on the tail, equally black above. The one from Celebes has

no central rectrices. A critical and detailed article on the local forms of Falco severus

is promised by Dr. Meyer.

(257)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FINCH FROM THE WEST

INDIES.

By ERNST HARTERT.

Melopyrrha taylori sp. nov.

Speciei M. nigra dictae similis sed major, d nitore metallico minuto. Long.

tot. er. 145; al. 70—72 (M. nigra, 64—66); caud. 65—68 (M. nigra, 53—54) ;

culm. 14—15 (M. nigra, 12); tars. 17—18 mm.

Hab. Grand Cayman.

This species resembles JM. nigra of Cuba, but is decidedly larger, and has

much less of the metallie bluish green steel-gloss of M. nigra. A fine series was

collected on Grand Cayman by Mr. C. B. Taylor of Jamaica, to whom I dedicate this

species. Cory and others have already recorded this bird from Cayman, and it is to

be wondered that they did not separate it from the Cuba form, as they described some

species from Cayman which are hardly more distinet than this, and as our American

friends cannot, as a rule, be blamed with “lumping.” The adult female is strongly

washed with brownish grey and without gloss. Young birds of both sexes are ashy

brown. I do notthink the genus Melopyrrha can be upheld, but I use it for the

present, without being able to go critically into the question.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CYANOPS FROM NORTH

CACHAR.

By E. C. STUART BAKER, F.Z.8.

ANY years ago, when writing an article on certain of the barbets to the Bengal

sporting paper the Asian, I drew attention to the fact that certain birds of

this genus in North Cachar were coloured very remarkably. At that time I considered

these birds to be merely abnormally coloured specimens of C. asiatica, but a further

study of the subject and a better knowledge of their distribution have convinced me

that these birds belong to a separate species. I propose to name this barbet Cyanops

rubescens, its principal characteristie being the predominance of red tints in its

plumage.

Description of the type-specimen : Nasal feathers black ; forehead crimson, a

narrow vertical line dull golden yellow, succeeded by another line of black, which

extends on either side down the sides of the occiput, gradually widening as it reaches

the nape; whole nape and hind crown crimson, changing gradually into the colour

of the back ; supercilium, lores, ear-coverts, chin, and throat blue, as in C. asiatica ;

a small crimson speck at the gape ; upper back, scapulars, and inner secondaries grass-

green, broadly margined with dark bright maroon-red ; remainder of wing coloured

like that of C. asiatica; lower back and rump brighter grass-green ; upper tail-

( 258 )

coverts the same, bordered with maroon ; tail, upper surface green, lower aspect blue.

A large crimson patch below the blue of the throat, not clearly defined but encroach-

ing on the breast ; remainder of lower surface bright yellowish grass-green— far more

tinged with yellow and of a much brighter tint than are the same parts in C. asiatica. —

much smeared and splashed with brilliant scarlet crimson, particularly so on the

breast and under tail-coverts. Bill greenish yellow, base of maxilla and basal half of

culmen almost black; gonys darker green; irides dark brown; orbital skin dull

orange; legs dull dirty green, claws almost black.

Length about 8.75; wing 3.”75—3.’85 ; tail 2."5; bill from gape 1."24. Inaddi-

tion to the differences in coloration, this bird seems to be decidedly smaller than

C. asiatica, with a proportionately longer bill.

I give comparative measurements of my proposed C. rubescens and four C. asiatica

taken from the same district :—

C. rubescens. C. asiatica. Average.

ib | 2. 3. | 4.

Culmen along curve . 1.1 0.190 0.96 0.195 0.91 0.93

Ditto straight , . 0.195 | 0.79 0.788 orse | 0."8 0.”84

Commissure from gape qd 1.16 116 || 1.27 1/719 1.21

Wing . 5 : S RPR 4."2 4.2 | 4,15 4” 4."14

Tail . : à . 2."5 2."87 | 3.26 | 2.196 2.86 2.199

This species seems to be confined to the very highest ranges in the east of

the Cachar hills, not descending below 3500 feet, below which it is replaced by

C. asiatica.

In the Asian I mentioned the fact that I had obtained specimens intermediate

between C. asiatica and C. rubescens, but further investigation has shown me that

such are merely young birds of the latter species, and I have no fully adult birds

which are not easily assignable to the one or the other. Moreover the habitat of the

species is different. C. asiatica does not ascend above 4000 feet, and is not often

found much over 3000; whereas C. rubescens is a bird of lofty elevation, seldom

occurring below 4000, and never, I believe, below 3500 feet.

Blanford (Fauna of B. I. Birds, Vol. III.) says: “ Males from the Cachar hills

are said to have the mantle-feathers and upper tail-coverts tipped with maroon, and

the under tail-coverts splashed with vermilion." I wrote to him about this, and in

the answer which he kindly sent to me he says that his remark was made on the

strength of what I wrote in my article in the Asian above referred to.

The type-specimen of this species is now in the Hon. W. Rothschild’s Museum

at Tring.

( 259 )

DESCRIPTION D’UNE NOUVELLE ESPECE DE LA

FAMILLE DES TROCHILIDAE.

Par E. SIMON.

Thalurania balzani sp. nov.

T. nigrofasciata Gould, cui valde affinis et subsimilis est, tantum differt

magnitudine minore, capite supra obscure cupreo-viridi minus nigricanti,

corpore subtus parte viridi haud nigro-cincta, parte cyanea distinctius violaceo-tincta

et imprimis subcaudalibus ommino albis.

Le Thalwrania balzani E. Sim., très voisin du T. nigrofasciata Gould, s'en

distingue à première vue, comme de tous les autres Thalurania, par ses sous-caudales

entièrement blanches.

Le dessous du corps est analogue à celui de T. nigrofasciata, si ce n’ est que la

partie verte, arrondie en arrière, est un peu moins prolongée sur la poitrine et non

entourée d'une bande noire et que la partie bleue est plus fortement teintée de violet

quelle ne l'est généralement (mais non toujours) dans l'autre espèce.

En dessus les plumes de la tête sont d'un vert euivreux sombre, moins noirátre.

Le dessus du corps et la queue sont semblables dans les deux espèces; les rectrices

externes de 7. balzani sont peut-étre un peu plus étroites que celles de 7. nigro-

fasciata; le bec est relativement un peu plus long et la taille de l'oiseau un peu

plus faible.

Trois specimens (deux dans ma collection, le troisieme dans celle de Mr.

Rothschild à Tring) m'ont été envoyés des Yungas de Bolivie, par M. le Dr. Balzan,

professeur à l'université d’ Asuncion.

J'ai pensé un instant que ce Thalurania pouvait être le T. jelskii Taez., décou-

vert à Soriano (Pérou) par Jelski, mais la description de Taczanowski indique

plusieurs différences: on y lit en effet,” “gorge jusqu'à l’épigastre squamuleuse d'un

vert clair sans reflet jaunâtre propre à l'oiseau précédent " (T. nigrofasciata); et plus

loin, “ sous-caudales d'un noir bleuätre bordées de blanc”; tandis que chez T. balzani

le vert de la gorge est le méme que celui de T. nigrofasciata et que les sous-caudales

sont entièrement blanches.

D' autre part Elliot, qui à pu étudier le type du 7. jelski? Tacz., dit que cet

oiseau ne diffère absolument de T. nigrofasciata que par la taille un peu moindre,f

sans tenir compte du caractère des sous-caudales indiqué par Taczanowski.t

* Ornithologie du Pérou, p. 295.

T Voici au reste ce qu'en dit Elliot dans son Synopsis, p. 101 : “ This (T. jelskii) is a diminutive of the

T. nigrofasciata ; and there is absolutely no difference between the two except in size. I compared the

type with specimens of nigrofasciata, and could distinguish no difference, save that the 7. jelskii was a

little smaller.”

I D'après Taczanowski le 7. jelskii differerait surtout du nigrofasciata par ses sous-caudales noires

et frangées de blanc, tandis que dans l'autre espéce elles sont entiérement noires.

( 260 )

ON THE EXTINCT BIRDS OF THE CHATHAM ISLANDS.

Part IL.—THE OSTEOLOGY OF PALAEOLIMNAS CHATHAMENSIS

AND NESOLIMNAS (Gen. Nov.) DIEFFENBACHIT.

Bx C. W. ANDREWS, F.G.5.

(Plates IX. and X.)

\INCE the publication of the first part of this paper (anted, pp. 73-84), dealing

with the osteology of Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi, there has appeared a memoir

by Professor A. Milne-Edwards,* containing descriptions both of that bird'and also of

Palaeolimnas (Fulica) chathamensis Forbes, a large extinct coot. As the title

implies, questions of geographical distribution are largely dealt with, but the structure

and affinities of the two species just named are also considered in some detail, and

numerous figures of various portions of their skeletons are given. Unfortunately the

material at the author's command was far from perfect, and in one instance a serious

error has resulted, the pelvis figured (Pl. XI., fig. 7, and Pl. XIL, figs. 1, 2) as that

of Diaphorapteryx being quite unlike it, but, judging from the figures, belonging to

some Anserine bird. The actual pelvis of Diaphorapteryx is shown in figs. 1, 2, and 3

of Pl. IX. of the present paper.

On the question of the geographical distribution of these flightless birds Professor

Milne-Edwards arrives at different conclusions from those expressed in Part I. He

apparently regards such forms as capable of supplying evidence as to the former distri-

bution of land and water as valuable as that derivable from mammals and batrachians,

and considers that the presence of similar types of such birds on two land-areas

remote from one another implies a former land-connection between them. From this

point of view, however, it seems that a sharp distinction should be drawn between

birds which, except for the reduction of their wings and sternum, are true Carinatae,

and are easily referable to their systematic position in that group, such as Didus and

Cnenviornis, and those flightless forms included in the Ratitae, which, leaving

entirely out of account their wing-reduction, present numerous primitive characters

which render it, at least, highly probable that they reached their present degenerate con-

dition a very long while ago. Only the latter of these two divisions appears to be of

value in questions of ancient geography, since, as already pointed out, the presence

of members of the former class on islands is capable of explanation without the aid of

land-connections. Thus, if any close affinity is proved to exist between the Aepyorni-

thidae, Casuariidae, and Dinornithidae, it might be regarded as strong evidence that

the lands they now inhabit were once united; while, on the other hand, in the case

of the existence of such similar forms as Aphanapterye and Diaphorapteryx, in

Mauritius and the Chatham Islands respectively, we are probably dealing with

parallel modifications of recent date.

* “Sur les Ressemblances qui existent entre la Faune des Îles Mascareignes et celle de certaines fles

de l'Ocean Pacifique Australe," Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Zoology), Ser. VIIT., Tom. II. (1896), p. 117,

Pls, XI.—XV.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IX AND TZ

Plate IX. Fr

Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi.

Figure 1. Pelvis from side.

ga. m , below.

3. 2295 above:

Palaeolimnas chathamensis.

Figure 4. Skull from above.

a Os , and mandible from side. $

6. , from above (specimen in which the supra-orbital depressions

are only slightly marked).

7. Pelvis from above.

8 » from side.

4 9. Coracoid anterior surface.

0. 3 posterior surface.

(All the figures three-fourths natural size.)

Plate X. :

Palaeolimnas chathamensis.

Figure 1. Sternum from side.

>! 5 from below.

(Three-fourths natural size.)

Nesolimnas dieffenbachii.

Figure 3. Skull from side.

s ud , from above.

5. Sternum from below.

7 6: 5 from side.

7. Coracoid from front.

8. Fureulum.

4, 9. Humerus.

„ 10. Pelvis from above.

ze le » from side.

, 12. Femur from front.

„ 13. Tibio-tarsus from front.

„ 14. Tarso-metatarsus from front.

UE]: EU from behind.

(Natural size.)

896

Novitates ZooroGcicze. Vou. II] 18s

latural 21

s. imp

J.Green del.et bth

rà

55.1 3. DIAPHOF

Fig

Fiss

)

ATAT TIN

AMO LI

I op ws ee

Novrrares Zoorocrcz.Vor.Ill.1896

J.Green del.et lith

Figs.1-2.PALAEOLIMNAS CHATHAMENSIS. $Natural Size

Figs. 3-15. NESOLIMNAS DIEFFENBACHI. Natural Size

( 261 )

OSTEOLOGY OF PALAEOLIMNAS CHATHAMENSIS Forges.

In the large collection of fossil bird-remains from the Chatham Islands at the

Tring Museum bones of a large coot are very numerous. The credit of first drawing

attention to this extinct form is due to Dr. H. O. Forbes,* by whom it was regarded

as indistinguishable from Fulica newtoni of Mauritius. The same author also

recorded T the presence in these deposits of a second larger form, to which he gave the

name Fulica chathamensis. Subsequently he pointed out a number of cranial

characters distinguishing these fossils from recent species of Fulica, and he therefore

established a new genus, Palaeolimnas,t for their reception. Milne-Edwards, in the

memoir above mentioned, accepts this generic separation of the Chatham Island coots,

but considers that there is only one species, the differences in size being merely due

to individual variation, a conclusion fully confirmed by examination of the very large

series of specimens at Tring. The same author has also pointed out a number of

characters by which the Chatham Island bird is distinguished from F. newtoni, and

Forbes second name, Palueolimnas chathamensis, is therefore adopted.$

Although many portions of the skeleton ofthis bird have already been figured

and described by Milne-Edwards, it does not seem necessary for that reason to omit

all aecount of such an interesting form from the present paper, especially since the

opportunity of examining a nearly perfect individual skeleton will enable me to

supplement the previous description to a considerable extent.

The skull (Pl. IX., figs. 4, 5, 6).—The skull of Palaeolimnas is on the whole

extremely similar to that of recent species of Fulica, the chief differences pointed

out by Forbes and Milne-Edwards being—(1) the great antero-posterior curvature

of its upper surface; (2) the large size of the supraorbital impressions; (3) the

inflation of the frontal region. Apart from these main differences, there are, how-

ever, a number of less obvious ones, some of which may now be referred to. In

Palaeolimnas the occipital surface is considerably wider, and, owing to the greater

development of the lambdoidal ridge, is better defined than in Fulica atra or

F. cristata. Moreover the paroccipital processes are larger, and there is a well-marked

supra-foraminal ridge ; on the other hand, the occipital crest is less developed than

in the recent forms, and the foramen magnum is wider in proportion to its height.

Looking at the skull from above (fig. 4), it will be seen that the convexities in the

parietal region caused by the cerebral hemispheres are considerably less prominent

than in Fulica atra; but the most remarkable feature is the bevelling away of the

orbital margins, apparently caused by the large size of the supraorbital glands. As

Milne-Edwards has stated, the two impressions meet in the median line between the

orbits like the sides of a roof. In many instances the actual crest of the ridge has

a narrow groove running along it and extending to the anterior end of the frontals ;

this is apparently the remnant of the frontal suture. Although this arrangement

seems to be the usual one, there is a very considerable range of variation in the

degree of development of the glandular impressions, and if the extremes of the series

only were known, the different types of skull might well be referred to distinct

* Nature, Vol. XLVI. (1892), p. 252.

T Loc. cit.

t Ibis (1893), p. 544.

§ Remains of a large extinct coot, nearly equal in size to the present species, have been discovered

by Hamilton in a fissure in the limestone at Castle Rocks, Southland, New Zealand, This species (Fulica

prisca Hamilton) is probably identical with, or very similar to the present form.

( 262 )

species. A skull in which the impressions are feebly developed and separated in the

middle line by a considerable interval is shown on Pl. IX., fig. 6.

In Fulica cristata there is scarcely a trace of these supraorbital impressions, and

the interorbital region of the frontals is concave from side to side; in F. atra, on the

other hand, the margins of the orbits are distinctly bevelled off, and the interorbital

portion of the frontals is thereby narrowed. In both these birds the frontals are

somewhat inflated and filled with fime diploé, but to the greatest extent in F. atra,

which, both in this respect and in the bevelling away of the margins of the orbits,

comes midway between F. cristata and Palaeolimmas.

In the view of the skull from the side (fig. 5) it will be seen that the temporal

fossa is both larger and more sharply defined than in Fulica, and the postorbital

processes are also better developed. The curvature and depth of the frontal bones

which results from the thickening and lateral compression they have undergone

is also well shown. The interorbital septum is precisely like that of Fulica.

The beak is identical in structure with that of the recent coots, but seems to

have been directed somewhat more downwards; its upper surface near the junction

with the frontals is roughened, as if for the attachment of the base of the frontal

shield.

Seen from below the skull differs from that of Fulica in the form of the basi-

temporal platform, which is here slightly concave from side to side, instead of being

flat, or even a little convex. In the palate the only differences observable are that

the maxillo-palatine plates are relatively rather larger, and for a short distance are

in contact below the vomer.

The mandible (fig. 5) closely resembles that of the common coot, but the

posterior angular process is a little more prominent, and the upper surface of the

internal angular process bears a larger pneumatic foramen.

The dimensions of the skull and mandible are :—

Palaeolimnas. Fulica atra. F. cristata,

A. B.

Total length of skull * B D : 5 9 77 77 65 mm. 62 mm.

Length of beak . = A F à ; ` 51 51 38 „ 96 „

Length of narial opening . " : E À 25 25 [8 TEY ei

Width at paroccipital processes . 6 . . 23 22 1905 20

Width at postorbital processes . 5 : : 28 | 29 24 25

Width of interorbital region of frontals . 3 9 11 8 10

Total length of mandible . : 5 7 : 73 — 59 „ 55

| Length of mandibular symphysis : ` è 10 — 10 8

Only twelve cervical vertebrae (with fused ribs) are preserved in the skeleton

here described, but two, probably the eighth and ninth, seem to be wanting, bringing

the total up to fourteen, as in most specimens of Fulica ; and except that the ridges

and processes are better developed in Palaeolimnus, there is no important difference

to be noted between the vertebrae in the two genera. The dorsal region in the

present specimen is also imperfect: probably it consisted of a single cervico-dorsal

and seven free dorsals. The length of the centrum in one of the anterior dorsals

is 10 mm., in one farther back 12 mm.

The ribs are relatively much thicker than in Fulica. The sternum (Pl. X.,

figs. 1 and 2) is on the whole very similar to that of Fulica atra, but differs from it

in several particulars; for example, the spina externa is rather broader and more

* Taken from the occipital condyle to the tip of the beak. Specimen A is that belonging to the

complete skeleton, and is figured on Pl, IX., figs, 4 and 5, Specimen B is figured Pl. IX, fig. 6,

( 263 )

prominent, and the antero-lateral processes are relatively larger. Moreover the keel

has undergone considerable reduction, its height being to the length of the sternum

in the middle line as 15 to 100, while in F. atra and F. cristata the proportions are

as 25 and 23 to 100 respectively. The inferior border of the keel is straighter, and,

in some specimens, it dies away somewhat farther in front of the posterior extremity

of the sternum than in the recent forms. The xiphoid processes are rather broader

and the lateral notches are frequently unsymmetrical.

From the sternum of F. newtoni as figured by Newton & Gadow* our

specimen differs in (1) its undivided prominent spina externa with a sharp

ventral ridge (as in F. atra); (2) in the greater reduction of the keel. On the

other hand, in the straightness of the lower edge of the keel the two resemble one

another.

In the specimen figured there are five pairs of articulations for sternal ribs, but

in others there are six, the small additional pair being anterior to the others, on the

side of the antero-lateral processes. The coracoid grooves are a little more widely

separated from one another than in F. atra.

In the following table the dimensions (in millimetres) of three sterna of Palueo-

limnas, together with those of Fulica atra and F. cristata, are given :—

| Palaeolimnas. | F. atra. F. cristata.

A BE EG

Width between the ends of the antero- | | |

lateral processes . : ` j : 43 41 | 43 31 31 |

Width at narrowest point . 27 29 | 27 21 20 |

Extreme length (from spina e. æterna to end |

of xiphoid process). 93 | 84(2) | 87 (?) | 75 75

Length in middle line (spina externa

included) . 80 77 | 78 | 67 65

Height of keel. : ; A h 5 12 | 15 | 13 | 17 15

Specimen A is the one figured on Pl. X., figs. 1 and 2. It will be seen that

although in most of its dimensions it is the largest of the three, its keel is the least

developed.

The coracoid. (Pl. TX., figs. 9, 10) differs from that of F. atra in possessing a

stouter shaft and a more prominent hyosternal process (processus lateralis); the

clavieular process also is relatively rather larger. The dimensions of the figured

specimen are: length, 48 mm. ; width of lower extremity, 22 mm.

The scapula is wider in the blade than in F. atra, but is otherwise similar.

The dimensions of the scapula associated with the figured coracoid are: length,

18 mm.; width of proximal end, 13 mm.; width at the middle of the blade, 6 mm.

In a scapula of F. atra the corresponding measurements are 60, 11, and 3°5 mm.;

and in one of F. cristata 64, 11, and 4.

As far as one can judge from the disarticulated bones, the coraco-scapular

angle was about the same as in Fulica.

The fwreulum is closely similar to that of F. cristata, but the arms are some-

what thicker in proportion to their length, a somewhat remarkable point, since

reduction in this part of the skeleton usually accompanies a decrease in the power

of flight. The extreme length of each clavicle is 49 mm.

The humerus, and indeed the whole of the wing-bones, are considerably

** On Additional Bones of the Dodo and other Extinct Birds of Mauritius,” Trans. Zool. Soc.,

Vol, XIII, p. 292, Pl. XXXV., figs. 5-7.

( 264 )

shorter in proportion to the bulk of the body than in recent coots, although in

other respects they closely resemble the corresponding bones of those birds. Pro-

fessor Milne-Edwards has pointed out that the humerus differs from that of recent

species of Fulica in possessing a much larger and, especially, wider subtrochanterie

fossa, a longer pectoral crest, and a more prominent inner trochanter. It may be

added that the shaft of the bone is stouter in proportion to its length, the bicipital

surface (intumescentia processus medialis hwmeri of Fiirbringer) smaller and less

prominent, the median epicondyle larger, and the surface for the brachialis anticus

deeper than in the humerus of recent coots. To the corresponding bone of F.

newtoni there seems to be greater likeness; but in that species also, the subtro-

chanteric fossa, and in fact the whole upper end of the bone, appear to be relatively

narrower. The surface for the insertion of the pectoralis major is deep and rough,

and that muscle must have been a very powerful one.

The radius and ulna differ from those of Fulica merely in being considerably

thicker in proportion to their length.

The metacarpus is also much stouter than in the recent forms, and the various

grooves and tubercles for the passage or insertion of tendons are more strongly

marked.

The dimensions of the wing-bones in the skeleton described are :—

Palaeolimnas. F. atra. F, cristata.

Humerus : | | |

Length . s : A 5 : 3 o 95 mm. 80 mm. 78 mm. |

Width of upper end. t 3 2 2 : 200€ 16 7% 16 „ |

» lower end . : : : 5 . 140 01197 119 |

. middle of shaft. . $ ! ; Tun; D 5 y |

Radius :

Length . 5 : : : n 3 3 Tic. 6%) 5 612,

Ulna :

Length . : 5 5 9 © : 80 ,, TUN 66

Metacarpus : |

Length : : = e Die: | ADS Copes.

Width of upper end . 5 à A : 1 DIM | [s 9

qj middle of second metacarpal . : Tb, | 3b Baars

The pelvis (Pl. IX., figs. 7 and 8) differs from that of Fulica in unimportant

details only. Asin that genus, the pre- and post-acetabular regions are of nearly

equal length, and the pre-acetabular portions of the ilia join the crests of the neural

spines of the “ sacral” vertebrae for a short distance anteriorly and posteriorly only,

while in the middle they are narrowed and leave the ileo-neural canal open. Ac-

cording to Milne-Edwards, the anterior iliac fossae are larger than in Fulica newtoni.

The post-acetabular ilia, together with the sacral vertebrae, form a pelvic

escutcheon closely similar to that seen in F. atra, but according to Milne-Edwards

relatively more extensive than in F. newtoni. In the great prominence of the pro-

cesses overhanging the ischio-femoral surface there is a great likeness to the pelvis

of J. cristata, but the ilia do not narrow so abruptly behind these processes as in

that species. Posteriorly the ilia extend farther beyond the last fused caudal than

in F. atra; in this region their inner borders are straight and nearly parallel to

one another, and the space between them is very narrow. The ischiadie foramen

is relatively larger, more oval, and its long axis directed more obliquely downward

and backward than in F. newtoni and the other species examined. Posteriorly the

ischium bears a long outwardly directed process, the distal end of which doubtless

touched the pubis, but in all the specimens that element is imperfect. The

( 265 )

pectineal tubercle is short and blunt; immediately anterior to it is a very well

marked depression in the ilium.

In the specimen figured the most anterior of the fused vertebrae constituting

the sacrum bears a capitular facet for a fused rib. Behind this are four vertebrae

which unite with the ilium by their broad parapophyses. Immediately behind the

acetabulum is a single pair of sacral ribs, forming a thin buttress-like division

between the anterior and posterior renal fossae. The latter, as in other rails, is con-

tinued backward as a deep pocket-like depression, floored by the ilia, which are here

supported by four caudal vertebrae with very wide transverse processes.

The dimensions of the pelvis in millimetres are :—

Palaeolimnas. | F. newtoni, F. cristata. F. atra.

A. B |

Extreme length of the ilium — . á .| 109 110 | 90 78 76

Width at antitrochanters . : 37 35 | 29 26 25

Least pre-acetabular width Gati ‘middle of |

iliac fossae) . 3 . : 16 16 13 11 13 |

Length of sacrum o : 5 : 3 92 100 84 (2) 71 69

Specimen A is that figured in the present paper, specimen B that figured by

Milne-Edwards. The pelvis of F. cristata, measured by Milne-Edwards, was some-

what larger than the specimen of which the dimensions are now given, its length

being 84 mm.

The femur is very like those of the recent coots, and perhaps most nearly

resembles that of Fulica cristata. From the corresponding bone of F. newtoni it

differs, as far as one can judge from the figure, in the smaller size of the trochanter,

which rises less above the head. Moreover its shaft seems to be somewhat stouter in

proportion to its length.

The tibio-tarsus differs from that of F. newtoni in size and also in the greater

stoutness of its shaft, but in general structure it is very similar both to it and to

the tibiae of recent coots.

The tarso-metatarsus is also typically Fulicine, and when compared with those

of F. atra and F. cristata is found to differ only in unimportant details, e.g. its shaft

is rather thicker in proportion to its length, and the depression in the upper portion

of its anterior face is somewhat deeper and extends farther down the shaft; in

F. newtoni this bone is considerably more slender. The intermuscular ridges and the

grooves for tendons are strongly marked, and in all the specimens I have examined

the articular impression for the hind-toe is distinct, and although, as the measure-

ments given below show, this digit is rather shorter than in the recent coots, it is by

no means rudimentary. The other digits, as in Fulica, are very long and slender.

The dimensions of the bones of the hind-limb are :—

Palaeolimnas. F. atra. F. cristata. |

Femur: | |

Length . . : à : å 85 mm. 59 mm. 63 mm. |

Width of upper ‘end. : : : . 2015 120% 13 |

5 lower end . : > : ai 195 ll:5. 13 |

" middle of shaft. 2 . : a i 5 b:55,

Tibio-tarsus :

Length . EE ee 162 T; 108 ,, ii, |

Width of upper end. . 5 . . : 7a, TONES | I:

1 lower end . å 5 : ; aH TON 1055. | 11

" shaft . 5 E 5 : 5 1 9177 5, i

( 266 )

Palaeolimnas. F, atra. F. cristata.

| Metatarsus : | |

Length . : = : d 5 : 5 96 mm. 62 mm. 67 mm.

Width of upper end . D 2 ` . 6 160 102 la

| lower end . > ~ 9 6 : ITE LLES um

shaft . 4 c 5 z . : Bu 45, 5r

| Length of hallux . : A ó : : : 50 ,, 38°5 „ 40 ,,

2nd digit . : - : : > 100 68 ,, 72207

i 3rd „ NU M P ET 87 Ob es

| >» Ath „ Dy eee Ge oa at 11015) TA m Ch ates

In the case of Palaeolimnas all these measurements are taken from the nearly

complete skeleton. Examination of a number of isolated bones shows that a con-

siderable range of variation in size occurs. In the case of the femur the average

length of twelve specimens was 84, the maximum being 91, the minimum 80; the

average of twelve tibiae 162, maximum 169, minimum 155; average of thirty metatarsi

91:3 mm., maximum 99, minimum 85. If the length of the tibiae be taken as 100,

the lengths of the femur and metatarsus will be approximately represented by 52 and

58:5 respectively.

The hallux, as already mentioned, is somewhat reduced; the degree to which

this reduetion has taken place may be roughly estimated by taking the length of the

metatarsus as 100, and representing the length of the hallux as a percentage of it.

If this is done, the hind-toe of Palaeolimnas will be 52, that of F. atra 62, and that

of F. cristata, 60 nearly.

If the sum of the lengths of the bones of the leg be taken as 100, then the sum

of the lengths of the humerus, radius, and metacarpus will be about 64. In F. atra

the wing is very considerably longer in proportion to the leg, being represented by 82.

Of course these proportions cannot be taken as giving any exact measure of the flying

power, since the length of the leg may have increased without a proportionate addition

to the bulk of the body, and indeed, taking into aecount the considerable size of the

sternal keel and the deep impression of the insertion of the pectoralis major on the

crest of the humerus, it seems probable that Palaeolimnas may still have been

capable of heavy flight for short distances.

OSTEOLOGY OF NESOLIMNAS (Gen. Nov.) DIEFFENBACHII (Gray).

During a visit to the Chatham Islands about 1840 Dr. Dieffenbach obtained

a single specimen of a flightless rail, which was afterwards described by J. E. Gray *

under the name Rallus dieffenbachii. The same writer afterwards referred this bird

to the genus Ocydromus, and by Bonaparte it was included in Hypotaenidia, a position

which Gray himself subsequently adopted for it.

In 1872 Hutton f gave an account of another flightless rail of smaller size, also

peculiar to the Chatham Islands. This he first called Rallus modestus, but after-

wards established a new genus, Cabalus, for its reception. This species has been

regarded by some writers as the young of Dieffenbach’s bird ; but, as Hutton showed

in the paper cited below, this could not be the case. His opinion having been

endorsed by several writers, including Salvadori, Forbes, and Murie, this view has

now been abandoned. This being the case, it becomes necessary to consider the

* Dieffenbach's Travels in New Zealand, YI. Appendix, p. 197 (1843).

+ Ibis, p. 247 (1872).

+ Trans. N. Z. Instit. Vol. VI. p. 108 (1872).

( 267 )

systematic position of Rallus dieffenbachii. In the first place, it is clear that it can

only be referred to Rallus in the wide Linnaean sense of that term; and, in the

second, it is clearly not congenerie with Cubalus modestus, since the two are widely

different in many characters, both external and internal. The chief of these differ-

ences are—(1) the whole plumage of C. modestus is much looser than in R. dieffenbachii,

owing to the almost complete absence of barbules; (2) the beak is relatively much

longer and more slender in the smaller bird, and is less sharply decurved at the

extremity ; (3) the sternum in Cabalus modestus is very much more reduced, the

keel being almost obsolete, while in Dieffenbach's rail it is fairly well developed.

The general form of the bone is also different in the two species.

Hutton and Buller have both pointed out that, in the general style and

colouring of the plumage, R. dieffenbachi? is somewhat similar to Hypotaenidia,

but the difference in the form of the beak, in the proportions of the metatarsus, and

in many other osteological characters, exclude it from that genus; and for similar

reasons it cannot be regarded as an Ocydromus. This being the case, it seems

necessary to introduce a new generie term for this species, and I therefore propose

the name Nesolimmas, the only species of which is N. dieffenbachii.*

It is unfortunate that none of the bones of the type-specimen of this species

were preserved by its discoverer, but this deficiency can now be made good, since

in the collection at Tring there is an almost perfect skeleton which clearly belongs

to this rail, the form of the beak and metatarsus being identical with those of the

type. In addition to this valuable specimen, there are also skulls and other portions

of the skeleton of many other individuals.

The skull (Pl. X., figs. 3, 4) is very similar to those of Ocydromus, the so-called

Cubalus sylvestris, and Hypotaenidia celebensis, to which there is much greater

similarity than to the skull of the smaller H. philippinensis. In the cranial region

there is a very near approach to Ocydromus, the only noticeable differences between

the two being that in the New Zealand bird the lambdoidal ridge is a little more

prominent and the paroccipital processes smaller. In the larger size of these

processes, Cabalus (?) sylvestris and Erythromachus ave more similar to the Chatham

Island bird, to which the former of these species is also similar in its larger post-

orbital processes. In the base of the skull also there are no marked differences

from the same region in Ocydromus, although the basi-temporal platform may be

slightly less prominent and the pre-temporal wing rather more developed. In

Erythromachus the basi-temporal platform is much more prominent. The interorbital

region is almost exactly the same as in Cabalus sylvestris and Ocydromus.

The posterior portion of the margin of the orbits is truncated by the impression

of a supra-orbital gland, but to a less extent than in Ocydromus; in this respect,

and also in the greater width of the interorbital region of the frontals, Cabalus (?)

sylvestris comes nearest to the present species.

It is in the form of the beak that Nesolimnas differs most widely from the other

forms: the whole culmen is convex from before backwards, and the tip is sharply

decurved. In Ocydromus the beak is only slightly curved; otherwise in its relative

size and in the proportions of its narial and pre-narial regions it is very similar to

that of the present species.

* In Part I, not having had occasion to consider the systematic position of this bird, I followed recent

writers inemploying the name Cabalus dieffenbachii for it, and 1 am indebted to Professor Hutton for

drawing my attention to this point. Numerous measurements of the skeleton of this species have been

already given in Part I. under the name Cabalus.

( 268 )

In Cabalus sylvestris the beak is relatively much longer, and the same is the

case to a still greater extent in Erythromachus. In Hypotaenidia the nostril is

shorter and is continued anteriorly as a groove on the side of the beak.

Except for its greater curvature, the mandible is very like that of Ocydromus.

The posterior angular process is, however, a little more prominent. In the specimen

deseribed a short bony process projects backward from the symphysis between the

mandibular rami.

The dimensions of the skull described are given below (measurements of the

skulls of several other rails are added for comparison) :—

Nesolimnas Cabalus | Erythromachus Hypotaenid ia |

dieffenbachii. Coy anomie: sylvestris. -leguati. | celebensis.

Total length of skull * : : 70 79 82 104 | 70

Length of beak . : a 43 45 50 75 | 39

narial opening E : 25 25 21 | 43 17

X pre-narial portion. 14 15 19 29 | 20

Width at paroccipital processes . 20 21 19 19 | 17

postorbital processes . 24 25 24 21 | 22

Width of interorbital region of |

frontals . c 3 8 6 T5 7 5

Total length of mandible . 5 62 68 | 72 | 97 | 61

Length of mandibular symphysis 15 12 | 21 | 29 | 11

The vertebral column in the specimen described appears to be complete. It

consists of thirteen vertebrae with fused ribs (true cervicals) and nine with free ribs,

of which the anterior two are probably cervico-dorsals and the remaining seven true

dorsals : this vertebral formula is the same as that of Ocydromus and Hypotaenidia.

The individual cervicals are broader in proportion to their length than in Hypotaenidia,

and correspond most nearly to those of Ocydronvus, as indeed do the other vertebrae.

When the whole twenty-two free vertebrae are articulated in a straight line the column

measures about 167 mm. in length.

The paired catapophyses are well developed on vertebrae 6—10, and gradually

approach one another till they nearly enclose a carotid canal. On the 11th

they are replaced by a median haemapophysis which is repeated to the 17th, on

which it is bifid. The sides of the centra of 12—15 are perforated by pneumatic

foramina.

The sternum (see Pl. X., figs. 5, 6) is in many respects intermediate between

those of Ocydromus and Hypotaenidia. As in the former, the coracoid grooves are

separated from one another in the middle line by a considerable interval, which

is occupied by a deeply concave thickened border, the spina externa being quite

obsolete; in Hypotaenidia, on the other hand, the coracoid grooves nearly meet

in the middle line, and there is a well-developed simple spina externa. In the

height of the keel the sternum comes exactly midway between the two genera

mentioned. The reduction of the keel is accompanied by a shortening of the body

of the sternum, whieh no longer extends as far back as the xiphoid processes,

as in //ypotaenidia, and is irregularly notched in the middle line; the apex of

the keel, though thickened, is not bifid as in Ocydromus. Comparison of this

sternum with that of Cabalus modestus figured by Hutton shows that the

differences between them are very great, greater indeed than between it and the

sternum of Ocydromus. In Cabalus modestus the keel is almost obsolete, the

coracoid grooves more widely separated, the whole bone wider in proportion to its

* Taken from the occipital condyle to the tip of the beak.

( 269 )

length than in the present species; behind the last rib-facet it is much constricted,

so that at this point the width is only half that between the ends of the antero-

lateral processes.

In Erythromachus the sternum is remarkably similar to our specimen, but it is

a little longer in proportion to its width, the keel is rather more reduced, and

the anterior border is less deeply concave and somewhat longer.

The dimensions of the sternum associated with the individual skeleton here

described are given below, together with those of some other rails for comparison :—

| Nesolimnas | Erythromachus Cabalus(!) Hypotaenidia lo udr |

| | diefe nbachii. | leguati. sylvestris. celebensis, |V C roms,

Width between ends of antero- | |

| lateral processes . S c 22 mm. 26 mm. 25 mm. 20 mm. 29 mm.

Width at narrowest part . oy all 101. inb c 10 11

| Greatest length . ^ > 47 — 48 , AT 50

| Length in median line à 36 46 ,, 38 ,, TIE 10

| Height of keel (measured med

the inner surface to en

highest point) : ó 10 8 E m 12 7

The coracoid (Pl. X., fig. 7) is relatively more slender than that of Ocydromus,

and the lateral (hyosternal) process is much more prominent ; in the latter point the

coracoid of Hypotaenidia is more similar. The length of the coracoid is 25 mm.,

the width at the hyosternal process 9 mm.

The blade of the scapula is considerably more slender in proportion to its length

than in Ocydromus, but offers no important peculiarities. Its length is 38 mm.,

the width of the proximal end 7 mm.

The slender furculwm is U-shaped, and resembles that of Hypotaenidia, except

that the hypocleidium is much reduced and does not form any downward projection.

If straight lines be drawn from the lowest point of the fureulum to the upper

extremities of the arms, we find that the angle enclosed between them is about 45°.

In the case of Hypotaenidia, by the same method, we get an angle of 40°, and in

Ocydromus one of about 55^. This point is of some interest because these angles

give a fair measure of the degree of divergence of the coracoids, which commonly

tends to increase as the power of flight decreases, and we therefore see that in this

respect, as in the condition of the sternum, Vesolimnas comes nearly midway between

the flying Hypotaenidia and the flightless Ocydromus.

The slender humerus (Pl. X., fig. 9) is almost identical in form with that of

Ocydromus, but is perhaps a little more curved.

The radius and ulna are also like those of Ocydromus, and the metacarpus

differs only in the shortness of its fused first metacarpal, and in the somewhat greater

width of the interosseous foramen between the second and third; on the outer side

of the second, near its distal end, is a deep groove for a tendon which I have not

observed in the metacarpus of Ocydromus.

The principal measurements of the wing-bones are :—

Humerus : Radius:

Length . . 45 mm, Length . g : . 31 mm.

Width of upper ‘end | 9x ML d Ulna :

A lower end . Je Length . 2 : . 91

cf, shaft . s bag Metacarpus :

Length . C 25221

Width of upper ‘end Ge Ory

( 270 )

Comparison of these dimensions with those given in the table on page 80 of

the present volume shows that, although this bird is about the same size as

Hypotaenidia celebensis, the wing is considerably shorter than in that species,

although it is probably rather less reduced than in Ocydromus.

The pelvis (Pl. X., figs. 10, 11) is very like that of a small Ocydromus, but the

post-acetabular portion is relatively wider and shorter, and the ilia are more widely

separated posteriorly; from the pelvis of Hypotaenidia the differences are of the

same kind. The supra-acetabular ridge is less prominent than in either of the genera

just mentioned, but the process overhanging the ischio-femoral surface is well

developed; this surface is a much more quadrate area than in Hypotaenidia, and

even than in Ocydromus, being both higher, and, at the same time, shorter, from

before backwards. On the posterior margin the point of junction of the ilium and

ischium is marked by a shallow concavity only, as in Cabalus sylvestris and

Hypotaenidia, not by a deep notch as in Ocydromus. The pelvis of Cabalus

modestus is said to generally resemble that of Hypotaenidia philippinensis,

but to differ from it in the following points: (1) the ilia are not expanded

anteriorly, and (2) the ileo-neural orifices are obliterated. Since in Nesolimmas

the ilia are considerably expanded at their anterior end and the ileo-neural canals

are open, it appears that it also differs considerably from Cabalus in this part of the

skeleton.

The pelvis of Erythromachus is remarkably similar to that of the present

species, but is relatively somewhat wider, particularly in its posterior half. The

posterior renal fossae are shorter, the portion of the ilia forming the floor

of their hinder half being less developed and supported by the transverse pro-

cesses of two fused caudals only : in Nesolimnas and Hypotaenidia there are three

such vertebrae; in Aphanapteryx and Diaphorapteryx there are only two, as in

Erythromachus.

The dimensions of the pelvis are :—

| T Ey | Son |

Nesolimnas 3 | Hypotaenidia | Cabalus o |

| dieffenbachii. Ooydromus. UNA | m

Total length of ilia A : 5 5 56 mm. 66 mm. 51 mm. 57 m:

Width of ilia at narrowest point

(middle of iliac fossa) C : 5 1057 | DL 9 »

Width at antitrochanters . À : DIN | 27 ;, PP

Length of sacrum " : 5 ; 46 ., | DIN 89 ,, rf ji |

In form and proportions the femur (Pl. X., fig. 12) is closely similar to that

of Hypotaenidia celebensis ; it is much more slender and has a much less massive

distal end than the femur of Ocydromus.

The tibia (Pl. X., fig. 13) also is like that of H. celebensis, but is somewhat

stouter, thus approaching the corresponding bone in Ocydromus.

The metatarsus (Pl. X., figs. 14, 15), as usual, presents the most distinctive

characters, Comparing it viti that of H. celebensis, we find that, although it is

actually shorter, the shaft is considerably stouter, and the distal trochleae are slightly

more divergent; on the other hand, it is considerably more slender than that of

Ocydromus, and the distal end is relatively narrower. This metatarsus, therefore,

occupies a position on the line of modification which culminates in Aptornis, mid-

way between Hypotaenidia and Ocydromus.

(19720)

The dimensions of the bones of the leg are :—

| Ne. am nas | Hypotaenidia 355 Cahalus (2) |

| die fe nbachii. | ah Saar Ocydromus. EORUM |

Femur: | |

Length . : J : D 60 mm. 54 mm. 65 mm, 63 mm. |

Width of lower "end. x 4 5 ó 115 102, iE} Dp |

9 shaft . : : ; zl 4 Tum ieee m

Tibia: | | |

Length . ë ə : RTE 8e approx, 92 „ Chi p |

Width of lower end ; 1 : ' " 85 | 100 100 EI

57 shaft . a ° 5 5 s 4 „ $5, | 5 An |

Metatarsus : |

Length . : 3 : sl Zo A 50 DBE 515 |

Width of upper end. 6 3 © : Bu 7 lr 10

5 lower end . 5 A : Bass 1:55 120 10

" shaft . 455, 8:5 5 45,

If the length of the tibia be represented by 100, the femur will be 76, the

metatarsus 58. Again, if the length of the leg be taken as 100, the length of the

wing will be about 53. In Hypotaenidia and Ocydromus numbers arrived at by

the same method are 63 * and 46:5 respectively, so that in this case also Nesolimmnus

is intermediate between these two genera.

The toes are more slender than in Ocydromus, approaching those of Hypo-

taenidia.

From the above description it will be seen that in Nesolimnas we have an

annectant form linking the flying to the flightless rails. In its plumage, in the

condition of its sternum, and in many other points, it reminds us of Hypotaenidia,

while, on the other hand, in the reduction of its wings and the consequent modi-

fication of its hind-limb it approaches Ocydromus. The existence of such an inter-

mediate type seems to give strong support to the opinion expressed in Part I., that

the Ocydromine rails have originated from forms capable of flight at a comparatively

recent date and in the islands they now inhabit.

* In Part I. this proportion was slightly underestimated owing to the imperfection of the specimens

measured, and was given as 59:5.

(272 )

NEW SPECIES OF DREPANULIDAE, URANIIDAE, EPI-

PLEMIDAE, AND GEOMETRIDAE FROM THE PAPUAN

REGION,

COLLECTED BY MR. ALBERT S. MEEK.

By W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S.

Famity DREPANULIDAE.

1. Drepana fleximargo sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, dappled and suffused with grey-brown ; costal area pale,

the extreme costal edge dark brown, towards apex spotted with brown and paler

intervals; first line at one-fourth, pale and indistinct, outwardly toothed on the veins,

followed by a deeper brown shade; cell-spot round, black; outer line pale ochreous,

slender, straight, from inner margin at three-fourths to shortly before apex, where

it is acutely angled, runs inwards parallel to veins for a short distance, and is again

angled before reaching costa; veins within this line all pale ochreous; marginal

area brownish, above anal angle with a patch of mixed ochreous, grey, and blackish

scales; fringe reddish brown.

Hindwings: darker brown, except along costa, which is ochreous freckled with

brown and black; outer line of forewings produced across middle of hindwings,

slightly wavy, preceded by dark grey and blackish shading, and with the veins all

pale ochreous within it; marginal space deep brown, mottled with black, with a

hyaline space beyond the cell formed of two contiguous ovals, nearly touching the

central line, and bearing minute black raised scales; fringe dark brown.

Face and palpi bright red-brown ; vertex and shaft of antennae white ; terminal

half of shaft fuscous, the pectinations rufous; thorax and abdomen brown, the latter

becoming ochreous on anal segments. Underside pale yellowish ochreous, with coarse

dark fuscous specks and reddish and fuscous suffusion towards hindmargin ; the outer

line of forewings thick and dark, and not so near margin as on upperside ; inner

margin of both wings and apex of hindwings whitish.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, October 1894.

The costa of forewings is abruptly bent at two-thirds; the apex produced and

bluntly faleate; hindmargin with a blunt tooth between veins 2 and 3, with a

shallow excision above and below it. Hindwings with the apex at vein 7 prominent

and rectangular ; the hindmargin nearly straight.

The species bears a superficial resemblance to D. specularis Moore.

2. Drepana sera sp. nov.

Forewings: dull yellow, the markings obscure; a rufous spot on the upper

vertical arm of discocellular, and a white rufous-edged spot at the lower angle of cell ;

a rufous curved line near base, plainest on inner margin; a rufous outer line from

centre of costa to middle of inner margin, strongly outeurved and thickened opposite

cell, then oblique inwards; a submarginal curved line of blackish spots between the

veins, that opposite the cell most distinet and swollen; apical region suffused with

rufous ; fringe rufous from apex to middle, then yellowish,

( 273 )

Hindwings: with the three lines as in forewings, and with a rufous blotch at

end of cell.

Thorax and abdomen yellow ; face ferruginous above. Underside yellow, with the

outer line of forewings alone showing through.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, November.

3. Oreta (?) scintillans sp. nov.

Forewings : olive-ochreous, mottled all over with pale brownish; the mottlings

intensified and forming a curved line at one-third, and a diffuse shade in the middle ;

traces of dark spots towards hindmargin.

Hindwings : the same.

Face reddish ; antennae rufous; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Underside paler, with a dark fascia from near apex of forewings to inner margin

before anal angle, slightly marked across the centre of hindwings ; some black marks

in both wings towards hindmargin.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One $ from Fergusson Island, December.

The only example is considerably worn ; but even as it is, the upper surface bears

traces of being covered with glistening scales,

4. Teldenia nigrinotata sp. nov.

Forewings : snow-white ; a black dot below costa beyond middle; exterior line

grey, interrupted below costa and opposite cell, and running in strongly along the

second median to middle of wing ; preceded above and below the cell by two irregular

blackish blotehes in each case, and above inner margin by three; submarginal line

dark grey, formed of lunules, and bent, but not interrupted, above cell and on second

median: a marginal series of distinct black spots ; three costal black streaks before

apex ; fringe white.

Hindwings : the same; the central line twice sinuate, but not interrupted.

Face above and antennae brownish ; lower part of face, thorax, and abdomen

white. Underside entirely pure white.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One d, one ?, from Fergusson Island, October and November.

Famity URANIIDAE.

5. Urapteroides semiobsoleta sp. nov.

d. Forewings: white; costal streak dark fuscous, narrow at base, gradually

broadening till it meets the broad fuscous hindmargin ; extreme costal edge in middle

of wing dotted with whitish ; from middle of inner margin an erect ochreous fuscous

streak rises, not reaching the median vein; a faint ochreous spot on inner margin

beyond it. In the ? the first streak reaches the dark costal border, and the spot

beyond becomes a streak reaching the first median nervule; fringe fuscous.

Hindwings : white, with a broad blackish fuscous submarginal fascia from apex to

base of tail, bent round and narrowed to anal angle ; an ochreous fuscous straight fascia

from costa at one-third bent round to inner margin before anal angle ; two large oblong

black blotches, one in tail, the other before it towards anal angle ; fringe fuscous from

apex to base of tail, black from anal angle to tail, along upper part of tail white.

Palpi, face, and vertex white below, blackish above. Head, thorax, and abdomen

white. Underside white, with the costal and hindmargins fuscous as above; wholly

(274)

fuscous from anal angle of hindwing to tail; in with a fuscous blotch above

anal angle.

Expanse of wings: d, 50 mm.; 2, 52 mm.

Two dd, two 9 ?, from Fergusson Island, September to November.

Like U. pannata Feld., but that species has no trace of transverse lines or streaks

on the dise of either wing.

6. Stesichora quadripunctata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, with a small black blotch at apex, and some black dots on

costa at irregular intervals, but more numerous towards base.

Hindwings: white, with a black spot in the tail and a small black spot on the

margin below it; the hindmargin on either side of the tail with a fine black line.

Head, thorax, abdomen, and underside of wings all pure white.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One ? from Fergusson Island, December.

A pair unnamed are in the British Museum collection from New Guinea. Dis-

tinguished from S. puellaria Wlk. by the much smaller size and proportionately

broader wings.

7. Stesichora quadristrigata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, with three or four costal spots near base ; four erect blackish

lines from inner margin, none of them attaining the costa; first near base oblique

outwards; second parallel to first, from inner margin before middle; both these

lines end at the costal vein; third broader than the first two and slightly diver-

gent in direction, at the same distance from second as second from first, and not

reaching costal vein ; fourth from before anal angle parallel to hindmargin, reaching

only to middle of wing.

Hindwings: white, with three pale greyish fulvous streaks from costa, a

narrower one along inner margin, and two rows of fine strigulae towards hind-

margin, all fused in a dull fulvous cloud at anal angle; hindmargin with five black

spots, the two upper the smallest.

Head, thorax, abdomen, and all underside white; forelegs tinged with fuscous;

face quite narrow ; eyes large.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

Two ? ? from Fergusson Island, November and December.

Famity EPIPLEMIDAE.

8. Dirades annulifer sp. nov.

Forewings : dull grey, dusted with darker; a thick black ring on inner margin

beyond middle, to the edges of which two faintly darker oblique and curved lines can

be traced from the costa before and beyond middle; a series of minute submarginal

black dots on the veins hardly forming a line; fringe grey.

Hindwings: like forewings, the inner half darker, edged by a dark curved line

from middle of costa to inner margin above anal angle; fringe leaden grey, with a

dark pale-edged basal line.

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey, the anal tuft ochreous; vertex and shaft of

antennae white. Underside dull dark grey.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, April.

( 275 )

9. Epiplema angulata sp. nov.

Forewings : fuscous grey, much dusted with dark atoms ; costa dotted with black ;

first line very indistinct, curved, at one-third; second at two-thirds, obtusely angled

outwards below costa, and more acutely inwards opposite the cell, then vertical and

twice curved to inner margin before anal angle, where it is darkened and becomes

double ; a dark lunulate blotch before hindmargin opposite the cell.

Hindwings : with angulated basal line, two dark dots united by a sinuous line

on discocellular ; a double postmedian line from costa before apex to inner margin

above anal angle, obtusely angled in the middle above the lower tooth ; a dark lunate

line from upper tooth to below lower tooth, interrupted at the latter by a white dash.

Face dark brown; vertex, thorax, and abdomen pale grey. Underside pale,

freckled with darker grey ; both wings with obscure submarginal dark fascia.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Five d d, four ? ?, from Fergusson Island, October to December 1894, and one

d from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, April 1895.

The d d are uniformly paler, not so much dusted with dark atoms as the 9 9.

In the hindwings there is sometimes a trace of a dark central shade, most visible

towards inner margin. The single d from the Trobriand Islands is smaller than

the rest, with the markings darker and more definite; the hindwings with a black

discal mark interrupted by a white dash.

10. Epiplema angulata ab. illiturata ab. nov.

A single d from Fergusson Island, taken at the same time as all the rest, but

in quite perfect condition, differs so much that at first sight it appears to be a distinct

species; I describe it here as an aberration.

Forewings : pale grey, suffused with rufous ; costa spotted with black and ochreous ;

first line indistinct, curved, ferruginous, produced as a basal line across hindwings and

basal segment of abdomen ; second line obsolete; a double black blotch at anal angle

and some irregular dark marks along hindmargin.

Hindwings ; whitish grey, with the markings as in the type; the central area

with a band of rusty streaks ; marginal space brighter ferruginous, the sinuous sub-

marginal line edged internally with whitish ochreous and preceded by pale leaden-

coloured . scales.

Underside of both wings bright ochreous; the forewings entirely suffused with

dull brownish except along costa and inner margin and some submarginal lunular

spaces; the hindwings with a distinct submarginal brown fascia. Face and palpi

black. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish grey, the latter shaded with darker.

11. Epiplema coeruleodisca sp. nov.

Forewings: dull black-brown in d, uniform grey-brown in ? ; costa spotted

with black ; the lines curved, ferruginous edged with black; first at one-third, regu-

larly curved; second from costa before two-thirds, outwardly curved to middle, thence

nearly vertical to inner margin at three-fourths, where it is preceded by a blackish

blotch; marginal third in d more red-brown, becoming blacker round anal angle;

submarginal line in Ẹ thick, velvety black, from apex to tooth above anal angle; in

d fine, black, and wavy, edged on either side with ferruginous; fringe whitish, with a

waved black basal line ; a small white discal spot, more distinct in the d.

Hindwings: with an angulated ferruginous basal line and a curved dark-edged

( 276 )

postmedian line; a large oval discal ocellus, with ferruginous centre and black

margin, preceded in cell and followed as far as postmedian line by patches of blue

scales; two similar but smaller patches below the first median nervule ; marginal

area dusted with blue scales; submarginal line black, irregular, from upper tooth to

beyond lower tooth; the veins ferruginous; in the © the ferruginous tints are

absent, being obscured by the uniform grey suffusion.

Face dark brown; vertex, collar, and antennae pale ochreous; thorax and

abdomen brown. Underside of both wings dull grey.

Expanse of wings: d, 26 mm.; ?, 28 mm.

Two d d, one ?, from Fergusson Island, October to December.

The hindmargin of forewings is in this species somewhat irregular, being bulged

below apex and again below the middle; inner and hind margin both excised on each

side of the anal angle; hindwings with a tooth at end of veins 4 and 6.

12. Epiplema denigrata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, the costa minutely dotted with black; traces of four trans-

verse fasciae, denoted by ochreous-yellow patches; the fasciae lying at one-third, one-

half, and two-thirds respectively, the last being submarginal ; the patches forming the

fasciae are in rows along the submedian interspace, the cell, and above the subcostal

nervure ; the submarginal fascia consists of small spots between the veins.

Hindwings: the same, the first fascia being represented by a single yellowish

spot in middle ; towards the hindmargin are a few fine threadlike fuscous strigulae ;

a fine blackish marginal line between the teeth; fringe of both wings white.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white. Underside white; hindwings with faint

traces of some yellowish scales before the tails.

Expanse of wings: 24—26 mm.

Two d d, two 9 9, from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, March to May 1895.

Allied to E. nivosaria Wlk., ruptaria Moore, and fulvilinea Hmpsn.; distin-

guished by the entire absence of any black markings.

13. Epiplema grisea sp. nov.

Very much like Æ. moza Butler, from Japan, but dull purplish grey instead of

red-brown, and not speckled with darker atoms; costa of forewings dotted with black

and ochreous; the lines blackish, with a few blackish scales on either side. In the

hindwings only the inner-marginal area is slightly varied with dark scales; a curved

sinuous submarginal line from upper tooth to near anal angle, enclosing a darker

marginal cloud, is intersected by two white dashes. The hindmargin of forewings is

nearly entire, showing slight irregularity only just below apex.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One 9 from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, May.

14. Epiplema lacteata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, with short irregular ochreous fuscous transverse speckles;

costa thickly dotted with blackish ; first line indicated by three dull fuscous dots on

veins; a long dull fuscous cell-spot ; exterior line forming an oblique costal fuscous

streak, and a double darker fuscous blotch on inner margin, interrupted and exeurved

between, its course indicated only by irregular fuscous lunate blotches; a bilobed

fuscous blotch above middle of hindmargin, thinning off to apex ; a fuscous blotch at

anal angle,

(C20)

Hindwings: white, with a twice-angulated basal line; two ferruginous dark spots

at the ends of discocellular, often united together; a streak of close blackish atoms

down the middle of wing; exterior shade formed by two dark lines with pale fuscous

between them, angled outwards in middle; submarginal shade similar, but starting

below costa and ending above tail, while the exterior shade starts from costa and runs

to inner margin; apex and inner margin with dark striae ; two black marginal lunules

above the tail; the tail edged above with a fuscous streak projecting somewhat

inwards, with an ocellus below; fringe of both wings white, chequered with fuscous

opposite the fuscous shades.

Palpi and face deep dark red; antennae rufous; vertex, thorax, and abdomen

white, the last with greyish segmental markings. Underside white, the forewings

somewhat discoloured with cinereous.

Expanse of wings : 30—32 mm.

Three 9 9 from Fergusson Island, November and December.

Larger than Æ. conflictaria Wlk., with fainter markings; somewhat resembling

also E. cretacea Butler, from Japan.

15. Epiplema particolor sp. nov.

Forewings: grey, sprinkled with fuscous atoms;.the costa dotted black and

ochreous ; lines ferruginous and blackish; the first at one-third, oblique outwards

from costa, sharply angulated towards the discocellular, and marked by a blackish spot

below on the submedian fold; second from a dark costal spot at two-thirds, oblique

outwards to middle of wing, then inwards to a brown-black spot on inner margin at

three-fourths ; an incurved ferruginous and blackish submarginal line from below

apex to below middle; fringe chequered, light and dark grey.

Hindwings: pale straw-colour ; two dark basal lines and a costal blotch; disco-

cellular mark ferruginous and black, enclosing with the central chestnut streak a

wedge-shaped blotch of pale straw-colour with three or four brown dots on its inner

edge; postmedian line sinuous, dark brown, edged externally with pearl-grey,

angulated in the middle; its costal half with chestnut on either side, and another

lustrous line towards hindmargin; inner-marginal half of wing chequered with

fuscous streaks and dusting; a fine curved black line from upper tooth to below

lower tooth, sharply cut at the lower tooth by a white dash; fringe pale straw-

colour, mottled with darker between the teeth. In the 9 the ground-colour of

hindwings is dull suffused ochreous grey, like the forewings.

Face and palpi velvety black; vertex, thorax, and abdomen pale grey; basal

segment of abdomen blackish, the others marked with darker grey. Underside of

forewings dark grey; of hindwings pale ochreous, towards the hindmargin mottled,

and beyond the cell suffused, with dark fuscous ; in the 9 both wings are cinereous.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

Three d d, one 9, from Fergusson Island, October to December.

Somewhat resembles E. ochreofumosa Warr., from India.

16. Epiplema quadricaudata supproximans subsp. nov.

Differing from typical quadricaudata Wlk. only in the outer line of the hindwings,

which, instead of being curved into the anal angle, is at first nearly vertical from the

costa, and afterwards curves into hindmargin half-way between anal angle and the

lower tail.

Two d d, one 2, from Fergusson Island, November and December.

( 278 )

17. Epiplema sordida sp. nov.

Forewings: dirty whitish, freckled with fuscous atoms and strigae; costa dotted

with brown, and with two or three larger fuscous spots and blotches towards apex;

lines indistinct, the first denoted by fuscous spots on the veins, the second by an

oblique shade from costa ; submarginal shown by three or four brownish spots before

the subapical excision, which is shallow and reaches to middle of hindmargin.

Hindwings: with some darker indistinctly expressed markings down the middle ;

postmedian line pale brown, near the hindmargin, obtusely angled in the middle and

double from the angulation to the inner margin ; a diffuse fuscous cloud beyond it ;

a black curved marginal line from upper tooth to lower, where it becomes thicker and

is followed by a small dark spot ; fringes of both wings pale ochreous, except between

the teeth of hindwings, where they are blackish with a yellowish basal line.

Face and palpi deep red-brown; head, thorax, and abdomen white, the last with

two fuscous lines on the penultimate segment corresponding to the double postmedian

line of hindwings. Underside of both wings smoky ochreous brown ; the hindmargin

of hindwings paler, with a black dot before lower tooth.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Two d d from Fergusson Island, October.

18. Epiplema undulata sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish, densely irrorated and suffused with iron-grey ; the costa

darker, speckled with white and black; no first line visible; second line from three-

fourths of costa to inner margin before anal angle, blackish edged outwardly with

rufous, sinuous outwards to middle, where it forms a blunt tooth, then strongly

ineurved and again running outwards to a dark patch, which is contiguous to a rufous

patch at anal angle; a cloudy shade from costa before apex to anal angle; a sub-

marginal line formed of small black dashes between the veins; fringe rufous and

grey, with a dark basal line.

Hindwings: paler, but with the costal area much suffused with mixed fuscous,

olive, and rufous shades ; a dark curved antemedian line ; a double sinuous postmedian

line, the inner branch the thicker; a confused sinuous submarginal shade and a

double erenulate submarginal line of black lunules, edged with lustrous leaden scales;

fringe pale, becoming bronzy rufous in upper half of margin.

Palpi black; face grey; vertex and shaft of antennae white; collar blackish ;

thorax and patagia pale shining grey; abdomen dull grey, with the basal segment

black. Underside of forewings dark grey, dusted with pale along costa ; of hindwings

whitish, dusted with fuscous towards apex.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One ? from Fergusson Island, December.

Very much like Phazaca erosioides Wlk., which, however, has the hindwings

almost wholly whitish.

19. Gathynia albibasis sp. nov.

Forewings : cinereous, dusted with darker; the costa blackish; the lines dark,

the first at one-third, curved in middle, the second at two-thirds, slightly curved to

anal angle, the first edged internally, the second externally, with dull yellowish ; a

thin blaek submarginal line from apex, sharply angulated and incurved below apex

and not reaching inner margin ; fringe cinereous.

( 279 )

Hindwings : with the costa white, the inner edge of the white patch irregular ;

rest of the wing cinereous, with two curved darker lines edged with yellowish and

with some scattered black patches; submarginal line fine, irregularly denticulate

and edged with whitish towards apex. In the 2 the whole hindwing as far as the

submarginal line, except the inner-marginal area, is coal-black.

Thorax and abdomen cinereous; face and palpi blackish; vertex and shaft of

antennae snow-white. Underside dull cinereous, the hindwings paler.

Expanse of wings: d, 22 mm. ; ?, 24 mm.

Two d d, three 2 ?, from Fergusson Island, September to December.

Several dd from Fiji, and a © from Australia, either of this or a closely allied

species, are in the British Museum collection unnamed.

20. Gathynia nigrescens sp. nov.

Forewings: dark lead-colour, the lines thick, bronzy black; the first at one-

third, angled in midwing, with some yellow scales on the inner edge; the second

beyond two-thirds, nearly straight to inner margin before anal angle, followed by some

yellowish scales; fringe shiny, with a dark bronzy black basal line.

Hindwings : with the outer line consisting of round spots lying in a curve, and

edged with yellowish scales, and with some yellowish scales towards base.

Underside dull dark einereous. Head, thorax, and abdomen cinereous. The d

has the face, palpi, and anal segments of abdomen blackish.

Expanse of wings: d, 24 mm.; ?, 26 mm.

Two d d, three ? ?, from Fergusson Island, October to December. In the 9 ?

the costal area of forewings is sometimes speckled with paler.

The species is nearly related to G. longipennis Hmpsn. from the Nilgiris.

Platerosia gen. nov.

d. Forewings: elongate, narrow; costa slightly convex near base and before

apex, faintly indented in the middle; apex rounded; hindmargin obliquely curved,

subcrenulate, with a slight excision above anal angle; inner margin lobed at base to

near the middle.

Hindwings : nearly round, twice as broad as forewings; costa strongly fringed

except at middle; hindmargin crenulate, with a sharp tooth at veins 3, 4, 6, and 7 ;

inner margin developed.

Abdomen (d) long, extending beyond hindwings, with expansile anal tuft.

Antennae thick, lamellate, flattened; palpi porrect, slender; tongue absent;

frenulum stout ; the retinaculum at base of cell on the median vein; legs short and

stout; hind tibiae swollen, with four spurs.

Neuration: forewings, cell one-third of wing; discocellular very faint; first

median at two-thirds, second well before end of cell, third from end; the two radials

stalked with last subcostal ; third and fourth subcostals stalked ; second anastomosing

with first for a considerable distance, both rising towards base. Hindwings with cell

very broad ; discocellular very faint, at one-third ; the two subcostals from upper end of

cell; radial from about middle of discocellular; first median from near base, second

just before end of cell, third from the end.

Type: Platerosia rotundipennis sp. nov.

( 280 )

21. Platerosia rotundipennis sp. nov.

Forewings : white, covered with fuscous grey striations; two dark grey con-

tiguous blotches on inner margin at middle ; lines very indistinct ; first at one-third,

curved, running to first blotch ; second from the middle of costa, dark grey, running

obliquely outwards to the middle of wing, irregularly waved, then incurved to second

blotch ; a dark grey interrupted streak from costa before apex to hindmargin below

middle; a slight fuscous cloud at anal angle; fringe chequered white and dark, with

a fine but irregular marginal line.

Hindwings: with interrupted dark curved basal line, and a ferruginous

interrupted much curved postmedian line, with dark dots on the veins beyond it;

basal and marginal areas more striated than central space ; space below median vein

white, without striations, from base to margin; submedian fold with strong fuscous

striations ; a ferruginous fuscous submarginal interrupted line, running out into the

teeth.

Face, palpi, and collar dark brown; vertex, thorax, and patagia white ; abdomen

whitish at base, ochreous beyond inner margin, the fringe of inner margin also

ochreous; anal tuft blackish. Underside of forewings whitish, freckled with fuscous,

with a fuscous blotch along lower half of hindmargin; hindwings whitish, unfreckled,

with a curved fuscous marginal band from apex to middle, containing dark spots

between the veins ; outer tuft of costal margin fuscous. Fore tibiae and tarsi fuscous ;

the other legs ochreous whitish.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, December.

Famity GEOMETRIDAE.

SuBFAMILY OENOCHROMINAE.

22. Sarcinodes subfulvida sp. nov.

Forewings : reddish fawn-colour, deeper red beyond the outer line, the whole

surface obscurely speckled with fuscous ; basal line indicated only by a dark dot on

the median vein ; discal mark linear, oblique; an obscure dark central shade angulated

below costa and oblique to inner margin before middle ; a straight pale ochreous line,

with a dark edge outwardly and minute dark dots inwardly on the veins, from costa

before apex to inner margin beyond middle; submarginal line sometimes indicated

by two dark fuscous blotches opposite the cell; fringe dark red.

Hindwings : with the oblique line central.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside fulvous, space between

central and submarginal lines darker ; costa spotted with white, and with a violet line

below it; the apex white; veins with a row of white dots at edge of submarginal, and

a row of black ones along the oblique line ; hindwings at anal angle tinged with

violet.

Expanse of wings: 50—60 mm.

Three d d from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, March and April.

(2810)

SUBFAMILY ORTHOSTIXINAE,

23. Celerena cana sp. nov.

Forewings : pale yellow; costa with a black streak to one-third, followed by a

black spot before middle; a slaty grey curved fascia at two-thirds, blackish on costa,

ending in anal angle; marginal space very pale whitish grey, except a pale yellow

fascia beyond the grey one.

Hindwings : yellow, whitish towards base; a pale whitish grey marginal fascia,

broader towards apex, its inner edge angled opposite the cell.

Head, palpi, collar, and abdomen yellow ; thorax and patagia whiter. Underside

like upper, but all the tints deeper; the inner edge of the grey margin of both wings

black.

Expanse of wings: 60 mm.

Two dd from Fergusson Island, November.

This species belongs to the group in which the antennae of the d are armed at

one-third with a thick curled tuft of hair. The cell of forewings is without fovea,

but hairy on underside, and with a slight tuft of hair in its lower half before the

middle. Hind tibiae yellowish, with tuft of dark hair near base on the inner side.

24. Celerena griseofusa sp. nov.

Forewings: grey, paler and more yellowish grey towards base ; a yellow oblique

truncated fascia from costa beyond middle to above anal angle, thickly edged with

blackish,

Hindwings: yellow, with narrow grey hindmargin, internally black-edged, and

broader towards apex.

Face, vertex, and thorax yellow; abdomen yellow, tinged with grey, slightly

in 9, strongly in d'; palpi blackish towards tips. Underside with the grey markings

blackish ; tuft of hind tibiae of ¢ blackish,

Expanse of wings: 60 mm.

Two d d, two 9 2, from Fergusson Island, September to November.

In one d and one ? the yellow fascia of forewings is distinctly broader than in

the other two.

25. Eumelea aureliata sanguinifusa subsp. nov.

In this form of awreliata Guen. the 2 ? are slightly more reddish than in the type,

but the dd are almost entirely deep orange-red above and blood-red below ; the base

is dusted with yellow, especially below the median vein, and there are two yellow

blotches along the submedian interspace between the lines; a larger yellow bloteh

below costa beyond the middle, and a smaller one at apex and at middle of hind-

margin; the hindwings have only the apical blotch yellow; thorax in front yellow ;

abdomen red. Possibly this d form may be that figured by Cramer as rosalia.

Two d d, two 9 9, from Fergusson Island, September to December.

26. Eumelea unipuncta sp. nov.

Forewings: yellow, much dusted with dull orange fuscous-centred dots; costa

marked with close fine purplish strigae; traces of a curved line at one-fourth, marked

by somewhat larger fuscous-orange spots on and above inner margin; an indistinct

fuscous-orange cell-bloteh ; an obscure oblique fascia formed of fuscous-orange spots

( 282 )

and blotches from inner margin beyond middle towards apex, becoming obsolete in

the middle of the wing; hindmargin more thickly suffused with fuscous-orange and

dusted with purplish dots, forming blotches between the veins; purplish dots are also

seattered along all the veins; a deep purplish rather large round spot on the radial

towards hindmargin, from which an indistinet submarginal band can be traced to anal

angle, formed of orange blotches with purple scales on them; a row of purplish spots

along hindmargin between the veins; fringe purplish grey.

Hindwings : like forewings in colour, with the oblique line of forewings produced

more distinctly as a central fascia marked with purple below costa; a purple spot on

costa near apex, with two or three smaller ones in a line below it.

Thorax yellow; abdomen yellow, spotted with orange and purplish ; vertex yellow,

with bright red dots; face and palpi red above, yellow below; antennae reddish.

Underside yellow, with the spots and lines deep purplish and much more strongly

marked than above.

Expanse of wings: 68 mm.

One 9 from Fergusson Island, October.

Related to E. obliquifascia Warr., from Amboina.

SUBFAMILY PSEUDOTERPNINAE.

27. Actenochroma (?) caesia sp. nov.

Forewings: slate-colour, the lines black-edged, with greenish yellow scales; two

short curved lines close to base; inner line at one-third, outer at two-thirds, and the

submarginal line, all black, denticulate, and wavy, starting from large black costal

spots; discal ocellus large and black, with a black costal blotch above it; an

interrupted erenulate black line before hindmargin; fringe slate-colour, mottled with

darker; the whole wing is thickly mottled with dark spots, mixed with a few yellowish

green scales.

Hindwings: like forewings.

Thorax and patagia slate-colour, with a black line across the front; abdomen paler,

with two black rings at base and black blotches along the back; head and palpi slate-

colour, dotted with blackish. Underside bluish slate-colour; the outer line and a

diffuse submarginal fascia black ; forewings with large black cell-spot, hindwings with

a small one ; costa of forewings ochreous, spotted with black.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One 9 from Fergusson Island, December.

A very distinct species.

28. Actenochroma (?) prasina sp. nov.

Forewings : green, slightly speckled with darker; costa with dark striae ; a small

dark basal patch margined with blackish and dull red ; first and second lines blackish,

irregularly dentate, widely separate on costa and approaching each other on inner

margin, the second elbowed at vein 4; enclosing in the d a dark liver-coloured

fascia, mottled with fuscous and red towards the first line ; in the 9 the space remains

green, with reddish mottlings along costa and a few specks along the lines; discal dot

black, distinct in 9, obscured in d ; submarginal reddish fuscous, denticulate, starting

from a large costal blotch ; space beyond more or less clouded with darker in $, but

almost entirely green in d ; fringe mottled green and reddish, with a more or less

continuous dark crenulate line at base.

( 283 )

Hindwings: with denticulated dark central line edged with paler; a pale sub-

marginal line with two dark reddish blotches on it ; discal dot reddish fuscous; fringe

as in forewings.

Face green, with reddish central band; vertex green ; collar and base of patagia

reddish ; thorax, rest of patagia, and abdomen greenish. Underside of forewings, as

far as second line above the median vein, orange, leaving a small green space beyond

the dark cell-spot ; the outer line edged with red; marginal area red speckled with

dark, leaving greenish spaces along outer line, at apex, and on middle of hindmargin ;

inner margin pale green. Hindwings wholly orange to second line, which is blackish

red, followed by a broad whitish green space; margin broadly blackish, tinged with

red, leaving a small whitish blotch below middle. Underside of abdomen and legs

yellow.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

Four d d, five 9 9, from Fergusson Island, November and December.

29. Actenochroma (?) prasina ab. suffusa ab. nov.

One 9 and three d d differ so much on the upperside as to appear at first sight

to belong to another species, but, agreeing exactly as they do on the under surface,

they must be referred to prasina as an aberration. Instead of being nearly clear

green, these specimens are largely suffused with darker tints. In the dd the usual

dark central fascia is confusedly interrupted in the middle, while on either side are

dark shades more or less contiguous ; the hindmargin is likewise much suffused with

dark, leaving a small pale blotch at middle ; in the hindwings the whole of the basal

two-thirds is dark, while the marginal area is much confused with dark shades.

All four specimens are from Fergusson Island, and caught at the same time as

the typical form.

30. Pingasa angulifera sp. nov.

Forewings: very pale green, slightly freckled with darker; costa finely dotted

with blackish ; first line at one-third, reddish grey, starting from a black costal spot,

forming an acute angle outwards on the submedian fold; discal dot black; second

line black, sinuous, with black teeth externally along the veins, starting from a black

costal spot; marginal area red-brown, leaving the apical area, a smaller blotch on

hindmargin, and another on inner margin beyond second line pale green; sub-

marginal line denticulate, running paler through the reddish margin and bounding

the apical patch; fringe pale green, with a dark marginal line where the red area

reaches the hindmargin.

Hindwings: the same, with no inner line or discal dot, but the extreme base

speckled with fuscous reddish. Underside whitish, with basal half on forewings

tinged with pale fuscous; both wings with a broad blackish border, marginal in

forewings, but leaving the apex white, scarcely touching the margin on hindwings;

forewings with large black discal spot.

Vertex, thorax, and abdomen green, the latter with the tufts reddish; palpi

white, reddish above; top of face with a black bar.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

One $ from Fergusson Island, November.

( 284 )

SUBFAMILY GEOMETRINAE.

31. Agathia cinerea sp. nov.

9. Forewings: green, the markings olive-grey, with transverse darker striae ;

basal bloteh grey, with a dark spot on outer edge above median and wholly dark

fuscous on inner margin, traversed close to base by a narrow green fascia, and

followed by a much broader one, which is succeeded by a narrow curved grey fascia

connected with a large grey crescent on the discocellular; an irregular green fascia

comes next; outer half of wing occupied by a broad grey fascia, with both edges

irregular, containing the outer line, which is marked by black dashes on the veins,

and running up to apex, which is fuscous ; the marginal area below the apex is green,

speckled with fuscous ; marginal line fuscous ; fringe white.

Hindwings: with dark basal blotch; marginal two-thirds brown-grey, with

green blotch at apex, containing a blackish line from before apex to anal angle, more

or less obliterated below the centre by dull grey scales; outer line indicated by black

lines on veins ; fringe whitish above the angle, fuscous below.

TTop of face, vertex, thorax, and abdomen green, the segmental rings of abdomen

grey ; lower part of face and palpi reddish grey. Underside pale green ; forewings

irregularly blotched and speckled with fuscous grey; hindwings with a diffuse

dark grey submarginal fascia.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm.

Two ? ? from Fergusson Island, October and December.

This belongs to the same group as A. diversiformis Warr., in which the hind-

margin of hindwings runs straight from anal angle to end of vein 4.

32. Agathia diversilinea sp. nov.

d. Larger, on the average, than /ycuenaria Kollar, and differing in the following

points. In lycaenaria the central band below the middle is inclined basewards, the

lowest blotch reaching the inner margin evidently before the middle, and sloping

towards the base ; in diversilinea the lower arm of the central band is vertical; the

lowest blotch is curved outwards and reaches the inner margin slightly beyond the

middle. The outer line is still more different: in lycaenaria the line, which is

yellowish, is edged with three dark brown teeth below costa, and passing through a

large brown blotch on veins 3 and 4, not touching the margin, is then curved

inwards to a brown spot on inner margin before anal angle; in diversilinea, on the

other hand, the line from the costa is broadly brown internally, edged with pinkish’

grey outwardly ; the central blotch is obliquely placed, narrow, and connected with

the margin, the line thence running straight to anal angle and forming the edge of

the reddish grey marginal colouring which runs without any interruption, red-brown

or reddish grey, and toothed, to the radial ; this edge in lyewenaria is black-brown and

interrupted between the veins. Similarly in the hindwings the submarginal band is

much broader and straighter, the inner margin being without any trace of the dark

blotch which in /ycaenaria marks the extremity of the outer line. These differences

are equally noticeable on the underside, where the dark markings are blood-red instead

of black-brown. The 9 differs in a similar way from the $ of lycaenaria.

Expanse of wings: d, 40 mm.; $, 42 mm.

Three dd, three 22, from Fergusson Island, November and December ;

two ? ? from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, March and April.

(1285.5

33. Agathia subcarnea sp. nov.

d. Forewings: bright green; costa pinkish grey, varied with fuscous brown; a

narrow yellowish brown basal blotch; a slightly curved pinkish brown fascia before

the middle; the edges darker brown, funnel-shaped below costa, and swollen at

middle and on inner margin ; marginal area red-brown ; its inner edge straight and

obtusely angled opposite the cell, deeper red-brown, immediately followed by a

pale pinkish grey line; a subapical green patch, edged with yellow, forming a single

sinus outwardly and a double one inwardly, its top oval and yellow, its bottom round

and yellow; fringe yellow.

Hindwings : with the marginal area and inner margin red-brown; an oval

yellow subapical patch, and a white spot before the tail; fringe yellow, red-brown

about the tail. with the red-brown marginal area broader, varied with yellowish

externally, and with its inner edge and the pale line irregularly sinuous; the sub-

apical patch of forewings flattened and irregular in shape.

Vertex, collar, base of patagia, and metathorax bright green; rest of patagia,

thorax, and abdomen brown-red, the abdomen varied with ochreous; face and upper

parts of palpi reddish, the latter ochreous below. Underside pale whitish or yellowish

green, the markings dark red in the ĝ, paler red in the 9.

Expanse of wings: d,42 mm.; 9,40 mm.

Three dd, two ? ?, from Kiriwini; Trobriand Islands, March to May, and four

d d, one $, from Fergusson Island, October to December.

Agathiopsis gen. nov.

Forewings: ample, triangular; costa straight till just before apex; apex slightly

produced; hindmargin curved outwards in middle, more strongly in 9? than d, and

consequently more oblique below.

Hindwings: with inner margin lengthened; hindmargin produced to points

at veins 4 and 6.

Metathorax tufted ; antennae of d shortly pectinated ; palpi horizontally porrect,

the terminal joint short ; hind tibiae with four spurs.

Newration: forewings, cell not quite half the length of wing; discocellular

inangulated ; first median from about one-half, second and third from end of cell ;

upper radial stalked with last four subcostals, the first free. Hindwings with last two

medians and two subcostals stalked.

Abdomen red-brown, with snow-white dorsal spots, most distinct in d.

Type: Agathiopsis maculata sp. nov.

34. Agathiopsis basipuncta sp. nov.

d. Forewings: pale yellowish green, the costa gilded ; a red-brown basal patch on

inner margin; first line marked by fine ferruginous scales, densest on inner margin ;

cell-spot small, deep black; dise strewn with ferruginous scales; a red-brown patch

with a purplish and darker centre towards the apex, with the veins beyond it and

some scattered scales ferruginous; a small red-brown patch at anal angle, with

scattered ferruginous scales above it; marginal line fine, ferruginous; fringe pale

ochreous, with brownish mottlings.

Hindwings: with base deep red-brown, followed by a gilded space on inner

margin containing some red-brown marginal spots; a larger brown blotch at one-

third; cell-spot black; exterior line at two-thirds, curved from costa, and forming

( 286 )

a large sinus outwards below the median; marginal space with ferruginous strigae,

which towards the line form a dull cloud with some black scales on it; fringe pale

pinkish brown.

Palpi and face deep red; vertex dark olive-green; prothorax pale yellow-

green; patagia olive-green at base, becoming reddish towards the tips; thorax dark

reddish grey ; abdomen reddish grey, mixed with darker, with three white dorsal

triangles; sides and anal segment pale ochreous. Underside pale greenish ochreous,

with a black patch towards apex of forewings.

darker green, with the whole margin beyond the sinuous second line dull

reddish brown mixed with pinkish grey scales, the apex remaining green and running

down the hindmargin as far as the cell. Hindwings with the marginal space shaded

with fuscous grey: the abdomen with the white spots much reduced. Underside

with a broad black curved marginal fascia in the forewings; the hindwings with

only the apex slightly blackish-tinged.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

Six d d, four ? 2, from Fergusson Island, October to December.

35. Agathiopsis maculata sp. nov.

d. Forewings : apple-green, shagreened with paler; the costa greyish; first line

indicated by reddish dots on the veins placed in a curve; second line irregularly

sinuous from inner margin beyond two-thirds to upper radial, where it runs outwards

to near the hindmargin, then vertical to vein 7, thence oblique into apex; the whole

of the marginal space beyond this line is filled in with dark purplish brown, except

a small green patch on the margin between the second and third medians; a dark

marginal line; fringe pale pinkish brown.

Hindwings: with inner margin brown from base, widening to anal angle, where

it becomes a purplish grey and brown blotch; a similar kite-shaped blotch at apex

narrowing downwards, the tail connected with the bloteh at anal angle, and cutting

off a large oblong green space on margin from vein 7 to 2; marginal line thick,

dark red-brown ; fringe pinkish grey, becoming reddish at the teeth and anal angle ;

à ferruginous cell-spot in both wings.

Face, collar, prothorax, and patagia green; vertex, thorax, and abdomen reddish

grey dusted with blackish, with three snow-white triangles; the anal segments and

sides of abdomen ochreous ; palpi and antennae brownish. Underside whitish green,

the dark marginal space darker brown, and narrower than on the upperside.

? with the marginal space paler, pinkish brown, and much broader than in the

3, the dark brown limiting line preceded by a yellowish tinge; in the hindwings

the green marginal space is more restricted, and totally absent in the forewings;

underside with the marginal markings black ; abdomen pinkish grey, with the white

spots obsolete.

Expanse of wings: d,38 mm.; $,42 mm.

Several dd and ? ? from Fergusson Island, September to December.

Anisogamia gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa hardly curved; apex obtuse; hindmargin suberenulate,

curved.

Hindwings: with inner margin lengthened; hindmargin crenulate, slightly

elbowed at end of third median.

Antennae of d shortly and uniformly pectinated nearly to apex, of ? simple;

( 287 )

palpi porrect, extending well beyond face; second joint hairy, third smooth; hind

tibiae of 4 with four spurs and a long process at end ; frenulum present.

Neuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing; discocellular angulated ; first

median at two-thirds, second before end, third from end of cell; lower radial from

just above the angle of discocellular; upper radial from upper angle; last four

subcostals stalked, first free, closely approximated to second towards costa. Hind-

wings, cell only one-third of wing; discocellular straight, oblique; radial from above

its centre; the two subcostals and last two medians stalked. Scaling fine and

sparse; the wings semitransparent ; markings of the two sexes dissimilar.

Type: Anisogamia pieroides Wlk.

36. Anisogamia absona sp. nov.

d. Forewings : semitransparent sea-green, the veins dotted with white,

representing curved transverse lines; base with three more or less interrupted white

curved lines; a white blotch on the discocellular ; exterior and submarginal lines

represented by a series of white lunules; the apex washed with white; fringe green,

with white spots at base at the ends of the veins; costa narrowly fuscous along basal

half, then broader, spotted with white throughout.

Hindwings: the same, with the base and inner margin whitish; a white linear

cell-mark ; exterior line on costa marked by a white blotch, with fulvous and green

scales at its centre.

Head, thorax, and abdomen green dotted with white; antennae ferruginous ;

palpi externally bright ochreous orange. Underside whitish green; hindwings with

a brown-black blotch at apex ; forewings with traces of a dark blotch.

?. Dull apple-green; costa broadly dull white, freckled with fuscous and

connected with a similar-coloured discal blotch; first line from costa at one-fifth

to inner margin at one-third, finely whitish; second line from costa at two-thirds,

forming a sinus outwards opposite the cell, then incurved, and again forming a sinus

outwards between veins 2 and 3 that nearly touches hindmargin, and reaching inner

margin at two-thirds, fuscous edged interruptedly with white, and followed by a

diffuse fuscous curved shade; marginal area dirty white, containing a yellowish

green patch beyond the upper sinus; fringe white with fuscous basal line.

Hindwings the same, without first line; the inner margin narrowly fuscous and

white. Front of thorax and patagia green; thorax and abdomen whitish ochreous,

with sordid fuscous scales; face and vertex white; palpi bright ochreous. Underside

pale whitish green without markings.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, November ; one $ from Kiriwini, March.

Differing much, liké all the genus, sexually; but almost certainly sexes of the

same species.

37. Berta olivescens sp. nov.

Forewings: dull olive-green ; first line marked by whitish spots on veins,

starting from an elongate white costal streak; diseal spot white, with an elongate

white costal streak above it; outer line very wavy, each undulation marked

inwardly and outwardly by a whitish spot; submarginal line formed of white

spots; fringe concolorous, with white spots at ends of veins.

Hindwings : the same, with all the white spots larger.

Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-green, the abdomen with white dorsal spots ;

( 288 )

face and palpi brown; vertex white. Underside of forewings pale yellowish green ;

of hindwings whitish, with faint greenish marginal fascia.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Four d 4 from Fergusson Island, October to December.

Chrysochloroma gen. nov.

Forewings: ample, triangular; costa faintly convex; hindmargin oblique,

imperceptibly elbowed at one-third below apex ; anal angle well expressed.

Hindwings: kite-shaped, the inner margin rather long ; hindmargin crenulate

from anal angle to middle, which is slightly angulated.

Palpi porrect or obliquely upeurved ; the second joint stout, squamous, the third

minute; tongue present; antennae of d thickly pectinated for three-fourths; hind

tibiae of d slightly thickened, with three spurs, the outer median being absent.

Newration: forewings, cell not half as long as wing; discocellular curved ; first

median at two-thirds, second and third from lower end of cell; lower radial from wpper

end of cell ; upper radial stalked with the last four subcostals ; first subcostal free, but

approaching costal; costal deflexed to costa from the point of approach ; the second

subcostal also approaching first, the first similarly deflexed to costa away from the

second ; the latter in its turn deflexed from the point of approach of the stalk of the

third and fourth. Hindwings with discocellular straight ; the two subcostals and last

two medians stalked ; radial from the upper end of cell.

Type: Chrysochloroma meeki sp. nov.

38. Chrysochloroma meeki sp. nov.

Forewings: deep green; the fringe red-brown, with brighter red base ; first line

from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, curved below costa, obscurely

yellowish green; second line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,

also bent below costa, yellowish green ; cell-spot small, rust-red.

Hindwings: with no first line; the cell-spot much larger; the second line

curved.

Palpi and face red-brown above, paler below; antennae green; vertex white;

thorax and abdomen green, the latter with small white spots on dorsum. Underside

of forewings green on costal half, the rest from the cell becoming orange-yellow ;

hindwings wholly deep orange-yellow ; fringes of both wings red-brown.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

Three d d from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, March to May.

Named in honour of the collector.

39. Comostola flavicincta sp. nov.

Forewings: apple-green ; the costa bright yellow, with a few purple flecks on

its lower edge ; first line marked by three ferruginous dots on subcostal, median, and

submedian veins, the last the largest, and with a purplish edge internally ; exterior

line denoted by seven regular ferruginous dots, the lowest the largest, and edged out-

wardly with purplish ; a large ferruginous spot on discocellular, edged with bright

yellow and centred by a broken metallic streak; extreme hindmargin and fringe

bright yellow, preceded by a bronzy purplish series of contiguous lunules, edged

inwardly by a distinct ferruginous line.

Hindwings: like forewings, but the discal spot larger, with the metallic mark

trifid.

( 289 )

Thorax and abdomen green; metathorax with a dull yellow tuft; head and

antennae bright yellow; face and palpi ferruginous. Underside paler, with the

markings showing through.

Expanse of wings: 16 mm,

One d from Fergusson Island, November.

Distinguished from perlepidaria Wlk. by the yellow head and antennae.

Diplodesma gen. nov.

Forewings : short and broad; costa straight, curved at base and before apex,

which is blunt; hindmargin curved.

Hindwings: with distinct projection at vein 4.

Palpi rather long, obliquely ascending; tongue present; antennae of d shortly

ciliated, of ? simple; frenulum absent.

Neuration : forewings, cell about one-third of wing; first median nervule at

two-thirds ; second and third stalked ; upper radial stalked with the five subcostals ;

the first and second, one after the other, running into and coalescing with the costal.

Hindwings with last two medians and both subeostals stalked.

Type : Diplodesma celataria Wk. j

The species which I described as Jdiochlora contracta (Nov. ZooL. III. p. 107),

from the Khasia Hills, is evidently identical with this, and my name must sink

Walker's type of celataria was from Sula.

40. Episothalma obscurata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green, the costal and marginal areas dark green; costal

edge yellow, striated obliquely with dark green; first line at one-third, vertical and

wavy below, paler green, with a darker outer edge ; second line at two-thirds, wavy and

dentieulate, paler, with a darker inner edge; marginal line dark green ; fringe dull

green, slightly darker at ends of veins.

Hindwings: like forewings, without basal line, and with a dark green discal

mark.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; face and palpi the same; front of vertex

narrowly white. Underside whitish green; hindwings with broad black marginal

fascia; forewings with black fascia from anal angle, divergent from margin and

becoming obsolete before costa.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

Three d d from Fergusson Island, November and December.

In the genus Episothalma Swinh., vein 11, the first subcostal, is free, and does

not anastomose, as in Chlorodontopera, with 12 and 10. The hind tibiae of the 4

are slightly but not prominently thickened.

Halterophora gen. nov.

Forewings: ample; costa straight till near apex; apex somewhat produced;

hindmargin faintly bent in beneath apex, and then outeurved ; anal angle distinct.

Hindwings: with inner margin lengthened; hindmargin suberenulate, with a

short tail at vein 4.

Metathorax with suberect tuft. Palpi thick, obliquely ascending, the terminal

joint short and blunt ; tongue present; antennae of d pectinate for two-thirds ; hind

tibiae thickened, with two pairs of spurs; the frenulum thickened towards extremity

and ending in a club; the retinaculum also with a scaly appendage.

( 290 )

Neuration: forewings, cell half as long as wing; discocellular -inangulated ;

first median at two-thirds, second and third from end of cell ; lower radial from above

the middle of discocellular, upper from upper angle ; last four subcostals stalked, the

second rising just before the fifth, the first free. Hindwings with last two medians and

two subeostals stalked. Scaling thick and woolly.

Type: Halterophora bicolor sp. nov.

41. Halterophora bicolor sp. nov.

Forewings: dull green; the costa striated fuscous and white; the lines

indicated by deeper green shades and marked by white dots on the veins, the lowest

joined to one on the inner margin; fringe mottled alternately fuscous and white ;

cell-spot round, black.

Hindwings: the same, without the basal dots.

Head, face, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dull green; the latter with anal

segment, sides, and dorsal spots white; antennae brown and white; metathoracie tuft

ochreous. Underside of forewings pale green; costa yellowish, striated with brown ;

cell-spot dark ; fringe as above; underside of hindwings white; pectus and femora of

legs green ; tarsi white, spotted with fuscous.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

Four d d from Fergusson Island, October to December.

42. Hemithea pictifimbria sp. nov.

Forewings: glaucous green, with the two lines whitish, as in H. insularia Guen.

and tritonaria Wlk. ; the costa yellowish, with sparse dark striae; hindmargin with

a thiek dark purplish line, interrupted by white wedge-shaped spots; fringe yellow

and fuscous, with a yellowish basal line, and dark spots opposite the white dots.

Hindwings: like forewings, with dark green cell-spot and no basal line.

Thorax and abdomen yellowish green, the latter with very slender pale red-

edged tufts; vertex and shaft of antennae white; face and palpi dark red-brown.

Underside yellowish green, the costa of both wings yellowish; hindwings with an

oblong black-brown blotch at apex; forewings with the extreme hindmargin and

fringe at anal angle brown.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Three d d from Fergusson Island, October to December.

43. Hemithea subflavida sp. nov.

Forewings: dull green, the costa spotted fuscous and ochreous; the lines

denoted by thick darker green shades at one-third and two-thirds, wavy and denticu-

late; fringe green, with slightly darker green marginal line.

. Hindwings : the same, without the first line; cell-mark linear, dark green.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous; abdomen without any dorsal red marks

or tufts; face and palpi olive-brown. Underside of forewings pale gilded green; of

hindwings whitish green, with an olive-brown blotch at apex.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, October.

Metallochlora gen. nov.

A development of Hemithea, with which it agrees in neuration and in the

structure of the antennae ; differing in the hind tibiae of the d having four spurs

( 291 )

instead of two, in the abdomen of the d possessing five raised bosses of metallie

scales instead of the three reddish tufts, as well as in the scaling and markings, the

scaling being smooth and fine and the markings silvery fasciae instead of denticulated

lines.

Type: Metallochlora meeki sp. nov.

Of the two species which, by reason of their both possessing the metallic tufts of

the abdomen, I refer to this genus, meeki, the type, has the hindwings with a pro-

minent tooth in the middle of hindmargin; while the other, lineata, has the tooth

small, and the margin above it excised opposite the cell. Another point of difference

is that in meeki vein 10 of forewings rises before vein 7 from the common stem,

while in lineata the reverse is the case.

44. Metallochlora lineata sp. nov.

Forewings : olive-green, the costa ochreous drab, with distinct fuscous striae ; two

diffuse silvery streaks from base, one running to inner margin beyond middle, the

other over the black cell-spot in the direction of the apex; before the hindmargin is

another, more distinct, silvery streak from inner margin before anal angle, slightly

diverging from hindmargin and recurved to costa; fringe pinkish; marginal line

concise, suberenulate, black, finely edged on both sides with yellowish; basal two-

thirds of wing slightly darker green than the rest.

Hindwings: like forewings ; the outer silvery streak curved; the darker basal

two-thirds irregularly washed with silvery scales and with a paler green patch on

discocellular.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous ; dorsal drops pinkish, placed on black squares,

separated by white streaks, and lined laterally with pinkish grey scales; face and

palpi pinkish brown. Underside dull pale green; forewings, with cell-spot and a

diffuse straight fascia from anal angle to costa, blackish ; hindwings with olive-brown

apical blotch,

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, October; two d d, one 9, from Kiriwini, Trobriand

Islands, April.

45. Metallochlora meeki sp. nov.

Forewings: dull yellowish green, the costa slightly spotted with fuscous and

tinged with grey; cell-spot faintly darker; a darker green diffused wavy oblique

streak from middle of inner margin to costa at two-thirds, edged within with silvery,

curved round along the costa and then again to inner margin parallel to hindmargin,

and edged externally by a broadish silvery streak ; hindmargin with a yellowish line,

preceded by a row of black linear dashes ; fringe dull silvery grey.

Hindwings: with a dark green shade on the discocellular; the outer line as in

forewings, but curved; faint traces of a straight silvery line from about middle of

costa to anal angle; the yellowish marginal line running into the tail.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous, the metallic drops pinkish grey; face

brown, darker above; palpi ochreous, ferruginous at tips. Underside dull yellow-

green; the marginal dashes expressed; hindwing with small brown-black blotch

. at apex.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

Four dd from Fergusson Island, October to December.

( 292 )

46. Oenospila (?) floresaria Wlk.

Six d d from Fergusson Island, October and November.

Though probably referable here, these specimens show traces of a pale bent

exterior line (in one case plainly marked by white vein-dots), which Walker does not

mention. The ferruginous marginal line is broad, and interrupted at the extremities

ofthe veins by wedge-shaped white spots; and the white costa of the forewings is

edged beneath from apex to outer line by a broad ferruginous streak. In one

example the veins also below the apex are tinged with ferruginous. This species

differs from Oenospila strix. Butler and Oe. flavifusata Wlk. in two points. The

d antennae are uniformly pectinated for two-thirds; in the other two broadly

pectinated only to one-half. Again, the hind tibiae have four spurs instead of two, of

nearly equal size ; whereas in the single pair of the others the inner spur is extremely

long and slender. Of the six examples received, four are markedly smaller than the

remaining two.

47. Oenospila stellata sp. nov.

Nearest to Oe. strix Butler, but somewhat smaller, the spots lighter and brighter

red ; discal spot of hindwing bright orange-red ; bloteh on inner margin of hindwing

always smaller; hindmargin of both wings with brick-red triangular marks between

the veins, and large white spots at their extremities; the fringes reddish; costa of

forewings broadly white, becoming red-brown towards apex.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

Three dd, one 9, from Fergusson Island, October and December.

Pyrrhorachis gen. nov.

Forewings: triangular; costa straight ; apex blunt ; hindmargin curved.

Hindwings : with inner margin lengthened, hindmargin rounded.

Antennae of d with apical half simple, the basal half pectinated ; palpi slender,

extending well beyond forehead ; frenulum absent.

Neuration: forewings, cell one-third of wing; discocellular inangulated ; last

two medians stalked; upper radial stalked with the five subcostals ; hindwings

with last two medians and both subcostals stalked; ground-colour of wings pale blue-

green, the wings margined with red ; abdomen with red and black dorsal stripes.

Type: Pyrrhorachis cornuta sp. nov.

48. Pyrrhorachis cornuta sp. nov.

Comostola pyrrhogona Meyr., Tr. E. S. (1889), p. 491 (nec WIk.).

Differs from pyrrhogona Wlk., from India, in the marginal red border being

decidedly broader, with a red projection towards centre of wing from before the anal

angle; the blaekish erenulate line, which traverses the red border, is in the Indian

form much broader and touches the hindmargin. Mr. Meyrick's description of the

New Guinea form is very accurate; his two 9 9 were from Port Moresby. In a single

example in the British Museum, from Mr. Moore's collection, labelled ** Andamans,”

the projection from the anal angle is slightly shown.

One & from Fergusson Island, November.

( 293 )

49. Thalassodes albifusa sp. nov.

Forewings : dark green, with two oblique diffuse broad greyish white fasciae ; one

from middle of inner margin to upper edge of cell, and embracing the black cell-spot ;

the other submarginal, extending to the lower radial; fringe green; costa yellowish.

Hindwings : similar, the base whitish.

Face, palpi, vertex, and thorax green; front of vertex and shaft of antennae

white. Abdomen whitish, tinged above with green; basal segments blackish green.

Forewings pale whitish green. i

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, November.

SuBFAMILY STERRHINAE.

50. Antitrygodes parvimacula sp. nov.

Forewings: stone-colour, tinged with pink and thickly dusted with grey specks ;

the costa finely ochreous; a small green blotch near base below the median, and a

green spot above it; first line obsolete; two oblong irregularly oval green blotches,

one on either side of the discocellular, a smaller round one between the first and

second medians, and an oblong vertical one, sometimes divided into two, below the

median ; a curved cloudy brownish shade just beyond ; a dull brown submarginal line,

outwardly curved to near the anal angle, followed by three green subapical lunules ;

a dark brown crenulate marginal line ; cilia concolorous.

Hindwings: like forewings, but without the green basal blotch.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings, the latter with green dorsal spots;

upper half of face and collar ferruginous ; lower half of face and vertex white. Under-

side pale ochreous, tinged with reddish ; both wings with a curved dark brownish red

submarginal band.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

One ? from Fergusson Island, December; one d, two 9 9, from Kiriwini,

Trobriand Islands, March, April, and May. In two of the examples from Kiriwini

the green markings have become bright ferruginous.

The hindmargins of the wings are only faintly erenulate, as in cuneilinea Wlk.,

not deeply excised, as in divisaria Wlk. and agrata Feld.: from which species it may

be likewise at once distinguished by the smaller green spots with rounded margins.

Ptochophyle gen. nov.

Forewings: short and broad; costa straight; apex blunt, square; hindmargin

oblique only above anal angle, bowed in the middle.

Hindwings: with hindmargin faintly crenulate and with a slight projection

at vein 4; the anal angle prominent.

Antennae of d strongly pectinate; palpi very short; hind tibiae with four spurs.

Neuration : forewings, cell not half the length of wing; discocellular vertical,

almost obsolete; first median at two-thirds, second before the end of cell; lower

radial from centre of discocellular, upper from top end of cell; last four subcostals

stalked, the first anastomosing with them to form a single areole; the first from

one-third of cell, the stalk of the other four at two-thirds. Hindwings with last two

medians and two subcostals from the ends of cell.

Type: Ptochophyle notata sp. nov.

To this genus also belongs volutaria Swinh. = tristieula Swinh.

( 294 )

51. Ptochophyle notata sp. nov.

Forewings : yellowish ochreous, dusted with orange speckles, the markings dull

red-brown; costa broadly brown; a thick vertical fascia near base, enlarged along

the median and submedian veins ; cell-spot large, round, white, edged with ochreous,

then with dark brown, followed by a dark brown curved central line, incurved below

the median, and forming lunules between the veins ; exterior line similar, thickened

below costa and above inner margin, and approximated to central line below the

median ; submarginal line interrupted, blotchy; all the veins in the lower half

of wing dark brown ; marginal line dark brown; fringe ochreous.

Hindwings: the same, but with only one line beyond the discal spot, which

is strongly outeurved in middle; marginal area above anal angle wholly red-brown.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous; face darker. Underside paler, with

the markings all dull pinkish.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island.

52. Ptochophyle volutaria innotata subsp. nov.

Along with four specimens of P. volutaria Swinh., taken in Fergusson Island

in the months September to December, is a d from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, taken

in April, which is of the usual olive-ochreous ground-colour, thickly dusted with pink

scales, but without any markings whatever, except the oblique line from costa that

forms the outside edge of the usual central fascia; fringes paler, without any trace

of darker marginal line ; cell-spots obsolete. |

53. Ptychopoda (?) sericeipennis sp. nov.

Forewings: silky ochreous, with numerous rufous ochreous obscure wavy lines,

two submarginal being the most distinct; the margin itself rufous; a small dark

discal spot; fringe long and silky, with minute dark dots at base at the ends of the

veins.

Hindwings: the same, with the cell-spot hardly visible.

Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous ochreous; face reddish. Underside the

same, with the markings still more obscure.

Expanse of wings: 12 mm.

One $ from Fergusson Island, October.

SUBFAMILY TRICHOPTERYGINAE.

Pardodes gen. nov.

d. Forewings : with costa straight or faintly sinuous, convex before apex, which

is strongly rounded ; hindmargin strongly curved. |

Hindwings : narrow, with round hindmargin.

Abdomen long, with the claspers very long and exserted; eyes large; antennae

thick, flattened; palpi twice as long as head, the second joint inclined upwards,

the third porrect ; tongue ill-developed ; legs long; hind tibiae with four spurs.

Neuration: forewings, cell half as long as wing; first median at two-thirds,

second close before end, third from end of cell; lower radial from centre of disco-

cellular, upper from top angle of cell; first two and last three subcostals stalked, the

second anastomosing with stem of the other three, forming a single areole; the

fourth and fifth curved downwards in middle. Hindwings with discocellular

( 295 )

angulated, the radial from. the angulation ; costal anastomosing with subcostal to

near end of cell; both subcostal nervules from upper angle; first median at three-

fourths, second before end of cell, third from end; inner-marginal area restricted,

with one short internal vein.

Type: Pardodes flavimaculata sp. nov.

54. Pardodes flavimaculata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale yellow, with four double slightly curved and interrupted orange

bands, forming blotehes on inner margin and above the median; hindmargin with

an apical bloteh and another above anal angle connected with the submarginal band ;

some orange marks at base; fringe very short, yellow.

Hindwings: yellow, tinged with orange.

Underside duller yellow, with the orange markings fainter.

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, mottled with orange.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Three d d from Fergusson Island, November and December.

55. Remodes brunnescens sp. nov.

Forewings : dull silvery grey, crossed by deep olive-green lines and shades;

five vertical and wavy before middle; the second and fifth broadest, the fifth forming

a blotch on costa; cell-spot dark olive-green, in a broader pale fascia of ground-

colour ; four postmedian lines, the first two vertical, the others wavy and excurved

between veins 7 and 2, the first and fourth much narrower than the second and

third; two broad excurved submarginal shades, the inner one double, with a paler

line down the centre; fringe grey like the margin; the scales around the anal

incision are darker green.

Hindwings: brownish fuscous.

Face, palpi, head, and thorax olive-green ; abdomen ochreous grey ; antennae

dark fuscous grey. Underside olive-brown, tinged with yellowish towards inner

margin; tibial tuft black and brown; lateral tufts of abdomen ochreous; anal tuft

bright ferruginous.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

One d, Fergusson Island, December.

56. Sauris nigricincta sp. nov.

Forewings : pale ochreous, covered with dull olive-green denticulated lines, which

in parts are darkened with blackish scales; all the lines blackish at costa ; the ante-

median lines blackish below the median, and forming a blackish bloteh on inner

margin from near base to middle ; cell-spot oblique, blackish ; all the lines between it

and margin between veins 3 and 5 blackish, and on either side of vein 2; sub-

marginal line blackish from apex to below middle, then olive-green ; a row of black

marginal spots; fringe green.

Hindwings: dark grey.

Collar, thorax, and base of abdomen olive-green ; abdomen grey ; vertex and base

of antennae pale greenish grey ; face and palpi dark olive-green ; antennae, front of

vertex, and a line in front of each shoulder deep black. Underside dull greenish

grey.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d, Fergusson Island, October.

( 296 )

SupramıLy DEILINIINAE.

57. Borbacha parviscripta Warr.

One ?, two d d, in good condition from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, dated April

and May, and one $, three dd, all somewhat worn, from Fergusson Island,

September to December, agree well with the type described Nov. Zoor. III. p. 130,

from S. Java, except in being somewhat larger.

58. Scardamia fasciata sp. nov.

Forewings: with base and costa dull leaden-grey, speckled with black; a fine

vertical crimson fascia at one-fifth, preceded on inner margin by an orange bloteh ; a

thicker crimson fascia at one-fourth; a broad central crimson fascia, swollen below

costa, and containing a silvery discal spot ; a slightly curved broader orange fascia at

four-fifths, containing scattered black strigae ; a dull erimson submarginal fascia with

a few black strigae on it, and the veins across it leaden-grey ; all these fasciae are

separated one from another by dull leaden-grey fasciae of uniform width, the first two

vertical, the third angled beyond the cell, the fourth slightly waved, the fifth

marginal, containing a row of black dots between the veins; fringe with inner half

dull erimson, the outer half leaden-grey.

Hindwings : the same, without the leaden-grey costal margin.

Thorax and abdomen leaden-grey, tinged with orange-crimson ; collar, face, and

palpi fuscous. Underside pale yellow, with broad blackish marginal bands.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, October.

SugramıLy PLUTODINAE.

59. Plutodes signifera sp. nov.

Forewings: yellow, darker towards costa, which is yellow throughout, washed

with silvery scales; a brown basal blotch on inner margin, edged by a darker metallic

line; terminal half of wing pale pinkish brown, washed with yellowish, and edged

by a metallic leaden line, irregularly D-shaped, the inner edge slightly waved and

oblique; a little before the middle of this blotch is a dull wavy brown shade; fringe

yellow.

Hindwings: the same, but the basal blotch is continued down the inner margin

nearly to anal angle ; the D-shaped blotch is narrower.

Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellowish brown; vertex and antennae pale

yellow. Underside dull yellowish, the markings faintly brown.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

Five dd from Fergusson Island, October to December.

A single ? with the brown markings much darker, the apical ones rounded and

more restricted, very much like P. discigera Butler, is probably the same species

as the d d above described. P. discigera is recorded by Mr. Meyrick from Port

Moresby, but he does not state the sex. The present ? differs from diseigera only in

the bent margin of the basal patch of the hindwing, which in discigera runs straight

to the inner margin at one-half.

The specimen is marked November, Fergusson Island.

( 297 )

SUBFAMILY BRACCINAE.

60. Craspedosis semiplaga sp. nov.

Forewings: black, with a narrow oblique white fascia from below costa at middle

to above anal angle, of nearly uniform width throughout.

Hindwings : wholly black.

Body and underside black ; forewings with the white fascia of upperside.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

Two dd, one ?, from Fergusson Island, November.

61. Craspedosis uniplaga sp. nov.

Forewings : black, with a rather narrow oblique white fascia from below middle

of costa to above anal angle, narrowest at top, swollen in the middle, and blunt,

slightly ineurved, below.

Hindwings: with a large round white spot filling the basal half.

Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Underside the same.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One d, one 2, from Fergusson Island, November and December.

62. Craspedosis funebris sp. nov.

Wings above dull smoky brown-black, with a purplish and greenish tinge in

certain lights. Forewings with extremely faint traces of a slightly paler fascia from

middle of costa to anal angle. Underside darker, the traces of the fascia on fore-

wings more distinct.

Head, thorax, and abdomen all concolorous.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One ? from Fergusson Island, November.

The solitary example 1s worn and without antennae.

63. Panaethia flexilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: slate-colour; a black spot at base; a pair of black basal lines,

eurved outwards in middle and thiekened on the median vein, ineurved towards base

below; a black central line, slightly outcurved in the upper part, vertical below,

touching a large black oval cell-spot; an oblique blaek line thickened on the veins

and slightly excurved above inner margin ; a broad black fascia-form line parallel to

hindmargin ; a submarginal series of spots, oval above and rounded below ; a marginal

series of blotches; the spots and blotehes of the last two series separated by the paler

veins; fringe blackish.

Hindwings : the same, with only a single basal line.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark slate-colour; face and palpi darker. Under-

side dark cloudy blackish, with the cell-spots black.

Expanse of wings: 46 mm.

Four dd from Fergusson Island, September to December.

64. Panaethia obsoleta sp. nov.

Forewings: dull smoky slate-colour; a deep black oval eell-spot; first line

indistinct, marked by a dull black costal spot and another at base of first median; a

fine curved blaekish exterior line, obsolete below first median ; a submarginal row of

dull blackish blotches ; fringe concolorous,

( 298 )

Hindwings : the same, but without first line.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous; eyes brown. Underside the same, with

the cell-spots only black.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

Four d d from Fergusson Island, October to December.

65. Panaethia atrimargo sp. nov.

Forewings : yellow ; the costa broadly black ; hindmargin black from just beyond

middle of costa to before anal angle; its inner edge curved and slightly waved; no

trace of grey subterminal shade, as in cyanoæantha Meyr.

Hindwings: with the marginal one-fourth black.

Face, thorax, and abdomen yellow; collar blackish; palpi fuscous. Underside

like upper.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

One 9 from Fergusson Island, December.

SUBFAMILY EUBYJINAE.

66. Cusiala semiumbrata sp. nov.

Forewings : white, with dark atoms; the whole wing, except along inner margin

and a patch at middle of hindmargin, overspread with rufous fuscous, the base along

costa being somewhat paler; first line at one-third, blackish, angulated ; outer line at

two-thirds, irregularly dentate, excurved opposite the cell, and incurved below it, where

it throws out an angle to touch the central line; central line vertical and wavy,

touching an irregular 8-shaped discal mark, and nearly touching outer line on inner

margin; submarginal line parallel and near to hindmargin, slightly waved; a row of

blaek spots along hindmargin between veins; fringe white, fuscous above.

Hindwings: white, speckled with fuscous olive, without dark suffusion; the

extreme base fuscous; two sinuous bent blackish lines, one before, the other beyond

the middle; submarginal line black and straight from anal angle to opposite cell,

then angled to costa; fringe white.

Face and palpi dark grey ; vertex and thorax smoky grey ; abdomen whitish, grey

at base. Underside of forewings dirty white at base and along inner margin ; apical

half dull smoky grey, except the whitish spot in middle of hindmargin ; hindwings

wholly dull white.

Expanse of wings: 60 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, December.

SUBFAMILY ASCOTINAE.

67. Chogada epistictis Meyr., Tr. E. S. (1889), p. 499.

The examination of seventeen specimens from Fergusson and Trobriand Islands

shows this to be a much more variable species than Mr. Meyrick’s description would

lead one to suppose. Indeed, I am not sure that the species described by him on the

previous page as Boarmia callicrossa, also from Port Moresby, is not one of its

aberrations; and if such should prove to be the case, the name callicrossa must be

retained for the species. The “ flat spreading tuft of white scales from posterior edge

of thorax covering base of abdomen in the d "js very distinct in all the d d. Of

this, in callicrossa, Mr. Meyrick makes no mention; but his deseription of the 9

( 299 )

tallies precisely with one of the aberrations received from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands.

In view of the wonderful variability shown by these examples, I have thought it well

to give a brief description of the four principal aberrations, premising that Meyrick’s

type-form is pale ochreous, with fuscous irrorations.

ab. fasciata ab. nov.

d. Ground-colour as in type-form ; a broad blackish fascia occupying the space

between median and postmedian lines of forewings, and extending somewhat beyond

the latter; in the hindwings forming a still broader blackish central fascia ; basal

line of forewings and submarginal line of both wings strongly marked with blackish ;

in the forewings opposite the cell two black streaks connect the submarginal line with

the hindmargin ; abdomen with blackish band corresponding to the band of hindwings.

In several of the whiter forms, otherwise agreeing with Meyrick’s description, the

hindwings have a distinct greyish or fuscous central fascia, but the dark markings in

general are not so pronounced as in the aberration fasciata.

ab. semialba ab. nov.

d. Forewings : entirely suffused with blackish fuscous, except a blotch at apex

and on middle of hindmargin, and a semicireular space from base of costa to inner

margin beyond middle, which are pale with fuscous specklings ; submarginal line only

distinct and edged with paler.

Hindwings: with only the apical region blackish; the lines only clouded with

black.

One d from Fergusson Island.

ab. rufigrisea ab. nov.

$. Forewings: wholly dull grey, with a reddish tinge, the veins dusted ochreous

and fuscous; space between first line and median shade whitish ; cell-spot prominent,

dull grey, with whitish scales in centre ; a dark fuscous submarginal blotch below apex.

Hindwings: the same, but the whole basal third white; fringes of both wings

whitish.

One 2 from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands.

ab. suffusa ab. nov.

$. Forewings: wholly suffused with dark reddish grey; a yellowish patch at

base; the first line preceded and the second followed by an irregular band of yellowish

and blackish scales, the veins being yellow towards hindmargin.

Hindwings: the same; fringes of both wings dull grey.

Abdomen grey ; thorax and head whitish grey.

One 9 from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands.

This aberration, except in point of size, answers well to the description of

Meyrick’s 9 callicrossa ; but nearly all the examples under consideration are from

48 to 50 mm. in expanse.

The undersides of a!l the above forms agree, being pale or dull smoky cinereous,

with large black cell-spots and blackish submarginal shade, leaving apex and spot

in middle of hindmargin of forewings and the whole hindmargin of hindwings paler.

The pale shades are, as a rule, more developed in the ? than in the d.

( 300 )

68. Elphos subrubida sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish, dusted with fuscous and ferruginous; the three lines, as

usual, double, dark fuscous; traces of a darker suffusion between the exterior and

submarginal lines from costa to hindmargin in middle.

Hindwings : similar.

Head and thorax fuscous; abdomen paler. Underside of forewings whitish; a

large cell-spot, dark ; a very broad submarginal dark fascia not reaching inner margin

and touching hindmargin opposite the cell. Hindwings with the submarginal fascia

very broad at costa, narrowing to anal angle; costal region whitish; all the rest of

the wing dull reddish orange.

Expanse of wings: 90 mm.

One ?, Fergusson Island, October.

The single 9 is in too poor condition to admit of more detailed description, but

is sufficiently distinguished by the unusual coloration of the hindwings beneath.

Zygoctenia Warr., Nov. ZooL. II. p. 128.

The opportunity of examining a series of males in good condition of the following

species has enabled me to correct the original diagnosis of this genus in one point.

In the d the outer side of the shaft of the antennae is armed with strong fascicles of

cilia, appearing almost pectinated, the inner side with simple cilia; the upper

surface of the shaft being clothed with thick hairlike scales. The genus is a develop-

ment of Gyadroma Swinh., and with it must be referred to the Medasina group, vein

11 of forewings being given off from 12, and 10 being free.

69. Zygoctenia albisparsa sp. noy.

d. Forewings: red-brown, much dotted with white; the markings indistinct,

darker brown ; first at one-fourth, denticulate ; second at three-fourths, denticulate, the

teeth marked by blackish vein-dots; ineurved below middle, where it is approached

by an obscure curved brown shade from costa beyond middle; submarginal line wavy,

edged and indicated by paler; a black cell-spot ; fringe red-brown.

Hindwings : like forewings ; the central brown streak curved.

The white dots, though sometimes occurring over the whole wing, are more

often confined to the space between the central and outer lines. The © is paler,

the ground-colour being more broken up by ochreous tints, especially along the

hindmargin, where the apex and lower half of wing are strikingly paler. Underside

dark red-brown, with irregular white frecklings, which are sometimes quite wanting.

Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous cinereous; the tufts of hair on underside of

hindwings rufous ; ridge of hair on antennae fuscous; tufts of hair on hind tibiae and

femora of d ochreous, those at the base of the femora blackish.

Expanse of wings: 62 mm.

Seven dg, one $, from Fergusson Island, November and December.

Paradromulia gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa sinuous, convex near base and towards apex, incurved

between; apex and hindmargin rounded, the latter suberenulate.

Hindwings : with hindmargin rounded and more strongly crenulate.

Antennae of d finely ciliated, of ? simple; palpi short, very stout, upcurved,

( 301 )

terminal joint minute; hind tibiae of 8 swollen, with a pencil of hairs ; pectus, femora,

and base of abdomen hairy; fovea of forewings present. Hindwings of d with a

ridge of hair beneath along the submedian fold.

Neuration : forewings, 10 and 11 stalked, and separating only a little before

costa; 7, 8, 9, stalked.

Type: Paradromulia ambigua sp. nov.

70. Paradromulia ambigua sp. nov.

Forewings : dark fuscous, speckled with blackish, and varied with ferruginous

ochreous; first line at one-fourth, curved, second at two-thirds, sinuous, marked by

dark spots on veins—both very obseure and hidden by the dark fuscous shading; a

large dark cell-spot ; submarginal line dentate, the teeth filled up with dark and tipped

with pale; a row of black dots along hindmargin; fringe mottled testaceous and

fuscous; veins paler, dotted with fuscous.

Hindwings: with basal two-thirds dark; the outer and submarginal line as in

forewings; the margin crenulate, with black basal line ; in the more usual form the

marginal area of both wings is more or less ferruginous ochreous, especially above

anal angle of forewings, but in some cases the whole wing is dark, with only the pale

dots of the submarginal line standing out.

Underside smoky grey, with large blackish cell-spots and broad darker marginal

band ; the ochreous marginal markings sometimes showing through.

Head, thorax, and abdomen mottled fuscous and ochreous.

ab. maculata ab. nov.

In this form the ground-colour of both wings is darker, but the anal angle of

both is marked by two rounded contiguous blotches of bright pale ochreous, the apex

of forewings also being pale ochreous; all these pale patches are shown on the

underside.

ab. rufigrisea ab. nov.

Forewings reddish ochreous, striated and in parts suffused with fuscous; the

lines distinct; the costa spotted with black; central fascia between the two lines

silvery grey, with dark central shade, the grey on hindwings extending to the base ;

apical area of forewing bearing a dark patch. Underside whitish grey, with the other

markings as in the type-form.

Expanse of wings : 44—48 mm.

Six d'd, two 2 ?, of the type-form, two d d of ab. maculata, and a d and 9? of

ab. rufigrisea, all from Fergusson Island, November and December.

SUBFAMILY SELIDOSEMINAE.

Polycrasta gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight, slightly convex before apex; hindmargin

oblique, faintly irregular; inner margin convex.

Hindwings: broad; costa and inner margin convex; apex bluntly angled;

hindmargin rounded, suberenulate; anal angle truncate.

Abdomen of d long; antennae strongly pectinated, the apex simple ; palpi stout,

( 302 )

upeurved, and appressed to face; second joint hairy, third smooth, short and bent

forwards; tongue well developed; legs long; hind tibiae with four spurs; base and

cell of both wings strongly hairy beneath.

Neuration : forewings, cell not half as long as wing; discocellular straight ;

first median at one-half, second before end of cell, third from the end; lower

radial from slightly above the centre of discocellular, upper from top end of cell;

last four subcostals stalked from well before end; first anastomosing strongly with

costal; all the veins strong and straight. Hindwings with costal approximated to

subeostal close to base, then curving away to the apical angle; first subcostal con-

siderably before end of cell; no radial; first median at two-thirds, second before end

of cell.

Type: Polycrasta ocellata sp. nov.

The genus appears to be a development of Petelia H.S. The typical species

reminds one superficially of the American species of Thysanopyga, with which it

agrees also in having the anal tuft of abdomen whitish in the d.

71. Polycrasta ocellata sp. nov.

Forewings: fuscous, striated with darker; a very obscure curved shade near

base, and a curved thick central shade before middle; the small black cell-spot lying

just beyond; a dark brown line edged internally with dull orange, incurved from

apex to anal angle; the marginal area included pale grey, mixed with brown, and

with traces of a toothed submarginal line through it; a row of minute black dots at

ends of veins ; fringe fuscous.

Hindwings: browner, with traces of two dark curved central fasciae ; cell-spot

oval, black, finely edged with yellow; extreme hindmargin from apex to opposite cell

yellow ; fringe fuscous, with yellowish basal line.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; the anal tuft white; collar, face, palpi, and

antennae darker. Underside dull cinereous brown.

Expanse of wings: 46 mm.

One d from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, April and May.

SugramıLy SEMIOTHISINAE.

72. Azata variegata sp. nov.

d. Forewings: yellowish, thickly dusted with dark brown, and more or less

suffused with greyish purple; the lines thick, dark brown ; first at one-fourth, angled

below the costa, then oblique to inner margin near base; second central, oblique, and

slightly waved; third more waved, at three-fourths ; submarginal line distinct only in

the lower half; the purplish suffusion is thickest between the first and second lines,

and beyond the third line, the space between the second and third and the apical

region remaining yellower; fringe mottled dark purplish and yellowish, with a row of

dark lunules at base.

Hindwings: the same, but all the lines thicker, the first wanting.

Head, thorax, and abdomen purplish grey, the segments of the abdomen paler ;

the vertex of head dusted with yellow. Underside paler, thickly dusted with brown,

the lines brown; the hindmargin broadly brown; forewings with a large ferruginous

orange costal blotch before apex. ? uniformly paler, with the lines finer, the

purple suffusion less intense, but embracing the whole wing.

( 303 )

Expanse of wings: d,28 mm.; 9,26 mm.

Three d d and three ? ? from Fergusson Island, September to December.

Differs from typical Azata in the forewings not being excised below the apex,

the hindmargin being regularly curved and suberenulate; the antennae are quite

three-fourths as long as the forewings, in the d thickened beyond the base with

slight serrations and densely pubescent. The fovea in the forewings of the d is

strongly expressed, oval, and semihyaline.

13. Calletaera sordida sp. nov.

d. Forewings: dull ochreous grey, covered with dark atoms; the costa with

dark spots at the origin of the lines, which are indistinetly darker; first at one-third,

second in middle, third at two-thirds; the last indicated by black dots on the veins

and followed by a broad dull grey fascia; fringe concolorous, dusted with blackish,

a row of black dots at base between the veins.

Hindwings: the same.

Underside bright straw-colour, the margins deeper; forewings dusted with black,

with two oblique bands, the one central, narrow, the second submarginal, broad and

denticulate ; hindwings with both bands, but with the ground-colour unspeckled.

? with the forewings broader than in the 4 ; the underside brighter.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

Two d d, two ? 2, from Fergusson Island, September to December.

Near C. grisea Warr., from Nias Island.

74. Luxiaria(?) straminea sp. nov.

$. Forewings: pale straw-colour, sparsely speckled with fuscous olive scales ;

the lines hardly expressed, indicated on costa by the usual dark spots; the exterior

with a slight olive shade beyond it; submarginal line marked by a double black spot

beyond the angle of exterior line; a black subapical costal blotch ; fringe straw-

colour, tipped with dark opposite the veins and with black spots at base between

them.

Hindwings: the same, but the basal area paler, not so much suffused with the

olive atoms.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; face and palpi ferruginous. Underside

brighter straw-colour, with all the markings more distinct ; both wings with a diffuse

rusty submarginal fascia.

Expanse of wings : 36—38 mm.

Two $ $ from Fergusson Island, dated December; occurs also in Nias Island.

Orthotmeta gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight, faintly curved at base and becoming convex

before apex; hindmargin irregular, with two blunt teeth below apex, then exeised,

and again bulged outwards, with two blunt teeth at ends of veins 3 and 4, thence

oblique to anal angle, which is obtuse; inner margin rather convex.

Hindwings: with anal angle squared, the apex truncate, with two strong teeth

at ends of veins 6 and 7 ; hindmargin straight from vein 6 to anal angle.

Antennae of d bipectinate, the pectinations pubescent; of ? minutely serrate ;

palpi with second joint hairy, stout, obliquely ascending and reaching beyond front;

( 304 )

third joint smooth, decumbent; tongue present; hind tibiae of d thickened, with

four spurs.

Neuration: as in Luwxiaria, of which it is a development.

Type: Orthotmeta dentata sp. nov.

75. Orthotmeta dentata sp. nov.

Forewings: grey-brown, with short black transverse striae, and more or less

suffused with tawny; first line ferruginous, dark brown on costa, veins, and inner

margin, from costa at one-fifth, below which it is excurved, thence irregularly sinuous

to inner margin near base ; exterior line from costa at three-fifths, irregularly dentate

and more or less parallel to hindmargin, indistinct to submedian fold, then black and

vertical to inner margin at middle; an oblique thick black-brown central line from

middle of costa, slightly angulated in cell, to inner margin close before exterior line ;

a submarginal dentate line, indicated by dark blotches internally ; fringe irregularly

crenulate, concolorous, with a row of black lunules at base.

Hindwings: paler, less suffused and varied with darker; the lines very

indistinct, the exterior one denoted by black spots on veins.

In the 9 the markings are paler, the lines finer, more ferruginous ; the outer

line more oblique above inner margin, more exeurved and nearer the hindmargin.

Underside ferruginous orange, speckled with blackish, especially in the forewings,

with three oblique irregularly sinuous black lines, the third very broad on hindwings

and inner margin of forewings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with ground-colour of wings; vertex

and collar ferruginous ; face and palpi dark brown.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

A good series from Fergusson Island, October to December.

76. Semiothisa connotata sp. nov.

d. Ochreous drab, with scattered fuscous atoms; first line brownish, at one-

fourth, bent below costa, then slightly oblique to inner margin; second line brownish

in middle, forming a broad angulation outwards opposite the cell and a smaller one

on the submedian fold; discal spot brown; submarginal line dull ferruginous,

straight, from a little before anal angle to before apex, where it is retracted to costa;

marginal area more thickly dusted with fuscous, especially below apex along the

shallow excision; fringe ochreous, mixed with fuscous.

Hindwings: without basal line; a ferruginous central line passing over the

black cell-spot ; outer line slightly curved from costa before apex to anal angle.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside like upper, with all the

frecklings and markings thicker and coarser.

? with the markings as in d, but the ground-colour from base to outer line

whitish ; outer line not so near the margin, double, with a pale centre; the marginal

area broader and darker, with two small blackish spots beyond the outer line

on either side of the third median nervule. Underside with a ferruginous sub-

marginal fascia, entire on the hindwings, distinct only towards costa in forewings,

interrupted by dark fuscous and grey below; marginal area varied with fuscous

and grey.

Expanse of wings: ¢,34mm.; ?,36 mm.

Two d d,three 9 ?, from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, March to May.

( 305 )

77. Semiothisa isospila Meyr.

Macaria isospila Meyr., Tr. E. S. (1889), p. 501 (8).

Mr. Meyrick described the species from a single 2. The d is darker, with the

strigulations denser, and all the lines thicker and more distinct; in partieular

the exterior line below the angulation is distinctly double, and much more oblique.

Several examples from Fergusson Island, September. Meyrick’s specimen was

(presumably) from Port Moresby.

SUBFAMILY ENNOMINAE.

78. Corymica oblongimacula sp. nov.

Fovewings: bright yellow, the costa dotted with brown, at the base with a

shallow brown and grey patch; a dull rust-red triangular patch on hindmargin from

apex, where it is deep brown, to near the anal angle; its apex connected by a

ferruginous tinge with a similar-coloured shade at base of costa; no trace of cross

lines; on the inner margin the ordinary brown patches are connected so as to form

an oblong patch with an oval yellow centre.

Hindwings: with a rust-red cell-spot and a postmedian curved line of similar

spots, those on costa and inner margin being red-brown ; a brown white-centred spot

on middle of costa; inner-marginal area dull ochreous, without markings as far as

vein 2; hindmargin rusty ; fringe of both wings white, with brown-red marginal line;

fringe of forewings along the patch ferruginous tipped with white.

Face, vertex, thorax, and base of abdomen yellow; palpi, antennae, and collar

brown; abdomen ochreous, the tip brown. Underside yellowish ; in forewings varied

with grey and brown; the marginal triangle red-brown ; the oblong patch of forewings

and costal spot of hindwings filled in with whitish.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

One d from Fergusson Island, December.

79. Hyposidra schistacea sp. nov.

2. Forewings : dull silvery slate-colour, the markings darker, purplish slate-colour ;

first line at one-fourth, bent below costa, thick; the basal area within it darker along

inner-marginal half; a dark fascia beyond middle, edged internally by a nearly straight

line and outwardly by a wavy and bluntly angulated one; hindmargin suffused with

darker, preceded by an obscure wavy dark submarginal line and a dark vertical streak

at anal angle.

Hindwings: with basal two-thirds more or less suffused with dark, the whole

marginal area pale, with the darker waved submarginal line more distinct. Underside

like upper, but duller, neither wing with the base darker.

Head, thorax, and abdomen all concolorous ; the centre of abdomen blacker.

Of six d d, one agrees both in colour and markings with the 9 9 ; of the other

five, three have only the edges of the fascia darker, but agree in colour; the remaining

two not only have no fascia represented, but are much browner in tone, being varied,

especially in the hindwings, with greyish ochreous scales.

Expanse of wings: 9, 50—60 mm. ; d,36—46 mm.

Three 9 9, six d d, from Fergusson Island, November and December ; one 9 from

Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, March.

( 306 )

80. Hyposidra variabilis sp. nov.

$. Forewings: dull grey-brown, freckled with darker and varied with ferruginous,

the latter tint being confined to a wavy submarginal fascia and the inner margin ;

traces of two darker brown lines, one straight and oblique in middle, the other beyond

it and strongly excurved.

Hindwings : more or less freckled with pale grey and ferruginous, with two dark

curved central lines and a ferruginous subapical costal bloteh.

Underside dull dark brown, with two dark lines on each wing. Head, thorax,

and abdomen concolorous.

d like ?, but with the markings clearer; the ferruginous subapical patch

marked on upperside; discal spots black above and below.

ab. pallida ab. nov.

d. Ferruginous ochreous, with the costal region fuscous; a dark brown-black curved

mark from inner margin close to base to middle of wing ; a thick brown-black slightly

bent line from middle of costa to middle of inner margin; the exterior line marked

by dots from the costa, but becoming brown-black at inner margin, and followed by

an undulating line at anal angle ; the centre of inner and hindmargin pale ochreous.

In a second example of this form the lines are less distinct, but the central one

is contiguous to a round black blotch on inner margin. Underside testaceous ochreous,

freckled with darker, and with the two lines and discal spots dark.

ab. nubilosa ab. nov.

d. Darker, more suffused with purplish, with the lines darker ; apex of forewings

dark purplish beyond the usual ferruginous patch; a purplish brown cloud at anal

angle, with undulating edge reaching middle of wing. In a second example this

cloud is restricted to a V-shaped mark at anal angle. Underside dull slaty grey, with

the lines and freckles black.

All the forms agree in having a ferruginous submarginal band distinet on the

underside of forewings, and on the upperside towards the anal angle on the inner

margin of hindwings a small pale blotch, edged above by a double black line, and

below by a ferruginous patch.

Expanse of wings: 2, 64—72 mm.; d,44—48 mm.

Two 9 9, six d d, from Fergusson Island, October to December.

Related to H. incomptaria Wlk., from Aru, and H. corticata WIk., from Tondano.

Notr.—Since this paper was sent to press I have discovered that two species have

been already described. Comostola flavicincta, p. 288, is the same as C. neseidaria

Snellen, from Celebes. Borbacha parviseripta, p. 296, originally described on

p. 130, is identical with Onychodes euchrysa Lower, the type of which, now in the

Tring Museum, I have lately seen. This will stand as Borbacha euchrysa Lower.

( 307 )

NEW INDIAN EPIPLEMIDAE AND GEOMETRIDAE.

By W. WARREN, M.A. FES.

Famity EPIPLEMIDAE.

1. Epiplema arcuata sp. nov.

Forewings: dark leaden-grey, with numerous dark fuscous strigae, and a large

dark discal blotch ; lines indistinct, dull ferruginous ; first at one-fourth, curved below

costa, then vertical to inner margin; second at two-thirds, forming two angles, one

below costa, the other below middle, thence incurved to inner margin at two-thirds ;

a large dark semicircular patch on hindmargin from apex to the middle tooth;

fringe dark leaden-grey.

Hindwings: with outer line a little beyond the middle, forming two curves

meeting at an angle in middle, ferruginous, edged outwardly with ochreous; basal

two-thirds dark leaden-grey, with a chestnut middle streak from base, joined by

a dark streak on the discocellular ; marginal space ochreous, especially towards costa

and inner margin, suffused towards outer margin with brown and leaden-grey scales,

and striated with darker; fringe dark grey, with a rather lustrous paler grey line

at base.

Face and palpi blackish; head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey. Underside

of forewings dull dark grey, with fuscous mottlings; of hindwings paler, somewhat

tinged with ochreous, with straggling fuscous streaks.

Expanse of wings: ¢, 26 mm.; 2,32 mm.

One d (August), one ? (February), from the Khasia Hills. The ? is consider-

ably paler than the d.

2. Epiplema fulvata sp. nov.

Forewings : white, with patches of fulvous scales and striae ; costa at base with

a few fuscous striae; a small darker spot at one-fourth and one-half, from the first

of which a faintly double curved fulvous line arises, and beyond the second another,

accompanied by fulvous scales internally and with a black blotch above inner margin ;

fulvous patches on costa before apex, above anal angle, and at middle of hindmargin ;

a minute black subapical dot before the hindmargin.

Hindwings: almost wholly suffused with orange-fulvous, the base, a narrow

antemedian space, and the hindmargin alone remaining white; a double curved

postmedian line, only distinct in the middle, where it is blackish ; a minute black

dot before the lower tail,

Head, thorax, and abdomen white; face white, with a brown central bar; palpi

white, ringed with black. Underside of forewings ochreous fuscous, of hindwings

whitish ; both with darker central fascia.

Expanse of wings: 16 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Near E. rwptaria Moore.

( 308 )

Famity GEOMETRIDAE.

SUBFAMILY PSEUDOTERPNINAE.

3. Pingasa subviridis sp. nov.

Forewings : greenish white, dusted and suffused with dull grey-green; first line

near base, forming two curves in the middle; second line beyond middle, outwardly

curved and strongly dentate, as in P. chlora Cram.; a large diffused grey-green

discal blotch; marginal space beyond second line darker, especially towards costa ;

submarginal line pale, wavy, indistinct ; a row of dark dots along base of fringes;

inner margin, especially at anal angle, tinged with rosy.

Hindwings: like forewings, but with the base darker; the rosy tinge along

inner margin at anal angle more pronounced.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; top of face and vertex of thorax very

dark green. Underside white, tinged with yellow towards base; both wings with

broad black submarginal band, touching hindmargin opposite the cell; forewings only

with black cell-spot.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

Three d d from Cherrapunji, October 1893.

4. Terpna funebrosa sp. nov.

Forewings: dull rufous, thickly suffused and striated with dark green; two

oblique wavy subbasal black lines, the space between them filled up with dull pale

green; a curved black discocellular mark; postmedian line black, denticulate,

shaped much as in vigens Butler; submarginal line indicated by whitish spots on the

veins; a white subapical blotch on the hindmargin; fringe dark green, with black

spots at base between the veins.

Hindwings: the same, without the subbasal lines; the veins rufous, with dark

specks.

Palpi pale, mixed with reddish; lower half of frons black; upper half, vertex,

and front of thorax pale green; patagia dark green; abdomen greyish rufous, with

oblique black streaks at the sides of the tufts, and blackish lateral blotches; under-

side of abdomen ochreous whitish; legs blackish, spotted with white; fore femora

red above. Underside of forewings white, with broad black marginal band, containing

a white blotch at apex; a large black discocellular spot; band of hindwings sub-

marginal, leaving the whole margin white.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

Several specimens from the Khasias, all d d, February and March 1894.

Most like T. apicalis Moore, but distinguished from that species by the pure

white ground-colour of the underside of the wings.

SuBFAMILY GEOMETRINAE.

Comostolodes gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa faintly curved; apex rounded; hindmargin obliquely

curved,

Hindwings : with fully rounded hindmargin.

Palpi reaching beyond forehead, with third joint distinct. Antennae of d pecti-

( 309 )

nated to two-thirds, of 9 simple ; hind tibiae not dilated, with four spurs. Forewings

with the upper radial and last four subcostals stalked, the first free ; last two medians

from lower angle of cell. Hindwings with the two subcostals stalked. Frenulum

present, but fine. Abdomen with white red-edged spots.

Type : Comostolodes albicaten« sp. nov.

Here belong also inductaria Guen., dispansa Wlk., and smaragdus Hmpsn.

5. Comostolodes albicatena sp. nov.

Forewings : green, rather thinly sealed ; costa red-brown, streaked longitudinally

with white scales, towards apex with a white central streak; a white red-edged spot

at one-third and two-thirds indicates the origin of the two lines; first line shown by

a small white red-edged spot at origin of first median, and a larger one on inner

margin before middle; second line by a small similar dot on third median and a

larger one at anal angle, and by small red dots on the other veins; hindmargin with

a snow-white line bounded inwardly by a row of curved red marks, and outwardly by

a red line at base of fringe, which is ochreous reddish.

Hindwings: with only the marginal lines, the white spots at end of third

median and at anal angle larger; a brown-red streak along middle of inner margin ;

both wings with discal mark dark green.

Thorax and base of abdomen green; face and vertex green, often fading to

rufous; abdomen ochreous, the basal and anal segments marked with red and white ;

the antepenultimate segment white, with a red ring above it; palpi ochreous, red-

brown above. Underside whitish green, becoming pale green towards costa of

forewings.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Four dd from the Khasias, January to March.

Intermediate between inductaria Wlk. and smaragdus Hmpsn.

6. Hemistola rectilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: bluish green, subtransparent ; costa white, speckled with red; the

lines whitish, indistinct, straight, not denticulated as in M. rubrimargo Warr. ; first

near base, curved and distinct only on inner margin, where it is followed by a reddish

spot; second from two-thirds of inner margin, where it is preceded by a larger

reddish spot, parallel to hindmargin, and becoming obsolete before reaching costa ;

extreme hindmargin white, edged internally by a fine red line consisting of a series

of curves; fringe reddish, with the tips yellowish.

Hindwings: with an oblique faintly curved white median line, preceded on

inner margin by a reddish spot; fringe as in forewings; discal spot in both win

slightly darker green.

Head and thorax blue-green ; abdomen ochreous, red along the dorsum, with a

white line down the middle ; face red-brown; vertex green.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

Underside paler.

7. Iodis delicatula sp. nov.

Forewings: pale pearly green, with fine iridescent scales; first line pale, indis-

tinct, wavy, with slightly darker shade externally; second line pale, and re

:gularly

dentate, parallel and near to hindmargin, internally edged with darker.

( 310 )

Hindwings: with the outer line angled, and running parallel to hindmargin ;

fringe of both wings concolorous; a distinctly black spot on the lower arm of the

discocellular of each wing.

Face, thorax, and abdomen pale green ; vertex and front of thorax white. Under-

side silvery white, the costa of forewings yellowish green.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Both sexes from the Khasias, May 1894.

SuBFAMILY STERRHINAE.

8. Craspedia hyphenophora sp. nov.

Forewings: very pale whitish ochreous, sparsely dusted with black scales; the

lines faintly darker ochreous ; inner line marked by a few black scales forming dots

on the veins; cell-spot and central line hardly darker; exterior line marked by

black scales on veins, the spot on the radial distinctly black and hyphen-shaped ; a

row of deep black spots along margin between veins; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : like forewings, but the cell-spot small and black.

Face and palpi dark; collar pale ochreous brown; thorax and abdomen con-

colorous with wings, the abdomen slightly spotted with black along back. Underside

with the costa and cell of forewings fuscous ; the cell-spot black and linear; the two

outer series of spots in both wings expressed.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One g from the Khasias, March 1894.

9. Craspedia nigridentata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, sparsely dusted with black scales; first and central lines

brownish, curved and sinuous, the first marked with black scales on inner margin ;

discal dot small, black, with some brownish scales; exterior line brownish, double,

marked by black points on the veins at the ends of the denticulations, with a black

W-shaped mark opposite cell, and a double black denticulated mark on inner margin

before anal angle ; -submarginal line pale, wavy, and indistinct, marked by a dark

patch opposite cell, and another at anal angle ; a row of black marginal spots between

the veins; fringe concolorous, with a row of dark dots along the base at ends of

the veins.

Hindwings: with black cell-spot preceded by a brownish line; the other lines

as in forewings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, the last with black dorsal spots; face and

palpi black. Underside paler, with all the marginal markings distinct and black ; dise

of forewings suffused with grey.

Expanse of wings: 26—30 mm.

One d from Shillong, November; another from the Khasias, August.

The black markings sometimes become more or less obsolete.

10. Craspedia undulataria ab. straminea ab. noy.

Like typical wadulataria Moore, but the ground-colour wholly straw-colour,

Shillong, July to October.

(311)

ab. subcarnea ab. nov.

Ground-colour greyish ochreous, tinged with pink, and thickly dusted with

fuscous atoms.

Shillong, February.

ab. pulverosa ab. nov.

Ground-colour greyish ochreous, without the reddish tinge, and with very scant

dusting ; the markings in the 9 cloudy and indistinct.

Khasia Hills, March.

The ground-colour of Moore's type is whitish; it differs from remotata Guen.

in having all the lines more oblique and complete, the outer ones not incurved

beyond the cell. The three forms here determined agree in these respects with the

type-form, while differing much in colour; they are easily confounded with the cor-

respondingly coloured forms of remotata Guen., though on the average larger in size.

11. Discoglypha variostigma sp. nov.

Forewings: fulvous red, dusted with darker; the costa darker; cell-spot small,

dark ; lines as in D. injlammata, to which it is closely allied, differing in the absence

of the unsuffused fulvous streaks; fringe wholly fulvous red; a row of dark red spots

along hindmargin between veins, but no trace of whitish spotsat the ends of the veins.

Hindwings: with the discal spot large and round, either white with black edges,

or wholly filled up with black ; never triangular, as in inflammata. On the under-

side the two outer lines are both strongly marked.

Expanse of wings: 30—32 mm.

Two d d, one 2, from the Khasia Hills.

12. Eois costiguttata sp. nov.

Forewings: dull olive-grey ; the lines wavy, pale ochreous, rising from large

ochreous costal blotches, at one-third, one-half, and three-fourths respectively; an

ochreous subapical costal blotch, and row of ochreous spots along hindmargin ; fringe

olive-grey.

Hindwings : with three wavy ochreous lines and marginal row of ochreous spots.

Face blackish ; vertex and shoulders ochreous ; thorax and abdomen grey. Under-

side paler, with the lines as above ; the marginal spots all but obsolete.

Expanse of wings: 14 mm.

One d from the Khasias.

The forewings are elongate, with apex produced; hindmargin straight and very

oblique; hindwings with hindmargin very distinctly angulated in middle.

13. Eois (?) maculata sp. nov.

Forewings: rufous ochreous, with dark fuscous olive markings; these consist of

basal, antemedian, postmedian, and submarginal fasciae, all considerably interrupted,

and distinet only on costa and inner margin; a marginal row of dark spots; cilia

ochreous.

Hindwings: with the four fasciae complete, their outer edges irregular,

( 312 )

Underside the same, in the forewings suffused with grey. Head, thorax, and

abdomen ochreous, the latter with dark middle segments.

Expanse of wings: 12 mm.

One d from the Khasias, March 1895.

The only example has the forewings rubbed; probably in fresh specimens the

dark fasciae are as well marked as in the hindwings. The antennae are subserrate

and finely ciliated; the hindwings deeply emarginate on either side of the middle;

the forewings elongate, with apex produced, and hindmargin very oblique and

slightly elbowed in middle. It is here placed in Zois provisionally ; veins 6 and 7

of hindwings are on a very long stalk.

14. Perixera flavispila sp. nov.

Forewings: stone-colour, thickly and very uniformly dusted with pinkish grey

atoms; the costa slightly darker ; first and third lines very fine, wavy and denticulated,

both marked by dark dots on the veins; cell-spot dark, linear, or narrowly oval ; an

indistinct waved and dentieulate cloudy dark shade between it and the third line; a

pale submarginal line is hardly visible ; a row of black marginal spots at base of fringe

between the veins; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: the same, but the discal spot round and filled up with orange,

edged with black.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; palpi and upper part of face dull red-

brown ; lower part of face white. Underside whitish, unspeckled, with the costa, linear

discal spot, the dark spots on the third line and the marginal line darker; hindwings

with no discal spot shown.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

Common from the Khasia Hills; also occurring in Fergusson Island.

The species is distinguished from its allies by the yellow-centred cell-spot of the

hindwings; it is referred by Hampson to interpulsavia Wlk.=arenosaria Moore,

but it is certainly not identical with Moore's species.

15. Perixera rufidorsata sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, dusted with pinkish and fuscous scales; costa narrowly

fuscous ; cell-spot linear, blackish; first line shown by three or four dark dots on

veins; a very obscure darker central shade ; exterior line marked by dots on veins,

the upper four lying in a curve nearer the base than the lower four ; submarginal line

indicated by dark cloudy patches; fringe ochreous ; a row of large black spots at ends

of veins and of small dots between the veins.

Hindwings : like forewings ; discal spot round and large, smoky black with paler

centre.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, the last tinged with red along the back;

face and palpi ochreous, tinged above with rosy. Underside paler, freckled with

rosy, with the costa, discal line, and row of large marginal spots blackish; upper

spots of exterior line also marked ; the black discal mark of hindwing only showing

through.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

Two d d from the Khasias.

A form occurs with the centre of the discal spot of hindwing large and white,

( 313 )

16. Ptychopoda albiflava sp. nov.

Forewings: white, with very sparse black atoms; the lines pale yellowish

ochreous ; the first curved at one-third ; the central and exterior both outeurved round

cell, and somewhat strongly inangulated opposite cell; exterior line and marginal

area yellowish ; a row of minute black marginal dots; fringe yellowish ; cell-spot

large, black.

Hindwings : similar.

Face and palpi dark brown; head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous. Under-

side whitish ; the marginal spots of both wings only shown.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

One ? from the Khasias, April 1894.

Resembles P. complanata, but smaller, whiter, with the apex of forewings more

rounded.

17. Ptychopoda complanata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, with pale ochreous-brown markings; the dark dusting very

minute and often obsolete, except along costa; basal, inner, and central lines oblique,

rather thick, and curved only towards costa ; exterior line double, forming an oblique

fascia with wavy edges; hindmargin ochreous brown like the lines, so that the sub-

marginal wavy space is distinetly pale; fringe concolorous, with a row of exceedingly

minute dark dots along margin.

Hindwings: like forewings; a minute black cell-spot in both.

Face and palpi dark brown; collar pale brown; head, thorax, and abdomen

whitish ochreous. Underside with the outer lines of forewing expressed, the base and

dise suffused with fuscous; hindwings wholly whitish.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Abundant from the Khasias, April 1894 ; also from Darjiling.

All the Darjiling examples are devoid of dark dusting, while most of the Khasia

specimens have it more or less developed.

Allied to aspilataria Wlk., which, however, has no cell-spots.

18. Ptychopoda consimilata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, dusted thickly with blackish or fuscous; the lines pale

brown; exterior line much nearer hindmargin than in P. inanguluta, and marked by

black points on veins; not inangulated, as in inangulata, beyond the cell; sub-

marginal line indistinct ; a row of black marginal points between the veins; fringe

ochreous, with a row of smaller dots opposite the veins.

Hindwings: the same.

Face and palpi dark brown; collar pale brown; head, thorax, and abdomen

ochreous ; abdomen sometimes with dorsal black spots. Underside pale, with the

exterior lines strongly marked ; forewings suffused with grey.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Numerous from the Khasias, January to April.

Distinguished from inangulata by the different course and position of the outer

lines,

19. Ptychopoda grisescens sp. noy.

Forewings: mouse-grey, with darker dusting; first line black at one-fourth,

toothed outwards on subcostal, median, and submedian veins ; second line from middle

“a

( 314 )

of costa, starting from a black spot, then fainter, curved round the black cell-spot,

and vertical to inner margin at middle; exterior line blackish, sinuous inwards

opposite the cell, outwards below it, then incurved and reaching inner margin near

central line ; followed by a dark fuscous fascia with lunate edge, which is interrupted

opposite the cell; its pale edge formed by the submarginal line; fringe paler, with a

row of dark spots in it at base.

Hindwings : similar.

Head dark brown; vertex and thorax grey; abdomen dark grey. Underside

uniform dull grey.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One d from the Khasias, March 1895.

Allied to humeraria W1k., of which it may prove to be a dark race.

20. Ptychopoda inangulata sp. nov.

Forewings : yellowish ochreous, dusted with black scales; the lines thick, pale

brown, wavy, and denticulate ; central line strongly inangulated in cell to touch the

black cell-spot ; exterior line double, brownish, the inner area marked with dark

scales; both strongly inangulated beyond cell; hindmargin brownish, leaving the

wavy pale submarginal line distinct ; a row of black spots along margin between the

veins ; fringe clear ochreous, without spots.

Hindwings: the same.

Face and palpi dark brown-black ; collar brownish ; head, thorax, and abdomen

ochreous, sometimes speckled with black. Underside paler, with the marginal black

spots distinct; forewings suffused with grey.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Several of both sexes from the Khasias, April, June, and August.

21. Ptychopoda quinquestriata sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish ochreous, sparsely dotted with blackish atoms; the costa

whitish ; the forewings crossed by five pale brownish ochreous oblique lines; the first

angled below costa, the next three slightly curved opposite cell, the last marginal ;

fringe ochreous, finely black-speckled, with a row of small black dots at base.

Hindwings: with four lines; both wings with minute black cell-spot.

Face and palpi dark ; thorax and abdomen ochreous. Underside ochreous, with

dull rusty frecklings; base of forewings greyish fuscous ; the lines ochreous grey.

Expanse of wings: 21 mm.

One ¢ from the Khasia Hills.

22. Ptychopoda semilinea sp. nov.

Forewings : fawn-colour, dusted with black atoms ; costa black at base; first line

fine, black, oblique from costa to subcostal vein, then interrupted, marked by a spot

on median and at inner margin; outer line at four-fifths, slightly curved inwards

formed of small round vein-dots connected by a fine threadlike line ; submarginal

line wavy, hardly discernible except at costa, where it is preceded by a black

tridentate blotch, and at anal angle, where it is edged with blackish; fringe

concolorous, with a row of largish black spots opposite the end of the veins; a very

obscure dark central shade, which develops into a black blotch at middle of inner

margin.

( 315 )

Hindwings: the same, but with the central shade broad and black, containing

a black cell-spot.

Face dark brown; head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous, the last with a dark

ring. Underside pale ochreous, with the markings distinct and black; base and

costa of forewings fuscous.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm,

A pair from the Khasias.

Allied to P. obliquilinea Warr.

23. Ptychopoda unilineata sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, not dusted with darker; the markings pale brownish

ochreous; first line thick and slightly curved, the area within it likewise brownish

ochreous ; central shade broadening towards costa, and containing a pale discal spot ;

exterior line twice bent, slightly oblique outwards from costa, then oblique inwards,

marked with brown opposite the cell and on the submedian fold; a broad sub-

marginal and marginal brownish ochreous shade, the wavy submarginal line paler;

fringe pale ochreous, with four or five small dark marginal dots below apex, and

a pale line at base.

Hindwings: with antemedian brownish ochreous shade; small black cell-spot ;

a fine exterior line, and the submarginal and marginal bands and fringe as on

forewings.

Face and palpi brown; collar pale brown; thorax and abdomen ochreous.

Underside paler, with all markings greyish ochreous, the exterior line especially

marked.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One 2 from the Khasias.

Distinguished by the single dark line and pale cell-spot of forewings.

SuBFAMILY HYDRIOMENINAE.

24. Xanthorhoé subbrunnescens sp. nov.

Forewings : dark leaden-fuscous, mixed with chocolate ; first line at one-fourth,

angled just below costa, then straight and oblique to inner margin, plumbeous,

inwardly edged with rufous and preceded by a broadish velvety black fascia; outer

line at four-fifths of costa, oblique outwards and sharply angulated below costa,

incurved opposite cell, and forming another angle below third median, then incurved

to inner margin, followed by a plumbeous line with a dark outer edge, which again

is succeeded on costa by a short ochreous yellow tooth-shaped mark; in the outer

half of the broad central fascia is seen a dark brown line; submarginal line dark

purplish brown on costa and opposite the cell, obscure below, the space between

it and the fascia being occupied by a dull chocolate band; fringe dark leaden-

brown.

Hindwings : dark purplish grey.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark purplish grey. Underside dull purplish grey,

with darker central and marginal fasciae.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One 2 from the Khasias, September 1894.

Allied to Xanthorhoé obfuscata Warr.

( 916 )

SuBFAMILY ASTHENINAE.

25. Laciniodes denigrata sp. nov.

Like L. plurilinearia Moore, but the general colour yellower, entirely without

black or dark markings.

Head, face, and collar yellow, not black ; the exterior band of white spots much

more distinct and not interrupted in the middle; inner line curved, below costa, not

angulated; outer line recurved to costa, not running straight as in plurilinearia, its

upper half therefore being sinuous.

Three ? ? from Shillong, May and July.

SUBFAMILY TRICHOPTERYGINAE.

Proömphe gen. nov.

d. Forewings: ample, triangular; the costa with a prominent bulge at one-

third, followed by a slight indentation before the convex outer half; apex blunt;

hindmargin as long as inner margin, straight and oblique, and strongly crenulate in

the upper half, the teeth at end of veins 4 and 6 being prominent.

Hindwings: small in comparison with the size of forewings, with rounded

apex and hindmargin ; the inner margin thickened towards base, then lobed to anal

angle; the lobe folded over flat on upperside, and hairy within.

Palpi short, pointed, porrect ; tongue present; forehead and vertex somewhat

protuberant ; antennae lamellate.

Neuration: forewings, cell not half as long as wing; discocellular vertical in

upper area, oblique below ; first median at one-half, second at five-sixths, third from

lower angle of cell ; lower radial from the angulation of discocellular, upper from top

angle of cell; first subcostal anastomosing with stem of the other four, forming a

single areole. Hindwings, costal connected with subcostal by a bar; the subcostal

bent downwards to middle of wing; first subcostal nervule from the bend; second

from the end of cell, reaching hindmargin below middle; discocellular very strongly

and acutely inangulated, the radial and last two medians radiating from the acutely

pointed lower end of cell; first median some distance before end; the first and

second running through to the hindmargin of the lobe that is folded over.

Type: Prodmphe lobata sp. nov.

A development, as the neuration shows, of Dysethia Warr.

26. Proömphe lobata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous flesh-colour, the lines paler; a red-brown triangular spot

on costa near base; another just beyond the costal bulge, edged internally by the

pale first line, whieh is abruptly angled at the apex of the spot and runs slightly

wavy to inner margin at one-third; outer line from apex to two-thirds of inner

margin ; a third, but more indistinct, brown costal triangle is visible just beyond the

middle of wing ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: more yellowish, without any markings.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous; face dark brown. Underside yellowish,

in forewings tinged with reddish, in hindwings mottled with darker yellow.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One d from Sikkim, May 1889 (Pilcher leg.).

(19125)

SuBFAMILY TEPHROCLYSTIINAE.

27. Tephroclystia nigrilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: shining grey, with numerous waved blackish ‘cross lines; three or

four in the basal area; three close together in and beyond middle; these latter

excurved beyond cell, followed by a thick slightly curved black line, bent above

inner margin; marginal area beyond it rather darker, with several wavy lines; the

submarginal finely paler; fringe grey, with a fine black marginal line at the base :

cell-spot distinct, black, on the first of the three central lines.

Hindwings: grey, with three basal lines, one central and darker, and several

marginal.

Underside paler, with the same lines. Head, thorax, and abdomen all grey, the

last with a distinct black lateral streak.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One ? from Kasauli, August 1893.

28. Tephroclystia tenuisquama sp. nov.

Forewings : thinly scaled, dull pinkish ochreous, dusted with grey and blackish

atoms ; the veins with black linear dashes in places; cell-spot blackish, with distinct

raised scales; basal markings indistinct; an antemedian line angled below costa;

another line just beyond middle, strongly angled opposite the cell, then sharply

oblique inwards, and vertical to inner margin; the space between these two lines

rather darker; a postmedian dark angulated fascia edged on either side by a pale

fascia, each with a dark line along its centre; marginal area dark grey, with the sub-

marginal line distinctly paler and fine; fringe mottled pale and dark ochreous, with a

darker basal line.

Hindwings: with the whole costal half pale, without markings; the inner

margin with alternate dark grey and ochreous fasciae.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey. Underside whitish ochreous, with the

markings indicated ; the cell-spots and marginal dark line distinct.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

Three ? ? from Darjiling, March and April (Pilcher leg.).

Resembling the European T. abbreviata.

SuBFAMILY DEILINIINAE.

29. Parasynegia (?) rufinervis sp. nov.

Forewings : yellow, with coarse ferruginous orange mottlings; costa at base dark

brown; first line at one-fourth, thick, brown-blaek, eurved and slightly indented in

middle ; second line at two-thirds, thick, parallel to hindmargin ; submarginal sinuous,

denoted by fuseous ferruginous patches; a similar-coloured cloud between veins 3

and 4 from outer line to hindmargin; veins all orange-ferruginous; the third

median brown, and the upper radial with a brown mark towards hindmargin ; disco-

cellular orange, with a small dark dot in middle; fringe yellow, with fine orange

basal line. z

Hindwings: similar; the dark central line slightly bent; the basal fringe-line

rust-coloured.

Face, palpi, head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, mottled with orange; collar

yellow, with brown-black edge. Underside similar, but paler and duller.

( 318 )

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One 9 from the Khasia Hills, November 1894.

I have queried the genus of this insect, being a 9. Moreover it differs in

neuration : vein 11 rises near cell from the common stem of 7, 10, 9, 8, which rise in

the order named.

SUBFAMILY SCOTOPTERYGINAE.

30. Catascia eolaria Guen. ab. fuscobrunnea ab. nov.

In this form the ground-colour of both wings above is dull rufous brown, without

any pale dusting. Underside as in the type-form.

One & from Cherrapunji, October.

In Fauna of British India, Vol. III. p. 253, Hampson mentions a specimen of

this coloration.

31. Scotopterix (?) squamosa sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-grey, covered with dark olive-fuscous transverse strigae ; the

fasciae dark olive; costa with six dull olive-fuscous blotehes— one at base, two forming

the origin of the basal fascia, two more in the middle, from which the dark central

fascia springs, and the sixth before the apex, forming part of the submarginal shade ;

a similar marginal blotch opposite the cell; a blackish linear cell-spot ; the whole

wing is sprinkled with shining scales, and above the anal angle are some yellowish

scales.

Hindwings: paler, with the fasciae distinct only on inner margin; fringes of

both wings dull grey, with dark spots along their base.

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Underside dull grey, the forewings darker

than the hindwings.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One ? from Sikkim, June 1889 (Pilcher leg.).

I have only seen two specimens of this insect, both — ? and more or less worn.

It seems to be most nearly allied to thöbetaria Oberth.

SUBFAMILY ASCOTINAE.

32. Ectropis serratilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, densely speckled throughout with olive-grey striae; the

lines black and denticulate ; the basal, subbasal, and median all indistinct; the post-

median with the denticulations strongly marked and regular; submarginal irregular,

followed by a dentieulate white edging ; fringe whitish, with dark spots opposite the

veins, and black spots at the base between the veins, the latter connected by dark

horizontal streaks with the submarginal line; a black cell-spot before the median line.

Hindwings: like forewings, with antemedian, postmedian, and submarginal

lines and distinct cell-spot.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; face paler below; palpi black, with pale

terminal joint. Underside blurred einereous, with the lines thicker and duller ;

costal region of forewings ochreous.

Expanse of wings : 36 mm.

A few of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, June 1895,

2195)

33. Poecilalcis (?) deceptrix sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, almost wholly suffused with fulvous and fuscous, and with

blackish strigae and clouds; first line broad and pale, edged with darker, sharply

angled below costa, then oblique and straight to inner margin close to base; a large

diffuse blackish cell-spot, followed by a curved and indistinct dark central line; outer

line pale ochreous, tinged with fulvous externally and edged with darker internally,

straight from costa to inner margin, nearly parallel to hindmargin ; submarginal line

fine, white, irregularly dentate and wavy, forming a larger sinus opposite the cell, filled

in with blackish and bent outwards to anal angle.

Hindwings: paler, the costal region ochreous; a large dark cell-spot, with a

dark line from it to inner margin; a broad pale line edged internally with darker,

corresponding to the outer line of forewings; a dark wavy pale-edged submarginal

line, with a black blotch opposite the cell; fringes of both wings dark, with their

base and tips pale; hindmargin of hindwings crenulate from apex to vein 4.

Head, front of thorax, and base of patagia olive-tawny ; tops of shoulders, the

ends of the patagia, and the metathorax dark fuscous; basal segment of abdomen

with a white ring; rest of abdomen mottled fulvous and fuscous. Underside pale

straw-colour, mottled with fuscous ; both wings with large black cell-spot ; forewings

with hindmarginal area dark fuscous, except a spot at apex and in middle; hindwings

with a black blotch in middle of hindmargin.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

One d, two 9 9, from Sikkim, March and April 1889 (J. G. Pilcher /eg.).

Resembles P. atrostipata Moore, but easily distinguished by the different direc-

tion of the first line. The neuration also is different, and appears variable. In all

three 10 and 11 are stalked together, and 11 anastomoses with 12; in one 9 9 is also

stalked with 10 and 11, and afterwards anastomoses with 8; in the other, 7, 8, and 9

are stalked ; while in the d 9, 10, and 11 are stalked together, 9 not anastomosing

with 7 and 8, but separating from 10 near the costa.

SUBFAMILY SEMIOTHISINAE.

34. Hypephyra subangulata sp. nov.

Forewings : rufous ochreous, with darker rufous striae and dusted with silvery

scales; the basal and marginal areas dull dark brown; the lines ferruginous ; first

line eurved and interrupted at one-fourth; second at three-fourths, distinet and

irregularly wavy, preceded by a rusty shade ; discal spot small, ferruginous ; marginal

space dark leaden-brown, with a dull ferruginous patch near costa and a small

brighter spot in the middle ; fringe concolorous with this marginal area.

Hindwings : the same, but with only the extreme base dark, and the basal two-

thirds more densely striated with fuscous.

Head and thorax dark brown; face and abdomen rufous. Underside yellow, with

the marginal area dark leaden colour, with a yellowish patch at middle.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One ? from Sikkim, May 1889 (J. G. Pilcher /eg.).

Distinguished from the other two species of the genus by the blunt angulation

of the hindwings.

( 320 )

35. Semiothisa temeraria Swinh. ab. fumosa ab. nov.

Forewings: entirely dull smoky brownish grey, the lines rust-colour; the area

beyond the postmedian line, except at apex, dark smoky fuscous, the veins, as usual,

remaining paler.

Hindwings : the same, without the dark marginal area.

Underside testaceous grey ; inner and hindmargins of forewings slaty fuscous,

the latter with the fascia showing blackish ; hindwings with only the extreme hind-

margin grey. Thorax and abdomen paler grey.

One d from the Khasia Hills, April 1894.

A very distinct-looking insect from the type-form.

SUBFAMILY ENNOMINAE.

36. Fascellina fuscoviridis sp. nov.

Forewings: dark green, suffused except towards the apex with purple fuscous,

and with darker strigulations; the costa dark purple fuscous, containing a pale olive

blotch in middle, streaked with darker; traces of diffuse oblique basal and median

dark purple shades ; postmedian line irregularly wavy, preceded in middle of wing

by a deep purple shading and edged outwardly by a dull silvery line which on costa

becomes a brighter blotch ; marginal area, except towards apex, darker, traversed by

a zigzag faintly lustrous line; a minute white spot on costa before apex; fringe dark

purple-brown.

Hindwings: purplish rufous only near base and along costa, with a central

slightly curved dark-edged lustrous line, and a faintly silvery zigzag submarginal

one. .

Thorax and abdomen olive-green ; face and palpi red-brown. Underside of fore-

wings olive-green and yellowish, with dark striations; the costa yellow, with rich

brown blotches; the postmedian line brightly edged with white; the marginal area

black andtawny. Hindwings yellow, with olive striae ; the costal region more thickly

striated with red-brown; a blotched straight median line, and a fine curved sub-

marginal one.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One & from Cherrapunji, November 1893.

The outer margin of the forewing alone is excised, the inner margin remaining

straight.

37. Mimochroa lugens Butler ab. castanea ab. nov.

All the green shades on the upperside replaced by chestnut, the underside

remaining as in the type-form. In one example, however, all the yellow of the

underside also has disappeared, being replaced by dull chestnut; the usual dark

brown limiting line is represented by a broad whitish line, while the hindmargin is

varied with whitish.

The palpi in all three examples are rufous chestnut, not orange.

Three dd from Darjiling, March and May 1889 (J. G. Pilcher /eg.).

38. Omiza cinerea sp. nov.

Forewings: dingy grey-green, dusted with dark atoms, which are much denser

beyond the postmedian line; antemedian line at one-fourth, starting from a short

inwardly oblique black costal dash, excurved below costa, then inwardly oblique and

( 321 )

wavy; postmedian line blackish, more distinct, slightly bent at middle and becoming

obsolete towards apex, followed above inner margin by a dull rufous grey shade ;

discocellular annulus oblique, grey-centred, with dark outline.

Hindwings: with a median dark line, bent below costa.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dull grey-green. Underside dull dark cinereous,

tinged with greenish, with the lines indistinct.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One d from Shillong, March 1893.

Əl-

39. Eurytaphria pallidula sp. nov.

$. Forewings : pale straw-colour, sparsely dusted with brown atoms, somewhat

more densely along base of costa and above anal angle; first line brown, indistinct

towards costa, from which it runs outwardly oblique to cell, then inwardly oblique and

bent to inner margin near base ; second line also brown, straight and oblique from

apex, where it is slightly thickened, to inner margin at two-thirds, before which it is

slightly curved and intersects a brown blotch; discal spot brown ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : with brown dash at base ; round brown cell-spot, and brown median

line, angled bluntly below costa.

Underside duller, tinged with cinereous, the outer line appearing partially double.

Thorax and abdomen concotorous ; face and palpi somewhat darker.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One $ from Darjiling, March 1889 (J. G. Pilcher /eg.).

The antennae are minutely serrate and pubescent.

A d from the Khasias must be referred here, but whether the same difference of

coloration always obtains between the sexes must remain doubtful in the absence of

further examples. This d is pale dull green, with the lines and speckles as in the ? ;

forewings with a black dot in the middle of the base; palpi blackish. Antennae

evenly and delicately pectinated.

( 322 )

NEW LEPIDOPTERA.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

1. Papilio aristolochiae lombockensis subsp. nov.

d $. Like P. aristolochiae antiphus, but differs as follows: the white streaks

on the underside of the forewing are much shorter and narrower, the black border

of the wing being almost twice as broad as in antiphus from Sumatra; the red sub-

marginal spots on the hindwing below are mostly larger and less linear, the middle

ones often overpowdered with black scales; the tail is broader at the base and at

the apex, being sometimes as broad as in aristolochiae kotzebueus.

Hab. Sawela, Lombock Island, 1000—2000 feet, June 1896 (W. Doherty).

2. Papilio memnon clathratus subsp. nov.

Papilio memnon merapu, Nov. Zoor. 1895. p. 315 (c) (ex p-).

I am now in possession of a Sumba specimen of merapu, and find that W. Doherty

was right when he told me during his last visit here that the Sambawa and Sumba

memnon are not identical, but belong to two subspecies. Therefore I have to give

a name to the Sambawa form. Besides the inferior size, clathratus is distinguished

from merapu by the marginal area of the underside of the hindwing being less

ochreous, mostly grey, and more extended on the dise, and by the grey rays of the

upperside of the hindwing being, near the margin of the wing, broader. The female

of merapu is unknown ; that of clathratus I have described in Nov. Zoor. 1895. p. 316.

Hab. Sambawa (W. Doherty, September 1891).

3. Papilio albinus thomsoni ab. mordingtoni ab. nov.

This most singular specimen reminds one strongly in its style of aberration

of Papilio nubilus Staud. and P. walkeri Jans., and I should have gladly given

it equal specific rank with these two forms, but it was sent together with a great

number of P. albinus thomsoni which show so much variation that I can clearly see

that this specimen can be made out as an extreme sport.

Forewing: black-brown, with a few white scales between cell and apex.

Hindwing: black-brown; four white patches on dise, one in apex of cell

extending half-way to base and rather ill-defined, the second between veins 6 and 7,

the third almost obliterated between 2 and 3, and the fourth triangular before vein 7.

One oblong red patch between abdominal margin and vein 2 near anal angle ; another

more indistinct, 11 mm. long, between veins 2 and 3.

Underside as above, but hindwing without white patches ; the two red patches

near anal angle larger and much more distinct. Both above and below these two

spots are dusted with blue scales.

The two first of the series of red submarginal spots of albinus are present,

although altered in shape.

Hab. Little Kei Island, one ? (Capt. H. Cayley Webster).

Although as a rule I do not give a personal name to an aberration, I do so in

this case at the request of the collector.

( 323 )

4. Papilio sarpedon dodingensis subsp. noy.

Papilio sarpedon anthedon, Nov. Zoor. 1895. p. 444 (h) (ex p.).

d$. I have recently received some more specimens of sarpedon from the

Moluccas, and find now that these islands are inhabited by two forms, one occurring

on the southern group of islands (Amboina, Ceram, and the adjacent islets), the other

on the northern islands (Halmaheira and Batjan). The characters in pattern which

distinguish the northern form from the southern one are in so far highly interesting

as we meet with them again in the Celebensian subspecies; sarpedon dodingensis

from the Northern Moluccas, therefore, being in pattern more closely allied to sarpedon

milon and sarpedon monticolus (!) from Celebes than to sarpedon anthedon from

Amboina and Ceram.

P. sarpedon dodingensis differs from sarpedon anthedon as follows: band on

forewing narrower, having behind a breadth of from 5 to 6 mm. instead of 8 mm.;

the band on hindwing also about 2 mm. narrower, which is especially obvious at

costal margin and in cell. First submarginal spots on hindwing less arched, almost

straight. On underside of hindwing there is, as in milon and monticolus (1), a red

spot before cell between veins 6 and 7, which is absent from all the other subspecies

of sarpedon.

The bands are in the d', not in the 2, more blue than in anthedon.

Hab. Halmaheira (type) ; Batjan.

The differences in the genital armature of dodingensis and anthedon will be

explained in another place.

5. Papilio sarpedon timorensis subsp. nov.

P. sarpedon parsedon, Noy. Zoou. 1895. p. 442 (d) (ex p.).

3. I am now in possession of Australian specimens of sarpedon which agree

with the type of P. sarpedon parsedon, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1872. p. 99. t. 5. f. 1, and

whieh show that I was wrong in applying this name to the Timor insect ; parsedon

is nothing else but a small specimen of choredon killed shortly after the emergence

from the pupae.

For the Timor subspecies I propose the name of timorensis. It has the bluish

green colour of choredon; the middle band of the forewing is posteriorly not so

broad as in choredon, while the four anterior spots are larger; especially the third

spot is comparatively very large, having a diameter of 4 mm. This spot is placed

closer to the apex of the cell than in choredon and sarpedon sarpedon. The hind-

wing is longer than in choredon, and the tooth even more prominent than in feredon,

Nov. ZooL. 1895. p. 442 (c) ; the band has at the costa a breadth of 7 mm. On the

underside the red costal mark of the hindwing stands closer to the median band

than in choredon; the black line separating it from the band is thinner than the

red mark.

A Wetter specimen differs from the Timor form in having the median band of

both wings broader. On the left hindwing this individual has a small blue-green

discal spot near the apex of the cell between veins 4 and 5, which reminds one of

the discal series of spots present in P. agamemnon and allies.

Hab. Timor (type) ; Wetter.

The male genital armature will be figured and the differences between it and

that of choredon pointed out by Dr. K. Jordan in another place,

( 324 )

6. Papilio sarpedon jugans subsp. nov.

d. A small form with green, not blue-green, markings. The band of the wings

shaped as in timorensis ; third spot of the same size and position as in that form.

Red costal line of underside of hindwing narrower than the black line which separates

it from the median band. Hindwing shaped as in Indian sarpedon ; therefore much

shorter than in timorensis and adonarensis.

Two of my four specimens have an additional green spot between the second spot

of the median band of the forewing and the costa.

The genital armature resembles more that of timorensis than that of sarpedon

and adonarensis.

Hab. Waingapoeng, Sumba.

This form combines to a certain extent the characters of sarpedon sarpedon and

sarpedon timorensis.

7. Papilio sarpedon adonarensis subsp. nov.

Papilio sarpe don parsedon, l.c. p. 442 (d) (ex ms):

d. The median band of the forewing is nearly shaped and coloured as in

sarpedon sarpedon. The first spot is relatively large, its diameter being 24 mm.

The following four spots increase gradually in size; their respective diameters are

3 mm., 34 mm., 4 mm., 44 mm., and 5 mm. ; the diameters of the remaining four

spots are 62 mm., 8 mm., 71 mm., and 7} mm. The band of the hindwing has at

the costa a breadth of 8 mm., and at the median vein of 34 mm. Below, the red and

black costal lines of the hindwing are both half as broad again as in timorensis.

Shape of hindwing nearly as in timorensis, but the tooth less pointed.

Distinguished from sarpedon timorensis and sarpedon choredon by the colour

of the median band, by the larger anterior spots of the forewing ; from timorensis,

moreover, by the position of the third spot; and from both by the male genital

armature (as will be explained later on by my assistant, Dr. K. Jordan). From

sarpedon sarpedon it is distinguished especially by the much longer hindwings and

their shorter band.

Four specimens from Tambora, Sambawa, collected by W. Doherty, at an

elevation of 2000—4000 feet, in May 1896, stand exactly intermediate between

adonarensis and Indian sarpedon in the shape of the hindwing.

Hab. Adonara (type) and Sambawa.

8. Papilio phorcas ansorgei subsp. nov.

d. Differs from P. phorcas F. as follows : the spots of the forewing situate along

the stem of veins 7 and 8 are smaller, and are separated from the spot at the base of

the fork by a black interspace ; the spot of the median band before vein 5 is absent,

and the following spots are shorter than in phorcas. The submarginal band of spots of

the hindwing stands farther from the margin, being at vein 5 situate midway between

margin and cell. The tails are broader than in phorcas.

Hab. Man, Uganda Protectorate, May 18th, 1895, two d & (Dr. W. J. Ansorge).

Named in honour of the collector,

( 325 )

9. Papilio phorcas congoanus subsp. noy.

d. Considerably larger than phorcas, the forewing having a length of 60 mm.

The markings of the upperside are in all three individuals yellowish green; the

median band is anteriorly broader, the spot between veins 4 and 5 measuring 7 mm.

in length, that before it 51 mm., while the spot behind the stem of veins 7 and 8 has

a length of 9mm. The yellowish green basal area of the hindwing does not extend

quite so far to the apex of the cell as in phorcas.

Hab. Lukolele, Upper Congo, two d d (type); and French Congo, one d.

Whether the peculiar colour of the median band of the upperside is due to damp

I do not know; but, as the three specimens have been caught at two different

places by different collectors, the colour may be natural. The chief difference between

congoanus and phorcas is the length of the forewing and the form of the median band.

10. Appias montanus sp. nov.

d. Allied to A. phoebe Feld. The black apical region of the upperside of the

forewing is more extended ; the black spot at the apex of the cell is larger; the hind-

wings are creamy white, with a narrow sulphur-yellow border and a few black scales

at the anterior nervules. On the underside the differences are very much pronounced :

the apex of the forewing and the whole hindwing are yellow, not white; the hindwing

has a black dot upon the second discocellular veinlet, and some very faint traces of

black patches in the outer half.

Hab. Mount Calaon, Negros, Philippine Islands, 6000— 7000 feet, February

1896 (J. Whitehead).

Mr. J. Whitehead sent a good series of this remarkable insect, which was found

only at high elevations.

11. Euryglottis dognini sp. nov.

Near to E. «per (WIk.) and E. davidianus Dogn., but differs as follows :—

Forewing: the subbasal transverse yellow bands are absent; the broad discal

transverse band is similar to that in E. aper, but is almost obliterated.

Hindwing: has the white band as in aper, but much more distinct.

Underside : without bands.

Abdomen with four longitudinal rows of white spots; the lateral orange patches

of «per are replaced by large white ones.

Hab. Loja, Ecuador (type), and Columbia.

12. Herpa meeki Rothsch. sp. nov.

$. Forewing: two-thirds of wing creamy white, outer edge of this white

area rounded ; outer third black, with three white subapical spots; base and veins

in black area bright metallie blue, the blue extending one-third along costa from

base, and also costa from white area for 6 mm. into black area is blue; tip of

fringe white.

Hindwing : white, bordered broadly with black; base and submarginal border

bright blue, the latter colour running along some of the veins for a short way into

black area.

Underside: as above, but hindwing with a white spot at apex.

( 326 )

The whole of body blue, except last six segments of abdomen, which are clay-

brown.

Expanse: forewing AM 27 mm.; EM 17 mm.; PM 20 mm.

bindwine "208 sees a T

Woodlark Island (type); and Fergusson Island, D'Entrecasteaux group, December

1894 (A. S. Meek leg.).

This species has the general appearance of a true Chalcosia, but the neuration

agrees best with Herpa.

The Fergusson single ?, which is in bad condition, has the black border of hind-

wing somewhat broader than the four Woodlark 9 ?.

13. Oenetus marginatus sp. nov.

d. Forewing: bright yellowish grass-green, broadly reticulated with darker

green; just beyond the centre is a transverse band of seven lunulated silver spots, and

the costa is heavily spotted with brown; exterior margin with brown spots.

Hindwing: salmon-red, with green border starting from middle of abdominal

margin, widest at anal angle, and running gradually narrower to the costa.

Underside: forewing salmon-red, with margins spotted green; costa brown,

spotted with green. Hindwing nearly shaped as in ramsayi d, but shorter, broader,

and at the apex more acutely produced ; green, slightly washed with red ; abdominal

third red; costa green and brown-spotted.

Head and front of thorax dark green; mesothorax green, washed with grey, and

with two brown dots; rest of thorax and anterior half of abdomen salmon-red ; end

half of abdomen green.

9. Forewing: golden green to greenish gold, with very heavy dark green

retieulations, forming often complete transverse lines; a broad central band extends

from inner margin, almost reaching to costa, and is composed of round brown spots

varying in number and distinctness.

Hindwing: darker red than in male; outer border greenish yellow.

Underside : forewing red, shaded with yellow towards outer margin. Hindwing

yellow, washed with red, more so in cell. Body as in male.

Expanse: d, forewing: length, 37 mm. ?. 60 mm.

5 5 2 breadth, 18 ,, 519022505

hindwing: length, 29 ,, 5309198985;

2 " x breadth, 20 ,, 51029 «ps

Hab. Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands, March and April 1895 (A. S. Meek leg.).

Described from a good series.

” ”

14. Phalaenoides centralis sp. nov.

9. Forewing: burnt umber-brown, densely powdered with isabelle scales; the

usual metallic spots in cell and a broad metallic band along vein 1b to inner angle;

three creamy white spots; one 3 mm. from base and triangular; second almost

triangular beyond middle of cell, separated from the first by a long brown patch ; third

spot large and ovate, situated outside cell, its size 6 by 3 mm.

Hindwing : uniform burnt umber, with white fringe ; in centre of wing a round

creamy-patch, 3 mm. in diameter.

Underside: ground-colour burnt umber, shading off into creamy buff towards

margins; markings as above, but hindwing with a small additional creamy patch

near; base.

( 327 )

Head and three streaks on thorax cream-colour ; rest of thorax burnt umber.

Abdomen above smoky black, last three segments orange. Legs and underside of

abdomen pale yellow; fore tibiae and fore tarsi spotted brown.

Expanse : forewing AM 24 mm. ; EM 13 mm.; PM 17 mm.

5 hindwing UE Lo hy ery all

Hab. Rockhampton, Queensland (coll. Barnard).

15. Milionia dysphanioides sp. nov.

d. Forewing: shaped as in M. elegans, Nov. ZooL. 1895. t. vii. f. 1;

purplish black, but without any metallie sheen ; a large oblique greyish white patch

is situated in the basal fourth, and extends from inner margin to median nervure,

and is broadest in front of vein 1b; at apical half of cell there is an oblique greyish

white band extending from the costa to submedian fold, and split up into three

spots by the nervures ; another bandlike spot near inner angle between veins 1 and 3 ;

a subapical band consists of three spots, two close together near costa, and one between

veins 3 and 4, near outer margin.

Hindwing : deeper black, with the following cadmium-yellow markings : at basal

third a band extends from the abdominal margin across the wing to near apex of cell,

stopping at middle fold of cell; then a second narrower from abdominal margin close

to anal angle to vein 3; lastly two large spots between veins 3 and 6, nearer to

the margin.

Underside : markings more extended, and on underwing the two subapical spots

coalesce with second band.

Abdomen cadmium-yellow, except first segment, which, like rest of body, is black,

as are four small round spots on each side of abdomen.

? only differs from male in the broader wings, the first band of hindwing

above being indistinct; below in not having the second band joined to confluent

subapical spots, and in having the middle segments of abdomen black.

Expanse slightly smaller than in M. elegans Rothsch.

Hab. Fergusson Island, D'Entrecasteaux group.

Three d d, one $, collected by A. S. Meek, September to December 1894.

16. Milionia flaviventris sp. nov.

d. Forewing: black, but most of the wing occupied by orange-red, leaving

a broad black band along inner margin from base to near inner angle, where a

small black patch between veins 1b and 2 is joined to it at right angles ; the band

is 3 mm. broad in centre, and tapers off to each end; the apical region is also

black, 10 mm. broad at costal margin, and gradually narrowing to vein 2; a black

patch 7 mm. long and 34 wide reaches obliquely from middle of costal margin to a

little beyond the cell; costal margin narrowly black.

Hindwing : entirely black.

Underside: as above ; retinaculum black.

Thorax yellowish brown ; abdomen yellow; head, underside of thorax, and legs

sooty black.

Expanse : forewing AM 28 mm.; EM 17 mm. ; PM 20 mm.

5 hindwings 1207 Wlan 1a

Hab. British New Guinea, between Mounts Alexander and Nishet, two dd,

January 1896 (A. S. Anthony).

( 328 )

17. Milionia mediofasciata sp. nov.

9. Forewing: black, crossed by a broad transverse discal white band 6 mm.

wide at costa and hindmargin and 9 mm. in centre; inner edge of band straight

and at right angles to inner margin of wing ; outer edge convex.

The second specimen has the white band somewhat narrower, especially from

median vein to costa.

Hindwing: black, with broad oblique band of Chinese orange, reaching from

abdominal margin close to anal angle to beyond vein 7; its width is 4 mm. at ends

and 8 in centre ; inner edge of band slightly undulated, and outer edge convex.

Underside: as above, but paler.

Body above black, below sooty brown.

Expanse: forewing AM 38 mm. ; EM 21 mm. ; PM 23 mm.

> hindwing 20 CP NE NE AIG

Hab. British New Guinea, between Mounts Alexander and Nisbet, two 9 ?,

January 1896 (A. S. Anthony).

18. Milionia rawakensis woodlarkiana subsp. nov.

Differs from type in the extreme narrowness of the marginal band to hindwings,

which has a uniform breadth of 3 mm.

I have a specimen of rawakensis from the Sattelberg, near Finschhafen, German

New Guinea, which is intermediate.

Hab. Woodlark Island, collected by A. S. Meek.

imp.

Mintern Bros

Pr.XXIL

Mintern Bros imp

TEBRA

EIGHTH CERVICAL VE

EPHIPPIUM

TUDO

TES

NORMES -7OOLOGICA

Vol. III. DECEMBER, 1896. No. 4.

TESTUDO EPHIPPIUM.

By DR. A. GUNTHER, F.R.S.

(Plates XX., XXI., and XXII.)

HE subject of this paper is based upon materials whieh Dr. G. Baur collected

in Duncan Island during his visit to the Galapagos Archipelago in 1591,

and which were afterwards acquired by the Hon. Walter Rothschild. A large

stuffed male with bones (carapace 291 in. long, measured in a straight line) and the

skeleton of a smaller female (carapace 221 in.) were retained for the Tring

Museum, whilst the skeletons of two males (respectively 271 and 25 in. long)

were transferred to, and are now in, the Natural History Museum.

These Duncan Island specimens belong to the species which I described

from a stuffed adult male in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art under

the name of Testudo ephippium.* The direct comparison with the type, of

which carapace, skull, pelvis, and large limb-bones are preserved, leaves no

doubt as to their specific identity. The agreement is so perfect as far as the

parts mentioned are concerned, that they do not require a new description, but I am

enabled to supplement my first account by describing the carapace of a young

female, and the vertebral column which had been lost in the Edinburgh specimen.

Carapace of the Female, 224 in. long (Pl. XX.).—The thickness of the shell

is much greater than in Testudo abingdonii, but the individual plates are attenuated

on the margins so as to leave now and then a narrow cleft between them.

As regards general form the differences from the adult male are clearly

due either to sex or to less advanced growth. The front part of the carapace

is less compressed, but the upper profile from the middle of the central

dorsal plate is almost horizontal; the sides of the front part are decidedly

concave, the concavity being deepened by the reverted anterior margins. The

upper part of the shell, when viewed from above, is flat and broad; the hinder

part is rounded, its middle portion being steeply declivous, whilst the marginal

plates above the hind-legs are as strongly arched outwards and upwards as

in the adult male. The posterior margin of the shell is deeply scalloped, more

so than the anterior. The plates are deeply striated, the striated portion being

very distinct from the areolar. Although we know the mode and rate of growth

of the epidermal plates from Aldabra specimens kept in captivity, and although,

in a state of nature, the growth most probably proceeds intermittently but at

regular annual periods, so that each stria represents the extent of an annual

growth, it would be somewhat hazardous to calculate the age of our individual from

the number of striae. The oldest striae gradually disappear, and more prominent

striae are mixed with less projecting. Thus, if in our specimen each visible

stria is taken into consideration, its age might have been from fourteen to fifteen

* Phil. Trans. Vol. 165 (1875), p. 271; or Gigant. Land Tort. (1877). p. 81, with plates.

( 330 )

years, whilst jif only the most prominent striae are counted, the age of this

tortoise would not exceed ten years.

The sternum is slightly concave, truncated in front and thickened, the hind-

margin being slightly excised and attennated.

Length of carapace in a straight line i.

3 over curve xe ade

Width of carapace in a straight line 300 des

" over eurve ee Sr ES

Depth of carapace... BS At 30 mee

Length of sternum... Ar pac = was

Width of sternum — ... A aco bas se

Length of candal plate As a 30 508

Width of caudal plate :. 500 Boc

Circumference of vertical section of carapace 3c

A description of the sZu// would be superfluous. The skulls of these Duncan

Island tortoises agree minutely with that of the type of 7. ephippium, showing

especially the same want of depth in the concavity of the palatal region, by which

this species is distinguished from 7. abingdonii. It may be useful to give the

measurements of the skulls and cervical columns of the specimens examined :—

d TRING. d N.H.M. & N.H.M. | 9 TRING.

Length of carapace 3 : 292 in. 27% in. 25 in. 221 in.

skull : 5 : 44 ., | 4, 3h » | SE »

E cervieal column . 195 | 18 ,

| 17. iy | 130%,

For reasons which presently will become sufficiently apparent, I have compared

the cervical vertebrae particularly with those of T. abingdoniz, to the description of

which I refer the reader. They are rather less slender, of a heavier build but

altogether smaller. The crests and ridges are less developed. In other respects

they are shaped of the same type, but the third, seventh, and eighth show

distinctly specific characters.

In the atlas the lateral portion of the neural arch is conspicuously constricted,

and in its broadest part it is as wide as the trihedral zygapophysis ; this latter

is longer than that part of the bone which forms the roof of the neural arch.

The third cervical vertebra (Pl. XXL fig. a) is provided with a high and

sharp neural crest extending the whole length of the bone ; the haemal crest is

also well developed, though much lower than the neural.

The sixth cervical vertebra has its haemal crest scarcely more prominent than

the preceding vertebrae ; and its posterior condyle is nearly completely bipartite.

The seventh cervical vertebra (Pl. XXI. fig. B) is, relatively to its length,

much deeper than the corresponding vertebra of T. abingdonii,* and the summit

of its neural crest is swollen, without excision in the middle.

The eighth cervical vertebra (Pl. XXII.) is more solidly built than in

T. abingdonii,t the grooves and impressions being much less conspicuous ; especially

the deep lateral impression, which is so characteristic of T. abingdonii, is entirely

absent in 7. ephippium.

In order to show the measurements of the several vertebrae as compared

with T. abingdonii, I have prepared the following table :—

* See Gigant. Land Tort, Pl. L. fig. F. T Z.c., PL L. fig. G.

(G33)

coed 239 mná 24 m£ eZ ac =I os

=o i: CSR c óc me óc OMh BS |

cari. mast dp Uer puces EEE I E =

mici Mp aces vers Hen an N ES El 3 Z

DR Eh ee o EN OISE = uH

E x ae —c 5.0 RP z = = za

Bo 256 £2 69 29 585 ies 3S

“ae Bar Pep wl Me oS Y EG z RE)

SR" gpa SE 248 B FF BB R Ra

» zo [SEE a REA = Oo. 25 Bl

Je o Epo so S +5 DE: 3 = =

Ess ARE GS Se e A CS G =} |

u . =. H. =~ S [c] Ll

| e ? g $ $8 S 9 S ef 3 E Ö

| : H : : : : T. abingdonii. |

: 2 g |

- = |

| = : = en oe E T. ephippium (Tring d). |

= MES

= m = we | ephippium (N.H.M. d). | ^

= : : : : : a s & | T. ephippium (N.H.M. d)-

eee

E: = w : : D = eo o T. abingdenii.

E = = : : = to Fei = T. ephippium (Tring g). ©

Re = iS : : = 5 52 = T. ephippium (N.H.M. g) 5

N = = : : E = tz ES T. ephippium (N.H.M. d?

kx = T. abingdonii.

)

€

ES 3 = H : = = = 2 T. joue (Tring 4). | x

t2 E = : : = = = = T. ephippium (N.H.M. 2). 2

= ` = = = x) | x ephippium (N.H.M. &).

| = oe : bo 5 T. ahingdonii.

| E- i iS F = E x T. ephippium (Tring d). E

[== =

| E E x fe} Ed ES T. ephippium (N.H.M. 2). | zl

| ÁE x S : = = = = T. ephippium (N.H.M. &).

= uS = re 8 = = | T. abingdonii.

= = : = E : = = = T. ephippium (Tring d). | E

y w 3 1 t2 : = SA a T. ephippium (N.H.M. qd).

E E d 5 8 : = = = T. ephippium (N.H.M. d ).

= E B & = = T. abiugdonii. |

| = — Ji —— — =

p Z 3 = = = & i m ephippium (Tring d).

= = SE E S a | T ephippium (NHM. q). |

pi E d fe E : Ke 3 T. ephippium (N.H.M. 2).

ES = ^ E ds : 8 2 S T. abingdonii.

= = à = Ux uu T. ephippium (Tring d). =

we Eri "d = is E = T. ephippium (N.H.M. d). ==

Fa = = E E : IS = zn 0:77 ephippium (N.H.M. d D

| 2 2 : = = bas T. abingdonii.

È 5 Si em " | a dus ES T. ephippium (Tring d). 5

x fe) 5 S Bd S 5 T. ephippium (N.H.M. d). | =

z - 19 co = T. ephippium (NH. g). |

)

—€——— ee

( 332 )

The dorsal vertebrae have the following measurements :—

| LENGTHS or CENTRA | lst. | 2nd. | 3rd. 4th. 5th. | 6th. 7th. sth. | 9th. | 10th.

| | TES

N.H.M. d 156 mm. 60 mm. | 68 mm. 69 mm. | 64 mm. | 49 mm. | 37 mm. |26 mm. | 14 mm. | 14 mm.

N.H.M. 150° „ |57 „ |60 , |6l ,, [58 , | Shea EE EU uS

Tring 9 139 » [45 „ 51 156 te ETES Pe e ES [i SI ES c:

i | |

The number of caudal vertebrae is 27 in the male, and 26 in the female.

With regard to the attachment of the iliac bones the female specimen differs

from the two males. In the latter the iliac bones abut against the pleurapophyses

of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth vertebrae, the protuberance for the articulation

being opposite to the pleurapophysis of the tenth vertebra. In the smaller female

the pleurapophyses of the ninth and tenth form the articulary tubercle, the eighth

joining it by anchylosis, and the eleventh (which is rather stout) and twelfth (which

is a very slender rod) by cartilage. Of course this is not to be regarded in the

light of a sexual character, but merely as an individual variation.

In the foregoing notes I have paid particular attention to a comparison of

the material before me with T. abingdonii, not only because the two species are

outwardly very similar, but also because Dr. Baur, in a paper published some

years before his visit to the Galapagos," maintained that 7. abingdonii and

T. ephippium were the same species. He took this view for two reasons.

I. Dr. Baurs first argument refers to the history of the type of 7.

ephippium.

In my first description of this typef I had stated that “nothing is known

of its history "f: but considering Porter’s notice of the peculiar saddle-shaped

carapace of the Charles Island tortoise applicable to the type of 7. ephippium,

I suggested that this latter might have come from that island. Two years later

I abandoned this view, and thought Indefatigable Island more likely to be the

true habitat of this race.§

However, in the paper quoted above (Amer. Nat. 1889, p. 1039), Dr. Baur

informs us of a very interesting discovery which deserves our fullest attention.

* Amer. Nat. 1889, December, p. 1039.

T Philos. Trans. l.c.

f I believe this statement was fully justified on my part. To a letter which I addressed in 1872

to the then Director of the Museum of Science and Art, asking for information about the history of

the specimen, I received the following reply :—

“ EDINBURGH, MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.

* March 8rd, 1872.

“ DEAR DR. GÜNTHER,—

“Mr. Archer having banded me your letter about the tortoises, I am sorry to say we have no

record of its history with which we can assist you in your work. It belongs to the prehistoric period

of our museum !

“Yours ever faithfully,

*(sd.) RAMSAY H. TRAQUAIR."

Two years later I made another attempt, and requested my late friend, Dr. Alexander Smith of

Edinburgh, to make further inquiries into the matter; but he also, under date of February 16th, 1874,

wrote to me that he had been unsuccessful in finding out anything about the history of the

specimen.

$ Gigant. Land Tort., p. 11 (1877). It is unfortunate that in republishing in 1877 my first

description of 1874, I omitted to alter the passage treating of the probable habitat of this species, and

to state the reasons by which I was induced to change my opinion.

( 333 )

He happened to consult an edition of Captain Basil Halls Extracts from a

Journal (London, 1840), in which the author, when speaking of the Abingdon

tortoises, says : “ I preserved one in a cask of spirits, and it may now be seen

in the Museum of the College at Edinburgh: it is of medium size” * (the

italics are mine). This discovery received further confirmation when Dr. Traquair,

on renewing his inquiries, found in the records of the old College Museum an

entry of a “Large Turtle from South Sea—Captain Basil Hall" Unfortunately

no mark or label is attached to the specimen, by which its identification could

have been placed beyond question, so that—as Dr. Traquair says at the end of

a letter to Dr. Baur—* we have no absolute certainty as to whether our Testudo

ephippium is the specimen from the ‘South Sea’ presented by Captain Basil

Hall or not."

In this I must share Dr. Traquair's opinion, particularly as there is some

difficulty in reconciling Hall's statement of the size of his specimen with that of

the Edinburgh specimen.

The types of Testudo abingdonii brought home by Captain Cookson, R.N.,

are of extreme age, and.have evidently reached the limit of size to which this

species grows: one weighed 201 pounds, with a carapace 40! inches long

(over the curve) and a sternum 26 inches long. Hall, who also gives the measure-

ments of the Abingdon tortoise, and of course for that purpose would have

selected a large individual, states that a speeimen weighing 190 pounds had a

shell 43 inches and a sternum 29 inches long. Now, the type of T. ephippium with

a shell of 40 and a sternum of 24 inches is but little smaller than those giants

from Abingdon Island. Is it likely that Hall would have described this specimen

as “one of medium size," suitable for preservation in a cask of spirits? Yet,

as far as the historical evidence goes, if there were no other grounds for

disagreeing with Dr. Baur’s conclusions, I should have felt bound to let the

matter rest where he left it.

IL. But Dr. Baur thinks to clinch the matter by adding in a footnote on

p. 1043 that he had an opportunity of examining a skeleton from Abingdon

Island in the U.S. National Museum, and that “a comparison of the elements

missing in the British Museum specimens with the corresponding ones of Testudo

ephippium leaves no doubt that Testudo abingdonii is not different from Testudo

ephippium?” I cannot see the logic of Dr. Baurs argument. Even if it were

the fact that all those missing elements agree in both species, still there remains

the difficulty about those elements which are preserved in both the Edinburgh

and British Museum specimens, and which do differ in a remarkable manner, as

I have already described. Take, for instance, the skull, as to which I am in a

sufficiently good position to form an opinion. Of this part of the skeleton I

have examined and compared

Three skulls of Testudo abingdonii,

One of the type of Testudo ephippium,

Four of the tortoise from Duncan Island.

* Dr. Baur states that in quoting Basil Hall I had omitted this note. This may give a wrong

impression as to my manner of quoting. The edition which I used is Hall's own original edition

(Edinb., 1824), and that note dues not appear in it, It was inserted by Hall in later popular editions

of the existence of which I was ignorant; the edition used by Dr. Baur is not even in the library

of the British Museum, and I found it only in that of the Admiralty. The note in question appears

for the first time in Constable's Miscellany of Original and Selected Publications (Edinb., 1826-7,

16mo).

( 334 )

Of these the five latter agree in all respects, and particularly, independently

of age, in the remarkable flattening and shallowness of the palatal region, while

the three skulls of 7. abingdonii have this part narrower and deeply concave.

This agreement in the latter is all the more significant as the skulls are those

of old individuals, in which one might have expected a certain amount of individual

variation.

The enumeration of other distinctive characters would be merely a repetition

of what I have pointed out in my former description and in the first part of

the present paper.

Dr. Baur himself admits the distinctness of the Duncan Island tortoise from

that of Abingdon Island. He says: “ We were fortunate enough to find a new

species of tortoise in this island.” *

Now as far as shell, skull, and large limb-bones—thé only parts preserved

of T. ephippium—are concerned, the agreement of the Duncan Island specimens

with 7. ephippium is perfect, and therefore I see no reason, at present, for

si parating them under a distinct name, as Dr. Baur seems inclined to do. Indeed

a glance at the map of the Archipelago shows the great improbability that the

tortoise of Duncan is identical with that of the outlying Abingdon. Not only

are the two islands more than 1^ of Lat. distant from each other, but there is

James Island intervening, which is, or was, inhabited by a distinct type of a deep-

black colour and rounded circular shape. Now, if I am correct in assigning the

Duncan Island tortoise to T. ephippium, the fact of this identity would be strong

evidence against the supposition that the type of the latter species is Basil Hall’s

specimen. 2

Where, then, does the type of T. ephippium come from? As mentioned

above, in the Synopsis of the Gigantic Land Tortoises, written long after the

descriptive portion, I stated that it came from Indefatigable Island. At this time,

after a lapse of twenty years, I have no recollection of the grounds which induced

me to substitute that island for Charles Island. Possibly Commander Cookson, who

by that time had returned home, gave me information pointing to Indefatigable

Island as the probable home of T. ephippium. If this should prove to be the fact,

then its identity with the Duncan Island tortoise could be readily accounted for

by the close proximity of Indefatigable and Duncan Islands.

I do not despair that this as well as other obscure points in the distribution

of these tortoises are still capable of definite solution, although the majority of

the races may be extinct or are being exterminated. There must be many

remains of specimens which perished ages ago, scattered over the islands. It is

of great importance that in future visitors should collect and preserve those

remains, especially skulls. Those found at a great distance from the shore would

be the more valuable, as they afford incontestable evidence of being derived from

animals really indigenous to the island. For we must not forget that those

picked up near landing-places may be remains of specimens which were transported

by erews of vessels from some other island and slaughtered when or wherever

their meat was required.

* Ein Besuch der Galapagos Inseln (München, 1892), p. 35: “Wir waren so glücklich, auf dieser

Insel eine neue Art von Schildkróten to finden."

NEW SPECIES OF DREPANULIDAE, THYRIDIDAE,

URANIIDAE, EPIPLEMIDAE, AND GEOMETRIDAE IN

THE TRING MUSEUM.

By W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S.

Famity DREPANULIDAE.

1. Albara humerata sp. nov.

Forewings: fawn-colour, the costal edge from base to middle yellowish; the

lines ferruginous, starting from dark brown costal spots; first at one-fourth, oblique

outwards, angled on the subcostal, then straight and vertical or slightly oblique

to inner margin beyond one-third ; second line from costa at middle, runs outward

along the subcostal vein for two-thirds of the distance to the apex, is then sharply

angulated, ineurved opposite the cell and outeurved below it, reaching the inner

margin straight at four-fifths; submarginal line strongly denticulate, blackish ;

marginal area dark grey, with some irregular black marks before the fringe, which

is chestnut with a pale basal line; apical one-third of costa with a chestnut

streak, the apex itself with one or two snow-white spots; cell-spot large, blackish,

followed obliquely below it by four small white spots edged with black, and

sometimes altogether black.

Hindwings: fawn-colour, in the $ with the costal area ochreous; in the d

with the ochreous tint suffusing the wing and leaving only the inner and anal

margins fawn-colour; a curved postmedian line, abbreviated im the d, reaching

to the ochreous costal part in the ?, which also has a short antemedian line on

inner margin which is wanting in the d.

Underside glossy yellow, in the forewings more or less suffused with grey.

Face and palpi blackish; fillet and antennae purple-black; collar ferruginous ;

thorax and abdomen fawn-colour; legs and abdomen beneath yellow; the forelegs

fuscous-tinged.

Expanse of wings: 22—24 mm.

Many examples from the Khasias, dated May, September, and December.

Distinguished by the strongly arched base of costa of the forewings.

2. Cobanilla jaspidea sp. nov.

Forewings: red, the basal and outer areas tinged with paler and ochreous;

first line at one-third, dark red, curved below costa and oblique inwards; basal

area varied with ochreous and darker reticulations, the costal portion rosy; second

line from costa at three-fourths, sharply angled outwards towards apex, then

oblique to inner margin beyond middle, before which it is slightly bent, dark

purple, edged with whitish scales; cell-spot lunulate, red with paler centre and

surrounded by a bronzy orange patch; marginal area beyond second line pinkish

ochreous with a few dark reticulations, becoming deep red again along hindmargin ;

apex marked with black.

( 336 )

Hindwings: with the bronzy orange patch larger, edged by an angulated line;

the dise and inner margin spotted with patches of white scales; the outer area

towards costa with dark spots between the veins; fringe of both wings deep red.

Underside fulvous, spotted with fuscous; the oblique line and anal angle of

forewings deep brown. Face, palpi, and forelegs bright red ; thorax paler ; abdomen

deep red.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One $ from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

3. Drapetodes interlineata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale brownish ochreous, the costal edge white; a subcostal line

of shining black scales from middle of base to near apex, before which it is bent

at right angles and waved to third median, and again bent and oblique to inner

margin before middle; in the lower part and along the waved apical portion it

has a broad pale inner edge; between the two lines are two similar brownish

lines from inner margin nearer base, waved before apex ; a very fine dark lunulate

submarginal line from apex, marked with black dots on veins, divergent inwards

from the margin above anal angle, to inner margin at three-fourths, and there

thicker ; fringe concolorous, with a fine dark line; some black streaks on costa at

base and before apex; two black discocellular dots.

Hindwings: crossed by a succession of straight lines; basal area pale; two

dark antemedian lines enclosing a brown fascia with a line along its centre; a

pale fascia with the black cell-dot in it, edged by a brown line; exterior line

black, finely crenulate, with a pale broad inner edge, preceded and followed by a

pair of brown lines; submarginal line straight, dark, the margin beyond it darker;

fringe with a fine dark basal line.

Underside pale ochreous, with only the outer lines shown. Face and palpi

ochreous below, red-brown above ; thorax and abdomen brownish ochreous.

Expanse of wings: d, 24 mm.; ?, 26 mm.

A pair from South Java, 1891 ; 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

The antennae of the d are not only thickened and flattened, but uniserrate,

the teeth curved and close together.

4. Drapetodes lunulata sp. nov.

Forewings : brownish ochreous; the inner margin at base and an oblique

streak from apex to middle of inner margin ochreous yellow; some darker brown

irregular streaks on inner area, oblique outwards from costa and inwards to inner

margin; the pale streak towards apex is erossed by two series of strongly sagitti-

form brown markings, succeeded by six broad whitish lunular marks, the last three

lyimg in an oblique line to the inner margin; a triangular space at anal angle

dark grey-brown; marginal line dark brown; fringe chequered pale and dark

ochreous.

Hindwings: with basal area yellowish, crossed by two brown lines; median

area greyish ochreous, with two black discal spots and a postmedian darker line;

marginal space narrowly dark grey, broadening towards anal angle, preceded by a

cow of large irregular yellow lunules, each edged internally by a paler brown-edged

crescentic mark; fringe ochreous grey, with slight pale markings.

( 337 )

Thorax and abdomen ochreous brown, the latter whitish at sides; face and

vertex pale ochreous. Underside cream-colour ; the fringe and some submarginal

spots greyish.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One 9 from West Java.

5. Euchera absentimacula sp. nov.

Nearest to substigmaria Hiib., from which it is at once distinguished by the

entire absence of the round cell-spot in both wings, above and below; in its place

on the upperside of forewings is a flattened oval oblique pale spot. All the grey

markings are rufous-tinged, especially those towards apex of forewings; the edge of

the basal area and the inner edge of the central fascia, after angulation on the sub-

costal, descend nearly vertically to inner margin, instead of being oblique and curved ;

the outer edge of central fascia opposite the cell is blunt and vertically waved, not

oblique and angulated; and the exterior wavy line is complete throughout, the

marginal area coloured with rufous grey. The hindwings are without any dark

suffusion or blotches on the outer line towards apex. On the underside the costal

region of forewings is broadly tinged with rufous grey. The same size as substigmaria.

One d, one ©, from Java.

Gonocilix gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa arched ; apex slightly produced, blunt ; hindmargin angled

at vein 4, with a shallow excision above and below ; anal angle distinct.

Hindwings : with apex rounded ; anal angle square ; hindmargin bluntly toothed

at vein 4.

Antennae thickened and flattened; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond face;

tongue and frenulum present.

Neuration : discocellular strongly inangulated ; the first subcostal free, running

close to second; second anastomosing with stem of third and fourth, forming a long

areole ; the fifth subcostal given off just before the end of areole; the upper radial

from the areole. Hind tibiae with four spurs.

Type: Gonocilix ocellata sp. nov.

6. Gonocilix ocellata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, the markings blue-grey ; first line at one-fourth, marked by

three blotches, one on costa, another in the submedian interspace, the third on inner

margin; at end of cell is a large oblique oval pale olive blotch, edged outwardly

with fuscous brown, the veins within it silvery white, an oblique costal blotch above

it, and a larger diffuse one beyond it; a silvery white streak on the inner edge of the

ocellus is continued to inner margin as an olive double streak, the branches of which

are divergent ; a subapical costal blotch and submarginal blue-grey band of partially

connected spots; a marginal row of dark grey blotches, continued into the paler grey

fringe, which has a fine white basal line and is chequered with white at the ends of

the veins, and is altogether white at apex and anal angle; between veins 2 and 3

beyond the ocellus is a round hyaline space, and three or four more in the submarginal

band, that at the top, beneath the subapical blotch, the largest.

Hindwings : with a double basal line ; an ocelloid blue-grey blotch, containing

( 338 )

first a white line, then the veins silvery, tipped with black, and followed by three

hyaline patches; the rest as in forewings.

Underside silvery white, blotehed with cinereous brown, most extensively in

forewings. Face and palpi brown; thorax and abdomen white, the latter with the

three middle and anal segments marked with blue-grey.

Expanse of wings: g, 36; 9, 48 mm.

A pair from the Khasia Hills.

7. Oreta fuscimargo sp. nov.

Forewings: yellow, tinged with rosy in parts; no first line; a slightly darker

cloud on the discocellular ; hindmargin tinged with red and darkened by purple and

grey scales, with a darker blotch below the middle ; an obscure fine reddish line from

before apex to inner margin beyond middle.

Hindwings: with the red line central and plainer; traces of an antemedian

line; the area between the two tinged with rosy, and the apex also reddish ; fringe

yellow, but red at apex ; altogether dark red in forewings.

Underside glossy yellow; forewings with a brown marginal band. Face, pectus,

and forelegs red ; thorax and abdomen yellow.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One 9 from Coomooboolaroo, Duaringa, North Queensland (A. 5. Meek).

The antennae are densely serrate.

8. Phalacra strigata sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, suffused and dusted with pale brownish; a double

angulated line at one-third, the inner arm marked by brown spots on the veins, the

outer by brown blotches ; from the middle of the discocellular a straight brown striga

runs to the hindmargin; three brown subapical costal spots, from each of which runs

a curved series of vein-dots, those before the margin the largest; a brown blotch at

anal angle; fringe ochreous, chequered with brown.

Hindwings: with four or five very faint parallel lines before the middle, and

eight in the marginal area; of these last, the second, third, and fourth are distinct ;

the submarginal one marked with brown dots on the veins ; a brown dot at each end

of the discocellular, and some brown costal spots; hindmargin excised below apex

and with a tooth below third median.

Underside darker, with interrupted brown submarginal fasciae to each wing;

space on inner margin between middle line and fascia whitish ; this is also visible on

the upperside. Face and palpi blackish ; head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm.

One d from Cherrapunji, December.

9. Teldenia obsoleta sp. nov.

Forewings: white; a pale ochreous waved line, formed of small lunules near

hindmargin ; faint traces of ochreous lunules, indicating an exterior line, below costa

and in middle; fringe white, with concise black spots between the veins at base.

Hindwings: like forewings, without any trace of an exterior line.

Underside pure white. Palpi and upper half of face red-brown; lower half

white; vertex, thorax, and abdomen white.

Expanse of wings: 23 mm.

One d from Dili, Timor, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

( 339 )

10. Teldenia unistrigata sp. nov.

Forewings : white, the costa narrowly pale ochreous; a curved ochreous line

from two-thirds of costa to four-fifths of inner margin ; fringe white.

Hindwings : with the ochreous line parallel to hindmargin, at four-fifths.

Underside white, without markings. Face, vertex, and palpi dark brown ; thorax

and abdomen white.

Three dd from Padang Rengas, Perak, Malay Peninsula.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

11. Tridrepana argentistriga sp. nov.

Forewings : yellow, the outer half with pale red-brown suffusion; a dark red-

brown oblique line from before apex to middle of inner margin, meeting there a

vertical line which becomes obsolete at the median; an irregularly wavy red-brown

submarginal line, its upper half edged externally with silvery white; fringe deep

red-brown.

Hindwings: wholly yellow, the oblique line antemedian; a fine threadlike

postmedian line; an oval silvery spot at lower end of discocellular, and a fine linear

one at the upper end ; fringe yellow.

Underside pale yellow, the forewings flushed with reddish, with an abbreviated

oblique line and some submarginal spots red-brown. Face bright red above,

yellowish below; thorax and abdomen yellow, the latter with a red ring across

second segment.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One d from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo (1000— 4000 feet).

Near to postica Moore and wanthoptera Hmpsn.

12. Tridrepana septempunctata sp. nov.

Forewings : rich fulvous, except the base and a patch at anal angle; basal line

brown, oblique outwards, forming a blotch below the median ; outer line just beyond

middle, very sinuous, and indented on the submedian fold towards the bloteh on

first line; a white spot in cell and two at the ends of the discocellular, the bottom

one the plainest of the three; two large white oval blotches before hindmargin in

the spaces opposite the cell, with black scales on their inner half; two smaller white

spots obliquely above them, edged with black, and four blackish spots below them ;

apical area red-brown; fringe deep red-brown passing into black, except at anal

angle, where it is yellow.

Hindwings: wholly yellow, with a basal and wavy postmedian brownish line,

most distinct towards inner margin; a submarginal row of black dots; discal spot

large, whitish, ringed with fuscous ; fringe yellow.

Underside all yellow; forewings with a blackish subapical blotch and the top of

an outer line dark. Face, fillet, palpi, and forelegs rather bright red; thorax and

abdomen yellow flushed with fulvous.

Expanse of wings: 34 min.

One & from the Khasias, November 1895.

Related to albonotata Moore.

( 340 )

13. Tridrepana trisulcata sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, almost wholly suffused with pale sandy ochreous; first

line from costa just before middle, whitish, edged with brown by the costa, angled

outwards on subcostal and median veins, incurved in cell, and oblique below the

median to inner margin before middle; exterior line straight and oblique from

inner margin at two-thirds, twice sharply angled beneath costa, whitish, edged

inwardly with brown; submarginal oblique and straight till near apex, where it is

bidentate ; a fine brown marginal line; space on either side of submarginal line

rather darker ; costal apical area red-brown between the lines.

Hindwings: pale ochreous, with traces of alternate pale and ochreous bands

along inner margin only.

Underside pale ochreous, with the lines faint; base of forewings dull brownish.

Face and antennae dark brown ; thorax and abdomen yellowish ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

Two d d from Darjiling.

The pectinations of the antennae are very delicate and rather far apart.

Faux THYRIDIDAE.

14. Banisia atriclathrata sp. nov.

Forewings : reddish cinereous, the basal two-fifths and the costal area through-

out dull red-brown ; the darker portions with obscure dark reticulation, the paler

with distinct black spots and strigae ; in the middle of the wing is a pale irregular

oval space, not reaching either costal or inner margin, with fairly well defined dark

edges; fringe dark red-brown, the marginal area before it tending to become

darker.

Hindwings : red-brown, with rows of dark spots, and an ill-defined dark central

fascia.

Underside paler, with the markings brown, more distinct. Face, head, thorax,

and abdomen all red-brown, the thorax somewhat paler; the abdomen with a deeper

dorsal stripe and spotted with black on sides and underneath.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One d from the Khasias, July 1895.

15. Banisia elongata sp. nov.

Forewings: pinkish ochreous, faintly reticulated with darker, the markings pale

chestnut; basal half of costa with four or five small square brown blotches with

darker edges, from which obscure reticulated lines arise; just beyond the middle a

large brown blotch, from which a brown fascia runs vertically to inner margin, with

a slight arm projecting externally below costa; before the apex a large pale brown

triangular blotch, the apex pointing basewards; its base concisely edged and parallel

with the hindmargin, with a fine brown streak from its lower angle to the anal angle,

where another similar streak meets it from the subcostal projection of the central

fascia ; fringe concolorous, with a fine basal line.

Hindwings: with a dark basal line, followed by a clear paler ochreous space ; a

central rich brown fascia, with a duller brown shade following it; a small deep brown

spot at anal angle.

Underside paler, with all the markings bright chestnut, the central fascia of the

forewings becoming dark brown on the inner margin; hindwings with the basal

area, the central fascia, and the hindmargin chestnut, edged with darker, and with

dark brown wavy streaks along the inner margin. Palpi and collar dark chestnut ;

face, thorax, and abdomen greyish ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One & from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown (A. S. Meek).

The forewings of this species are more elongate than usual, the costa convex near

base and before apex.

16. Banisia mollis sp. nov.

Forewings: pale ochreous, the reticulations and markings pale brownish; a

narrow fascia at one-third, broadened and angulated on the median; a second

before the middle, oblique to the median, then vertical and represented only by

an elongated æ-shaped mark; third beyond middle, broadening outwards to the

anal angle, its outer edge curved, and joined above the median to tbe second

fascia; fourth forked at costa and ending at middle of hindmargin; apical area

pale brownish; all the pale spaces traversed by wavy slightly interlacing pale

brown lines; fringe pale.

Hindwings: without fasciae, but with numerous transverse lines on basal

half, and two prominent curved brown lines, one from centre of costa to anal

angle, the other from before apex to middle of hindmargin.

Underside precisely the same; the cell of the forewings clothed with pale

flossy hairs. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous tinged with brownish ; the

abdomen darker brown.

Expanse of wings : 58 mm.

One d from Sikkim, July 1889 (Pilcher /eg.).

The costal region of forewings, both above and below, is paler ochreous than

the remainder of the wing.

17. Banisia multifenestrata sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish fuscous, with darker fuscous reticulations and fasciae ; a

short curved fascia at one-fifth; an inwardly oblique fascia before middle, with

concise outer and diffuse inner edge; beyond the middle a fascia which broadens

out towards the centre and below the median becomes bifid, the inner branch

reaching inner margin at two-thirds, the outer just before anal angle; apical and

marginal area with some ill-defined clouds, containing dark black-spotted reticulated

streaks; between veins 2 and 4, on each side of the inner fork of the outer

fascia, are hyaline spots traversed by vein 3.

Hindwings: with an obseure basal fascia, a distinct central band, and the

whole marginal third, dark greyish fuscous; the space on either side of central

fascia more or less hyaline, intersected by the veins and reticulated by transverse

strigulae; fringe of both wings concolorous; the edges of the fasciae, especially

in the hindwings, are in places marked by black scaling.

Underside paler, with the fasciae brown and more distinet, especially the black

sealing at their edges; hindwings with a square blackish blotch at end of cell.

Head, thorax, and abdomen all greyish fuscous.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm,

( 342 )

Two dd from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, September and October 1892,

taken by Doherty.

One of these examples, not in so good a condition as the other, is much

more ochreous in tone; this may be owing to the colour fading, but it appears

natural.

18. Camptochilus sinuosa sp. nov.

Forewings: yellow; the basal area marked with an aggregation of bright

ferruginous wavy lines, the ferruginous area extending from one-fourth of costa to

inner margin near anal angle; a ferruginous costal triangle with paler centre at

two-thirds ; fringe yellow.

Hindwings: the same, the basal half deeper ferruginous, dappled with paler.

In both wings towards the hindmargin the yellow ground-colour is slightly flushed

with orange.

Underside like upper. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs ferruginous.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One $? from Mao, North Manipur (W. Doherty).

The costa of forewings is strongly convex at base and apex, and as strongly

"concave between; the hindmargin long and strongly curved.

Oxycophina gen. nov.

?. Like Banisia Wlk., but distinguished by the shape of the cell of fore-

wings ; the lower angle of cell is at one-half, the upper angle at two-thirds; the

discocellular sinuous and oblique outwards, with a strong bent fold from its middle

running through cell to base ; the lower radial from below this fold, upper radial

from a little below the upper angle; first median at two-thirds, second and third

close together from the lower end of cell; all the veins free. Antennae shortly

and stoutly pectinate. Hind tibiae flattened, hairy, with stout spines. Palpi porrect ;

forehead protuberant ; basal joint of antennae thickened.

Type: Oxycophina subfenestrata sp. nov.

19. Oxycophina subfenestrata sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish ochreous, almost entirely suffused with reddish brown and

reticulated finely with darker; costa with five red-brown spots, first close to base,

second at one-sixth, third at one-third, fourth just beyond middle, fifth at two-

thirds; from each of the first three of these spots paler reddish fasciae proceed

across the wing, the margins of which are undefined ; from the fourth a broad

darker red-brown fascia, with irregularly dentate brown edges and strongly angulated

opposite the cell, goes to the inner margin beyond middle ; the spaces on each

side of this fascia are paler; marginal area reddish, traversed by several darker,

partially connected, lines; fringe whitish, with a broad brown line near its base.

Hindwings: crossed by numerous interlacing dark lines, forming alternately

broader and narrower fasciae, of which that in the middle is the darkest and has

in the sinuses on its edges some hyaline patches ; fringe as in forewings.

Underside the same ; the costa of forewings pale, with dark brown spots; the

costa of hindwings darker red-brown. Face and palpi bright chestnut ; head,

thorax, and abdomen paler red-brown varied with darker.

Expanse of wings: 65 mm.

One ? from Kinnigunang, New Britain (C. Ribbe).

20. Pharambara bullifera sp. nov.

Forewings: white, suffused and reticulated with rufous ochreous and fuscous :

costa minutely dotted with dark and with five pale rufous tooth-shaped marks; four

oblique series of conjoined bubble-shaped white spots, in the second and third

arranged in pairs on either side of a rufous reticulation; the first curved and con-

sisting of three or four single spots at one-fourth, starting from the first tooth ; second

curved from between second and third tooth, and stopping at the submedian fold;

the third from apex to inner margin ; the fourth along hindmargin above anal angle ;

the intervals between these series rufous, reticulated and suffused with fuscous; a

darker shade along submedian vein and beyond end of cell; fringe coppery rufous.

Hindwings: with three similar series of spots; fringe as in forewings.

Underside with the markings the same, but the dark markings rich brown, the

paler ones yellower; lines of shining black and yellow scales below the subcostal.

Palpi, face, antennae, and collar dark rufous; thorax and abdomen rufous varied

with grey, the latter with a pale ring across second and third segments corresponding

with first pale band of hindwings. Palpi porrect, twice as long as head.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Five examples from the Khasias, September 1895,

Evidently related to glaphyralis Hmpsn., but smaller; the apex of forewing

distinctly produced, and the hindmargin beneath it incurved, and again outcurved

above anal angle.

21. Pharambara quadrovata sp. nov.

Forewings: shining greyish flesh-colour, with scattered short fuscous transverse

striae between the veins; the costa broadly paler; a round black spot before apex ;

fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: with the reticulations in the centre of the wing darker and more

prominent; two pairs of white hyaline oval spots; the first beyond the discocellular ;

the second between the origin of vein 2 and the inner margin.

Underside paler, more whitish, the mottlings blacker and coarser; a broad

ferruginous subcostal streak, marked with a longitudinal row of black spots above,

and with metallic scales along the veins; traces of a brownish submarginal and

marginal fascia. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 45 mm.

One 9 from Oinainisa, Timor, November 1891 (W. Doherty).

Famity URANIIDA E.

22. Stesichora apicipuncta sp. nov.

Like S. quadripunctata Warr., but the dots at base of costa very small; the

bloteh at apex much larger, more greyish black, and extending to and along the

hindmargin. Hindwings entirely white. Underside of both wings white, but the

apex of forewings with a smoky black triangular mark.

Expanse of wings: 28—34 mm.

Four 9 9 from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, September and October 1892,

collected by Doherty.

( 344 )

ab. bipunctata ab. nov.

A single 9 from Biak, Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, collected also by Doherty,

agrees with apieipuneta in most respects; but the apical blotch of forewings is more

restricted, and has a minute dark dot below it, while the anal angle is marked by a

distinct dark spot.

Famity EPIPLEMIDA E.

Chaetoceras gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa sinuous, convex near base and apex, concave between ;

apex bluntly subfaleate ; hindmargin excised from apex to vein 4, where there is a

bluntly bidentate projection at veins 4 and 3; thence again slightly excised to anal

angle, which is square.

Hindwings: elongate, the apex rounded ; hindmargin rounded below apex and

straight to anal angle, which is slightly produced.

Palpi very short, not reaching front of face; antennae of d strongly pectinated ;

legs short and stout; hind tibiae swollen, with four long and stout spurs.

Neuration: forewings, cell not half as long as wing; discocellular vertical ;

first median at three-fourths, second and third from lower end of cell; lower radial

from top end of cell, whence also the stalk of 6 and 7; the stalk of 8, 9, 10, and

vein 11, both from near base. Hindwings with two subcostals and last two medians

from ends of cell.

Type: Chaetoceras simplex sp. nov.

23. Chaetoceras simplex sp. nov.

Forewings: lilae-grey, dusted slightly with vinous red; the lines vinous red;

first at one-third, oblique and slightly curved, touching the blackish cell-spot ; second

at two-thirds, slightly curved and partially interrupted; costa marked with vinous

red, and beyond the outer line with three or four ochreous spots; some reddish scales

above anal angle ; a ferruginous marginal line; fringe rufous, with dark dots at end

of veins below middle, altogether dark along the excision.

Hindwings: with red antemedian and postmedian lines and red-edged ocelloid

cell-spot ; marginal area thiekly irrorated with red.

Underside of forewings dull grey ; of hindwings whitish ochreous, with a dull

fuscous cloud at anal angle. Face dark brown; vertex very-pale grey; antennae,

thorax, and abdomen pale grey tinged with red.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One d from Amboina, February 1892 (W. Doherty).

Chaetopyga gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa gradually curved ; apex depressed ; hindmargin toothed

at veins 4, 6, 7, slightly excised between, and oblique to anal angle, which is strongly

marked ; inner margin strongly sinuate, lobed in basal half, and excised before anal

angle.

—

( 545 )

Hindwings: with costa sinuous, excised in middle, fringed with hair on both

sides of the excision ; hindmargin toothed at 4, 6, 7, the tooth at vein 7 acute; inner

margin restricted, with a fold containing a tuft of hair.

Forewings beneath with a large bed of flat scales on inner margin at base.

Palpi long, porrect, third joint as long as second; tongue present; antennae

simple, lamellate ; hind femora and tibiae with thick tufts of hair, the tibiae with

four spurs; anal segment of abdomen with enormously developed tufts of hair, the

penultimate segment beneath also with thick curled tufts.

Neuration : as in Epiplema.

Type: Chaetopyga horrida sp. nov.

24. Chaetopyga horrida sp. nov.

Forewings: fawn-colour, dotted with fuscous ; traces of a wavy darker line near

base; a darker brown central fascia, broad on costa and inner margin, constricted

towards the middle, its edges dark brown; a slightly darker diffuse submarginal

shade, and a narrow marginal band from apex to tooth at vein 4.

Hindwings: tinged with ferruginous ; a ferruginous postmedian line, sinuous

from costa to vein 4, where it is acutely angled and joined by a dark ferruginous

streak from the base.

Underside, especially of hindwings, paler, without markings, but with coarse

fuscous atoms. Face and palpi dark brown; head, thorax, and abdomen fawn-colour.

Tufts of anal segment pale shining ochreous; of penultimate segment dark fuscous ;

those of the legs rufous.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from Port Mackay, Queensland.

The only example is unfortunately much wasted, and the fringes are gone.

25. Dirades hepaticata sp. noy.

Forewings: dark purplish grey ; the two lines very slender, ochreous ; first at

one-third, forming a right angle on the median, with a blackish shade on its outside ;

second line at two-thirds, straight, inwardly edged with dark ; a dark marginal patch

opposite the cell ; marginal line thick, blackish ; fringe paler.

Hindwings: with both lines bent in middle, the first sharply angled, the

second bluntly produced ; a ferruginous tint before the teeth and a lustrous pearly

marginal line.

Underside duller, without markings. Head, thorax, and abdomen all con-

colorous.

Expanse of wings: 15 mm.

Three ? ? from the Khasias.

26. Dirades latibrunnea sp. nov.

Forewings : brownish fuscous, dusted with dark fuscous ; first line at one-third,

strongly but bluntly angled in midwing; second line from costa at three-fourths

to just before anal angle, irregularly waved; the first line edged outwardly, the

second inwardly, with dark red-brown, the space between them below vein 3 filled

up with dark brown ; outer line followed by linear series of blackish striae, which

expand into a blackish apical blotch ; a row of black white-tipped dots from before

apex to below middle of hindmargin ; fringe concolorous, with a fine dark basal line.

( 346 )

Hindwings: with a wavy black mark on inner margin at one-third; a dark

brown postmedian line, bluntly angled on vein 4, edged with whitish and followed

on inner-marginal half by a patch of whitish scales; some indistinct submarginal

black dots edged with white.

Underside of forewings dark brownish grey, with the margin blackish ; hindwings

paler. Palpi and face black ; fillet and base of antennae white ; thorax and abdomen

brownish grey.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One 9 from Lifu.

The hindmargin of forewings is vertical to vein 6, thence curved to anal

angle; inner margin strongly sinuous. Hindwings strongly toothed at veins 4 and

7, with a smaller tooth at vein 6.

27. Dirades seminigra sp. nov.

Forewings: grey-brown with a rufous tinge, with numerous fine and close trans-

verse darker striae ; first line not expressed, only indicated by the curved margin of

the slightly darker basal area; second line rufous, edged outwardly with paler and

then with grey, from costa at three-fourths, running straight outwards to third

median, where it is bluntly angled, then inwards to inner margin at two-thirds, where

it is followed by a dark bfown-black triangle with curved edges ; submarginal line

pale, rufous-tinged, from just before apex to anal angle, having on its outer edge

black spots on the veins; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: brown-black; the basal half varied with rufous grey scales, and

with a broadish streak of the same colour from base along middle of wing; an

antemedian curved row of three or four black-brown blotches; an angulated rufous

grey postmedian line, the inner edge of which on the marginal half is black-brown ;

a fine pale submarginal line curving with the hindmargin ; fringe black-brown.

Underside cinereous, more rufous in forewings. Face and palpi black-brown ;

fillet white; thorax rufous grey; abdomen black-brown, the first segment with a

velvety black ring.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

One ? from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

Dysrhombia gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa strongly curved ; apex sharp ; hindmargin with four

excisions and prominent teeth at ends of veins 2, 3, and 6; inner margin

slightly sinuate.

Hindwings: elongate, running out to a prominent tooth at vein 4; the

hindmargin oblique and straight from the tooth to apical and anal angle ; distance

from base of wing to tooth greater than from base of forewing to its apex.

Antennae of d thick, short, and lamellate ; palpi porrect, short; hind tibiae

swollen, with four spurs ; costa of hindwings fringed with hair except for a short

space just beyond middle.

Newration: forewings, cell one-third as long as wing; first median at seven-

eighths, second just before angle of cell, third from angle; lower radial from upper

angle ; upper radial and last subcostal stalked from upper angle; first and second

free; third and fourth stalked. Hindwings with the two subcostals from upper

angle, the last two medians on a short stalk.

Type: Dysrhombia longipennis sp. nov.

28. Dysrhombia longipennis sp. nov.

Forewings: purplish fuscous; costa streaked with dark fuscous and paler ;

the lines indistinct and diffuse, blackish mixed with ferruginous scales; first at

one-third, angled in midwing; second from middle of costa to middle of inner

margin, outeurved in middle; submarginal line irregularly wavy ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: with the basal area diffusedly purplish; exterior line from costa

at three-fourths, ferruginous edged with paler, running parallel to hindmargin and

angled like it in the middle; its inner arm marked with a blotch of dark purplish

and ferruginous scales; veins towards hindmargin pale; hindmargin on each side

of tail with a dark streak intersected by the veins.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings; antennae ochreous. Under-

side dull cinereous, paler towards the margins.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One d from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland (A. 8. Meek).

29. Epiplema ambusta sp. nov.

Forewings: reddish ochreous, more or less suffused with grey-brown or purplish

brown, and slightly irrorated with darker; costa dotted with dark fuscous; first

line at one-third, dull ferruginous, angled in cell and on submedian fold, the basal

area within it clouded with grey-brown; outer line from costa about middle, dark

ferruginous, obliquely bent outwards to middle of wing, then, much finer, inwards

to inner margin at two-thirds, where it is followed by a dark ferruginous mark;

the line is succeeded by a broad greyish purple fascia which leaves the margin of

the ground-colour; a dark ferruginous curved submarginal line from just before

apex to below middle, beyond which the extreme margin is again greyish purple;

marginal line dark brown; fringe concolorous, mottled with darker.

Hindwings: wholly suffused with dark purplish grey, mixed in the middle

with ferruginous; a twice-angulated basal line; a triangular pure white discal

spot; outer line dark ferruginous, wavy, obtusely bent in middle, and edged

externally with ochreous; a ferruginous submarginal line from upper tooth to anal

angle, edged with yellowish, and with a yellowish streak into the lower tooth;

fringe dark. .

Underside purplish cinereous, darker in forewings; hindwings with a dark

eurved postmedian line. Head and palpi black; thorax and abdomen cinereous.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

One d from Banda, August 1892 (W. Doherty).

Forewings bluntly rounded, with a slight sinus opposite the cell; hindwings

toothed at veins 4 and 7, erenulate between 4 and 6, and 6 and 7.

30. Epiplema clathrata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale greyish fawn-colour, speckled with darker; the two lines

pale, angulated in the middle of wing, the inner line followed and the outer

preceded by brown blotches between the paler veins; marginal line blackish,

preceded by two subapical black dots, and a fine, slightly waved, black mark

before the excision; fringe pale, darker at apex, elbow, and anal angle.

Hindwings: the same, but the ground-colour smoother, not varied with

( 348 )

darker; the inner line acutely angled, and joined by a brown central line from

base; some lustrous seales along hindmargin.

Underside pale grey, unmarked. Face and palpi dark brown; thorax and

abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One d from the Khasia Hills.

31. Epiplema curvilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: reddish grey, with numerous reddish and fuscous striae; costa

dotted with dark brown; first line reddish, indistinct, at one-third, curved ; second

from before two-thirds, sinuous, brown-black, faint between median and submedian,

and forming a blotch at inner margin ; a fine eurved brown line from .below apex

to above anal angle, the marginal space included rufous; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: with acutely angled basal line, from the angle of which a dark

brown line runs along the middle of the wing touching a broad brown discal

blotch ; outer line bluntly angled and sinuous, dark brown edged with pale; a

sinuous dark brown line from upper tooth to below lower tooth, with a white dash

through it at the lower tooth, and a white dash before it between the teeth.

Underside reddish grey, freckled with darker, the ovter line distinct. Face

and palpi black ; head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

One d from Amboina, August 1892 (W. Doherty).

32. Epiplema fulvata Warr., Nov. Zoor. III. p. 307.

The type from which the description above referred to was made is a d. The

?, which I have now seen, differs slightly, as follows :—

Expanse of wings: 19 mm., against 16 mm. in the d. Forewings with two

distinct black subapical spots. Hindwings with an obscure dark wavy submarginal

line from apex to lower tooth, and with blackish scaling between the dark post-

median line and hindmargin. All else as in the d.

33. Epiplema fuscifrons sp. nov.

Like E. bicaudata Moore, but rather larger; the marginal area beyond outer

line suffused as in that species with greyish purple, but the suffusion always leaves

an apical costal blotch and another from middle to anal angle white. In the hind-

wings the ferruginous outer fascia is followed by another ferruginous shade, not, as in

bicaudata, by a fuscous line. Face and palpi wholly dark fuscous; in bicaudata

the face is white both above and below, with a dark central bar.

Two 9 9 from Sikkim.

Hitherto confounded with bicaudata Moore; but an examination of the type

now in the British Museum Collection, proves the two species distinct.

34. Epiplema nana sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish; costa strongly spotted with dark fuscous; basal area

clouded with grey and fuscous; a central purplish fascia, its inner edge strongly

inangulated, the outer waved and followed first by a white, then by a dark grey line;

( 349 )

apex narrowly fuscous; a large fuscous and ochreous spot on middle of hindmargin,

traversed by a line of four or five black spots; fringe dark.

Hindwings: with basal two-thirds mottled with fuscous and purple, and bounded

by a curved shade, followed by a straggling fuscous cloud running to hindmargin

below lower tooth; a row of three or four blackish spots from costa before apex; a

fuscous dark-edged shade along hindmargin from apex to below lower tooth, where it

is eut by a whitish dash.

Underside whitish, in the forewings mottled with fuscous. Head wanting ;

thorax and abdomen dark grey ; metathorax with a white blotch.

Expanse of wings: 11 mm.

One d from the Tenimber Islands, July 1892 (W. Doherty).

Akin to E. quadristrigata Wlk. and lituralis Warr., but not half the size.

35. Epiplema oculifera sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, tinged with rufous grey; first line brown, at one-third,

indistinctly marked ; second line at two-thirds, obliquely curved and bent outwards

to midwing near hindmargin, where it is angled, then oblique inwards and obsolescent

to a brown patch on inner margin at three-fourths ; a straight brown line from just

before apex to below middle of hindmargin ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: with a reddish brown-edged discal ocellus ; outer line pale, with

dark edges, the inner edge broadest, running out into a broad prominence before

second tooth; a curved brown line from tooth to tooth, and a brown blotch with a

white dash above it below lower tooth ; fringe greyish ochreous, with paler base.

Underside dull ochreous; a dark spot before lower tooth of hindwings. Face

and palpi brown-black ; thorax and abdomen ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

Three d d from Dili, Timor, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

36. Epiplema perpolita sp. nov.

Very close to E. lilucina Moore, from which it differs by the almost entire

absence of darker striae and irrorations, which gives the insect a smoother appearance ;

outer line of forewings more strongly denticulate opposite the cell, the lower arm

forming a single curve to inner' margin, where it ends in a thickened line, not

preceded, as in lilacina, by a fuscous blotch. Hindwings with the fuscous mottlings

of the inner-marginal half obsolete ; the dark brown blotch on the inner edge of the

postmedian line towards inner margin reduced to a streak.

Two d d from Banda, August 1892 (W. Doherty).

The antennae are, as in lilacina, uniserrate, the teeth close and curved.

37. Epiplema rufimargo sp. nov.

Forewings : white ; costa spotted with rufous grey, and sometimes the basal two-

thirds ; first line marked by three dark spots across wing; second line shaped as in

bicaudata Moore, but rufous grey with hardly darker edges; the whole of the

marginal area filled up with rufous, except a small white spot beyond the second line

on costa and inner margin; some blackish spots towards apex and a blackish cloud

at anal angle; fringe wholly rufous.

Hindwings : with rufous curved antemedian line; angulated rufous postmedian

( 350 )

band with hardly darker edges, followed by a fuscous line which is thickened towards

hindmargin; marginal area rufous; fringe rufous, with a paler line along base, most

evident between the teeth; a small black spot before lower tooth, sometimes also

visible on forewings.

Underside like that of bicaudata Moore, but the forewings not so dark and the

hindwings more discoloured. Palpi and face dull white below, fuscous above; vertex

rufous; thorax white; abdomen white towards base, tinged with grey and rufous

behind.

Both sexes from Sikkim, April and May (Pilcher /eg.).

38. Epiplema unangulata sp. nov.

Forewings: brownish grey, mottled with darker; the costa with dark strigula-

tions; first line nearly vertical, from costa just before middle to middle of inner

margin, ferruginous ; second line at. two-thirds, angled outwards in midwing, concave

on each side of the angle; a submarginal row of fine black dots from before apex to

below middle; fringe dark, with a paler base.

Hindwings: with a postmedian curved and wavy ferruginous line; a fine

interrupted black line before hindmargin ; fringe concolorous; a small tooth at end

of vein 3, above which the margin is irregularly excised.

Underside pale grey, irrorated with fuscous. Face and palpi brown ; vertex and

antennae whitish ; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One $ from Batchian, March 1892 (W. Dohert y).

39. Eversmannia diversipennis sp. nov.

d. Forewings : grey, dappled and irrorated with darker; lines very obscure; the

first forming a double dark mark on the cell, and another slight mark below it ; the

outer marked by a dark brownish triangle on costa at two-thirds and a blotch opposite

the cell; fringe grey, mottled with darker.

Hindwings: tinged with rufous, whitish towards inner margin, with a few

blotehes; faint traces of a basal and postmedian line and ocelloid cell-spot.

9. Darker grey, especially in hindwings, and more reticulated.

Underside uniform grey-brown, somewhat paler in the d. Face and palpi

black; fillet and antennae whitish ; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

Three 9 2, one d, from Amboina, February 1892 (W. Doherty).

The costa of forewings is sinuous, especially in the 9 ; hindmargin excised from

the bluntly rounded apex to vein 4, and between veins 4 and 3, then oblique to anal

angle. The hindwings of the d are narrow, with the hindmargin rounded through-

out; in the 9 they are broad ; the hindmargin vertical from apex to vein 7, then

straight and oblique to vein 3, between which and the anal angle there is a deep

excision, much as in Thymistada tripunctata WIk.

40. Gathynia pernigrata sp. nov.

Forewings: with the costal half of wing whitish, the inner-marginal half rufous,

the whole densely covered with fine dark atoms and striae ; the costa grey, with white

spots towards base and apex; a broad oblique purplish central fascia, darker on costa

( 351 )

and inner margin, speckled with white in the middle, its edges irregularly brown-

black; basal area with a diffused blackish blotch; marginal area with a diffuse

oblique cloudy fascia, and some black dashes and teeth from costa before apex to

middle of hindmargin.

Hindwings: wholly suffused with dark purplish fuseous, with a white blotch

at end of cell, followed by a dark antemedian line; a dark curved postmedian line

and a strongly dentate submarginal line; fringes dark.

Underside dark cinereous, with darker striae; inner half of forewings rufous-

tinged. Face black; collar rufous grey; thorax and abdomen purplish mixed with

rufous ; inner margin of hindwings and tuft pale ochreous.

The specimen above described appears to be a pale form; in another example

the white markings are greatly reduced, the central fascia being dark throughout,

and the whole forewing suffused with dark ; the hindwings without any white blotch

at end of cell.

Expanse of wings: 28—30 mm.

Two dd from the Khasias.

41. Gathynia vinosa sp. nov.

Forewings: vinous red-brown; the costa darker, fuscous-tinged ; traces of a

dark line near base; second line brown, from costa at two-thirds, oblique outwards to

middle, then sharply incurved to the top of an ill-defined brown triangular blotch on

inner margin beyond middle; the line and blotch edged with ferruginous; a fine

straight blackish line from just before apex to anal angle; fringe concolorous with

wings.

Hindwings : with a curved and slightly elbowed brown paler-edged line at two-

thirds ; some black spots along hindmargin.

Underside dull reddish ochreous. Face and palpi brown; thorax and abdomen

brownish grey, the latter becoming paler at end, like the pale inner margin of

hindwings.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

Three d'd from Dili, Timor, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

Lobogethes gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight for three-fourths; hindmargin oblique, hardly

curved ; inner margin straight.

Hindwings : with costa sinuous only, not excised, fringed with hair towards base

and apex; hindmargin excised below apex; in the 9 with a blunt hook at end of

third median, and thence rounded to inner margin; in the d with a rounded bulge

from middle of cell to second median, beyond which there is an incision and the

inner-marginal area ends in a broad lobe. At the base of the hindwing below the

median vein is an elongated oval hyaline space, the upperside of which is clothed

with a tuft of spatulate scales.

Antennae thick, lamellate; palpi inclined upwards, as long as face; hind tibiae

of d thickened, with four spurs.

Neuwration: forewing, first median from near base, second a little before end of

. cell; diseocellular angulated and apparently all but obsolete below; the lower radial

from the angulation ; 6 and 7 on a long stalk; 8 and 9 stalked. In the hindwings

( 352 )

the first median rises from the base, and the hyaline fovea lies between it and the

median nervure.

The insect rests with the wings folded and rolled as in Gathynia Wlk.

Type: Lobogethes interrupta sp. nov.

42. Lobogethes interrupta sp. nov.

Forewings : dark grey, speckled with fuscous, this colour being confined to the

costa, the inner margin, and the space immediately below the median ; the intervening

areas dull ochreous, broad on hindmargin and narrowing to a point near base; a dark

grey blotch on costa at three-fourths, preceded by a smaller one on the subcostal and

another at one-third; fringe grey, with dark basal line.

Hindwings: with the dark areas narrower and the pale ones in proportion

wider; traces of an angulated postmedian line, and a row of iron-grey lunules

along the hindmargin from apex to middle. The pale spaces are not so conspicuous

in the d d, in which sex the whole of the hindwings above the third median is

dark grey.

Underside dull cinereous. Face and palpi dark brown; vertex, thorax, and

abdomen pale grey, the latter more or less tinged with dark in the middle.

Expanse of wings: 22—28 mm.

Several of both sexes from Coomooboolaroo, Duaringa, North Queensland

(A. S. Meek).

Macrostylodes gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa rather strongly curved throughout ; apex broadly rounded ;

hindmargin rounded, and slightly indented above anal angle.

Hindwings: with hindmargin rounded, and minutely toothed at veins 4 and 7.

Palpi short, porrect ; antennae of d flattened and thickened, uniserrate, the

teeth close and curved.

Newration: forewings, discocellular invisible, apparently absent; first median at

one-sixth of wing; second and third on a long stalk, separating at five-sixths ; the

two radials and last subeostal stalked, the lower radial leaving beyond middle, the

other two separating at five-sixths; veins 8 and 9, 10 and 11, stalked. Hindwings

with the two subcostals separating at two-thirds, the last two medians at about one-

third ; radial absent.

Type: Macrostylodes deformis sp. nov.

43. Macrostylodes deformis sp. nov.

Forewings : white, irregularly varied with transverse fuscous striae ; costa thickly

dotted with fuscous ; first line obscure, at one-third; second at two-thirds, sinuous

and nearly vertical, preceded on inner margin by denser fuscous strigae and a brown

erect streak from middle, above which is a brown spot ; marginal area more densely

striated, especially above anal angle, and with two blackish subapical spots ; marginal

line brown.

Hindhwings : with the two lines distinct ; the second bent outwards before lower

tooth ; an indistinct row of dark lunules from tooth to tooth.

Underside whitish, in the forewings wholly suffused with fuscous, in the hind-

( 353 )

wings with only the apex fuscous. Face and palpi dark brown ; thorax and abdomen

whitish, mottled with fuscous.

Expanse of wings: 12 mm.

Two d d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Dohert y).

. Paradirades gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa sinuous, slightly ineurved in middle; hindmargin

sinuous, strongly ineurved below apex, then bulged and oblique at anal angle ; inner

margin straight.

Hindwings : with costa straight, not excised nor tufted ; hindmargin sinuate, as

in forewings.

Antennae thick, lamellate ; palpi short ; forewings of 4 with a very large double

fovea at base, the lower half inflated, the upper depressed ; hindwings with no fold

and tuft of hair on inner margin.

Neuration : forewings, lower radial from well below the upper angle of cell;

6 and 7 stalked; 8 and 9 stalked; 10 and 11 stalked; 11 anastomosing with 12.

Type: Paradirades assimilis sp. nov.

44. Paradirades assimilis sp. nov.

Forewings : pale grey, speckled with fuscous ; a dark blotch on costa at middle,

one on the discocellular, and another at middle of inner margin represent the curved

first line ; a costal blotch at three-fourths and a smaller one on inner margin before

anal angle indicate the second line ; before the apex is another small blotch, and one

on the hindmargin at middle; fringe dark.

Hindwings : the same, with an antemedian and postmedian line of interrupted

blotches.

Underside dull grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen all dull grey.

Expanse of wings: 16 mm.

Three dd from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland (type) (A. S. Meek); and

one d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea.

The insect bears a superficial Yesemblance to Epiplema irrorata Moore.

Famity GEOMETRIDAE.

SUBFAMILY OENOCHROMINAE.

Oenochlora gen. nov.

Forewings: elongate; the costa strongly arched from base to apex; apex

somewhat produced; hindmargin oblique, curved at anal angle.

Hindwings: with apex and hindmargin rounded.

Antennae three-fourths of wing, in d regularly pectinated throughout. Palpi

upeurved in front of face; second joint squamous, just reaching above forehead ;

third joint small, blunt. Tongue present; frenulum present. Hind tibiae some-

what thickened, with a pencil of hairs and four spurs.

Newration: forewings, cell quite half the length of wing; discocellular slightly

( 354 )

inangulated ; first median at two-thirds, second just before the end, third from

the end of cell; lower radial from centre of discocellular ; upper from upper angle;

last four subeostals stalked from shortly before the angle of cell, the extremity of

the subcostal nervure being bent inwards from the origin of the stalk, as is that

of the median nervure from the second median nervule ; first subcostal from cell, soon

anastomosing with the costal, as does the second also. Hindwings with discocellular

straight, the radial rising from its centre; costal running close alongside of sub-

costal for half the cell; first subcostal nervule and second median each from just

before angle of cell.

Type: Oenochlora imperialis sp. nov.

The costal neuration of the hindwing forbids this genus being referred to the

subfamily Geometrinae,as the green coloration of the type-species would obviously

suggest; while the presence of a radial in the hindwing similarly prevents its

admission to the Ennominae. I cannot, however, identify it with any of the

genera of the Oenochrominae as given by Mr. Meyrick.

45. Oenochlora imperialis sp. nov.

d. Forewings: dark apple-green, the costal region with short transverse

purple striae; the lines darker green; first at one-third, curved and wavy; second

at three-fourths, parallel to hindmargin, crenulated ; cell-spot purple; fringe green.

Hindwings: like forewings, without first line, and with the costal region

broadly pale rosy, the inner margin white.

Head, thorax, and abdomen green; tips of palpi rosy; antennae ochreous.

Underside dull orange-grey, with a broad purple submarginal fascia, the margin

itself becoming whitish green; cell-spots purple.

In the ? the cell-spots are absent ; the lines hardly visible; and the forewings

have a pale yellow oval spot edged with red between the second and third medians ;

while the abdomen bears a purple blotch in the middle.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One d, one ?, from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

46. Oenochroma decolorata sp. nov.

Forewings: grey, with fine darker irroration ; inner line reddish and only

distinct on costa; cell-spot dark grey, indistinet, followed by an obscure oblique

central shade; outer line pale ferruginous, edged internally with whitish; fringe

purplish.

Hindwings : with an antemedian purplish line, and a median line ferruginous

with paler internal edge, as in forewings, the ferruginous tint passing into purplish

towards apex, which is itself tinged with purplish.

Underside whiter, the outer line marked by vein-dots; the purple spot on

inner margin much smaller than in vinaria Guen.; hindwings white along inner

margin; the hindmargin broadly tinged with ferruginous. Face, thorax, and

abdomen grey, the latter paler.

Three examples from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

Jesides the difference in coloration, the present species differs from O. vinaria

Guen. in having the hindmargin of hindwings distinctly curved and the apex obtuse,

whereas in vinaria the margin is straight and the apex produced.

47. Physetostege miranda rufata subsp. nov.

A $ from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, and a d from Geraldton, Cairns, differ

considerably from the type-form, miranda Warr., from Humboldt Bay. ‘They

expand only 28 mm., are much brighter red, and towards the costa of hindwings

before the outer line are marked with a black blotch.

48. Sarcinodes compacta sp. nov.

Forewings: reddish fawn-colour, quite sparsely dusted with fuscous; a faint

reddish spot on costa at one-fourth and a black dot on the median vein indicate the

first line; a small reddish cloud at middle of costa; a straight deep chestnut line

from costa before apex to inner margin beyond middle, followed on third median by

a round red-brown spot; fringe chestnut. |

Hindwings : with the dark line central, the base pale, with an obscure line at

one-fourth.

Underside with the margins flushed with deeper red, and with indications of a

central line; the oblique line marked by dark vein-dots; a white subapical and apical

costal blotch. Head, thorax, and abdomen somewhat paler than the wings; tips of

palpi and frontal tuft blackish. Antennae of d with the uniserrate pectinations long.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One & from Amboina, February 1892 (W. Doherty).

Related to S. subfulvida Warr., but smaller, more uniform in tint both above

and below ; the oblique line entirely dark.

Zeuctophlebia gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa slightly curved and faintly inbent in middle; apex pro-

duced, subacute; hindmargin sinuous.

Hindwings : with rounded hindmargin.

Face smooth; palpi porrect, squamous, the third joint indistinct; antennae of

d strongly bipectinate to five-sixths; hind tibiae with four spurs.

Newration : forewings with cell half as long as wing; first median at five-sixths,

second before end of cell, third from end; lower radial from middle of discocellular ;

upper from upper angle of cell; last three subcostals stalked ; first and second coinci-

dent, anastomosing with costal, the second afterwards anastomosing with the stem

of third and fourth. Hindwings with first subcostal rising before end of cell.

Type: Zeuctophlebia rufipalpis sp. nov.

49. Zeuctophlebia rufipalpis sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish ochreous, finely dusted with fuscous atoms, more thickly

along costal region ; costal edge towards base reddish ; first line at one-third, slightly

curved below costa, then straight, with some dark scales externally ; second line from

costa beyond middle, running straight outwards below costa, then sharply angled and

slightly curved to middle of inner margin, pale, with brownish edges, met at the

angle by a ferruginous oblique streak from apex; a submarginal row of double black

points; a marginal row of black dots; fringe glossy, rufous grey, with paler base; a

black cell-dot.

Hindwings : the same, without first line.

( 356 )

Underside reddish, thickly mottled with blackish ; the two outer lines and cell-

spots blackish. Palpi, face, and forelegs bright red; vertex, thorax, and abdomen

pale grey, with dark atoms ; collar dark grey.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One & from Toowoomba, Queensland.

StgramıLy ORTHOSTIXINAE.

50. Bociraza latiflava sp. nov.

Forewings : golden yellow ; the costa narrowly black at base, the streak thicken-

ing to the middle; a broad black fascia from the middle of costa to anal angle, its

inner edge curved, its outer edge nearly straight ; apex and hindmargin black,

leaving a broad yellow fascia from costa to near hindmargin; fringe black.

Hindwings: yellow, with black marginal fascia from anal angle to apex, where

it is wider.

Underside the same. Palpi yellow, externally fuscous; face and vertex yellow,

sometimes tinged with grey ; collar fuscous ; thorax and abdomen yellow.

Expanse of wings : 36—42 mm.

Two d d, two 2 2, from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

51. Celerena triflava sp. noy.

Forewings: yellow, with the costa black from base to middle, whence a black

bar runs at right angles towards anal angle, which it does not quite reach ; the costal

streak and the eross-bar both diffusely edged internally; hindmargin from anal angle

narrowly black, the inner edge waved, and bent above third median to costa at two-

thirds; the apical black area so formed contains an oblique yellowish blotch ; fringe

black.

Hindwings : yellow, with narrow black border with wavy edge.

Underside the same, except that the cross-bar of forewings is much broader than

above, angled outwards in the submedian interspace and joined along inner margin

with the marginal border. Face, thorax, and abdomen yellow; palpi black ; collar

fuscous.

Expanse of wings: 64 mm.

One 2 from Biak, Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, collected by Doherty.

52. Eumelea degener Warr., ab. umbrata nov.

In this form the space between the outer line and the row of submarginal spots

is wholly clouded with brown in the forewings of the ?, the spots themselves becom-

ing absorbed ; in the hindwings the brown shade does not reach the spots; in one ?

the yellow ground-colour of the entire wing is suffused with pale brown.

In the d the whole of the wings is thickly suffused with brown and covered with

fuscous striae, the markings being rendered indistinct ; the underside yellower, with

dark purple fuscous mottlings and markings.

Three d d, one $, from Lifu.

53. Eumelea feliciata sangirensis subsp. nov.

Forewings : dull yellow, olive-tinged, covered uniformly with dull rosy striae,

which are much finer and longer than in the type-form of feliciata Guen.; the

usual three lines very indistinct and narrow, the curved central one in particular

being almost linear ; fringe and marginal lunules bright rosy.

Hindwings: the same.

Underside brighter yellow, with the lines thicker and rosier. Head, thorax,

and abdomen concolorous.

Expanse of wings: 58 mm.

Two dd from Sangir (W. Doherty).

54. Eumelea ludovicata atomata subsp. nov.

Forewings : blood-red, the yellow area, which is restricted to the cell and

space beyond and to the submedian fold, being more or less obliterated by coarse

spore-like red blotches; cell-spot and vein-spots marking the course of the sub-

marginal line deeper red; a yellow spot at apex.

Hindwings: the same, but the central line darker and denticulate ; fringe

of both wings red.

Underside with all the red markings dull brown-red. Face blood-red ; vertex

red, with yellow scales; thorax and abdomen red.

Expanse of wings: 50 mm.

One d from South Java, 1500 feet, 1891 (Fruhstorfer).

55. Eumelea ludovicata biflavata subsp. nov.

Forewings: wholly irrorated and suffused with deep orange-red, leaving only

two round pale yellow spots before the submarginal shade, one opposite the cell, the

other on the submedian fold ; these spots on the hindwings almost obliterated by

rosy strigulae ; apex of both wings narrowly yellow.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One d from Nias; one ?, nine d d, from Pulo Laut, S.E. of Borneo (type),

May 1891 (W. Doherty).

Consistently smaller than the typical form of ludovicata Guen.; the 9? not

yellow, but concolorous with d.

56. Eumelea ludovicata fumicosta subsp. nov.

Wings less brightly coloured than in /udovicata Guen., somewhat blurred ;

the costa and apical region and part of the hindmargin in the forewings darkened

with dense fuscous striae; both wings without any trace of lines.

Expanse of wings: 58 mm.

One d from the Bismarck Archipelago (locality erroneous ?); two © ? from

New Georgia and Alu (type), Solomon Islands, respectively.

57. Eumelea ludovicata insulata subsp. nov.

Wings with the yellow ground-colour uniformly irrorated with orange-red,

the pale yellow spots beyond cell and on submedian fold not conspicuous ; central

( 358 )

fascia of forewings straight, not curved inwards towards the costa; coloration of

the two sexes similar.

Expanse of wings : 58—60 mm.

One d, two 22, from the Loochoo Islands.

58. Eumelea ludovicata rubrifusa subsp. nov.

d. Forewings: almost wholly suffused with deep orange-red, much more so

than in biflavata Warr., leaving, as in that subspecies, only two yellow spots,

which are more conspicuous owing to the deeper red of the rest of the wing; a

yellow spot on discocellular, and a few yellow scales before the middle of the

hindmargin.

Hindwings: with the two yellow spots still smaller; a yellow spot on the

discocellular ; apex yellow.

$. Orange-yellow, irrorated with darker, with the spots marking the lines dull

rosy; three spots marking the antemedian line; a spot on discocellular; an

interrupted curved postmedian line and blotched submarginal line most distinct

towards costa. Hindwings with the cell-spot large, rosy, and a very large rosy blotch

on the middle of costa.

Expanse of wings: 65 mm.

One d, one %, from Kina Balu, North Borneo.

59. Eumelea praeusta sp. nov.

d. Forewings: bright yellow, with orange striae and suffusion ; costa thickly

streaked with fuscous purple striae ; traces of a curved line at one-fourth, formed by

two or three orange tawny blotches; a broad ferruginous orange slightly curved fascia

just beyond middle; space between the two thickly covered with orange-red striae

along costal half; a large purplish red apical blotch, its edge curved from three-

fourths of costa to near middle of hindmargin, containing a small yellow spot at apex;

some orange-red striae and blotches at anal angle.

Hindwings : with costal region covered with orange-red striae ; the second line

of forewings continued, but narrower and straighter, across centre from middle of

costa to two-thirds of inner margin; apex and anal angle orange-red, the former

with a yellow spot at tip.

Underside like upper, but the dark markings all tinged with purple. Face and

palpi orange-red ; thorax and abdomen yellow.

Expanse of wings : 65 mm.

One d from Batchian (type), March 1892, taken by Doherty; and two dd,

one ?, from Ternate.

The 9 is duller yellow, with dull purple-brown markings instead of the bright

orange-red of the d ; the middle fascia is narrower, zigzag, and interrupted in the

middle; the apical patch is formed only of some scattered dull purplish scales. But

on the underside the difference between the two sexes is not so striking.

60. Ozola marginata sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish ochreous, uniformly dusted with blackish ; first line at one-

fifth, dark brown, distinet only towards costa, below which it is angled and becomes

more or less obsolete ; a dark cell-spot; marginal third, from costa at two-thirds to

( 359 )

inner margin before anal angle, purplish brown, leaving the apex and a roundish spot

in middle of hindmargin pale; fringe purplish brown, chequered with ochreous over

against the hindmarginal blotch.

Hindwings: with dark cell-spot and a broad uninterrupted purplish brown

marginal fascia from apex to anal angle; fringe concolorous.

Underside exactly the same. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

Five dd, two ? 2, collected by Doherty; four d d from Yamma; one d from

Humboldt Bay, New Guinea (type) ; the two 9 ? from Gani, Halmaheira, and Salawatti

respectively.

Occurs also in Amboina.

61. Rambara colorata sp. nov.

Forewings: bluish white, with all four series of spots ochreous, the discal spots

large and with a fulvous centre.

Hindwings: the same.

Underside pure white.

Expanse of wings: 12 mm.

Several from the Tenimber Islands, June and July 1895 (W. Doherty).

Distinguished not only by its minute size, but by the marginal series of dots

being ochreous, like the rest, not black.

SUBFAMILY PSEUDOTERPNINAE.

62. Actenochroma discolor sp. nov.

Forewings: bright ochreous, suffused with pale brown and with dark brown and

fulvous markings ; a fulvous patch on costa at base; first line at one-third, strongly

waved ; second from two-thirds of costa, much excurved beyond cell, wavy and denti-

culate to inner margin at middle, where it closely approaches the first line ; this

outer line is marked with brown-black on costa, opposite the cell, and in the sub-

median interspace ; the inner half of the central fascia included between the first and

second lines is dull grey-brown, extending along the costa from line to line; an

interrupted oblique red-brown shade starting from a triangular red-brown costal

blotch follows the exterior line; submarginal line represented by interrupted red-

brown blotches which run into the margin; fringe ochreous, broadly mottled with

dull red-brown.

Hindwings: like forewings, but with the whole basal area to exterior line

greyish tawny with darker striae; the lines with dark brown blotches opposite the

cell; both wings with obscure brown cell-spot.

Underside of forewings bright yellow as far as outer line, which is bent and dark

brown with reddish scales intermixed ; cell-spot large, blackish, followed hy a white

blotch ; a broad reddish submarginal band, varied with black and separated from

outer line by a white band constricted in middle ; marginal area reddish and black,

leaving a whitish blotch at apex and middle of hindmargin. Hindwings yellow from

base to outer line, which is broadly blackish and straight ; no cell-spot ; marginal

third blackish, with a white spot on hindmargin at middle, and separated from outer

( 360 )

line by a wedge-shaped white costal mark ; inner margin and fringes wholly yellowish

white. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous mottled with darker.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One d from Korrido, Dutch New Guinea, captured by Doherty.

63. Actenochroma ochrea sp. nov.

Forewings: pale ochreous, with olive-grey and rufous mottling; costa dotted

with rufous; the lines starting from rufous costal blotches; first at one-third, slightly

wavy and oblique outwards, reddish brown ; second beyond two-thirds, slightly ex-

curved and dentate to inner margin before anal angle; discal blotch rufous grey,

connected with a rufous subcostal spot above it; the space between the lines washed

more or less with rufous, especially towards the edges, a semicircular space on inner

margin often remaining pale; a rufous grey blotch beyond cell extending to hind-

margin, showing two teeth of the submarginal line, which is else unexpressed ; some

reddish clouds above anal angle; fringe pale ochreous, marked with rufous opposite

the cell and above anal angle.

Hindwings: with the markings often very obscure ; the basal area sometimes

shaded with darker; a curved dentate postmedian line, the teeth showing red-brown,

and sometimes some reddish clouds towards margin beyond cell.

Underside brighter ochreous ; the discal spot large, black, tinged with red; the

lines both distinct, curved, red-brown, joined along the submedian interspace by a

broad crimson streak ; marginal area varied with fuscous and reddish. Hindwings

with dark reddish cell-spot and curved outer line, and a cloudy crimson submarginal

fascia.

Face, head, thorax, and abdomen all ochreous; face with a narrow crimson bar;

palpi externally dark red-brown.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

Three ? 9 from Port Mackay, Queensland.

64. Hypochroma subornata sp. nov.

Forewings : pearly grey, with a pink tinge, and dusted with dark grey atoms;

first line at one-fourth, dark grey, slightly curved and minutely denticulated ; second

line at two-thirds, curved and minutely denticulated, the teeth on second and third

median nervules more prominent; submarginal line pale, wavy, with darker edges ;

discal spot large, pearly grey, with a darker centre; a row of black marginal spots at

the ends of the veins.

Hindwings: the same, but the central space much varied with rufous and black

scales; the basal area of both wings with tufts of rough whitish scales.

Palpi and lower three-fourths of face dull rufous ; top of face, vertex, and thorax

grey; abdomen whitish. Underside of forewings with basal two-thirds in 9 deep

orange, in d rosy, with an orange subcostal streak ; a small white spot preceding and

a larger one following the large black cell-spot ; marginal third black, with a row of

white spots down the centre, beyond which the black becomes discoloured ; hindwings

the same, with no cell-spot ; the extreme margin whitish.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One d, one 2, from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland.

( 361 )

65. Terpna crassistriga sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green, thickly and coarsely speckled with dark purplish

fuscous; the lines of the same colour; a short mark close to base; first line at

one-fourth, outwardly oblique and slightly toothed in cell ; second at two-thirds, thick

and curved to vein 4, where it is bluntly angled, then lunulate and inwardly oblique

to inner margin at three-fourths: marginal area more densely speckled, especially

above anal angle; an oblong dark cell-spot ; a row of dark spots at ends of veins;

fringe olive, with a paler line at base.

Hindwings: densely speckled with fuscous and reddish; a dark cell-spot and

denticulate postmedian line; submarginal line indicated by blackish blotches above

anal angle and opposite cell.

Underside whitish, with slight striation ; cell-spot of forewings large, blackish ;

of hindwings small; marginal third of both wings blackish, rufous-tinged ; in the

hindwings with the margin itself paler. Face deep brown; palpi green; vertex and

collar pale ochreous ; thorax and abdomen cinereous green, with dark specks.

Expanse of wings: 46 mm.

One 9 from Bunguran, Natuna Islands, October 1894 (Ernest Hose).

SUBFAMILY GEOMETRINAF.

Acrortha gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa arched at base, then straight for four-fifths, where it is

abruptly elbowed and again runs straight to apex; apex rounded ; hindmargin

obliquely curved.

Hindwings: with hindmargin produced to a blunt point at third median; apex

rounded ; margin sinuate to the point, thence straight to anal angle.

Palpi short, porrect ; second joint roughly scaled beneath ; third smooth. "Tongue

present. Antennae of d pubescent. Frenulum invisible.

Neuration : forewings, cell one-third of wing; discocellular vertical, the lower

two-thirds hardly visible; first median at three-fourths; second and third stalked ;

lower radial from above centre of discocellular ; upper from upper angle of cell; the

five subcostals stalked from the angle; first and second coincident and becoming

coincident with the costal, which reaches costa at the elbow. Hindwings with the

discocellular oblique ; the two subcostals and last two medians stalked.

Type: Acrortha flexicosta sp. nov.

66. Acrortha flexicosta sp. nov.

Forewings: pale green, the fringe paler; first line whitish, edged outwardly

by a deeper green shade, bent below the costa, then slightly oblique inwards ;

second from the elbow, faintly bent near costa, then parallel to hindmargin to

inner margin at three-fourths, edged with darker green internally.

Hindwings: with a curved whitish postmedian line, and dark green cell-spot.

Face, vertex, thorax, and abdomen green; fillet white. Underside pale silvery

green.

expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One d from Kandy, Ceylon. -

( 362

67. Agathia disconnecta sp. nov.

Forewin apple-green ; base dark brown on costal half; costa ochreous, with

grey speckles ; first line before middle, formed by three disconnected brown spots,

one below costal streak, one on inner margin in middle, the third on median

vein, angled outwards; second line at three-fourths of costa, formed by two pairs

of brown spots lying in an oblique line on veins 7 and 6, and 4 and 3; and two

smaller spots lying on veins 2 and 1, near to hindmargin ; brown marginal spots

at end of veins, that at the apex being 'square and prominent, that at the angle

on vein 4 conspicuous; fringe yellowish white, with a brown spot at vein 4, and

discoloured at anal angle.

Hindwings: with the outer line as in forewings, only that each pair of spots

is coalescent and forms a blotch with its inner edge straight; the last spot, on

the internal vein, is much nearer base of wing; marginal tooth wholly filled

up with dark chocolate-brown, with a pale whitish band across the base; marginal

spots at veins 6 and 7 conspicuous; fringe yellowish white, brown round the

tooth and at vein 6.

Underside pale green, with the markings vinous and tending to become

connected into fasciae. Face and palpi pale ochreous below, brown above; vertex,

thorax, and abdomen green; the latter with patches of greyish red with darker

red centres on each segment.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

Two gg, three ? ?, from Geraldton, near Cairns, North Queensland (A. S.

Meek), and a pair marked North Queensland only. The red-brown markings become

in the ? more ferruginous, as in all the allied species; in both sexes the spots are

more or less edged with yellow; in some examples, especially in the ? 2, the spots

of the central fascia tend to become united above.

68. Agathia rubrilineata sp. nov.

Forewings: green, with an olive tinge; base narrowly red-brown on lower

two-thirds; costa grey, with darker specks, edged beneath by a fine red line,

the grey streak starting fine at base and broadening to the central fascia; this

runs nearly straight from the costal edge at one-third to the inner margin at

two-thirds, whitish with irregular red edges, which are slightly broadened and

uneven at the veins; marginal one-fourth reddish grey, edged inwardly by a

broad, slightly irregular, inwardly white-edged, red-brown line, which forms two

small teeth outwardly on veins 4 and 5; in this area is a subapical subquadrate

green patch, the inner edge rounded, the outer straight and parallel to hindmargin,

which it nearly touches, and having above and below it a round whitish spot

adjacent; area above anal angle yellowish; marginal line thick, brown; fringe

ochreous, with a darker central line.

Hindwings: green, the inner margin narrowly red; marginal area as in

forewings, containing an irregularly oval green patch from veins 4 to 7; the

red-brown line that edges it having an additional tooth on vein 3; a red-brown

semicireular spot on lower part of the marginal tooth edged with ochreous; fringe

as in forewings, but reddish brown at the tooth.

Underside pale green, washed towards base with dull rufous ; marginal fasciae dull

red-brown ; middle fascia of forewing brighter red. Palpi and face below ochreous;

( 363 )

palpi above, upper part of face, fillet, and antennae brown; crown of head, shoulders,

and base of patagia green; rest of patagia, thorax, and abdomen ochreous mixed

with reddish scales; metathorax green; basal segment of abdomen with a pair of

dark spots.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One d from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo, 1000—4000 feet (Charles Hose).

Anoplosceles gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa arched throughout; apex produced; hindmargin

obliquely curved.

Hindwings: kite-shaped ; the hindmargin tailed in middle, curved slightly

above the tail, straight below to anal angle, which is very strongly developed.

Antennae of d lamellate, thick, subdentate; palpi with second joint stout,

squamous; third almost as long, narrower, and blunt, with appressed scales; middle

tibiae with only a pair of spurs; hind tibiae swollen, with a groove and pencil of

hairs, but with no spurs. Frenulum present.

Newration : forewings, cell one-third as long as wing; first median at two-

thirds; second and third short-stalked ; lower radial from above the centre of

discocellular ; upper from top angle; last four subcostals stalked from upper angle ;

first free, anastomosing with the costal. Hindwings with the two subcostals on a

short stem ; the last two medians on a very long one.

Type : Anoplosceles nigripunetata sp. nov.

Shape of wings as in Thalerura Warr. ; distinguished by the lamellate antennae

and the spurless hind tibiae.

69. Anoplosceles nigripunctata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale green, the costa dotted with fuscous towards the apex; the

lines dark green, strongly denticulate ; the first at one-third, indistinct ; the second

at two-thirds, parallel to hindmargin ; marginal line red-brown, broadly interrupted

by ochreous spots at ends of veins ; fringe ochreous at base, with grey tips; cell-spot

distinct, black.

Hindwings: like forewings; no first line; second line forming a strong pro-

jection in middle opposite the tooth; the dark green line on both wings ends on

inner margin as a dark red-brown spot.

Thorax and abdomen green; face, palpi, and antennae red-brown ; vertex white.

Underside whitish green, with the outer line of forewings dark.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One d from West Java.

70. Chrysochloroma electrica sp. nov.

Forewings: very deep emeraldegreen, in certain lights shading into blue, and

towards base to yellow; lines very obscure, slightly paler and faintly lustrous; first

eurved, at one-fifth ; second at three-fourths, parallel to hindmargin ; a small cell-spot

and the fringe deep violet-brown.

Hindwings: like forewings, with the cell-spot much larger; the outer line alone

present, bent in middle.

( 364 )

Head, thorax, and abdomen paler, more yellowish green ; face bright ferruginous ;

palpi above brown-red, whitish below. Underside uniform electric-blue; the fringes

dark brown.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm.

Two d d from Roon Island, New Guinea.

The absence of one of the median spurs of the hind tibiae of the d, recorded as

one of the characteristics of the genus, Nov. Zoor. III. p. 288, does not appear to be

constant. The present species has all four spurs.

71. Chrysochloroma subalbida sp. nov.

Forewings: apple-green, slightly varied with whitish, the costa narrowly pale ;

the lines paler; first at one-third, slightly curved ; second at three-fourths, straight,

parallel to hindmargin ; cell-spot ferruginous.

Hindwings: with outer line curved ; cell-spot much larger than in forewings,

elongated, ferruginous, with darker brown centre. Fringe in both wings white, with a

fine ferruginous basal line.

Face and palpi ochreous below, rufous above; vertex white ; antennae whitish ;

thorax and abdomen green, the latter with small white dots on back at the edge of

the segments. Underside pale green, the costa of both wings broadly whitish.

Expanse of wings: 44 mm.

One d, one 2, from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

Distinguished from C. meeki from Fergusson Island by the different coloured

underside.

72. Chrysochloroma subalbida rubritincta subsp. nov.

A single 9? from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, must be regarded as, at least, a

subspecies. In this example the diseal spot of hindwings is a very large oblong

ferruginous bloteh ; the apical angle of hindwings is marked with a large brown-red

blotch ; the dark brown basal line of fringes is much more developed, especially in

the forewings, where the lunules that form it encroach upon the ground-colour of the

wing, that above the anal angle forming a narrow brown-red blotch; the whitish

fringes are tinged with red-brown opposite the veins.

Chrysomphe gen. nov.

Forewings: triangular; costa straight from base, curved before apex, which is

produced and subfalcate ; hindmargin faintly sinuous, with an almost imperceptible

elbow at end of second median ; anal angle rectangular.

Hindwings: with inner margin elongated; the hindmargin bluntly elbowed at

the third median, above which it is faintly sinuous.

Antennae of d subserrate, ciliated; face slightly prominent; palpi short,

obliquely porrect ; second joint squamous beneath, third short, blunt ; tongue present ;

hind tibiae of d rather thickened, with four short spurs. Frenulum present.

Neuration: forewings, cell not half as long as wing; discocellular angulated,

the lower arm oblique, the upper bent in middle; first median at three-fourths ;

second and third shortly stalked ; lower radial from the bend in the upper arm of

discocellular ; upper radial stalked with last four subeostals from end of cell; first

369%)

subcostal free, just before their stalk. Hindwings with last two medians and two sub-

costals stalked; radial as in forewings. Abdomen marked with three raised drops

of golden scales; wings with semihyaline patches near base.

Type: Chrysomphe venusta sp. nov.

73. Chrysomphe venusta sp. nov.

Forewings: dull mealy green, bluish-tinged, paler yellow-green at base along

inner margin ; costa broadly ochreous straw-colour, the extreme edge whitish, speckled

with reddish; a reddish bloteh at base, and a reddish oblique streak at one-third

indicating the origin of first line, which is only distinct again on inner margin as an

olive-orange spot ; a pale yellowish blotch beyond base reaching to beyond middle of

wing, forming a sinus outward between the first and third medians, and not touching

the inner margin; cell-spot dark green; second line at three-fourths, olive-orange,

oblique and slightly curved ; marginal area narrowly paler green, sometimes lemon-

yellow; fringe lemon-yellow, with a very fine orange line at base, and a red spot at

apex of wing.

Hindwings : like forewings, but with a round pale yellowish blotch close to base.

Face, palpi above, fillet, and shaft of antennae red; palpi below white; vertex,

thorax, and abdomen green; the abdominal tufts golden. Underside silky whitish

green, with the pale patches yellowish; costa of forewing yellowish, with fuscous

speckles and a red dash at apex; anal angle of both wings and apex of hindwings

with the fringe dark olive mixed with reddish, above and below.

expanse of wings: 30—36 mm.

Five d d from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland.

74. Comostolodes deliciosa sp. nov.

Forewings: bright blue; costa yellowish, with red and fuscous atoms; hind-

margin with a row of bright rosy lunules, edged internally with yellowish white, and

with a brilliant steely dot in the centre of each lunule on the hindmargin ; fringe

yellow.

` Hindwings : the same.

Underside pale silvery blue, with the margins dull reddish. Face, palpi, vertex,

and collar reddish ; thorax blue; abdomen blue, with a broad reddish dorsal stripe.

Expanse of wings: 19 mm.

One 9 from Bunguran, Natuna Islands, October 1894 (E. Hose).

Euxena gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa well curved; apex rectangular; hindmargin strongly

crenulate, vertical above, oblique below.

Hindwings: with inner margin lengthened, hindmargin crenulate ; a deeper

excision between veins 4 and 6.

Antennae of d quite simple; palpi porrect, reaching slightly in front of face,

terminal joint short; tongue present; frenulum present; hind tibiae of d with four

spurs, hardly thickened ; abdomen without tufts.

In forewings the first subcostal approximates to the costal, and again to the

( 366 )

second, but does not anastomose; the last four subcostals stalked, the second rising

before the fifth.

Type: Eurena erypsichrona sp. nov.

Distinguished from Chlorodontopera Warr. by the simple antennae of the d

and the absence of abdominal tufts.

15. Euxena crypsichroma sp. nov.

Forewings: dull olive-green ; the costa red, dotted with black; the lines faintly

darker, denticulated; first at one-fifth, very obscure; second from two-thirds of

costa to two-thirds of inner margin; submarginal half-way between second and

hindmargin ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: like forewings; both with an oval reddish grey ocellus, strongly

edged with brown-black and pointed at the costal end.

Underside bright fulvous; forewings with a shining cinereous space below the

median ; a dentate curved thick postmedian line dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous marginal

fascia, with the submarginal line clearly marked by fulvous lunules between the

veins; hindwings the same, but without the postmedian line. Palpi and face black-

brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen olive-green.

Expanse of wings: 50 mm.

One & from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo, 1000—4000 feet (Charles Hose).

76. Hemithea ornata sp. nov.

d. Forewings: dull green; the costa and hindmargin broadly dull yellow ; the

costa speckled throughout with purplish brown atoms; the hindmargin with a row of

broad similar-coloured dashes, interrupted at the veins, the fringe beyond yellow ;

both lines very fine and undulating, whitish, at one-third and two-thirds.

Hindwings : with the outer line only ; cell-spot darker green.

Underside gilded green. Face and palpi dull reddish ; vertex white; thorax and

abdomen green, the latter with red scales on back.

9. With the yellowish border swollen across apex and at anal angle, ite yellow

ground-colour much freckled with brown throughout; the underside with a dark

brown blotch at anal angle of forewings and apex of hindwings.

Expanse of wings: d, 20 mm.; 9, 26 mm.

Two d d,two 9 9, from Adonara, November 1891 (W. Doherty).

77. Hemithea (°) punctifimbria sp. nov.

Forewings: pale green (faded to yellow), with numerous paler strigulae; no

trace of lines; fringe paler, with dark grey spots along the basal half opposite the

veins.

Hindwings : the same.

The underside is unmarked, whitish green. Face and palpi reddish ; thorax and

abdomen green, the latter with red scales on the middle segments.

Expanse of wings: 20 mm.

One 9 from Bombay.

The type being a 9, the genus is doubtful ; I place it in Hemithea, because the

first subcostal of forewings is free, and the abdomen is marked with red. The hind-

margin of hindwings is only bluntly elbowed in middle, and the general aspect of the

insect reminds one strongly of N solidaria Guen.

( 367 )

78. Hemithea quadripunctata sp. nov.

Forewings: dull yellowish green, subtransparent; costa ochreous, dotted with

fuscous ; first line at one-third, outeurved in cell and again below it, indicated by

small dark dots on veins, the line itself threadlike and scarcely visible ; second line

at two-thirds, incurved in cell and on first median, the vein-dots linear; fringe

concolorous.

Hindwings: the same, without the first line, and with a dark cell-dot.

_ Underside of both wings dull gilded yellow. Palpi green, with the tip brown;

face pale ferruginous; head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; second and third

segments of abdomen each with a pair of red-brown dots, those on the fourth the

larger, surrounded by a fuscous patch.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One d from Oinainisa, November 1891 (W. Doherty).

Nearly related to H. subflavida Warr.

The antennae have rather strongly developed fascicles of cilia.

79. Hemithea subflavida reducta subsp. nov.

Like the type above, but smaller in size, the 9 expanding only 26 mm.; on the

underside the hindwings are marked with a broad blackish submarginal fascia, which

is non-existent in subflavida Warr.; the black blotch at anal angle of forewings is

present in both forms.

One d, one?, from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland.

80. Metallochlora dotata sp. nov. |

Forewings : pale apple-green ; the costa yellowish, with a few reddish spots;

a red-brown cell-spot; two slightly darker dentate shades, one in middle of wing,

the other at three-fourths, forming the edges of a central fascia ; the outer edge of

the exterior shade is marked on the upper radial by a red-brown linear spot ; the

yellow fringe has a row of minute reddish dots at base at end of the veins, and a

small reddish blotch at anal angle.

Hindwings : similar, but without the red dot at the edge of the fascia.

Underside pale green. Palpi above and face dark brown; vertex, thorax, and

abdomen green; the abdomen, instead of the metallic drops of M. flavifimbria

Warr., is marked with shining red-brown spots. :

Expanse of wings: d, 26 mm. ; $, 28 mm.

A pair from Port Mackay, Queensland.

The darker edges of the central fascia, which are well expressed in the ©, are

scarcely perceptible in the d.

81. Metallochlora flavifimbria sp. nov.

Forewings : bright apple-green; the costa finely yellow, with a few black dots;

a minute brown-red cell-spot ; fringe yellow.

Hindwings: the same, with the cell-spot crimson.

Underside pale yellowish green. Face and palpi above ferruginous ; thorax and

abdomen bright green; the drops silvery, edged with white scales.

( 368 )

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One & from Geraldton, near Cairns, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

In this species the hindmargin of forewings is straight and oblique, of the

hindwings obtusely angled.

82. Metallochlora tenuilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: olive-green; the costa broadly grey-green, with fine black dots

at its edge; before the hindmargin is a fine curved silvery line, preceded by a very

obscure dark green shade; a marginal line of black dashes hetween the veins; fringe

metallic grey.

Hindwings: the same ; discal spot dark green.

Underside hoary green, tinged with pinkish ; a curved submarginal fascia on

both wings, and an apical blotch on hindwings, black. Head, thorax, and abdomen

green; the dorsal drops deep red.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892, taken by Doherty.

83. Microloxia (?) coerulea sp. nov.

Forewings : blue-green, the fringe concolorous; the lines white and broad;

first at one-third, oblique inwards, slightly curved; second from costa at five-sixths

to inner margin at two-thirds, straight and oblique ; cell-spot indistinetly whitish.

Hindwings: with the outer line of forewings produced as a postmedian line,

slightly curved inwards ; cell-spot white.

Thorax and abdomen green; face, palpi, forelegs, and antennae bright

ferruginous. Underside pale blue-green.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One d from Songive Valley, Lake Nyassa.

The position of the radials shows this species to belong to the Geometrinae; but

in the hindwings the costal anastomoses for half the length of cell with the subcostal.

In the forewings the first subcostal rises free, but soon becomes coincident with the

costal ; the other four subcostals are stalked from just before the end of the subcostal

nervure, which is then depressed, the upper radial rising from the end.

Probolosceles gen. noy.

Forewings: with costa nearly straight, convex before apex; hindmargin

obliquely curved.

Hindwings: with hindmargin rounded ; apex rounded ; inner margin produced;

anal angle well marked.

Antennae of d pectinated; palpi longer in $ than d ; frenulum present ;

hind tibiae of g with four approximated spurs, and a long process from the end.

Neuration : forewings, cell hardly half as long as wing; last two medians from

lower angle of cell; upper radial from upper angle ; last four subcostals stalked, the

fifth starting before the second. Hindwings with both subeostals and last two

medians stalked.

Type: Probolosceles biplaga Wlk.

To this genus must be referred the species placed by Hampson under Nemoria,

Sect. I. B. b., viz. Geometra detenta and dissessa Wlk., Comibaena quadrinotata

Butler, and Comibaena integranota Hmpsn.

( 569 )

84. Probolosceles attenuata sp. nov.

Like P. biplaga Wlk., but with the spots of quite different shape and larger in

size ; the inner edge of each sinuous (in biplaga it is straight); that in the forewings

reaching to the third median, where it is attenuated and has a larger round blotch

contiguous to it between veins 4 and 5 ; both blotches wholly brown, without pale

centres,

One d from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo, 1000—4000 feet (C. Hose).

This is the insect which Walker, after describing his typical biplaga, which was

a ?, suggests may be the d and a variety of that insect. All his specimens were

from Sarawak. Hampson in Faun. Brit. Ind. Vol. III. p. 504, at the end of his

description of integranota, adds, “ The 9 has a black submarginal patch on fore-

wings above vein 4.” The ? in the British Museum Collection comes from Burma

and belongs, I think, here.

85. Thalerura (?) decorata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green; the costa very minutely dark-dotted, and with a

short fine red line just before apex; no distinct lines; a faint reddish spot on inner

margin before middle denotes the first line, and a very obscure series of darker green

blotches between the veins at four-fifths indicates the second; fringe white, tinged

with reddish at apex and anal angle; hindmargin with a fine red line.

Hindwings: green, with a bright red cell-dot, and the red marginal line thicker

and more diffuse; the tail wholly red; fringe white, reddish black round the tail,

with a black tuft at base of the tail on both sides.

Underside pale green; fringes likewise, except round tail of hindwings, where

they are blackish. Face and palpi pale ochreous ; top of palpi and face and two dots

at base of face bright orange-red ; vertex and antennae white; thorax and abdomen

green.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

? from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

SUBFAMILY STERRHINAE.

Anisephyra gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight, convex just before apex ; apex slightly produced ;

hindmargin sinuous.

Hindwings: with well-rounded hindmargin.

Forehead protuberant ; palpi porrect, broad, squamous beneath, third joint small ;

antennae of d strongly pectinated to four-fifths, of 2 simple; hind tibiae with four

spurs.

Neuration: cells half as long as wings; discocellulars vertical; in forewings the

stalk of 10 and 11 anastomoses with that of 7, 8, 9, to form the areole.

Type: Anisephyra rufaria sp. nov.

In this genus will come also albiannularia Wlk.

( 370 )

86. Anisephyra albiannularia incorrupta subsp. nov.

Differs from the type-form with its variations in being entirely devoid of darker

atoms or suffusion, both wings with their fringes being yellow ; the ocelloid cell-spots

distinet ; in the forewings there are slight traces of a darker outer line, which in the

hindwings is marked by dark dots on the veins.

Underside of both wings somewhat strigulated with darker, especially in the

forewings; outer line rather more distinct.

A long series, all exactly alike, from Dili, Timor, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

87. Anisephyra rufaria sp. nov.

Fovewings : reddish testaceous, covered with fine short transverse darker striae,

the striae more fuscous in the d ; lines at one-third and two-thirds, in the ? deeper

red, in the d blackish, starting from costal blotches of the same colour, and both

more or less obsolete between the median and submedian veins; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: with the whole costal half fuscous, the reddish tinge confined to

the inner margin and less intense ; a dark curved postmedian line not reaching costa.

Underside dull grey, with a pinkish tinge. Palpi, face, thorax, and abdomen

greyish, reddish-tinged, the thorax in ? quite reddish.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d, one ?, from Ajmere, Rajputana. :

The forewings are narrower, in proportion to the size, than those of ZA:

albiannularia Wlk.

88. Chrysocraspeda croceomarginata sp. nov.

Forewings: wholly deep rosy, except a narrow uniform marginal space which is

pale yellow ; the red colour forming a minute tooth into the yellow at vein 3, but not

reaching the fringe ; fringe yellow; a very minute dark cell-dot.

Hindwings: the same; the cell-dot white.

Underside paler. Head, face, thorax, and abdomen all rosy.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One ? from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

89. Chrysocraspeda gibbosa sp. nov.

Forewings: brownish grey, purple-tinged, the grey predominating along costa

and hindmargin; the cell yellow, with ferruginous speckling and a black linear

cell-spot ; base of wing ferruginous; inner line indistinct, marked by blackish dots

on veins ; outer line indicated by a curved row of brown dots on veins, followed by an

obscure pale yellowish line, sueceeded by two dull reddish brown blotches, one opposite

the cell, the other on vein 3; hindmargin red-brown ; fringe yellow from apex to

middle, then broadly red-brown at base with yellow tips.

Hindwings: pinker, becoming red-brown towards margin, with a paler waved

submarginal line and traces of two dark median lines on inner margin; cell-spot

white ; fringe yellow throughout.

(371)

Underside dull rosy grey, with cell and submarginal line on both wings

yellowish. Palpi red; antennae pinkish; thorax pinkish grey; face damaged ;

abdomen wanting.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d from Tezpore, Assam.

Distinguished from all others of the genus by its peculiarly gibbous hindmargin,

the inner margin being quite as long as the costal, the apex minutely produced ;

hindwings broad, with hindmargin nearly straight.

90. Craspedia aequidistans sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, thickly irrorated with very fine fuscous atoms; the lines

dull fuseous, ending on inner margin at one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths

respectively; the first at one-third of costa, bent on the subcostal; central shade

diffuse, from costa at three-fifths, incurved below middle; outer line darker,

irregularly waved and bent, but without distinct dentieulations; marginal line fine,

dark fuscous, interrupted by the paler veins; fringe ochreous, dusted with darker ;

a small dark cell-spot.

Hindwings : with a diffuse antemedian shade, followed by the obscure cell-

spot ; submarginal and marginal lines as in forewings.

Underside whitish, the outer and marginal lines very distinct. Face and palpi

fuscous above, ochreous below ; thorax and abdomen pale ochreous.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Oinainisa, Dutch Timor, December 1891 (W. Doherty).

91. Craspedia nigristellata sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish ochreous, slightly pink-tinged, and finely dusted with

blackish atoms; the lines shown by deep black vein-dots ; first line represented by

three dots placed in a curve; outer line of dots approximated to hindmargin ; the

upper three oblique outwards; the fourth, on the lower radial, displaced basewards :

the remaining four in a curve parallel to hindmargin ; marginal dots black; cell-

spot black, followed by an oblique curved grey shade.

Hindwings: the same, but the grey shade antemedian ; the outer row of dots

farther from the hindmargin : a pale submarginal line between two dark greyish

shades.

Underside whitish, the forewings suffused with grey. Face and palpi dark

brown; vertex white; thorax and abdomen ochreous. x

Expanse of wings : 24 mm.

One d, four ? ?, from Batchian, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

92. Craspedia subdecorata sp. nov.

Forewings : glossy, bone-colour, sparsely irrorated with coarse fuscous atoms;

the lines indicated by blackish scales and darker vein-dots ; first line at one-fourth,

curved above and vertical below; outer line at three-fourths, forming small dark

teeth on the veins and strongly incurved opposite the cell; cell-spot obscure,

ochreous, followed by a curved ochreous central shade; submarginal line of the pale

ground-colour, with an ochreous waved fascia on either side; marginal spots large,

black ; fringe pale ochreous.

( 372)

Hindwings: the same; cell-spot minute, black, preceded by the ochreous

shade.

Underside glossy, more whitish; the forewings suffused with grey from base;

the central shade and a waved fascia beyond outer line dark grey: cell-spot and

marginal spots distinct; hindwings with the markings fainter. Face and palpi

brown; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

One 2 from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo (C. Hose).

93. Craspedia subtincta sp. nov.

Wings ochreous, with a reddish tinge, and dusted with grey, especially on basal

half of hindwings; lines as in addictavia Wlk.; outer line of forewing dull

ferruginous, followed in % by a greyish fascia; marginal line wavy, rarely

interrupted.

Underside rufous ochreous in forewings, the costa brownish; the outer lines

brownish ; hindwings paler.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

A long series from the Tenimber Islands, July 1892 (W. Doherty).

Distinguished from the allied forms by the rufous tint.

Dizuga gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa straight, rather strongly arched at base and convex before

apex; apex blunt ; hindmargin obliquely rounded.

Hindwings: with hindmargin erenulate, and with a deeper distinct excision

opposite the cell.

Palpi as in Perixera ; antennae of d pectinated ; hind tibiae of d with four

spurs.

Neuration : forewings, cell not quite half as long as wing ; discocellular straight ;

first median at one-half, second before, third from, end of cell; radials normal; all

the five subcostals stalked from middle of cell, the fifth rising well before the end

of cell. Hindwings with the two subcostals and last two medians from ends

of cell.

Type: Dizuga parva sp. nov.

Distinguished by the four spurs of hind tibiae of d.

Anisodes illepidaria Guen. probably should be referred here.

94. Dizuga parva sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, slightly dusted with dark fuscous ; first line formed by

three blaek dots on veins; a blaek discal dot, with a smaller one before it in the

cell; a faintly darker central shade, much outeurved beyond cell; exterior line

formed by dots on veins, also much outeurved beyond cell; submarginal line of dots

regularly curved, the dots between, not on, the veins, the second and fifth from the

costa obsolete or very faint; a marginal row of dots between the veins; fringe

ochreous.

Hindwings: the same, with a dark dot at base, and the dots towards inner

margin enlarged.

(919 )

Palpi externally bright rosy; face ochreous below, rosy above ; vertex, thorax,

and abdomen ochreous, the last with a dark spot on second segment. Underside

of forewings bright rosy ; of hindwings ochreous, tinged with rosy.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

Two dd from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland.

95. Leptomeris (?) uniformis sp. nov.

Forewings : rather glossy, pinkish grey, dusted with brown-red scales; marginal

line of deep red dashes between the veins; fringe concolorous ; cell-spot darker ;

lines hardly visible; traces of an inner line on inner margin at one-third, and of a

slightly curved outer line at two-thirds, sinuate slightly inwards above inner margin ;

submarginal line denoted by small dots on veins.

Hindwings : like forewings, but with no lines visible.

Underside paler, in the forewings tinged with pink. Face reddish (damaged) ;

thorax and abdomen concolorous.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One 9 from Mackay, Queensland.

A very obscure-looking insect, whose position, in the absence of the d , must

remain doubtful.

96. Lycauges mollis sp. nov.

Forewings : uniform flesh-coloured ochreous, without dusting ; cell-spot darker ;

the only line distinct is the dentieulate outer one from near apex to inner margin

beyond middle ; submarginal line pale, between two slightly darker flesh-coloured

bands; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : with costal region whitish; a brownish cell-dot and three curved

flesh-coloured submarginal lines.

Underside paler. Palpi ochreous; face dark brown; thorax and abdomen con-

colorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 19 mm,

One d from the Khasias.

97. Mesotrophe nephelospila (Meyr.).

Perixera nephelospila Meyr., Tr. E. S. 1889. p, 487 (2).

Mr. Meyrick, who made his description from a single 9, at the end of it remarks

that the dark anal blotch is probably variable. The examination of five examples,

three dd,two 9 9, from Cedar Bay shows that Mr. Meyrick's surmise was right,

and also enables me to refer the species to its right genus. Only one

| example

answers the description precisely ; two others, a d and 9, have the dark tints at the

anal angles much reduced ; while in the remaining males there is no trace of any

dark blotches at all. In the type-form the basal segment of abdomen is also black.

The structural peculiarity remarked by Meyrick in the bar between veins la and 1)

of forewing holds in both sexes. As his description was made from a 9 not in good

condition, I append one made from a d.

d. Forewings : ochreous buff, thickly speckled with black atoms ; the lines grey ;

first twice curved and marked by black specks on veins; a faint oblique grey annulus,

(374)

with a minute black dot at each end; an obseure curved greyish central shade ;

exterior line grey, with black dots on veins, nearer hindmargin than usual, followed

by a cloudy grey shade forming blotches at anal angle, below middle, and apex; a

marginal grey shade; a double marginal row of dots, those on veins smaller than

those between; fringe pale ochreous.

Hindwings : like forewings; the cell-spot small, oval, of raised white scales.

Face and palpi rosy brown, beneath whitish; vertex, thorax, and abdomen

ochreous; sides of abdomen rosy towards base. Underside ochreous, much suffused

with rosy ; costa of forewings marked with fuscous.

98. Organopoda olivescens sp. nov.

Forewings: dull reddish, almost wholly suffused with olive-fuscous scales; the

costa, base, hindmargin, and all the lines olive-fuscous ; first at one-fourth, curved and

wavy ; central shade diffuse, outwardly denticulate ; exterior line irregularly denti-

culate, nearer the hindmargin than usual; submarginal line edged outwardly with

paler reddish ; fringe reddish, with a fuscous line along hindmargin, interrupted at

ends of veins by slightly paler dots; extreme costa pale ochreous; cell-spot large,

blackish.

Hindwings : the same.

Palpi bright rosy, pale beneath ; face deep red-brown ; thorax and abdomen like

wings. Underside of forewings wholly dull rosy, with an ochreous subcostal streak

and the inner margin whitish ; of hindwings yellowish ochreous, tinged with rosy.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

Two d d from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

Smaller and duller than either of the Indian species.

99. Perixera confiniscripta sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, finely irrorated with rosy ; first line marked by three vein-

dots placed in an oblique line outwards; cell-spot small, blackish, followed by an

obseure obliquely eurved central shade; outer line close to hindmargin, taking the

place of the submarginal, marked by blackish dots on veins, that on vein 5 large and

cloudy and strongly displaced towards base; a row of dark marginal dots between the

veins; fringe ochreous.

Hindwings : similar.

Underside paler ; costal half of forewing suffused with rosy towards base. Palpi

ochreous below, bright rosy above; face ochreous below, dark fuscous above; thorax

and abdomen ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One d from the Tenimber Islands, July 1892 (W. Doherty).

Distinguished by the position of the outer line, as well as by its much

smaller size.

100. Perixera(?) erubescens sp. nov.

Forewings: wholly dull rosy red; with the cell-spot, a central shade, and the

outer line slightly deeper red; the latter marked slightly with dots at the veins ;

fringe pale, with no trace of dark marginal spots or line.

Hindwings: the same, the cell-spot minute, white, and oval.

COED)

Underside wholly dull reddish. Palpi whitish beneath, red above; face wholly

red ; fillet white; thorax and abdomen deep red.

Expanse of wings: 40 mm.

One ? from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo (C. Hose). Another example, likewise

a $, from Sandakan, North Borneo, has the basal half of costa broadly brown.

101. Perixera (?) flavirubra sp. nov.

d. Forewings: dull yellowish, but so densely dusted and suffused with brick-red

as to appear red, the yellowish ground-colour only showing through in patches

between the lines ; first line very obscure, marked by black dots on veins; cell-spot

minute, white, with a black edge; a cloudy straight dark central shade beyond it;

second line marked by a sinuous row of dark dots on veins at five-sixths ; submarginal

line hardly denoted ; fringe concolorous, with dark dots at ends of veins.

Hindwings: similar; the cell-spot larger.

Underside whitish, tinged with red in the forewings. Palpi white, bright rosy

above ; face white, with a rosy bar at top; antennae, vertex, thorax, and abdomen red.

The ? is wholly suffused with red, the yellowish ground-colour being quite

obliterated ; all the dark spots more prominent ; the submarginal line with a double

black blotch on each side of it opposite the cell in the forewings, and in the hind-

wings with the whole anal angle black. These black markings are, however, most

probably, not sexual.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One d, one ?, from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

Similar black markings to those occurring in this ? are mentioned by Meyrick

in his description of the type of porphyropis, also a ? ; but that insect is pale

ochreous, not suffused with red.

The hindlegs of the only d are wanting, so that I have been obliged to query

the genus.

102. Perixera furcata sp. nov.

Forewings : bone-colour, finely dusted with rosy atoms; first line curved,

indicated by dots on veins; second at four-fifths, evenly curved, finely reddish, with

dots at the veins; basal and apical fourth of costa dark red-brown ; from the apical

‘blotch a broad diffuse oblique red-brown fascia runs to middle of inner margin;

from hindmargin opposite cell a similar streak runs horizontally to the oblique fascia,

and is continued narrowly along the median vein half-way down the cell, where it

throws out a blotch across the cell to the subcostal; a row of reddish brown

marginal dots between the veins ; fringe bone-colour.

Hindwings: with a fine curved basal line, dotted on veins; a central thick

red-brown fascia containing a blackish linear cell-spot; a curved outer line as in

forewings; the horizontal bloteh so swollen as to oceupy the whole apical area.

Underside bone-colour, with a dull reddish tinge ; cell-spot, oblique fascia, and

outer line indicated, but more obscurely than above. Face and palpi bone-colour,

dull reddish above; vertex, thorax, and abdomen bone-colour; collar red-brown;

anal segments of abdomen dull red-brown, corresponding to the red-brown central

fascia of hindwings.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Moroka, British New Guinea, October 1895, 3500 feet (Anthony).

( 376 ,

103. Perixera pallida Moore ab. ampligutta nov.

Among a long series of this species, all from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, several

exhibit a marked difference from the type-form in having the discal spot of the

hindwings developed into a long sinuous mark, edged with black, and filled up with

shining whitish scales ; in two d d the whole of this space is coal-black. In all

other respects they agree with the usual form.

104. Perixera pallida Moore ab. perscripta nov.

In this form the wings are not obscured by grey clouds, as in the type-form ;

but all the markings, especially the zigzag central line, are distinctly and concisely

black, while the red dusting is very conspicuous.

Two d d from the Khasias, caught in December.

105. Perixera roseofusa sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreous, dusted with very fine rosy atoms; all the markings rosy,

viz. the cell-spot, an indistinct shade beyond it, a dentate wavy outer line, and an

obseure submarginal one; a double row of rosy marginal dots, those between the

veins twice as large as those at the ends ; fringe pale.

Hindwings: exactly the same, but with the cell-spot pale, triangular, edged

with red.

Underside of forewings suffused with pale rosy, except the hind and inner

margin; the cell-spot and two outer lines distinctly darker rosy ; hindwings paler,

with the two lines rosy. Face and palpi whitish, rosy above; head, thorax, and

abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d, one ?, from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo, 1000 —4000 feet (Charles Hose).

106. Pisoraca sordidata sp. nov.

Forewings: dull ochreous, dusted and suffused with grey; first line denoted

by three black vein-dots ; outer line at five-sixths, also formed by vein-dots, slightly

connected by a darker shade ; submarginal faintly paler, waved; a row of black dots

at the ends of the veins; fringe concolorous ; the hindmargin is strongly crenulate

and very oblique in its lower half. E

Hindwings: with a strong black cell-spot, followed by an obscure straight

dark grey line; otherwise like forewings.

Underside of forewings dull brick-red, the inner margin whitish ; of hindwings

greyer red. Palpi ochreous below, bright red above; face ochreous below, brown

above; vertex white; collar and thorax pale ochreous; abdomen greyer, with

darker rings towards base; legs red.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

One d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, taken by Doherty, October 1892.

Plocucha gen. nov.

A development of Perixera, with which it agrees generally ; distinguished by

having the costa of forewings in d folded over flat and scaled, from one-fourth to

three-fourths, much as in the genus Bardanes Wlk.

Type: Plocucha irregularis sp. nov.

107. Plocucha irregularis sp. noy.

Forewings: yellowish ochreous, suffused with darker and dotted with pink ; first

line very fine, threadlike, marked by dark red dots on veins, strongly angulated

outwards in the submedian interspace ; a dark discal dot at the upper angle of cell,

preceded by another on the fold within the cell; an obscurely waved and denti-

culate darker central shade ; outer line threadlike, marked by distinct dark red vein-

dots; these are placed somewhat irregularly ; the fourth from the inner margin, on

the third median, instead of being, as usual, in the same oblique line as the lower

three, is situated vertically above the third, and the top three are strongly recurved

to costa; submarginal line pale, with a eloudy space on each side; a row of dark

marginal spots between the veins, and of almost imperceptible dots at the ends;

fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: the same, but with a whitish dark-edged discal ocellus, and the

marginal dots at ends of veins plain.

Underside, especially of forewings, suffused with rosy, more deeply towards the

margins; lines and marginal spots deeper red. Head, face, thorax, and abdomen

ochreous; palpi red ; abdomen with red dorsal spots.

Expanse of wings: d,28 mm.; 9,26 mm.

A pair from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

108. Problepsis margaritata sp. nov.

Forewings: dull white, dusted with coarse silvery scales ; the markings very

pale ochreous ; these consist of a curved inner line, very faint; a thick postmedian

line, followed by three other lines, all four being curved towards costa; cell-spot

faintly darker ; fringe white, with a fine dark grey marginal line.

Hindwings: the same.

Underside wholly dull white. Face brownish grey above, becoming whitish

below ; palpi pale ferruginous ; thorax and abdomen white.

Expanse of wings: 46 mm.

One 9 from Brisbane, Australia.

Distinguished by the entire absence of ocellus.

109. Ptochophyle inornata sp. nov.

Forewings : reddish grey, dusted with darker and clouded in places with fuscous;

lines very indistinet, indicated only by dots on the veins, first at. one-fourth, second

at three-fourths, the latter outeurved in midwing; a comparatively large blackish

cell-spot ; a row of marginal black dots ; fringe slightly paler.

Hindwings : the same.

Underside of forewings, except inner margin, dull rosy, with a faint pale sub-

marginal fascia ; inner margin and hindwing whitish ; cell-spots dark in both wings.

Palpi reddish ; face and vertex white ; thorax and abdomen reddish,

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

Three d & from the Tenimber Islands, July 1892 (W. Doherty).

110. Ptochophyle lineata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, densely irrorated with reddish striae ; first line obsolete ;

second line at two-thirds, strongly curved in the upper part, to inner margin at three-

fourths ; fringe unicolorous, with no basal line or dots, but with reddish dots in the

fringe opposite the ends of the veins ; a small dark cell-spot.

Hindwings: the same, but with the cell-spot white with darker edge; hind-

margin faintly crenulate.

Underside of both wings whitish, with a pink tinge, which is strongest along

the margins. Face and vertex white; thorax and abdomen concolorous with

wings.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

Three d d, one 9, from Dili, Timor, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

111. Ptychopoda deflavaria sp. nov.

Forewings: yellow ochreous, with fine dark dusting; the lines much as in

remotata Guen., but the outer line not so dentate ; marginal area clouded with grey ;

a marginal row of minute black dots; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: the same, but the central line thickened; both wings with small

black cell-spot.

Underside whitish ochreous; the forewings yellow-tinged along costal half.

Palpi yellowish, with the last joint dark brown ; face dark brown ; thorax and abdomen

like wings.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

Three dd from the Tenimber Islands, July 1892 (W. Doherty).

Distinguished at once by the strong yellow ground-colour.

112. Ptychopoda nigranalis sp. nov.

Like actiosuria Wlk.; pale bone-colour, dusted with darker, with the lines

similar; distinguished by the outer line of both wings ending on inner margin in a

small blackish blotch; the submarginal line also in the forewings dark on inner

margin.

One d from Dili, Timor (type); two 9 2 from Wetter, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

113. Ptychopoda pallidivestis sp. nov.

Forewings: boue-colour ; first line brown, indistinct, marked on costa by a dark

spot; exterior line at three-fourths, concise, st rongly denticulate, parallel to hind-

margim, starting from a large dark brown costal spot; marginal area tinged with

fuscous, the lower half darker, with fuscous lunules ; fringe bone-colour, with a row

of small dark dots at base ; cell-spot large, black.

Hindwings : the same.

Underside like upper, but duller, Face and collar black; thorax and abdomen

ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 12 mm.

One d from East Java.

The antennae have very long ciliations.

( 379 )

114. Rhodostrophia inornata sp. nov.

Forewings: mouse-colour, with an undertone of reddish; basal area rather

darker, edged by an obscure curved line at one-fourth ; cell-spot round, black; a

eurved, uniformly broad, darker fascia beyond it; exterior line at five-sixths, dark

brown, evenly curved and denticulate ; fringe concolorous, with darker basal line.

Hindwings: the same, but the discal spot elongated and accompanied by two

or three whitish dots.

Face and palpi dark brown-red ; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings;

vertex and antennae paler. Underside paler; both wings suffused with rufous except

along hindmargins.

Expanse of wings : 52 mm.

One d, one $2, from Bandong, Java.

115. Somatina rufifascia sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish ochreous, olive-tinged ; a deep red fascia at and beyond the

centre, its edges waved, with a curved line down centre within whieh the red is

deeper; the red tint fades into olive above the cell, only the edges remaining red and

reaching the costa ; submarginal line white, irregularly waved, preceded by a darker

olive tint, containing two red-blaek blotches, one on each side of the upper radial,

and two more above anal angle; a marginal line of curves, white, preceded and

narrowly followed by olive, with two cloudy reddish blotehes below apex and some

red scales at anal angle; fringe glossy ochreous; a small dark cell-dot in the red

fascia.

Hindwings: with the fascia olive, its inner edge diffusely reddish, and its outer

only red at inner margin; submarginal and marginal lines as in forewings, but

without any red blotches.

Underside milk-white, with black cell-dots and three or four black marginal dots

towards apex of each wing. Palpi and face pale below, brownish above ; fillet reddish

brown; collar ferruginous; thorax eream-eolour ; abdomen cream-colour, tinged with

reddish grey.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One 9 from Cedar Bay, Cooktown (A. 5. Meek).

Somatinopsis gen. nov.

Like Somatina in all essential points, but the hind tibiae of g, as well as the

tarsi, not abbreviated ; the tibiae with a terminal pair of spurs; antennae shortly

ciliated.

Type: Somatinopsis nigridiscata sp. nov.

116. Somatinopsis nigridiscata sp. nov.

Fovewings: whitish, dusted with black scales ; a large blackish cell-spot ; an

irregularly dentate dark exterior line at five-sixths, incurved opposite the cell; a

blackish subapical costal blotch; a row of black dots between veins before the

hindmargin ; fringe concolorous.

( 380 )

Hindwings: similar; the cell-spot smaller; the exterior line more regularly

denticulate.

Underside the same, but whiter and more glossy. Face and vertex blackish :

palpi (?) ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

Stibarostoma gen. noy.

A development of Perixera Meyr., distinguished from it and all other of the

allied genera by the remarkably developed palpi; in these the second joint is three

times as long as the head and correspondingly stout, thickly clothed with hair

beneath, porrect, towards the end becoming decumbent; third joint decumbent,

short and blunt, smoothly sealed; the hind tibiae of d, as in Perixera, with two

spurs; the hind femora simple.

Newration : as in Perixera.

Type: Stibarostoma griseata sp. nov.

117. Stibarostoma griseata sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish ochreous, covered with pinkish atoms; the costa dark

greyish ; first line marked by three black dots on the veins, the lower portion also by

a diffuse grey streak; a diffuse oblique and somewhat waved central grey shade ;

exterior line shown by black vein-dots on an obscure curved grey line; followed by

a subterminal and marginal grey fascia, the former interrupted opposite the cell and

below the middle; a marginal row of black spots at ends of veins and minute dots

between them ; fringe pale clear ochreous.

Hindwings : the same ; no cell-spot on either wing.

Underside shining ochreous, tinged with flesh-colour; the central and two outer

lines expressed ; the marginal dots and dots of the exterior line purple, the latter

with the three nearest the costa close together and distinct; cell-marks just

indicated. Palpi whitish ochreous below, bright rosy above; face, vertex, thorax,

and abdomen ochreous, the last dusted with darker, and with dark dorsal spots.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

Three d d. from Cedar Bay, Cooktown.

Superficially resembling P. pallida Moore, but larger and without discal spots.

SUBFAMILY TRICHOPTERYGINAE.

Coptogonia gen. nov.

d. Forewings: with costa eurved at base and apex, faintly ineurved in middle ;

apex blunt, rectangular; hindmargin straight and vertical to below third median,

then sharply but shallowly excised to above first median; the anal angle lobed ; the

inner margin sinuous; vein 1 running to middle of inner margin, and there followed

by a round hyaline blister.

Hindwings: as in Remodes Guen., with three lobes.

Antennae lamellate, thickened ; palpi porrect, twice as long as head, the second

€ 381 )

joint long and hairy, the third slender and smooth ; hind tibiae shortened and

swollen, without spurs; hind tarsi also thickened at base; abdomen with tufts

of hair.

Newration: forewings, cell half as long as wings; first median at three-fourths,

Second half-way between first and lower end of cell; radials normal; the areole

long ; first subcostal from close to its end, the fifth from a little beyond the end, the

other three separating near the costa. The hindwings of the only example are too

much broken to admit of the neuration being made out.

Type: Coptogonia turpipennis sp. nov.

118. Coptogonia turpipennis sp. nov.

Forewings : olive-green, with a strong rufous tinge; traces of dull reddish

fasciae, most distinct on costa; the first close to base, the second and third

on each side of the middle, the last two submarginal and narrower, darker

beyond the cell; traces of purplish spots at ends of veins from apex to middle;

fringe rufous olive.

Hindwings: pale ochreous, the terminal lobe dark fuscous.

Underside greyish ochreous. Palpi ochreous olive; face brown; antennae

blackish ; thorax and abdomen olive ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

One d from Patchian, March 1892 (W. Doherty).

The insect described is unfortunately somewhat worn, and an exact description

is impossible.

Helminthoceras gen. nov.

Distinguished from Sauris, Remodes, and their allies by the formation of the

antennae; these are lamellate and laterally flattened, the upper edge with four

distinet curved swellings, each with short tufts of scales; palpi long, the second

joint. with loose scales, the third smooth.

Type: Helminthoceras sinuaticornis sp. nov.

119. Helminthoceras sinuaticornis sp. nov.

Forewings : very pale greenish, with diffuse transverse wavy fuscous lines, most

distinet towards inner margin ; the outer line dentate and angled outwards in mid-

wing, preceded by fuscous scales, which in the lower half of wing reach the straight

central line and form a more or less distinct dark central fascia, the dark cell-spot

lying in the unsuffused greenish upper half; an indistinct fuscous submarginal line,

joined by fuscous scaling opposite the cell to the outer line ; apical space pale green,

unclouded.

Hindwings : pale greenish grey.

Underside pale greenish grey. Face brown ; palpi dull olive-green ; thorax and

abdomen green ; antennae fuscous ochreous.

expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One 9 from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

( 382 )

120. Remodes (?) angulosa sp. nov.

Forewings : pale greyish green, olive-tinged, the markings dull purple; a wavy

dark purple line near base, followed by two broad zigzag olive-green shades; then a

pale dentate fascia with a central dark line, followed by a double dentate purplish

line forming the inner edge of the central fascia ; discal spot oblique, purple, touching

the inner edge of fascia; outer edge formed of two deeply dentate purplish lines,

oblique outwards below costa and exeurved round cell; then an olive fuscous externally

dentate fascia broad on costa and becoming a line on inner margin, the teeth filled

up with purplish; next a pale curved fascia with dark green central line; a dark

green fascia with strong purple wedge-shaped marks between the veins; the sub-

marginal line pale green and dentate ; another purplish fascia before margin ; a row

of dark dots at end of veins ; fringe green.

Hindwings : fuscous grey.

Underside dull grey. Palpi and antennae black; vertex and thorax olive-green ;

abdomen cinereous.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

Two 9 9 from Amboina, February 1892 (W. Doherty).

Distinguished especially by the strongly dentate character of all the lines.

Though I have placed it under Remodes, I am by no means sure of its proper place

in the absence of the d.

SUBFAMILY ASTHENINAE.

121. Bardanes flavata sp. nov.

Forewings : yellow ; costa purple-brown, with yellow intervals; in d wholly

ferruginous ; the markings ferruginous, the only distinct line being one just beyond

the middle of forewings; all the usual waved lines more or less obsolete, especially in

the d.

Hindwings: with the line central and often broken; fringes of both wings

yellow, sometimes with ferruginous dots at end of veins.

Face, vertex, and collar ferruginous ; fillet white; thorax and abdomen yellow.

Underside duller yellow, with the central line dull rosy brown.

Expanse of wings: 26 —30 mm.

Two d d, four 9 9, from West Java.

122. Bardanes nigricosta sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish ochreous, slightly pink-tinged, with fine rosy irroration ; a

small brown blotch on costa near base; first line strongly angled, marked only by

dots on veins; one on costa just beyond the subbasal blotch, a small one obliquely

outward on subcostal, and a third beyond it in cell; the fourth at the base of first

median nervule, and the fifth on the submedian near base ; outer line at four-fifths,

indicated by black dots on veins, the upper two being included in a large brown-black

costal blotch; the costal fold strongly marked with brown-black ; a row of black

marginal dots between the veins, and minute points at the ends; fringe concolorous ;

cell-spot large, brownish.

( 383 )

Hindwings: the same; cell-spot lunulate, edged with brown, and followed

by an obscurely darker central shade, which can also be faintly discerned on the

forewings.

Underside whitish, tinged with rosy towards eosta in both wings; the outer line

marked with dark vein-dots in the costal half. Face, vertex, thorax, and abdomen

pinkish grey; palpi dull red above.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One ¢ from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

Cleptocosmia gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa nearly straight, slightly curved at base and just before

apex, which is somewhat produced and acute ; hindmargin obliquely eurved, bent in

the middle, the lower part more oblique than upper and slightly excised above anal

angle.

Hindwings : kite-shaped, the hindmargin with a prominent elbow in middle.

Antennae of d lamellate, finely pubescent ; palpi very short; tongue present;

hind legs of d fully developed ; the tibiae with four spurs, the two outer ones long

and hairy, the tibiae themselves also hairy; a very long straggling tuft of hair from

base of hind tibiae. Forewings of d with a rather large hyaline fovea, and with the

basal half of wing clothed with erect furry hair.

Neuration; as in Chrysocraspeda, the five subcostals on one stalk.

Type: Cleptocosmia mutabilis sp. nov.

123. Cleptocosmia mutabilis sp. nov.

d. Forewings : yellowish, overlaid with dull red and crossed by wavy diffuse

reddish grey lines, which are only visible towards the hindmargin, the basal half

being covered, except just at base of costa, by the fulvous furry hair; fringe yellow

beyond a reddish, slightly erenulated, marginal line.

Hindwings: with the cross-lines visible throughout.

Underside dull rosy. Fillet and base of antennae white. Face, vertex, thorax,

and abdomen dull ferruginous.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One d from Cedar Bay, Cooktown (A. S. Meek).

124. Hydrelia pallidula sp. nov.

Forewings : pale ochreous, with traces of waved brown lines across the wing ;

cell-spot ferruginous ; a row of ferruginous spots at end of veins ; fringe ochreous.

Hindwings : similar.

Underside whitish, the costa of forewings ferruginous at base. Palpi and face

ochreous, ferruginous above ; thorax and abdomen ochreous.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One 9 from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

I leave this at present in Hydrelia ; but the neuration is peculiar. Veins 10

and 11, and 7, 8, 9 are stalked; 10 and 11 first anastomose with the stalk of the

other three, and subsequently 8 and 9 abruptly leave 7 and anastomose again with 10.

In both wings the cell is very short, vein 3 rising before the lower end; the two

subcostals of hindwings are shortly stalked.

( 384 )

125. Psilocambogia semirubra sp. noy.

Forewings : yellow, with the base, the costa, a large postmedian costal blotch,

reaching below the median and there bilobed, and a smaller narrower subapical streak,

all blood-red ; fringe yellow.

Hindwings : wholly yellow, deeper towards the fringe.

Underside pale yellow, with the markings brown. Face, vertex, and shoulders

deep ferruginous ; fillet and antennae snow-white ; collar yellow ; thorax and abdomen

reddish mixed with yellow.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

One d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

SUBFAMILY HYDRIOMENINAE.

126. Anticlea canaliculata sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish grey. finely dusted with dark grey; a chestnut basal patch

edged by the curved and inwardly oblique basal line; first line treble, starting from

a chestnut bloteh on costa before middle, at first angled inwards, then running out-

wards to the median vein, then again sharply angled and becoming obsolete to the

inner margin at middle ; outer line double, at two-thirds, also starting from a chestnut

costal blotch, running at first obliquely outwards nearly to hindmargin, then strongly

bent inwards to the end of cell, where it meets the angulations of the first line, thence

to inner margin describing four long reddish teeth ; submarginal line from a large

costal bloteh, wavy to the median, then strongly dentate, and approximating to the

outer line; hindmargin greyer; all the lines are slightly chestnut-tinged, especially

the submarginal, and the veins beyond the middle are also reddish ; in the pale space

between the basal patch and central fascia are two or three faint undulating grey

lines, and between the central faseia and the submarginal line is a single fine line ;

cell-spot linear, oblique ; an interrupted dark reddish grey marginalline; fringe grey,

tinged with red; the inner margin between the edges of the central fascia is filled

up with grey.

Hindwings: white; a very faint curved grey submarginal line ; fringe white,

slightly tinged with grey towards anal angle, and preceded on margin by two or three

pairs of dark dots.

Underside whitish, in the forewings tinged with dirty rufous, especially towards

apex ; face and palpi chestnut ; collar, thorax, and abdomen mixed grey and chestnut.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from Sikkim (Pilcher leg.).

The costa of forewings at base is rough-haired.

127. Coenocalpe (?) legalis sp. nov.

Forewings: with ground-colour whitish ochreous, but so much suffused and

dusted as to appear red-brown ; erossed by numerous minutely dentate red-brown lines;

costa dotted pale and dark; two or three dark sharply angulated lines close to base,

followed by a red-brown faseia with pale edges before the central fascia, of which the

inner edge is angled in the cell and on the submedian fold; outer edge from just

beyond middle of costa to middle of inner margin, curved and minutely waved and

( 385 )

dentieulated ; the space between the edges black-brown ; outer edge margined with

pale and followed by four or five exactly similar red-brown lines separated by pale

intervals; submarginal line obscure, waved, preceded by a curved red-brown shade

which narrows downwards ; hindmargin and fringes reddish ; marginal line crenate,

black; the veins beyond the middle are dotted dark and light.

Hindwings: like forewings, but with no dark central fascia.

Underside white, with the costa and cell of both wings yellow; forewings with

three or four vertical black streaks across the middle, the outermost angled in middle

and followed by a pale band, beyond which the whole margin is blackish except a

small spot at apex and middle of hindmargin ; hindwings with indistinct cross-lines,

except the outermost, which is broad and angled. Head, thorax, and abdomen all

reddish grey.

Expanse of wings: 59 mm.

One ? from Lifu.

128. Collix multifilata sp. nov.

Forewings: reddish ochreous, suffused with fuscous, and crossed by numerous

fuscous lines, all more or less strongly denticulate ; the costa more reddish ; the line

limiting the basal patch and those edging the central fascia thicker and forming

costal blotches; submarginal line double, its outer arm formed of thick double

lunate blotches, the inner with black dots on veins; two lines close to base, and

a line before and beyond the central fascia; the latter, like the outer line of fascia

itself, marked with dark dots on the veins; a dentate line within the fascia preceding

the outer edge ; marginal area with a dark dentate line, joined to marginal line by

black dashes ; fringe dark fuscous, with bright ochreous dashes opposite the veins;

a large black cell-spot of raised scales.

Hindwings: the same.

Palpi reddish ochreous, externally black ; face black below, mixed with ochreous

above; front of head and thorax and base of patagia blackish; rest of patagia

ochreous; abdomen reddish ochreous, ringed and spotted with blackish. Underside

grey, with the cell-spots and two outer fasciae thick and blackish.

Expanse of wings: d, 26—28 mm.; 9,32 mm.

In large numbers from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland.

129. Collix subligata sp. nov.

Forewings: reddish grey, with dark fuscous markings; two or three dark

curved lines at base; a dark central fascia, its edges formed of two or three wavy

lines, more or less coalescent below, but leaving a paler central space above in which

lies the sinuous black cell-spot ; submarginal line reddish ochreous, wavy, preceded

by a broad fuscous fascia which is interrupted between veins 3 and 4; margin

brown; the veins paler, with dark horizontal dashes between them ; marginal line

black; fringe reddish.

IHindwings: the same.

Underside glossy whitish; the cell-spots large ; two postmedian thick purple-

black velvety curved lines which are partially interlaced. Palpi reddish grey, the

tips blackish; face dark ; head, thorax, and abdomen dark cinereous.

Expanse of wings : 36 mm.

One 9 from Lifu.

( 986 )

130. Gonanticlea multistriata sp. nov.

Forewings : pinkish brown, with deeper brown lines and fasciae; the edge of

basal patch and the edges of the central fascia formed by dark velvety brown fasciae

traversed by blackish lines ; edge of basal patch sinuous, the patch crossed by three

dark brown lines; inner edge of central fascia sinuous, incurved below costa and

above inner margin; space between basal patch and central fascia pinkish brown,

traversed by two dark brown lines; its extreme edge marked by a slightly lustrous

grey line; inner brown band of central fascia traversed by three dark blackish

brown lines; outer band also by three lines; the narrow central space pinkish brown,

traversed by one brownish line; outer edge of central fascia wavy, followed by a

lustrous dark-edged line, which is succeeded by a darker brown minutely waved line,

from which an oblique dark brown blotch runs into the apex; submarginal space

pinkish brown, with three darker lines; the extreme margin darker, with two or

three lunules above anal angle; the last four lines are dentate below the costa; fringe

dark brown, with a blackish line at base.

Hindwings: bright coppery orange, tinged with blackish along inner margin

and hindmargin ; fringe dark brown, with black line along base.

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen reddish brown, the thorax mixed with paler,

the abdomen with darker segmental rings. Underside of forewings dull orange, with

the apex fuscous ; of hindwings dull orange, speckled all over with fuscous, with two

curved fuscous lines and a black cell-spot.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm.

One ? from West Java.

131. Perizoma rubridisca sp. noy.

Forewings: dull rust-colour; the basal area, costa, apical area, and a small

blotch above anal angle purplish grey; the grey basal blotch is crossed by three

or four curved darker lines; the costa is marked with dark grey; the outer line,

shaped as in seriata Moore, is denoted only by double dark dots on the veins; the

submarginal line in the apical blotch is margined with blackish; marginal line

composed of pairs of dark spots; fringe rust-coloured, but dark grey along the

apical blotch.

Hindwings : fuscous, with marginal line as in forewings.

Underside dull dark grey, rufous-tinged in forewings. Head, thorax, and

abdomen purplish grey.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One 9 from Sikkim (Pilcher leg.).

132. Perizoma seriata Moore ab. fulvistriga nov.

Differs from the type-form in having the submarginal line fine and evenly waved

throughout, instead of being broken up into round spots; and instead of the large

white (or rufous) blotch at middle of hindmargin, a horizontal yellow streak from

outer line to margin.

One 9 from Darjiling (Pilcher Leg.).

133. Polyphasia calamistrata Moore ab. albimedia noy.

Differs from the type-form in having the dark median fascia broken up by

white scaling, the upper part sometimes being wholly white with the black cell-spot

prominent in the middle. The hindwings pure white, whereas in calamistrata they

are always more or less tinged with grey.

Several examples from Sikkim.

134. Polyphasia cinereata Moore ab. flavifusa nov.

Like cinereata Moore, but with the greyish white tints of the middle area

replaced by dull yellowish. The form is analogous to the European comma-

notata.

Several from Sikkim.

135. Polyphasia dentifera sp. nov.

Forewings : pale dull yellowish; basal area greyish, with the lines blackish ;

outer edge of median band velvety black, edged with white below the costa, and

strongly toothed in its lower half; the submarginal line forming a velvety black

wedge-shaped mark on the submedian vein at anal angle.

Hindwings: yellowish grey.

Face and thorax yellowish grey; abdomen cinereous.

Expanse of wiugs: 42 mm.

One 9 from Darjiling (Pilcher /eg.).

A very large form and very distinct from any other.

136. Triphosa acutipennis sp. nov.

Forewings: dull grey, with numerous darker indistinct wavy cross-lines; the

veins spotted blackish and pale; first line at one-third, curved and irregularly wavy,

starting from a blackish spot on costa, which is followed closely by another blackish

spot connected with the black cell-spot ; second line at two-thirds, wavy, and darker

towards costa, angled below veins 7 and 4, then slightly incurved ; marginal area

darker grey; the submarginal line not expressed; fringe grey; the hindmargin

suberenulate.

Hindwings: paler grey, without markings, except on inner margin above anal

angle, where traces of three or four dark wavy lines are present ; the veins spotted

dark and light; fringe grey.

Underside shining dull pale grey, with traees of the darker markings showing

through. Face and palpi dark fuscous ;

thorax and abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

Three d d from Kumaon (Pilcher leq.).

Resembling the grey form of the European 7. dubitata, but distinguished by

the more pointed forewings.

137. Triphosa pallescens sp. uov.

Forewings : whitish grey, suffused with darker grey and with blackish markings ;

the base dark grey; first line at one-third, angled below costa, then oblique and

slightly wavy inwards, followed by a similar line which passes through the dark

( 388 )

cell-spot ; second line at two-thirds, bluntly angled below costa and forming a strong

acute angle below vein 4; the line is preceded by a blackish suffusion, especially

towards costa; three blackish costal spots before apex ; veins obscurely marked with

pale and dark ; submarginal line very faint, indicated by pale spots, one larger and

more distinet towards anal angle; marginal line black, crenulate, interrupted by a

small pale dot at ends of veins ; fringe grey.

Hindwings: pale grey, darker towards margin; a distinct regularly waved dark

postmedian line, with traces of a central line; veins dotted dark and pale.

Underside duller grey, with the markings indistinct. Face and palpi black ;

thorax and abdomen dark grey.

Expanse of wings: 45 mm.

One d from Kumaon (Pilcher leg.).

138. Xanthorhoé farinata sp. nov.

Forewings: grey, with very fine dark irroration ; the lines blackish ; first near

base, angled in cell and preceded by a finer line; second line beyond one-third,

angled on the subcostal, then oblique inwards and waved to inner margin before

middle, followed by a similar finer line, the two marked with blaek on the median ;

outer line at two-thirds, angled on vein 6, bidentate below median, then incurved and

wavy, preceded by a similar finer line ; submarginal line pale grey, denticulate, with

a darker grey shade on both sides; fringe grey, slightly mottled with dark, with no

dark basal line ; in the pale spaces before and beyond the central fascia, and in that

fascia itself, traces can be seen of darker transverse lines; the space between the

double lines forming the edges of the central fascia is filled up with blackish from

the costa to the angulation.

Hindwings: paler grey, with traces of a sinuate still paler submarginal fascia

with a dark line through it.

Underside grey, with the outer line blackish. Head, thorax, and abdomen all

grey ; forelegs blackish, with white joints.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Two d d from Wellington, New Zealand.

This insect has a somewhat furry appearance ; the costa is slightly shouldered at

about one-sixth from the base. Distinguished from cinerearia Dbld. and semisignata

WIk., first by the uniform coloration of the wings, the veins of which are never

dotted and spotted with dark and light; and, secondly, by the entire absence of a

dark basal line to the fringes. In einerearia Dbld., which is smaller, the basal line

consists of pairs of black dots; in semisignata Wlk., which is a larger species, the

veins are strongly dotted, and the fringe-line consists of black dashes.

139. Xanthorhoë perviridis sp. nov.

Forewings : dark greyish green, suffused with dull purple; the first and second

lines, at one-third and two-thirds respectively, double and sinuous, the whole wing

crossed by fine wavy dark lines which are only distinet as dark spots on the veins,

giving the wings a reticulated appearance ; fringe concolorous; marginal line formed

of small black interrupted dashes.

Hindwings: dark fuscous grey, becoming slightly rufous towards base; traces

of a paler double submarginal line towards anal angle.

( 389 )

Underside dull dark cinereous, with the outer lines and marginal area dull

blackish. Face rufous ochreous ; palpi dark green ; thorax and abdomen dark green,

the former slightly, the latter considerably, varied with rufous ochreous ; antennae

dark green.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

In some numbers from Newcastle, Jamaica.

Though apparently common, I have not been able to find a description of this

species.

SUBFAMILY TEPHROCLYSTINAE.

140, Chloroclystis leucopygata sp. nov.

Forewings : red-brown, suffused in parts with fuscous ; basal patch small, followed

by a curved pale fascia, with a dark central line; inner edge of central fascia curved,

wavy; outer edge irregularly wavy, angled on vein 4, and edged by a pale line,

followed immediately by a dark one; this central fascia is darkest on the costa and

towards its outer edge, and is traversed by three or four waved paler lines ; cell-spot

black; submarginal dentate, finely whitish, preceded by blackish blotches at costa,

opposite the cell, and above inner margin; fringe concolorous, with some finely paler

dark-edged markings at base ; veins throughout spotted, dark and light.

Hindwings: similar, but the submarginal line whiter, with one distinct white

tooth below vein 4, and preceded by a distinct denticulate black line.

Underside whitish, blotched with dark fuscous; cell-spot and a broad strongly

angulated outer line blackish ; marginal area blackish, with submarginal pale spots.

Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown, the last with the anal segment white.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

Two dd from the Khasias, November 1895.

The hindmargin of the forewings is slightly, that of the hindwings distinctly,

crenulate.

141. Chloroclystis semivinosa sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, with rufous fuscous markings; middle third of wing

occupied by a fuscous fascia with darker dentieulate edges, both curved, and the outer

slightly angled, with traces of other denticulate lines between ; the outer dark edge

followed by a whitish line ; marginal area suffused with rufous fuscous, through which

a wavy pale submarginal line can be traced; marginal line dark, interrupted at the

veins; fringe grey, with paler base, and yellowish dashes at end of veins.

Hindwings: suffused with vinous red, the base paler; a broad diffuse red

central fascia, with the veins marked with coarse black seales, and edged externally

by a red line, followed by a narrow pale fascia; marginal area reddish, mixed with

grey, preceded by a reddish line: the submarginal line wavy, paler, with the teeth

internally dark-edged.

Underside rufous cinereous. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, the abdomen

tinged with reddish grey.

Expanse of wings: 14 mm.

One 2 from East Java, 1892.

Distinguished by the colour of the hindwings.

( 390 )

Chrysoclystis geu. nov.

9. Forewings: with costa faintly curved ; hindmargin well rounded.

Hindwings : with rounded hindmargin.

Antennae of $9 simple, filiform; palpi three times as long as head, obliquely

decumbent, laterally flattened; second joint squamous; third as long as second,

narrow at base and apex, swollen between ; forehead with a prominent cone of seales

below ; tongue present ; hind tibiae of ? with four spurs.

Neuration: as in Chloroclystis; the first and second subcostals of forewing

stalked, the first anastomosing with the costal, the second with the stem of the

other three. In the hindwings the discocellular is oblique, the radial from the

centre ; the two subcostals short-stalked ; the second median from before the end of

cell. Scaling smooth, the markings oblique and metallic.

Type: Chrysoclystis perornata sp. nov.

142. Chrysoclystis perornata sp. noy.

Forewings: fulvous yellow, without striations; the costa broadly paler; a

subcostal line of interrupted patches of red-brown and brilliant silvery scales; the

lines oblique; the first from below costa before middle to inner margin near base,

white, edged outwardly with red-brown and overlaid with brilliant silvery scales ;

second line from inner margin at two-thirds, oblique and straight to the third

median, white internally, edged with red-brown and overlaid with silvery scales,

retracted above the third median towards costa, and there only red-brown and

silvery ; a lustrous metallic marginal line starting on costa before apex, slightly

interrupted just at apex and thrice interrupted above anal angle between the

veins.

Hindwings: with the costal region broadly pale; the two lines produced

across the wings, the first close to base, the second postmedian; marginal line

uninterrupted from below apex ; fringes of both wings concolorous.

Underside gilded yellowish; the apex of forewings broadly bronzy pinkish.

Palpi yellow, tip of terminal joint dark; face and antennae yellow; collar and base

of patagia metallic greenish white; rest of patagia yellow, with an orange band

in middle ; thorax and abdomen yellow; basal segment of abdomen metallic greenish

white, edged with reddish brown, being a continuation of the first line of the wings.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

Three 9 9? from Humboldt Bay, collected by Doherty in September and

October 1892.

An insect of very striking appearance, with a superficial resemblance to Plutodes.

The inner margin of the hindwings is scantily developed; the d will probably

exhibit sexual distinetions.

Eriopithex gen. nov.

Distinguished from Chloroclystis, of which it is a development, by the antennae

of the d, whieh have the basal joint swollen, the shaft thickened and flattened,

and clothed above with thick downy hairs for four-fifths of its length.

Type: Eriopithex lunaris sp. nov.

( 391 )

145. Eriopithex lanaris sp. nov.

Forewings: pale dull grey, the lines darker grey; three or four in the basal

area; a thiek dark line beyond one-third, angled below costa, then oblique inwards,

with dark marks on veins; second line at two-thirds, oblique outwards, angled on

vein 6, and again on vein 4, then oblique inwards, followed by whitish dots on veins

and preceded by a dark shade which runs in along the veins; submarginal line fine

and pale, preceded by a dark shade and a bloteh opposite the cell; marginal line

dark grey, interrupted at the veins; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : whitish grey, with blackish cell-dot and postmedian line, the latter

ineurved opposite the cell. In both wings the paler interspaces between the lines

are traversed by faint wavy darker lines.

Underside greyish white, with the outer line showing darker. Head, thorax,

and abdomen cinereous.

Expanse of wings: d,16 mm.; ?, 14 mm.

A pair from the Khasias.

Micrulia gen. nov.

A development of Chloroclystis; distinguished by the hindwings of the d,

which are triangular in shape, with the hindmargin nearly straight; the inner

margin puckered above, and bearing beneath from the anal angle to the median vein

tufts of thiek hair.

Type: Mierulia tenwilinea sp. nov.

To this genus will belong also Chloroclystis emarginaria Hmpsn. and

vecensitaria, Wk.

144. Micrulia tenuilinea sp. nov. _

Forewings: dark grey; first line beyond one-third, oblique outwards to the

largish black discal spot, then sharply angled and oblique inwards, preceded by a

darker grey shade ; basal area with two or three obscure dark lines; second line at

two-thirds, curved outwards below costa, regularly waved and curved to inner margin

at two-thirds, pale, followed by a fine dark line and preceded by a thick dark grey

shade; submarginal line fine and pale, regularly waved, preceded by a dark grey

shade; marginal area dark grey; all the lines start from dark costal blotches ;

marginal line blackish, interrupted at the ends of the veins by small pale dots; fringe

ochreous grey, rather glossy.

Hindwings: the same, with a dark diffuse blotch in dise before the postmedian

line.

Underside whitish, with the cell-dots and curved fasciae dull dark grey; tufts of

hindwing black, ochreous at their base. Face, palpi, and vertex ochreous ; thorax

and abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

Two d d from the Khasias.

The veins are often marked with black dashes.

Opistheploce gen. nov.

d. Forewings: very broad; costa nearly straight; apex blunt; hindmargin

long and strongly curved ; inner margin convex beyond the middle.

( 392 )

Hindwings: small, narrow, puckered below towards hindmargin, and with the

hindmargin convolute and folded over above.

Frontal tuft acute and prominent ; palpi porrect, twice as long as head, rough ;

hind tibiae with three very long spurs, the single one from near the base.

Neuration: as in Tephroclystia.

Type: Opistheploce cinerea sp. nov.

Certainly related to Walker's genus Mariaba, but the hindwings are not pro-

duced to a point at apex.

145. Opistheploce cinerea sp. nov.

Forewings: dingy grey, with darker lines; one near base, indistinct; the

second central, passing over the large black cell-spot; the third postmedian, broad,

with the outer edge waved ; submarginal broad, curved and waved, followed by a fine

pale waved line and preceded by a pale fascia with a dark line along its centre ;

hindmargin dark, with a dark marginal line, interrupted by minute pale dots on

veins ; fringe grey, with paler base.

Hindwings: dull ochreous grey, without markings, becoming darker along hind-

margin.

Underside whitish, with the bands all darker and clearer. Head, thorax, and

abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings: 18 mm.

One d from Batchian, March 1892 (W. Doherty).

SUBFAMILY DEILINIINAE.

146. Aplochlora subflava sp. nov.

Like Aplochlora vivilaca Wlk., but smaller, paler green above, and with the

underside of both wings dull yellow.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One $? from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892, taken by Doherty.

147. Bapta lucens sp. nov.

Forewings : silvery white, dusted with fine olive atoms; costa bright yellow,

broader towards apex ; no inner line; exterior line at three-fourths, nearly parallel to

hindmargin, yellowish, with olive scales ; discal spot round, olive, edged with yellowish ;

fringe ochreous, greyer towards the apices.

Hindwings : the same, the discal spot hardly marked.

Palpi rufous; face dark red-brown ; thorax and abdomen white, with fine olive

atoms. Underside wholly pure white ; the fringes white.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One 2 from West Java,

148. Borbacha lineata sp. nov.

Forewings : sandy ochreous, speckled and marked with dull ferruginous; the

costa with smaller, more reddish atoms ; no distinct inner line; exterior line at three-

fourths, diffuse and partially double, not reaching costa or inner margin, irregularly

( 393 )

waved and dentate, accompanied by dark dots on veins, which are produced in places

towards hindmargin as streaks on the veins; submarginal line near hindmargin,

running into apex; a double straight oblique line mixed with greyish scales from

inner margin at one-third to middle of hindmargin, running out into the fringe as a

dark spot ; a row of blackish marginal spots ; fringe pale ochreous ; cell-spot small, dark.

Hindwings: with the oblique double line of forewings continued across the

basal region; an indistinct double postmedian line, becoming single and denticulate

towards costa; followed by another line, distinct and denticulate also only towards

costa; submarginal line straight and fine, from just above anal angle towards apex,

before which it is curved to costa; cell-spot small, dark ; fringe ochreous, with a dark

spot at end of third median, as in forewings.

Palpi ochreous, blackish above; face ochreous, with a dull red bar at top; vertex

pale ochreous, with a very fine red line across middle; thorax and abdomen ochreous.

Underside very pale ochreous, with the markings as on upperside but dull brownish.

£xpanse of wings: 38 mm.

Two d d from West Java (type), and one d from Nias.

Distinguished from B. pardaria Guen., not only by the different coloration

and markings, but by the outline of the wings: in pardaria the hindmargin of both

wings is simply rounded ; in lineata the forewings are bluntly elbowed at the third

median ; the hindwings are produced to slight points at veins 4, 6, and 7, being

slightly excised between each, and straight from the end of 4 to anal angle.

149. Parasynegia borbachodes sp. nov.

Forewings: pale yellowish, with coarse spots of dull blood-red ; the markings

formed of dull purplish grey red-edged blotches; basal line obscure, but forming a

squarish blotch in cell, and another obliquely below it basewards underneath the

median vein; cell-spot dark brown; central shade entire, angled below costa, its

inner edge regularly waved, its outer edge bluntly and irregularly toothed ; outer and

submarginal lines consisting of blotches, visible only at costa and opposite cell, and

here confusedly running into each other and joined to the central shade; fringe

yellowish, with purple-grey spots at end of veins.

Hindwings :

with the blood-red spots clearer ; a grey basal mark ; a grey, largely

lunate, central fascia, double on inner margin ; a broad grey submarginal streak from

inner margin above anal angle to apex, swollen in centre and there followed by a

blotch which touches the margin; cell-spot brightly black.

Underside dull straw-colour, with the markings dull grey. Face and palpi

yellowish below, ferruginous above ; fillet yellow ; thorax and abdomen yellow, dotted

with blood-red ; the latter with a dark grey band on basal segment.

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One ? from West Java.

Akin to P. erythra Hmpsn. and suffusa Warr.

The antennae are distinctly serrate. The markings bear a strong resemblance

to those of Borbacha.

150. Parasynegia nigrifasciata sp. nov.

Forewings : straw-colour, suffused with fulvous, and with a few blackish atoms;

costa with strong black striae; a black spot on costa at base; a square black spot on

costa at one-fourth and one on inner margin at one-third denote the first line; cell-

( 394 )

spot round and large, black, connected above with a black costal spot; a broad

black fascia from costa at three-fourths, ending at vein 2; its inner edge sinuous,

with a fulvous margin and line of dark dots on veins; its outer edge strongly angled

at vein 4, then excised, margined with paler straw-colour; a black blotch from its

angle to hindmargin ; fringe straw-colour.

Hindwings: with two black spots on inner margin, an indistinct antemedian

line, small cell-spot, and blotehed submarginal fascia, which is narrowed from middle

to anal angle.

Underside similar, but with no fulvous suffusion. Face and palpi straw-colour ;

palpi black on sides; head and thorax fulvous-tinged ; abdomen straw-colour, with

black dorsal stripe ; metathoracic tuft black.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

One d from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

Plectoneura gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa slightly curved ; apex produced, but blunt ; hindmargin

obliquely curved.

Hindwings : with the inner margin lengthened, the hindmargin bluntly elbowed

at vein 4, straight or nearly so on either side.

Antennae of d subdentate, ciliated ; palpi upturned and erect in front of face,

third joint small; tongue present; hind tibiae not thickened, with four spurs; fore-

wings without fovea; hindwings with frenulum.

Neuration: forewings, cell half as long as wing ; discocellular straight ; first

median at two-thirds, second and third from lower angle of cell; lower radial from

middle of discocellular, upper from upper angle ; all five subcostals stalked from some

way before end ; the costal forked towards costa, and the first subcostal anastomosing

with the lower fork; the submedian thickened and strongly sinuous near base.

Hindwings with first subcostal from considerably before top end of cell.

Type: Plectonewra albida sp. nov.

This genus is related to Leucetuera, but is sufficiently distinguished by the

neuration of the forewings.

151. Plectoneura albida sp. nov.

Forewings : milk-white, sparsely sprinkled with black scales ; costa ochreous ; lines

faintly ochreous ; first at one-third, angled below costa; second at four-fifths, parallel

to hindmargin, regularly dentate ; cell-spot black, ringed with ochreous ; a narrow

grey marginal blotch from below apex to middle of margin ; fringe greyish ochreous.

Hindwings: similar, without the first line.

Palpi and face deep red-brown ; collar dull greyish ; thorax and abdomen white,

fuscous-speckled. Underside white, suffused with reddish yellow.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One d from Moroka, British New Guinea.

SUBFAMILY ABRAXINAE.

152. Abraxas nigriclathrata sp. nov.

Forewings : white ; the costa black, broadening to the apex; a black spot at base

and a smaller one at edge of fovea; first line from costa at one-third to inner margin

( 395 )

at one-fifth, blackish, composed of confused striae; a blackish blotch in middle of

inner margin, with a crescentic blotch above it, almost connected with a short pro-

jection from the costal streak; outer line at three-fourths, curved and wavy, broad

where it leaves the costal streak, narrow below middle, preceded by a row of black

spots on veins, and followed by a series of wedge-shaped and lunular white marks

before the broad black hindmargin ; fringe black.

Hindwings : white, with a black. basal streak; an irregularly curved and wavy

outer line, preceded by small vein-dots, that on the inner margin expanded into a

blotch ; hindmargin narrowly black, touching a series of elongated blotches on the

veins which do not quite reach the outer line.

Underside exactly the same. Palpi black ; face yellow, with a black central bar ;

vertex yellow; thorax and abdomen yellow, spotted with black.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One d from Sukabumi, West Java, 1893 (2000 feet).

153. Percnia albinigrata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, tinged with grey, with six rows of black spots ; first basal, of

two spots; second subbasal, curved, of four spots, on subcostal, median, submedian,

and inner margin respectively ; third antemedian, straight, of three double spots,

first on costa and subcostal vein, second on either side of the median, third on

submedian and inner margin; fourth row postmedian, outcurved round cell, the

eurved part formed of six irregular-sized and confluent spots, with three spots below,

one on the first median nervule and two confluent on submedian and inner margin ;

fifth row submarginal, of ten spots between the veins, the third and sixth small ;

sixth row marginal, between the veins, also of ten spots, large and round, except the

apical and anal angle spots, which are flattened; fringe white; a large discal

blotch.

Hindwings: with four rows; first antemedian, of three spots ; second median,

of seven spots, the second and third and the fourth and fifth confluent; third row

submarginal, of seven small spots; fourth marginal, of eight spots; a large discal

spot.

Underside like upper, but with the costal and hindmargins of forewings smoky

grey ; this tint is also visible on the upperside, but not so strikingly. Face, palpi,

and antennae black; mouth parts whitish; collar, shoulders, patagia, thorax, and

abdomen all white, with pairs of black spots.

Expanse of wings: 65 mm.

One 9 from Niphon, Japan.

154. Potera flavimacula sp. nov.

Forewings: with basal and marginal areas brown-black, central area white; the

black at the base extends to beyond middle of costa and nearly to middle of inner

margin, its edge sinuous ; its outer edge starts from three-fourths of costa, runs first

obliquely outward, then vertical, again obliquely inward, and vertical to inner margin

at three-fourths on one wing ; on the other obliquely inwards to inner margin at two-

thirds, so that the white fasciae of the two wings do not correspond in shape ; the dark

margin contains a hook-shaped yellow spot below apex with a small yellow dot below

it and two diamond-shaped yellow spots above anal angle; these spots lie in the

( 396 )

intervals between the veins, and two very minute dots can be detected between the

apical and anal spots; fringe black ; an orange dot at base and one beyond it below

the median.

Hindwings: with basal one-third black, and a black uniformly broad marginal

fascia, containing three yellow diamond-shaped spots, one towards apex, the other

two below the median ; the inner edge of the marginal fascia on both wings is deeper

black, edged by a faintly paler shade before the row of spots; the basal and marginal

black areas are united along the costa of each wing, more broadly in the hindwing

than in the forewing.

Underside the same. Face yellow; vertex, shoulders, and base of patagia

orange ; thorax and first segment of abdomen black; rest of abdomen orange, with

broad black dorsal triangles on each segment and a pair of black spots at the sides;

a series of lateral spots, and a double series of spots beneath; legs with the femora

orange spotted with black, tibiae and tarsi black; tongue and palpi yellow; tips of

palpi and antennae black.

Expanse of wings: 60 mm.

One $ from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

155. Potera intervacuata sp. nov.

Forewings: white, the base black along costa, median and submedian veins ;

a strongly curved thick black line at one-fourth, with a more irregular abbreviated

curved line inside it ; costa beyond first line broadly black, containing a small white

spot touching first line, united with a square black cell-spot, from the lower end

of which a thick black streak runs horizontally to the hindmargin; an exterior

curved line of contiguous blotches, its outward edge dentated; hindmargin broadly

and irregularly black, thickened at apex, middle, and anal angle.

Hindwings : the same, with a faint basal line; the postmedian more regular,

with a blotch running from it to hindmargin opposite the cell; margin much

narrower than in forewings.

Underside the same; hindwings with a black subbasal costal blotch. Face

and collar pale yellow; front of thorax with a Llack bar ; thorax and abdomen yellow,

with black spots.

Expanse of wings : 50 mm.

One d from Mt. Mulu, North Borneo, 1000— 4000 feet (Hose).

SUBFAMILY BRACCINAE.

156. Bursada bistrigata sp. nov.

Forewings: deep brown-black, with two orange patches from the costa; the first

small, at one-fourth, oblique and reaching just below the median; in the d it starts

from below the costa; in the 9 it is decidedly broader and paler, and starts from the

costa; the second patch, also oblique, at two-thirds, somewhat bent, is directed

towards the anal angle, but only reaches beyond the median, where it is swollen

outwardly towards hiudmargin; this, which is orange in the d, is yellow in the ?,

and twice as large, reaching nearly to the hindmargin; the costa of forewing is

sinuous, being shouldered at the base, the shoulder containing a hyaline blotch,

larger than that in B. hyaloplaga, and present in the © as well as in the d.

( 397 )

Hindwings: orange, with a black border; on the inner margin this border

runs up to the base and has a projection towards costa above the anal angle;

the margin between veins 2 and 4 opposite the sinus is very narrow, the yellow

ground in the ? almost touching the margin, while at the apex it is much

broader, with two curved projections; fringe of hindwings black; of forewings

black, with a white patch above anal angle and below apex, but much less strongly

so than in hyaloplaga Warr.

Underside like upper; in the forewings the inner blotch runs, as above, from

the costa, while in hyaloplaga it starts from the base. Head, thorax, and abdomen

all black.

Expanse of wings: d, 24 mm.; 9,26 mm.

Two d d, one ?, from the Tenimber Islands, July 1892 (W. Doherty).

Nearly related to B. hyaloplaga from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, but certainly

distinct.

157. Bursada hyaloplaga sp. nov.

d. Forewings: deep brown-black, the costa shouldered at base and with a semi-

hyaline blotch within it; a small fulvous blotch in cell, more or less obscured by

dark scaling ; an oblique oval yellowish blotch from below two-thirds of costa towards

anal angle, shaped as in synestia Meyr., but without any red tinge ; fringe dark, with

pale patch above middle and anal angle.

Hindwings : yellow, with all the margins black ; a small black tooth on costal

margin facing that above anal angle on inner margin; the yellow without any red

tinge ; fringe wholly black.

Underside the same, but the spot in cell of forewing clear yellow and narrowed

to the base. Face, palpi, head, thorax, and abdomen all blackish ; sides of abdomen

yellow.

Expanse of wings: 28—32 mm.

In some numbers from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Dohert y).

Distinguished from both fulvimacula Warr. and synestia Meyr. by the

absence of the red tint, and by the semihyaline space at base of costa in the d.

In a few cases the oblique blotch (which is considerably variable in shape and

size) touches the costa; and in one example, where this blotch is more than usually

developed, the obsolete basal patch has a yellow spot on costa above it.

158. Bursada oppositata sp. nov.

Bursada salamandra Kirsch, Mitth. Dresd. Mus. I. (1877), p. 133 (part), nec figure.

Kirsch appears to have confused two species: his description and figure apply

exactly to Boisduval's zanthomelas; but he adds that some examples showed a

tendency to throw off a black streak from the anal angle. I have before me both

forms from Humboldt Bay; in this latter form, for which I propose the name

oppositata, not only is the protuberance from the anal angle prominent, but there

is a corresponding, though smaller, prominence from the costal black margin

opposite. In the forewings the yellow basal bloteh is more interrupted by the

protrusion into it of the blaek inner margin, this protrusion having generally an

irregular triangular form.

( 398 )

Two d d, one 9, from Humboldt Bay, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

In Walkers B. quadripartita from Aru (= salamandra Pagenst., nee Kirsch),

which much resembles the present insect, the projection from anal angle lies higher

up the inner margin, and runs to within the middle of costa instead of towards its

apex; and in the forewings the outer yellow spot has a pointed lower end, while in

oppositata the end is always bluntly rounded.

159. Bursada pyrifera sp. nov.

Like B. zanthomelas Boisd., but larger; the pear-shaped yellow basal blotch

broader, its lower edge straight ; the central black fascia, which varies in width, not

so oblique; the apical yellow blotch larger and nearer hindmargin, so that the black

marginal border is narrower.

Hindwings: yellow, with the black marginal border narrower.

Underside like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen all black.

Expanse of wings : 30—34 mm.

Three d d from Korrido, Dutch New Guinea (W. Doherty).

160. Craspedosis (?) bicolorata sp. nov.

Forewings: velvety brown, with a broad whitish fascia from just beyond middle

of costa towards anal angle, before which it stops, but throws off a dull pale line to

inner margin; the inner edge of the white fascia is straight, the outer irregularly

wavy.

Hindwings: brown, with two large contiguous yellow lunules from third median

to hindmargin before anal angle; fringe of both wings brown.

Underside like upper, the yellow lunules of hindwings more developed. Head,

thorax, and abdomen all brown, as well as the legs and underside, except the last four

segments of abdomen, which are yellow with brown rings.

Expanse of wings: 58 mm.

One ? from Amboina, August 1892 (W. Doherty).

In the forewings the first and second subcostals are stalked, the second becoming

coincident with third and fourth.

161. Craspedosis leucosticta sp. nov.

Forewings: dull blackish slate-colour; a straight white streak running obliquely

from subeostal vein to first median, bordering the discocellular, varying in shape and

development; above the anal angle is a faint trace of a pale grey submarginal line.

Hindwings: slate-colour, with a broad white central space, not touching the

costa, the inner edge of whieh is straight and the outer sinuous, almost angled at

vein 5 ; along the middle of the dark outer margin runs a curved dull slate-coloured

fascia ; fringes of both wings concolorous.

Underside like upper, but blacker, with no trace of submarginal band in either

wing. Head, thorax, and first two segments of abdomen slate-colour ; rest of abdomen

yellow.

Expanse of wings: 54 mm.

In great abundance from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland.

( 399 )

162. Craspedosis ovalis sp. nov.

Like C. semiplaga Warr., but in the forewings, instead of the narrow sinuous

white fascia, is an oblique oval white blotch. Hindwings with the base black; the

inner margin narrowly, the hindmargin very broadly, black. Abdomen with first

three segments orange above; head wholly black.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm. i

Two dd from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

163. Craspedosis schistacina sp. nov.

Forewings: black, with a bluish slate-coloured streak from base to middle of

cell ; an oblique oval white blotch from near middle of costa towards anal angle, its

edges marked with pale slate-colour ; a similar-coloured submarginal line from anal

angle diverging from hindmargin and ending diffusely at vein 6.

Hindwings : with base narrowly black, edged with slate-colour; a broad black

marginal border, with a bluish slate-coloured distinct line through the middle ; central

area white, with its edges slate-colour.

Underside without the submarginal lines. Head, thorax, and first two segments

of abdomen blackish varied with slate-colour ; last five segments of abdomen yellow.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One d from Simbang, near Finschhafen, German New Guinea.

Extremely close to C. aruensis Pagenst., but with the white blotch straight, not

rounded, above.

164. Craspedosis semilugens sp. nov.

Forewings: dark smoky slate-colour; a curved slightly paler slate-coloured

fascia close to base, with darker margins; from centre of costa, but not quite touch-

ing it, a broad white fascia runs to inner margin before anal angle, its inner edge

quite straight, its outer slightly curved and waved.

Hindwings: bluish slate-colour, with a paler curved line, inwardly dark-

margined, from three-fourths of costa to inner margin above anal angle; fringe

concolorous. |

Underside of both wings paler, the markings as above. Head, thorax, and

abdomen all pale slate-colour.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

Both sexes from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October 1892 (W. Doherty).

Stenocharta gen. nov.

Forewings : narrow, elongate ; costa straight, with a slight shoulder at base, and

curved before apex ; hindmargin very obliquely curved.

Hindwings : narrow; the apex slightly produced ; hindmargin and inner margin

curving into each other.

Abdomen of d very long and slender; the anal tufts exaggerated. Palpi with

the second. joint long and stout, suberect, the third short. Antennae of d simple,

lamellate, thickened beyond middle and ending in a point, as in Cystidia Hiib.

Hind tibiae thickened, with a pencil of hairs and four spurs.

( 400 )

Neuration : forewings, cell quite half as long as wing; discocellular angulated,

the lower arm oblique; first median at four-fifths, second just before end of cell;

lower radial slightly above centre of discocellulars, upper from top end of cell; last

four subeostals stalked, first anastomosing with costal, second with first. Hindwings

with costal abruptly curved upwards at middle of cell; the first subcostal also similarly

curved before the end of cell.

Type: Stenocharta quadriplaga Wik. (Nyctemera).

SUBFAMILY SELIDOSEMINAE.

165. Petelia (?) inconspicua sp. nov.

Forewings : dull reddish brown, much sprinkled and suffused with fuscous, the

base, a broad diffuse fascia in middle, and the marginal area being darker and leaving

two obscurely paler spaces between them; the inner edge of the marginal area is

fairly distinct and obtusely bent at middle; submarginal line indistinctly indicated

by slight patches of whitish scales between the veins; fringe concolorous, with a row

of minute dark dots at the ends of the veins.

Hindwings : the same.

Underside pale ochreous grey, dusted with fuscous ; a narrow central and broad

dark marginal fascia. Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish grey-brown; fillet and

antennae whitish.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

Two 2 2 from Geraldton. Cairns, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

In the forewings vein 11 anastomoses strongly with 12, and then less strongly

with the stalk of 8, 9, 10.

SUBFAMILY BISTONINAE.

166. Blepharoctenucha albescens sp. noy.

Forewings: white, irrorated with fuscous grey ; the lines oblique, blackish ; first

from costa at one-third, bent on subcostal, then obliquely curved to inner margin

close to base, preceded by a similarly curved fascia of grey scales; a diffuse central

shade, broad above, narrower and darker towards inner margin; the discocellular

mark an irregular white lunule edged with dark; outer line from costa at three-

fourths, wavy and vertical to the middle, then sinuous and oblique to inner margin

beyond the middle, followed by a grey-scaled fascia; submarginal line pale, obscure,

with a fascia of grey scales on each side, which is distinct only towards costa ; a row

of black marginal dashes between the veins; fringe white.

Hindwings: the same, with the antemedian line straight and thick.

Underside white; the cell-spots and marginal spots of both wings black ; apex

of forewings with a subapical costal blackish blotch curved to the hindmargin. Face

and palpi whitish, face sometimes with dark streaks; thorax and abdomen white,

irrorated with fuscous ; shoulders and patagia with a dark bar towards apex ; segments

of abdomen dark. i

Expanse of wings: d,52 mm; ?, 65 mm.

One g, two ? ?, from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

( 401 )

The forewings are elongate, with very oblique hindmargin ; the antennae of the

d are ciliated, the cilia rising in short tufts from the shaft ; in the type of the genus,

D. virescens Butler, the cilia are strongly fasciculated.

167. Buzura pustulata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, coarsely irrorated with black scales; first line black,

curved, from one-fourth of costa to near base of inner margin, preceded by a yellow

tinge and a black line from median to submedian; a black spot on costa before

middle, from which an indistinet curved yellow central shade runs to middle of inner

margin; cell-spot dull grey; outer line at three-fourths, black and sinuous, forming

a blunt angulation outwards opposite cell and on submedian fold and a strong sinus

inwards between, followed by a broad yellowish shade containing patches of black

scales beyond the line, those opposite the cell and below vein 4 large and conspicuous ;

fringe yellow.

Hindwings: the same, without first line; the central yellow shade marked with

black on inner margin.

Underside yellower, with fuscous irroration ; the cell-spots black, that on the

forewings large. Palpi and face yellowish below, black above; vertex yellowish ;

thorax and abdomen yellowish ochreous, irrorated with black scales ; abdomen with a

black band at base.

Expanse of wings: 64 mm.

One d from Perak, Malay Peninsula.

168. Cusiala fessa sp. nov.

Forewings : bone-colour, with ferruginous and blackish dusting ; first line at

one-fourth, diffuse, consisting of black and ferruginous scales; an indistinct cloudy

central shade; exterior line from three-fourths of costa to inner margin before anal

angle, irregularly angled and waved; followed by a ferruginous fascia, separated by

a pale submarginal line from the ferruginous hindmargin.

Hindwings: with a curved diffuse central line ; exterior line straight from above

anal angle to middle, then slightly bent and angled ; followed by ferruginous scales

traversed by the pale submarginal line.

Underside pale, without dusting ; the cell-spots of both wings large and rusty.

Face ochreous, with a broad brown central bar ; antennae ferruginous ; vertex, thorax,

and abdomen bone-colour.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One d from Adonara, November 1891 (W. Doherty).

169. Cusiala semialbida sp. nov.

Allied to C. semiumbrata Warr., from Fergusson Island, with which it agrees

in the markings and coloration of the forewings, except that the cell-mark is a

distinet black lunule, not ocelloid.

The hindwings are entirely white, coarsely and sparsely speckled with fuscous ;

the outer line fuscous, forming a very strong sinus inwards from inner margin to

beyond cell, where it is acutely angled ; in the sinus formed by this line is a fuscous

somewhat annular blotch; submarginal line obscure, fuscous, marked only towards

inner margin.

( 402 )

Vertex, collar, and thorax whiter than in semiwmbrata; the shoulders and

patagia tipped with rufous.

Expanse of wings: 52 mm.

One d from Batchian, March 1892 (W. Doherty).

SUBFAMILY ASCOTINAE.

Carecomotis gen. nov.

Distinguished from Chogada Moore by the antennae of the 2, which are

strongly pectinated for three-fifths, as in the d ; but whereas the pectinations in the

d are strongly pubescent, those of the 2 are very slightly so.

Type: Carecomotis perfwmosa sp. nov.

170. Carecomotis perfumosa sp. nov.

Forewings: pale grey, slightly tinged in parts and especially along the veins

with pale olive-green ; the markings purplish black ; first line at one-third, wavy,

preceded by a similar but less distinct one; the extreme base blaek, and a black

spot below the median; cell-spot of leaden-grey scales, surrounded by blackish

sealing and connected above with a black costal spot; exterior line from costa

beyond two-thirds to inner margin at two-thirds, wavy and denticulated, followed

immediately by a similar but fainter line, consisting of connected lunules; sub-

terminal line formed by a series of broad wedge-shaped blotches ; a submarginal line

of smaller blotehes connected laterally with a similar marginal line; marginal area

beyond outer line tinged more or less with pale slate-colour, except a small pale

spot on hindmargin below middle; fringe pale grey, with darker spots at end of

veins; from the outer side of cell-spot a wavy central line runs to inner margin,

nearly touching the outer line.

Hindwings: like forewings, but the exterior line more excurved in middle.

Underside whitish, suffused with smoky grey; the cell-spots large and black;

a broad diffusely edged black marginal band, containing a small pale spot on

hindmargin of both wings below the middle and at apex of forewings. Palpi dark

grey ; face, vertex, and patagia dull olive-yellow ; thorax and abdomen bluish grey,

the latter with a double row of black spots down the back and with black lateral

markings; the first segment with a double yellowish grey tuft.

The form above described is the palest. Equally common is a very dark form in

which the ground-colour is dull greenish grey, suffused and speckled with blackish

and with all the markings darker, the basal area, the hindmarginal pale spot, and

a blotch on inner margin beyond outer line being tinged with reddish. Head,

thorax, and abdomen dark olive-grey, with markings obscure. Underside much

darker than in the type.

Expanse of wings : 36—40 mm.

Three d d, two ? ?, from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland.

171. Catoria camelaria carbonata subsp. nov.

Differs from the type-form camelaria Guen. in the markings of the underside.

Instead of a smoky black marginal fascia, there is a subapical blotch, coal-black, as

( 405 )

is the discal spot; the blotch below and that at the apex of hindwings is of the

usual smoky fuscous tint. Both sexes from Lifu.

Examples from Dili and Oinainisa, Timor, agree entirely with the typical form

from Australia.

172. Chogada epistictis Meyr. ab. albibasis nov

Forewings : with the central line thick and black, twice angulated ; the basal

line faint; basal area and marginal half beyond central line rufous grey, dusted with

coarse blackish atoms, the outer line being fine and indistinct ; space between basal

and central lines white.

Hindwings: with base white to the thick black basal line; all the rest of the

wing dull rufous grey with black atoms, the exterior line of forewings becoming

central and blackish.

Underside wholly dull smoky cinereous.

One d from Biak, Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, collected by Doherty. A very

striking aberration.

173. Dryocoetis cineracea Moore ab. subalbida nov.

Marked above exactly as typical cineracea ; but the underside, instead of being

dark smoky cinereous, is nearly white, so that the upperside appears paler; and in

the hindwings the space between the antemedian and postmedian lines is largely

white.

Several from the Khasias, taken at the same time as the ordinary form.

174. Ectropis dentilineata Moore ab. pulverosa nov.

Forewings: dirty grey, confusedly irrorated with fuscous olive, and having all

the markings more or less obscured ; the base and costa are especially darker.

Hindwings: rather paler.

Underside dull whitish. Head and thorax dull grey; the abdomen a little

paler. i

Apparently common in the Kulu district.

Besides differing in coloration, this form is distinguished from the type by the

more elongate forewings.

175. Lassaba indentata sp. nov.

Very much like L. albidaria Wlk., but smaller, less coarsely irrorated and with

the lines finer and less evident; the exterior line not outcurved round cell; the

submarginal line edged internally by an olive-grey diffuse fascia, abruptly bent in

above third median towards the dark mark in the exterior line and darker beyond it,

but not forming a second dark line as in albidaria; marginal area from apex to the

bend suffused with grey and with a darker grey blotch before the bend, the marginal

area within the sinus being conspicuously pale.

Underside of forewing with a blackish apical blotch beyond submarginal line

as far as third median, including a square white spot at the apex; a slight grey

submarginal continuous fascia on both wings.

One d from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

( 404 )

176. Myrioblephara picta sp. nov.

Forewings: pale green, suffused with darker green and varied in places with

ochreous, and marked with blackish transverse striae; basal area varied with ochreous

and blackish scales, then a pale fascia of ground-colour, followed by an antemedian

curved fascia of blackish and ochreous scales; central space pale green, containing _

a small dark cell-spot connected with a darker costal blotch, which is produced as a

central shade to inner margin; outer line just beyond middle, blackish and sinuous,

to inner margin beyond middle, forming a short but decided prominence opposite the

cell; space beyond varied with darker green and ochreous, traversed by a distinct,

hardly waved, pale ochreous submarginal line; the veins beyond outer line yellowish ;

a row of dark marginal lunules ; fringe pale ochreous grey, its basal half somewhat

darker, with blackish streaks throughout from the ends of the veins.

Hindwings: paler towards base, with a broad submarginal fuscous band, the

margin itself dull green.

Underside ochreous grey, with a broad submarginal grey band on both wings.

Face, palpi, and thorax ochreous ; abdomen greyish.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One 9 from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

In the forewings veins 10 and 11 are coincident and anastomose for a considerable

distance with the costal.

Although I have not seen a d, the resemblance of the single 9 to the Indian

species of the genus, as well as the neuration, induces me to refer it without much

misgiving to Myrioblephara.

Pachyplocia gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight; apex rounded ; hindmargin strongly rounded,

slightly crenulate.

Hindwings: in 9 with hindmargin crenulate in upper half only, straight

towards anal angle, which is squared; in the d strongly rounded throughout, with

the inner margin greatly expanded so as to form a swollen lobe, generally folded over

above, and with a tuft of long hairs from the base of wing.

Fovea of forewings large and prominent. Palpi stout, upeurved in front of face ;

antennae of d with short even pectinations, of 9 simple; hind tibiae of d somewhat

thickened, with four spurs.

Neuration: forewings, cell more than half as long as wing; first two subeostals

coincident; last three stalked, from before end of cell; radials normal. Hindwings

with cell two-thirds of wing, the discocellular oblique; the costal vein approximated

to subcostal half-way along cell, then abruptly curved away.

Type: Pachyplocia griseata sp. nov.

177. Pachyplocia griseata sp. nov.

Forewings : fuscous grey, rufous-tinged and speckled with dark atoms; first line

black, from costa at one-third, strongly curved to inner margin close to base, preceded

by a dark cloud; outer line from costa at three-fourths to middle of inner margin,

sinuous; submarginal line oblique, irregularly dentate, the space between it and

outer line darker; the submarginal line is edged with paler; fringe concolorous, with

( 405 )

dark marginal line at base; cell-spot dark, a central line sometimes visible nearly

touching it.

Hindwings: with darker antemedian, central, and postmedian lines, the last

most distinct.

Underside dull grey, with the margins darker. Face and palpi dark grey ; thorax

and abdomen paler, the latter with darker segmental rings and a black ring at base.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

Both sexes from Cedar Bay, south of Cooktown, Queensland.

178. Poecilalcis semiclarata Wlk. ab. albilinea nov.

Differs from the type in having a small diffused whitish bloteh occupying the

subcostal angle of the outer line ; a similar whitish blotch at middle of hindmargin

instead of the larger ochreous one ; and the submarginal line fine, waved, and whitish

throughout.

Four 9 9 only, from Darjiling (Pilcher /eg.).

179. Poecilalcis semiclarata Wlk. ab. fasciata nov.

Ground-colour of forewings brownish ochreous with a rufous tinge ; the inner

line immediately preceded and the outer line followed by a dark brown-black shade ;

the submarginal line scarcely paler and indistinct; the blotch at middle of hind-

margin slightly enlarged and without fuscous striation.

Four d d from Darjiling (Pilcher leg.).

Polylophodes gen. nov.

d. Forewings: elongate; the costa shouldered and hairy at base, faintly

insinuate beyond, and faintly curved to apex, which is blunt; hindmargin very

obliquely curved ; inner margin convex.

Hindwings : forming an equilateral triangle, the apical and anal angles broadly

and bluntly rounded ; the hindmargin slightly sinuate inwards in middle; the region

of the anal angle beneath covered with a thick mealy efflorescence, mixed with long

hairs along the hindmargin.

Abdomen with tufts of long silky hair from the sides of second and following

segments; vertex with projecting scales; antennae pectinated, the pectinations stiff

and ciliated; palpi short, hairy, decumbent; third joint minute; tongue well

developed; frenulum present; forewings with a strong somewhat puckered fovea;

hind tibiae broken ; mid tibiae with a pair of long spurs clothed with hair.

Newration: forewings, cell not quite half the length of wing; discocellular

vertical; first median at two-thirds, second and third from end of cell; lower radial

from centre of discocellular, upper from top angle of cell; last three subcostals stalked

from a little before end; first and second coincident, anastomosing with costal above

origin of fifth. Hindwings with cell quite half the length of wing; discocellular with

lower arm oblique; first median at two-thirds; second considerably before lower

angle; costal approximated to subcostal for half the length of cell; first subcostal

nervule considerably before upper angle.

Type: Polylophodes triangularis sp. nov.

A genus of which the typical species is abnormal both in structure and appear-

ance; it should probably be placed near Myrioblephara Warr.

( 406 )

180. Polylophodes triangularis sp. nov.

Forewings: pale green, suffused and irrorated with darker olive-green and

fuscous; costa dotted with dark green and fuscous; first line at one-third, wavy and

dark, starting from a larger costal spot; second line at two-thirds, dark and wavy,

from a dark costal spot, incurved below middle, then outeurved to inner margin at

two-thirds; the area between the two lines paler than rest of wing; cell-spot dark

green, with a large costal blotch above it; submarginal line very pale greenish,

distinet and denticulate below costa, where it is preceded by a dark olive-green patch ;

indistinet below and followed by two dark patches, one opposite the cell, the other

half-way between first and anal angle; a row of dark green contiguous triangles along

hindmargin; fringe pale greenish ochreous, with a darker central line, and strongly

mottled with blackish opposite the veins.

Hindwings: with basal half ochreous white; an oblique pale greenish shade

before middle, becoming dark green and distinct only on inner margin, where it is

broad and edged outwardly with blackish ; a wavy fuscous submarginal line, parallel

to hindmargin, beyond which the margin is dull greenish fuscous in the costal half

and olive-green mixed with dark fuscous and rufous towards anal angle, where a

denticulate line is visible close to margin; fringe olive-green, varied with fuscous ;

fringe of inner margin white.

Face, palpi, and thorax olive-green, speckled with darker ; abdomen ochreous and

olive-green; the lateral tufts pale olive. Underside ochreous white for two-thirds ;

this space edged by a bent dark line, followed by a dark shade and pale fuscous

marginal area; costa dotted and spotted with fuscous; hindwings the same; the

efflorescence at anal angle pale ochreous, yellower above.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One d from Bandong, Java.

181. Pseudocoremia flava sp. nov.

‘orewings: pale yellow, the costa and inner margin speckled with fuscous; a

brown hourglass-shaped blotch on middle of costa extending to a little below the

middle; a blotch on costa before apex, with a smaller one below it, and another on

hindmargin below apex; a line of fuscous dashes along hindmargin between the

veins ; fringe yellow.

Hindwings : wholly yellow.

Underside dull yellow, the forewings suffused with brownish. Face and palpi

yellowish, tinged with fuscous; antennae brown; thorax and abdomen yellow.

Expanse of wings: 58 mm.

One d from Greymouth, New Zealand.

182. Scotorythra rara Butler ab. brunnea nov.

Differs from the type-form, in which the 9? ? are dull fuscous and the dd

blackish, with the stigma, especially in the © $, large and dark, in being red-brown

or reddish grey-brown in the $9 9, and slightly darker in the dd; the cell-spot

almost obliterated, and all the lines obseure and marked only by dots on the veins.

Two 9 2, one d, from Oloa, Hawaiian Islands.

( 407 )

SUBFAMILY FIDONIINAE.

183. Callerinnys marginata sp. noy.

Forewings: yellowish ochreous, tinged in parts with bright ferruginous, and

thickly irrorated with dark brown transverse striae; first line at one-third, much

curved and waved, forming a dark brown curved spot on the submedian fold;

cell-spot dark brown; second line at four-fifths, sinuous, thick, brown-black,

contiguous to a thick brown-black shade which opposite the cell is connected with

hindmargin ; the margin above and below this dark blotch is bright ferruginous ;

fringe yellow, chequered with black.

Hindwings: more tinged with ferruginous; a brown wavy central line; a

postmedian line from costa just beyond central line to anal angle, sinuous, dark

brown; marginal area beyond it ferruginous, with dark brown markings, most

developed towards costa and hindmargin opposite cell.

Underside bright straw-colour, with the lines and marginal markings bright

rich brown. Face and palpi deep yellow; thorax and abdomen yellow, mixed with

ferruginous.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One ? from Nias.

This is near C. deminuta Warr., from Padang Rengas, Perak.

184. Fidonia albigrisea sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, the markings dark olive-grey ; basal area irrorated with

grey, limited by a double eurved fascia, the two arms coalescing on the veins forming

a series of ocelli ; an oblique olive-grey fascia beyond middle, recurved at costa; its

outer edge straight, its inner toothed along the veins, uniting with the linear discal

spot, and nearly touching the curves of the basal fascia ; a broad curved submarginal

fascia, darker on the veins, its inner edge formed by an exterior lunulate line, the

lunules containing a series of pale spots; marginal fascia dark grey; fringe white,

mottled with grey opposite the veins.

Hindwings: whitish, speckled throughout with grey, the speckles hardly

forming fasciae corresponding to those of forewings, except the central line passing

over the dark cell-spot ; fringe as in forewings.

Thorax and abdomen whitish, mixed with olive-grey ; face whitish, with dark

middle bar; palpi dark. Underside duller.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

One d from West Java.

SUBFAMILY SEMIOTHISINAE.

185. Acadra acutaria Wlk. ab. olivata nov.

Markings less distinct than in the tvpe; the outer half of both wings suffused

with olive-fuscous ; the basal half whiter; the subapical white spots and marginal

markings of forewings and the submarginal line of hindwings snow-white.

Fairly common from the Khasias.

( 408 )

186. Bulonga subcinerea distans subsp. nov.

Forewings: with the outer line much nearer the hindmargin and often recurved

towards the costa, the central area being thereby much broader than in the usual

form.

In the hindwings also the marginal space is conspicuously narrower than in

typical subeinerea.

Two d d, two 9 2, from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland.

These specimens differ also in colour, being dull brownish grey instead of silvery

grey; but I am not sure if this is a natural tint.

The genus Antibadistes, under which I described subeinerea, Nov. ZooL. III.

p. 142, is identical with longa Wlk., and must sink.

Bulonga schistacearia Wik. has the fringes dark, whereas in subeinerea they

are silvery white.

187. Evarzia deformis sp. nov.

Forewings : dull white, suffused with grey, irrorated and striated with fuscous ;

first line dark brown, fine and indistinct, excurved below costa, then vertical ; cell-spot

blackish ; central line olive-yellow from costa beyond middle, very obliquely waved

to inner margin at one-third, where it touches first line; outer line broad, black-

brown, straight and oblique from four-fifths of costa to before anal angle, followed

by a line of small brown blotches; a dark cloud towards the elbow; fringe grey,

varied with fuscous, with an interrupted dark line along base.

Hindwings: paler, ochreous, unsuffused with grey as far as the outer line;

a dark wavy antemedian line, followed by the dark cell-spot ; marginal area blotched

with olive-brown towards apex and with a round black blotch beyond outer line

between the second and third medians; fringe ochreous yellow, with a strong black

crenulate line at base.

Underside whitish, much mottled with blackish, and all the markings blackish ;

the outer line, which is much thickened on the hindwings, followed by a bright brown

fascia, touching hindmargin of forewings above middle and filling up the apex of

hindwings. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous grey.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from Batchian, March 1892, collected by Doherty.

The species is remarkable on account of the shape of the forewings ; these are

elongate, twice as long as wide; the hindmargin is bluntly elbowed at the third

median, and thence curved obliquely into the inner margin, which is strongly convex,

so that no real anal angle appears. The hindwings are strongly excised on hind-

margin between veins 4 and 6, 6 and 7, the three teeth being prominent and acute.

The abdomen of the d reaches considerably beyond the hindwings.

188. Gonodela olivescens sp. nov.

Forewings : white, with fine olive-fuscous striae, and with greyish olive-fuscous

markings, varied with minute dull yellow scales; first line curved from costa at one-

fourth to inner margin near base ; second line at two-thirds, angled below costa, then

oblique to inner margin before the middle, thick and diffuse ; a dark cell-spot ; the

entire basal area up to this line is more or less obscured by dull sealing ; outer line

( 409 )

from costa at four-fifths, fine, angled outwards towards hindmargin, then oblique and

double to inner margin at two-thirds; its costal arm closely followed on costa by an

olive bloteh, beyond which the apex of the wing is whitish and connected with the

paler faseia between the second and outer lines; marginal area suffused with olive-

fuscous; fringe pale olive-grey, with paler base, and dark patches at end of veins;

margin of wing with a row of olive-fuscous triangles.

Hindwings: with ground-colour whiter; an olive-fuscous basal blotch, a broad

antemedian and a double postmedian and submarginal fascia; cell-spot black ; fringe

and margin as in forewings.

Underside white, with all the markings grey-brown ; the costa of forewings and

allthe veins ochreous. Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-fuscous,

Expanse of wings: 30 mm.

One 9 from Kandy, Ceylon, April 1894.

189. Gonodela perconfusa sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, thickly varied with dark fuscous; some dark marks close to

base ; a double curved very diffuse inner line before middle, indicated chiefly by dark

blotches on costa and towards inner margin; a broad diffuse fascia beyond middle

containing an oblique blackish costal blotch, an elongated black blotch below middle,

and a blackish blotch on inner margin; marginal area with clouds of dark striae at

apex, middle, and anal angle.

Hindwings: with obscure basal fascia; postmedian fascia broad, with large

black central blotch.

Underside white, tinged in parts with ochreous yellow, and with the veins

yellowish ; both wings with dark fuscous cell-spot, thick curved outer line, followed

by a broad fuscous fascia mixed with yellowish. Face and palpi dull ferruginous ;

thorax and abdomen fuscous and grey.

Expanse of wings: 28 mm.

One ¢ from Dili, Timor, May 1892 (W. Doherty).

190. Gubaria albimedia sp. nov.

Forewings : with the basal fourth and marginal half deep brown-black, with a

broad pure white central fascia, not reaching costa; costa spotted with yellow, most

thickly at top of white fascia; cell-spot linear, black; fringe black, with a minute

white spot just below costa, and another at middle. The usual dark exterior line can

just be traced, forming the edge to the white fascia as far as vein 2, then running

into the dark marginal field and angled below costa; the usual dark costal blotch

beyond the angulation blacker than the rest of the dark area.

Hindwings : with base brown-black from one-third of costa to two-thirds of inner

margin ; the white fascia very broad at costal end, containing a small black cell-spot ;

the dark marginal area varied with yellowish scales beyond the exterior line and

with black blotches; a pure white blotch on hindmargin from vein 2 to 4; a black

marginal line ; fringe black, with white spots below apex, below vein 7, and along the

white blotch.

Underside like upper ; the dark parts wholly black, except the basal patch, which

is varied with yellow scales. Head, thorax, and abdomen above brown-black ;

abdomen below and at sides yellow.

( 410 )

Expanse of wings: 40—44 mm.

A pair from South Java, 1500 feet, 1891 (Fruhstorfer).

Related to G. niveostriga Warr, but larger and much darker. Of the two

examples recorded the 9 is the smaller.

191. Gubaria niveostriga sp. nov.

d. Forewings: purplish grey, tinged with fuscous; a snow-white central fascia

narrowing towards inner margin, with the edges quite straight, the costal end

narrowly fuscous with a few scattered striae below; the discal dot black; outer line

thick, black, angled below costa, and forming, below the median, the outer edge of the

white fascia, followed by a thick dark fuscous cloud ; a darker spot on costa beyond

it, followed by a small white spot towards apex below costa ; fringe white at apex and

below middle, the rest fuscous.

Hindwings : with the central fascia narrowing to a point before reaching inner

margin; the black outer line which bounds it is followed by black blotches mixed

with yellowish ochreous scales; a white blotch, varying in size, on hindmargin below

the middle, the purplish fringe being white beyond it.

Underside of both wings with basal area yellow, edged by a dark brown line,

which represents the inner edge of the white central fascia ; outer area dark fuscous,

with the small subapical spot of forewings and the marginal spot of hindwings white.

Head, thorax, and base of abdomen purplish fuscous; anal half of abdomen with the

sides, and all the underside and legs yellow.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

Three dd from Dili, Timor, May 1892, collected by Doherty ; and two from

Oinainisa, Dutch Timor.

192. Gubaria amplata sp. nov.

The forewings above are like those of niveostriga Warr. but in the hindwings

the dark basal area barely reaches to half the costal and inner margins, and in con-

sequence the central white band, instead of being narrowed to a point at two-thirds

from the costa, as in niveostriga, becomes curved and very much wider than that of

the forewings, while the marginal white blotch is much increased in size. On the

underside the dark basal areas of both wings are hardly tinged with yellow, and the

abdomen above is fuscous to the tip. The cell-spot of the hindwings is distinct, lying

in the white fascia.

One d from Dili.

193. Luxiaria calida sp. nov.

Forewings : brownish ochreous, dusted with dark atoms; a dark cloudy cell-spot,

through which a faint curved darker first line can be traced; exterior line slightly

sinuous, marked by dark dots on veins; preceded by a paler ochreous fascia, and

followed by a fascia of the ground-colour, of which the outer edge is dentate, and

bounded by the obseure submarginal line, the marginal space again being paler

ochreous ; a row of dark marginal spots; fringe paler.

Hindwings: like forewings, but the outer third darker than the basal area, and

with traces of a dark central line; hindmargin strongly dentate.

( 411 )

Underside paler, with fuscous transverse strigae; the markings plainer; the

outer line followed towards costa by a ferruginous fascia. Face and palpi dark brown ;

thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 42 mm.

One ¢ from South Java, 1500 feet, 1891 (Fruhstorfer).

194. Luxiaria punctata sp. nov.

Forewings : straw-colour, dusted with ochreous and pale fuscous ; first line near

base, very indistinct, marked by spots on the veins: cell-spot large, brown, followed

by an indistinct waved central line; exterior line at three-fourths, dull rusty,

accompanied by dark dots on veins, with a small brown blotch on inner margin before

it; submarginal line wavy, hardly paler, preceded by a slight brown cloud opposite

the cell ; a marginal row of black spots on the veins; fringe clear ochreous.

Hindwings: the same, the cell-spot small and dark, followed by a grey central

line.

Palpi and face ochreous below, brown above; thorax and abdomen ochreous,

dusted with darker; abdomen with dark dots along back. Underside paler, with

the central and outer lines bright ferruginous, the latter followed on forewings by a

bright ferruginous, dentate-edged cloud from costa to middle, which is fuscous-tinged

opposite the cell ; hindwings with a fuscous cloud on submarginal line opposite cell.

Expanse of wings: 34—36 mm.

Two ? ? from Bandong, Java.

The smaller of these examples, though more worn than the type, has the dots

denoting the first and outer lines enlarged into a distinct series of brown spots, those

on costa and inner margin swollen; the marginal spots and clouds on the sub-

marginal lines are also darker and more conspicuous.

195. Nadagarodes straminea.

Luxiaria (2) straminea Warr., Nov. ZooL. III. p. 303.

When describing the 9 of this species from Fergusson Island I queried the

genus. [have now met with a d from Amboina (agreeing with the ? in all respects,

except in not having the dark blotch beyond cell), which, having short pectinated

antennae and non-crenulate hindwings, must be placed in Vadagarodes.

196. Semiothisa angustimargo sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish ochreous, semitransparent, rather thickly dusted with fine

black atoms; the costa yellowish, more densely scaled ; the lines pale fuscous ; first

at one-fourth, forming two outward curves; second just beyond middle, outeurved

above median, and obtusely bent on the submedian fold; traces of a bent line

immediately preceding it and passing over the black linear cell-spot ; exterior line

at four-fifths of costa, angled strongly below apex, then straight, oblique, and double,

dark fuscous, to inner margin just before anal angle; the narrow marginal area

fuscous grey ; fringe grey, darker along the excision.

Hindwings: with a thick straight central line passing over the small black

cell-spot ; outer line and margin as in forewings.

(412)

Underside like upper, but the outer line diffusely thickened with brown, the

marginal area beyond it whitish and glossy. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous:

Expanse of wings: 32—36 mm.

Three d d from Oinainisa, December 1891 (W. Doherty). .

197. Semiothisa fusca sp. nov.

Forewings: dull fuscous grey, with darker specks and striae; first line very

indistinct, at one-fourth ; a thick vertical central shade beyond the dark cell-spot;

outer line formed of regular grey lunules, followed by a slightly darker fascia edged

with three brown spots at costa, and with some brown spots below the middle ; fringe

concolorous, with an interrupted dark line at base.

Hindwings: the same.

Underside clear white, strigulated with fuscous towards base, with all the marks

very distinct and brown; the discal spots deep black. Head, thorax, and abdomen

hoary grey.

Expanse of wings: 32—40 mm.

In some numbers from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek).

The forewings have the hindmargin entire, not excised below the apex, very

faintly crenulate; that of the hindwings is strongly crenulate.

198. Semiothisa subcastanea sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish ochreous, densely dusted with fuscous atoms; the base

and costa tinged with brownish; first line and cell-spot not marked; second line

indistinct, at three-fourths, starting from a dark costal spot, angled below costa,

then faintly waved; followed by a grey-brown fascia, edged on costa by an

oblique red-brown blotch; marginal area greyish brown; two whitish subapical

streaks, the lower one running in above vein 6 to its origin; marginal spots black ;

fringe ochreous, except along the subapical excision, where it is dark brown, as is

the margin itself.

Hindwings : like forewings, but with a black cell-spot.

Head, face, palpi, thorax, and abdomen whitish, speckled with fuscous. Under-

side white, with blackish coarser speckles; the outer line darker; the outer third,

especially the fascia, chestnut-brown ; the veins ferruginous; apex of forewings and

submarginal space on hindwings varied with white black-spotted blotches.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One ? from Bandong, Java.

Tephrinopsis gen. nov.

Under Tephrina Guenée placed together species having simple antennae in the

d and species having them pectinated. I propose to separate the former, those with

simple antennae, under the above name, with Tephrinopsis parallelaria Wlk.

for type.

199. Tephrina munda sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, thickly dusted with grey-brown striae; the costa ochreous,

dotted with fuscous; inner line brown, curved, obsolescent towards costa ; second line

( 413 )

at two-thirds, faintly sinuous and irregular, closely followed by a fuscous shade, with

darker patches between the veins; a row of brown marginal dots between the veins ;

fringe pale; a blackish distinct cell-spot.

Hindwings: the same, without first line, and the submarginal shade very faint.

Underside with a yellowish tinge and a marginal cloud. Head, thorax, and

abdomen whitish ; collar, face, and palpi tinged with rufous.

Expanse of wings: 26 mm.

A pair from Sumba, October 1891 (W. Doherty).

200. Tephrina subocellata sp. nov.

Forewings: pale ochreous, dusted and suffused with olive-fuscous ; costa dotted

slightly with fuscous; three fasciae parallel to hindmargin; first at one-fourth,

second at one-half, both fuseous-olive above median vein, brown-black and thickened

below it ; the lower part of the central fascia is twice as broad as the first ; its upper

half contains a pale darker-edged ocelloid cell-spot ; third fascia sinuous, fuscous-olive

throughout, edged inwardly by a twice-curved brown-black band which does not

reach the costa; marginal area suffused with fuscous-olive strigae; marginal line

brown ; fringe ochreous.

Hindwings: with a central fuscous-olive streak containing the dark cell-spot

and not reaching the costa; the exterior fascia diffuse externally and edged internally

by a nearly straight brownish line.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous. Underside pale ochreous, with the

markings dull olive-brown.

Expanse of wings: 24 mm.

One d from South Othman, Arabia.

201. Thamnonoma insularis sp. nov.

Forewings : dull straw-colour, dusted with ochreous and fuscous atoms; the

three lines starting from three outwardly oblique brownish grey costal blotches,

at one-fourth, one-half, and two-thirds respectively ; all angled below costa and

then inwardly oblique, but very ill defined; a dark curved mark before the subapical

excision ; fringe straw-colour, with dark spots at end of veins and along the excision.

Hindwings: with the two outer bands continued, one antemedian, the other

postmedian ; a black cell-spot.

Underside like upper, but the forewings suffused with pale ferruginous. Head,

thorax, and abdomen concolorous.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

One d from Lifu.

202. Petrodava sordida sp. nov.

Forewings : dull fawn-colour, speckled with dark fuscous ; the first and central

lines very indistinct, with a slightly darker shade before each ; both angled below

costa, the central also angled on the median and lower veins, and running obliquely

inwards to inner margin at middle ; exterior line dark brown, angled below the costa,

and thence running straight and oblique but slightly wavy to inner margin at two-

thirds ; marginal area and fringe darker fawn-colour, the submarginal line indicated

( 414 )

by some still deeper clouds ; the area between the inner and outer lines slightly paler

than the rest of wing ; cell-spot dark.

Hindwings: still paler, more ochreous ; a curved outer line brown, followed

by a brown shade and an interrupted cloudy submarginal line; fringe dark brown;

cell-spot distinet, black.

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous. Underside bright yellow,

mottled with tawny; a wavy indistinct central line and a distinct thick red-brown

outer line on both wings ; marginal area fulvous, deeper on hindwings ; the lower part

of hindmargin remaining yellowish ; apex of forewings dull whitish.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, taken in September by W. Doherty.

Nearest to P. khasiana Swinh., but not so large, and more sombre-coloured

above.

Xenoneura gen. nov.

Forewings: narrow ; costa straight, convex only just before apex ; apex blunt;

hindmargin obliquely curved into the inner margin, which is convex; the anal angle

rounded off.

Hindwings: broad; hindmargin strongly erenulate in the upper half.

Abdomen of d long and slender, the claspers strongly developed ; antennae of

d pectinated for two-thirds; palpi porrect, the second joint thick and hairy, the

third blunt; tongue present; hind tibiae of d much swollen, with four short spurs ;

fovea of forewing with a dark thickened scar.

Neuration : forewings, cell half the length of wing; discocellular vertical for

two-thirds, then shortly bent outwards and oblique; first median nervule at one-half,

second before end of cell, third from end ; lower radial from the angulation of the

discocellular, and therefore below the middle; upper radial from top end of cell;

last three subcostals stalked, first and second coincident.

Type: Xenonewra tephrinata sp. nov.

203. Xenoneura tephrinata sp. nov.

d. Forewings: whitish ochreous, with numerous fuscous transverse striae ; costa

dotted with dark ; the lines pale brown ; first at one-fourth, outeurved below costa ;

second at three-fourths, also outeurved below costa; marginal area rather darker ;

submarginal line pale, indistinct, preceded on costa by a dull reddish cloud and by

a fuscous cloud below ; basal line fine, dark; fringe concolorous ; cell-spot blackish,

followed by a thick brownish central shade.

Hindwings: like forewings, with no basal line, and the outer line waved ; the

shade before the submarginal line distinctly reddish; a fuscous marginal shade

opposite the cell; marginal line blackish, strongly crenulate; fringe pale ochreous,

with dark mottlings at the teeth.

Underside whiter, with the markings more expressed ; marginal shade of the

hindwings blackish. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; antennae dark.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One d, one $, from Geraldton, Cairns, and Cedar Bay, Cooktown, Queensland.

The 9 is almost wholly suffused with brownish grey, with the markings obscured ;

underside with the colouring very much brighter than in the d.

( 415 )

SuBFAMILY ENNOMINAE.

204. Capasa viridifascia sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish fawn-colour, without mottling or suffusion ; a central fascia

angled on the median ; its costal third velvety black, the rest very delicate pale green,

with a slightly darker olive-green centre; a dark brown triangular spot on costa at

three-fourths ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: with the green fascia narrower, slightly curved, and edged externally

with deep black ; costa broadly, inner margin narrowly, yellow.

Underside of forewings deep vinous red, becoming yellow towards costa; the

costal spots brown ; the fascia, inner margin, and hindmargin grey-brown. Hind-

wings deep orange-red, with a dark grey blotch at apex and anal angle, and a black

fascia from upper angle of cell to anal angle; palpi bright orange, the tips and

the tongue black; face dark brown-red ; vertex, antennae, thorax, and abdomen

concolorous with the wings.

Expanse of wings: 36 mm.

Six d d from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, collected by Doherty, September and

October 1892.

Akin to C. incensata Wlk., but smaller and paler.

Heterodisca gen. nov.

d. Forewings : twice as long as broad; the costa arched for basal third, then

straight, becoming convex only just before apex ; hindmargin curved.

Hindwings : with both angles and the hindmargin rounded.

Palpi porrect, slightly upcurved, terminal joint short ; tongue present ; antennae

of d simple, thick, closely lamellate ; hind tibiäe much swollen, with four short spurs ;

hind tarsi very short; frenulum strong.

Neuration : forewings, cell about half as long as wing; discocellular angulated,

the upper arm oblique outwards, the lower vertical; first median at three-fourths,

second shortly before end, third from end of cell; lower radial from the angulation

of the discocellular ; upper radial stalked with the last three subcostals from end of

cell ; first and second subcostals stalked, anastomosing with costal at a point, the

second afterwards anastomosing with the stalk of third and fourth. Hindwings

without radial; the two subcostals and last two medians from the ends of

cell.

Type: Heterodisca scardamiata sp. nov.

205. Heterodisca scardamiata sp. nov.

Forewings : orange-yellow, thickly dusted with reddish orange striae ; first line

at one-fourth, nearly vertical, red-brown, with lustrous leaden scales on it; a round

brown cell-spot ; second line from costa shortly before apex to two-thirds of inner

margin, straight and oblique, edged outwardly by a line of lustrous leaden scales; a

fine dark red-brown marginal line; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings: with a straight brown central line, edged with lustrous scales ;

traces of a much outcurved submarginal line, indicated by dark dots on the veins.

( 416 )

Underside dull ochreous yellow, with all the markings showing through in-

distinctly ; forewings with a line of vein-dots beyond outer line, as in hindwings, but

less strongly outcurved. Palpi, thorax, and abdomen reddish orange ; face and collar

brighter.

Expanse of wings: 34 mm.

One ¢ from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, October, taken by W. Doherty.

206. Hyposidra maculipennis sp. nov.

Forewings: pale fawn-colour, slightly rufous-tinged in parts, and dusted with

blackish atoms ; a small dark cell-spot ; a straight oblique rufous line from middle

of costa to middle of inner margin ; outer line very faint, wavy, and joining central

line on inner margin ; a macular submarginal shade of purple blotches, one on costa,

another opposite the cell, and a large one at anal angle; a dark blotch on costa before

apex; fringe concolorous. The bindmargin is bluntly rounded and protuberant, with

slight projections at the veins, from apex to lower radial, thence obliquely curved.

Hindwings: with large round black cell-spot, preceded by the straight line and

followed by a dentieulate line nearly in the middle; the blotches of the submarginal

line distinct on the inner half, faint towards apex; fringe concolorous; hindmargin

strongly waved, with a blunt projection in middle.

Underside much darker, suffused and speckled with fuscous; face and palpi

fuscous ; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings: 84 mm.

One 9 from the Solomon Islands (Capt. Cayley Webster).

207. Hyposidra nigricosta sp. nov.

Forewings: brownish ochreous, speckled with black; costa brown, mottled with

pale ochreous; a broad subcostal black-brown stripe with indented lower edge,

running through to apex and traversed by the pale submarginal line ; the lines rich

brown, first curved from costa at one-fourth to inner margin near base; discal spot

blackish, lying in the broadest part of the subcostal stripe; a nearly straight brown

central line to inner margin in middle; a dark brown wavy and dentate outer line

from costa at three-fourths to inner margin just beyond central line, followed beneath

costa by another brown line; submarginal line indistinet; a brownish cloud at anal

angle; fringe brown.

Hindwings: dark brown, with a strongly dentate postmedian line, pale with

dark edges ; discal spot black ; fringe dark brown.

Underside dark black-brown, becoming paler brown towards the margin ; all the

lines dark.

Expanse of wings: 60 mm.

One d from Batchian, March 1892, collected by Doherty.

Akin to infizaria Wlk., but much larger.

208. Hyposidra variabilis Warr. ab. tetraspila nov.

Among several examples of this species from Humboldt Bay of Dohert y's collect-

ing, there occur two forms so strikingly different as to deserve describing. The form

which I call tetraspila is of a rich pinkish fawn-colour ; the inner and outer lines are

( 417 )

only slightly marked, but a broad straight deep brown central line is conspicuous just

beyond the discal dot ; the apical black patch is strongly marked ; and beyond the

exterior line of both wings below the median is a round black blotch. This aberra-

tion is a development of that described by me as nubilosa from Fergusson Island.

ab. innotata nov.

The other form is as inconspicuous as tetraspila is striking. Both wings are dull

fawn-colour, speckled with dark fuscous dots, with no markings except the black

cell-spots, and in the forewings some brown interrupted spots indicating the exterior

line towards the costa. The short dark lines on the inner margin of hindwings above

the anal angle are present, but very inconspicuous.

The two examples were taken in September and October 1895.

Ischalis Wlk. XXVI. p. 1750.

d. Forewings : with costa shouldered at base, then straight, with a faint

insinuation, to apex ; apex shortly produced ; hindmargin toothed at veins 4 and 6,

indented between, oblique below the lower tooth to anal angle, but with a slighter

tooth at vein 3.

Hindwings : with hindmargin rounded.

In the ? the hindmargin of hindwings is quite as strongly dentate as in fore-

wings.

Palpi porrect, rather long; forehead tufted; antennae lamellate, thickened

towards base, subserrate; abdomen of d very long; inner half of hindwings of d

beneath clothed thickly with long furry hair.

Newration: forewings, cell two-thirds of wing; the median and subcostal veins

both bent inwards at extremity; first median, at three-fourths, second before end,

third from end of cell; radials normal; last three subcostals stalked, second

anastomosing with the stem of third and fourth towards apex, forming a very long

areole; all three then separating together; first subcostal free.

I have given this diagnosis of /schalis here because Walker, who described the

type-species twice, first as Selenia galleria and afterwards as Ischalis thermo-

chromata, had only ? ?, while Mr. Meyrick, who described the genus afresh under

the name of Stratocleis, did not describe or notice apparently the peculiarity of the

underside of the d hindwing. It is almost certain, judging from the description, that

Guenée’s Epione incaria is the same species, although he gives Tasmania, perhaps

by an oversight, as habitat.

209. Omiza columbaris sp. nov.

Forewings: pale lilac-grey, with very fine dark transverse striae; the lines

purple; first from costa at two-fifths to inner margin at one-fourth, slightly curved ;

second from costa at four-fifths, acutely angled below apex, then faintly curved

to inner margin before middle, the interval between the two lines there being

narrow; this space is filled in with deep green; discocellular edged with purple;

a flattened pale grey costal spot before apex; fringe rufous.

Hindwings: with costal area pale; the basal one-third rufous olive, edged by a

straight purplish line ; fringe and hindmargin rufous.

( 418 )

Underside of forewings yellow along costa to outer line, |white along inner

margin; the rest of the wing deep vinous red; the outer line and edge of ocellus

darker; hindwings deep yellow, with a few large scattered specks and the discal

spot red. Palpi and face olive; head, thorax, and abdomen pale grey; vertex and

antennae whiter.

Expanse of wings: 38 mm.

One 2 from South Java, 1891, 1500 feet (Fruhstorfer).

210. Omiza subaurantiaca sp. nov.

Forewings: dark purplish brown, strigulated with darker; the lines chocolate ;

first from just before middle of costa, oblique and somewhat irregularly curved, to

inner margin at one-third; second from three-fourths of costa, angled outwards

towards hindmargin, then oblique and irregularly waved to inner margin at middle;

the central space therefore much narrowed below, as in galbulata Feld.; this space

is slightly deeper coloured than the rest of the wing, and towards the costa some-

times varied with dark green; cell-spot annular, edged with chocolate; a dark

smoky black blotch on inner margin before anal angle, much more obscure

than that in irrorata Moore, and with a metallic lustre; fringe chocolate-brown.

Hindwings: with the fascia produced narrowly across the centre, the outer

edge alone distinct; costal area pinkish, not so broadly red as in abstractaria WIk. ;

towards the anal angle is a large blotch of shining scales.

Underside of forewings deep orange at base and along costa and inner margins,

becoming deep brown-red from centre to hindmargin ; hindwings bright orange, with

some red-brown spots along costa and in apical region; fringes of both wings

lustrous. Palpi orange; face brown; vertex, thorax, and abdomen olive-grey.

Expanse of wings : 36 mm.

Six d d from Dili, Timor, collected in May by W. Doherty.

Nearest to O. abstractaria Wlk., but quite distinct from any Indian form.

Polyacme gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa straight, curved at base; apex produced, minutely

acute; hindmargin strongly dentate at vein 6, and bidentate at 4 and 3; then

oblique and crenulate to anal angle, which is distinct.

Hindwings: strongly dentate at ends of all the veins.

Palpi with second joint upeurved, third short ; antennae of Ẹ simple.

Neuration : forewings, cell about half as long as wing; discocellular oblique

outwards; first median at two-thirds; second and third from end of cell; radials

normal; last four subcostals stalked; first anastomosing with costal. Hindwings

with first subcostal and second median from before end of cell.

Type: Polyaeme dentata, sp. nov.

211. Polyacme dentata sp. nov.

Forewings: yellowish ochreous, varied with fuscous and ferruginous striae ;

costa dotted with brown; first line at one-fourth, irregularly curved, and. indicated

by small spots of black scales; the area within it sometimes brownish; an oblique

diffuse ferruginous central shade, touching on its inner side the discal ring ; marginal

(419)

two-fifths dark brown except along costa, the inner edge sinuous and preceded by a

sinuous row of dots on veins; exterior line at three-fourths, marked by black dots

above, and followed below by a blackish shade, curved outwards above middle and

inwards below it ; submarginal line similarly curved, and indicated by dark blotches,

of which the two opposite the cell are prominent and black ; fringe deep brown.

Hindwings: like forewings, but the central shade passes inside the cell-ring ;

submarginal line pale ochreous, edged inwardly with brown, bluntly angled opposite

the cell.

Underside the same, except that the brown marginal area extends to the costa,

leaving only a small apical blotch white; a greyish white blotch on hindmargin of

both wings below the third median. Head, thorax, and abdomen all ochreous, dusted

with dark atoms.

Expanse of wings: 38—42 mm.

Two ? 9 from Lifu.

212. Prionia excavata sp. nov.

Forewings : reddish, much dusted with blackish ; the costa dotted and spotted

with black, the interspaces paler ; first line diffuse and indistinct, oblique inwards

from a costal blotch before middle, joined in midwing by a dark shade from a costal

blotch at one-fourth ; cell-spot dark, linear ; exterior line from dark costal blotch at

three-fourths, exeurved and denticulate, incurved before inner margin, followed

between the median nervules by two pale ochreous yellow patches; fringe dark

red-brown.

Hindwings: orange-yellow, paler along costa; the hindmargin and inner

margin diffusely edged with reddish and fuscous scales, the extreme inner margin

remaining clear yellow.

Palpi reddish, the terminal joint dark fuscous; face dull reddish, with a small

whitish dot at top; vertex whitish in front, reddish behind; thorax and abdomen

reddish, mottled with grey ; shaft of antennae white. Underside of forewings dull

reddish, towards base tinged with orange, with the two yellow submarginal patches

distinet ; hindwings orange, with margin reddish.

Expanse of wings: 32 mm.

One ? from Nias.

The forewings have a strongly developed prominence below the middle of

hindmargin, below whieh the margin is very oblique and ineurved ; the hindmargin

_ of hindwings is strongly excised from anal angle to end of second median nervule ;

veins 10 and 11 of forewings are shortly stalked.

Allied to, but distinct from, P. multidentata Warr., also from Nias.

( 420 )

ON A NEW SPECIES OF ACTINOPHORUS FROM

MADAGASCAR.

Y JOHN W. SHIPE:

Actinophorus grandidieri sp. nov.

ARK fuscous, with a greenish tinge and reflection. Clypeus six-dentate ;

anterior margin reflexed ; very thickly and closely punctured, the punctures

being much coarser and run together round the margins ; teeth rather pointed and

impunctate. Two transverse carinae extend from the eyes towards the centre of the

head, bnt disappear on disc. Head slightly raised on dise between the carinae,

and a rather deep cleft separates the basal teeth of the clypeus from the others;

a small patch of short pitchy brown hairs are situated in the lobes of the four

front teeth.

Thorax very thickly and closely punctured with rather deep well-defined

punctures, and with a slight trace of a longitudinal smooth line on dise, which, how-

ever, is sometimes quite obsolete. Lateral margins rounded ; anterior angles sharply

obtuse, posterior angles being almost obsolete ; lateral margins deeply erenulated the

whole length and furnished with a row of pitehy hairs ; anterior margin finely and

smoothly emarginate. Posterior margin erenulate the whole length, with the

exception of a small portion adjoining the seutellary region ; scutellary projection

obsolete. Lateral cicatrices obsolete.

Elytra finely granulo-asperate, with some moderately large shallow pores

scattered over the interstices. Elytra six-striate, with the striae composed of a

number of shallow pores run together, giving the striae the appearance of being

quite smooth. Sides rounded, scarcely cordate, rather depressed on dise ; lateral

margins strongly emarginate, bicarinate, and smooth. Humeral prominences not

very distinct.

Pygidium emarginate, twice as wide as long, and very sparingly punctured.

Anterior and posterior femora smooth, with a few large punctures scattered

over the thick portions and margins, the punctures being furnished with short light

brown hairs.

Anterior tibiae four-dentate ; dise impunctate, but with a raised crenulated

carina which terminates in a short raised tooth at the base of the basal tooth, the

sarina being provided with a row of short porrect hairs. The indentations between

the teeth on the exterior margin are scalloped.

Posterior tibiae long, curved, and fringed with short hairs ; posterior coxae

produced into a short sharp spine.

Abdomen almost impunctate on dise, rather finely punctured at sides.

Mesosternum almost impunctate, a small longitudinal depression on dise, and

produced to an obtuse impunctate keel, which is thickly punctured on the sides and

sparingly furnished with short pitchy hairs.

( 421 )

Mesothorax almost impunctate, with a number of fine long pitehy hairs on the

lower surface.

Long. corp. 20—22 mm.

Hab. S.W. Madagascar.

Type in the Tring Museum.

Mons. Kunkel D’Herculais figures an Actinophorus in Grandidier’s Mist. Nat.

de Madagascar (Col.), Vol. II. Pt. I. Pl. 17. f. 1, which he calls Ateuchus radama.

The above insect, however, differs from the poorly exeeuted figure of D’Herculais

in having four teeth on the exterior margin of the anterior tibiae and is of a much

greener hue. As a large number of the Coprophaga figured in the above work

are quite unrecognisable, I think it would be far more convenient and cause less

confusion if D’Herenlais’ names were dropped altogether.

ON SOME NEW SUBSPECIES OF PAPILIO.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

1. Papilio alcinous loochooanus subsp. noy.

d. This form combines in colour and structure the characters of the Japanese

alcinous alcinous Klug and the Chinese wlcinous confusus Rothsch. The front of the

head is clothed with red and black hairs as in confusus; the submarginal spots to the

underside of the hindwing are shaped as in w/cinous, those between the discoidal and

median veins being less arched than in the Chinese form. The colour of the spots

varies from bright red to pale pink ; sometimes the spots are marked on the upper-

side. The harpe (see Nov. Zoor. 1895. t. VI.) agrees with that of the Japanese

form.

Hab. Okinawa, Loo Choo Islands.

2. Papilio coon palembanganus subsp. nov.

d. Upperside: the subcostal and discocellular veins of the hindwing a little

more broadly black than in coon coon F., the two white spots near the apex of the

cell between veins 3 and 5 absent; two submarginal spots only marked, one

between veins 5 and 6, ovate, situated nearly 4 mm. from the margin; the

other between veins 4 and 5, lunate, 5 mm. from the margin of the wing;

the first and two last submarginal spots of coon coon are absent ; the marginal spots

at the end of veins 2 and 3 yellow as in coon coon, somewhat smaller.

Underside: all the spots of the Javan coon present in the Sumatran form: the

discal spot between veins 4 and 5 is minute; the first and two last white sub-

marginal spots are smaller than in coo» coon, the last joined to the marginal spot

by means of a thin line.

Hab. Upper Musi River, Palembang district, Sumatra; 103° E. Long., 3° S. Lat.

( 422 )

3. Papilio euchenor novohibernicus subsp. nov.

d. Black spot at the inside of the first ochreous submarginal spot to the

underside of the hindwing almost circular, diameter 5 mm.

$. Markings of median band of forewing larger than in P. euchenor depilis

Rothsch. except the last spot, which has a length of only 13 mm. ; the last but one

patch is 6 mm. long at vein 2, while the two preceding ones have a length of

19 mm. each. The postcostal black spot of hindwing still more rounded than in

male and somewhat smaller.

Hab. Neu Mecklenburg (= New Ireland).

Easily distinguished from P. ewchenor depilis Rothsch. from Neu Pommern

(= New Britain) by the shape of the postcostal black spot mentioned in the above

description, which in depilis is bar-like (width 3 mm.).

4. Papilio aegeus keianus subsp. nov.

d. The subapical series of spots on the forewing is in all my specimens present,

but the spots are small, anguliform, and sometimes partly obliterated; below, the

grey scales in the apex of the wing are nearly absent.

The white band on the upperside of the hindwing stops at the lower median

branch (while in P. aegeus ormenus Guér. it is extended beyond that vein); it varies in

breadth as in ormenus, but the two last patches are shorter, and hence the marginal

black area between the median nervules is broader than in that form; the orange-red

anal spot is rather large (transverse diameter 3 mm. in fype-specimen), or very

small, but from not one of my specimens absent. Below, the submarginal row of

reddish orange spots is complete (type), or the anterior spots are obliterated, in

some specimens onky the anal spot and the preceding one being marked; the anal

mark is always large, diameters 42 and 5 mm. in fype, in other specimens little

less; there are usually three distinct blue subdiscal lunules marked (type), and

an indistinet blue spot between veins 6 and 7; the grey lunules standing before

them in ormenus are either absent (type) or slightly marked.

9. Dimorphie, the forms corresponding to ormenus 9-f. polydorinus and 9 -f.

amanga, in Nov. Zoor. p. 307 (1895).

a. 9-f. amaranta f. nov.—The patch in the apex of the cell and the elongate

discal patches purer white than in aegeus ormenus, more sharply defined, especially

on the underside ; the cellular patch varies in size from 8 to 4 mm. (longitudinally);

the marginal markings are much larger than in any other form of aegeus, coming

in size near those of the 9 of P. gambrisius, the last but one, for instance, being

4 mm. broad and 14 long ; there is in most individuals (/7pe) a distinct trace of small

buffish submarginal spots, which, if joined to the marginal ones, would produce a

kind of nail-head-shaped mark as it is found in the male of P. polytes L.

The white discal area of the hindwing agrees with that of ormenus 9-f.

polydorinus as figured by Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. t. 3. f. 3, which

is said to be from Waigeu, though in characters it agrees well with the Kei

Island form ; the submarginal and marginal spots are as large as in Wallace's figure

( 423 )

or somewhat larger, the marginal spots being at least twice as large as in other

forms of aegeus. Below, there are in some specimens, besides the discal series of

blue lunules, two reddish orange discal spots present, covered by the two last blue

markings ; the additional orange mark which stands between veins 2 and 3 is

joined by a broad bar to the respective submarginal spot.

b. 9-f. blanca f. nov.—Forewing as in Wallace's fig. 4 of t. 3, le., but the

marginal spots more prominent. Hindwing as in the palest specimens of ormenus,

but the black discal patches between the median branches midway between outer

margin and cell, hence distinctly nearer the cell than in ormenus 9 -f. amanga ; the

two anterior orange submarginal spots withiu the anterior black area are as large

as in Wallace's fig. 4, l.c. ; the marginal spots as large as in the preceding 9 -form.

Below, the first submarginal spot is joined along vein 7 to the marginal spot.

Hab. Kei Toeal (Little Kei Island), collected by Capt. H. Cayley Webster in

January to March 1896.

Easily distinguished from the allied forms in the male by the band of the

hindwing not being extended beyond vein 2, and in the female by the larger

marginal spots to both wings.

The specimens from Goram, figured by Wallace, l.e., seem to belong to this

subspecies, not to «egeus ormenus Guér.

5. Papilio castor formosanus subsp. nov.

d. Upperside: black. Hindwing produced into a short tooth (21 mm. in

length) at the first median branch, with a discal series of four spots between costal

margin and vein 4 : the first rounded, diameter 22 mm. ; the second rounded basally,

truncate exteriorly, length 6 mm., breadth 44; the third 1 mm. short of cell,

obliquely truncate exteriorly, having a length of 8 mm. at vein 6*and of 6} at vein 5 :

the fourth elongate-ovate, 5 mm. long and barely 2 mm. broad.

Underside : forewing with a minute white dot upon the second discocellular

vein, and with extremely small white marginal spots between the veins. Hind-

wing with the first discal spot represented only by a few white scales; the other

three spots stand farther away from the cell than above and are shorter, their

respective length being 4, 6, and 4 mm. ; between veins 2 and 4 there are two more

discal white spots of very small size (1 to 14 mm.) ; the white marginal lunules

small.

$. Upperside: brownish black. Forewing with a minute white dot on the

second discocellular vein ; marginal white spots larger than in male, those between

the median branches measuring $ mm. to 1 mm. in width. Hindwing with three

discal creamy buff patches between veins 4 and 7, similar to those of the male, and

a minute spot before and another behind them ; two indistinct submarginal spots

between veins 6 and 8.

Underside : forewing with a distinct milky-white spot on the second disco-

cellular vein, 1} mm. long; the marginal spots as above; a series of indistinct, minute,

white, submarginal dots, situated between veins 15 and 7 upon the internervular

folds about 5 mm. from the margin. Hindwing with a series of seven discal spots,

the four first sinuate exteriorly, larger than the three others, the third the largest ;

between veins 5 and 7, and another near angle ; tooth at vein 4, as in d.

Hab. North Formosa, hills near Kelung, 500 to 1500 feet, July 1896; one pair

collected by Mr. Jonas.

length of the spots 24, 31, 53, 4, 13, 1, and 4 mm. ; two submarginal white lunules

6. Papilio codrus toealensis subsp. nov.

d. Upperside: darker green than in codrus codrus Cram. and codrus medon

Feld.; the median macular band consists of nine spots, which are of the same pale

green colour as in codrus codrus ; the last spot is rounded posteriorly, and measures

at the submedian vein 5$ mm. in length; the length of the preceding spot is 6 mm.

at submedian vein and 5 mm. at lower median branch ; the two next spots are equal

in length (5 mm.). The hindwing is more prolonged than in medon, the first

median vein (traversing tail) having a length of 34 mm.; the grey scaling of the

basal half of the wing does not extend on the disc beyond the end of the cell, and

the tip of the tail is whitish grey for 14 mm.

Underside: darker brown than in medon; the median band broader than above,

the last four spots touching each other and having somewhat increased in length.

Hindwing with a white mark behind the costal vein, situate 16 mm. from the base

and 11 mm. from the end of the costal nervure ; the mark is rounded (diameter

24 mm.), and behind it there are some grey scales ; between veins 2 and 4 there are,

near the outer margin of the wing, two small patches of grey scales.

9. Agrees with the male, but the deep green gloss is absent from the upper-

side; the tip of the tail is whitish grey to a greater extent (3 mm.), and there is a

buffish white, minute, marginal spot at the end of the second median branch of the

hindwing below.

The variation is very slight. The grey submarginal patches of scattered scales

on the underside of the hindwing between veins 2 and 4 are sometimes absent ; in

one of the females the dimensions of the costal mark of the left hindwing below are

only 1 and 1} mm., while those of the right hindwing are 2 and 2} mm.

Hab. Kei Toeal (Little Kei Island), collected by Capt. H. Cayley Webster,

January to March 1896. -

Is easily distinguished from P. codrus codrus Cram. by the presence of a large

pale green mark behind the submedian vein on the forewing; from codrus gilolensis

Wall. by the deeper green colour of the upperside (in d), the longer hindwings,

the larger and less rounded spots of the median band, and the costal mark on the

underside of the hindwing standing nearer the end of the costal nervure; from

codrus medon Feld. by the narrower median band, the less extended grey scaling

on the upperside of the hindwing, and the very much smaller costal mark.

7. Papilio eurypylus melampus subsp. noy.

d. Forewing longer and narrower than in the other Papuan races of eurypylus,

vein 5 having a length of 10 mm., while the total length of the wing is 44 mm.

Upperside : median band nearly as in P. eurypylus eurypylus L., the last four spots

measuring in length 5, 74, 8, and 8 mm. respectively; the last three not separated

from one another; the preceding one is separated by the black vein ; cell with four

( 425 )

spots only, the second from base being absent; band of hindwing 7 mm. wide at

subcosta ; submarginal spots very small.

Underside: submarginal spots to both wings small, those of the hindwings

especially minute as compared with the spots of the other Papuan races ; the two

additional linear spots near the second submarginal mark of the hind wing 1 mm. long;

the red markings as large as in eurypylus eurypylus ; cell with a white and red spot

in the apex; the subbasal white fascia extending, as in the Moluccan form, from

the costal margin to the subcosta, and at the costa of 12 mm. breadth.

9. Like the male ; median band posteriorly } mm. wider ; cell (above) with

three markings only, the two basal ones being absent.

Hab. Kei Toeal (Little Kei Island), collected by Capt. H. Cayley Webster,

January to March 1896.

Varies in the number of markings present in the cell of the forewings; one

of the specimens has only the comma-shaped spot marked on the upperside. The

spot in the apex of the cell of the hindwing below is sometimes absent.

A very remarkable aberration from the same locality is the following one :—

ab. rufinus ab. nov.

On the underside of the hindwing there is, besides the costal red mark before

the costal nervure, a heavy red bar between this spot and the subcosta, reminding

one strongly of the red bar found in P. sarpedon L.

The Kei Islands form of P. eurypylus L. is distinguished from the New Guinean

race by the much narrower median band of the wings, the larger red markings ofthe

underside, the smaller submarginal spots, and the broader subbasal white fascia of

the hindwing below; from P. eurypylus eurypylus L. from the Moluceas it differs

in the absence of one or more cellular spots from the forewing above and in the

small submarginal spots to the hindwing below.

( 426 )

ON MECHANICAL SELECTION AND OTHER PROBLEMS.

Bx KARL JORDAN, Dr. Putt.

[Plates XVI., XVII., XVIII., and XIX].

Ab peculiar kind of variation I have to deal with in this paper concerns some

accessory organs of the reproductive system of a group of insects, and bears

closely upon Romanes’s theory of Physiological Selection. It is æ priori evident

that the demonstration of the occurrence of an extensive variability in any part of

those organs which are the most important for the preservation of animated nature

must be of far-reaching consequence in respect to the origin of species. As the mere

statement of the facts would be unintelligible to the general reader who has no

special knowledge of the animals in question, I shall endeavour to interpret the facts.

However, before I begin to give the details, it is necessary to come to an understand-

ing about some questions of a general character, and this necessitates my entering,

rather reluctantly, upon a ground which nowadays has so often been traversed, with

and without success: I should not do so, if the facts I bring forth, and the con-

clusions I have to derive from them, did not put me in contraposition to a good

many naturalists. Being surrounded by cabinets full of specimens, I shall, during this

excursion on a theoretical ground, always be reminded that possibilities arrived at

by general reasoning are often impossibilities in nature, in so far as what is a priori

possible or even probable may be found not to occur in nature.

I.—INTRODUCTORY NOTES.

Everybody who is a little acquainted with the diagnostic works on Zoology or

Botany will know sufficiently that a continuous question of contest amongst us

species-makers is whether a given form of animal or plant is a “ distinct species” or

not ; and he will also have become aware that in many cases the contending parties

do not come to an understanding, because, though using the same term “ species,” the

mutual conception of that term is widely different. And this is so not only amongst

us species-makers, but we meet with the phenomenon also in the essays of a more

philosophical kind which bear upon the theory of evolution. It would almost appear,

in fact, as if a “species” is that which a respective author chooses to consider a

"species." It is not necessary to give any illustration taken from systematic works,

first, since we do not think it does much harm to the value of purely diagnostic articles

whether the term “species” is always applied in the same sense by the same or

various authors ; secondly, because illustrations can be found in any volume containing

descriptions of varieties and species. In matural philosophy, however, so far as it

endeavours to explain by theories the diversities in animated nature, it is all important

that an author has a fixed idea of that diversity which he in his writings calls

a “species,” and therefore we will give here an illustration of the before-mentioned

phenomenon taken from this side of our science.

In a short article in which he claims priority over Romanes with regard to

physiological selection, Dahl* proceeds to say that a separation of the varieties of

one species into more species within the same locality is not possible, if the various

* Zool. Anzeiger 1889. p. 262.

( 427 )

varieties did not possess, besides the (morphological) distinguishing characters, either

antipathy against mutual intercrossing, or mutual sterility, or both qualities; and

he gives the following illustration :—

“The caterpillars of the two closely allied species of butterflies Gonopteryx

rhamni and G. cleopatra became adapted to different species of plants, the one

to Rhamnus frangula [and cathartica], the other to Rhamnus alpina, i.e. the

apparatus of digestion became so modified that those species of plants could be made

use of [physiologically]in the best possiblemanner. With the condition of the organs

of digestion was associated, perhaps indirectly, a somewhat different yellow colour in

the imago-state, and here the preference could begin to act. . . . Against a thousand

butterflies adapted to Rhamnus alpina there occurred perhaps two which were pre-

possessed in favour of a deeper yellow colour, two which preferred a lighter yellow

tint, while those thousand were indifferent [to the deeper or lighter tint of yellow].

The first-named [two] specimens copulated with individuals adapted to Rhamnus

alpina, and gave birth only to fully fertile offspring. The second group [two speci-

mens] copulated with light-coloured individuals adapted to Rhamnus frangula, and

gave birth to non-fertile intergraduates. Of the thousand specimens one half copu-

lated with specimens adapted to Rhamnus alpina, the other half with specimens

adapted to Rhamnus frangula ; of the two halves, therefore, only the first gave birth

to fully fertile offspring. . . . It is easily to be seen that the number of those indi-

viduals which were prepossessed in favour of closely allied specimens [in colour] would

grow very quickly, and that the number of the others must very soon become reduced,

even if this number at the beginning [of the selection] is still more preponderating

[than in the above illustration ].”

As the author expressly states that the divarication of species at the same locality

is not possible if together with the “ development of the distinyuishing characters

there did not take place a development of dislike,” ete., we must take it asthe meaning

of the illustration that Gonopteryx rhamni and G. cleopatra have developed from

a common ancestor into two species by means of psychological selection. Or, to put

it figuratively, the species A developed into two varieties, A’ and 4°, in consequence

of the caterpillars becoming changed by the influence of the different food-plants ;

then psychological selection on the part of some females set in and modified those

two varieties more and more, so that the varieties A! and A? became in the course of

time two “ species" Band C. Which characters does the author attribute to the two

varieties A’ and A’ at the time when selection commenced to act? There were four

distinguishing characters: (1) At and A’ were different in the chemistry of their

body; (2) they were so different in colour that the females could perceive the

difference ; (3) A’ produced only pale specimens, and A?” only deeper-coloured speci-

mens, i.e. they bred true; (4) the cross-products were not fit to propagate. Now, if

forms so widely distinguished morphologically and physiologically as A! and A? are

not “species,” then we fear there are no species at all. The author apparently con-

founds the transmutation of one species into one other and the separation of a

species into two or more. ‘The illustration does not show how by means of psycho-

logical selection (or any other modifying factor) G. cleopatra and G. rhamni have in

the same locality developed from one common ancestor into two species, but shows

how the two “species” cleopatra and rhamni might become the one a paler and

paler, the other a deeper and deeper yellow “ species.” At the time when selection

set in in Dahl’s illustration there were already two “ species," and hence the specific

distinetness of the two is not the outcome of psychological selection.

( 428 )

In order to avoid similar confusion we have to come to a conclusion which

definition of the term “species” as opposed to the lower degrees of variation we will

accept, before we discuss the variability of the genital armature within the limits of

a “ species.”

As most of us pretend to be evolutionists, let us take it as an axiom, which we

need not discuss here any more, that the great divergeney exhibited in animated

nature is the result of the development of the various forms of animals and

plants from a common ancestor. Before Darwin brought forward his theory of

evolution naturalists had to solve one question: which are the differences found to

exist among the various forms of animals and plants? The question which is put to

naturalists nowadays is, however, twofold: (1) which kinds of divergeney do we find

to exist in nature? (2) how has this divergeney come about ?

It seems to us to be a rather general assumption amongst naturalists, no matter

whether they treat animated nature from the point of view of a philosopher, or

whether they work with the individual specimens, that the variation of the individuals

which belong to a complex called species is such that, with the exception of marked

di- and polymorphism, we can draw up a series of specimens which form a con-

tinuous chain from one extreme variety to the other, the differences between the

adjoining links being extremely slight. And it is almost natural that the assumption

should be so general. The question which governs zoological work is one of specific

differences on the side of us systematists, and one of the causes of the specific and

non-specific characters on the side of the biologists, and over the. consideration of

“ characters” it has been lost sight of that speaking of a specific character and the

variability of characters means, in fact, speaking of abstracta, while our work must

be based upon concreta, upon the individual specimens. The variation of an organ

may be continuous; in a series of individuals a certain organ may even be constant;

but that does by no means imply that the individuals as opposed to one of their

organs form a continuous chain. An individual has many “characters,” and these

do not vary in the same manner and degree in the various specimens; some indi-

viduals may be almost identical in one or some characters, while they are widely

different in other respects, and this will at once become manifest to everybody who

actually tries to put together a “continuous” series of specimens. An illustration will

bring the fact more closely to mind. A, B, C, D may represent individuals; a, b, c,

three characters; a, a’, a’, at, ete., b!, b?, ete., c', c", c), ete., may be minute degrees

of development of the characters. Now, if we arrange the individuals according

to the gradual development of the character a, and thus have a continuous series in

respect to this charaeter, the chain of individuals will nevertheless be discontinuous,

as in the following diagram :—

A BNI e T) Nien.

al a? a? As ie to

ge b! be DIE Loc

cl et c Cote nie

If we further arrange the series according to the continuity of character b or oc,

not only will the individuals A, B, C . . . stand in other places within the new

series, but also new individuals must be introduced to make the chain again con-

tinuous. Hence it will be sufficiently clear that, notwithstanding the variation of every

organ of a species may be continuous, the individuals each being a sum of organs

( 429 )

form a discontinuous series. We can express this phenomenon in other words as the

law of independent variation of organs as opposed to the correlative variation

of organs.

There are many species in which not only the individuals form discontinuous

series, but which exhibit also one or more discontinuously variable characters ; and it

is especially the appearance of such discontinuity which Bateson so amply illustrates

in Materials for the Study of Variation (London, 1894). In this case the specimens

belonging to a species can be arranged into groups according to a discontinuous

character, each group containing individuals in which that character is continuous or

nearly so, while from one group to the other that character exhibits a more or less

wide gap. In diagnostic zoology the groups of individuals of polymorphic animals

have often been mistaken for distinct species. The study of independent discontinuous

variation of two or more organs can, however, often help us to distinguish poly-

morphism from specifie distinctness. In the following diagram the specimens are

first arranged into groups according to character «, and then into groups according

to character b :—

I. 4 B C D E F

sil

al a? B rat a8 a?

bs b? D! b b? b?

cH el 6 5 9 12

i C D E A H I

In the first arrangement (I.) A B C form one, D E F another group; in the

second arrangement C D E belong to one, and’ A H 7 to another. In each case the

individuals À B C D E F H I form two groups not connected by intergradations, each

group, therefore, being conformable to what we species-makers call *species" as a

rule; but in the first arrangement the specimen C belongs together with A and B to a

* species," while in the second arrangement it stands together with D and E, which,

according to arrangement I., are specifically different from A, B, and C. The danger

of arriving at erroneous results by taking into account only one organ is so evident

and so well known that one must wonder how it is possible that nevertheless a classi-

fication—for example, of Lepidoptera—based upon wing-markings alone, or upon

neuration, can be expected to be an exact expression of the blood-relationship of the

classified forms.

Whieh characters are correlated and which independent in respect to variation

can only be found out by the study of individual variation; where this study is

neglected correlated characters are often taken to be independent diagnostic char-

acters. The length of the wing and the breadth of the wing-bands are often correlated

in Lepidoptera, and so is in many cases the lesser or greater concavity of the outer

margin of the forewing of butterflies depending on the length of the wing; to say in

such cases that a certain form of butterfly differs from another form in the wing being

longer, externally more concave and having narrower bands, would amount to the

same as if in the case of two black forms with yellow spots we should say that the one

is differentiated from the other by the yellow spots being restricted and by the black

ground-colour being extended,

( 430 )

The independent variability of organs found to exist among the individuals

derived from one female, or among the individuals flying in the same locality—in

short, among specimens about the specific identity of which there is no doubt—leads

us to the conclusion that the same organs of the same species vary also independently

in other localities. The distinguishing characters of a geographical race thus can be

shown to be independent of one another, and that the association of distinguishing

characters is not correlation of these characters, which is of the greatest importance,

if we come to consider the causes of the divergence exhibited by such races, the

degree of relationship of the races, and the probable history of their geographical

distribution. We mention in this place only that, as the wing-form and wing-pattern

of the Papilios vary independently of the copulatory organs, we shall find in the body

of this paper ample illustrations of those three phylogenetical and biological pheno-

mena, The first we have to do is in every case to study the individual variation in

order to know which characters are correlated and which not in respect to variation,

then to study the characters of the same organs of the geographical representatives

of the same species, and finally to compare the results we arrive at, if we draw from

each single independent character conclusions as to subspecifie and specific distinctness,

the influence of the evolutionistic factors, and the history of this influence.

The occasional appearance of individuals, mostly single or in very small numbers,

amongst the normal specimens, differing widely from the latter in one or more

points, we have to classify as a peculiar kind of di- and polymorphism. The so-called

sports and monstrosities, between which terms there is no line of delimitation, as

there is also no such line between normal and abnormal varieties, belong to this kind

of discontinuous variation, and it is a rather general assumption that the characters of

such sports and monstrosities get swamped away by intercrossing. Is this really true

in the verbal sense? If swamped away means “ not appearing in the direct offspring ”

of that abnormal specimen, it might often be correct ; but if it means disappearing

for ever, never reappearing amongst the individuals constituting the species, it is not

true. Many sports and even monstrosities are found again and again, as every collector

knows; and when an exceptionally abnormal variety has been found once, there is no

reason for the assumption that it will not be found a second time. In fact, the

collectors, who work with individuals, expect and hope to come across such a variety

themselves. If, for example, somebody had published this year that from one of his

pupae of Acherontia atropos (death-head moth) a specimen with entirely ochreous

wings had emerged, we are quite sure that all those who are in possession of a con-

siderable number of pupae of this insect would look forward to the emergence of the

imagines with the eager expectation to find such an individual among them.”

The repeated occurrence of the same abnormal variety is, to our mind, of the

greatest importance, as the repetition of the phenomenon is a proof that the variety,

how abnormal and rare it ever may be, is not entirely swamped away from the species,

and that the constitution of the individuals of the respective species, taken asa whole,

is such that under certain circumstances, whichever they may be, the variety will be

produced, or even must be produced. It is, therefore, quite intelligible that, when

those certain circumstances become more frequent, the variety which we now call

abnormal might become normal. From this point of view, the record of unusual

varieties, including monstrosities, is by no means so unimportant as it appears to

be to the systematist who recognises only “ distinct ” species. On the contrary, we

* For illustrations see Bateson, Materials fort Study of Variation. London, 1894.

( 431 )

maintain with Eimer that abnormal varieties show distinctly the directions in which a

species is able to develop. We give an illustration. For certain reasons which we cannot

explain here, as they concern details of structure, we must consider Papilio sarpedon

to be derived from a form which had green spots within the cell of the forewing and

a submarginal row of green markings, and that P. sarpedon is now on the way to lose

the green markings altogether. The specimens of P. sarpedon from the Solomon

Islands have preserved some of the additional spots, while in the forms from other

localities the forewing has only a median macular band ; in South India and Ceylon

the first spot of this band disappears very often, and in China the band of the hind-

wing is often reduced to a costal patch. Now, Mr. de Nicéville figures a “ sport " from

Sumatra * in which the median band of both wings has disappeared, except a small

spot, and which therefore has an almost entirely black upperside. The specimen is now

in the Tring Museum, which contains also another individual of P. sarpedon (from

Sikkim) that has the median band of the forewing dusted over with black scales,

which conceal partly the green ground-colour of the wing-membrane. The direction

of development indicated by these two “ sports” coincides with that which we are led

by structural characters to consider the real direction of development of P. sarpedon,

and the importance of this coincidence is obvious.

Apart from polymorphism among the individuals in the same locality, we

observe very commonly a polymorphism in which the various forms are separated

geographically. This geographical polymorphism we shall have to deal with later

on, and therefore we restrict ourselves here to the remark that the various geographical

varieties are, just like the forms of ordinary polymorphism, often not connected by

intergradations, and thus are likely to mislead us species-makers to treat them as

“distinct species”; in the latter respect geographical and non-geographical poly-

morphism have much in common, because they are homologous phenomena, as we

shall soon see; and we may add that geographical separation of different forms

cannot be an a priori criterion of specific distinctness, though this has often enough

been alleged.

The individual variation including non-geographical and geographical polymor-

phism, as dealt with in the preceding lines, concerns especially the individuals which

exist as contemporaries; now let us briefly consider the historical side of the

variation. According to the theory of evolution, the descendants have in the course

of time (gradually or per saltwm, in respect to the distinguishing characters as well

as to time) become dissimilar to their ancestors; we assume generally that a long

period was necessary to bring a considerable change in an animal or plant about. A

period of one or two hundred years is by many systematists considered quite in-

sufficient to alter in nature a form of animal or plant so far that the change is

obvious, or that any transformation has taken place at all within the same locality.

Though we accept the theory of the transmutation of the species in the course of time

as the base of scientific work in Natural History, we nevertheless identify the forms

found in our days with the forms which our forefathers in science had before them ;

without hesitation we treat the forms, whether they be species or variety, captured

in 1896, as identical with those which Linné received a hundred and fifty years ago, or

which Merian or Seba obtained about two hundred years back. And when we observe

a difference between our recent specimens and the old pictures, differences which are

by no means always explainable by the assumption of incorrectness of the drawings,

* Journ. Bombay N. H- Soc. 1893. p. 54. t. L. f. 11 (4).

( 432 )

the very last we think of in systematic work is that the form we now receive from a

particular locality has actually changed during the last fifty or two hundred years.

Of course, our knowledge of a single specimen of a certain form preserved from the

collections made during the last century, and our knowledge of an old figure of that

form, does not enable us to draw any conclusions as to the extent of variation of that

form at the time of its capture, nor does such poor knowledge admit any conclusion as

to a probable transformation. The evidence is gone, and that is very much to be

regretted.* But should not the want of evidence from the past be a hint to us to

procure more evidence for the scientists who come after us? It is all important to

prove that the transmutation of species upon which the theory of evolution is based

actually takes place ; and it would be a good object for small provincial museums to

preserve long series of specimens, with exact dates, at least of the species of those

families of the respective district which are known to be easily influenced by the

transmutating factors, families which moreover are easily preserved, such as butter-

flies and moths, wingless beetles, and landshells; museums with such collections

would not be simply a sight for the publie, but they would be of scientifie value,

and their scientific success would be far superior to that which they can obtain by

gathering sparse material from all countries of the globe. There would certainly be

no want of voluntary help from the side of private collectors in civilised countries.

‘The study of the local fauna and flora and their variation carried out in this sense,

though many systematists and species-makers (which terms are not always syn-

onymous) look down upon the study of aberrations as being unscientifie, stands far

above the mere descriptions of new species, which mostly do not help the least to

solve the all-governing questions of evolution, but add simply some more “species "

to the hundreds of thousands of * species" already made known.

However, we are not entirely left without evidence that transformation is

actually going on under our eyes We know from many plants f and a small

number of animals that geographical races, when reared under conditions other than

those of the country where the race lives, change in characters; we refer to the Porto

Santo rabbits,t and Polyommatus phlaeas,$ and Pieris brassicae.| And a striking

* Since the above was written I have received Oberthür's Études d' Entomologie XX. 1896. Here

Oberthiir tries to demonstrate from copies of old figures of Lepidoptera and figures of recently caught specimens

that no change has taken place in these insects since Linné’s time. The differences, however, which are

exhibited by these old drawings and the figures of the recent specimens are not only so conspicuous that |

identity is entirely out of the question, but the differences are such that if they actually were found in- |

contemporary specimens, many prominent Lepidopterists, including Mr. Ch. Oberthür himself, would treat |

these differences as being of “ specific ” value. In fact, Clerck's figure of Papilio deiphobus resembles much |

more that insect which Felder separated as a distinct species (Papilio deiphontes) than it does Oberthür's

figure of a specimen of deiphobus caught in 1893. Oberthür must have been led by that kind of reasoning

indicated in the above text, else he could not have spoken of a “ proof” that the species in question have

not undergone “ the least modification.” This kind of reasoning is: first the figures of Clerck are mentally

corrected according to the characters of recent specimens, then the characters thus corrected are

pronounced to be identical with those of recent specimens. |

I by no means will say that the particular species in question have been transformed since Linné’s

time ; but I maintain that if there is any evidence as to transformation or non-transformation, the

evidence is certainly in favour of transformation.

+ Kerner, Gute und schlechte Arten, gives many illustrations of the transformation of plants.

1 Darwin, Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, 2nd edition, London, 1888. p. 119.

§ Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent. From pupae of the southern form of Polyommatus

phlaeas brought from Italy to Germany imagines emerged which were intermediate between the Italian

and German forms.

| Seudder, Butterflies of New England YI. 1889. p. 1175, gives a detailed account of the gradual

spread of Pieris rapae, which butterfly was first noticed in Canada in 1860, and describes a new variety

(novangliac) into which rapae has developed,

( 433 )

illustration of the fact that in a certain district a transformation of a species takes place

has been published during recent years from different sides. A moth of the family

Geometridae, Amphidasis betularius, has a black and a white form (with intergrada-

tions) : the black form (doubledayarius), which for a long time was known to occur

in Great Britain, was very rarely found in North-Western Germany ; during the last

ten to twenty years, however, the black form has become more frequent, and is at the

Lower Rhine now nearly as common as the white form, Without trying to give an

explanation of this phenomenon, which speaks for itself, it is of interest to note that

in countries with a rational cultivation of the soil the changes in the immediate

neighbourhood of the animals are very varied : the disappearance of swamps, planting

of new forests on barren hills, artificial watering of pasture land, and so on, will not

only destroy many forms, and give opportunity for other forms coming into the

district; but these changes will most probably also have a certain amount of influence

on those animals and plants which remain residents, at least on those forms which,

like butterflies and plants, are very sensible to a change in the biological factors ;

and it would be highly interesting to have correct data whether perhaps a visible

transformation of some animals and plants would be effected in a shorter time in a

country with an intensive cultivation of the soil (like France) than in a country (like

England) in which agriculture is more stagnant. Certainly we will not maintain that

all the forms of animated nature have changed during the last hundred and fifty

years, but will only draw attention to the historical side of the question, which

cannot be entirely neglected. Palaeontology teaches us that there are forms which

for a very long time have not changed, at least not in those parts which have been

preserved; while, on the other hand, we know from palaeontology that in most cases

a change must have taken place.

At subsequent geological epochs the earth has been inhabited by different

faunas and floras; that we know. If we had now before us all the specimens of

animals and plants which ever have existed, and tried to group them as we do with

the specimens in our collections, what would be the result? "The gaps between the

various forms would all be filled up by intergradations; * the Gorilla would be as

different from the Giraffe as he is now; but tracing both animals back to their

common ancestral form, we could draw up a series of individuals which would perfectly

connect the two animals, and which would not allow us to draw a line of division;

Gorilla and Giraffe thus would appear to be merely the extremes of the series. If, as

- we mostly practically do, the “ species” are based only upon morphological differences,

all the animals and plants would belong to one variable species. Any definition,

therefore, based solely upon morphological differences must necessarily be a failure, and

it follows also that the allegation that a certain form is a * distinct species " because

there are no intergradations between it and the allied forms is in discordance with

the theory of evolution, according to which the intergradations did oceur, but are

perhaps now extinct.

If we trace the line of ancestrals of two given types back to the form from which

both have descended, we have for each type a separate line until we come to the

primordial type in which both lines combine. The line of ancestors of every species

comprises the different steps of development from the primordial form down to the

recent form, and represents the historical polymorphism of the species, in opposition

to contemporary polymorphism. Are the differences between the steps of develop-

ment “specific” differences? Hipparion and Equus, though assumed to stand in

* Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin II. London, 1895. p. 282,

( 434 )

the relationship of ancestor and descendant, are treated as members of difterent

families ; if it is right to keep ancestor and descendant, in spite of the intergradations

which have existed according to the theory of evolution, in separate families in this

case, why do we not do it in the case of the horses which our forefathers rode and

those which live now? If it is the presence of morphological difference which leads

us to split up in the one case, and the absence of such difference in the other case to

unite, why then are Distomwm, Redia, and Cercaria; Rhabdonema and Rhabditis ;

Vanessa levama and its offspring prorsa, the same species ? Morphological difference

alone is not a criterion of specific distinctness.

Besides the morphological differences among animals we observe a mental or

psychological difference. It has often been noticed that in mixed flocks of sheep *

or cattle the individuals belonging to the same race often keep separate from the rest,

and it is also well known that in the state of nature strangers are driven away or

even killed. Though psychological selection, as manifested in these cases, is of

importance to accelerate the transformation of a variety and to fix the varietal

characters, we believe that among domesticated animals it is very often not racial

community that keeps the individuals together, but the circumstance of being

accustomed to one another. In some distriets of Germany all the geese of a village

are driven to pasture in one large flock ; when on the pasture ground, the individuals

belonging to each house keep together, even if they are not the offspring of the same

parents, but are brought together from different villages as goslings: this keeping

together is an expression not of community of characters, nor of community of descent,

but of community of the stable.

For us systematists that kind of psychological variation is of more interest which

is the immediate outcome of morphological differences in the organs of sense and in

the organs which are destined to affect the senses. "The variability of the organs of

sense among higher animals, and the difference of discriminating power among the

individuals of the same species and race, are facts so well known that it is sufficient to

remind the reader of the variability in the eyesight of men, or of the difference between

dogs in regard to the power of smell. Among lower animals the senses are often very

differently developed in the various families; in insects the power of discriminating

form and colour seems generally to be rather weak, while in some families the organ

of smell is highly developed. Carrion- and dung-beetles are able not only to smell the

carrion or dung from a great distance, but, what is more important, they distinguish

between the scent of carrion and that of dung. The sexes of Lepidoptera and

Coleoptera are brought together by differences in the scent of the sexual scent-glands

of the various forms ; females of certain moths attract great numbers of males, even

if the female is kept in a box with holes, and there is not the least doubt that the

males of the various species of a genus follow the scent of the respective females and

not that of allied species. As individuals of one species sometimes come to a female

of another species, and as, further, dung-beetles are occasionally attracted by carrion,

we must conclude that the specimens of dung-beetles really perceive the scent of

dung and carrion, and that the males of insects not only perceive the scent of the

females of their own species, but also that of other species. The phenomenon that

dung-beetles come to dung, and that the males of a given species of insect follow the

scent of the females of their species, cannot be explained by the assumption that the

organ of smell of the specimens is so constructed that the insect is not able to per-

ceive any scent but that particular one. The specimens of allied species, therefore,

* Darwin, Variation of Animals, etc., 2nd Ed. London, 1888. p. 145,

( 435 )

discriminate between the various scents, and follow that scent which, to put it more

personally, incites them most. We have here a psychological selection. Now, if a

variation takes place in the organ of smell and in the scent-producing glands, it

seems to us evident that the effect will be such that the varietal individuals do not

follow the same scent as that to which the normal specimens give preference, but select

a varietal scent. Careful observations about psychological variation are extremely

scarce ; but we can give a beautiful illustration on the authority of Professor Standfuss,*

who says that at Zürich males of Callimorpha dominula came very rarely to females

of the Italian variety persona, while they were attracted in great numbers by the

females of dominula, We see here that morphological and psychological variation

can go hand in hand. If the power of discriminating scent is so highly developed

throughout the order of Lepidoptera as in the case of Callimorpha dominula, we

have a ready explanation of the phenomenon that the scent-organs, compared with the

colour and pattern of the wings, are so constant in Lepidoptera. It is readily con-

ceivable that the relative constancy of the scent-organs of Lepidoptera is a con-

sequence of psychological selection based upon the difference in the organ of smell

and in the scent-glands. And if we must admit the probability of the influence of

this kind of mental selection, we are justified in concluding that psychological selection

takes place in all animals whieh have one or the other organ of sense highly

developed. As, however, with the various organs of sense only certain kinds of

characters are perceivable, it is obvious that in different groups of animals psycho-

logical selection will affect different sets of characters according to which organ of

sense has a high power of discrimination. Thus it seems to us intelligible that there

exists such a strong contrast between Lepidoptera and birds in respect to the

constancy of colour and markings. The great variability in colour in the order of

Lepidoptera and the relatively slight variability f in scent-organs can be accounted

for by the presence of selection as to scent-organs and the absence of selection as to

colour,f while the surprisingly great constancy even in the shade of colour among

birds may largely be due to the sharp eyesight of these animals rendering them

capable of distinguishing between shades of colour, and hence inducing them to

associate with specimens of their own colour and to drive differently coloured indi-

viduals away.

The effect of the variation of psychical qualities as dependent on the variability

of the organs of sense can, like the variation of morphological eharacters, be

classified in individual, geographical, and historical polymorphism. The considera-

* Standfuss, Handbuch für Schmetterlingssammler, Jena, 1896, p. 107.

T The scent-organs of Lepidoptera, especially those of the males, are not constant in every case ; there

are even species in which they are very variable; and the colour of birds is also not constant in every

Species.

I Eimer, Artbildung und Verwandtschaft bei Schmetterlingen, tries to * prove ” on the ground of his

studies on the wing-pattern of Papilios that the transmutation of animated nature takes place without

natural selection. But even if?this be true as regards a direct effect of selection on the wing-pattern, it is

conceivable that psychological selection, which is a part of natural selection, can have, besides the direct

influence on *structural" characters, an indirect influence on the distribution of colour on the wings

Eimer is in so far quite right as he says with Darwin (not against Darwin) that incipient varieties cannot

have been originated by natural selection; where a “selection” takes place, there must already be a

difference amongst the individuals. As Eimer expressly says that natural selection cannot produce species

but only preserve species, and as, further, Eimer actually does not show how species (conforming to Eimer's

definition of species) but only how varieties originate, I cannot perceive why we should not attribute to

natural selection the preservation of varietal characters. Variation is, according to Darwin, not the out-

come of natural selection, but is the premiss of natural selection ; varietal characters can be preserved by

I do not perceive any great contrast between Darwin

selection and increased by survival of the fittest.

and Eimer in respect to these points,

( 436 )

tion of these three kinds of polymorphism in the previous lines led us to the

conclusion that morphological differences of any kind and degree are not decisive

criteria as to specific distinctness; the systematist actually sinks his species in

spite of distinguishing characters as soon as it is proved that the morphologically

different forms appear among the offspring of the same female. The most general

case of bodily difference which is not regarded as being specific is the difference

between males and females; notwithstanding the great dissimilarity which the

sexes so often exhibit, not only in the reproductive organs, but also in other

morphological characters, the systematist puts male and female together in one

species, and hence makes at once the concession that his term “species” is not a

purely morphological one, but that the higher criterion of the term is of a

physiological kind.

Although morphological identity means also specific identity, the inverse that

specific identity means morphological identity is not correct. The question, there-

fore, is now, which physiological divergence we will take as the real criterion of

specific distinctness,

We have seen above that the line of ancestors of a given type can be divided

into a recent portion which is independent of the lines of ancestors of all other types,

and into a remote portion in which the lines of several types are combined. The

specifie difference which now keeps allied types separate was absent from them in

remote times; what now is specifically different was formerly specifically identical.

Hence a definition of “ species,” 4e. a definition of what makes two types specifically

different, has to exclude any relation to the ancestral forms of the given types, but

has to take into consideration the contemporary types and their descendants. For

the sake of argument let us assume all types of animals and plants were monogamie;

so that every individual would produce offspring without copulation with another

individual. The question as to the characters of the descendants would be twofold:

first, the descendants of a type (taken as a whole) become under certain conditions so

changed that the gap which separates them from the descendants of another type is

entirely filled up by intergradations, or that the descendants of both types entirely

fuse together in characters; or, second, the sum of the descendants of each type

remains under all conditions separated by a morphological gap from all other sums

of descendants, whether the characters change or not. "We have already referred to

the transplantation of plants and animals by which it has been proved that forms

which were unhesitatingly considered specifically different became identical. The

divergency in the development of forms has in these cases been annihilated, and we

must conclude that similar divergencies will in nature also be annihilated when the

necessary conditions arise. If, therefore, all the various types in animated nature were

different only to that degree, it follows that under favourable circumstances all these

different forms would fuse together to one single type. Divergeney would change

into convergeney and identity, and there would be no question as to species. As we,

however, observe that fusing together is restricted to the nearest allied types, and

that with the greater divergency of allied forms the possibility of fusing decreases

until the forms remain separate under any condition, the term “species” as an expression

of the divergeney in nature must be an expression of that divergeney which, though

starting from identity in the ancestral forms, will never again develop into identity.

In the case of sexual propagation the question is more intricate in consequence

of the intererossing which takes place between different types. The question as to

the lines of descendants is threefold : the line of descendants of a given type fuses

( 437 )

completely together with that of one or more other types under certain con-

ditions, and the descendants are qualified for propagation; secondly, the line of

descendants remains separate under every condition; and thirdly, the lines of

descendants are partly fused by the appearance of cross-products, which, however, are

not fully qualified for propagation. The two first points are the same as those

mentioned under monogamic propagation. The third case is of little consequence ;

the cross-products, though often obscuring the fact of the independence of the

descendants of two given types, have really no influence. upon the lines of descend-

ants, as the offspring of the cross-products soon become extinct, and therefore do not

affect the eharacters of those descendants of the present types whieh are not cross-

products. In asexual and in sexual propagation we observe that the lines of

descendants of the various types exhibit this contrast, that they are either capable of

fusion or not capable of fusion: in the first case divergent development changes

under certain conditions into convergent development, and ends in identity ; in the

second case the development ends under every condition in divergency.

In order to see clearly which kind of divergency in animated nature we shall

have to term specific, we will shortly recapitulate those points which have to be taken

into consideration.

1. The presence of morphological distinguishing characters is not a final criterion

of specific distinctness; a definition of species based solely upon such differences not

only would not take into account individual, geographical, and historical polymorphism,

but would, if consequently applied, make every individual specifically distinct, as we

have seen that the sum of the characters of every individual is different from the

sum of the characters of every other individual.

2. Though according to the theory of evolution every species is the outcome

of the transmutation of another, ancestral species, we have only morphological

characters to distinguish ancestral and descendant species by. Therefore, considering

what is said under 1, a final criterion whether the different types which form the

.direct line of ancestors of a given type are “specifically” different is wanting;

palaeontology provides us with morphologically different specimens, which can never

be proved to have been specifically distinct. And as, further, allied species have at

a former period not been specifically different, a definition of the term * species "

based upon evolution must leave the line of extinct ancestors altogether out of

consideration.

3. As the theory of evolution further implies that a species can in the course of

time develop into one or more descendant species, the term * species" rigorously

applied must be restrieted to contemporary individuals. Hence the definition of the

term “species” as designating a certain kind, and always the same kind, of diversity

throughout animated nature, has to be arrived at by comparing the divergency of

coexistent types.

4. The theory of creation explains the diversity in animated nature by

assuming that every species from the time of its special creation to its extinction

isa unit separate from every other unit; allied species have never been and will

never be the same. The theory of evolution, abandoning special creation of each

species, puts in its place divergent development from a common form, but to explain

the actually existing great discrepancy in nature must assume, like the theory of

creation, that when a certain degree of divergency is attained the form of animal or

plant exhibiting this divergeney can never become one with any other form. This

degree of divergency stands in the same contraposition to all lower degrees of

( 438 )

development, which allow a fusion of the respective forms, as the negative does to

the affirmative, and therefore is different from the lower degrees of development not

only as to degree, but also as to kind.

5. From the fourth point it follows that if specific difference means a difference

of kind, not only of degree, the chief criterion of specific distinctness of a given form

of animal or plant is the impossibility of fusion with other forms.

Hence we have to accept the following definition of the term “ species ” :—

A species is a group of individuals which is differentiated from all other con-

temporary groups by one or more characters, and of which the descendants which

are fully qualified for propagation form again under all conditions of life one or

more groups of individuals differentiated from the descendants of all other growps

by one or more characters.

The reasons why we do not accept one of the definitions of species as given by

other authors are best stated by shortly discussing the definitions of Eimer,

Romanes, and Wallace.

I. Eimer's definition * is a purely physiological one :—

“ Species are groups of individuals which are so modified that sexual intercourse

does no longer take place between them and other groups, or that successful inter-

course is not unlimitedly possible."

Apart from the criteria of the term “ species" in this definition being negative,

we cannot accept the definition simply because it is not a definition in consequence of

its allowing us a choice between two different criteria. Let us diseuss these criteria

separately :—

l. “ Species are groups of individuals which are so modified that sexual inter-

course does no longer take place."

Aecording to this definition the- prevention of intercrossing is a consequence

of the modification of the groups of individuals. From several sides attention has

been drawn to the oceurrence of psychological seleetion among the individuals of the

same species, especially among specimens belonging to varieties of domesticated

animals. As in these cases intercrossing does not take place on account of a dislike

of the respective varieties, 7.e. as the prevention of intererossing is a consequence

of the modification of a species into varieties, these varieties would conform to

Eimer’s definition, and therefore would have to be considered as distinet species.

2. “ Species are groups of individuals which are so modified that successful sexual

intercourse is not unlimitedly possible.”

In the second part of his studies on Papiliosf Eimer claims priority over

Romanes as to the principal idea upon which Romanes based his theory of Physiological

Selection. The chief premiss of this theory is the occurrence of such a variation

among the individuals of the same species that a group of specimens does not only

not cross with the rest of the individuals on account of dislike, but is infertile or

restrietedly fertile with them, whereas the specimens of that group are inter se com-

pletely fertile. If such a physiological variation occurs, and there is no reason why

it should not occur, that group of individuals would constitute a species according to

Eimer's definition, in spite of the absence of morphological distinguishing characters,

and in spite of the offspring of the physiological variety belonging partly to the

* Eimer, Artbildung und Verwandtschaft bei Schmetterlingen, 1889. p. 16. Romanes, in Darwin and

After Darwin, 1895. p. 229, says that the * purely physiological definition is not nowadays entertained by

any naturalist.”

+ Eimer, Artbildung und Verwandtschaft bei Schmetterlingen Il. Jena, 1895. p. 14.

( 439 )

normal form of the species. Even if the physiological difference is accompanied by a

morphological difference, the variety cannot be considered a species as long as some

of its offspring are of the normal form; A and B are not specifically distinct as long

as A produces B, and B produces A.

II. Romanes's definition * is as follows :—

“A group of individuals which, however many characters they share with other

individuals, agree in presenting one or more characters of a peculiar and hereditary

kind, with some certain degree of distinctness.”

This definition, if the words * and hereditary " were left out, would be based

solely upon the presence of morphological difference. “ Evolutionists," says Romanes,

* have more and more grown to lay stress on the hereditary character of such

peculiarities as they select for diagnostic features of specific distinctness. Indeed it

is not too much to say that, at the present time, evolutionists in general recognise

this character as, theoretically, indispensable to the constitution of a species." ¢ Our

objection against the word * hereditary," which does not * supply exactly that objective

and rigid criterion of specifie distinctness” which we necessarily require, is two-

fold :—

l. There are characters of an hereditary kind which are not specific. Indeed

many of those peculiarities of individual varieties which regularly appear in every

brood are hereditary, but do not make the individuals which exhibit them specifically

distinct. Among the individuals of Papilio surpedon,t to give an illustration, appear

specimens (in New Britain regularly) which have one or two additional green spots

on the forewing; in specimens from the Solomon Islands additional green spots

are always present; as for certain reasons we consider Papilio sarpedon to be the

descendant of a species with a greater number of markings than sarpedon now has, the

presenee of such additional markings we have to explain by the assumption that these

markings are inherited from the ancestors. We observe here restricted inheritance

of a peculiar character in the individuals from various parts of the Indo-Australian

regions, and constant inheritance of that character on the Solomon Islands. Not-

withstanding that it is an hereditary charaeter which distinguishes the respective

individuals, these specimens are not specifically distinct from those individuals which

are devoid of that character.

2. Specific characters are not unrestrictedly hereditary. It is a well-known fact

that the various forms of some polymorphie species of butterflies are so distributed

that the species is polymorphic in one, monomorphic in other districts. Papilio

aegeus has a number of different female-forms in New Guinea, the Aru and Key

Islands, while in Australia there is only one kind of female. Papilio clytia is remark-

ably dimorphic in India in both sexes—the varieties are called clytia-form and

* Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin II. 1895. p. 231.

T Ibid.

+ In this article I have given the names of species and varieties without adding the * author" for two

reasons. (1) The original meaning of a name has mostly changed, its application having become restricted

orextended. The reference to the original author, therefore, would give us quite an erroneous idea about

the extent in which the name is used in this article. Various writers apply the same name with the same

original author to different forms of Lepidoptera ; hence it is necessary, in order to avoid confusion, to say

precisely in which sense a name is here made use of. (2) As it is the contents of a name and not the name

Ihaveto deal with, the mere annexation of an author's name to the specific or varietal name would not

convey to the reader any idea about the meaning of the name ; it is, therefore, necessary to give a reference

to a book where the respective form has been figured or sufficiently described. Instead of giving the

reference behind each name, I annex to this article, for the sake of simplicity, an alphabetical list of the

species and varieties with the necessary references.

( 440 )

dissimilis-form—while on the Andaman Islands only a dissimilis-form and on the

Philippines only a clytia-form oceurs; both the Andaman and the Philippine mono-

morphie insects are not specifically distinct from the Indian dimorphic insect. The

nearest ally of Papilio clytia is the very variable Papilio paradoxus.* If we assume

that the Andaman and Philippine insects are the descendants of the Indian dimorphic

clytia, or the latter the descendant of the former, or all three the descendants of a

common ancestor, it is evident that the characters by which formerly (before the

separation into three geographical races) the species was distinguished from para-

doæus are not the same as those by which all forms from the three localities together

(which forms now constitute the species) are at present distinguished from paradoæus.

We may add a few more illustrations from other well-known butterflies. The large

Papuan butterflies usually called Ornithoptera are in the male sex of an orange,

green, or blue colour. For the sake of argument let us assume that the green

priamus, orange croesus and lydius, and blue wrvillianus were derived from a

common ancestor which had an orange male. The nearest ally is O. tithonus, which

has a green male. In the diagnosis of the green ancestral forms of tithonus the

difference in colour between it and the orange ally would have been a specific

difference ; the recent tithonus cannot be differentiated from priamus by the shade

of colour, as both insects are green. This one specific character has not remained a

specific character in tithonus, though perhaps the ancestral ti/honus and the recent

one are identical in colour, and though the character itself, therefore, has proved to

be hereditary; on the other side, that one distinguishing character of the orange

ancestor of priamus, croesus, lydius, and wrvillianus has been inherited only by

lydius and croesus, not by priamus and wrvillianus, and therefore has proved to be

only restrictedly hereditary.

One of the characters by which Papilio ewrypylus is distinguished, for instance,

from P. sarpedon, is the position and extent of the red costal mark on the underside

of the hindwing. This mark is in ewrypylus a small red spot before the costal

nervure, while in sarpedon the spot is extended beyond the costal to the subcostal

nervure. Quite recently Mr. Walter Rothschild received a series of specimens of

P. ewrypylus from the Kei Islands,f among which is one that has the red mark

extended to the subcostal vein. The extent of this spot, which until now was a

specific character of ewrypylus, is no longer of specific value, and cannot serve to dis-

tinguish ewrypylus from sarpedon or macfarlanei: in respect to the latter two

species the form of the spot is hereditary, but no longer specific; in respect to

eurypylus it is not unrestrictedly hereditary, and also no longer of specific value.

Now, if it should happen that all specimens of ewrypylus acquired the extended red

mark and became at the same time in other characters still more different from

sarpedon and macfarlanei, would then eurypylus, sarpedon, and macfarlanei of

our days not be specifically different, because their offspring exhibited other distin-

guishing characters ?

The objection against the use of the word “ hereditary " in the definition of the

term “species” which we have here raised is based immediately upon the assumption

of the transmutation of species and their components (varieties). The species A and

B, to put it figuratively, may have as specific characters æ and b respectively; in the

* Papilio echidna from the lesser Sunda Islands is a dissimilis-form, but is perhaps specifically distinct ;

I do not take this insect into account here, F b

+ Collected by Captain Cayley Webster. The importance of the record of individual aberrations is

here again evident.

( 441 )

course of time, which need not be long, the species A and B develop into A! and B',

with the characters a! and b" respectively; this change in characters may perhaps be

due to the respective areas occupied by the species being suddenly extended or

restricted. The characters « and b are, therefore, not inherited by A! and B'; but

A and B (and A! and B!) are nevertheless specifically distinct.

III. Wallace's definition of the term * species" * is a combination of definitions

I. and IL, with the addition that the specific characters are of an adaptive kind. As

the objections raised under I. and II. apply also to Wallace’s definition, we can restrict

our remarks to a short discussion of that latter point. As a species is not only

opposed to every other species, but is also to be distinguished from variety, the

definition of the term * species " must be a guide for the distinction of species from

variety. The kind of characters, therefore, to be mentioned in the definition must

exclusively be distinctive of species ; a certain quality alleged to be required to make

a group of individuals specifically distinct must not be a quality that distinguishes

variety from variety. The question is, therefore, are there varieties (as opposed to

species) the distinguishing characters of which are adaptive ? "The theory of Natural

Selection, so much supported by Wallace, gives an affirmative answer. All the

varieties which are selected as the fittest are varieties with special adaptive char-

acters. If we accept Natural Selection as a factor in evolution, we have consequently

to concede that both species and varieties are “adapted to slightly different con-

ditions of life." Hence it is evident that Wallace's definition of the term “ species "

includes a quality which is not exclusively specific, but applies also to the term

“ variety," and that we have to cancel altogether the restriction that specific characters

are of an adaptive kind.

The principal objection here raised against those three definitions, which may

be taken as fairly representing the various views of modern authors, is that the

definitions, even when accepted as giving the general distinction between any two

species, do not furnish us with a general criterion between species and varieties.

This sounds baroque, but is a fact. There are varieties (as opposed to “ species”)

which do no longer have sexual intercourse with the other individuals of the same

species, and we must also assume that sometimes such an intercourse is not possible ;

there are varieties which exhibit hereditary distinguishing characters; and there are

also varieties with adaptive distinguishing characters. The consequence of accepting

a definition of the term “ species " which does not exclude every kind of variety (varietas

as opposed to species) leads naturally to the conclusion that there is no real dis-

tinction between “ species” and “ variety," and that it is purely conventional whether

we call a form species or variety, an opinion by no means rarely met with even

amongst us species-makers. For example, Butler says: f “For some years past |

have held the view that what is generally understood by the term * species " (that is to

say, a well-defined, distinct, and constant type, having no near allies) is non-existent

in Lepidoptera, and that the nearest approach to it in this order is a constant, though

but slightly differing, race or local form—that genera, in fact, consist wholly of a

gradational series of such forms."

According to our definition there is, however, a real distinction between the

* Darwinism 1889. p. 167.

T Ann. Mag. N. H. (5). XIX. p. 103. It is easily perceivable from Dr. Butler's work on Lepidoptera,

for instance from his revision of a group of butterflies called Zuploeinae, that what Butler regards above

as ' species” is subspecies or geographical variety, the gradational series of which constitute the “ species,

and that his * genus ” is the species.

( 442 )

terms “ species” and * variety,” a distinction which indeed everybody silently accepts

who considers the enormous numbers of different forms of animals and plants to be

the outcome of divergent development, and expresses this development by the con-

ventional figurative tree. If the specimens represented by any given portion of a

branch of this tree were so constructed that under favourable circumstances they

would be identical with the specimens represented by a portion of another branch,

i.e. if any two branches could, and can, long after the common origin, merge together,

then branch off again, merge together again, and so on, it would be preposterous to

assume that this should never have happened. But if we thus should have to concede

the possibility that the lines of ancestors of any two forms of plants or animals, say

of the lion and the giraffe, were such that they first became widely divergent, then

identical, then again widely divergent, not only the figurative tree, but also the

kind of evolution it is meant to illustrate, would be purenonsense. "Therefore we take

it that we are actually agreed upon that part of our definition which says that from

a certain point a branch of the tree cannot merge together again with any other

branch ; now, if we call every form which has reached this degree of development

specifically distinet, we have an absolute distinction between species and the lower

degrees of development.

The question of specific distinctness or non-distinetness is therefore twofold :

first one of morphological, and second one of physiological difference. As the

| systematist is practically not able to test by experiment the presence of the second

distinction, it is obvious that he never can prove with certainty from the specimens

alone whether the distinguishing morphological characters they exhibit are of specific

value or not. However, we are able to arrive at a probably correct conclusion without

testing in each case the specific distinctness, if we take into account the way in which

divarieation of species comes about, and if we further compare the characters of such

forms as have been tested to be specifically distinct.

For our present purposes it is quite irrelevant whether the causes of the trans-

mutation and divarieation of species are those factors which are maintained by the

Neo-Darwinians to be the sole agents, or those which the Neo-Lamarckians consider

to be alone effective. Hence we shall abstain from any discussion of the much

contested final causes of divergent development, and shall simply ask, which is the

way that leads from variability of a species to divarication of this species into more

species? Our purpose allows us to simplify the question still more and to restrict the

discussion to the two points: first, can a species develop into two (or more) species

without isolation ? secondly, can isolation as such transmute one species into two

(or more) ?

The most extreme kind of variability of a species logically possible is that in

which the varieties composing the species are not only morphologically but also

physiologically different. As upon the occurrence of such variation Romanes's theory

of Physiological Selection, which we have had to allude to several times, is founded,

we may be allowed to annex our notes to a short discussion of this theory as far as

it bears upon our particular question.

In order to explain the infertility or restricted fertility between different species

Homanes assumes that the divarication of one species into more species has something

to do with the occurrence of such a variation that some individuals of a given species

are not fertile with the rest of the species, but are fully fertile inter se. That

variety, though living in the same distriet as the normal form of the species, will

develop divergently, according to the theory, and give rise to a new species, as it

( 443 )

is physiologically so separated from the normal individuals that intercrossing is

excluded. Is this conclusion correct ?

We have seen above that aberrational individuals occur again and again among

the normal specimens; if therefore a physiological variety such as Romanes’s theory

demands occurs once, a species is able to produce it again and again, as long as the

circumstances under which the species lives do not change. But to make the case

as favourable as possible we will assume that the normal individuals, which may be

designated as N, gave birth to the variety V only once, so that if all the specimens

of the variety were killed the variety would never reappear. Now, the offspring of

the variety V will in the first and following broods belong either all to the variety V,

or partly to the variety V and partly to the normal form N. The first assumption

nobody can admit to occur, as this would mean that V is a species suddenly branched

off from N, and as further we should have, instead of the explanation of the phenomenon

of sterility between species which it is the aim of the theory to give, merely the

statement that species V has sprung up among the individuals of species N with

which it is infertile. Hence we have to do only with the second case, that part of

the offspring of V, at least part of the first brood after the origin of V, belong to N ;

these offspring of V we will designate Nv in order to indicate that, though they are

normal, they are the immediate descendants of parents with varietal characters. Nv

cross inter se and with N, not with V; which characters will the offspring of Vv

have, which itself, we repeat it, is the descendant of V? The offspring of Nv could be

either all identical with Vv (=N), or partly identical with Nv and partly with V. The

first alternative means that each specimen of V produces two groups of individuals,

Vv and Nv, of which one group (Nv) never will give rise to a form similar to its

parent-form V, while the other group (Vv) produces both the parent- and grand-

parent-form. Although the assumption here made, that some of the offspring of one

specimen breed perfectly true (Nv), while the other offspring do not breed true, is

quite at variance with our experience, and therefore not acceptable to any naturalist,

we will nevertheless accept the assumption for the sake of argument. As V breeds

in and in, according to that assumption, it is argued that in the course of time V will

become so modified that it will also breed true like V and then be specifically

distinct. Apart from Nv and V here being already two species from the beginning,

one (Nv) breeding true, the other (V) producing per saltum in every generation

some specimens of Nv, an illustration will show at once that before the above-

mentioned modification is effected the variety V will altogether be swamped away.

Let us assume (1) that in an isolated district two hundred specimens of a certain

species (one hundred of each sex) could find subsistenee ; (2) that each female would

produce ten females and ten males; (3) that at a given time one-tenth of the

specimens conformed to the variety V, i.e. were sterile with the other nine-tenths

(N), but fertile inter se; and (4) that 80 per cent. of the offspring of V belonged

to V, the other 20 per cent. to N, which breeds true,—for convenience we shall take

into account only the females,—the numbers of the forms N and V in the successive

broods would be as follows :—

i. | ii | Hii) iv]...

N9 | 90] 92 | 94 | 95

V9 11018] 6

We see that the number of specimens of V diminishes,and that extinction of

( 444 )

V must soon be the result, if at the first appearance of V the number of individuals

of this variety was not very great. With every successive brood the percentage of

varietal specimens produced by V will become higher, and to make up for this we have

assumed that the very first specimens of V produced already 80 per cent. of the

varietal form.

There remains now only the second alternative, that Vv as the descendant of V

produces both V and N, which agrees with what we know of the propagation of

varieties which occur among normal specimens, and hence is the only acceptable

alternative. The offspring Vn of Nv crossing with V will bring the blood of Nv and

N, which interbreed, into V, just as Vv (as the offspring of V) brings the blood of V

into N, and this would go on as long as V and N exist together in the same locality.

Though N and V are mutually sterile, the blood of N comes into V by means of Vn, and

the blood of V into N by means of Nv; this indirect intercrossing will completely

annihilate the effect of the assumed mutual sterility of N and V. The following

diagram will serve to illustrate these lines :—

BEN LSU Se,

Nv Nv NY |

< ADS

Vn Vn |

M —— Vv m ec M

It can easily be shown that after a certain time N and V will occur in equal

numbers.*

The physiological selection will, therefore, in no case result in divarication of

a species into two, but the outcome of the physiological variation will be either

dimorphism of the species, when both the normal and the varietal form are equally

favoured in respect to the circumstances of life, or extinction of that form which is

the least favoured. If however the most favourable kind of variation does not lead

to the origin of a new species beside the parent one, no other variation will lead to

this end. Hence we must conclude that a divarication of a species into two or more

species cannot come about so long as the divergent varieties live so together that

a direct or indirect intercrossing is not prevented.

Having thus disposed of the possibility of the divarication of species

without the help of some kind of local separation, we have to consider the other

question : whether local separation as such can be able to give origin to a variety

and to transform a variety into a species. The theory of isolation as promoted

by Wagner says that the peculiar characters of some isolated specimens will by

breeding in and in finally be transmitted to all the descendants of those specimens,

and their degree of divergeney become in the course of time so much higher that

these descendants represent a new species.

Experiments teach us that, aberrant specimens of a species occurring amongst

the normal specimens produce, when crossed together, offspring which partly are of

the normal, partly of the varietal form of the species ; from black specimens of the

moths Amphidasis betularius and Liparis monacha are obtained both black and

white individuals. To make the circumstances most favourable for the eventual

* Murphy, Habit and Intelligence, London, 1879, p. 241.

( 445 )

divergent development of the variety we will assume (1) that a number of varietal

specimens are completely isolated from the rest of the species ; (2) that 80 per cent.

of the offspring of these specimens belong to the varietal form. The specimens

now have to propagate under the further premiss (3) that the normal and the

varietal forms exist under exactly the same conditions of life, so that every other

transmuting factor besides mechanical isolation is excluded. By mechanical

isolation we understand a separation of the animals or plants in question by a

mechanical barrier, so that an intercrossing with the original stock is prevented;

experimentally the case could be demonstrated by rearing wingless animals side by

side, but separated by an adequate fence. Under the above premisses ten females of

a variety, each producing twenty females, kept in an enclosure representing the

isolated locality, would give birth to a hundred and sixty females of the varietal

(V) and forty of the normal form (N). If the latter produce also each twenty

Jemales, of which 80 per cent. might be taken as normal and 20 per cent. as

varietal and if the locality is fit to provide food for a thousand females (and a

thousand males, which are not taken into account), the numbers of both forms would

in the succeeding broods be as follows :—

| 1 | ii iii. iv | v

N| — | 40 | 320 | 392 | 435

y | 10 | 160 | 680 | 608 | 565

The result is here again that after a small number of broods both the varietal

and normal forms will exist in equal numbers in the isolated district. The varietal

form can never become the sole inhabitant of that distriet unless the cireumstances

of life are such that the normal form is less favoured by them, 2.e. unless there is

some transmuting factor active besides isolation. Isolation as such is not an

active factor which produces a character, but is a factor which merely preserves

a character produced by some other factor; isolation has, therefore, no direct

effect. The reason that the effect of isolation has by many authors been so much

overestimated is so obvious that we scarcely need mention it : the differences exhibited

by geographically isolated forms of the same species are often attributed to the direct

effect of isolation, because isolation and morphological difference were seen to be

always associated, while no other transmuting factor seemed to be obvious to those

who were unacquainted with the experiments made in this direction. Apart from

experiments, there are many geographical races which, on closer examination, show

at once that their characters cannot be the outcome of the isolation of some ancestral

specimens which accidentally exhibited the respective distinguishing character.

Wallace * was the first to draw attention to a peculiarity common to a great many

species of butterflies on the island of Celebes : these species or varieties have much

longer and more falcate forewings than the races from the other islands of the Indo-

Australian region. On the island of Sumba, which lies south of Flores, that

character is also found in some species. The Chinese races of butterflies and moths

have generally the black colour more extended than the respective Indian races.

The butterflies and moths of Sumatra and Borneo f are mostly much darker than the

races of the same species from Malacca and Java. The Queenslandian races are

often pale, those from the Kei Islands have the markings often restricted, and so on.

* Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 18.

T Hagen, Zris 1894. p. 17,

( 446 )

Characters like these, common to a multitude of racial forms living in one isolated

district, cannot be accounted for by a direct effect of isolation : it would be almost

ridiculous to assume that the first specimens of a great number of species which

came to Celebes had all long and faleate wings, while the specimens dispersed over

the neighbouring groups of islands had short wings; or that the first specimens

which came to Sumatra and Borneo were dark, while the individuals of the same

species which migrated to Java were in so many cases less black.

We now have seen that the geographical isolation of aberrant specimens has not

been and is not the means of the divarication of species, and that the effect of the

transmuting factors acting upon the specimens of a species within the same locality

is at the highest marked polymorphism ; therefore there is only one way possible

by which the divarication of a species into two or more can come about—that is, the

combination of isolation and transmuting factors. The isolation of one or more

(Neo-Darwinian and Neo-Lamarckian) factors is the means by which the specimens

of a species whieh are subjected to these isolated factors, whichever they may be,

become different from those specimens which stand under other influences, no matter

whether the first specimens which became isolated as to the transmuting factors

were normal or aberrational. This assumption corresponds completely with the

result of experiments, and explains all the peculiarities in the characters of geo-

graphieal races and representative species. And we shall see in the third part of

this paper that there are instances in which the geographical isolation can be very

incomplete, and in which, nevertheless, the divergent development will lead to specific

distinctness of the biologically isolated specimens.

The geographical races thus produced we must assume to be first inconstant, to

become more and more constant and divergent by the incessant influence of the

transmuting factors, and to develop finally into a form which is so modified that it

never will fuse either with the parent-form or the sister-forms, and that it therefore

agrees with the definition of the term “species.”

As this kind of divarication of species is the only possible * one, and hence

geographical polymorphism of a species the beginning of the ramification into more

species, the study of localised varieties is of the greatest importance in respect to

the theory of evolution ; the study of geographical races, or subspecies, or incipient

species, is a study of the origin of species. The meaning of the term “ sub-

species,” + nowadays generally applied to geographical or localised forms, is

evolutionistic, and, in fact, the only evolutionistic idea which has penetrated

into that work of systematists which is purely diagnostic. Every scientist

who pretends to be an evolutionist must perceive the importance of subspecies.

Whoever persistently ignores the existence of subspecific characters ought to

have the eourage whieh I admire in Charles Oberthür—great courage it certainly

requires to defend a standpoint against the bulk of naturalists—to define the

specles as a created entity.

Eimer, Artbildung und Verwandtschaft bei Schmetterlingen, gives beautiful

examples of the various degrees of divergency of localised varieties. Whether only

one or a few specimens exhibit in a given locality a character not found elsewhere ;

whether a greater number of individuals in a certain district are characterised by à

* It is scarcely necessary to add that the area to which a certain transmuting factor is restricted

need not be a political or physiographical district.

+ This term had already been applied to geographical races before the appearance of Darwin's Origin

of Species,

( 447 )

peculiarity not met with, or rarely met with, in other districts ; whether all the

localised specimens are different from the rest of the species ; whether a localised

variety is or is not connected with the other varieties by intergraduate specimens, —

in every case the presence of a localised peculiarity indicates that the individuals

inhabiting the respective locality are on the way to develop divergently in con-

sequence of some biological peculiarity of the locality. All these degrees of

divergency are distinguished from that higher degree which we have taken as the

criterion of specific distinctness by not conforming to the physiological part of

our definition of species. By experiments it has been proved* that geographical

forms lose their distinguishing characters and fuse together with other forms of

the same species. Therefore, if all the coexistent specimens of a species were at

our disposal, the definition of the term “ subspecies ” would be as follows :—

A subspecies is a localised group of individuals of a species the mean of the

characters of which is different from the mean of the characters of all the other

localised groups, and which will, under favourable circumstances, fuse together with

other groups.

However, the material contained in collections is, compared with the actual

number of specimens existing of each variety, extremely meagre, though nowadays

systematists comprehend more and more that a few specimens of each species

are insufficient for a serious study, and hence try to bring together long series from

every locality. The conclusions, in respect to variation, which we draw from the

inadequate material we have to work with, must necessarily often be erroneous. If,

for example, our series shows a variation of a character (expressed in numbers)

between twenty and fifty, there may, in fact, exist individuals which stand outside

these limits. Rare varietal specimens, which hitherto have been found only in a

certain locality, may very well occur elsewhere ; a certain variety may appear to us

more common in one locality than in another, and hence the mean of the characters

in the first locality to be different from the mean in other localities, because a

collector paid more attention to varietal specimens in the first locality. This imper-

fectness of our knowledge we have to take into account, and we must, therefore,

restrict the application of the term “ subspecies” in order to avoid deception as far

as possible.

The above definition has not had regard to the degree of divergency attained by

the localised form. Now, we ask, which then is the lower limit of application of the

term “subspecies”? The diversity which the sexes exhibit in respect to localised

variation gives us the answer. We know a good many cases in which the males

are in various districts not distinguishable, while the females are very different,

and cases in which the variation takes place in the male sex and not in the

female sex. For illustration we refer to the following insects : Papilio semperi, from

the Philippine Islands, varies in the female sex according to locality, while the

males from the various islands, in spite of individual variability, are not distinguish-

able ; Papilio oenomaus, from Timor and Wetter, is on these two islands the same

in the male sex, while the females are conspicuously different ; and so it is with

Papilio phestus, from New Britain, New Ireland, and the Solomon Islands. If we

apply in these cases, the importance of which we shall soon endeavour to show, the term

“subspecies,” we have a rule which can guide us in all other cases—namely, as the

numbers of specimens of each sex can be taken as being (roughly) equal, we shall

have to use the term “ subspecies " when a localised variation is such that about half

* Kerner Gute und Schlechte Arten ; Weismann ` Studien zur Desce ndenztheorie,

( 448 )

of the individuals belong to the varietal form. All lower degrees of localised variation

may be termed “ localised aberration ” (ab. loc. = aberratio alicuius loci).*

We have already referred to some observations which show that localised

divergent development is going on under our eyes. There are certainly species

which are at present stationary, and perhaps have been so for a long time ; but so

much is certain that nearly all the species which have a wider distribution (except

a number of “ globe-trotters ") exhibit some kind of local variation, and that, there-

fore, since local variation is the beginning of the divarication of a species into more

species, the more widely distributed species are at the present period actually in

a state of divergent development. We have examined a great many Lepidoptera,

both butterflies and moths, in regard to this question, and find that there are very

few species which are not split up into geographical races, although the differences

between the subspecies are often extremely minute. The degree of divergency

depends especially on the sensibility of the species in respect to the transmuting

factors, and on the degree of isolation and intensity of the latter, as well as on the

degree of geographical isolation. Wingless animals, and plants without means of

dispersal, are generally more easily affected and on smaller areas than animals and

plants with good means of dispersal. Wingless beetles, for example, such as

Carabus, vary enormously according to locality; in the Alps, for instance, there

are a great many subspecies of Carabus each confined often to one mountain.

The number of subspecies into which the Indo-Australian Papilios have

developed is very great,f and, when studying these insects, we were surprised to

find that, in opposition to the general view, not the males but the females appear

to be the first affected by localised transmuting factors. In all cases, without

exception, where the distinguishing characters of a subspecies are found only in one

sex, it is the female and not the male which exhibits them; and further, in those

subspecies which are obviously different in all specimens of one sex, slightly or even

only occasionally different in the other sex, it is again the female that is the more

aberrant sex. If we further take into account the local aberrations as far as they

constantly and commonly appear among the normal specimens, we have thirty-six

cases among the Indo-Australian Papilios in which the localised variation is entirely

or almost entirely restricted to the female sex, while there is not a single subspecies

which is in the male much more different from the allies than in the female. In

seasonal forms of Papilios the females again exhibit a greater amount of diver-

gency than the males, a phenomenon which is strikingly illustrated by the Japanese

Papilio machaon hippocrates. The variability is in the females of the Indo-

Australian Papilios altogether greater than in the males, or, to express it biologically,

the females are more easily affected by the causes of variation than the other sex.

If localised variation is the beginning of the divarication of a species into more

species, and we have seen that this is the only possible way by which divarication

can come about, those phenomena, which relate especially to pattern, admit no

other explanation than that, at least in all eases where the localised variation is

restricted, or nearly so, to the females, the transmutation of the species begins in

the female sex, and that, therefore, the female is in advance of the male in respect

of the development into new species. Eimer and Fickert in their studies on the

Papilios come to the opposite result ; and that is, we think, due to their assumption

that the original pattern of the wings of Papilios consisted of “ longitudinal " bands

* See this journal, 1895. p. 180.

+ See Rothschild, Nov. Zoou, 1895. p. 463.

( 449 )

standing at right angles to the veins; if Eimer had assumed that the original

pattern of the wings consisted of “ longitudinal” bands running in the direction

of the veins,* he would have arrived at a “ preponderance” of the female sex.

The degree of divergency is, in many subspecies, so minute that the peculiarity

would escape even a skilled eye but for a carefully working systematist having

drawn attention to it, and having fixed, so to say, the minute peculiar character

by naming the subspecies. Romanes has severally referred to minute specific

characters in order to confute Wallace’s opinion that all specific characters are

useful; as specific characters are only higher degrees of development of subspecific

characters, the question whether subspecifie characters have originated and are

accumulated by Natural Selection is no less important than the same question in

respect to specific characters. Dixon f and Allen 1 give ample illustrations of the

question as regards birds. Of Lepidoptera we mention, out of hundreds of cases,

only two: Papilio nomius has a western subspecies (Ceylon to Assam) and an

eastern subspecies (Burma, Tenasserim, Tonkin, Hainan) which are constantly

differentiated by one minute character, namely a brown line situate in the eastern

form on the praecostal vein on the underside of the hindwing, which short and thin

line is absent from the specimens of the western subspecies ; that this distinguishing

character is indeed minute will be admitted if we add that, though it is the only

constant difference of the two subspecies we can find, it has never been mentioned

by any specialist until 1895, in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s Revision of the Eastern

Papilios.§ Papilio agamemnon argynnus from the Kei Islands and P. agamemnon

neopommeranius from Neu-Pommern differ from all the other subspecies of

agamemnon in the hindwings being above nearly devoid of markings, which renders

the two subspecies extremely similar; but there is one constant character, which

can easily be perceived with the help of a lens, that distinguishes neopommeranius

and argynnus : in neopommeranius the spots of the median row of the forewing

beneath are scaled all over, while in argynnus the outer portion of each spot is

scaleless. Though nobody can very well entertain the opinion that such differences

are due to the direct action of Natural Selection, one can evade the weight of the

minute distinguishing characters by the assumption that these minute characters are

correlated to some other, unknown, character which is of a useful kind. Lepidoptera,

however, furnish us with the means to repudiate this evasive answer. All those

species which are said to be mimetie, and which have been quoted again and again

as excellent illustrations of the marvellous effect of Natural Selection, have certain

characters of colour or form which are attributed to the direct (not indirect)

influence of Natural Selection. Now, if such a character varies geographically in

the mimetie species and at the same locality in the imitated species by minute

degrees, the minute difference between the geographical forms of the mimetic

species ought logically also to be attributed to the direct action of Natural Selection.

Such cases are, however, not rare among insects. We refer, for the sake of illus-

tration, to one of the most striking examples of mimetic adaptation. Papilio

caunus of the Malayan region has a style of marking quite unusual for a Papilio,

and resembles another, nauseous, butterfly, Zuploea rhadamanthus, to a surprising

* According to Eimer, the costae and rows of punctures on the elytra of beetles are transverse, while

the bands (of Cerambycidae, Cantharidae, etc.) which stand at right angles to those rows, and which are

often continuations of the transverse bands of the sterna and abdomen, must be called longitudinal,

T Evolution without Natural Selection, London, 1885.

t Onthe Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. II. 1871.

§ Nov, Zoor. 1895. p. 422,

( 450 )

degree. The three Malayan subspecies of Papilio caunus, inhabiting the first

Malacca and Sumatra, the second Borneo, and the third Java, differ from one

another by closer examination in the size of the white markings ; the differences

are, however, so slight that they do not affect the general aspect of the specimens;

in fact, the Java caunus resembles the Bornean rhadamanthus just as much as the

Bornean caunus does. The difference between the three caunus-forms are certainly

not such that if the differences were altogether absent the specimens would be less

protected; there are, to be sure, very few cases of mimicry in which the resemblance

of the mimetic and imitated species is greater than that of any of the three caunus-

forms with any of the three rhadamanthus-forms. If, therefore, mimicry is of value

to the imitating species in all cases where the resemblance is of a much more

superficial kind, we cannot see why it was necessary at all to have the white mark-

ings of the Borneo caunus, compared with the Malacca and Java caunus, a little

reduced. Further, thongh the resemblance between the species in question is very

great, there are still differences in markings between the mimetic and the imitating

species in each locality which are greater than the differences between the three

caunus-forms. It certainly requires a great deal of faith in the omnipotency of

Natural Selection to believe that the slight reduction of the white markings in the

Borneo form of Papilio caunus is due to a survival of those specimens of caunus in

which the white markings were a little smaller than usual; the enemies of caunus

to which we attribute the execution of the selection then must have been possessed

of a much keener power of discrimination of markings than the entomologists who,

until the appearance of Mr. Walter Rothschild’s Revision of the Eastern Papilios,

treated the Bornean caunus as identical with the Java caunus as figured by

Westwood! If we, however, admit that the slight distinguishing characters of

the three Malayan cawnus-forms cannot possibly be due to the action of Natural

Selection, but must be the effect of some other transmuting factor, it is evident

that also in all other cases of minute distinguishing characters we need not refer to

Natural Selection as the cause of the minute difference. The presence of minute

distinguishing characters allows, therefore, a restriction of the possible causes of the

divergency of the respective forms; and, as we thus have to admit the importance

of insignificant distinctions in respect to evolution, it will be obvious that the

importance increases as the degree of distinctness decreases.

We have said above that we take as the lower limit of the application of the

term “subspecies ? such cases in which about half of the individuals are characterised

by some peculiarity : which is the upper limit? or, when have we to begin to call

a form specifically distinct? According to our definitions of the terms “ species " and

“subspecies,” the distinction between subspecies and species is a biological one, the

presence of which, as mentioned on p. 442, we systematists are not able to directly

prove or disprove from the material we are working with. As we know now from

experiments and careful field observations that morphologically very different forms,

connected or not by intergradations, can, in spite of the conspicuous differences,

be one species (individual and seasonal polymorphism, heterogenesis, ete.), it is

a priori evident that also geographically separated forms, in spite of their being

morphologically distinct and in spite of their not being connected with one another

by intergradations, can very well be subspecies of one species, 7.2. can under favour-

able circumstances fuse into one form. The actual proof of specific distinctness the

systematist as such cannot bring ; we species-makers do, in fact, not pretend, at

least many of us do not, that in every case the form which we pronounce to be

( 451 )

a species is really a species ; we work, or ought to work, with the mental reserva-

tion that the specific distinctness of our species novae deduced from morphological

differences will be corroborated by biology (in the widest sense). The work a

systematist has to do is twofold: above all, he is a registrar of facts observed upon

the body of individuals, and secondly he has to draw conclusions from those facts.

All our knowledge of nature is based upon the knowledge of single

phenomena. In Natural History the base of our knowledge is the individual: the

characters of individuals and sums of individuals are the A B C of this science ; they

are to the naturalist what words are to the philologer. To render the characters

clear is the first task to be solved ; before this task is completed we are not able to

draw correct conclusions. Although nowadays the recorder of facts, the diagnos-

ticist, does not rank high in science, every theory in Natural History depends

especially on the correctness of the facts furnished by the diagnosticist ; when that

record lacks correctness the theory based upon it must break down. As an

excellent illustration of this we may regard Weismann’s theory * of “ Phyletic

Parallelism in Metamorphic Species,” as far as it asserts the existence of an

incongruity in the classification of Lepidoptera based on larval or based on

imaginal characters. The “ Rhopalocera” are by no means a sharply defined group

in the imago state ; neither the erect position of the wing of the resting butterfly and

the colour of the wings, nor the clubbed antennae, are characters applying to all

“ Rhopalocera” and exclusively to Rhopalocera; and as there is no single character

by which all the Rhopalocera are distinguished from all other Lepidoptera, we can

also not expect that the larvae of Rhopalocera form a sharply defined group

distinguished as a whole from all other Lepidopterous larvae. The apparent

incongruity in the classification according to the larval or imaginal state of

* Bombycidae” and “ Notodontidae” again is not due to an incongruent development

of larvae and imagines, but to the fact that Lepidopterists have placed in these

(and other) families the most heterogeneous things in consequence of an entirely

inadequate knowledge of the forms classified.

We learn from this illustration first that diagnostic work is the true basis of

evolutionistie theories and hence of the highest importance, and secondly that the

record of facts must be exact. Huxley says that the record of facts is not scientific

if the facts do not permit of the drawing of general conclusions. In the above case

the blame is much more on the side of the systematists who gave the clubbed

antennae as distinguishing character of butterflies, than on the side of Weismann

who accepted this statement as correct. If, therefore, diagnostic work is intended

to meet the claim of furnishing facts from which general conclusions as to evolution

(classification, variation, etc.) can safely be drawn, or if a diagnosticist claims to

have his work regarded as scientific, it must be well distinguished between the

description of the characters of individuals and the statement of an opinion deduced

by the diagnosticist from the characters of the individuals; the record of the

characters of individuals, or the statement of facts, ought to precede the statement

of the personal conclusion, which perhaps is entirely wrong. In the case of species

and lower degrees of divergency diagnosticists mostly lose sight of this; when we

describe a number of individuals as belonging to a new species we present very often

to the reader, not the characters of the specimens, but a ready-made conclusion which

asserts (1) that the specimens are specifically identical, and (2) that the species

varies in colour, markings, structure, and size to such and such an extent. The specific

Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent, London, 1882. II. p. 432.

( 452 )

identity and the specific distinctness of the specimens are certainly our deduction,

and the variation of the species thus erected is also ours. It is not rarely that one

meets with diagnoses of species which give the average of some character of the

individuals—for example, the average size—which perhaps is not found in any of the

specimens measured, or if found may occur very rarely compared with the greater

abundance of large and small individuals.* Most deceptive are those diagnoses which

contain statements like these: “Colour brown to black ; size 50 to 60 mm. ;

habitat India to New Guinea.” In such diagnoses the facts are veiled, and we are

easily deceived by taking the diagnosis as being the record of facts, while it is

a mere statement of an opinion. The erroneous view expressed by Romanes f that

geographical races are less abundant among animals than among plants, and

Pagenstecher’s view ¢ that moths do not vary to any extent according to locality, are

the consequence of such deceptive statements on the side of the diagnosticists. The

description of a species or variety, therefore, ought to be a pure statement of facts ;

as said above, the facts which the diagnosticist deals with are the characters of

individuals ; a pure statement of facts, with the exclusion of any statement arrived

at by reasoning, we should have when the characters of the different individuals

were recorded in such a way that from the description it would be plainly visible

which characters belong to each single individual. When this is done, the state-

ment of our opinion as to the specific identity of the specimens, the variation and

distribution of the species, ete., cannot affect the facts, and, therefore, cannot do

much harm, even if our opinion should be wrong. Hence we take it that the

description of a species or variety being intended to be a statement of facts, not of

conclusions, ought to be the description of one individual to the characters of which

the different characters of other individuals are so annexed that a mistake as to

which individual a respective character belongs cannot occur. That specimen round

which the others are grouped in the description is the type-specimen of the

description, and as the description is the description of the species or variety (as far

as the individuals of the species or variety are known at the time), in the same

sense as a figure of an individual is meant to represent the species or variety, that

specimen is correctly called type-specimen of the species or variety respectively.

Besides the pure record of morphological facts, the diagnosticist has to draw

inferences from the facts ; and as the recorder of facts ought to know the facts best,

the conclusions the diagnosticist arrives at ought to be generally correet if the method

of reasoning is correct. The inferences which concern us here are such as to the

specific or non-specific distinctness of groups of individuals, and hence we shall

restrict our discussion to this kind of conclusions.

If we received a bird of Paradise with conspicuous ornamental feathers, even

if the species were quite unknown to us, we should at once pronounce the specimen

to be a male, though we know nothing about its having been a physiological male ;

and if the quills of the ornamental feathers were surrounded by a horny sheath, we

should conclude that the individual was not yet in full plumage. As Dr. Martin

has succeeded in breeding tailed and tailless females of Papilio memnon from the

eges of one female in Sumatra, we must conclude that also in other districts where

the two female forms oceur both can be produced by each of the two. What is

found to be true in a number of cases we are bound to conclude to be true in all

* See Bateson & Brindley, P. Z. S. 1892. pp. 585 ff.

+ Darwin and After Darwin, London, IL 1895. p. 209,

1 Jahrb, Ver. Nass, 1896. p. 158.

( 453 )

similar cases. This inductive method of reasoning may often lead to wrong

inferences, as the correctness of the latter depends first on the premiss that there

are cases which are really proved to be true, and secondly that the cases which we

believe to belong to the same category as those proved are really similar cases.

If we apply this to our question as to specific or non-specifie distinctness, it is

evident that the conclusion of the diagnostieist can be correct only under the

condition that the specific or non-specific distinctness of some forms is proved by

experiment, and that he is so well acquainted with the morphology of the forms

in question that he can with great probability of correctness decide whether the

required similarity is actual or superficial. If in a given group of forms the

specific distinctness of any form is not proved, we have to resort to a proved case

in an allied group of forms; of course, the more dissimilar the forms referred to

for comparison are, the more it becomes probable that our inference is not correct.

In most cases it is, therefore, circumstantial evidence we have to judge from, and,

as many an innocent man has been condemned by a competent judge on the ground

of cireumstantial evidence, we cannot very well expect to be always right in our

judgment of the specific value of the differences of forms. Though the special

evidence furnished by morphology and biology is to be carefully considered in every

single case, there are nevertheless some general arguments which apply to a

multitude of cases. The question as to specitic identity or non-identity concerns first

forms which occupy the same area, or whose areas overlap, and secondly forms

which inhabit localities separated from one another by distriets that are not in-

habited, or not inhabitable, by them.

We have above tried to show that a species can develop into more species only

with the help of isolation of the varietal forms. If, therefore, two allied species are

found to inhabit the same district, no matter whether the areas are totally or only

partly the same, it is obvious that at a former period, when the species in question

were not yet so far advanced in divergent development, they must have occupied

separate areas. From the fact of cohabitation (in a wide sense) the further inference

must necessarily be drawn that the possibility of cohabitation without fusion is due

tothe forms having become so divergent that they are indifferent to one another.

The time which has elapsed since the two forms now living together became

specifically different must therefore be much greater than that elapsed since the

formation of the geographical representatives of those two species. If comparative

anatomy and morphology are of any value as to the judgment of the phylogeny of

species, the morphological differences between a species and an ally which branched

off at an early period must be greater than the differences between the same species

and its younger geographical representative species, and still greater than the

differences between the geographical forms of the species. If in a given case we

have to decide whether A and B, which live together, are two different species, or

two forms of one species, the morphological characters of 4 compared with those

of B and the geographical representatives of B will have to guide us in our judgment.

There are three possibilities resulting from the comparison. First, the morphological

differences between A and B are greater than those between P and its representa-

tives; in this case A and B must be considered specifically distinct, until experiment

proves the reverse. Secondly, the morphological differences between A and B are

less great than those between B and any one of its representatives ; in this case

Aand B are specifically identical. Thirdly, the differences between A and B are

equal in morphological value to those between B and any one of its representatives ;

( 454 )

in this case A has to be put in the same relation to B in which that respective

representative stands to B, i.e. it must be considered either as specifically different

or as specifically identical with B, according to the specific distinctness or non-

distinctness of that representative.

The same kind of evidence we may employ when we have to come to a decision

as to the specific distinctness of geographically separated forms which are not

connected by intergradations. But when that evidence is not conclusive enough, we

may have recourse to the evidence furnished by the variation of the forms. We

must accept as a general law that forms which are connected by all intergradations,

or forms which overlap in characters, are specifically identical ; geographical form,

agreeing with this law are, therefore, to be accepted as specifically non-distinct. If

we now compare the various organs of the species in respect to the effect which the

causes of variation have upon them, we shall find that a number of characters are

easily affected and show a variation between wide limits, while other characters

remain comparatively constant. Organ æ varies, for example, in species A, as far as

we know at the time, from tento a hundred, while organ 4 varies only from thirty to

thirty-five. Now if itis proved that in a number of allied species a similar difference in

respect to the variability of the organs « and à takes place, we can with great proba-

bility of correctness conclude that a form B similar to A is specifically distinct from

lif the character of the organ 4 is far outside the range of variation observed in A,

and, on the other hand, that Bis a form of the species A if the character of the

organ 4 comes within the limits of variation observed in A, no matter whether A

and B are very similar or very dissimilar in respect to the variable character of the

organ d.

As long as the special evidence does not force us to conclude otherwise, the

diagnosticist has to go by the following two general rules :—

1. If is found that A and B stand in a certain relation to one another (sexes,

aberrations, seasonal forms, subspecies, species), and that the allied forms C and D

differ from one another in a similar way as A does from B, C and D have to be

put into the same relation to each other in which A stands to B.

Illustration —We know by breeding experiments that in Japan the spring brood

of Papilio sarpedon is smaller and has a wider band than the summer broods ; in

North India we find an insect very similar to the Japanese one, and observe that in

April and May a form flies which is small and has a wide band, and that later in the

year all the specimens belong to another form which is somewhat larger and has a

narrower band; as in Japan the smaller and the larger forms are proved to be

seasonal forms of one species, we are logically bound to regard also the smaller and

the larger forms in India as belonging to the spring and summer broods respectively

of one species. A good number of allied Papilios show in India the same

phenomenon ; specimens collected during the first half of the year are smaller and

have wider bands than the specimens collected later on; though it has not been

proved by rearing that we have here actually to do with spring and summer forms,

it would be illogieal to regard the spring and summer specimens as specifically

distinct.

2. If it is found that A and B stand in a certain relation to one another, which

relation is either proved by experiment or arrived at by general reasoning, a

specimen or specimens differing from A and B in a similar way as A does from B

have to be considered as a third form C standing in the same relation to A and B

as A does to B.

( 455 )

Ilustration.—Yhe islands of Sambawa, Alor, Wetter, Timor, Letti, the Tenimber

Islands, North Australia, and the New Hebrides, are each inhabited by a subspecies

of Papilio canopus; the subspecies differ from one another in the shape of the

hindwing, and in the extent, presence, and partial absence of the wing-markings.

Lately Mr. Rothschild received a specimen of Papilio from the island of Sumba

differing from the Sambawa and the Alor forms of canopus in a similar way as these

do from one another and from the Timor form, namely in the partial absence

and in the extent of the markings. The only logically possible way, accepted by

Mr. Rothschild, was to treat the Sumba specimen also as a form of canopus.

When the evidence leads to the conclusion that the differences exhibited by a

number of specimens, or forms represented by specimens, are not specific, it is self-

evident that the various forms belong to one species. This species, then, consists of

a number of different varieties, every single individual of which, however aberrant it

may be, represents the species, and every single peculiarity of any individual is a

peculiarity of the species : all the specimens of all the various forms taken together

are “the species " as opposed to every other species. The diagnosis of this species,

which must not be confounded with the description of the species, is therefore a

diagnosis of a sum of varieties ; and as a diagnosis is analogous to the definition of

a term, it must contain all the distinguishing charaeters common to all the

specimens, and hence must apply to each single specimen. Besides the specific

distinguishing characters each variety has one or more characters of its own which

form the diagnosis of each respective variety. The discovery of a new variety,

which was hitherto unknown on aecount of the incompleteness of our knowledge,

or which has sprung up in consequence of the area of the species having recently

become extended (Pieris rapae ab. loc. norangliae, for example), may necessitate an

alteration of the diagnosis of the species to which the new variety belongs. As

the forms diagnosticated for the sake of convenience are fixed by a name given

to each of them, it is obvious that the only way logically possible to name a

species and its subordinate components is to give a name of its own to the species,

one to each subspecies as subordinate to the species, and one to each individual

aberration as subordinate to the subspecies. Diagrammatically it can be illustrated

thus :—

bsp. Bab. C^

$2 u 30262

A " ab- D:

Species A a subsp. BL xd D?

B ‚ab. E!

subsp. B? ap, E?

ES ab. £3)

-— species A.

Every individual forms together with other individuals a group characterised by

a peculiarity not met with in the rest of the individuals, which, therefore, form

another group (or more), termed here individual aberration = ab. A number of

individual aberrations are the components of a subspecies, and a number of sub-

species the components of a species. Each specimen will require in this case a

specific, a subspecific, and an aberrational name. In many cases, however, the

nomenclature will become much simplified by aberrational names being unnecessary,

because the individuals do not vary to such an extent within a subspecies that

aberrational names are required; the simplifieation will be still greater when,

besides the aberrational names, the subspecific names are not required. In order

( 456 )

to avoid grave mistakes it is necessary that we insert before the aberrational name

some sign to indicate that the name is meant for an aberration. For, in species

which do not vary according to locality we often have important individual variation,

and therefore have to designate individuals with aberrant characters, besides by the

generic name, by a specific and an aberrational name only, thus: Papilio gambrisius

ab. abbreviatus ; P. gambrisius abbreviatus would have an entirely different and

erroneous meaning. The abbreviations employed as a sign may be ab. for the

usual individual aberration, a. loc. for localised individual aberration, d-ab.

and %-ab. for aberrations occurring only in one sex, 9-f. for a constantly

appearing form of polymorphic species, ¢-f loc. when the form is localised,

gen. vern. and gen. aest. for seasonal forms. In this way the various kinds of

individual variation can be distinguished by the special sign employed, which

would not be possible if the aberrational name were simply annexed to the sub-

specific or specific name.

Since the diagnosticist when describing a form very often does not know

whether this form will ultimately turn out to be cospecifie with other forms, or

whether it is actually specifically distinct, and as, further, a great many forms have

been diagnosticated as species which now are known to be subspecies (and the

reverse), the question arises how the above system of nomenclature must be carried

out. For the sake of simplicity we shall take into account solely a species with its

subspecies ; then we have the following possible cases :—

1. The first diagnosis and description are so general that they apply very well

to a certain species A, but do not give any character from which we could see which

one of the subspecies (B', B°, B°) of A the author has had before him. In this case

the name given by the author must be kept for the species A, and each subspecies

requires another name.

2. The first diagnosis and description apply to two or more forms (bat not to

all) which are now known to be subspecies of a certain species, and are so general

that we do not know whether the author had one or more forms before him. In this

case again the first name must be employed for the species, and each subspecies

requires another name.

3. The diagnosis applies not to one entire species A, but to one particular

subspecies B! of A ; the other subspecies B? and 5° of A either were not known to

the respective author, or their specific identity with 5' was not recognised by him.

B! may be the first described of the three forms. Which name must be used for the

species A? Illustration : Linné described the Amboina form of a beautiful insect

under the name of Papilio priamus ; we know now that this Amboina form is a

subspecies of a species which ranges over nearly the whole of the Papuan region and

has developed into several subspecies. Linné’s name of priamus was given, not to

the entire species, but to one particular subspecies, and there is not the least doubt

that this name must be kept to designate that particular subspecies. Now, how

have we to call the entire species ? A short consideration of what a name is meant

for and how systematists employ a name will give a satisfactory answer. A

diagnosticist describes a species z from a number of individuals ; further researches

show that the characters in the original description apply only to a certain number

of specimens ; aberrant specimens are found, and the result is that the original

description of the species has to be largely modified ; but, in spite of this, the

original name is kept for the species. Illustration : Linné’s description of Papilio

podalirius does not apply to certain aberrations which occasionally ocenr among the

( 457 )

normal specimens ; nevertheless we include these aberrations under Linné's name,

and thus extend the meaning of the name.

As the number of specimens at the disposal of the author is always compara-

tively small, a name will, in consequence of further research, always cover a larger

field than it did when first applied. If we keep this extension of the meaniug of a

name in view, it is obvious that the name of a certain form has to include all sub-

sequently discovered forms which are specifically identical with the first form.

Just as the name of Papilio podalirius comprises the so-called normal as well as

the aberrational specimens, the name of Papilio priamus comprises the particular

subspecies priamus described by Linné as well as all the more recently discovered

forms called poseidon, euphorion, richmondius, etc., as the following diagram

shows:—

priam us,

37: $ | poseidon

Papilio priamus- 1 ,

euphorion,

etc.

That is to say, the first name given to any member of a species is to be taken as the

name of the entire species. The consequence is that the name of the species must

be repeated when the respective component to which it originally was given is to be

designated. Thus it might very often happen that a particular individual aberration

had to be called after this pattern: Papilio polytes polytes ?-f. polytes. The

meaning of this name is exclusive and hence precise, and that is the highest praise

we can give toa name: 2-f. polytes shows that the female sex of the subspecies

polytes is polymorphic, 9-f. polytes being co-ordinate to one or some other

aberrations of that sex (9-f. cyrus, -f. romulus); polytes $-£. polytes means that

the particular female form was the first described ; polytes polytes has again the

meaning that the particular subspecies was the first described of all those which

belong to the species polytes.

A few illustrations will more especially show the convenience of this method of

nomenclature. Boucard described one of those beautiful Central-American beetles

which belong to the genus Pluséotis under the name of aurora; the specimen has

remained unique as far as we know, while many individuals have afterwards been

found which, though specifically identical with the first-described specimen, differ

from the latter very conspicuously in colour, being green instead of aurora-colour.

The aurora-coloured individual is apparently a so-called accidental aberration, while

the green individuals are the normal (or morphologically typical) ones. According

to the old style of nomenclature the two forms would have to stand as Plusiotis

aurora (accidental aberration) and Plusiotis aurora ab. chrysopedila (normal form).

How absurd this kind of nomenclature is will easily be understood if we take,

instead of these beetles, an albinistic specimen and normal individuals of a mammal

or bird. Our method treats both forms as forms of one species, Plusiotis aurora

ab. aurora and Pl. aurora ab. chrysopedila, the species aurora thus being composed

of a normal form (ab. chrysopedila) and an aberrant form (ab. aurora).

A European moth of the genus //epialus has developed into two subspecies, one

with d and 9 nearly the same in colour (dethlandicus), and the other with d and $

very different in colour (kumuli); the first is said to be phylogenetically the older

form, and therefore represents morphologically the typieal one of the two ; the first

described, however, is the sexually dimorphic form umulli, and therefore the typical

( 458 )

one in a nomenclatorial sense. Morphology and nomenclature come into contest if

we employ the old style of naming the forms, while the contest is entirely avoided

by accepting our method, according to which the species Hepialus humuli comprises

two forms, Hepialus humuli humuli and Hepialus humuli hethlandicus.

A species of Pieris was described by Linné in 1758 as Pieris napi, while

the Alpine and boreal variety of it, which has a different appearance, received

in 1808 the name of Pieris bryoniae. From the experiments with this insect

carried out by Weismann and others, the inference has been drawn * that bryoniae is

phylogenetically the older one of the two forms, and that, therefore, the species ought

to bear the younger name of bryoniae instead of the older name of napi. As the

meaning of Pieris napi var. bryoniae, which is the name of the Alpine and boreal

butterfly according to the old style of nomenclature, is that dryoniae is a variety

originated in consequence of the variation of napi, an alteration is indeed necessary

if the above interpretation of the experiments is correct, and thus evolutionists would

have to play havoc with the names of all those numerous species of which a younger

form happens to be described first. We have, however, endeavoured to show f that the

species is represented neither by the white form napi, nor by the darker form bryoniae,

but is composed of napi and bryoniae ; the species is not congruent with the

ancestral form of the recent forms, but is congruent with the sum of the recent

forms, and its name is, therefore, independent of the name of that form which

is supposed to be phylogenetically the oldest of the component forms. According

to our method of nomenclature the name of the species in question would be

Pieris napi, the name of the Alpine and boreal form P. napi bryoniae, and that

of the form inhabiting the rest of Central and Northern Europe P. napi napi.

If in theoretical treatises it is necessary to distinguish nomenclatorially the oldest

from the younger forms of a species, it could be done by adding (f. prim.) = forma

primigenia, or some such sign, to the name—P. napi bryoniae (f. prim.).

The various points in these introductory notes have been very cursorily dealt

with; but we are in hopes that the remarks, in spite of their shortness, will serve to

explain our interpretation of the facts of variation we are now going to bring before

the reader.

IL—THE VARIATION OF THE GENITAL ARMATURE OF

CERTAIN PAPILIOS.

The prehensile organs situated round the orifice of the sexual system of insects

have for about fifty years been made use of for diagnostic purposes, and it was, and

is, a general belief that the genital armature is of such great constancy in every

species that peculiarities exhibited by certain individuals in these internal

ectodermal organs, and not found in other individuals which otherwise are very

slightly different from those, are of specific value. As we have shown in the

introduction that every individual has its individual peculiarities, a slight dis-

tinguishing character of an individual, besides the sexual armature, can always be

found, and therefore the above opinion leads practically to the assertion that

a specimen with some kind of peculiarity in the sexual armature is specifically

distinet from the specimens which do not have that peculiarity. On the other hand,

* Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent I. London, 1882. pp. 61 ff.

+ Compare also Lorenz, Sitz.- Ber. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 1892. p. 17; Jordan, Nov. ZOOL. 1895. p. 182 ;

Hartert, Ibis 1896. p. 363.

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comparatively very few authors * have given expression to the opinion, not only

that there is a certain amount of variability found in those organs, but that one

can by no means rely upon them in the judgment of specific distinctness or non-

distinctness. During our researches on the Eastern Papilios f we came across some

striking cases of variability of the copulatory organs which made it evident to us

that the above assertion of an extensive variability was not the outcome of super-

ficial research, and this induced the Honourable Walter Rothschild to charge me

with investigations in the matter. As Mr. Rothschild knew from the study of

the external characters of the Eastern Papilios that a decision about the specific

distinetness of these variable insects with some certain degree of correctness could

not be arrived at unless one had ascertained with some probability of correctness

the limits of individual variation of each form (no matter whether the form was

described as species or variety), and hence in order to come as nearly as possible

to the knowledge of the limits of variation it was necessary to compare a great

many specimens, he liberally put the long series of individuals of his collection at

my disposal, and to this the results of our investigations are largely due. It seemed

to us that in the first place the aim of our researches had to be to ascertain whether

the alleged constancy of the genital armature was, at least in most species, real,

especially as compared with the distinguishing characters derived from the wing-

pattern. A little consideration, however, showed us that this was scarcely

necessary. First, if we accept the statement that every specifically distinct form

is to some degree different from the allied forms in the genital armature as

being true, it by no means follows that the inverse is correct, namely that forms

presenting in the sexual organs some differences from the allied forms are specifically

distinct. Hence the proof of the variability of the organs in question would not

imply that these organs are useless for diagnostic purposes, though their taxonomic

value would certainly be lessened. Secondly, if two or more allied species are

different in the sexual organs we have to conclude from the theory of evolution

that the present differences are the outcome of divergent development of the

allied species from a common ancestral species which itself had the sexual organs

either different from all its descendant species, or from all but one ; if we concede

this, and all followers of Darwin have to do so, it is self-evident that the ancestral

species must have been variable in the sexual armature. As, therefore, in the

ancestors of our present species the genital armature must be assumed to have been

so variable that the variation could lead to specific separation, we cannot but assume

a priori that in all the species of the present which are in the state of diverging into

varieties the genital organs must exhibit not only some variability, but also variation

to such an extent that the genital characters of a certain variety could be increased

by the factors of evolution and ultimately be transformed into specitic characters,

unless one tries to avoid these consequences either by abandoning evolution alto-

gether, which would be acceptable, or by maintaining that evolution is not going

on during the present epoch, which would be ridiculous.

This consideration made it pretty clear to us that the more important part

of our investigations would have to be, not to prove the occurrence of variation

of the organs in question, but to ascertain the kind of variation, especially to

accumulate such facts from which could be seen whether there is individual,

* Perez, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 14 (1894) ; Edwards, Canad, Ent. p. 56 (1894) ; Kolbe, Ent. Nachr

p. 133 (1857).

+ Nov. Zoor. p. 269 (1895).

( 460 )

seasonal, and geographical polymorphism in the sexual armature. And if such

variation be found, the next task would be to compare this variation with that

of the external organs, especially with that of the wings, in order to see, first,

whether the genital organs and the pattern of the wings were independent of one

another in respect to their variation ; secondly, whether, in spite of this independ-

ence, there are certain kinds of varieties which are characterised by more or less

constant peculiarities in the wing-pattern associated with, but not correlated to,

peculiarities in the genital armature. As such varieties could easily be mistaken (in

fact, have largely been mistaken) for distinct species, and hence would have the

appearance of incipient species, and as, further, the divarication of a species can come

about only by means of branching into subspecies, we could z prior? expect to find

such a combination of characters in geographical races or subspecies.

As the present paper stands in close connection with the classificatory investiga-

tion on the Papilios we are carrying on, the researches here demonstrated are

restricted to that group of insects; and this we deem the more necessary,

because the correctness of the results of such work depends to a great extent on

the full acquaintance with the various forms dealt with. Though in a monograph

of the Papilios all the forms of all the species must be taken into consideration, we

have abstained from treating upon all the Palaearctic and. Indo-Australian Papilios

in this paper for the good reason that, as in every form at least all the more

prominent varieties in the genital armature have to be described and figured,

the detail of the paper would be so immense that in consequence of the great

amount of detail the single facts of variation would be much obscured. Hence we

have thought it best to demonstrate the variation of the genital armature on a small

number of species which have been so selected that they very well illustrate, first,

the amount of variation ; secondly, the kind of variation ; and thirdly, both the

amount and kind of variation within several, morphologically very different, groups

of Papilio.

As far as we know, systematists have, as regards Lepidoptera, only made use of

the male genital armature for diagnostic purposes. Salvin * mentions the presence

of a kind of armature at the orifice of the vagina, but has not succeeded, in conse-

quence of an inadequate method of preparation, in bringing it forward for the

purpose of classification. We first eame across the vaginal armature when we

studied the morphology of the abdomen of the Papilios with a view of discovering

characters which could help us in coming to a decision about the extent of the genera

into whieh the Papilios must be classified, and soon found out, on the one side, that

the morphology of the abdomen of the /emales, including the vaginal armature,

presents excellent generic characters to the systematist (compare Pl. XIX., f. 181,

182), and, on the other side, that the detail of the structure was of the highest

taxonomic value as to the delimitation of species. Therefore we have selected a few

of the species examined to illustrate the peculiar structure and the variation of the

vaginal armature, and the form of the eighth abdominal segment.

A. MALE GENITAL ARMATURE.

The clasping apparatus of the male comprises three organs: (1) a dorsal hook

called by Gosse wneus : (2) the lateral valves or claspers, bearing on the inner side

ridges, teeth, and hooks called Z«rpe; and (3) the scaphium, which is situated

* Biol. Centrali- Amer., Rhop. V. p. 189 (1890).

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immediately below the anus and above the penis, and becomes visible when the

valves are removed. The homology of these organs has been explained by Dr.

Peytoureau in his work entitled Contribution à l'étude de la Morphologie de

V Armure génitale des Insectes,* and we therefore refer the reader to that work 3 1518

here sufficient to mention that Dr. Peytoureau comes to the result that the valves

are lateral wings to the ninth segment, which itself becomes visible only by

dissection, and that the dorsal uncus and the ventral scaphium, between which the

anus is found, represent the anal or tenth segment; the penis, therefore, has its

position between the ninth and tenth segments.

The uncus, scaphium, and the valve with the arpe are of classificatory value,

and if we intended to explain here the complete morphology of the genital armature

of the Papilios we certainly should have to take all three organs as well as the pens

into account ; merely for the sake of simplifying matters we have restricted our notes

almost to the valve and harpe.

The harpe of the Papilios is a fold of the inner sheath of the valve partly raised

to ridges, teeth, hooks, rod-like processes, ete., which are sometimes of rather a

complicated structure. We have generally given a figure of the harpe and. valve as

they appear when viewed with the eye perpendicularly above the plane of the

valve, while the figures representing the harpe or parts of it are so drawn that the

planes of harpe and paper are the same. Very much depends on the position in

which the eye is to the harpe, if the comparative study of these organs is to be of

any use; a curved or twisted ridge or process appears very different when viewed

under a different angle ; and hence we have endeavoured to represent the same organ

of the various species and subspecies in the same position, so that a comparison of

the figures gives an exact idea of the differences in the organs.

1. Papilio machaon ; f f. 39 to 45.

This species occurs nearly all over the Palaearctic Region, inclusive of China

and Japan, and is found also on the Indian side of the Himalayas at higher

elevations, as well as in the Nearctic Region. The lines of delimitation between the

Old World forms of P. machaon are very difficult to draw, in fact cannot be drawn,

as the forms overlap in characters. The most remarkable varieties are the summer

brood of the Japanese machaon, and the subspecies from the interior of Sikkim

and the higher parts of Western China. As we shall have to describe and figure the

sexual armature of the various forms of P. machaon in another paper, we intro-

duce the species here merely because it is the only British representative of the

entire group, and therefore will enable the British entomologist to verify our

observations,

The valve of P. machaon is of a triangular shape, and, though somewhat

variable in outline according to the individual specimens, does not present any

obvious differences in the specimens of the different subspecies.

The Harpe is a longitudinal fold lying along the ventral margin of the valve ;

it is distinctly raised and leans somewhat over dorsally. The basal half or so is

rounded and simple, whereas the apical half is compressed, with the upper free edge

denticulate, so that it resembles the blade of a saw (f. 39—43, ventral view). The

* Revue Biologique du Nord VII. 1895. The author gives on pp. 13 to 50 a list of works dealing with

the abdomen of insects.

+ See note on p. 439.

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basal, rod-like, portion either immediately runs out into the saw (f. 43), or has to

curve a little dorsally to join the saw, the latter being a little more dorsal than

the former; this variation is independent of locality.

a. P. machaon flavus from Great Britain.

The dentieulate portion of the harpe is generally longer than in machaon

machaon from Germany and in machaon sphyrus from South Europe and Asia Minor.

F. 39, 40, and 41 are taken from three British specimens, and represent the amount

of variation found by us in our series. The proportion ofthe length of the saw to

the entire harpe is in the three specimens 19 : 30, 15: 30, and 13 : 30 ; the variation

in the length of the denticulate portion amounts therefore to almost 50 per cent.

of the length of the saw figured in f. 141.

The uncus of the British specimens (f. 44, dorsal view) is nearly always slenderer

than that of the Continental individuals (f. 45), and agrees very well with that of

the Japanese subspecies (spring and summer broods).

b. P. machaon machaon.

In f. 45 the uncus of an individual from Switzerland is represented to show the

divergence from f. 44.

c. P. machaon sphyrus.

The harpe of this southern subspecies as well as the harpe of machaon machaon

agrees on the whole with f. 40, but in some specimens from Asia Minor and

Palestine the denticulate portion is remarkably short. F. 42 represents an extreme,

the proportion of saw to entire harpe being 11:30: the saw is in this individual

from Syria more than 70 per cent. shorter than in the British specimen represented

by f. 39, an amount of variation which-is higher thau we anticipated. The harpe

of a Palestine specimen, as drawn in f. 43, is abnormalin so far as the saw does

rise gradually, not abruptly.

d. P. machaon hippocrates from Japan.

Besides the »zeus mentioned before, we do not see any difference between the

genital armature of this remarkable form and the European machaon. The spring

and summer broods, though so conspienously different in size and pattern, also do

not exhibit, to our knowledge, any distinguishing character in the organs in question,

As the swallow-tails found in the Wicken Fens, near Cambridge, are doubtless

one species, the variation of the species in the length of the denticulate portion of

the harpe, or, in other words, of the prehensile part of the harpe, amounts to nearly

50 per cent. As further the Syrian specimens do not differ in the wing-pattern so

much from British specimens as in Germany and in Syria the individuals of the first

brood very often differ from those of the second brood, and as a line of separation

between the characters of British and Syrian specimens is altogether absent, we

have also to admit that f. 39 and 42 are taken from the same species, z.e. that

the variation of the prehensile organ amounts to 73 per cent.

Our conclusions are: (1) The genital armature of machaon does not afford any

characters by which the various geographical races, distinguished especially by

differences in the wing-markings, can be constantly differentiated from one another.

The harpe of the British form has, however, on the whole, the longest prehensile part,

( 463 )

while the specimens from Syria and Palestine have that denticulated portion on an

average shorter than specimens from England, Central Europe, Sikkim, China, aud

Japan; the neus is thinner in nearly all British and Japanese individuals than in

most individuals from the interjacent countries.

(2) The spring and summer broods are not different in the genital armature.

(3) The prehensile portion of the harpe varies considerably in length ; the

amount of variation is 73 per cent.

2. Papilio aegeus ; f. 1 to 11.

According to the wing-pattern the species comprises a subspecies inhabiting

New Guinea and Aru (wegeus ormenus), another found in Australia (aegeus aegeus),

a third inhabiting the Kei Islands (aegeus keianus), a fourth found on the Banda

Islands (aegeus adrastus), and a fifth is met with in New Britain (aegeus

bismarchianus).

Of these we could dissect very long series of the first two forms, while the males

of the three other subspecies we have not examined for want of sufficient material.

P. aegeus ormenus is in both sexes a very variable insect as regards colour,

while the Australian form aegeus aegeus is rather constant in that respect.

The valve (f. 1, seen from above) is of the usual triangular shape ; its ventri-

apical angle is sometimes more, sometimes less rounded, regardless of locality as

well as of wing-pattern.

The harpe lies as in P. machaon along the ventral edge of the valve, extending

from the base to the apex ; it is a rather thin blade with the free upper edge sharp,

but not conspicuously dentate, bearing only a fine denticulation at the projecting

portions, and leans over dorsally. Before the middle it widens out triangularly to

form the submedian projection, and its free apical portion is raised above the level

of the margin of the valve and forms the apical projection. The length and form

of these two projections vary individually and subspecifically.

a. P. aegeus ormenus; f. 1 to 6.

According to the development of the subapical white band of the forewing the

males belong to three varietal forms : d-ab. ormenus, with the band complete on

upper- and underside ; d-ab. pandion, with the spots of the band partly obliterated;

d'-ab. othello, with the band absent. The three forms occur together in the same

locality and are connected by all intergradations. The variation of the sexual

armature is entirely independent of that of the variation of the band ; individuals

of d-ab. othello are different inter se, while some of them agree with certain speci-

mens of d-ab. pandion or d-ab. ormenus, and so it is with the latter aberrations.

The following remarks, therefore, refer to every form of the male.

F. 1 is taken from an individual from Dutch New Guinea (coast near the

Arfak Mountains); in this perpendicular view the apical projection of the harpe,

being more erect than the shorter submediau one, appears to be short. The harpe

of the same individual is represented in f. 2 ; the submedian projection is broad and

triangular, and differs obviously from the same projection of f. 3 to 5, which are

taken from individuals from the same locality and represent very well the amount

of variation we have found in aegeus ormenus. In f. 5 the submedian projection is

very small, in f. 4 very high, in f. 3 and 4 much slenderer than in f. 2. A specimen

(f. 6) from Finschhafen, German New Guinea, has the projection as broad as it is in

f. 2, and nearly as high as it is in f. 4. The usual form of the projection met with

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in most examples from all parts of New Guinea is that of f. 2. The length of the

projection varies about from 1 : 2.

The free apical projection of the harpe varies in a similar way in outline and

height, as will be seen by comparing f. 2 to 6 ; the extremes which came under our

notice are shown in f. 4 and 5, the length varying about from 2 : 3.

size of the apical projection is that of f. 2.

The specimens from British New Guinea, the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and

Woodlark Island have in the harpes no charaeter by which we could distinguish them

from the individuals from Northern New Guinea.

The normal

b. P. aegeus aegeus from Queensland and New South Wales ; f. 7 to 11.

Though the Australian form of aegeus is in respect to the wing-pattern very

constant as compared with aegeus ormenus, the variation in the genital armature is

just as great as in the New Guinean subspecies. The male corresponds in the

pattern of the forewing to aegeus ormenus d -ab. ormenus. |

The commonest forms of the submedian projection met .with are shown in

f. Sand 11; on the whole, the basal edge of the projection is more vertical than

in aegeus ormenus, but this does not apply to every specimen ; the character is

especially often obvious in the individuals from New South Wales and Southern

Queensland. The apical projection is in a few examples a little higher than in

aegeus ormenus. F. 7 and 8 are taken from two specimens from Cairns, North

Queensland ; f. 9 represents an individual from Cedar Bay, thirty miles south of

Cooktown ; f. 10, with an abnormally high and slender submedian projection, is

taken from a Queensland individual without exact locality, while f. 11 represents

a New South Wales individual. The variation in the length of the submedian pro-

jection is in this selected series not so great as in f. 2 to 6, as we did not find an

individual in which the submedian projection was as feebly developed as in f. 5.

The importance of the differences exhibited in f. 2 to 11 will at once become

obvious when we compare the harpes of the two nearest allied species.

3. Papilio inopinatus; f. 12.

P. aegeus is on the Tenimber Islands represented by an insect which is

comparatively very constant in external characters, and is in colour and pattern

always separated from P. aegeus by a wide gap. Though the absence of inter-

mediate specimens is not a proof that the Tenimber insect named inopinatus is

specifically distinct from P. aegeus, we have to treat inopinatus as a species for the

following reasons : the external differences between inopinatus and aeyeus are greater

than, or as great as, the differences between the relative forms which are regarded

as distinct species; if lowi and mayo are kept separate from memnon—rumanzo-

vius, deiphontes, and deipylus as distinct from deiphobus—gambrisius specifically

separate from aegeus, then inopinatus is likewise to be treated as a distinct species.

Further, the variation within the male sex of P. aegeus from New Guinea,

Australia, Aru, Kei, and Banda Islands takes place between such limits that the

difference between the extremes is not so great as that between aegeus and

inopinatus ; the same applies to the variation of that female form of ormenus which

corresponds to the female of inopinatus.

Thus we think it fairly safe to consider inopinatus specifically distinct. The

evidence is to some extent corroborated by the difference exhibited by the harpe. We

( 465 )

have examined only a few individuals, all of which have the median thin portion of

the harpe (f. 12) longer than it is in wegeus, especially than we found it to be in

aegeus ormenus ; the submedian projection is broad and low, and the apical pro-

jection is likewise shorter than in aegeus. A comparison of f. 2 to 11 with 12

evidently shows, however, that the distinguishing points in the harpe of inopinatus

are of much less weight in the judgment of the specific distinetness of the insect

than the external features ; the difference between f. 4 and 5 and f. 8 and 11 is far

greater than that between f. 12 (inopinatus) and 8 or 3 (aegeus).

4. Papilio tydeus ; f. 13 to 16.

This is the representative species of aegexs on the Northern Moluccas ; the

same reasons which induce us to treat inopinatus as specifically distinct apply also

to this insect. The external differences from wegeus are in tydeus not quite so great

as in inopinatus ; in opposition to this the harpe of {ydeus differs much more widely

from that of aegeus. The clasper or valve of tydeus (f. 16) is larger than that of

aegeus, and the harpe therefore longer. The submedian and apical projections

of the harpe are more bent over dorsally, as will be seen by comparing f. 1 and 16.

The submedian projection is broad and high, and the apical one is conspicuously

higher and more erect than in the allies.

We have examined four individuals from Halmaheira and three from Batjan ;

there is no localised difference in the harpe of tydeus. F. 13, 14, and 16 are taken

from Halmaheira individuals; f. 15 represents the harpe of one of the Batjan

specimens. The variation in the form and length of the projections is obvious ; the

apical projection in f. 15 is almost half as broad again as that in f. 14.

The facts here illustrated are as follows :—

(1) The variation of the pattern of the wings of P. aegeus ormenus is entirely

independent of the variation of the harpe.

(2) The difference in the harpes of aegeus ormenus and aegeus aegeus is very

slight and applies only to scarcely half of the number of specimens examined.

(3) P. inopinatus, though in external characters very different from aegeus,

exhibits in the harpe only a slight, but according to the specimens examined rather

constant, difference from aegeus.

(4) P. tydeus, whichis in colour and pattern separated from aegeus by a less

wide gap, has the harpe in all the specimens examined conspicuously different from

that of aegeus and inopinatus.

(5) If we take the length of the harpe — 100, the projections measured from

the plane of the valve to the tip of the projections vary in length as follows :—

submedian projection from 18 to 33; apical projection from 33 to 45,

P. aegeus

P. inopinatus ,, 3 52518 SES, 5 51792.

P. tydeus 5 5 359901601995 1995 T » ol to 63.

Or, in aegeus the variation of the submedian projection amounts to 56 per cent. of

the length of longest submedian projection observed, while the variation of the

apical projection is 27 per cent.

(6) P. aegeus and tydeus differ somewhat in the size and outline of the valve.

( 466 )

5. Papilio polytes ; f. 17 to 37.

The male sex of this insect is in the pattern of the wing not very variable, while

the female exhibits a very great amount of individual and local variation. The

species ranges in a good number of subspecies over the Indian and Malayan Sub-

regions, and goes as far as the Moluccas; in New Guinea, the Aru Islands,

Queensland, and the islands farther east it is represented by P. ambrax and P.

phestus respectively.

The valve is more or less triangular (f. 17 and 31), and varies individually.

The harpe has the same position as in P. zegeus; it is a ventral longitudinal fold; the

basal half (or so) is stick-like, while the apical portion is abruptly raised into a thin

blade, which leans over dorsally so that its ventral surface is visible when the valve

is viewed with the eye above the plane of the valve (as in f. 17 and 31); the

harpe thus has the appearance of a hatchet; the upper free edge of the blade is very

finely denticulate; the tip of the blade projects free for a short distance, and is some-

what curved dorsally, often forming a blunt hook. The outline of the harpe varies

according to locality and to the individual specimen.

a. P. polytes polytes from N.W. India to Malacca, Natuna Islands, Tonkin;

f. 17 to 26. F

The blade of the harpe is highest near its basal (subperpendicular) edge,

where it is slightly angulate ; a second, more distinct, angle is formed just before

the edge slopes down towards the apex of the harpe. The apex is scarcely produced

or very slightly so. The degree of variation found by us in the specimens from

Continental India is represented by f. 18 to 21.

The form of the harpe as shown in f. 18 is that found in most specimens ; the

figure is taken from a Kumaon individual (caught in June 1893). The blade of the

harpe of the individual from Bankipore (captured March 20th, 1893) (f. 19) is

much less steep basally than usual, its dorsal edge being much reduced in length ;

the two angles are conspicuous. The two Burmese (Bassein) examples from which

f. 20 and 21 are drawn are especially remarkable for the development of the free

apical projection.

In external features P. polytes from the Natuna Islands (between Malacca and

Borneo) forms a transition from polytes polytes to polytes theseus. From a long

series of individuals examined (captured by A. Everett in September and October

1893) the three most different harpes are here figured (f. 24, 25, 26); the blade

agrees very well in shape with that of Indian individuals. The thin carina running

from the upper edge of the handle of the harpe along the base of the blade varies

from being absent to being well marked.

b. P. polytes borealis from China.

All the specimens examined agree in the harpes with polytes polytes. The

individuals of the interesting variety P. polytes borealis 3-ab. thibetanus, in which

the white discal markings of the hindwing are partly obliterated, also do not exhibit

any peculiarity in the genital armature.

As said in Mr. Rothschild’s Revision of the Eastern Papilios, the specimens of

P. polytes from the Loo Choo Islands (south of Japan) stand intermediate in pattern

between P. polytes borealis and the Malayan P. polytes theseus. The harpe of the

Loo Choo polytes is in so far remarkable that it differs from the harpe of polytes

( 467 )

polytes and polytes theseus in being (in individuals of equal size) larger (f. 22 and

23); the angles of the blade are less prominent than in polytes polytes, by which

character it leads over to P. polytes theseus (f. 28).

c. P. polytes nikobarus from the Nicobars and Andamans ; f. 27.

We have now received more material from these islands, and find that polytes

nikoburus can very well be kept separate from polytes polytes, as the greater pro-

portion of the specimens from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are somewhat

different from polytes polytes. The harpe confirms this opinion ; the outline of its

blade is more rounded (f. 27), not exhibiting the two angles found in polytes polytes

(f. 18), and resembles somewhat that of P. polytes theseus from Java (f. 29), except

in the apex being obviously truncate.

d. P. polytes theseus from the larger and lesser Sunda Islands; f. 28 to 30.

This subspecies differs in the male from P. polytes polytes in being generally

smaller and in haying the tail to the hindwing more or less obliterated. The harpe

of P. polytes theseus is distinguished from that of polytes polytes by being in the

blade absolutely longer, less raised, much more evenly rounded, and by the apex

being more pointed.

Sumatra and Borneo individuals have the blade shorter and higher than Jaya

examples, and hence lead over to polytes polytes; f. 28 is taken from a small

example from the Kina Balu (North Borneo). Timor specimens agree generally

with the Javan individuals in the form of the harpe; f. 30, however, is aberrant

in having the second angle of the edge of the blade faintly marked and the apex

distinctly truncate in a ventral view.

e. P. polytes aleindor from Celebes and Saleyer; f. 34.

The female of this subspecies is very aberrant, the male much less so. The

male has one character in common with P. polytes polytes and P. polytes theseus,

namely the presence of blue scales on the underside of the hindwing outside the

macular white band, which scales are absent from the subspecies flying on the

Philippine and Moluccan Islands. So insignificant as this character is, it becomes

interesting when we see that the harpe of polytes alcindor (f. 34) comes closer in

outline to that of polytes polytes (compare f. 25) than to that of polytes alphenor

from the Sulla Islands (f. 33) or from the Philippines (f. 32). We observe, however,

that the tip of harpe of polytes alcindor (f. 34), though short, is visibly curved

upwards in a similar way as in polytes alphenor.

f. P. polytes perversus from the islands of Sangir and Talaut; f. 35.

In external features this form combines to a certain extent in the male the

characters of polytes alcindor (Celebes) and polytes nicanor (Halmaheira). The

harpe comes nearest to that of aleindor; has the tip, however, a little more hook-

shaped.

g. P. polytes alphenor from the Philippine Islands (inclusive of Palawan), the

Sulla Islands, and the Southern Moluccas; f. 31 to 33.

The males from these various islands agree very well with one another in

external characters ; the polymorphic females, however, are partly different accord-

ing to locality, thus showing that the insect is on the way to develop into several

local races. The harpes of the males are, according to locality, slightly different.

( 468 )

In all the specimens examined the blade of the harpe is conspicuously longer

and slenderer than in all the other subspecies of P. polytes, and reaches close to the

apical margin of the valve (f. 31, taken from a Mindoro example); the narrow

apical portion is especially long, and often rather strongly hook-shaped, the hook

projecting above the level of the raised ventri-apical edge of the valve.

The harpe of the average example from the Philippines is represented in f. 32;

it has a very different appearance from the harpe represented in f. 18 to 26, while

the difference between f. 32 and 29 isless conspicuous; the variation of the Philippine

examples takes place in such a direction that some individuals approach f. 35.

Of the males from the Sulla Islands Mr. Rothschild says that they are not

exactly identical with the Philippine a/phenor in wing-pattern, but approach a little

P. polytes perversus. The harpes of the Sulla males (f. 33) are, on the contrary,

still slenderer than in Philippine alphenor, thus indicating that a relationship in

wing-pattern is not necessarily corroborated by the development of the genital

armature.

From the Southern Moluccas we had unfortunately only one individual at our

disposal ; the harpe of this specimen is shaped nearly as in polytes perversus

(f. 35).

In the harpes, therefore, the males of alphenor from the three localities

(Philippine Islands, Sulla Islands, and Southern Moluccas) are fairly well distin-

euishable, though there is no distinct line of separation.

h. P. polytes nicanor from Halmaheira and Batjan; f. 36.

The blade of the harpe is much higher than in polytes alphenor, and in this

respect zicanor comes nearest to the Indian polytes polytes; the apex of the harpe is

produced, nearly as in alphenor. F. 36 is taken from a Halmaheira individual.

6. Papilio ambrax ; f. 37 and 38.

The outline of the valve (f. 38) of this species varies individually. The harpe

is generally formed as in f. 57, but is sometimes somewhat slenderer and at the

apex less hooked.

We merely give the two figures of the valve and harpe of an ambras individual

(from German New Guinea) in order to enable the reader to compare them with

f. 18 to 36. The differences between f. 37 (ambrax) and 36 or 34 (polytes),

belonging to two species, are not so conspicuous as the diyergency exhibited by

various harpes within the species polytes.

The facts of variation observed in P. polytes are as follows :—

(1) The valve is variable in the individual specimens, but does not exhibit in

the specimens examined any obvious variation according to locality.

(2) The conspicuous individual aberration P. polytes borealis &-ab. thibetanus

has no peculiarity in the genital armature.

(3) The individual variation in the blade of the harpe of the individuals from India

is such (f. 18 and 19) that the extremes stand further apart than many individuals of

polytes polytes do from many individuals of polytes theseus.

(4) The harpe of polytes theseus from Java and the lesser Sunda Islands is well

distinguished from that of the Indian polytes polytes, but there is no parting line

on account of the intermediate form of the harpe of polytes theseus from Borneo

and Sumatra.

( 469 )

(5) Certain Timor individuals of polytes theseus come in the harpe (f. 30)

very near polytes perversus from Sangir and Talaut (f. 35), and this again is very

close to polytes alcindor from Celebes (f. 34).

(6) The harpe of polytes alphenor from the Philippine and Sulla Islands is in

the height of the blade nearer related to polytes theseus from Java and the lesser

Sunda Islands than to polytes theseus from Borneo and aleindor from Celebes,

which subspecies are geographically the nearest to alphenor ; while, on the other

hand, the apex of the harpe is in all the subspecies inhabiting Celebes, the

Philippines, Sangir and Talaut, the Sulla Islands, and the Moluccas, somewhat

curved upwards (and towards the dorsal margin of the valve), and not turned up, or

rarely so, in polytes theseus.

(7) The subspecies most conspicuously different in the harpe is P. polytes

alphenor, while the subspecies most conspicuously different in the shape and pattern

of the wing is P. polytes nicanor.

7. Papilio euchenor; f. 51 to 64.

This insect is purely Papuan, being found in New Guinea, the Aru and Kei

Islands, the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Woodlark Island, and on New Britain and New

Treland; it has no near relative. Up to 1895 the specimens from these various

localities had been treated as identical; Mr. Rothschild in his Revision found,

however, that the individuals in his collection from the Bismarck Archipelago are

in both sexes conspicuously different from the New Guinea specimens, and that, on

the other side, the individuals from Aru are in the female sex, not in the male, also

constantly different as far as the great material examined can be taken as furnishing

a proof of a constancy of distinction. Lately, Mr. Rothschild observed, moreover,

that the specimens from New Ireland are again in both sexes distinguishable from

the individuals from New Britain ; so that there are four well recognisable forms,

to which is to be added a fifth from Woodlark Island* described as a distinct

species some forty years ago, but scarcely different in the d in external features

from the New Guinea form. The question is now, are the five forms one species,

or do they belong to more species? An answer is in this case extremely difficult to

give: first, because ezchenor stands quite isolated amongst the Indo-Australian

Papilios, and thus does not allow us to compare the distinguishing characters of

other forms assumed, or proved, to be specifieally distinet ; secondly, because the

main portion of New Britain, which geographically is nearest to New Guinea and

hence may perhaps be inhabited by an ewchenor form intermediate between the

New Guinea form and the New Britain form, is entomologically an entire blank, all

the specimens received from New Britain being caught in the north-east of the

island. The external characters of the various forms, however, allow us to set at

rest the question ; as odsolescens from Aru and Kei, and godarti from Woodlark,

are in the male not always distinguishable from exchenor from New Guinea, these

three forms have to be treated as subspecies of one species (the name of which is

euchenor).

The two forms from the Bismarck Archipelago, depilis from New Britain and

novohibernicus from New Ireland, have several conspicuous characters in common

by which they are differentiated from euchenor euchenor, euchenor obsolescens, and

euchenor godarti, while the differences between depilis and novohibernicus are

And perhaps a sixth from the D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

( 470 )

quantitatively much slighter; hence depilis and novohibernicus must (on the ground

of external features) be considered as nearer related to one another than to the other

euchenor forms. As in the present paper it is onr purpose to demonstrate the

variation of the genital armature within the limits of a species, and as therefore we

have to avoid, as far as possible, any error as to the actual specifie identity of the

forms included by us in the limits of a respective species, we will, merely for the

sake of being on the safe side, assume that depilis is a species distinct from euchenor.

The external characters by which zozoAibermieus is distinguished from depilis are

found in every specimen of our short series ; if, therefore, the constant presence of

a distinguishing character is considered sufficient to make the respective form

specifically distinct (as some naturalists do), norohibernieus is also a distinct species.

However, the distinguishing characters of norohibernicus amount quantitatively not to

more—abont the qualitative amount of these characters we know nothing—than the

differences do which are observed between New Guinea individuals, differences

in the extent of the yellow markings which are not thought to indicate any-

thing else but individual variability within the same species; consequently we

must assume that the differences between the individuals from New Britain and

those from New Ireland being quantitatively the same are also qualitatively the

same, 2.e. do not indicate more than divergency of individuals of the same species.

Hence the characters distinguishing depilis and norohibernicus must correctly be

considered as' not being of specifie value. The various forms in question are

therefore to be grouped as follows :—

euchenor ; New Guinea and islands near it.

1. P. euchenor 4 godarti ; Woodlark Island.

obsolescens ; Aru and Kei Islands.

( depilis ; New Britain.

9. P. depilis ; : S

pus | novohibernicus ; New Ireland.

The genital armature of the five forms is in accordance with this division.

The valve of P. euchenor (f. 51) is very large, strongly convex outwardly, with

the apical margin rounded, the ventri-apical angle not being triangularly produced as

in P. aegeus and most other species ; it exhibits some individual variability in the

outline, especially in the ventri-apical portion. The armature of the valve consists

of a fold running along the ventral margin of the valve in a slightly oblique

direction, turning near the apex round towards the dorsal edge of the valve, running

from here as a thin fold backwards to the base, first in a directly basal, then in a

dorso-ventral direction, and thus returning to the starting-point ; from the basal

dorso-ventral portion an oblique fold (f. 51, 4) starts, traverses the (concave)

valve, and widening out joins the ventral longitudinal ridge. The ventral portion is

raised into a ridge. armed at both ends with a process, of which the first (c) is here

called * basal hook,” the second (4) ** ventri-apical hook "; the basal ridge leans over

ventrally, so that in a view perpendicular to the valve the dorsal surface of the ridge

is visible (as in f. 51); it is highest near the basal hook (f. 52); the outline is

not constant. The ventri-apical hook is directed in a basi-apical direction leaning

over ventrally, with the tip protruding above the elevated edge of the valve. The

vertical, ventri-dorsal, portion of the fold is less high than the ventral ridge, thinner

and denticulate ; it leans over apically, so that in a perpendicular view the basal

surface of the ridge is visible ; at the dorsal end it is produced into a slender

and very sharp hook (a), the “dorsal hook," which is curved in an apici-ventral

( 471 )

direction; just underneath the hook the ridge is highest; the number of teeth is

variable.

The variation according to locality affects especially the length of the longi-

tudinal (ventral) and the ventri-dorsal ridges, their outline and armature, and the

height of the oblique fold.

a. P. euchenor euchenor; f. 51 to 54, 59 to 61.

The variation noticed by us in the ventral ridge of New Guinea individuals is

represented in views from the dorsal side in f. 52 to 54. The usual form of the

ridge is given in f. 52, taken from an example from Constantinhafen, ‚German

New Guinea (f. 51 is taken from the same individual) In f. 53, representing a

specimen from the same locality, the ridge is very high in the basal third and then

rather suddenly diminishes in height; and in f. 54, taken from a specimen from

Simbang, near Finschhafen, Huon Golfe, the abruptly raised basal portion is rather

angulate.

Our specimens from the D'Entrecasteaux group of islands, east of New Guinea,

as well as those from Waigeu, west of New Guinea, come in respect to the ventral

ridge within the limits of variation as illustrated by f. 52, 53, 54. All the

specimens have the angle formed by the sudden break in the outline of the ridge

produced into the beak-like basal hook.

The vertical (ventri-dorsal) ridge is represented separate from the ventral ridge

in order to be able to give the exact outline ; f. 59, 60, 61, are taken from the

same individuals as f. 52, 53, 54 respectively. As f. 59 to 61 are drawn from

a basal view of the ridge, the ventri-apical hook (4) has a different appearance from

that in f. 52 to 54.

The higher dorsal (left-hand side in figure) portion of the ridge is dentate;

just at the highest point, or close to it, stands nearly always a stronger tooth, which

in f. 59, however, is obsolete. The specimens from the D'Entrecasteaux Islands

have nearly all the ridge toothed similarly to f. 61, a character which becomes

more obvious in the individuals from Woodlark Island. The interesting aberration

from Jobi Island, P. euchenor euchenor ab. eutropius, does not present any peculiarity

in the valval armature,

b. P. euchenor godarti; f.

We have examined three specimens of this form, which is all known to exist in

collections, except Montrouzier's type-specimen which is perhaps (? !) preserved in the

Paris Museum. The only distinguishing character in the valve and its armature

found in all three individuals concerns the oblique fold (7), which is higher than in

either euchenor obsolescens or euchenor euchenor; the valval cavity before and behind

the fold is consequently deeper. The ventral and ventri-dorsal ridges are not con-

stantly different from those of the New Guinea individuals ; the dentition of the

vertieal fold is, however, in all three examples rather plentiful. The more aberrant

harpe of the three is represented by f. 58 and 64; the ventral ridge (f. 58) is

distinguished by the long basal and relatively short ventri-apical hook, and by the

upper edge of the ridge being feebly and widely bisinuate ; the ventri-dorsal ridge

is multidentate.

c. P. euchenor obsolescens; f. 55, 56, 57, and 62, 63, 64.

In Aru individuals the ventral (longitudinal) ridge is somewhat shorter than in

euchenor euchenor, and the vertical ridge accordingly longer, as will be seen by

( 472 )

comparing f. 55, 56, and 62, 63, with f. 52 to 54 and 59, 60 respectively. In

outline the longitudinal ridge is on the whole not different from that of New Guinea

examples, but the usual form of the ridge is not that represented in f. 56, which

is similar to f. 52, representing the usual form of the ridge in ewchenor euchenor,

but a form resembling f. 55. In the latter figure there is an additional tooth upon

the crown of the basal dilatation of the ridge, which we have seen only in this one

individual. The ventri-apical hook is in the specimens examined shorter than in

euchenor euchenor. The vertical ridge (f. 62 and 63) shows a certain amount of

variability in the dentition. The ventri-apieal hook appears to be somewhat more

curved towards the right-hand side than in f. 59 to 61; this is due to the hook

being more erect than in euchenor euchenor, less leaning over ventrally and apically.

From the Kei Islands three individuals have been examined which, in external

features, do not exhibit obvious differences from the Aru specimens in the Tring

Museum. The harpe presents, however, in the three examples some slight distin-

guishing characters. The longitudinal ridge is (f. 57) still shorter than in Aru

individuals, the ventri-apical hook stands still more erect to the plane of the valve

and the upper edge of the ventral ridge (as will be seen both from f. 57 and

f. 64), and the vertical ridge (f. 64) is provided with many strong teeth.

8. Papilio depilis; f. 65 to 71. :

The valve is ventrally a little more rounded than in P. euchenor, but this

character is not constant. The armature of the valve (f. 65) is, however, obviously

different. A comparison of f. 51 and 65 will show that the valves with the

armature are in both species closely related ; there are the same folds, ridges, and

hooks in depilis which we have found in ewchenor, but the organs have differently

developed. The ventral (longitudinal) and apical (vertical) ridges of euchenor

stand in depilis both so oblique that the angle formed by them in euehenor has

almost disappeared. The ventri-apical hook does not lean over to the ventri-apical side

of the valve, but to the dorsal side, so that the point of the hook will in depilis meet

in copulation quite a different spot in the vaginal region of the female than in

euchenor. The dentate vertical ridge is much shorter (f. 70, 71), sinuate in or

near the middle, with the two higher parts at the side of the sinus dentate. The

oblique fold (7) joins the ventral ridge near the apex (f. 66 to 69), not in the

middle as in f. 52 to 58, and is basally not rounded but strongly compressed.

a. P. depilis depilis; f. 65 to 67, and 70.

The ventral ridge is throughout its length very high; its outline is variable.

In f. 66 the upper edge of the ridge is undulate; the basal angle (e) is without

the beak-like hook found in every specimen of ezeAenor. In a second individual

(f. 67) the basal hook is indicated by a very minute tooth; in the middle the

ridge is triangularly dilated. In a third specimen (not figured) the ridge is again

without the basal hook, and is in the middle also higher than at the basal angle,

but not so triangularly dilated as in the second example.

The ventri-dorsal dentate ridge (f. 70) leans strongly over t® the apical

side of the valve, and hence appears less high than in exchenor, but there are

specimens of euchenor which in this respect are scarcely different from depilis.

Besides the dorsal hook (x) there are three longer subdorsal and two smaller sub-

ventral teeth separated by a sinus; in a second specimen these teeth are all obsolete,

while in a third only two are present.

( 473 )

b. P. depilis novohibernicus; f. 68, 69, and 71.

The harpe is very slightly different from that of depilis depilis; the portion of

the ventral ridge which is produced into the ventri-apical hook forms a slight angle

with the basal portion of the ridge, being a little more curved dorsally than in

depilis depilis; the vertical dentate ridge is shorter than in that subspecies.

In three out of four examples the ventral ridge is highest beyond the middle,

as in f. 68 and 69 ; while in the fourth specimen the dilatation takes place before

the middle in a somewhat similar way as in f. 53. The basal hook (ec) is in f. 68

scarcely indicated; in f. 68 it is as strong as in many exchenor. The dorsal ridge is

generally shaped as in f. 71, but the teeth are sometimes much feebler than in

the figure.

The facts of variation illustrated by f. 51 to 71 are as follows :—

(1) In the two closely allied species P. euchenor and P. depilis the armature of

the valve is built up after exactly the same plan, but in the detail of structure there

are conspicuous differences.

(2) The subspecies of euchenor from New Guinea and that from Woodlark

present in the specimens examined no constaut differenee except in the oblique fold

(d); the subspecies from Arn is so slightly different that the distinguishing

charaeter is scarcely noticeable if one does not compare several specimens; the Kei

Island individuals are more obviously different than the Aru specimens (and represent

probably another local form). The two subspecies of depilis are, according to the

seven specimens examined, slightly different in the male genital armature.

(3) The individual variation within eaeh subspecies is such that the differences

between the harpes of several individuals from the same place (and hence most

certainly belonging to the same species) are more obvious than those of the

subspecies inter se.

(4) The only specimen known of the aberration P. euchenor euchenor ab.

eutropius, which is abnormal in the pattern of the forewing, does not present any

peculiarity in the genital armature.

9. Papilio cloanthus ; f. 149 to 155.

The range of this insect is rather widely interrupted, the species being found all

over North India, Upper Burma, and Central and Western China, and again in the

mountainous regions of N.E. Sumatra; from the mountains of Malacca, Tenasserim,

and Siam P. cloanihus is not known. The external features of the specimens from

the various localities are such that we can group the individuals according to

locality in three forms: an Indian, a Chinese, and a Sumatran form. The first two

are not always distinguishable in pattern, and hence are certainly not specifically

distinct from one another. The Sumatran specimens, at least all individuals of our

long series (forty odd examples), are constantly different in the colour and extent

of the markings; the divergency from Indian specimens is, however, not very con-

spicuous, which will be admitted if we call to mind that de Nicéville * especially

says that the Sumatran insect is * identical" with the Indian one. As the minute-

ness of the distinguishing characters of the insect is, according to what has been

said in the introductory notes, @ priori no objection to the constantly found charac-

ters being of specific value, there must be other reasons brought forward which

* Journ. As. Soc. Beng. p. 526. n. 607 (1896).

( 474 )

force us to treat the Sumatran form not as a separate species. North Indian

cloanthus occur in several broods; the individuals of the spring and those of the

summer broods are in the extent of the markings rather obviously different, and

this proves that the species is in pattern easily modified by the transmuting

factors; the extreme individuals of the spring brood differ in the extent of the

markings more from the extreme examples of the summer brood than certain Indian

individuals do from certain Sumatran ones. Further, the differences of certain

Chinese specimens from Indian individuals are quantitatively greater than those

between Indian and Sumatran examples. Hence it is correct to accept Mr.

Rothschild’s opinion * and to treat the three insects in question as three subspecies

of P. cloanthus.

The valve (f. 149) of P. cloanthus is, as in all the allied species, rather small;

at the apex it is deeply sinuate. The sinas divides the apical third of the valve

in a smaller dorsal lobe (7) and a larger ventral lobe (a). The ventral edge of the

valve is angulate (f), and from this angle to the tip of the ventral lobe densely

beset with irregular rows of thin and sharp teeth. The internal sheath of the valve

is raised into a distinct fold (2) which begins ventrally at the base—in f. 149

and 150 the right-hand side is the ventral side of the valve—runs for a short

distance along the ventral margin of the valve, turns in a rather even curve round

towards the dorsal side, forms a subdorsal tooth (c), and then traverses longitudinally

the dorsal lobe, being here raised into a short dentate ridge (d), the “ dorsal ridge ”

which stands almost perpendieular upon the plane of the lobe leaning very feebly

over ventrally. In f. 149 and 150 the subdorsal tooth (c) is visible almost in

its entire length, because it is bent over apically, while the dorsal ridge appears

much less high than it really is.

The variation of the species according to locality relates especially to the form

of the valve, the length of the subdorsal tooth, and the form of the dorsal ridge.

a. P. cloanthus cloanthus from Kulu to the Shan States, at higher elevations ;

f. 149, 151, 152.

The sinus of the valve is $ mm. deep. The ventri-dorsal fold (e) is slightly

curved. The subdorsal tooth (c) is high, simple, and when seen from the dorsal

side, as in f. 151 and 152, reaches so far that its tip appears to be above the

dorsal ridge. "The length of the tooth is variable : the lower extreme met with by

us is represented by f. 152 (Shan States); in a second individual from the Shan

States the tooth is nearly as long as in f. 151, which is taken from a Sikkim

specimen and represents the usual form of the tooth. As both the Chinese and

Sumatran subspecies have the tooth generally considerably shorter, the mountainous

regions of Siam, Tenasserim, and Malacca on the one side, and of Upper Tonkin on

the other, will most probably yield (if inhabited by cloanthus) individuals more

often, or even constantly, intermediate between the three subspecies in respect to

the length of the tooth.

The dorsal ridge (f. 151, 152) of cloanthus cloanthus is a little longer than

high, and is in all our specimens rather strongly denticulate.

The individuals of the spring brood are not different in the valve and harpe

from the individuals of the later broods.

b. P. eloanthus elymenus from Western and Central China ; f. 153.

In the outline of the valve all the individuals examined agree with specimens

* Nov. ZOOL. p. 445 (1895).

( 475 )

of cloanthus cloanthus, and so they do in the form of the ventri-dorsal fold. The sub-

dorsal tooth is in every specimen shorter than that of f. 151 (normal length of tooth

of cloanthus cloanthus), but there occur individuals which have the tooth nearly

as long as it is in f. 152. A specimen of cloanthus clymenus with the tooth of a

length which is normal for clymenus is represented by f. 153. We have examined

some individuals which externally are not different from Sikkim specimens, and

observed the highly interesting fact that in these individuals the tooth is as short

as in f. 153, while in some other examples which differ in the extent of the black

colour on the wings considerably from cloanthus cloanthus the tooth approaches

in length that of f. 152. This is a remarkable illustration of what we have said

in the introduction, namely that specimens can be similar or identical in one set

of characters, while in another, independent, set they are dissimilar ; the Chinese

individuals of cloanthus which in pattern are like Indian cloanthus cloanthus are

nevertheless individuals of cloanthus clymenus, distinguished from cloanthus cloanthus

by a character of the genital armature not found, to our knowledge, in any

individuals from India. We shall have to refer again to this fact later on.

The dorsal ridge of the Chinese cloanthus is similar to that of the Indian

specimens ; we have not found any difference that can be pronounced constant ; in

many individuals the ridge is a very little longer, and the teeth are often more

numerous and smaller.

c. P. cloanthus sumatranus from the mountainous districts of N.E. Sumatra;

f. 150, 154, 155.

The sinus of the valve is much smaller than in the two preceding subspecies ;

the dorsal edge of the dorsal lobe is more rounded, and the ventral lobe is con-

siderably blunter. The dentition of the ventral edge of the valve is, especially near

the blunt angle (/), extended upon the outside of the valve to such a degree that

five or six small, but strongly chitinised, teeth stand irregularly one above the other.

The ventri-dorsal fold (e) is straighter and more raised than in cloanthus

cloanthus and cloanthus clymenus, its edge is less rounded off and, especially near

the subdorsal tooth, slightly notched or faintly denticulate.

The subdorsal tooth is as short as in eloanthus clymenus, but at the base

broader, in consequence of the fold, of which it is a process, being higher ; mostly

it bears two or three faint teeth at the ventral edge.

The dorsal ridge is obviously shorter than in the rest of the species, but is of

the same height; the free edge is less dentate, often simply sinuate. F. 154 and

155 illustrate the degree of variation in the dorsal ridge and the subdorsal tooth

noticed by us.

The principal facts of variation as illustrated by f. 149 to 155 are as follows:

(1) The three subspecies of P. cloanthus agree in the valve and its armature,

but exhibit some differences in the detail of structure.

(2) The Indian and the Chinese forms differ constantly in the length of the

subdorsal tooth, though the extremes come very close.

(3) The Sumatran form is aberrant in the form of the valve, the ventri-dorsal

ridge, the subdorsal tooth, and the dorsal ridge.

(4) In the length of the subdorsal tooth the Sumatran and Chinese forms agree

with one another, while they disagree with the Indian subspecies which inhabits

interjacent countries.

( 476 )

(5) The individual variation of the genital armature in the Chinese subspecies

is entirely independent of external characters.

(6) The seasonal dimorphism in external characters obviously marked in the

Indian P. cloanthus cloanthus does not affect the genital armature in any way, as

far as we could ascertain.

10. Papilio sarpedon; f. 96 to 148.

Though some people have treated P. sarpedon and P. cloanthus as belonging

to two different genera, the insects are, nevertheless, very closely allied to one

another, more closely than to any other species. This does not only follow from a

careful comparison of the wing-pattern of the two Papilios, but also from the

structure.

The range of P. sarpedon comprises the whole of the Indo-Australian Region,

including Japan (except the north of it). The number of subspecies into which

the insect has developed is very great. As it is one of the commonest species we

could examine a large number of specimens, and to this it is due that we here came

across an individual which stands in the genital armature far outside the usual

limits of variation of the subspecies to which it belongs.

If we select some of the extreme forms here treated as subspecies of one species,

for example the Indian, Celebensian, and the Solomon Island forms, their external

differences are so very conspicuous that one might easily be misled to consider

these forms specifically distinct. A comparison of the representatives from all the

various localities, however, convinces us that the differences in colour, pattern,

shape, and size between every two nearest allied forms are very slight, and do in

some forms not even apply to every specimen ; and we observe further that, where

the differences are constantly met with, the characters amount quantitatively not

to more than the differences between the seasonal forms of Japanese sarpedon,

or than the differences found between certain Indian examples. Hence we think

it to be quite correct to accept Mr. Rothschild’s statement that all the forms dealt

with in the following lines are subspecies of one species.

As we now are acquainted with the more simple armature of the valve of

P. cloanthus, that of P. sarpedon will be more easily understood. A comparison

of f. 96 and 149 will at a glance show the great similarity in the apparatus

of the two species. The valve, though differing in outline from that of P. cloanthus,

has the same apical sinus, and the armature has nearly the same position.

The ventral lobe of the valve (f. 96, a) is longer, mostly broader, than, the

dorsal one (/); its ventral edge is denticulate, as in cloanthus, but there is only

one row of teeth, and the toothed portion extends farther down towards the base.

There is a good deal of variation in the shape of the lobes and the depth of the

sinus, both in respect to individuals and to geographical races.

The fold (e) formed by the inner sheath of the valve begins ventrally at the

base of the valve, as in cloanthus, rans in an oblique direction to somewhat beyond

half-way to the apex, turns round here towards the dorsal side, forms, when having

arrived at a level with the ventral margin of the dorsal lobe, a subdorsal tooth (c),

aud then is continued in a longitudinal direction to form a dorsal ridge (7). The

homology of the organs is obvious. The fold e is homologous to the fold e in

cloanthus, but is here less raised, takes a somewhat different course, and is at the

point where it curves round towards the dorsal side often feebly toothed. The

( 477

subdorsal tooth corresponds to that of eloanthus, but is here much less chitinised,

usually broadened at the tip, and is in fact a dilatation of the fold e partly rolled

in so as to form a half-cylinder ; though this tooth is variable, we shall not refer

to it under each subspecies. The dorsal ridge corresponds to the dorsal ridge of

cloanthus, but is here of a more complicated structure. In a view from the dorsal

side (f. 97) it will be seen that the dorsal ridge of f. 96 consists of a dentate high

basal portion and a free rod-like apical process (g), the dorso-apical process,

which is curved upwards—that means towards median plane of the abdomen—is

denticulate at the tip, and protrudes beyond the tip of the dorsal lobe. At the

ventral side of the dorsal ridge a longitudinal fold (f. 96, à, and 98, 7) will be

noticed which is continued to the apex of the dorsal lobe ; that vertical portion

of the fold (f. 98, 4) which runs up to the upper edge of the ridge is of high

importance, as it develops in most subspecies to a pec uliar organ.

a. P. sarpedon sarpedon ; f. 96 to 114.

This form occurs all over India (except S. India and Ceylon) to Java, the

Philippine Islands, and Japan ; in China it is replaced by another subspecies. There

are some external characters by which the individuals from Java, Borneo, and the

Philippines can be distinguished from the individuals from N.W. India and

N. India, but these characters are very slight; besides, the Malayan individuals

lead over to the more different forms from the lesser Sunda Islands, and hence

remain best included in sarpedon sarpedon. The genital armature is entirely in

accordance with this statement.

We have examined specimens from N.W. India, Sikkim, Assam, Burma,

Shan States, Tenasserim, Cochin China, Sumatra, Nias, Java, Natuna Islands,

Borneo, Palawan, Mindoro, Luzon, the Riu Kin Islands (= Loo Choo Islands), and

Japan. The specimens from all these localities agree so well with one another,

apart from individual peculiarities, that we did not succeed in finding in the genital

armature any character by which the specimens from one or the other place could be

recognised.

The outline of the valve normally met with in sarpedon sarpedon is represented

by f. 96, which is taken from a Kumaon individual. The sinus is about 1 mm.

deep ; the dorsal lobe is rounded at the apex ; the ventral one is also rounded, its

ventral edge feebly incurved. The dorsal ridge is in the dentition very variable ;

the important feature is that normally the lateral fold 4 of f. 98 is very slight and

incomplete, as in f. 99, or even absent.

The variability in the form of the valve is illustrated by f. 96, 97, 118, and

114. In f. 97, taken from an example from the Shan States, the sinus is narrow,

and the apex of the ventral lobe also very narrow. F. 113 and 114 represent two

other Shan States specimens: one has the ventral lobe much produced, and the

sinus accordingly deep ; in the other the same lobe is very short and broadly

rounded. In the individuals from the Malayan region the ventral lobe is often, but

by no means regularly, more produced and slenderer than in the average Indian

specimen ; and this is not surprising, as in the various subspecies from the lesser

Sunda Islands the lobes are constantly long and slender.

The variation of the dentition of the dorsal ridge is very great, as will be seen

from f. 98 to 100 and 104 to 110. Sikkim specimens are represented by f. 99,

100, and 108; individuals from the Shan States by f. 105 and 106; a Malacca

specimen by f. 107; two Bornean examples (from Mount Mulu) by f. 109 and 110,

NU (2 7:88)

Every individual specimen examined exhibited some peculiarity in the number, size,

and form of the teeth of the dorsal ridge.

The lateral (ventral) fold (4) of the dorsal ridge (f. 98) is in f. 107 (Taiping,

Malay Peninsula) absent, in f. 99 (Sikkim) very short, in f. 106 (Shan States)

complete but very slightly raised, and is more distinct in f. 98 (Kumaon). In

f. 100 (Sikkim) the fold runs up to a small tooth, which has a somewhat transverse

position to the longitudinal ridge ; in f. 108 the fold is raised to a low but obvious

dentate ridge, which we shall call “ transverse ridge.”

In a Mindoro specimen caught by Mr. A. Everett in December 1894 the

additional transverse ridge is raised above the level of the dorsal ridge, and forms

a conspicuous, broad, tooth-like prominence ; in f. 111 the dorsal ridge with the

transverse prominence is represented in a view vertical upon the plane of the valve;

and in f. 112 we give a view of the same organ from the apical side (with the eye

a little above the valve).

Still more aberrant is a specimen from the Shan States caught by Mr. Roberts

in the same district where the individual was obtained from which f. 106 is taken.

The increase in the size of the transverse ridge, as illustrated by f. 107, 99, 106,

98, 100, 108, 111, and 112, reaches in f. 101 to 103 the maximum. The transverse

ridge / is higher, strongly dentate, and more extended than the dentate portion of

the dorsal ridge d; in f. 101 the organ is seen from above, in f. 102 from the

ventral side, and in f. 103 from the apical side (compare f. 111 and 112).

We have examined more than a hundred specimens of P. sarpedon sarpedon,

and found only one that has the additional transverse ridge so extraordinarily

developed; the significance of this variation is obvious if we compare the special

structure of the dorsal ridge of P. sarpedon anthedon, milon, choredon, teredon, etc.

We shall have to refer to this particular case again.

b. P. sarpedon semifasciatus from China.

The Chinese subspecies of sarpedon is in the markings not always distinguish-

able from sarpedon sarpedon, but the greater number of the individuals from

Central and Western China have a very remarkable character in the band of the

hindwing being more or less obliterated. Sach specimens with almost entirely black

hindwings are, in respect to pattern, quantitatively more different from sarpedon

sarpedon than the individuals of any other subspecies are. Though we dissected a

long series of Chinese individuals, we did not perceive any charaeter in the genital

armature by which they could be differentiated from sarpedon sarpedon ; and this

concerns the examples which are most aberrant in pattern,as well as specimens with

the ordinary sarpedon sarpedon pattern. The fact is of high interest, as it distinctly

shows that a great external discrepancy of a localised form does not necessarily

imply that there is also a peculiarity in the genital armature of the form.

c. P. sarpedon adonarensis from Adonara and Sambawa ; f. 127.

The interesting external features of this form are pointed out by Mr. Rothschild

on p. 324 of this volume. In pattern it comes near the subspecies from the

neighbouring islands of Sumba, Timor, and Wetter ; and we were rather surprised

when we found that in the armature of the valve the specimens from Sambawa and

Adonara disagree with those subspecies, and agree much better with the Indo-

Malayan sarpedon sarpedon, as the dorsal ridge is dentate and has the transverse

ridge as feebly developed as it normally is in Indian examples. F. 127 represents

( 479 )

the dorsal ridge of an Adonara individual from the ventral side; it will be noticed

that the dentate part of the ridge is markedly less extended than in sarpedon sarpedon,

and that the transverse fold / has not developed to a ridge, as in f. 123 (Sumba),

or f. 128 (Wetter) and f. 129 (Timor). The valve of adonarensis stands in shape

intermediate between sarpedon sarpedon and sarpedon jugans, the lobes being

slenderer than in the former, and shorter and broader than in the latter.

The individuals from the island of Lombok approach in external characters and

in the genital armature still more the Indo-Malayan form.

d. P. sarpedon teredon from South India and Ceylon; f. 115 to 120, 133, 134.

The range of this subspecies is separated from that of sarpedon sarpedon by a

wide area where most probably the species does not occur. We have examined above

thirty specimens of P. sarpedon teredon from South India and Ceylon, all of which

are in external features and in the genital armature well distinguishable from all

other forms of sarpedon.

The valve is much narrower and the sinus considerably deeper than in sarpedon

sarpedon. The ventral lobe (f. 115, 133, 134) is usually slender in its apical

half, and curved towards the median axis of the abdomen, thus forming almost a

hook-like organ ; the dorsal lobe is sometimes strongly pointed (f. 133). The

inconstancy of the outline of the lobes is illustrated by f. 133 and 134, which are

taken from South Indian individuals.

The ventral (longitudinal) portion of the valval fold extends farther towards the

apex of the valve than in the preceding forms, and hence the ventri-dorsal portion

has a more oblique direction. The dorsal ridge is much less raised than in sarpedon

sarpedon; the denticulation is absent; only the middle portion of the ridge, which

corresponds to that part of the ridge of sarpedon sarpedon in f. 98 and 102 which

bears the transverse fold or transverse ridge respectively, is elevated; it has, com-

bined with the transverse fold (4 of f. 98), developed in a vertical and transverse

direction to a strong tooth-like transverse ridge, which slightly leans over basally

and dorsally. As inf. 115, taken from an example from Trichopolis, the transverse

ridge is too inconspicuous, we give an enlarged figure of the dorsal ridge of the same

specimen in the same position (f. 116), and also a figure of the organ from the

ventral side (f. 117). In f. 118 to 120 the transverse ridge alone is represented

from the apical side ; mostly the ridge is shaped as in f. 119; its edge is usually

not dentate, but there occur specimens, like that from which f. 118 (South India)

is taken, which have the transverse ridge dentate; in one of the Ceylonese examples

(f. 120) the ridge is considerably smaller than in f. 119.

The individuals which belong to the ab. thermodusa have no character in the

valve and its armature that is peculiar to them.

In external features and in the genital armature teredon comes much closer to

the forms from the lesser Sunda Islands than to sarpedon sarpedon, which inhabits

the interjacent countries.

e. P. sarpedon jugans from Sumba; f. 121 to 126.

“This form combines to a certain extent the characters of sarpedon sarpedon

and sarpedon timorensis,’ and its “genital armature resembles more that of

timorensis than that of sarpedon and adonarensis” (Rothschild, this volume,

p. 324).

The sinus of the valve (f. 121) is deep. The ventral lobe is very slender, often

( 480 )

of almost rod-like appearance, sometimes even narrower than that of sarpedon

teredon. The apex of the dorsal lobe is mostly rounded. The dorsal ridge is denticu-

late in the four specimens in the Tring Museum, but a comparison of f. 123 with

f. 108 shows that the basal half of the ridge is very feebly raised; as in teredon

(f. 117), the elevation is restricted to the median part of the ridge and the

transverse ridge. .F. 121, 122, 123, 125 are taken from the same individual ;

122 and 123 give a view from the apical and ventral sides of the valve respec-

tively, while f. 125 represents the median part of ridge alone in a view from

above (as in f. 121). The dorsal ridge of another individual is represented from

the apieal side in f. 124 ; the transverse ridge is here much less developed than in

the other specimen, in fact not more than in the Mindoro example represented by

f. 112; the ridge d of the latter is, however, scarcely indicated in f. 124; the

transverse ridge of f. 124 is enlarged in f. 126, which gives it in a view from

above. The differences between f. 122 and 124, and 125 and 126, are very con-

spicuous.

f. P. sarpedon timorensis from Timor and Wetter; f. 128, 129.

We have only two specimens of this interesting form, one from Dili,

Portuguese Timor, and the other from Wetter; the two individuals disagree

somewhat with one another in external characters as well as in the form of the

transverse ridge, but the differences are such that they may very well be individual

and not subspecific.

The valve agrees with that of jugans, but the ventral lobe is less slender. The

dorsal ridge, as in Zeredon from Ceylon and South India, is not denticulate ; the

transverse ridge is tooth-like, nearly as in teredon; f. 128 (Wetter) and 129

(Timor) represent the transverse ridge in a view from above; the figures may be

compared with f. 125 and 126 (Sumba), 132 (Queensland), 138 (New Britain), 143

(Celebes), and 148 (Guadaleanar, Solomon Islands).

g. P. sarpedon choredon from Australia and New Guinea (including the islands

near its coast); f. 130 to 132, 135 to 137.

The specimens from Waigeu and the northern parts of New Guinea are iti:

external characters sometimes slightly different from ordinary individuals from

Australia, and lead over to the next subspecies, which inhabits the Bismarck

Archipelago.

The sinus of the valve is very deep (f. 135, Queensland). The ventral lobe is

very prominent, its upper edge straight, its ventral (dentieulate) edge evenly rounded;

in breadth the ventral lobe is intermediate between timorensis and jugans on the

one side, and sarpedon sarpedon on the other ; in some examples the lobe is a third

broader than in others. The dorsal lobe is in all examples we have seen rounded at

the apex. The fold e of f. 135 is more curved than in sarpedon sarpedon, and

takes about the same course as in sarpedon teredon.

The dorsal ridge divides basally in a dorsal (7) and a ventral (s) portion which

correspond to the two slight folds marked r and s in f. 06. Now,in very many

specimens both from Australia and New Guinea, only the ventral branch of the

ridge partieipates in the formation of a high transverse ridge, as in f. 135 and in

f. 136 ; the latter figure is taken from an individual from Redscar Bay, British

New Guinea, and is a highly enlarged view of the transverse ridge and the

adjoining parts of the dorsal ridge. In this case the dorsal ridge is rounded off,

( 481 )

and has no teeth, except at the tip of the apical rod-like processus, which is longer

than in all the preceding subspecies. F. 137 represents the dorsal ridge with the

transverse ridge of a Redscar Bay individual in an apical view. Another extreme

in the structure of the dorsal ridge is represented by f. 130 to 132, which are

taken from an example from Cairns, North Queensland. F. 130 gives a view

from the apical side ; the dorsal ridge 4 is provided with teeth, and the transverse

ridge 4 is joined to the dorsal ridge, and is not a separate structure as in f. 136;

f. 131 gives the ridges in a ventral view, while f. 132 is taken from above. The

intergradations between the extremes figured here are equally abundant in Australia

and New Guinea.

The individual variation of choredon in the direction from f. 130 to 137, from

the transverse ridge forming one piece with the dorsal ridge (as in sarpedon

sarpedon, teredon, jugans), to the other extreme where the transverse ridge stands

isolated, will serve to comprehend the still more exaggerated development of the

transverse ridge in some of the following subspecies.

h. P. sarpedon imparilis from New Britain ; f. 138.

The external differences between this subspecies and the preceding one, though

slight, are prominent enough to enable us to distinguish all our New Britain indi-

viduals from choredon. In the genital armature zzparilis comes again very close

to choredon ; the lobes of the valve are, however, more pointed (f. 138); the

transverse ridge is smaller, stands less oblique, and leans over towards the base of

the valve ; the dentition of the transverse ridge is as variable as in choredon.

The specimens with additional spots on the forewing have no character in the

valve and the armature peculiar to them.

i. P. sarpedon impar from New Georgia, Solomon Islands.

The male of this insect is unknown; the female is in pattern midway between

the preceding and the following form.

k. P. sarpedon isander from Guadaleanar and Bougainville, Solomon Islands:

f. 148.

Though this form is so very aberrant in markings that it has been described

by Godman & Salvin as a distinet species, and has also been kept separate from

sarpedon by Mr. Rothschild in his Revision (who, however, informs me now

that, in consequence of the receipt of more specimens, he must sink it to the rank

of a subspecies of sarpedon), the valve and its armature are only slightly different

from that of imparilis. The ventral lobe of the valve is broader, blunter, and

shorter. The transverse ridge is not separated from the dorsal ridge ; it is high,

mostly simple, and seldom notched or faintly dentate. F. 148 is taken from an

individual from Guadaleanar.

l. P. sarpedon dodingensis from the Northern Moluccas (Halmaheira and

Batjan); f. 139 and 140.

The sinus of the valve (f. 139) is very deep and especially narrow, being about

twice as deep as broad. The ventral lobe of the valve is shaped nearly as in

imparilis. The dorsal ridge is bifurcate as in choredon, but the bifureation takes

place not far from the apex of the valve; the ventral part of the ridge is raised and

forms the usual transverse ridge. From f. 140, which is taken from the same

( 482 )

specimen as f. 139 and gives a view of the dorsal ridge from the apical side, it

will be observed that the dentate ridge differs essentially from the transverse ridge

of f. 103, 130, 137, 142, 144, in so far as it is not homologous to the fold 4 of

f. 98, but to the middle portion of the dentate dorsal ridge to which that fold is

joined. In a Batjan example the ridge, which in f. 140 is tridentate, is much

reduced. The apical process of the dorsal ridge is long.

. P. sarpedon anthedon from the Southern. Moluccas (Amboina, Ceram);

f. 141 and 142.

The sinus of the valve is twice as broad as in sarpedon dodingensis, but not so

deep as in that form. The ventral lobe of the valve varies a good deal individually,

and has generally the outline of that of choredon or dodingensis ; the dorsal lobe is

broader than the ventral one, and rounded at the apex. The dorsal ridge has the

apical (rod-like) process prolonged, as is the case in dodingensis. The transverse

ridge is always strongly developed, and nearly always so obviously detached as in

f. 142, which is taken from a Ceram individual of which f. 141 represents the

valve and harpe from above.

In external features anthedon is much more closely allied with dodingensis than

with choredon; in the valve and its armature the difference between the former is, on

the contrary, much greater than that between anthedon and choredon. Anthedon is

distinguished from choredon only in the free apical process of the dorsal ridge

being longer, and in the transverse ridge leaning more evidently over basally, as

will be seen from comparing f. 135 and 141, and 137 and 142; while it differs

from dodingensis in having a broader dorsal lobe, a much wider sinus, and a differ-

ently shaped and differently situate transverse ridge. The relationship indicated by

pattern is therefore not the same as that which we must deduce from the structure

of the genital armature.

n. P. sarpedon monticolus from Bonthain Peak, S. Celebes ; f. 146 and 147.

The discovery of a mountain form of sarpedon in Celebes which is in general

appearance very different from the form inhabiting the lower districts of the

island is highly interesting. The subspecies resembles on superficial examination

Indo-Malayan individuals of sarpedon sarpedon ; the actual affinities of the sub-

species are, in respect to the external characters, as follows: In the green colour

of the markings monticolus—it ought to be monticola!—agrees with sarpedon

sarpedon, sarpedon jugans, sarpedon adonarensis, and sarpedon timorensis, and

differs conspicuously from its compatriot milon and the Moluccan races. In

the shape of the wings it resembles sarpedon sarpedon from the Sunda Islands.

In the shape of the median band of the forewing it comes nearest to sarpedon

dodingensis from the Northern Moluccas, except in the third spot being larger

than the fourth, in which character it agrees with timorensis. The underside of the

hindwing is in monticolus, milon (Celebes), and dodingensis (Northern Moluccas),

in opposition to all other subspecies, provided with a red mark before the median

cell between veins 6 and 7. And, lastly, the genital armature of monticolus stands

intermediate in structure between that of milon and that of dodingensis, and hence

is obviously different from that of sarpedon sarpedon.

We have to lay great stress upon the mixture of characters found in P. sarpedon

monticolus. As the relationship to milon from Celebes, sarpedon from the Sunda

Islands, and dodingensis from the Northern Moluccas is equally great in the

me E

nit

( 483 )

characters of the wing and valve, we have no reason whatever to say that monticolus

is derived from sarpedon sarpedon, or from sarpedon dodingensis, and not from

sarpedon milon; and hence a conclusion, based upon the occurrence of a special form

of P. sarpedon on Bonthain Peak, as to the probable geological history of Celebes

connection with the Sunda Islands or with the Northern Moluccas—would lack the

necessary facts. We shall have to refer again to montieolus in the last chapter of

this paper.

The valve is nearly shaped as in sarpedon milon, i.e. the ventral lobe is much

longer and narrower than iu sarpedon sarpedon. "The dorsal ridge (f. 146, from

apical side) bears a transverse dentate ridge, similar in position to that of dodingensis

(f. 140), but differently shaped; the dentate ridge is much less extended than in

ordinary examples of milon (f. 144). F. 146 gives a dorsal view of the ridge.

0. P. sarpedon milon from Celebes, the Sulla Islands, and the island of

Talant ; f. 143, 144, and 145.

This long-winged and narrow-banded subspecies has the blue colour of the

wing-band in common with the Moluccan races; the nearest ally in respect to the

pattern of the wing is dodingensis, which has, like milon aud monticolus, an

additional red spot before the cell on the underside of the hindwing, and has the

median band of both wings also obviously narrower than it is in the subspecies

from Amboina and Ceram.

The sinus of the valve of milon (f. 143) is deep and broad ; the ventral lobe

of the valve is very slender and long, resembling somewhat that of jugans from

Sumba (f. 121) and teredon from Ceylon and 8. India (f. 133). The apical

processus of the dorsal ridge is nearly as long as in the two Moluccan races. The

transverse ridge has developed to a broad saw-like organ, which when seen from

above sometimes almost extends to the sinus of the valve. In the ventral view of

the dorsal ridge (f. 145, Celebes specimen) the denticulate portion of the dorsal

ridge itself (7) is plainly visible ; this portion of the ridge is not developed in the

Moluccan races, but in monticolus from Bonthain Peak (f. 147). The transverse

ridge (2) is in this specimen almost perpendicular. A view of the same organ from

the apical side of the valve is given in f. 144; the ridge is larger than in any

other subspecies, but there is some individual variation in the size of the ridge.

We have only one d from the island of Mangiola (Sulla Islands), which, like

the female, differs from the Celebes individuals in having a narrower median baud

to the wings. The valve and its armature is in this d very slightly different from

that of our Celebes examples; but, of course, we cannot tell from one individual

whether the difference is due to individual or to local variation.

The more prominent facts of variation illustrated by f. 96to 145 are as follows:—

(1) The genital armature varies according to locality; the Chinese subspecies

agrees in the apparatus, however, with the Indo-Malayan one, in spite of very

prominent external differences.

(2) The distinguishing characters in the genital armature of the subspecies are

found in the valve as well as in the harpe.

(3) The individual variation within the Indo-Malayan subspecies, of which a

large material has been examined, is so great that the difference between every two

nearest allied subspecies is small compared with the difference exhibited by the

extreme individuals of the Indo-Malayan subspecies.

( 484 )

(4) The Ceylonese and South Indian subspecies is in the genital armature and

in the shape of the wing nearer related * to the forms inhabiting Sumba, Wetter,

and Timor, than to the Indian form.

(5) The subspecies which are in colour and pattern nearly allied * (sarpedon

sarpedon from India, sarpedon choredon from Australia, sarpedon monticolus from

Celebes) need not be similar in respect to the genital armature.

(6) The spring and summer broods in North India and Japan are not different

in the genital armature.

11. Papilio bathycles ; f. 46 to 50.

We have selected this species out of a number of “green” Eastern Papilios for

two reasons : first, because the harpe of the species has long spines and processes

the variation of which is more easily demonstrated ; secondly, because the three

subspecies of the species (Java; Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo; North India and

Burma), though in external characters not always distinguishable (at least as

regards those two of them of which we have a long series), are in the harpes,

according to our material, always different. We believe that the great gap between

the harpe of the North Indian form and that of the Malayan form, and the smaller

gap between the Malayan and the Java subspecies, are due to the circumstance

that we have not examined specimens from the interjacent countries, Tenasserim and

South-West Sumatra.

As the valve of P. bathycles does not vary to any extent, we figure only the

harpe. The harpe consists of a fold extending ventrally from the base of the valve

to near the apex, and from here to near the dorsal edge of the valve ; the fold is

apically produced into a ventral spine (a), a ventral ridge (4), and into a dorsal

ridge (c), all of which extend in an apical direction; the fold between the dorsal

ridge and the ventral ridge is very slightly raised.

_a. P. bathycles bathycles from Java ; f. 46.

We have examined but four individuals, the harpe of one of which is represented

by f. 46. In all four specimens the ventral spine (a) is simple, without denticula-

tion ; the ventral ridge is dentate, either of the form as represented iu f. 46, with

a small dentate dilatation at its dorsal edge, or the place of this dilatation is

occupied by some small teeth; the dorsal ridge is broad, denticulate, and has

generally one larger tooth, as in f. 46 ; the surface of the ridge is basally limited

by a faint fold.

b. P. bathycles bathycloides from Sumatra, Malacca, and Borneo ; f. 47.

F. 47 is taken from a Bornean example. The ventral spine is either simple,

or, as in figure, denticulate at the tip ; the ventral ridge is longer and basally much

narrower than in the Java form, being there without dilatation or denticulation ;

the dorsal ridge is nearly shaped as in batkycles bathycles, but the fold e is more

obviously marked and has a different direction.

c. P. bathycles chiron from Sikkim, Assam, Burma ; f. 48, 49, 50.

The material of this form which stood at our disposal was much larger than

that of the two preceding subspecies, and consequently the amount of variability

* The words * allied” and * related” mean here simply “ similarity," not phylogenetic relationship.

( 485 )

observed in chiron greater than the amount observed in buthycloides and bathycles.

As in wing-pattern bathycloides and chiron are not always distinguishable with

certainty, while dathycles is more easily recognisable, the dissimilarity in the harpes

of bathycloides and chiron is much greater than the difference between the harpes

of bathycloides and bathycles. Comparing f. 46 (bathycles) and 47 (bathyeloides)

with f. 48 to 50, which represent chiron, we observe as main character of the

harpe of chiron that the dorsal ridge (c) is reduced to a small triangular tooth.

Besides, the dorsal tooth ¢ stands nearer the ventral ridge owing to an increase in

breadth of the ventral portion of the harpe; the ventral spine has a somewhat

different direction, and the ventral ridge is differently shaped.

The division of the ventral ridge of bathycles into two lobes (f. 46) is in

f. 48, taken from a Shillong (Assam) example, more obvious ; in f. 49 (Sikkim)

the bifureation is complete and the denticulation is much reduced ; in an individual

from the Shan States (f. 50) the ridge is divided into three teeth.

The ventral spine is either simple (f. 49), or denticulate at the tip.

The dorsal, triangular, ridge varies a good deal in size, but to our knowledge

this variation is independent of locality, as is also the variation of the ventral ridge

and ventral spine of chiron.

There often occur specimens of chiron in which the ochreous costal mark on

the underside of the hindwing is wanting (ab. chironides), a character by which

also bathycloides is distinguished from bathycles; in the genital armature of

ab. chironides there is no peculiarity, and we also failed to find any distinguishing

character in the genital armature of the spring specimens from Sikkim (broad-

banded) as compared with the summer specimens (narrow-banded).

The facts of variation illustrated by f. 46 to 50 are as follows :—

(1) The three subspecies of P. bathycles, the Javan (bathycles), the Malayan

(bathycloides), and the Indian (cAiron), have the harpe built up after the same plan,

but the detail of the structure furnishes in the specimens examined obvious dis-

tinguishing characters.

(2) The Malayan and the Indian forms are nearest related in pattern, while the

Malayan and the Javan forms are nearest related in the structure of the harpe.

(3) The individuals of the spring and summer broods of chiron, and the specimens

of chiron ab. chiron and chiron ab. chironides, are in the genital armature the

same.

2. Papilio aristeus; f. 72 to 83.

This species ranges from Sikkim all over the Indo-Australian Archipelago, and

is replaced on Celebes and some islands south of it by a close ally (P. rhesus), and on

the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago by another close ally (P. paron). Mr. Roth-

schild, Nov. Zoor. 1895. p. 418, distinguishes four subspecies, which, arranged

according to the geographical position of the district which each of them inhabits,

are as follows :—

(1) P. aristeus anticrutes in Northern India (Sikkim and Assam).

(2) P. aristeus hermocrates from Upper Burma to Timor and the Philippine

islands.

(3) P. aristeus aristeus on the Moluccas.

(4) P. aristeus parmatus in Queensland, on New Guinea and Waigeu.

( 486 )

That these four forms are really one species there can scarcely be any doubt, for

the distinguishing characters are by no means perfectly constant.

P. aristeus, rhesus, paron, antiphates, etc., and all the green Eastern Papilios

have in neuration a prominent character in common: in all of them the first sub-

costal branch is ¿invariably anastomosed to the costal nervure. The relationship

indicated by this phenomenon is doubtless blood-relationship, not simply form-

relationship, as the structure of the larvae, pupae, and the morphology of the

imagines point in the same direction. The form of the ninth abdominal segment in

the male, and especially that of the eighth in the female, is in several groups of

Indian Papilios with that peculiarity in the neuration morphologically similar, while

those segments are in P. podalirius, ajax, and allies, which have a superficial

resemblance to aristeus, antiphates, etc., of quite a different form (compare f. 181,

podalirius $ , and 182, sarpedon 8).

The peculiar form of the valve of P. aristeus will easily be understood if one

compares with f. 72 (aristeus anticrates) the valve of P. sarpedon (f. 96).

The apical sinus which in sarpedon occupies the middle of the apex is in

aristeus more dorsal and is very narrow; in a view perpendicular on the plane of

the valve, as in f. 72, the sinus is concealed by a brush-like organ (4); but in

f. 75, which represents the brush-like organ from the ventral side (minus the

bristles), the narrow sinus between « and / is visible.

The organ 4 is homologous to the dorsal lobe of the valve of sarpedon, and

therefore will here be called so. The ventral lobe of the valve (a) is very broad

and rounded, or somewhat triangular. The position of the two lobes against

one another can easily be imitated with the thumb (representing the dorsal

lobe) and the four other fingers (representing the ventral lobe) by moving the

thumb inwards.

The middle portion of the inner edge of the thick and raised ventral margin of

the valve is furnished with short bristles.

The armature of the valve is also homologous to that of sarpedon. The usual

fold of the inner sheath begins ventrally at the base of the valve, is soon curved a

little dorsally, and then suddenly raised into a strongly cbitinised, denticulate,

ridge (e) ; from here the fold turns dorsally and becomes soon dilated into a long

process (6), the subapical tooth of sarpedon, which we shall call subapical

process ; this process leans strongly over dorsally and apically, is curved, and

penetrates between the dorsal and ventral lobe of the valve, so that its tip is visible

when the valve is viewed from the dorsal side. The position of the subdorsal

process will become clear from f. 75 and 82.

The variation according to individuals and according to locality affects the

dorsal lobe (2), the ventral denticulate ridge (e), and the subdorsal process (e).

a. P. aristeus anticrates from Sikkim and Assam; f. 72, 73, 75.

The dorsal lobe of the valve is always very broad; its free apical portion is

ovate. The outline is not always the same: sometimes the lobe is a little slenderer

than in f. 75, which represents the average form and is taken from a Sikkim

example; sometimes it is a little shorter.

The ventral ridge appears in the view from above (f. 72, Sikkim individual)

almost straight; the ridge is concave dorsally, its middle portion being more

ventral than the basal and apical edge. When seen from the dorsal side (f. 73)

the denticulation of the ridge is more prominent; iu all specimens examined

( 487 )

the longest, most basal, tooth (right-hand side in figure) is nearly horizontal. The

subdorsal process is simple, without denticulation.

There is no difference in the genital armature between the darker and the less

dark specimens from Sikkim and Assam.

b. P. aristeus hermocrates from Burma to Timor, Borneo, Palawan, and the

Philippine Islands ; f. 74, 76 to 80.

We have examined individuals from the Shan States, Borneo, Palawan, the Philip-

pine Islands, Sumba, Kalao, Wetter, and Timor. The individual variation in the

pattern of the wings and in the size of the specimens is considerable, but we cannot

find distinguishing characters which would necessitate a division of hermocrates into

more subspecies; the Wetter and Timor individuals, from which islands we have

only three altogether, are faintly different in the shape of the forewing, and may

perhaps, on receipt of more material, be separable from hermocrates. An examina-

tion of the genital armature likewise did not furnish us with characters by which

specimens from the various localities could be recognised, except the Shan States

individuals, which are more similar in part of the genital armature to the North

Indian anticrates.

The chief distinction in the genital armature of hermocrates concerns the form

of the dorsal lobe, which normally is shaped as in f. 78, and the form of the

ventral ridge, which has the basal tooth (f. 74) less horizontal than it is in

anticrates.

We have two individuals from Muong Gnow, Shan States, one darker than

many Philippine Islands specimens, one intermediate in the development of the

bands between anticrates and ordinary Philippine hermocrates. The dorsal lobe of

the dark specimen (f. 76) is scarcely different from that of antierates, being much

broader than it normally is in kermocrates (compare f. 76 to 50); in the whiter

individual, which in the wing-pattern is scarcely different from dark Sikkim

examples of anticrates, the dorsal lobe is considerably narrower (f. 77).

The series of f. 76 to 80 represents the variation of the dorsal lobe. F. 78

is taken from a specimen from Kudat, North Borneo; the lobe is still narrower than

in f. 77; the next two figures (79 and 80) represent the lobe of two Palawan

individuals. The specimens from Kalao, Timor, Wetter, and Sumba have the lobes

as in f. 78 to 80.

The gradual decrease in the size of the dorsal lobe from f. 75 (antierates) to

f. 76 (hermocrates), and from there to f. 80, is evident; and it is further obvious

that the difference between the extreme form of the lobe of hermocrates (f. 80) and

the lobe of aristeus, as well as the difference between the other extreme of Zermo-

crates (f. 76) and anticrates (f. 75), amounts quantitatively to much less than the

difference between the extremes of hermocrates (f. 76 and 80).

c. P. aristeus aristeus from the Southern and Northern Moluccas ; f. 81 to 83.

The individuals from the various islands of the Moluccas, though individually

variable, exhibit neither in the wing-pattern nor in the genital armature any

character confined to one or the other of the islands, or group of islands. This sub-

species is in pattern most nearly related to Zermoerates, but is easily distinguished

by the ground-colour of the underside being obviously darker.

The dorsal lobe of the valve (f. SI and 82) is in all specimens examined

slenderer than in bermoerates ; the individual variation is slight. The ventral ridge

( 488 )

is much more extended than in the two preceding subspecies ; when seen from

above, as in f. 82, it is a kind of half-ring ; f. 83 gives the same organ in a view

from the dorsal side of the valve. The difference between the ridge of aristeus and

that of hermocrates and anticrates is obvious enough without further comment.

Intergradations in the form of the organ are unknown to us. F. 81 to 83 are

taken from a Halmaheira individual.

The subdorsal process is denticulate, and is longer than in hermocrates and

anticrates, projecting distinetly beyond the upper edge of the ventral lobe of the

valve (f. 82).

d. P. aristeus parmatus from Queensland, New Guinea, and Waigeu.

This subspecies agrees externally so well with the Indian P. aristeus anticrates

that Professor Eimer did not perceive the slight differences in colour and pattern

which generally separate parmatus from anticrates, and which Mr. Rothschild

pointed out on p. 419 of Vol. IL. of this journal.

Although we know from several species that in forms which in the wing-colour

aud pattern are the most closely allied the genital armature is more different than in

externally less closely allied forms, we were nevertheless much surprised to find

that aristeus parmatus has, in opposition to aristeus anticrates, the same genital

armature as anisteus aristeus ; we dare say exactly the same, as we have not found

a single character by which the apparatus of parmatus could be distinguished from

that of the Moluccan insect. This discovery is very important, as it shows evidently

that, in order to understand the relation of a form, it is necessary to compare sets of

entirely independent characters, and as it further proves that a form externally

similar to another can be dissimilar in the genital armature, while it agrees in these

organs with an externally very different form.

13. Papilio rhesus from Celebes, Saleyer, and Djampea; f. 84, 85.

Though Eimer removes this insect from aristeus and puts it into another group

of species along with American species, such as ajax, all the characters by which

P. rhesus is distinguished from P. aristeus are developments of the characters of

aristeus. The only argument in favour of a relationship with ajax is the number

of the black bands on the forewing ; in resus there is one band less than in

aristeus ; but even this argument is not valid, as there very often occur specimens

in which the usually absent band is indicated by a black spot, and as there are even

examples in which this spot has developed to a distinct band. All the other

characters of the wing-pattern speak against a relationship with ajax, and this

statement is corroborated by the morphology of the male sexual armature and by the

form of the eighth abdominal segment of the /zmale. To begin with the latter, it

will be sufficient to say that the eighth segment in resus is complete, as in aristeus,

agamemnon, sarpedon, ete. (see f. 182, sarpedon sarpedon; f. 185, aristeus

parmatus ; f. 187, macfarlanei); whereas in ajax 9 the eighth segment is

incomplete, as in f. 181 (podalirius). The similarity in the armature of the valve

of rhesus with that of aristeus will become evident by comparing f. 84 and 85

with 75 and 83.

The dorsal lobe of the valve of »Zeszs (f. 84) is much broader than even in the

Indian aristeus anticrates, except the free apex, which is comparatively narrower;

the subdorsal process is thin, and, as in anfierates, not dentate ; the ventral ridge

( 489 )

is almost shaped as in aristeus aristeus and aristeus parmatus, but the basi- dorsal

portion of the half-ring is much higher than in these subspecies ; f. 84 gives a

dorsal view of the ridge.

The affinities of resus are as follows: in the pattern of the wings it comes

nearest to Aermoerates, in the form of the dorsal lobe of the valve and the subdorsal

process nearest to anticrates and Aermocrates, in the form of the ventral ridge

nearest to aristeus and parmatus.

The facts of variation illustrated by f. 72 to 85 are as follows:—

(1) P. aristeus hermocrates exhibits obvious variability in the shape of the

dorsal lobe of the valve ; the extreme specimens come very near anticrates and

aristeus respectively.

(2) That Shan States individual of Aermocrates which is most “typical” in

pattern has the dorsal lobe nearly identical with wnticrates, while a specimen from

the same locality whieh in pattern is almost identical with certain North Indian

individuals of anticrates has the dorsal lobe much narrower.

(3) There are no intergradations between the form of the ventral ridge of

aristeus parmatus, aristeus aristeus, and rhesus on one side, and aristeus anticrates

and aristeus hermocrates on the other.

(4) The two Eastern subspecies, parmatus and aristeus, geographically the

nearest related, are identical in the genital armature and conspicuously different in

pattern.

(5) The two subspecies, anticrates and parmatus, inhabiting the extreme parts

of the range are in pattern closely related, and in the genital armature very

different.

14. Papilio alcinous from Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, Formosa, and China ;

Nov. Zoot. 1895. t. VI.

China is inhabited by several forms related to the Japanese alcinous, namely

confusus, impediens, plutonius, and mencius. Of these we shall take here into

consideration only the first, confusus, which differs externally in the d from the

Japanese Papilio in the body being more extended red, especially in the front of

the head being clothed with red and with black hairs (while in the Japanese insect

the head is all black), and in the submarginal spots of the hindwing being generally

more brilliant red. The Formosa specimens agree with this Chinese form in colour,

and so do the individuals from the Loo Choo Islands. The examination of the

harpes of a long series of Chinese and Japanese individuals led to remarkable

results which are laid down in Vol. II. of this journal. The results were as follows:—

The harpe of the black-headed Japanese insect is, in all specimens examined,

very different from the harpe of the Chinese individuals, except in one individual

which has the harpe like the Chinese specimens.

The red-headed Loo Choo specimens have the harpe like the black-headed

Japanese specimens. We have here, therefore, a combination of the external

characters of the Chinese form with the genital characters of the Japanese form.

Amongst the red-headed Chinese specimens one was found in which the harpe

has the dentate ridge of the Japanese form and the free apical process of the

normal Chinese form, and hence combines the characters of the harpe of the red-

headed Chinese and black-headed Japanese Papilios.

( 490 )

The facts are briefly as follows :—

(1) Japan: Head black. Harpe with dentate ridge, without free apical

process ; one specimen like (3).

(2) Loo Choo Islands : Head as in (3). Harpe as in (1).

(3) China and Formosa: Head red. Harpe without dentate ridge, with free

apical process ; one specimen with dentate ridge (= 1) and with free apical

process (= 3).

The only inference from these facts logically possible is that neither the red colour

of part of the hairs of the head, nor the form of the harpe, is in the Papilios in

question of specific value. The present case reminds one strongly of that of

P. sarpedon as explained on p. 478.

15. Papilio aristolochiae; f. 86 to 95.

The group of Papilios to which the present species belongs has the valve much

reduced ; the harpe does not vary to any extent, while the wncus (dorsal part of the

tenth segment, according to Peytoureau) is very variable. To show the amount of

variation in one of the species, we figure the uncus of three Sikkim individuals

of P. aristolochiae aristolochiae (f. 86 to 88), of three Sambawa specimens of

P. aristolochiae austrosundanus (f. 89 to 91), and of four Bunguran examples

of P. aristolochiae antiphus (f. 92 to 95). The variability of the uncus within each

subspecies of aristolochiae is so great that we fail to perceive any character in that

organ which could serve to distinguish the three (in external features easily recognis-

able) subspecies by.

B. FEMALE GENITAL ARMATURE.

Peytoureau,* in his researches on the morphology of the last segments of the

abdomen of the female Lepidoptera, comes to the conclusion that there are, as in the

male, ten segments, the anal segment of the female imago, consisting of two lateral

pieces comparable in form to the valves of the male and having the function of a

protector of the anus and the orifice of the oviduct, being homologous to the ninth

and tenth segments of the pupa and larva ; the orifice of the oviduct has the same

position as the penis underneath the anus between the ninth and tenth segments.

The variation of the anal segment is of no importance for our present purposes. The

orifice of the vagina is separated from the orifice of the oviduct, and is situated

between the seventh and the eighth segments; in consequence of the development of

the copulatory apparatus the eighth, not the seventh, segment has undergone great

changes. The form of the segment, as well as of the vaginal armature, is in a live

specimen easily perceivable when one gently presses the abdomen; in a dried-up

individual the apparatus is concealed, being entirely removed into the vaginal cavity,

the opening of which is closed by the seventh and eighth segments being in contact.

As it was, in the first place, not the aim of our researches to find characters in

the morphology of the abdomen by which the higher divisions in the system of

Lepidoptera, such as families and subfamilies, could be distinguished, but to try

whether the morphological characters of the last segments could be made use of in

diagnostic work relating to the lower degrees of division, genera and species, and

partieularly whether within the limits of a species there was in the copulatory

apparatus a variation similar in kind and extent to that of the ma/e organs of copula-

tion, it was necessary to study the organs in question 77 sitz, in order to be able to

* See note, p. 461.

( 491 )

compare the position and direction and the outline of the homologous parts of the

apparatus of the allied insects, and thus to be able to observe minute differences in

the most nearly related forms. As in live specimens, or in individuals shortly after

death, a pressure of the abdomen sufficed to bring the organs in question fully in view,

it was evident that a method of preparation of dried specimens would be successful,

if the intersegmental membranes of the end of the abdomen were so relaxed that the

whole apparatus could be pushed out without destroying the connection between the

several organs. The method of preparation we employ is quite sufficient for our

purpose, and has the great advantage of being very simple. We cut off the last four

segments, soak them in hot alcohol and water, remove the eggs, scales, ete., with the

help of a pin and brush, press the segments gently, and leave the abdomen in alcohol

and water until the segments are freely moveable ; then we press the head of a pin

from the inside of the abdomen against the vagiual bulb, and push it gently out,

taking care that the membranes do not get torn. The eggs and the bursa copulatrir

ought to be preserved.

While in a live specimen the membraneous and the more chitinised parts in the

vaginal region are easily distinguished by their colour, in a dry individual all the

parts are more or less brown, and, though the strongly chitinised organs are recog-

nisable by their gloss, the exact limits between the membrane and the chitinised

pieces which it connects are often obscured.

According to the development of the eighth segment the Eastern Papilios can

be divided into two groups—such in which the eighth segment forms a complete

ring without longitudinal sutures (f. 182), and such in which the ventral plate is

absent. To the first group belong nearly all those Indian and African species exa-

mined in which the first subcostal nervule of the forewing anastomoses with the

costa, except P. mandarinus and allies, and to the second group all the other Papilios

examined, inclusive of Troides = Ornithoptera. The combination of an obvious

character in neuration with a still more conspicuous particularity in the development

of the eighth abdominal segment of the females of the species allied to egememnon,

sarpedon, codrus, aristeus, and antiphates of the Indo-Australian Region, and of

antheus, leonidas, pylades, etc., from Africa, indicates certainly more than mere

similarity in form.

The special copulatory apparatus consists of processes, ridges, tubercles, and

folds near the vaginal orifice, all more or less chitinised, often dentate and hook-

shaped. It is not a modification of the ventral plate of the eighth segment, but is au

independent structure of the intersegmental membrane. The variety of the apparatus

in the various species is startling, as a glance at f. 156 to 182 will show. The

orifice of the vagina, marked # in the figures on Pl. XIX., has in the diverse groups

of Papilio a different position; in P. aleinous, philoxenus, and allies, it has a

ventral (recte basal or anterior) (f. 179), in podalirius and allies (f. 181) a more

dorsal (recte apical or posterior) position.

The variability of the copulatory apparatus we explain by figures only of four

species ; this must suffice for the present. But to demonstrate the classificatory

value of the armature we give figures of seven more species.

16. Papilio machaon; f. 156 to 159.

The figures are taken from a British individual. When examining the inter-

segmental membrane which bears the orifice of the vagina and the chitinised pre-

hensile apparatus we perceive (f. 157) a somewhat lyriform or horseshoe-shaped

( 492 )

buckle (4), which is a chitinised portion of the membrane itself, and does not protrude

free ; its ventral and latera] edges form a slightly raised ridge, as can be seen in

f. 156. The ventral part of this buckle is produced into two processes (v), which

are thin in a dorso-ventral sense, but divided longitudinally into a left and a right

half, which stand at a blunt angle to one another in consequence of the middle line

of the process being more dorsal than the lateral edges. At the base each pro-

cess is constricted (f. 158), while the edge of the apical half is armed with teeth.

In a side view the process (f. 156 and 159) appears plainly as a dilatation of

the buckle 5. The vagina v (f. 159) is behind the middle of the median piece of

the buckle, and marked in f. 157 behind the two processes as a black spot.

The series of females examined has not been very great, and hence we do not yet

know whether there is not some variation in the form of the armature in the various

subspecies. From what we have seen we must conclude that if there is such a varia-

tion it must be very slight, as neither the European and Asiatie nor some American

forms of P. machaon presented any obvious deviation from what we have figured on

Pl. XIX. And this would be entirely in accordance with what we have found in the

male genital armature of machaon, as far as a distinction between the genital armature

of the various subspecies of this species goes. We can safely say that in P. machaon

from Europe and Asia—

(1) There is no character in the genital armature of both sexes of any of

the subspecies by which the greater percentage of the individuals

could be distinguished ;

(2) There are obvious characters in the colour and pattern of the wing

and body of each subspecies by which the greater percentage of the

individuals, but not every specimen, can be distinguished.

The genital armature of P. æuthus is entirely different from that of machaon.*

17. Papilio polytes; f. 160 and 161.

The female of this species is polymorphic; we have examined the three female

forms from Ceylon and North India, the two forms from Borneo, the three from

the Philippine Islands, and also a single specimen of each of the subspecies from

Celebes, Sangir, Sulla Islands, Amboina, and Halmaheira.

There is a good deal of individual variation in the apparatus of P. polytes, but

this variation is entirely independent of the colour and pattern of the wings, and

hence the various forms of the female of each subspecies must be pronounced to be

identical in the genital armature ; $-f. romulus, 9 -f. cyrus, and 9 -f. polytes do not

present any character in the vaginal armature by which one form is distinguished

from the other, and so it is with 9-f. theseus and 2-f. virilis, and so on.

The intersegmental membrane (f. 160) is just underneath the eighth segment

at each side thickened and corrugated, the corrugated portion having an elongate-

ovate outline; round the orifice of the vagina there is a low ridge continued

upwards to the hinder end of the corrugate mark ; this ridge is raised into five

processes, one ventral and two on each side lateral. The form of the processes is

visible in f. 161, which represents the apparatus flattened out and viewed from the

anal side ; the ventral process is rounded, the lateral ones are sharply pointed,

the lower one is the longest. The length of the lateral processes is variable.

Above the vagina there is a rounded tubercle, ¢, present in all allies.

* This confirms Dr. Seitz’s opinion that æuthus is not a very near relation of machaon. See Soc. Ent.,

1895. p. 130,

( 493 )

The various subspecies do not exhibit any obvious difference in the form of the

ridge, except perhaps the forms from the Moluccas. We have examined only one

individual of the two subspecies from Amboina and Halmaheira. These individuals

showed some difference in the length of the lateral teeth ; but as in the Indian,

Bornean, and Philippine insects, of which we have examined several specimens, the

teeth vary according to the individual specimens, the difference in the Halmaheira

and Amboina examples can just as well be due to individual as to subspecific

variation. In the male sex we have found that the various subspecies are in the

genital armature connected by intergradations, but that nearly all the specimens of

each subspecies are pretty well recognisable by the form of the harpe. In the female

sex the difference in the vaginal armature, if present, is certainly much fainter; but

we shall see later on that the difference corresponding to that in the harpes does not

exist in the chitinised processes, but in the folding of the membrane, and is, when

slight, not perceivable in consequence of the shrivelling of the membrane in the dry

specimens.

18. Papilio ambrax : f. 162.

Though in pattern the female of this species comes very near that of P. polytes

nicanor, So near indeed that entomologists like Kirsch and Snellen have mistaken

it for polytes, there is a constant and very conspicuous difference in the vaginal

armature of the two species. F. 162 represents the apparatus of a specimen

from New Guinea; the ventral process & of f. 161 is here wanting, and this

character we have found to be constant in all the twenty odd females of ambrax

examined. Besides, the lower lateral tooth is generally somewhat shorter than in

polytes. The variability of the ridge is similar to that of polytes. The Queenslandian

subspecies does not, to our knowledge, present any distinguishing character from the

New Guinean subspecies in the form of the ridge.

The representative species from the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon

Islands we have not yet examined.

19. Papilio aegeus ; f. 163 to 169, 176.

The individual variability of the vaginal armature is in this species very

great, while an examination of a longer series of specimens from New Guinea

(aegeus ormenus) and Queensland (aegeus aegeus) proved that the variation aecord-

ing to locality is very slight. The vagina is surrounded by three high processes

which are dilatations of a high ridge. The position and general form of the armature

is represented by the half-diagrammatic figure 165. The ventral process is the

largest, and is narrowed from the middle towards the base and the apex ; the apical

half is dentate, divided by a median sinus into two lobes of variable length (f. 166

and 167), and is curved dorsally (f. 163); ventrally the ridge is, like the processes

of P. machaon, longitudinally concave, and is provided with a rounded middle keel

(f. 164, m) which does not reach the apex. The lateral process 4 is seldom

simple in outline; mostly it is more or less strongly dentate (f. 166). Above the

orifice of the vagina v there stands the supravaginal tubercle 7. The intersegmental

membrane is, moreover, raised into a vertical fold f (f. 163 and 164), which stands

in connection with the vaginal ridge.

a. P. aegeus ormenus; f. 163 to 166, 176.

The female of this subspecies is polymorphie. As in the case of P. polytes,

we have found no characters in the genital armature peculiar to one or the other of

( 494 )

the female forms. The specimens figured are from near Dorey, Dutch New Guinea.

In f. 166 the left lateral ridge is not drawn; the ventral process of this

specimen is at the apex much deeper sinuate than that of f. 164, and the lateral

process is much broader and multidentate, while the process is not dentate in

f. 163 and 164. The anal segment and the supravaginal tubercle ¢ is represented

by f. 176.

b. P. aegeus aegeus ; f. 167 to 169.

The female of this subspecies is monomorphic in colour and pattern. The

variability of the vaginal armature is illustrated by f. 167 to 169. The ventral

process is slenderer at the base than in wegeus ormenus, and the lateral process

has mostly on the outer side a slightly raised carina (f. 168 and 169). In f. 167

the teeth of the lateral and ventral processes, and in f. 169 those of the lateral

process, are mostly obliterated ; the dentition of the lateral process represented

in f. 168 is restricted to the upper edge.

20. Papilio rumanzovius : f. 170 and 178.

There are four series of species of Papilios which are closely allied to one

another, the groups of P. memnon, P. aegeus, P. deiphobus, and P. lampsacus. We

represent for comparison the female sexual armature of a species of the first three

groups; the elose relationship of the insects in question finds an expression in the

similarity of the genital armature of male and female.

F.170 is taken from a specimen of P. rumanzovius 9-f. rumanzovius. The

ventral process is broadest towards the base, its apex is irregularly truncate,

the dentition of the process of aegeus (f. 166 to 169) is absent ; the median keel

on the ventral side of the process of «egews is here separated into a number of

irregular, longitudinal, slightly raised folds and wrinkles. The lateral process is

less high and leans over dorsally. The supravaginal tubercle, which in aegeus

(f. 176) is small, and near which the membrane is inobviously folded, is in

rumanzovius large (f. 178), and the membrane between it and the anal segment

(ix. + x.) is regularly and heavily folded transversely, the folds being limited

laterally by a longitudinal fold.

21. Papilio memnon; f. 171 to 175, 177.

Like P. polytes and P. aegeus ormenus, this species has a polymorphic female

in most localities; we have examined a number of tailed and tailless individuals from

North India, Java, Nias, and Borneo, and come to the same conclusions as in the

case of the two before-mentioned Papilios, that the subspecies are extremely

slightly different in the female genital armature, and that the various forms of the

Jemale of each subspecies do not exhibit any characters in the vaginal apparatus

peculiar to one or the other of the forms. The individual variability is as great, or

even greater, than in ormenus.

The chief features by which the vaginal armature of memnon can be distin-

guished from that of wegeus, to which it comes rather near, are as follows: the

ventral process is broader basally, and the median keel of the underside (ventral

side) is widened ont laterally into two ridges which rise under a small angle from

the plane of the main process (f. 173, m). The lateral process (4) is higher

than in P. aegeus, and divides very often at its dorsal edge in an outer (f. 174 and

( 495 )

175, 0) and inner ridge (x). The outline of the ventral and lateral ridges is very

variable, as f. 172 to 175 show.

The supravaginal tubercle and the anal segment are represented in f. 177;

the tubercle is similar to that of P. aegeus, but it is surrounded by two rather heavy

folds which in aegeus are scarcely marked.

22. Papilio alcinous; f. 179 and 180.

The vaginal orifiee is more ventral than in the preceding species, and the

armature is very simple. Just above the vagina the membrane is smooth and more

strongly chitinised, and bears a roundish impression (f. 179, 7). From the lower

edge of the eighth segment downwards extends a. broad fold, f, which is also more

chitinised than the rest of the intersegmental membrane, especially at two points

where the fold has a bulbose appearance.

We have examined but two individuals each of the Chinese P. aleinous confusus

and the Japanese P. aleinous alcinous, and find some obvious distinguishing

characters between the two subspecies. In the Chinese form (f. 180) the mem-

brane underneath the orifice of the vagina is strongly folded longitudinally, in the

Japanese insect the membrane is smooth there ; the snpravaginal impression 7 is in

confusus small,-in alcinous large; the lateral fold is in confusus extended down to

the ventral side as a conspicuously raised fold, while in aleönous the ventral portion

of the fold is only slightly raised. A specimen from the Loo Choo Islands we unfor-

tunately could not compare.

In the so-called nauseous species of Papilio allied to aleinous, philoxenus, and

aristolochiae the vaginal armature is as a rule very simple.

23. Papilio podalirius; f. 181.

We figure the end of the abdomen of this European species for two reasons :

first, because it enables the reader who is not acquainted with the exotic Papilios

to compare the two common European species; and secondly, because the form of

the eighth segment is entirely different from that of the Asiatic P. antiphates,

aristeus, etc., which bear a superficial resemblance in pattern to P. podalirius.

The vaginal orifice is more dorsal, or rather apical, than in the preceding and

following species here dealt with; the membrane round the orifice is strongly

chitinised, forming a round plate-like organ, the edge of which is raised; the

middle portion of the organ gradually raises and is bighest just underneath the

vaginal orifice; near the ventral edge of the eighth segment the edge of the diseus-

like organ fuses together with a strong oblique fold which is parallel to the ventral

margin of that segment. The latter itself is incomplete, there being no ventral

plate to it, but the posterior lateral angles almost meet above the vagina; the

segment thus stands in development intermediate between the preceding species and

the species here following. In the American allies of P. podalirius (P. ajax, ete.)

the eighth segment is as in podalirius (or nearly so), and not as in antiphates

182 (or nearly so). In P. leosthenes from

and aristeus, which have it as in f.

Australia the segment agrees on the whole also with that of podalirius, and has also

in P. mandarinus no ventral plate. Hence, in the development of the eighth

abdominal segment podalirius, leosthenes, ajax, would be more nearly related to

one another than to aristeus, antheus, etc., a statement which stands in direct

opposition to the kind of relation at which Professor Eimer arrives by his inter-

pretation of the wing-pattern ; while, on the other hand, the absence of a ventral

( 496 )

connection of the lateral plates of the summit in podalirius, mandarinus, ajax,

leosthenes is, to a certain extent, in favour of Eimer's opinion that there is a

close relationship between the first two and between the last two species.

24. Papilio sarpedon; f. 152 to 154.

The ventral portion of the eighth segment covers the vaginal region roof-like.

The intersegmental membrane bears a vertical strong fold ( /), and there is between

the fold and the vaginal orifice a strongly chitinised, smooth, impression (7). The

margin of the orifice of the vagina is slightly raised laterally and produced ventrally

into a process (a), the form of which will be seen from f. 183, which represents

the organ viewed from the dorsal side. F. 182 and 183 are drawn from a

Japanese individual. F.184 is taken from a specimen of P. sarpedon choredon

from Queensland; the process is broader at the base, and the angles at the apical

sinus are more rounded ; the difference between f. 183 and 184 is slight, but seems

to be fairly constant. We have not found any difference between the processes

of P. sarpedon sarpedon, sarpedon semifasciatus, sarpedon teredon, and sarpedon

milon (!). The individual variation in the form of the process is extremely slight

in the specimens examined.

25. Papilio aristeus; f. 155 and 186.

We have examined some Queenslandian females of P. aristeus parmatus, and a

female of P. aristeus hermocrates from Kalao (between Celebes and Flores); both

subspecies agree in the form of the eighth segment and in the genital armature, but

in hermocrates the outline of the ventral (median) piece of the summit is indicated

by a fine ridge. F. 185 and 186 are taken from a Queensland example.

The vaginal armature consists of two chitinised lappets (f. 186, « and a") which

protrude ventrally, and of which the lateral edge runs upwards as a strong ridge,

which is homologous to the vertical fold of f. 182, to the ventral margin of the

eighth segment.

26. Papilio macfarlanei: f. 187 and 188.

At each side of the vagina there is a broad and strongly chitinised ridge (/),

homologous to the vertical fold of f. 182, and bearing on the upperside a covering

of irregularly folded small lappets. The margin of the vaginal orifice is ventrally

produced into a bifurcate process (a in f. 187 and 188) which corresponds to the

two lappets of fig. 186.

27. Papilio agamemnon; f. 159.

The apparatus is similar to that of P. macfarlanei, but the fork-like process

has no stem and is connected with the folded intersegmental membrane (7) by a

short bar visible in f. 189 between the two branches of the fork. We have not

noticed any variability in the armature of this species.

Though our researches on the genital armature of the female sex of Papilio are

quite incomplete, we are nevertheless justified in drawing some general conclusions

from the facts of variation illustrated by f. 156 to 189.

(1) The prehensile apparatus consists of the armature of the orifice of the

vagina, and the special folding of the intersegmental membrane,

( 497 )

(2) The folds of the intersegmental membrane cannot be studied from the dried-

up individuals in such a manner that one perceives the minute differences between the

folds of the individuals; to this purpose it is necessary to compare live specimens,

or material preserved in an adequate fluid. The armature of the valve of the male

is during copulation pressed against the intersegmental membrane of the female,

and the spines, hooks, processes, etc., of the valve find a hold on the ridge-like folds

of the intersegmental membrane ; this is plainly visible in a d and ? of P. memnon

in the Tring Museum which are still united to one another. The special armature of

the vagina takes hold on the internal portion of the ninth segment of the male and

on the scaphium. There is sometimes a peculiarly shaped, broad, vertical, chitinous

plate underneath the scaphium, for example in the males of the yellow Troides

(= Ornithoptera), such as T. helenus, to which a long and strong ventral hook in

the female corresponds.

(3) One would expect that the variation of the harpe in the male is in the

same species accompanied by a corresponding variation in the female in those parts

which during copulation are in contact with the harpe; hence the variation in the

‚Female genital apparatus parallel to the variation in the male harpe must be

searched for in the special kind of folding of the intersegmental membrane, while

the variation in the outline of the processes and ridges at the mouth of the vagina

can have nothing to do with an adaptation to the special form of the harpe.

(4) In the only species examined in which the harpes vary very conspicuously

according to locality, in P. alcinous, the intersegmental fold of the ? on which

the harpe takes a hold is found to be different in the Chinese and the Japanese

subspecies.

(5) Though the individual variation of the vaginal armature is often great

(P. aegeus and memnon), à variation according to locality is not observed, or is

slight.

(6) In species with polymorphic females the vaginal armature is the same in

the various females (apart from individual variability).

ILI.—CONCLUSIONS.

The demonstration of the kind and the extent of the variation of the genital

armature in both sexes of some species of Papilio which is contained in the pre-

ceding chapter, notwithstanding the fact that our researches are still incomplete and

our notes on the vaginal apparatus even preliminary, enables us to compare the

variation of the genital armature with that of other organs and to draw with

safety some general conclusions. If we almost restrict the comparison to the

colour, pattern, and shape of the wings, mentioning only the prominent characters

of the respective insects, we do so in order to avoid unnecessary detail, and

secondly, because the distinguishing characters of species, subspecies, and aberra-

tions of butterflies as given in the works of Lepidopterists refer especially to the

wings.

As the true basis of work in Natural History is the comparison of specimen

with specimen of the lowest classificatory entity, the species, a study of the genital

armature has to begin with the comparison of the armature of such individuals

as are doubtless specifically the same. To determine the limits of variation of

the genital armature of a species is a difficult task. Though the number of

specimens of the commoner species conld easily be enlarged without any great

( 498 )

pecuniary sacrifice, the student of the variation of an internal organ, which is not

visible without dissection, is at a great disadvantage compared with the student of

external characters, because his series of individuals is always taken at random ; he

has no security whatever that, among the hundreds of specimens which perhaps

are at his disposal, there are really individuals which in the genital armature

represent the extremes of that species, or come near the extremes ; while, on the

other hand, the specimens conspicuously aberrant in wing-pattern, or colour, or

shape, are recognised and preserved by collectors, which gradually results in an

accumulation of individuals which fairly represent the various degrees, inclusive of

the more extreme ones, of the variation of the species in external characters.

Hence it is by no means to be wondered at that there are so many individuals

known which in external characters stand far outside the «sval limits of variation

of the respective species, while the internal genital armature seemed to vary only

within very narrow limits. On the contrary, it must surprise us that we neverthe-

less did succeed in finding among our specimens such individuals as exhibit in the

genital organs characters so widely divergent from the normal of the respective race

of Papilio that the individual not only forms a transition to another geographical

representative, but goes in the development of the peculiar character even beyond

allied forms. The specimen of P. sarpedon sarpedon (f. 101, 102, 103) and those

of P. alcinous figured on Pl. VI. of Vol. II. of this journal (f. 11 and 13) are such

“qnusual” varieties, which perhaps are in nature not rarer than individuals that

in external characters come close to, or are identical with, one of the allied forms;

and we have no doubt that a continued investigation in the matter will bring to light

varieties in the genital armature which in the degree of divergency are equal to so-

called sports. The individual variability found in our series of British P. machaon to

amount to 40 per cent. inthe gradual increase of the length of the prehensile portion

of the harpe, and in Palaearctic machaon to 70 per cent., is quantitatively scarcely

inferior to the variation exhibited in external characters, and the same applies to the

other Papilios dealt with in the preceding chapter. In the female genital armature

we meet with an equally great variability in many of the species, especially in all

those which have a more complicated armature ; the variability of the complicated

apparatus, which consists of spines, hooks, dentate ridges, and so on, appears

generally to be greater than that of a simpler armature, because the difference

between the apparatus of two individuals is more easily perceivable in a com-

plieated than in a simple organ, even if the difference in the latter expressed iu

proportional numbers is greater than in the former.

If we group the individuals of a species from one locality according to the

similarity in the genital armature, and then again according to a conspieuous

external character, the first series of groups and the second are not the same ; we

have found again and again that specimens similar in a certain character in colour,

pattern, or shape of wings have no particularity in the genital armature in common

by whieh they are distinguished from the individuals that do not possess that

external character; specimens aberrant in wing-pattern may be normal in the

genital armature, and individuals abnormal in the latter may be normal in the

former. The harpe of P. aegeus ormenus with a band on the forewing is the same

as in the aberration without the band; P. euchenor euchenor ab. eutropius does not

differ in the harpe from the ordinary male ; P. polytes borealis ab. thibetanus has a

normal harpe, and so on. Still more obvious is the independence of the variation of

the genital armature in the species with polymorphic females ; the various females

( 499 )

of memnon, tailed and tailless, those of polytes, aud also those of wegeus ormenus,

though individually very variable in the vaginal armature, agree with one another

(respectively) in these organs. Marked dimorphism, in which the two forms are not

connected by intergradations (tailed and tailless female of P. memnon), we have not

noticed in the genital armature, unless f. 171 and 173, in which the lateral ridge

is not divided, and f. 174 and 175, in which the lateral ridge is divided into the

two ridges o and «w, represent a kind of dimorphism; both the simple and the

divided ridge occur in tailed as well as in tailless individuals of P. memnon : inter-

gradations between the two developments of the lateral ridge are unknown to us,

bnt may occur.

Of equally great interest are those cases in which a specimen of a certain

subspecies resembles another subspecies externally, but stauds further away from

this subspecies in the genital armature than another specimen does that externally

is dissimilar to the subspecies. We recall to mind the two individuals of P. aristeus

hermocrates from the Shan States mentioned on p. 487, and add that, if variation

in pattern and variation in the sexual organs were in any way connected with one

another, one would have expected that the paler individual resembling certain

Sikkim specimens of anticrates had the dorsal lobe of the valve broader than the

other individual, which in pattern is like dark Philippine examples ; as, however,

just the reverse is the case, the broader dorsal lobe of the valve and the narrower

and shorter black bands of anticrates, and the narrower dorsal lobe and more extended

black bands of hermocrates, must be considered as independent characters.

It is possible that there are species in which a great variability, resp. constancy,

of the pattern of the wing is associated with a great variability, resp. constancy,

in the sexual armature, but so much is certain that in all the species we

have examined there is no correlation between the direetions in which the wings and

the sexual armature vary. Hence we may pronounce it as a general law that the

direction of the variation of the genital armature within a species of Papilio is

entirely independent of the variation of the wings.

We need scarcely mention that this law applies also to other Lepidoptera ; our

researches in groups other than Papilio are, however, so limited that we prefer for

the present to express the law as above. It would be of great interest to study the

variation of the genital armature of specimens which have artificially been exposed

to transmuting factors, such as heat aud cold, aud to compare the results with

those arrived at by the examination of the individuals roaming at large. Most

probably the artificially produced colour-varieties will be normal in the genital

armature. To this conclusion we are led by the experience gained from the

examination of seasonally dimorphic species. We paid special attention to the

copulatory apparatus of such species with the hope of finding in one or the other

Papilio differences in the apparatus of the spring and summer brood (or broods),

but completely failed to come across a species which, both in the wing-markings

and in the sexual organs, showed seasonal dimorphism. The spring forms of the

Japanese P. machaon, P. xuthus, and P. sarpedon ave in the harpe and the vaginal

armature the same as the differently coloured respective summer forms, and so it. is

with the Sikkimese species which exhibit in the wings a marked seasonal di-

morphism (P. sarpedon, cloanthus, eurypylus, bathycles). Iu the case of winter

and summer forms it is therefore evident that the influences which bring about a

change in the wings have no apparent effect on the sexual armature. This cor-

roborates the above statement of the independence of the variation of the sexual

( 500 )

organs and the wing-pattern, and opens a wide field for theoretical research,

inviting at the same time to a comparison of the seasonal with the geographical

variation.

In the introduetion we have mentioned the degrees of geographical variation

observed in Papilios ; the lower degrees, called above localised aberration, concern

the colour, pattern, and shape of the wings, and eannot be expected to be noticeable

in the genital armature without long-continued research: we have therefore to do

only with the higher degrees of geographical variation of a species which is termed

subspecific variation.

The valve, when of the usual more or less triangular outline, does not exhibit

obvious subspecific variation; while the variation according to locality is con-

spieuous, when the valve is divided into lobes, as is the case in P. sarpedon,

aristeus,and others. The variation is such that the specimens from a certain locality

are generally well distinguished from the specimens of a certain other locality;

but if we take individuals from all the various districts inhabited by the respec-

tive species, the lines of delimitation of the various forms become mostly obscure and

disappear. North Indian specimens of sarpedon and individuals from Sambawa are

at once distinguished by the form of the valval lobes, but examples from Lombok,

Java, and Sumatra overbridge the gap; Queenslandian and Sikkim aristeus are in the

dorsal lobe of the valve quite dissimilar, but specimens from the interjacent countries

forma continuous series of intergradations between those two extremes. The armature

of the valve varies in a similar way. We have cases in which the prehensile organ

of part of the individuals of the various localities has some peculiarity; thus in

Great Britain the prehensile portion of the harpe of a good many specimens of

P. machaon is long, while in many individuals from Syria the dentate portion is

very short; the subspecific difference in the harpe of P. aegeus from New Guinea

and Australia is very slight and applies only to part of the specimens. In other

species the differences between the individuals from various districts become more

constant, so that with very few exceptions it is possible to tell from the examination

of the harpe from which place a respective specimen came. While in other cases

again, such as P. bathycles, the individuals examined were constantly different in

the harpe according to locality.

The localised peculiarity in the harpe is, therefore, found in many, or in

nearly all, or in all the individuals from the respective locality, and when the

distinguishing character applies to all the specimens, there occur intergradations

either in other places (P. aristeus), or intergradations are unknown (P. bathycles).

In the female sex the armature at the mouth of the vagina does not vary so

obviously according to locality as the harpe of the male does ; but when the

difference in the harpes of the subspecies is very conspicuous, as in P. alcinous

alcinous and P. aleinous confusus, the difference in the corresponding part of the

vaginal bulb is also prominent.

If we keep in mind that the variation of the copulatory organs is independent

of the variation of the wing-characters, it is to be expected that a division of a

species into subspecies will result in a different number of subspecies according

as we take for the basis of division solely the wing-characters, or the genital

armature, or both united; and it would likewise not be surprising if in a certain

case the number of subspecies inhabiting a certain region would by both divisions be

the same, but the lines of division be different. Among the species we have

examined the latter phenomenon did not occur ; when the numbers of the subspecies

( 501 )

were the same, the limits of division were also the same, whether the delimitation

of each subspecies was carried out, according to the wing-characters, or according to

the apparatus of copulation. This result is most probably owing to the areas to

which the various subspecies of the Papilios examined are restricted being mostly

islands.

Hence we can accept it as a general rule applying to most subspecies that the

distinguishing characters taken from the wings are associated with distinguishing

characters in the genital armature, at least in the male sex. There are, however,

many exceptions to this rule, in so far as a good number of subspecies characterised

by some certain peculiarity in the wings have no peculiarity in the apparatus of

copulation. The Chinese specimens of P. sarpedon, so very conspicuously aberrant

in pattern, are in the valve and harpe identical with the Indian and Japanese form

of sarpedon; the Moluccan subspecies of P. aristeus, though in the extent of the

markings very different from the Queenslandian representative, is in the sexual

organs the same; so that in an arrangement of the forms according to the develop-

ment of the apparatus of copulation of the male, P. aristeus aristeus and P. aristeus

parmatus, and P. sarpedon sarpedon and P. sarpedon semifasciatus, would have to

be united. We meet, further, many subspecies which in external characters are

conspieuously and almost constantly different, while there is only a slight and very

inconstant character of distinction in the genital apparatus. We have found it

correct in all the species examined that, if in a given species the character of

distinction of a certain subspecies lies in one only of two independently varying

organs, wings and apparatus of copulation, it is invariably the wing which exhibits

the character by which the subspecies is distinguished. This coincides in a remark-

able manner with the above observation that seasonal dimorphism does not affect

the sexual armature in the case of the North Indian and Japanese Papilios, and

renders it certain that the effect of (seasonally or geographically) isolated trans-

muting factors is first noticeable in the wing-markings, and that accordingly the

transmutation of a species begins with a change in the wing-markings. Hence it

is also correct to say that in an evolutionistie sense the wing-markings are less

constant than the genital armature, and that consequently a difference in the latter

constantly met with in the individuals of two forms of Papilio is much more likely

to be of specific value than a difference in the wing-pattern, a conclusion which

borders closely upon one of the main objects of our researches, the question as to

the classifieatory value of the sexual armature, which we will now briefly discuss.

A. Taxonomic VALUE OF THE ORGANS OF COPULATION.

As our researches have proved that there is a certain amount of individual varia-

tion in the sexual armature, the limits of which can, as we have seen above, only be

determined by continued examination of a large material, and as we farther have

found that there is geographical polymorphism in the organs in question in which the

localised forms are connected by intergradations (P. sarpedon sarpedon and adonar-

ensis, P. aristeus hermocrates and anticrates), the premisses of the discussion of

the question which characters are and which are not of specific value are precisely

the same as in the case of external characters. Referring to what we have said in

the introduction about our means of recognition of specifie distinctness, it will be

sufficient to recall to mind the fact that the presence of a character in a certain form

not met with in other forms is « priori not a proof of the respective form being

( 502 )

specifically distinct from its allies, and that it is cireumstantial evidence which has

to guide us, in the absence of experiments, in our judgment. Now, what is the

evidence we derive from the examination of the organs of copulation ?

We know the larval and imaginal state of a good many Papilios, and are able

to base on our knowledge of their organisation, quite apart from the characters of the

organs of copulation, a classification in which the most nearly allied species are,

with a certain degree of correctness, grouped together. If we now compare of a

well-studied group such forms about the specific distinctness of which we do not

entertain any doubt—if, for example, we examine the sexnal armature of P. memnon,

mayo, oenomans, polymnestor, lampsacus, rumanzovius, etc., which in their general

organisation are all more or less closely allied to P. memnon, or take for examination

P. antiphates and androcles, or P. aristolochiae and P. polydorus, or the various

yellow species of Troides (= Ornithoptera)—the first thing we notice is that the

imagines of each species exhibit, besides the distinguishing characters in colour and

structure externally visible, also characters in the genital armature peculiar to the

respective species. As we have not found amongst all those species the specific

distinctness of which we could deduce from characters other than such of the organs

of copulation a single exception to that rule, we hope we are justified in generalis-

ing the statement that every species of Papilio is different from every other

species in the sexual armature; and this generalisation we believe the more con-

fidently to be correct as also in other groups of Lepidoptera specifically distinct

forms are characterised by some peculiarity in the copulatory organs, although the

difference between allied species is sometimes—for example, among Aganaidae—

very slight. Ifthe generalisation is correct —/.e. if every form that is, according to

our definition of the term “ species,” specifically distinct, which, we repeat, can only

be proved by experiment, and we will assume the generalisation to be correct—then

it follows necessarily that forms which are identical in the genital armature are also

specifically identical. If we apply this conclusion to the species of Papilio exter-

nally polymorphie, it is evident that the genital armature of male and /emale is an

excellent criterion of specific identity. The various varieties of the male of

P. aegeus ormenus from New Guinea, of Troides priamus poseidon from the same

country, of P. memnon, and so on, many of which have been described as distinct

species, are thus easily demonstrated to be specifically the same. Still more

important is the application to the female sex. The numerous species with poly-

morphie females which so often are quite unlike each other, as in the case of

P. memnon, P. aegeus ormenus, P. polytes, and the African P. phorcas and merope,

and some American species—an examination of the genital apparatus of a number

of specimens will at once make it clear whether the forms in question belong

certainly to one species, or whether they eventually can belong to more species. We

say intentionally “a number of specimens,” for the examination of one example of

each form is quite inadequate, and may lead to entirely erroneous conclusions.

F. 171 and 173 give an excellent illustration, the first being taken from a tailless

example of P. memnon agenor from Sikkim, and the other from a tailed specimen

from the same locality. Now, considering that f. 167 represents a species very

different from memnon, it would by no means be preposterous to conclude, if one had

to judge only from the three figures and the conspicuous external differences of the

specimens, that f. 171 and 173 represented likewise specifically different Papilios.

It will generally-be quite sufficient to examine a number of individuals of one of the

forms, and to determine thus the probable limits of variation ; the vaginal apparatus

505

of a specimen of another form, if specifically the same as the first, then will most

probably come within the limits of variation of the first ; if it stands outside those

limits one has to examine some more specimens. It is perhaps not unnecessary to

repeat that the tailed and tailless females of P. memnon have been proved by rearing

to belong to one species.

The second point which strikes one when comparing the sexual armature of

species of the same group or closely allied groups, and which is of no less great

practical consequence, concerus the fact that the species which we must regard as

more or less close relatives on the ground of their general organisation bear in

the structure of the organs of copulation (inclusive of the modified eighth segment

of the female) a greater resemblance to one another than to the species which stand

further away in the system. Representative species, such as P. aristeus and rhesus:

aegeus, tydeus, gambrisius, inopinatus ; euchenor and depilis, ete., have the organs in

question built up after exactly the same plan, and the differences exhibited by these

representative species in the organs of copulation are often not only far less obvious

than the external differences of the species, but are sometimes so slight that the

degree of divergence between two species is less than the degree of diver-

geney between the extreme individuals of one of the two species; we refer for

illustration to the figures given of the harpes of P. wegeus and inopinatus, polytes

and ambrax. In less closely related species the similarity in the sexual armature

is not so great as in those representative species which are phylogenetically younger

forms ; the organs are more divergently developed, and the peculiar modification of

one or the other part of the apparatus often obscures the actual homology, so that

the organs superficially compared are very dissimilar in appearance. Nevertheless

a comparative study at once shows that the superficially dissimilar apparatus are

developments of the same type. In P. sarpedon and cloanthus the close relationship

of the valves and harpes (f. 96 and 149) is obvious. In aristeus (with rhesus,

f. 72 to 82) the organs are more strongly modified, but the homology of the single

parts with those of P. cloanthus is not difficult to perceive ; antiphates has the organs

again similar to those of aristeus, and the externally very dissimilar P. delesserti,

leucothoé, and xenocles resemble aristeus in the structure of the male organs to a

surprising extent, the principal prehensile parts of the valve consisting in these

species, as in aristeus and antiphates, of a ventral dentate ridge, a subdorsal pro-

cess, and the dorsal lobe of the bipartite valve, which parts respectively are

homologous to e, e, b of f. 72 (aristeus). The vaginal armature agrees in this

respect with the male armature ; here again the most closely allied species have a

greater similarity in the organs in question to one another than to Jess nearly related

species: P. ambrax and polytes (f. 161 and 160); P. aegeus, rumanzovius, and

memnon (f. 166, 170, and 171) ; P. sarpedon, aristeus, agamemnon, and macfarlanei

(f. 182 to 187) illustrate this fact sufficiently. Although it would seem to follow

from these statements that the degree of blood-relationship of two species to a third

could easily be made out from the degree of similarity in the form of their organs of

copulation, this inference of the facts would nevertheless be hasty and most probably

erroneous, if we generalised the conclusion so as to apply to every species. Our

researches convince us that it is true that in every group of closely allied species of

Papilio the characters of the three independently variable organs, wing, harpe of

male, and the vaginal armature of female, are such that each of these organs

of every species is morphologically closer related to the respective organ of every

other species of the group than to that of any species standiug outside the group,

( 504 )

But within the group a species could very well be nearly related to another in the

pattern of the wing, while it comes in the structure of the copulatory organs of the

male or female closer to a third species, so that the relationship of the species inter se

would appear to be different according as we take as the standard of arrangement

the deviation in the one or the other organ.

If, however, it is true that the species which belong to the same group (of

allied species) are in the genital armature more similar to one another than to the

species of other groups, we have consequently to conclude that the organs of copula-

tion are a safe guide to determine to which group a species belongs, which means

that these organs can be made use of in generic classification. The great help which

the genital armature affords to the systematist is beautifully illustrated by those

species which bear to each other a superficial resemblance in pattern, such as

P. clytia and leucothoë or macareus, P. rhesus and philolaus, which on the ground of

the alleged relationship in pattern have been considered allied species. Though a

careful examination of the wing-markings soon convinces us that we have here and

in many other Papilios to do with an analogous development in pattern, as in the

case of mimetic forms, which does not indicate blood-relationship, the demonstration

of the dissimilarity in the morphology of the organs of copulation of those super-

ficially similar species will be a more convincing guide in which direction the actual

relationship is to be sought for.

Having thus arrived at the two conclusions, firstly, that identity in the sexual

armature means specific identity, and secondly, that close relationship in these

organs points to generic identity, the question arises, whether there are in the

organs of copulation of specifically distinct Papilios, as opposed to specifically non-

distinct forms, characters which æ priori could be recognised as being of specific

value, and hence would enable us to draw up a general rule applying to every case

by which specifically distinct forms could be distinguished from specifically identical

forms. The occurrence of individual and geographical variation in the copulatory

organs, the latter kind of variation always associated with an independent variation

in the wing-markings, renders it alone highly improbable that a general distinction

between specific and subspecifie characters is possible. A comparison, however, of

the degree of divergency between subspecies with the degree of divergency between

closely allied species proves that the quantitative amount of divergency between

specifically identical forms can be superior to the quantitative amount of divergency

between allied species. P. inopinatus differs in the harpe (f. 12) not so much

from certain examples of P. aegeus as some of the latter do from one another

(f. 4, 5); the difference between the harpe of P. polytes polytes (f. 18) and

P. polytes alphenor (f. 33) is greater than that between P. polytes and P. ambrax

(f. 35, 37) ; the difference between P. aristeus parmatus and P. aristeus anticrates

in the harpes (f. 73, 75, 81, 83) is not inferior to the difference between P. aristeus

anticrates and P. rhesus, which latter is considered to be a species distinct from

aristeus (f. 82, 84). If, however, there are such cases like these in which that

difference which is the greater in quantity is the smaller in quality (in respect to .

specific distinctness or non-distinetness), it consequently follows that it is impossible

to say « priori which degree of quantitative divergence in the organs of copulation

is in all Papilios of specific value. Hence a peculiarity observed in the sexual

armature of an individual can be an aberrational, a subspecifie, or a specific

peculiarity; which of the three it actually is, we can learn only from a careful

weighing of all the evidence. We have said in the introduction that the evidence

( 505 )

remains quite incomplete as long as we do not know the limits of variation of the

forms in question ; as these limits, however, can be made out, to a certain degree of

correctness, only by comparing many individuals, it becomes self-evident that the

question whether a certain peculiar character found in the genital armature of an

individual or a number of individuals indicates specific distinetness or not, can only

be decided with a certain degree of correctness when the variation of the sexual

armature of the allied forms is known, 2.e. after the examination of a great material.

When we said above that the degree of relationship between a number of closely

alied forms could very well appear different according as we take the sexual

armature or the wing-pattern as a guide in the arrangement of the forms, we did

not give illustrations, because we had to recur to the phenomenon. If it really is

true that there are cases in which two forms are in colour and markings the most

closely related, while the structure of the genital armature stands in opposition

to this relationship, pointing in quite a different direction, a comparison of the

characters of the wings and the characters of the apparatus of copulation of the most

closely allied forms, which are always geographical representative forms, with the

aim of deducing the different relationship as indicated by similarities in the one or

in the other organ, must throw a highly interesting light upon those questions which

relate to the probable history of the geographical distribution and the origin of those

forms.

B. PHENOMENA IN THE VARIATION OF THE ORGANS OF COPULATION RELATING TO

SOME QUESTIONS OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.

When we speak here of representative forms, we do so regardless of their being

specifically distinct from one another or not ; whether a geographical representative

has reached the degree of divergent development which we call specific, or is still

a subspecies, is of no importance for the following discussion ; the important point

is, that there are differences between the representative forms.

Now, when we see that some Indian and Australian representatives are very

similar in colour to one another and dissimilar to the forms inhabiting the inter-

jacent countries, does that mean that the Indian and the Australian forms have

separated after the more dissimilar representatives had branched off? When we

find the Celebensian mountain form of P. sarpedon to bear a much greater resem-

blance in colour to the form inhabiting the Sunda Islands than to the form found on

Celebes at lower elevations, is it correct to conclude that the Celebensian mountain

form is a descendant of the Sunda Island form and indicates that there was at a

former period a closer connection between Celebes and the Sunda Islands? When

we observe in a great number of cases that the Javanese forms are similar to those

from Malacca, while the forms from Sumatra and Borneo again are similar to one

another, have we to infer from this fact that there was at one time a land-connection

between Malacca and Java independent of Sumatra and Borneo? When West Africa

and Madagascar are inhabited by two representatives with a narrow and interrupted

band, while the East African form has a broad and uninterrupted band, can we

conclude that the Madagascar form is the ancestor (or descendant) of the West

African form ? When, finally, we find Central America, the Greater Antilles, the

Lesser Antilles, and Venezuela inhabited each by a representative bird or Papilio,

and notice that in colour the forms from the first and third and the forms from the

second and fourth localities are respectively similar, are we justified in so inter-

preting the fact as to say the Lesser Antilles have received the bird or insect from

( 506 )

Central America, while the form of the Greater Antilles is an immigrant from

Venezuela? We are not going to deny that in a given case applying to one or the

other of those questions an affirmative answer could be in accordance with the actual

history of the origin of the respective form ; but we shall“endeavour to explain that

similarities between representative forms are capable of being explained otherwise,

and that there are many cases in which the agreement of two forms in respect to a

certain character must be explained otherwise. Let us then inquire into the facts

brought to light by our researches on the Eastern Papilios. As in the body of this

paper the facts we have to refer to have been more fully dealt with, it will suftice

to mention them here briefly without going in for a description of the organs

concerned.

Papilio aleinous alcinous from Japan is represented on the Loo Choo Islands

by P. alcinous loochooanus and in China by P. alcinous confusus. There are two

prominent characters by which the forms are distinguished: alcinous has a black

head and a dentate harpe, loochooanus a red head and a dentate harpe, and confusus

a red head and a non-dentate harpe. In the colour of the head, therefore,

loochooanus agrees with confusus, while in the harpe it agrees with alcinous ; hence

the relationship deducible from the similarity in colour of the head is directly

opposed to the relationship indicated by the harpe, and it would be equally incorrect

to say that loochooanus is a descendant of confusus on account of the similarity in

colour, or to conclude that it has descended from «/enows because the harpes are

the same ; there would be just as much probability of correctness, if we consider

only the naked facts here adduced, in the assumption that aleinous is the offspring

of loochooanus, which itself descended from confusus, or that the reverse expresses

the phylogenetie connection between the three forms, or that the three localities

were inhabited at a former period by one form which later on became differentiated

into the present three Papilios.

Papilio bathycles chiron from Sikkim, Assam, and Burma, and P. bathycles

bathycloides from Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, are not always distinguishable in

pattern, there occurring often specimens which, according to the wing-markings,

could be regarded as belonging either to the one or to the other subspecies.

The Javanese representative P. bathycles bathycles stands in pattern not so

close to bathycloides as this does to chiron. In the harpes bathycloides and bathycles

come very near each other, while ciron exhibits a conspicuous difference from

both in the development of the dorsal process (f. 46 to 50). Here again the

form inhabiting the interjacent districts is more similar iu the male copulatory

organs to the one, in colour to the other representative.

The three subspecies of P. cloanthus inhabiting respectively China (clymenus),

North India and Burma (cloanthus), and Sumatra (sumatranus), when arranged

according to the similarity in pattern, would stand thus: clymenus—cloanthus—

sumatranus, Whereas in an arrangement according to the development of the harpe

cloanthus would come first: cloanthus—elymenus—sumatranus.

The numerous subspecies of P. sarpedon provide us with a number of inter-

esting facts. The Papuan form choredon of sarpedon inhabiting Australia and

New Guinea (inclusive of the islands near it) bears in colour and pattern a rather

close resemblance to the specimens of the spring brood of sarpedon sarpedon from

North India, but is distinguished from the Indian form in the shape of the valve

and harpe, in which organs choredon is similar to anthedon from the Southern

Moluccas. The latter, however, differs in colour from choredon, agreeing in that

( 507 )

respect with dodingensis from the Northern Moluccas, which again has the harpe

and valve different from those of anthedon, and is moreover distinguished from its

colour-ally by the presence of an additional red spot on the underside of the hind-

wing. This spot is present only in dodingensis and the two Celebensian forms,

milon found at lower elevations, and monticolus discovered recently at higher

elevations on Mount Bonthain. The mountain form monticolus agrees in colour

with sarpedon sarpedon from India and the Sunda Islands, also with the three

representatives from the lesser Sunda Islands, comes in the shape of the band of

the forewing near dodingensis, agrees in the size of the third spot with f/morezsis,

stands in the male genital armature intermediate between milon aud dodingensis,

and hence differs in this respect obviously from sarpedon, has the before-mentioned

red spot like milon and dodingensis, and differs from milon conspicuously in the

shape of the wings, in which it agrees with sarpedon from the greater Sunda

Islands. Would it really be possible to infer from such characters which contradict

each other, pointing each in a certain direction of its own, the history of the origin

of choredon, dodingensis, monticolus, ete. ? Does not such a mixture of relations in

opposite directions rather indicate that the similarities and dissimilarities found in

representative forms are no signs of a closer or less close phylogenetic connection,

and that we have to search for another explanation of the phenomena which will

meet the contradiction of the characters ?

Papilio aristeus anticrates from North India resembles the Queenslandian

representative parmatus so much in pattern that Professor Eimer in his somewhat

superficial work on the Papilios allied to podalirius (* Schwalbeuschwänze ") did

not perceive the slight differences ; whereas in the development of the valve and

harpe anticrates and parmatus are opposite extremes. The forms inhabiting the

interjacent countries are all much darker, and therefore have a closer resemblance to

each other than to antierates and parmatus (apart from some intergraduate examples).

Hence the forms geographically widest apart would, according to the colour, be the

nearest “related.” The valve and harpe, however, are in parmatus exactly as in

the externally different wristeus from the Moluccas, which again could be inter-

preted as being an expression of close relationship. In hermocrates from Burma,

Borneo, the Philippine Islands, and the lesser Sunda Islands, the genital armature

stands somewhat intermediate between that of anticrutes and parmatus, but agrees in

the form of the ventral dentate ridge obviously better with that of the first. As

hermocrates and aristeus are connected by intergradations (occurring in Burma) in

the wing-pattern as well as in the genital armature, an arrangement of the four

allied forms according to the similarity in pattern would be thus: parmatus

(Queensland and New Guinea)—anticrates (India)—hermocrates (Borneo, Philippines,

lesser Sunda Islands)—aristeus (Moluccas) ; while the arrangement according to

the similarity in the organs of copulation would be this : axticrates—hermocrates

aristeus—parmatus.

The representative occurring on the island of Celebes (and some islands south

of it) is treated as a distinct species (by Eimer even as belonging to a widely

different group). In the wing-markings it agrees best with hermocrates, but has

mostly one band less; in the forewings being falcate it comes again closer to

hermocrates, which is also geographically the nearest form, than to aristeus,

anticrates, or parmatus. As rhesus is an exaggerated development of P. aristeus,

differing from it in a similar way as androcles (Celebes) does from antiphates (India

and Malayan Islands, Philippines, Moluccas), it sounds very reasonable to consider

( 508 )

it to have developed from that form of P. aristeus to which it comes nearest in the

before-mentioned points, namely from P. aristeus hermocrates. An examination of

the valve of the male shows, however, that there is also very good reason to deduce

rhesus from P. aristeus aristeus or parmatus. The ventral dentate ridge is in the

eastern forms (rhesus, aristeus, parmatus) half-ring-shaped (f. 83, 84), and at a

glance distinguishable from the smaller, only slightly curved, ridge of the western

forms (anticrates and hermocrates, f. 73, 74); as intergradations in the two kinds

of ridge are unknown (although we have examined a great many individuals), the

constant difference in the ridge would be regarded by many systematists as justi-

fying a specific separation of the western forms from the eastern ones, in which ease

P. rhesus agreeing in the ridge very well with the eastern forms, apart from minor

differences, would appear to be closer allied to aristeus and parmatus than to

hermocrates and anticrates, and hence could be considered a descendant of P. aristeus

aristeus from the Moluccas.

If we take A, B, C as three geographical representatives, v, and a, as the

different degrees of development of the wings of these forms, and /, and 5, as the

different degrees of development of the organs of copulation, the several cases above

adduced, which we think sufficiently illustrate the questions we are to deal with, can

be put diagrammatically as follows :—

A B | C

ay ay | ay

bi b. | b,

The dilemma arising from the contradiction of the characters of geographical

representatives allows a satisfactory solution, if we take into account, firstly, that

according to the theory of evolution the peculiar modifications of the organs of

a certain animal are partly inherited and partly aequired, and that therefore a

similarity between two forms, and a dissimilarity, @ priori neither prove nor

disprove a close phylogenetic connection of the forms; and secondly, that when

the similarity between two forms is due to inheritance the character common to

the two forms is inherited either by both independently from the common ancestor,

from which also other forms which have lost that character have descended, or

by one of the two forms from the other. The conclusions generally deduced in

systematie and other works from the similarity and dissimilarity of geographical

representatives in respect to the Geographical Distribution of Animals as a science

(not as a mere statement of facts) are to our mind mostly based on the erroneous

assumptions, firstly, that every similarity is due to inheritance, and secondly, that

the presence of a peculiarity in two forms must necessarily be due to the common

character being inherited by one of the two forms from the other. Let us, then,

briefly inquire into the question of the probable origin of the similarities and dis-

similarities of allied forms, and try to arrive at a correct estimate of their actual

value in our judgment of the relationship of the forms in which they are observed.

If we reeall to mind that the development of a species into more species is

possible only by means of isolated transforming factors associated with a more

or less complete prevention of the affected portion of the species from interbreeding

with the original stock, the distinguishing characters of locally separated allied

forms, which we must regard as the outcome of the transformation of a common

ancestral form, must be due to the effect of isolated evolutionistic factors of any

kind present in the district inhabited by each single representative form. It is quite

possible that when a species separates thus, first into subspecies and then into

( 509 )

representative species, one of the descendant forms remains identical with the

original form ; but considering that in all widely distributed groups of representative

forms a considerable time must have elapsed before the insects could spread over

the whole area—for instance, from North-West India to the Solomon Islands—it

is at least in such cases more probable that the form now inhabiting the country

where the ancestral form lived has also more or less changed in characters. And

this is the more likely to be true as we know from experiments that the time required

to bring about a change in colour in Lepidoptera is very short, and as we further

know that a change, within a short time, has taken place in the famous Porto Santo

rabbits, some birds, and a great number of plants. From the comparison of

seasonal forms, which are the more different the greater the contrast of the seasons

is, with artificially produced varieties, we can with safety conclude that the

degree of divergency of representative forms largely (not entirely) depends

on the intensity of the transmuting factors, and that therefore a wider gap

between two otherwise allied forms does not necessarily imply that the two animals

or plants have been separated for a longer time than less different allies. As

itis also well known that the intensity of the biological factors does not gradually

increase or decrease as we proceed from one (geographical) extremity of the range

of a group of representative forms to the other extremity, it is evident that the

degree of diversity of two forms can be independent of the geographical position

of the areas inhabited, and that the more similar forms can live widely apart, while

the more dissimilar forms may live closer together.

Though the differences between representative forms are the effect of the

action of some kind of local biological factors, it does not follow with necessity that

the respective factors are found in every place where a certain form now occurs ;

on the contrary, we have instances that species when living under different con-

ditions do not show any change in their characters. For example, the island of

Kalao, south of Celebes, is inhabited by the Celebensian Papilio rhesus, and the

Kalao individuals are to our knowledge not distinguishable from the Celebes 7/esus.

The other species of Papilio found on Kalao (and Djampea, which is close by) are

all conspicuously different from the Celebensian representatives, and have mostly

developed to peculiar forms not known (as such) from anywhere else ; hence there

must be biological factors peculiar to those islands which have not had any effect

on P. rhesus. That rhesus is a true Celebensian insect (2e. originated from the

ancestor of P. aristeus on Celebes) is virtually proved by its characters being quite

analogous to those of many other Celebensian forms. Curiously enough, on the

island of Djampea, which lies north of Kalao and therefore is somewhat closer to

Celebes, Mr. A. Everett obtained no specimens of rhesus, but a long series of the

Malayan representative P. aristeus hermocrates, during the same month when

he found a good series of individuals of P. rhesus and no hermocrates on Kalao.

The fact that resus is the same on Celebes and Kalao admits three explanations:

(1) The biological (transmuting) factors are in respect to rhesus the same on both

islands, which would mean that on Djampea, as inhabited by a representative, the

corresponding factors must be different. (2) The biological factors are different on

Celebes and Kalao, but the characters acquired by rhesus under the action of the

Celebensian factors have become inheritable. (3) The characters of r4esus and its

representatives are not acquired under the influence of biological factors.

If, however, a change iu the biological faetors does not necessarily imply that

a change in the characters of every living being will take place, it is intelligible

( 510 )

that in geographical representatives, which live under the influence of different

biological factors, one or the other character can remain unaffected. When this

takes place independently in several forms which represent each other, the preserved

character of the common ancestor renders those forms more similar to each other

than to the other representatives which live under conditions that have modified

the respective character, while the actual blood-relationship is the same between

all the forms. On the other hand, it could also be thought possible that, when a

species gradually spreads over a larger area and develops into a number of repre-

sentative forms, now and again a character acquired by a new form A occurring in

locality M will remain unaltered in form B living in locality N which is a

descendant of A ; in this case the presence of the same character in forms A and B

would imply that the forms are closer connected with one another than B is with

any other ally except its own descendants. However, if we admit this case to occur,

we should maintain that an acquired character is inheritable when the conditions

whieh have brought it into appearance are absent, and we thus should decide

offhand the much-contested question whether acquired characters are or are not

inheritable. Notwithstanding we believe that ultimately the inheritance of acquired

characters will be proved, the contest clearly shows that it is in every case a mere

assumption, if we conclude from the presence of the same character or similar

characters in two representative forms that one of the two is the parent, the other

the daughter form.

If divergency is the effect of transmuting factors, could not similarity also be

the ontcome of biological factors in different districts? Many facts, for instance

the similarity of desert forms, point to an affirmative answer; but we have an almost

certain proof furnished us by the experiments * of Standfuss, who succeeded in

breeding under artificial conditions from ordinary European Lepidoptera such forms

as come close to their geographical representatives. As Standfuss was able to pro-

duce from our common Vanessa antiopa specimens similar to the Central American

form (thomsoni), there can no longer be any doubt that a similarity in a character of

the representative forms of a species can come about in widely separated countries,

and will come about when the conditions are favourable.

Taking into aecount all the points here adduced, it seems to us obvious that all

the evidence points to one end, namely, that the similarities and dissimilarities

exhibited by representative forms are not an expression of closer or less close phylo-

genetic connection, but an expression of the similar or dissimilar effect of the action

of the different and similar biological factors on the organs in every locality. If we

apply this conclusion, which is a necessary consequence of the assumption that the

theory of evolution is correct, to the facts observed in the Papilios, there is no

longer any contradiction in the characters of the wing and the characters of the

organs of copulation. That Papilio aristeus anticrates from India agrees with the

Papuan representative in the colour, but disagrees with it entirely in the harpe,

that the Chinese P. cloanthus is in the harpe more similar to the Sumatran than to

the North Indian form, that P. sarpedon teredon from Ceylon and South India

agrees best in the wings and genital armature with the forms occurring on the lesser

Sunda Islands and disagrees widely with the form inhabiting all the interjacent

countries, that the Nicobar form of P. agamemnon is in the presence of a series of

red spots on the underside of the hindwing similar to the representative from the

* Standfuss, Handbuch für Schmetterlingssammler 1896,

(511)

Solomon Islands (!), and so on, is no more miraculous than the fact that there is

seasonal and local variation.

Now, when we observe, for instance, that the Chinese P. eurypylus agrees best

with the Andaman form of that species, and that the Chinese P. antiphates comes

close to the Ceylon form, while in both cases the representative inhabiting North

India, Burma, and Tenasserim is different, it would certainly sound preposterous to

explain the similarity in characters by assuming that there was at a former period

a land-connection between Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, and China independent of

Continental India. If we concede that this explanation cannot possibly be accepted,

and that consequently the similarity finds a correct explanation in the assumption

that it is merely the consequence of the similar effect of the biological factors—the

effect is positive in respect to the characters which are modified, and negative in

respect to the characters which are not modified—of Ceylon, the Andamans, and

China, it is not difficult to perceive what great bearings the questions here discussed

have on the Geographical Distribution of Animals. Before proceeding to draw the

consequences, let us for a moment consider what is the aim of the study of the

Distribution of Animals.

* If we keep in view . . . that the present distribution of animals upon the

several parts of the earth’s surface is the final product of . . . the wonderful

revolutions in organic and inorganic nature,” says Wallace,* . . . “it will be

evident that the study of the distribution of animals and plants may add greatly to

our knowledge of the past history of our globe. It may reveal to us, in a manner

which no other evidence can, which are the oldest and most permanent features of

the earth's surface, and which the newest. It may indicate the existence of islands

or continents now sunk beneath the ocean, and which have left no record of their

existence save the animal and vegetable productions which have migrated to

adjacent lands. It thus becomes an important adjunct to geology. . . . Our present

study may often enable us, not only to say where lands must have recently dis-

appeared, but also to form some judgment as to their extent, and the time that has

elapsed since their submersion." Indeed, the distribution of animals and plants,

especially if the extinct forms are also taken into account, illustrates wonderfully

the past history of the earth’s surface, and the main object of the study of the dis-

tribution of animals and plants is to arrive at conclusions as to the probable past

changes in the geological features of the earth. This has so plainly been recognised

by nearly all recent systematists, as a glance in a volume of the Proceedings of

the Zoological Society or of the This will show, that, when dealing with a certain

group of animals from a certain locality, they endeavour to draw from the affinities

in the fauna of the respective district with that of other districts conclusions

relating to the geological history of the locality, and it is very generally assumed

that similarity in the components of the fauna of two areas means close

geological connection, while great dissimilarity means long geological separation.

So true this is in a great many cases, so erroneous is the generalisation. Neverthe-

less it has very often been entirely lost sight of that the present distribution of

animals and plants is, to use Wallace's words, “ the final product of revolutions in

inorganic and organic nature,” and that accordingly the differences in the fauna of

neighbouring districts and the similarities in the fauna of geographically widely

separate areas can be quite independent of the geological history of the region in

question. If we now recall to mind what we have said above about the similarity

* Distribution of Animals 1876. p. 7.

( 512 )

and dissimilarity in the characters of representative forms, it will be evident that the

difference in the fauna of neighbouring districts is due to two kinds of entirely

different factors, geological and biological factors, and that the study of the

geographieal distribution of animals and plants consists of two branches—the

geological branch, which has to do with such discrepancies in the fauna and flora

as allow conclusions to be drawn as to the geological transformation of the

districts in question, and the biological branch, which has to do with those other

differences from which we can draw conclusions as to the transformation of the

animals and plants in question. And now we can extend our former conclusion that

differences in the characters of representative forms which stand in close phylo-

genetic connection are an expression of the differences in the biological factors of

the districts concerned, to those forms which are répresentatives in a biological

sense and exclude each other in consequence of a similarity in habits, and again to

those which cannot exist beside one another in the same district, because they are

so different in habits that they require a respectively different environment. It is

certainly conceivable that the absence of woodpeckers, which abound in the Indo-

Malayan Region, from the lesser Sunda Islands (and all the islands farther east)

could be due to the presence of cockatoos, which are, like those, hole-breeders, though

we do not maintain that this similarity in habits is the actual reason of the two

widely different groups of birds excluding each other in that region ; while, again,

the discrepancy in the composition of the West African from the East African fauna

is readily explained by the former being a wet forest country, the latter an open and

dry country, and the affinities which the West African forest region has in the fauna

with the Indo-Malayan Region, and the analogous affinities of East Africa with

Western India, are consequences of similar physiographical conditions of the

countries, just as the difference in the characters of the West African, East

African, and Malagassie morphologically allied representative forms—which I shall

call morphological representatives, as distinctive of biological representatives—are

due to differences in the transmuting factors of the respective districts. The con-

trast in which these explanations of faunistic discrepancies stand to the explanation

of those discrepancies which are caused by geological factors is strikingly illus-

trated by a comparison of the fauna of Madagascar with that of Africa, in so far as

we have rightly to conclude from the absence of the large Carnivora and Ungulata,

so abundant in Africa, from Madagascar that this island must already have been

isolated from Africa by a wide sea-arm at that time when those animals immigrated

from the North into the Aethiopian Region.

The difference in the fauna of various districts is further dependent on the fact

that different animals are, as said before, affected by the transmuting factors of a

certain locality in a different degree, so that often some forms are, while some are

not, modified in characters. We have consequently to take into account also the

physiological constitution of the animals when treating upon zoogeographical

questions. Hence it is evident that the result of the division of the earth’s surface

in zoogeographical areas must be different according as we take the faunistic dis-

crepancies depending on the geological factors as the base of division, or those

differences which are caused by the biological factors; and again, if we take the

biological division, it is obvious that the extent of the areas must be quite different

according as to which animals are taken into consideration.

Although Wallace has emphasised, throughout his Geographical Distribution of

Animals, the high importance of the geological branch of zoogeography relating to

( 913 )

the past history of the earth and its inhabitants, the minor zoogeographical districts

have by most authors been delimitated according to differences which are the effect

of biological factors. Considering, however, that different environment, such as

forest, open land and desert, fresh and salt water, naturally gives subsistence to

different animals, and that therefore physiographically different districts a priori

are known to have a different fauna, the division of the earth's surface in

such zoogeographical districts as are identical with physiographical districts

(Sharpe’s West African Subregion = district covered with forest; Merriam’s

Sonoran Subregion of North America = arid country) is as such of very little value,

concerning more the geographer than the zoologist. And taking further into

account that we now know perfectly well that in every district where the physio-

graphical (and meteorological) conditions are different from those of other districts

these differences are accompanied by modifications of the characters of some of the

animals, the simple statement that a certain number of the inhabitants are different

from the representative forms of the adjacent districts is, like the mere record of

the discrepancy in the composition of the fauna, of little consequence for science, as

from those statements as such no new general conclusions can be drawn. The

biological branch of the study of the geographical distribution of animals, therefore,

must have another aim, and that is to be to Zoology what the geological branch is

to Geology, namely an adjunctive science which, by a comparative study of the

differences in the environment and those in the animals, may help greatly to find

the causal connection between the modifications in the organs of the animals and in

the environment (in the widest sense), and thus could reveal to us the history of the

descent of the forms of animals.

For the sake of illustration let us apply these conclusions to the Papilio fauna

of a small area, for instance the lesser Sunda Islands. We select this group of

islands for two reasons: firstly, because the discrepancy existing between their

fauna and that of the larger Sunda Islands has been accounted for by Wallace by

geological factors ( Wallace’s line); and secondly, because our conclusions derived

from the Papilios stand in opposition to those which Wallace derived from the

avifanna. Asa complete exposition of the zoogeographical relations of the islands

between Lombok and Timor * would be much too exteusive for our present purpose,

we will restrict the discussion chiefly to the two questions : (1) what conclusions can

we draw from the composition of the Papilio fauna of the lesser Sunda Islands with

respect to the geological history of the group of islands ? and (2) is there anything

in the distinguishing characters of the Papilios which can serve to solve a question

relating to the phylogeny of animals ?

The islands of Lombok, Sambawa, Sumba eastward as far as Letti and Moa, are

inhabited by fifty odd different forms of Papilio, which we can arrange in eighteen

series of closely allied representatives. Of these eighteen series one (canopus-series)

is distributed farther east over the Tenimber Islands and North Australia to the

New Hebrides, but has also some allies in the Indo-Malayan Region ; the peranthus-

series occurs from Jaya to New Guinea, but is absent from Australia; another,

haliphron-series, is found in Celebes and not in the Indo-Malayan Region ; a fourth,

antiphates-series, is found all over the Indo-Malayan Region, Celebes, and the

Northern Moluccas, but is absent from the Southern Moluccas, Australia, New

Guinea, and the islands farther east. Seven series reappear in the Indo-Malayan

* Compare also Doherty, The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1891:

Pagenstecher, Ueber die Lepidopteren von Sumba und Sambawa, in Jahrb, Nass, Ver. Nat, 1896,

( 514 )

and Papuan Regions; while again seven series are found in the Indo-Malayan

Region, three of them also in Celebes, all seven being absent from the Papuan

Region.

The lesser Sunda Islands have therefore not a single series of representatives

which is purely Australian. From this fact we have to conclude that the immigration

of the Papilio fauna cannot have taken place from Australia; and as the physio-

graphical and meteorological conditions of the islands resemble in many respects

more those of Northern Australia than those of the larger Sunda Islands, the reason

why no Australian types immigrated cannot lie in the biological conditions of the

islands, and hence must be accounted for by the assumption of another barrier

against immigration. This barrier most probably was, at the time when the lesser

Sunda Islands became first populated by Papilios, the same which we perceive at

the present epoch, namely the wide Timor Sea separating Timor from Australia.

If we leave out of consideration as being indifferent the types which occur in

the Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions, there remain eight series of representatives

which the lesser Sunda Islands have in common with the Indo-Malayan Region,

and which are absent from Australia and New Guinea, four of them being repre-

sented also on Celebes, and one also on the Northern Moluccas ; opposite these eight

types stands one single Celebensian type that is absent from the Indo-Malayan

Region. The Indo-Malayan element, therefore, is so strongly predominating that

we must assume that there never existed any mechanical barrier of consequence

preventing migration of the Papilios from the greater to the lesser Sunda Islands

(or in the opposite direction).

Nevertheless there is a marked discrepancy in the fauna of the nearest of the

larger Sunda Islands, Java, and the lesser Sunda Islands, as fourteen Javan

types are not represented on any of the islands east of the Strait of Lombok, while

six types occurring on the lesser Sunda Islands (except Lombok) are not known to

have a representative on Java. From the fact that out of the eighteen series of

representatives of the lesser Sunda Islands twelve occur on Java it is evident that

the absence of fourteen Javan types from the lesser Sunda Islands, and the absence

of six lesser Sunda Islands types (five of which are represented in other parts of the

Indo-Malayan subregion) from Java, cannot acceptably be explained by the sugges-

tion that there existed at a former period a very much wider strait between the

lesser Sunda Islands and Java than there is now. And taking into account the

Papilio fauna of Lombok alone,* which island has not a single Papilio type that

is absent from Java, it is obvious that there is no evidence in favour of the as-

sumption that the Strait of Lombok has changed in width since the appearance of

the Papilios on the Malayan islands. If we exclude Lombok from the lesser

Sunda Islands, and compare the Papilio fauna of the rest of the islands with that

of Java, there is an important numerical discrepancy which amounts to more than

60 per cent. of the total number of the series of representative forms (as opposed to

the total number of representative forms) inhabiting Java and the lesser Sunda

Islands. As this amount f is very high compared with the numerical discrepancy

*The island has recently been visited by three explorers (W. Doherty, A. Everett, and

H. Fruhstorfer).

+ As Flores is lepidopterologically almost a blank the numbers may become quite different in conséquence

of the exploration of this large island. The absence of many types from small islands which are found on

neighbouring large islands is quite natural, considering that the small islands do not afford so great a

variety in the conditions of life as would be required by a multitude of diverse inhabitants,

( 515 )

between Sumatra and Java (about 38 per cent. of the total number), and that

between Sambawa and Timor (33 per cent. of the total number), and is not much

inferior to the amount of discrepancy between the lesser Sunda Islands and

Australia (65 per cent.) the lesser Sunda Islands can be considered as a faunistie

district in opposition to the greater Sunda Islands and Australia ; and it is very

interesting to note that almost the same amount of numerical discrepancy must in

the case of the lesser Sunda Islands and Java be accounted for by biological

factors, while in the case of the lesser Sunda Islands and Australia the only

acceptable explanation is the assumption of the existence of a geological barrier

between Australia and Timor at the time when the lesser Sunda Islands became

populated by Papilios.

Turning now our attention to the second question proposed above to be

discussed, we note that the characters of the forty-seven specifically or subspecifically

different representative forms of Papilio occurring on the lesser Sunda Islands are

such that forty-one of the forms are not found (as such) outside the group of islands,

and hence are “ peculiar ” to the group. As these forty-one forms are so distributed

that every island has some of its own and others in common with other islands of

the group, while not a single form is identical on all the islands and at the same

time distinguished by some peculiarity from the representative occurring on Java,

Borneo, or in Australia, each island is in fact a small faunistie district, and the

question arises whether the faunistie peculiarity exhibited by each island is not due,

instead of to differences in the biological conditions existing on each island, to

the mechanieal separation of the islands by arms of sea, and hence finally would

have to be referred to the action of geological factors. In the introduction we have

endeavoured to show on a priori grounds that mechanical geographical separation

as such cannot give rise to a new form ; let us now consider the æ posterior? reasons

which speak against the origin of forms by mechanical isolation.

The widely distributed Papilio sarpedon has on the lesser Sunda Islands

developed into three subspecies, one inhabiting Adonara, Sambawa, and Lombok—

specimens from the latter island come very close to those from Java—a second

found on Sumba, and a third occurring on Timor and Wetter. The external char-

acters of the Timor form are such that it agrees in the shape of the hindwing best

with the representative from Ceylon, in the breadth of the band of the forewing with

the Australian form, and in the special shape of the anterior portion of the band

with monticolus from Celebes, while it bears also great affinities to the forms from

Sumba and Adonara. Setting apart all the reasons brought forward against the

theory of isolation in the introduction, and conceding, for the sake of argument, that

geographical isolation of aberrational specimens could lead to the origin of a new

form of animal without the help of any biological factor, the combination of different

affinities in the wing-characters of the Timorese, Sumbanese, or Adonaranese

sarpedon forms might be thought due to the first specimens immigrated into each

island having accidentally possessed the respective combination of characters. As

a combination of characters such as exhibited by P. sarpedon timorensis is not found

even in a less obvious degree in any specimen of sarpedon from the larger Sunda

Islands and Australia we have seen, and therefore must be very rare, it is certainly

scarcely probable that just such specimens which had that combination of characters

should have happened to be the first to come to Timor ; and this applies to all those

localised forms, not only of the lesser Sunda Islands, but also of all other distriets,

the characters of which point in different directions, ‘The improbability, however,

( 516 )

changes into impossibility, if we take further into account the characters of the

organs of copulation. We know from the researches laid down in the body of this

paper that the genital armature varies quite independently from the wings and

their markings, and that therefore the association of distinguishing characters

relating to the wings with such found in the organs of copulation in morph-

ological representatives has nothing to do with correlative development; in not a

single case have we observed that a certain aberrational wing-character constantly

reappearing among the individuals of a certain geographical form of Papilio is

accompanied by an aberrational character in the organs of copulation. As, how-

ever, most geographical races are distinguished by characters of the wings and

characters of the genital armature, it is evident that the explanation of the pecu-

liarities in the wing-markings of a representative form by mechanical isolation

of parent specimens which accidentally possessed those peculiarities (in a lower

degree) is not an explanation of the presence of the peculiarities in the organs of

copulation of the respective form. In order to account for the fact that P. sarpedon

timorensis is (in the sexual armature of the male) different from all other forms of

sarpedon, and comes in these organs nearest to the Ceylonese, Sumbanese, and

Australian forms, and disagrees considerably with the representatives from

Adonara, Sambawa, Lombok, and the Indo-Malayan Region, the theory of isolation

would have to assume that the ancestral specimens of timorensis, no matter whether

they immigrated into Timor from Australia or from the Malayan islands, must

have been distinguished by a rare mixture of external peculiarities combined with

an equally rare character in the organs of copulation. The rarity of such a combina-

tion in aberrations—in faet we never have found an aberrational individual in which

the characters of both the wings and genital armature pointed in the direction of

one representative form, instead of in different directions—is directly opposed to

the fact that most geographical races exhibit that combination ; this contradiction

can only be solved by abandoning the assumption that the association of distinguish-

ing characters of the wings with such of the sexual organs in localised forms is due

to the geographical isolation of ancestral individuals which accidentally possessed

such a combination of characters, and by accepting as the final cause of the presence

of those characters the modifying action of isolated biological factors peculiar to

the district where the peculiar form has originated.

If we thus attribute the existence of differences in the characters of the speci-

mens of the same species inhabiting different districts to the presence of a difference

in the biological factors of the districts, the degree of divergeney of the forms is

dependent on the degree of sensitiveness of the species to the action of the external

biological factors, as maintained by Darwin, and after him by Weismann and others,

in several places; further, on the intensity of the factors and the time they have

been active ; and thirdly, on the degree and duration of mechanical isolation as a

prevention of the annihilating effect of intercrossing. As a difference in the physio-

logical constitution of various species can be proved only by rearing them under

exactly the same external conditions, and as we do not know in the case of species

found in the same small island whether they actually do exist under the same

external influences, it is not possible for us to decide with any degree of certainty

whether the difference in the amount of divergency exhibited by the forms occurring

in the same district is due to the different physiological constitution of the species

differently affected, or to differences in the special external conditions under which

each species perhaps exists, Nor are we able to say whether the greater diversity

GL)

exhibited by a certain form is due to the form having come under the influence of

the biological factors of the respective distriet at an earlier period than another

form which shows a less high degree of divergency, unless the sensitiveness of the

forms has been tested by experiment. And again, the higher or lesser degree of

geographical isolation, though often corresponding to the greater or lesser diversity

of the isolated forms, is a factor the actual influence of which it is in a given

case scarcely possible to estimate rightly. The great diversity of the representative

of Papilio peranthus on the island of Sumba compared with the lesser diversity

between the representatives inhabiting Java, Sambawa, Timor, Kalao and Djampea,

Celebes, etc.; the high degree of specialisation of the representative of Papilio

memnon on Timor compared with the lesser degree of divergency of the forms

occurring on Sumba, Sambawa, Lombok, Java, ete.; the absence of a difference

between some Lombok and Jaya forms of Papilio which on the other lesser Sunda

Islands have developed divergently, compared with the presence of a difference in

other Lombok forms; the great similarity between the specimens of Papilio sarpedon

found in the area extending from N.W. India to Lombok, the gradual transition to

the more divergent Adonara form, and the obvious divergency in the pattern and

shape of the wings and the sexual armature (of the d) of the forms inhabiting

Sumba, Timor, and Wetter respectively, compared with the great diversity of so

many forms in N. India, Sumatra, Java, Lombok, Sambawa, and Adonara ; the

identity of the Malayan form of Papilio aristeus on the Philippines, Borneo, the

lesser Sunda Islands, and the island of Djampea, compared with the great diversity

exhibited in the same area by Papilio memnon and other species, and so on, are

phenomena which seem to us most readily explainable by the surmise that the

diverse species are sensitive in a different degree to the external biological factors ;

while the surprisingly great divergency of so many Celebensian Papilios must be attri-

buted to a high intensity of the biological factors on that island and to a high degree

of geographical isolation. However, it does not appear to us very probable that the

narrow sea between Celebes and Borneo is a sufficiently effective barrier to prevent

passive migration * of the widespread and common low-land Papilios of Borneo,

such as P. agamemnon, sarpedon, polytes, etc., from Borneo to Celebes; and the

same could be said of'New Guinea, New Britain, and other islands. In fact the

absence of intergraduate specimens between two representative forms in localities

which are geographically close together—the intergradations may occur in other

localities—makes it manifest to us that, as the effect of the biological factors would

in these cases be annihilated, or at least much lessened, by specimens of the old

stock coming into the country in consequence of the insufficiency of the geographical

barrier, there must be another factor active to assist the external biological factors

to such a degree that the migration of fresh individuals, if it does not take place

very often, is not able to prevent divergent development. Now, recalling to mind

the kind of variation in the scent-organs found to exist in a certain moth, as men-

tioned on p. 435, it is evident that where such a variation takes place in the

geographical forms of a species the difference in the organs of smell and scent must

be of great influence as preventing (to a certain extent) intercrossing between racial

* Passive migration by means of hurricanes seems to occur often among birds, as the records of foreign

birds found in England prove ; in the case of Lepidoptera the power of resistance is certainly slighter, but

the effect of migration in respect to intercrossing with specimens of the same species in the new locality

will often be annihilated in consequence of the new-comers having too much suffered to be fit for

propagation.

( 518 )

forms, so that the distinguishing characters can accumulate in spite of the occasional

immigration of specimens of the old stock. As we shall have to deal with this kind

of physiological selection, which in fact is a kind of sexual selection, in another place

when treating upon the variation of glandular organs in Lepidoptera, we do not now

enter upon a discussion of that factor. The variation of Lepidoptera explained in

the present paper points, however, to a further factor being active, the importance

of which as a means of prevention of intercrossing has been recognised as far back

as 1849, and we shall try now, on the ground of our researches, to estimate the

influence of geographical polymorphism in the sexual organs upon the divergent

development of the Lepidoptera.

C. MECHANICAL SELECTION.

The genital armature of Lepidoptera has the function of a special prehensile

apparatus during copulation. As such apparatus is found in all Lepidoptera, we can

conclude that its function is of high importance for the act of copulation. When,

however, a physiologically important organ is found to be of a different structure in

every two species, it is likewise correct to conclude that the difference in the

structure has some physiological significance. Hence we think that the inference

to be drawn from the fact that the copulatory organs are different in different species

has to be that the specialisation in structure means a specialisation in the function

as prehensile organ—/.e. that, as with the help of the apparatus the male has to take

a hold on the female and the female on the male, the organs of the sexes of the

same species are best adapted to each other. This inference implies that specimens

of diverse species can less easily copulate than specimens of the same species, and

that there might be cases in which copulation between different species would be

impossible in consequence of the highly divergent specialisation of the organs of

copulation. A similar view has been held by the earlier writers on the subject,

Siebold * and Dufour, t the latter giving expression to his opinion in the well-known

sentence that “l'armure copulatrice . . . est la garantie de la conservation des types,

la sauvegarde de la légitimité de Vespéce.”

The different development of the organs of copulation is here alleged to be

a means of prevention of intercrossing between specifically different specimens, and

the same has more recently been said by Escherich,f Hoffer,$ and others. Though

we know from experience that Escherich’s assertion that an effective copulation

between diverse species is never possible is erroneous, and that therefore Verhoeff ||

is right in rejecting this part of Escherich's theory, it remains nevertheless evident

that under the premiss that the male and female of one species really are adapted

to each other in respect to the genital armature, specimens which are not adapted to

each other cannot so easily unite in copulation, and that even when a union is

effected the penis will sometimes be prevented from entering the vagina in con-

sequence of the vaginal armature, to which the organs of that male are not adapted,

being a mechanical barrier. Before, however, this conclusion can be accepted,

it has to be ascertained whether the actual structure of the female and male genital

armature is in accordance with the above premiss.

Gosse § was quite right in expecting to find that “every peculiarity in the

* Vergl. Anat. Berlin, 1848. § 354. note 2. § Mitth. Nat. Ver. Steiermark. 1888.

T Ann. Sc. Nat. (3). I. 1844. p. 253. || Ent. Nachr. 1893. p. 44.

t Verh.z. b. Ges. Wien. 1892. p. 234. €| Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond, (2). IL. 1883. p. 279.

( 519 )

prehensile organs of the male would have a corresponding peenliarity in that part

of the female body which they were formed to grasp,” but he failed to discover

“the corresponding peculiarity in the female,” as he laboured under the erroneous

assumption that “it is the exterior of the final segments of the female abdomen

that are seized in coitu." We have been able to show in the body of this paper

that the male claspers seize in copulation the protruding vaginal bulb, taking hold

on chitinised folds and ridges, and not the terminal segments ; and we have further

been able to demonstrate the following two important points :—

(1) We have a pair of Papilio memnon united in coitu, from which we see

clearly that the harpe of the male fits exactly the lateral ridge of the vaginal bulb

of the female, while the high and broad processes at the mouth of the vagina,

besides being a guide to the penis, take hold on the internal parts of the ninth

segment of the male. When uniting artificially males and females of other species,

we find that the organs of one sex fit those of the other of the same species, while

the copulatory organs of different species, for instance of a male of P. machaon and

a female of P. podalirius, or of memnon and helenus, do not fit each other. We

are therefore justified in concluding that the organs of the sexes of the same species

are better adapted to each other than to the organs of other species.

(2) The vaginal armature is in every species of Papilio examined different

from that of every other species examined. As our researches, only part of which

have been laid down in this paper, relate to a great many species of various groups

of Papilioand other Lepidoptera, we can safely say that the females of every species

are, like the males, in the sexual armature distinguished from the females of every

other species. A comparison of the figures on Pl. XIX. will show that the

divergency between the apparatus of representatives of diverse groups is in every

respect so great, that it is readily conceivable that a male the apparatus of which

is adapted to such organs as represented by f. 181 cannot effectively copulate with

a female the organs of which are so different as those represented by f. 163, 179,

or 182.

The position of the vaginal orifice and the lateral fold of the vaginal bulb,

the number, length, and position of the ridges and processes at the orifice of the

vagina, and the development of the eighth segment of the female, as well as the

special structure of the clasping organs of the male, are in diverse groups of Papilio

so widely different that there can be no doubt that the divergency in the organs of

copulation has rightly been interpreted by Siebold as a means of prevention of inter-

crossing. It is obvious that the more the organs of different species resemble each

other the less they will be able to prevent copulation. In closely allied species,

therefore, the effect of this mechanical barrier against intercrossing will generally

be less great than in the case of more diverse forms; but we must recall to mind

that even in the most closely related species, such as Papilio euchenor and depilis

(f. 51 and 65), the organs of copulation, though built up after the same plan, can

in the position and direction of the spines, hooks, and ridges of the harpe be so

different that the prehensile organs of the male come in contact during copulation

with quite different points of the vaginal region of the female, and that it is accord-

ingly also in such cases obvious that an intercrossing is not possible without violence.

In groups of Lepidoptera in which the genital armature is very simple the effect

as a mechanical barrier must necessarily be very slight ; this seems to us to be one

reason why specimens of diverse species of Saturnidae, for instance, copulate much

easier than is the case with specifically different individuals in other groups.

( 520 )

Notwithstanding it is manifest that the difficulty to obtain hybrids is in many

cases to be attributed to the diverse development of the copulatory organs, the

question is of very little importance as long as we take into account only an inter-

crossing between species and species. According to our definition, specifically

distinct animals or plants cannot fuse together; the appearance of hybrids has no

influence on the evolution of the species which have produced them, though they

may obscure the fact of the specific distinctness of the parents.* The barrier

between species is the degree of diversity already attained, and as this barrier is

absolute, the presence of any other barrier must be indifferent. The question as to

the evolutionistie influence of the peculiar development of the copulatory organs,

therefore, does not relate to those forms which have already attained that degree of

diversity which renders a fusion with other forms impossible, but to those lower

degrees of diversity which are still able to fuse together under favourable circum-

stances. Hence we have to inquire whether the variation of the copulatory organs

within the limits of a species is such that the difference in the organs in question

between varieties of the same species can be thought to be a barrier against the

sexual intercourse between the varieties.

The effect of the divergency of the copulatory organs in respect to prevention of

intercrossing can very well be compared with that of geographical isolation, as the

effect of both the morphological and the geographical factor depends on the extent

of the mechanical barrier. The Atlantic Ocean is certainly an effective barrier

between the Nearctic and Palaearetie Regions, although even such a wide sea cannot

absolutely prevent a migration from one region to the other; the Ganges Valley

which separates the North Indian from the South Indian fauna, and the straits

between the various islands of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, are barriers which

render the occurrence of an intererossing between specimens born on the opposite

sides of the barrier, though by no means impossible, doubtless very rare ; in fact

every barrier which isolates to any degree, however small the degree may be, a

number of specimens A from other specimens B renders the intercourse of the two

sets of individuals with one another less probable than the copulation of the

specimens of each set inter se, and hence is a barrier against intercrossing. If,

therefore, the varieties of the same species exhibit in both sexes any diversity in the

the organs of copulation, we can rightly infer that this diversity will act like a

geographical barrier, isolating the varieties from one another to a certain extent

according as the anatomical diversity is great or slight. As our researches have

proved that the premiss of this conclusion is correct as regards the Eastern Papilios,

namely that there are varieties which differ in the genital armature from other

varieties of the same species in both sexes, it is manifest that the diversity in the

genital armature of the Papilios has a great bearing upon the divergent development

of the varieties.

We have found that there is individual and geographical variation in the genital

armature of the Eastern Papilios. As regards individual variation, it is obvious that

specimens which have any marked peculiarity in the prehensile organs, additional

hooks or ridges, in which they deviate from the normal, will be at a disadvantage in

* As besides the mechanical barrier against intercrossing there is, in most species with highly

developed organs of sense, a psychological barrier active, hybrids must in the state of nature be very rare

in comparison with the number of specimens which are not hybrids. Specimens connecting two supposed

distinct species have not rarely been treated as hybrids, though the natural conclusion from the regular

occurrence of such intergradations would be that the supposed distinct species form one, di- or polymorphie,

species, provided that the reverse has not been proved.

( 521 )

respect to propagation compared with the normal specimens in which copulation is

more facilitated ; monstrosities and sports in respect to the genital armature, in

short every specimen with an anomalous development of the organs of copulation

is less favoured than the rest of the individuals. Such abnormal individuals have,

therefore, the same position in the struggle for propagation, as in the struggle for

existence those specimens have which are less adapted to the circumstances of life

than their cospecific rivals. If it is right to conclude in the latter case that the

struggle for existence leads in the long run to a survival of the fit (Romanes), we

can apply the same inference to our special question and say that the specimens

abnormal in the genital organs will in the struggle for propagation succumb, and

that eonsequently the anomalies in the organs of copulation will become rarer

and rarer, the individuals acquiring gradually by breeding in and in the same

form of prehensile organs, comparatively few specimens deviating widely from

the normal. It is apparent that the mechanical selection thus effected will

end in a comparatively great constancy of the prehensile apparatus.* A number

of the forms of Papilio dealt with in this: paper have attained a remarkably high

degree of constancy in the genital armature, for instance several forms of P. sarpedon

and P. aristeus, P. alcinous confusus. As the conclusion applies to every segregate

form of Papilio, it is evident that, when a species develops divergently into

geographical races, each race (or some of them) can, and will, acquire a special

normal form of the genital armature, if the evolutionistie faetors of the locality

affect the organs of copulation. Many species have not yet attained that degree of

divergent ramification. The geographical forms of Papilio aegeus, machaon, some

of the races of P. sarpedon, namely sarpedon sarpedon and sarpedon semifasciatus,

the two eastern races of P. aristeus, P. aristeus aristeus and P. aristeus parmatus,

and others, we have found to be identieal or almost so with one another in the

genital armature. In the geographical forms of other species the specialisation in

the prehensile organs is already visible, but not very conspicuous, as in P. cloanthus

clymenus and P. cloanthus cloanthus ; while in others again the degree of divergency

in the organs of copulation of geographical races is so high that the normal of one

form differs from the normal of the other so much that the one stands far outside

the usual limits of variation of the other. Now, when it happens that forms so

diverse in the genital armature inhabit neighbouring districts, as is the case with P.

sarpedon teredon (S. India), P. sarpedon sarpedon (N. India to the Philippines and

Java), and P. sarpedon milon (Celebes); P. alcinous confusus (China and Formosa)

and P. alcinous loochooanus (Loo Choo Islands) ; P. bathycles chiron (N. India to

Burma) and P. bathycles bathycloides (Malacca), it is manifest that the occasional

(passive or active) migration of specimens from one district to the other, which we

must concede to occur, as otherwise the wide range of many species would not be

explainable, can have no great retarding effect on the divergent development of the

forms, since an effective copulation of the immigrants with the occupants of the

district is improbable, and as further, if copulation should occasionally be effective,

the characters of the descendants of the new-comers will soon get swamped away

by mechanical selection. Thus it is conceivable that, when a certain degree of

divergency is attained by geographical races, mechanical selection will greatly help

to accelerate evolution, and that it is able to prevent retrograde development when

the geographical barrier which formerly separated two forms has, in consequence of

* Marked dimorphism in the organs of copulation to which the variation of the organs could also lead

does not seem to occur ; see p. 499.

( 522

geological revolutions, become so changed that the isolation is much more incomplete

than it formerly was. And when the comparatively great diversity in the organs of

copulation has become so constant that intergradations in these organs between two

respective subspecies seldom occur in the area occupied by these forms, though the

subspecies may be connected with one another by intergraduate forms inhabiting

otber districts, it is possible that, when the districts of the two subspecies, if

geographically close together, like the Bornean and Philippine Islands, become so

extended that they overlap, the two diverse subspecies may live together without

immediate and complete fusion.

It will have been noted that the effect attributed to mechanical selection is two-

fold. The variation of the genital armature caused by transmuting factors of any

kind is so guided by mechanical selection that every incipient species will acquire a

special armature of its own. As the variation of the organs of copulation is inde-

pendent of that of the wing-pattern, mechanical selection does not directly affect the

latter; but its indirect influence must be of importance, when the special genital

armature acquired by mechanical selection has become so specialised that it is, like

local isolation, a means of prevention of intercrossing.

In consequence of the demonstration of individual and geographical variation of

the organs of copulation it becomes very probable that Eimer's * interesting sugges-

tion is correct, that the variation of a species concerns also egg and sperm. If

geographical and individual variation in these cells would be demonstrable as in

the case of the ectodermal sexual organs, we should most probably find that the

variation in the size and form of the sperm and in the structure of the micropyle

apparatus f of the egg is independent of the characters of the wing and sexual

armature, and that accordingly similar conclusions could be drawn as in the case of

the organs of copulation. As diversity in sperm and egg would partly or totally pre-

vent fecundation, infertility between certain individuals of the same race and between

the specimens of diverse races would be the result of the variation, and hence the

demonstration of the occurrence of such variation would give an actual base to

Romanes's theory of physiological selection, and thus supply one explanation of that

hitherto unsolved question how the general infertility between species has come about.

“The real difficulty," says Darwin, “in our present subject is not, as it

appears to me, why domestic varieties have not become mutually infertile when

crossed, but why this has so generally occurred with natural varieties, as soon as

they have been permanently modified in a suflicient degree to take rank as a species.

We are far from precisely knowing the cause; nor is this surprising, seeing how

profoundly ignorant we are in regard to the normal and abnormal action of the

reproductive system.”

We observe that the cause of infertility adduced by us would not be physio-

logical diversity, but mechanical impossibility of fertilisation. Mechanical selection

acting in a similar way as in the case of the organs of copulation in the direction of

adapting within each race sperm to egg by excluding extreme varietal specimens from

propagation, would raise a barrier between the diverse subspecies which would admit

an independent development ending in specific distinctness of mutually infertile forms.

Mechanical selection acts upon variation caused by other factors, and is, therefore,

like mechanical geographical isolation, a preservative, not a productive factor.

* Artb. bei Schmett. 11. 1895. p. 15.

T Standfuss, Handb. f. Sc metterlingssammnler 1896.

l Origin of Species 6th ed. London, 1888. p. 36.

(252915)

LIST OF INSECTS MENTIONED IN THIS PAPER.

Acherontia atropos, in Hübner, Samml. Eur. Schm. Yl. Sphing. £. 63 2198 1808)

Callimorpha dominula dominula, in Esper, Zur. Schm. IV. t. 83. f. 1. 2 (1786).

T dominula persona, in Hübner, Samml. Eur. Sn IIT. f. 319-322 (1798—1805).

Euploea rhadamanthus, in Distant, Rhop. Mal. 1885. t. 4. f. 4. 5 (as diocletianus).

Gonopteryx cleopatra, in Hübner, Samıml. Kur. Schn. f. 445. 446 (1798—1805).

c rhamni, ibid. f. 442-444.

Hepialus humuli hethlandicus, in Entomol. 1880. t. 3.

5 humuli humuli, in Esper, Eur. Schmett. IV. t. 80. f. 1 (d). 2 (2). (1786).

Ornithoptera, see Troides.

Papilio aegeus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 304.

» degeus adrastus, in Reise Novara, Lep. 1. t. 16. f. a (1865).

» Gegeus aegeus, in Staud. & Schatz, Zxot. Schmett. I. t. 4 (1884).

» degeus bismarckianus, in Novrr. ZooL. 1895. p. 308.

» aegeus keianus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1896. p. 422

» degeus ormenus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 306.

» degeus ormenus d -ab. ormenus, in Voyage Coquille, Ins. t. 14. f. 3 (1829).

» degeus ormenus d -ab. othello, in Novrr. ZooL. 1894. p. 332. n. 3.

» aegeus ormenus d -ab. pandion, in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 56. n. 72 (1865).

» agamemmon,in Noyir. Zoor. 1895. p. 447.

» agamemnon argynnus, in Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). II. p. 235 (1888).

„ agamemnon neopommeranius, in Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXI. t. 6. f. 4 (1887)

» &lcinous, in Novır. Zoor. 1895. p. 267. t. VI. f. 1-20, 32-38.

» Glcinous alcinous, in Klug, Neue Schmett. Ins. Samml. Berlin 1836. t. 1 (d, 9).

» lcinous confusus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 269.

» Weinous loochooanus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1896. p. 421.

» ambrax, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 354.

» ambrax ambrax, in Dehaan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. ovez. bez. 1840. t. 7. f. 1 (d). 2 (9 ).

» antiphates, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 410.

» @risteus, in Novır. Zoor. 1895. p. 418.

» arisleus anticrates, in Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. Y. t. 3. f. 3 (

» aristeus aristeus, in Cramer, Pap. Exot. IV. t. 318. f. E. F (1

» aristeus hermocrates, in Reise Novara, ni I. t. 12. f. E (1865

» @risteus parmatus, in Gray, l.c. t. 3. f. 2 (1842).

» aristolochiae, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 245.

» @ristolochiae antiphus, in Donovan, Ins. of India t. 15. f. 2 (1800).

» «aristolochiae aristolochiae, in Distant, Rhop. Mal. 1885. t. 31. f. 6.

» aristolochiae austrosundanus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 249.

» bathycles, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 437.

» bathycles bathycles, in Nov. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur, 1831. t. 14. f. 6. 7

» bathycles bathycloides, in Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. X XVIII. t. 10. f. 3 (1884).

» bathycles chiron, in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. X XN. p. 66. note (1865).

» bathycles chiron ab. chironides, in Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XXVIII. t. 10. f. 4 (1884).

» canopus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 341.

» caunus, in Novir. Zoor. 1895. p. 376.

» caunus aegialus, in Distant, Rhop. Mal. 1885. t. 278. f. 5

» caunus caunus, in Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. 1848. t. 9. f. 2. 2*.

» caunus mendax, in Haase, Unters. üb. Mimicry 1893. t. 8. f. 53.

» cloanthus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 445.

» cloanthus cloanthus, in Westwood, Arc. Ent. 1841, t. 11. f. 2.

1842).

782).

T (as diphilus).

( 524 )

Papilio cloanthus clymenus, in Leech, Butt. from China and Japan 1893. t. 33. f. 2.

cloanthus sumatranus, in Iris VI. 1894. p. 27.

clytia, in Novrr. Zoou. 1895. p. 364.

deiphobus, in Olerck, Zcones II. t. 25. f. 1 (1764).

deiphontes, in Staud. & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. I. t. 5 (4,9) (1884).

deipylus, in Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien. 1864. p. 323. n. 455.

depilis, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 339.

depilis depilis, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 340 (N. Britain, nec N. Ireland).

depilis novohibernicus, in Novir. Zoor. 1896. p. 422.

echidna, in Dehaan, Le. t. 8. f. 6.

euchenor, in Novit. Zoor. 1895. p. 339.

euchenor euchenor, in Voyage Coquille, Ins. t. 13. f. 3 (1829).

euchenor godarti, in Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat. Lyon. 1856. p. 398 (d, nec 2).

euchenor obsolescens, in Noyiv. Zoor. 1895. p. 339.

eurypylus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 429.

gambrisius, in Cramer, Lc. IT. t. 157. f. A. B (1779).

inopinatus, in Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot., Pap. 1893. t. 12. f. 1 (8). 2 (9).

lowi, in P. Z. S. 1873. t. 33. f. 6 (d).

macfarlanei, in Novır. Zoor. 1895. p. 446.

machaon, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 272.

machaon flavus, in Tutt, Brit. Butt. 1896. p. 218; as machaon in Barrett, Lep. Brit.

Tel: 1893 tl At la:

machaon hippocrates, in Pryer, Rhop. Nih. 1886. t. 1. f. 1a. 1B.

machaon machaon, in Roesel, Ins. Belust. I. 2. 1746. t. 1.

machaon sphyrus, in Novrr. ZooL. 1895. p. 275.

mandarinus, in Novit. Zoor. 1895. p. 408.

mayo, in P. Z. S. 1873. t. 63. f. 1 (8).

memnon, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 312.

memnon agenor, in Distant, Rhop. Mal. 1885. t. 97B. f. T; t. 28. f. 1-7; t. 29.

f. 1. 4. 5; under various names,

memnon memnon, in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. t. 1. f. 1. 2. 3. 4 (1865).

nomius, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 421.

paradoxus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 371.

paron, in Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot., Pap. 1893. t. 31. f. 3. 4.

peranthus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 391.

phestus, in Voyage Coquille, Ins1829. t. 14. f. 9. A. B.

podalirius, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 402.

polytes, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 343.

polytes alcindor, in Oberthür, Et. d’Ent. IV. 1879. t. 6. f. 4 (9); Novrr. Zoor. 1895.

p. 350,

polytes alphenor, in Cramer, l.c. I. t. 90. f. B (2) ( 1779) ; d as ledebowria in Kotzebue's

Reise III. t. 3. f. 7 (1821).

polytes borealis, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 348.

polytes borealis ab. thibetanus, in Oberthür, Lc, XIII. 1886. p. 14.

palytes nicanor, in Staud. & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. I. 1884. t. 3 (d, 9).

polytes mikobarus, in Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien. 1862. p. 483. n. 112.

polytes perversus, in Novrr. Zoo. 1895. p. 353.

polytes polytes, in Distant, Le. t. 33. f. 7-10.

polytes theseus, in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. t. 2. f. 2. 4.7

rhesus, in Eimer, Artb. u. Verwandtsch. Schmett, 1889. t. 4. f. 6.

rumanzovius, in Kotzebue's Reise III. 1821. t, 2. f. 4a. 4b (Q); g as krusensternia,

ibid. t. 3. f. 5a. 5b.

(1865).

( 525 )

Papilio sarpedon, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 441.

sarpedon adonarensis, Novit. Zoor. 1896. p. 324.

sarpedon anthedon, in Staud. & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. I. 1884. t. 6.

sarpedon choredon, in Scott, Austr. Lep. II. 1890. t. 17.

sarpedon dodingensis, in Novit. Zoor. 1896. p. 323.

sarpedon impar, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 443.

sarpedon imparilis, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 443.

sarpedon isander, in Smith & Kirby, hop. Exot. Y. 1888. Pap. t. 6. f. 3.

sarpedon jugans, in Novrr. Zoor. 1896. p. 524.

sarpedon milon, in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. 1865. t. T. f. 2 (as miletus).

sarpedon monticolus, in Societas Entomol. 1896. p. 20.

sarpedon sarpedon, in Distant, Rhop. Mal. 1885. t. 22. f. 6.

sarpedon semifasciatus, in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889. t. T. f. 2 (as sarpedon var.)

sarpedon teredon, in Moore, Lep. Ceyl. I. 1882. t. 62, f. 1.

sarpedon teredon ab. thermodusa, in P. Z. S. 1885. p. 146. n. 145.

sarpedon timorensis, in Novrr. Zoor. 1896. p. 323.

semperi, in Semper, Tagf. Philipp. 18.

tydeus, in Reise Novara, Lep. Y. 1865. t. 16. f. c; t. 17. f. a.

Pieris rapae ab. loc. novangliae, in Scudder, Butt. New Engl. II. 1889. p. 1207.

Plusiotis aurora ab. aurora, in P. Z. S. 1875, t. 23. f. 7.

”

aurora ab. chrysopedila, in Biol. Centr. Amer., Col. II. t. 16. f. 12 (1888).

Polyommatus phlaeas, in Hübner, Summl. Eur. Schm. Y. f. 362. 363 (1798—1805).

Troides croesus, in P. Z. S. 1859. t. 68. 69.

lydius, in Reise Novara, Lep. Y. 1865. t. 3. f. a. b.

priamus, in Novrr. Zoor. 1895. p. 183.

priamus euphorion, in Rippon, Icon. Ornith. 1890. t. 2.

priamus poseidon, in Westwood, Cab. Or, Ent. 1848. t. 11 (d).

priamus priamus, in Cramer, Pap. Ev. I. 1775, t. 23. f. A, B.

priamus urvillianus, in Voyage Coquille 1829. Ins. t. 13. f. 1. 2.

tithonus, in Dehaan, Le. t. 1. f. 1.

( 526 )

ON MAMMALS COLLECTED BY MR. ALBERT MEEK

ON WOODLARK ISLAND, AND ON KIRIWINA IN THE TROBRIAND

GROUP.

sy OLDFIELD THOMAS.

M: ALBERT MEEK has continued his explorations of the islands east of

New Guinea by making collections on two islands hitherto entirely

unvisited by mammal collectors. The most interesting of these is Woodlark Island,

situated east of the D’Entrecasteanx group, towards the Solomons, where he found

a new Cuscus and a new bat, while on Kiriwina he found a new subspecies of the

Cuseus genus besides several other animals of interest.*

The present paper contains an account of all the mammals obtained at the two

islands, and may be considered as a continuation of that on his Fergusson Island

mammals, published in the NovrrATEs for 1895.f

Specimens of most of the species referred to are in both the Tring and British

Museums.

1. Pteropus conspicillatus Gould.

Kiriwina Island. Many specimens.

* Eyes hazel."—4A. S. M.

There is considerable variation among the specimens in the extent and

definition of the light rings round the eyes.

2. Pteropus hypomelanus Temm.

Kiriwina Island.

* Byes hazel.”

3. Cephalotes peronii Geoff.

Kiriwina Island.

‘“ Byes hazel.”

4. Harpyia major Dobs.

Kiriwina and Woodlark Islands.

“ Hyes hazel.”

5. Carponycteris crassa Thos.

Kiriwina and Woodlark Islands.

6. Hipposiderus tricuspidatus Temm.

Woodlark Island.

7. Hipposiderus cervinus Gould.

Kiriwina Island.

5. Emballonura nigrescens Gray.

Woodlark Island.

* For lists of ornithological collections made in these islands, see antea, pp. 234-251

+ Nov. Zoor. IT. p. 163 (1895).

-1

9. Emballonura meeki sp. nov.

a—c. Three males. Kiriwina Island.

Small Emballonura with very lobate lips, widely separated nostrils, and lower

incisors divided from canines.

Muzzle obtuse, the tip scarcely projecting beyond the lower lip. Nostrils

narrow, oblique, widely separated, their inner margins notched. Lips much

produced laterally, the lower ones especially widely expanded into broad thin lobes.

Front of lower lip with a broad groove, margined by thickened ridges. Ears narrow,

pointed ; their inner margins slightly but irregularly convex; tip narrowly rounded

off, with a slight concavity just below; a small projection opposite the base of the

tragus ; basal lobule running forward to below the angle of the mouth. Tragus not

unlike that of E. semicaudata, slightly expanded above, its outer margin straight,

its inner faintly concave ; a distinct projection at its outer base.

Wings from the metatarsi. Calcars as long as the tibiae.

Upper incisors small, in pairs on each side of a space equal to their distance

from one another ; more widely separated from the canines. Anterior upper premolar

minute, close behind the canine. Lower incisors in a group in the front of the

jaw, separated from the canines. Anterior lower premolar half the height of the

canine and second premolar, which equal each other.

Dimensions of the type, an adult male :—Forearm 38 mm. Head and body 40 ;

tail 11:5; ear 13:5; tragus on inner margin 2:6; thumb including claw 6:4 ; tibia

14:6; hind-foot 6 ; calcar 13:5 ; length of interfemoral in middle line 29.

Type: Brit. Mus. 96.10.5.12.

This species is widely distinct from any of the species described in Dobson’s

Catalogue, and does not indeed fall into either of the two groups he recognises. For

by its separated nostrils it belongs to * Mosia,” while its anteriorly grouped lower

incisors bring it into the subgenus Emballonura. The obtuse muzzle, the wide

lobes to the lower lips, and the pointed ears will also readily separate it from the

two species, F. raffrayana Dobs. and E. beccarii Pet. & Dor., described since the

appearance of the Catalogue.

10. Mus browni Alst. (?).

Woodlark Island.

This is the most natural species to find in Woodlark Island, as it ocenrs all

over the Papuan Archipelago. Several names have been applied to forms belonging

to the same group, but whether any or all of these are valid cannot be now deter-

mined for want of material. The Pacific Rat (Mus exulans) and the Maori Rat

(Mus maorium) are both near allies to the present animal.

11. Macropus agilis Gould (?).

Two young specimens. Kiriwina Island.

These specimens are rather browner than usual, but, so far as can be made out

on such young specimens, agree in all essential particulars with Papuan examples

of Gould’s species.

12. Petaurus breviceps papuanus Thos.

Several specimens. Fergusson Island,

( 528 )

13. Phalanger lullulae * sp. nov.

Many specimens. Woodlark Island.

A small Cuscus of the PA. orientalis group, spotted with white as in PA. ornatus,

but without rufous on forequarters or belly.

Size small, barely exceeding that of PA. breviceps. Sexes almost exactly

alike, both in size, coloration, and even in the cranial characters. Wars small,

rounded, not so absolutely naked inside as is normal in the group, as there are

a few thinly scattered hairs on the internal surface of the ear-conch ; nothing like,

however, the thick hairiness found in the P/. maculatus group. Fur very close and

woolly. General colour (of both sexes) dull brown, irregularly mottled with spots

of yellow or white, which increase in number on the sides and belly, so that the

latter may be said to be white mottled with brown.

Chest and inner sides of limbs more white, but in the female the dark pre-

dominates on the lower part of the belly and inner sides of the hind-limbs.

Throughout, however, the mottling is so irregular that no exact description can be

drawn up. A dark nuchal or dorsal streak present, but very irregular, most distinct

on the erown. Tail rather more than a third hairy above, the difference between the

upper and lower extension of the fur rather less than two inches. Mammae four.

Skull on the whole very like that of PA. orientalis, but the zygomata distinctly

converge forwards, so that there is a sort of elbow at their hinder ends, just external

to the glenoid fossae, and at this point the zygomatic breadth is decidedly greater

than in front. The supraorbital crests are rather intermediate in character between

those of Ph. orientalis and Ph. breviceps, more transversely developed than in the

latter, less than in the former. Nasal notch deeper than in Pd. orientalis, almost

as in Ph. ornatus.

Teeth apparently as usual, the upper canines pressed close against 7 not

separated as in PA. ornatus. In all of the three skulls examined there are only two

upper premolars, no small teeth being present between the usual anterior and posterior

ones ; below, the greatest number of the small intermediate teeth present is three.

Dimensions of the type, an adult male, in skin :—Head and body 375; tail 275;

hind-foot 51. A specimen in spirit has the ear 21:5 and lower leg 84 mm.

Skull: basal length 68; greatest breadth 48:5 ; nasals, length 28, greatest

breadth 11; interorbital breadth 12:2; intertemporal constriction 83; palate

length 41; palatal foramen 5:6. Teeth, horizontal length of pt 46; length of

ms! 13.

“Type: Brit. Mus. 96.11.5.24. Paratypes in British and Tring Museums.

It is difficult to decide whether this very distinet Cuscus is most nearly allied

to Ph. orientalis or Ph. ornatus. It resembles the latter in its white spotting and

deeper nasal notch, but is without any trace of the handsome rufous or orange on

the forequarters and belly, and its canine is as in PA. orientalis. Its supraorbital

ledges also have more resemblance to those of Ph. orientalis than to the very

remarkable ones of Ph. ornatus.

14. Phalanger orientalis kiriwinae subsp. nov.

Many specimens. Kiriwina Island, Trobriand group.

Closely allied to the Fergusson Island subsp. intercastellanus, but rather larger,

and with a different structure of the interorbital region.

* Lullula, a woodlark.

( 529 )

In this form the adult female is a pale silvery grey all over above, while below

the belly is only a little paler, and there is no defined white middle part to the belly

as there is in New Guinea examples of subsp. typicus. The dorsal line is strongly

marked, and there is a yellowish suffusion on the fore-back on each side of the line,

and also on the rump just at the root of the tail. Young specimens are similar, and

so are the young males, but in the latter sex as the animal gets older the general

colour gets paler,* first anteriorly and then throughout, until it is almost white,

with just a thin sprinkling of darker hairs among the white. The old male in the

Tring Museum represents this last stage. The dorsal line still remains conspicuous,

which is not the case in the well-known albinistic examples of this species. Also

in adult and old males the underside of the neck gradually gets suffused with rufous

brown, probably glandular in its origin.

The series brought home by Mr. Meek is very interesting as showing the way in

which, while the females always retain their grey colour, the males, which are at

first like the females, gradually become in age quite different.

The single specimen of subsp. intercastellanus available is a very old male, older

than any of the examples of Arzwinae, but its general colour is still greyish, and it

has no trace of the glandular darkening on the throat.

The skull of Airiwinae is longer and rather slenderer than that of éntercastellanus,

and has a much narrower interorbital and intertemporal region, which is especially

noticeable as this part becomes narrower with age, and the type of intercastellanus

is extremely old. The postorbital processes do not overhang the orbits so far

laterally, but seem to be situated farther forwards as compared to the brain-case.

Another curious peculiarity present in all the specimens is that the zygomata are

bowed inwards anteriorly opposite the ascending portion of the malar, so as to form

a distinct concavity in their outline at this point. In the two Tring specimens,

which still contain their skulls, this concavity can be distinctly felt beneath the skin.

It is also noticeable that in old females the supraorbital crests are almost as well

developed, so that the animal is consequently as ** cavifrons " as in the males.

Altogether the Kiriwina Cuseus, although undoubtedly very closely allied both

to the typical Ph. orientalis and to subsp. intercastellanus, seems sufficiently distinct

as a local race to deserve a subspecific name.

The following are the skull-measurements of the adult male selected as the

type (Brit. Mus. 96.11.5.15):— Extreme length from back of occipital crest 02:3;

basal length (v) 84; greatest breadth 58; nasals, length 35:5, greatest breadth 13;

interorbital breadth 11:6 ; tip to tip of postorbital processes 12:2; intertemporal

breadth 4; palate length 49 ; palatal foramen 6'2. Horizontal length of p! 48;

length of ms! 15.

Of this form there are a fine pair in the Tring Museum, and three males of

different ages and an adult female in the British Museum.

15. Perameles sp. (probably P. doryana Quoy & Gaim).

One young specimen. Woodlark Island.

This Bandicoot is unfortunately too young for certain determination.

* This appears to be the general course of the colour change, but one fact rather militates against the

correctness of the above account, namely, that on the whitish anterior back of the oldest British Museum

specimen (the type) some patches of new hairs are coming up grey, exactly the reverse of what should be

the case. I can at present suggest no explanation of this curious anomaly.

( 530 )

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE

PAPUAN ISLANDS.

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD ax» ERNST HARTERT.

(Unless signed otherwise, the work of these “contributions " js so divided that

Walter Rothschild works out the families Paradiseidae, Ptilonorhynchidae, and

Rallidae, while E. Hartert is responsible for the rest.)

Ae:

ON SOME SKINS COLLECTED FROM APRIL TO JUNE ON

MOUNT VICTORIA, OWEN STANLEY MOUNTAINS, MOSTLY AT

ELEVATIONS OF FROM 5000 TO 7000 FEET.

1-9. Of true Paradiseidae the collection contained specimens of the following

species :—

Craspedophora intercedens, Lophorina minor, Epimachus meyeri, Parotia

lawesi, Paradisea raggiana, P. rudolphi, Seleucides nigricans, Cicinnurus regius,

Diphyllodes hunsteini. WIR:

10. Loria loriae Salvad. (antea, p. 252).

Adult male and immature male from Mount Victoria. The immature male has

the abdomen, back, and wings mixed with greenish feathers, showing that the

young male is, in colour, similar to the adult female. The wing of the male

measures 100 mm. W.R.

11. Cnemophilus macgregorii de Vis.

Only one adult male of this magnificent bird has hitherto been known. It was

well described by Mr. de Vis and beautifully figured in the is. The present

collection contains one adult male, wing 106 mm., and a specimen which is

evidently an immature male. It is olive above, tinged and mixed. with pale

brownish yellow. Quills with the outer webs pale rufous brown, the inner webs

dusky brown, each wing having a few fresh feathers like those of the adult male.

The tail has a few fresh feathers which are like those of the old male, while the rest

is dark brown. Underparts black, mixed with yellowish olive feathers on the

abdomen, and still more on the throat. The peculiar crest on the forehead is

already developed, and has the same beautiful golden sheen in a certain light which

is visible in the old male. W.R.

12. Amblyornis inornata (Schleg.).

Two males with crests and two specimens without crests, evidently young

males, for they differ from females from Arfak in having, the feathers of the crown

and occiput much longer and narrower, and the under wing-coverts of a deeper

orange. Undoubted females of this form, which I consider identical with A. in-

ornata from Arfak (see antea, pp. 11-13), are not yet recorded. W. R.

* For Nos. I., IL, III. see antea, pp. 8-20; for Nos, IV., V., pp. 233-255,

(531)

13. Aeluroedus melanocephalus Rams.

Wing 155 mm. W. R.

14. Amalocichla sclateriana de Vis.

A skin of this remarkable Timeliine form, well agreeing with de Vis’ deserip-

tion inthe Annual Report ou British New Guinea, 1892, p. 95, except that the upper

tail-coverts are of the same rufous brown colour as the back, and the under tail-

coverts are buff with slaty bases, while de Vis says, ** Upper and under tail-coverts

rufous." This curious bird reminds one very much of the South American

Grallariae. E. H.

15. Eupetes leucostictus Scl.

Two skins from Mount Victoria, not differing materially from a skin from

Arfak, though more material is necessary to judge finally of their identity. E. H.

16. Melirrhophetes belfordi de Vis.

Two skins from Mount Victoria. They are in every respect entirely similar to

the male mentioned antea, p. 16, and another male from the Oriori District, except

that the broad malar stripes and the feathers above the eye are not so white, but

rather buff. One of them, no doubt a female, is much smaller; the wing, which

measures from 147 to 151 mm. in the ma/es, measuring only 126 mm. E. H.

17. Melirrhophetes ochromelas batesi (Sharpe).

The differences between this form and M. ochrom. typ. are very slight indeed

and hardly worthy of a name. See antea, p. 16. E. H.

18. Melilestes megarhynchus (G. R. Gray).

One skin in moult, showing the remainder of the immature whitish and dark

striped plumage on the chin and along the middle of the breast and abdomen,

E.H

9. Ptilotis polygramma Gray.

One adult skin.

20. Ptilotis salvadorii sp. nov.

Closely allied to Pt. subfrenata Salvad. from the Arfak Mountains, but

evidently distinct, having no grey forehead, the colour above being the same from

the base of the culmen to the back. Above blackish brown, with olive edges to the

feathers ; browner and paler on the ramp. Behind the eye a large bare spot, followed

by a large black patch which extends down the nec k. From the praeocular region

to the ear-coverts a golden yellow line of hair-like feathers. Beyond the eyes some

white feathers with black tips. Wings deep brown, outwardly edged w ith yellowish

olive-green, inwardly with pale cinnamon. Tail deep brown, with greenish outer

edges. Chin blackish brown. Underparts dingy greyish brown, with an olive-

greenish wash. Feathers of abdomen w ith some pale buffy tips. Thighs and

under tail-eoverts greyish brown, with buff edges. Under wing-coverts: pale

cinnamon. ‘Total length about 175 to 185 mm. ; wing 93 to 98; tail 55 to 95

( 532 )

culmen 25 to 26; tarsus 23 to 25 mm. Two specimens, quite alike in colour, but

one larger, probably male and female. Although I have not seen P. subfrenata 1

have no doubt, from Salvadori’s descriptions, that this form is different. It is

named in honour of the author of the immortal Ornithologia Papuasia. E. H.

21. Melipotes fumigatus A. D. Meyer.

1886. M. fumigatus A. B. Meyer in Zeitschr. f. ges. Ornith. III. p. 22.

e Aail

1895. M. atriceps Grant in Bull. B. O. C. No. XXXI.

A skin of this rare bird agrees perfectly with the type of M. atriceps in the

British Museum, bnt I find that it has been described long ago as M. fumigatus.

E. H.

22. Pachycephala schlegeli obscurior Hartert.

Two skins confirming my observations made on p. 15 of this volume. It may

be added that the colour above is slightly darker, but that the size of the black

spot on the chin is apparently not quite constant. E. H.

23. Graucalus longicauda de Vis.

One skin of this rare bird, which is a very good species. It is described in

the * Report on Birds from British New Guinea," dated August 23rd, 1889, forming

part of the Governors Annual Official Reports. The head and neck are of a glossy

purplish black, the tail and wings black with a very slight gloss. There is a brownish

wash on the sides of the body and here and there on the back, but this is probably

due to nonage. The under tail-coverts are darker and more ashy than the grey

breast, abdomen, back, and upper wing-coverts. Wing 175; tail 165 mm. Sex

not known. : E. H.

24. Campochaera sloetii (Schleg.).

One specimen, well agreeing with the descriptions of the female. E. H.

25. Mellopitta lugubris (Rosenb.). |

One skin. The breast and abdomen with many irregular patches of rusty

brown feathers, also the hind-neck and hinder part of the crown with dark brown

feathers, which are evidently the remainder of the plumage of the young bird.

Besides these I cannot see differences from M. lugubris from Arfak. E. H.

26. Aegotheles rufescens Salvad.

Of this species, which has been described by Salvadori in Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genova, XXXVI. p. 71, from a single skin from the Moroka District, this collection

contained one specimen, which seems to be somewhat immature. This species does

not stand very far from Ae. albertisi. More material is very much wanted to better

understand the species of this genus. E. H.

27. Glossoptilus goldiei Salvad.

A beautiful male. Wing 108 mm. E. H.

28. Psittacella brehmi pallida A. B. Meyer.

See antea, pp. 18, 255,

( 533 )

29. Psittacella picta Rothsch.

See Bull. B. O. Club for October 1896. The species will be figured in the

Ibis for January 1897.

30. Neopsittacus musschenbroeki Schleg.

A fine male from Mount Victoria. It is very interesting to see that this

species occurs together with the following species. E. H.

31. Neopsittacus pullicauda Hartert.

Several skins confirm the correctness of my former observations (see antea,

p. 17). This species differs from N. musschenbroeki in having the hinder part of

the crown, occiput, and nape darker (nearly green), the tail below dark olive-green,

instead of orange, the red colour on the abdomen more extended towards the sides

of the body. The occurrence of both N. musschenbroeki and N. pullicanda on the

same mountain seems to forbid to look upon the latter as merely a subspecies,

though it may be that they inhabit different elevations. E. H.

32. Ninox dimorpha (Salvad.).

A skin which agrees in every detail with Salvadori’s descriptions and with a

skin from Dutch New Guinea. E. H.

33. Falco severus Horsf. (an subsp. 7).

An adult, or at least fairly old bird, and à young one with large longitudinal

spots below. Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth have (in Add. und Ber. Mus. Dresden,

1892-93, No. 3, p. 6) separated the New Guinea birds of this species as F. severus

papuanus (see antea, p. 256). It seems to be doubtful whether that form can be

upheld. The wing and tail are said to be uniform below ; this, however, is a sign

of greater age, and our Philippine skins are uniform on these parts, while our New

Guinea ones are not. Skins from the Philippines are darker below, and just as

dark above as the New Guinea skins. The young New Guinea bird is very

distinetly barred on the wings and tail. The only difference between specimens

from New Guinea and from other places I can see is a slightly darker colour of the

tail above. E. H.

34. Rallicula forbesi Sharpe.

Three skins. One immature, with the top of the head darker, the feathers

of the back and upper wing-coverts with small buff spots near the tips of both

webs. WAR:

The two following birds were collected west of Port Moresby :—

1. Seleucides nigricans (Shaw).

Evidently common about sixty miles inland from Port Chalmers, west of Port

Moresby. In the old male everything below the breast-shield is orange-yellow,

there being no white colour on the bird at all. This seems to be a lowland

species. WR,

2. Henicopernis longicauda (Garn.).

Popo inlet, west of Port Moresby. “ Iris yellow.” E. H.

( 534 )

MANE

LIST OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDSKINS MADE IN THE ARU

ISLANDS BY CAPTAIN CAYLEY WEBSTER

FROM MAY TO JULY 1896.

l. Paradisea apoda L. One female. “Iris pale yellow.”—2. Aeluroedus

melanotis Gray.—3. Cicinnurus regius (L.). The Aru skins do not differ perceptibly

from those of other countries, though on the whole the wing is a few millimetres

longer. (W.R.)—4. Manucodia atra (Less.).—5. Macrocorax fuscicapillus (Gray).

—6. Mino dumonti Less. White bar in the wing rather narrow.—7. Oriolus

flavocinctus (King).—8. Dieruropsis carbonaria (Müll). Wing 147 mm.—

9. Graucalus caeruleogriseus (Gray).—10. Graucalus melanops (Lath.).—11. Arta-

mus leucogaster (Valenc.). Two specimens with remarkably short wings !—

12. Cracticus quoyi (Less.).—13. Cracticus cassicus.

14. Rhectes analogus A. B. Meyer, or R. aruensis Sharpe.

In Zeitschr f. ges. Orn.:l. p. 285 (1884) Dr. A. B. Meyer separated some

Aru specimens from R. analogus under the name of R. aruensis. The skin before

us seems to agree with Meyer's birds, but Dr. R. B. Sharpe in ///s, 1888, p. 437,

declares that Meyers R. analogus is only the young of his A. aruensis. See also

Salvadori, Agg. Orn. Papuasia, II. p. 97 (1890). E. H.

15. Rhectes ferrugineus brevipennis subsp. nov.

Aru specimens have the wing very short, only 128 mm. All individuals of our

very large series from New Guinea have the wings decidedly longer. A. B. Meyer,

in Zeitschr. f. ges. Orn. l. p. 285 (1884), had already pointed out this difference,

and itis only on account of his corroboration of our observation that we dare to

bestow a subspecifie term on this form. E. H.

16. Philemon novaeguineae aruensis A. D. Meyer.

Four skins from Dobbo, unfortunately not sexed. One of these, probably an

old male, has a very long bill and a very high hump. These four birds have the

bill 46, 46, 48, and 53 mm. long ; their height at hump is 18, 19, 20, and 24 mm.

Three specimens of Ph. novaeguineae subtuberosus (antea, p. 238) have the bill 43,

45, 45 mm. long, and their height at hump is 14, 15, 17 mm. E. H.

17. Pitta novaeguineae Müll. & Schleg.—18. Macropterya mystacea (Temm. ).

Wings 222—224 mm.—19. Podargus ocellatus Q. & G.—20. Eurystomus australis

Sw.—21. Tanysiptera hydrocharis Gray.—22. Halcyon sordidus Gould. The loral

spot cannot be called pure white, but has a distinct though faint buffy tinge.

Wing 116 mm. See antea, p. 244.

23. Syma torotoro tentelare subsp. nov.

Females from Aru have the black spot on the head in or behind the middle of

the crown about 15 mm. or more away from the base of the bill, while in specimens

from Northern Dutch New Guinea this spot is generally larger and extends almost

(85359)

or quite to the base of the culmen. The males of the Aru form do not differ per-

ceptibly from S. torotoro typica.

Specimens from Fergusson Island are rather dark below, but a young indi-

vidual from Waigiu is similar in this respect. In one of the Fergusson females the

head-spot is placed more backwards than usual, and thus it seems somewhat to

point towards the Aru subspecies. According to Salvadori (Orn. Papuasia, 1.

p. 485) females from Naiabui in S.E. New Guinea resemble those of Arn,

and therefore most likely belong to the same subspecies. Another species has

been recently described as S. megarhyncha by Salvadori from the Owen Stanley

Mountains.

The last form of the genus Syma is called S. flavirostris and inhabits North

Queensland. In the Catalogue of Birds, Vol. XVII. p. 197, it is said to differ from

S. torotoro in wanting the black mark along the tip of the culmen—and this state-

ment has been made before. However, it is quite wrong, the fully adult S. Zorotoro

never having any black mark on the culmen, a character peculiar to immature birds

of S. torotoro only. On the other hand, I have not yet seen a Syma flavirostris quite

without a black mark, and I believe that even the most adult birds have it. In any

case it is a bad character for distinguishing these species, the much lighter and more

greenish colour of the upper parts being the best distinguishing character of

the Queensland form. The subspecific name proposed above is the native name of

the bird in Aru, as Torotoro is its name in Dorey. E. H.

24. Sauromarptis gaudichaud (Q. & G.).

No distinction from typical skins of New Guinea. There is certainly not more

white on the back; on the contrary, some of our birds from New Guinea (we have

now thirty-six without duplicates) show more white on the back. The blue of the

rump of most of our Aru birds is rather dark, while it is certainly paler in most of

the skins from S.E. New Guinea, but not constantly. The so-called Sauromarptis

kubaryi seems to differ in no way from S. gaudichaud typica.

W. R. & E. H.

25. Sauromarptis tyro (Gray).—26. Microglossus aterrimus (Gm.). Wing only

330 mm.—27. Cyclopsittacus aruensis (Schleg.)—28. Trichoglossus nigrogularis

Gray. Large and fine birds; wings 150, 152, 153 mm.

29. Chalcopsittacus scintillatus (Temm.).

The majority of the Aru specimens have the breast more washed with brown

and have very dark orange stripes along the shafts of the feathers on the breast as

well as on the hind-neck, but the British Museum possesses specimens from New

Guinea that are just like our Aru skins. The plumage of the sexes and different

ages of this bird are not yet properly known. Some birds (? females) have the

rump distinctly bluish, some have no orange stripes at all.

W. R. & E. H.

30. Eclectus pectoralis aruensis (Gray).

Specimens from the Aru Islands have the tail in both sexes very prominently

tipped with yellow. I do not find this so much in any other specimens from other

( 536 )

localities. The Aru Island birds are also rather large (d wing 263—269), and I

believe they can stand as a subspecies. Cf. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 182; Salvadori,

Orn. Papuas. I. p. 201.

Specimens from the Solomon Islands seem smallest of all, next coming

those from Fergusson, New Ireland, and New Britain. E. H.

31. Ptilopus aurantiifrons Gray.—32. Pt. wallacei Gray.—33. Pt. superbus

(Temm. & Knip).—34. Pt. iozonus Gray. “Iris yellow."—35. Pt. coronulatus

Gray. “Tris orange."—36. Myristicivora bicolor (Scop.).—37. Carpophaga zoeae

(Less.). “ Iris straw-colour."—38. C. pinon (Q. & G.). “ Iris red; feet coral-red;

bil greyish ; naked space round eye red."—39. Chalcophaps stephani Rchb.

Hitherto, I believe, only doubtfully known from the Aru Islands. E. H.

40. Macropygia sp.

There are before us four skins of a Macropygia from Dobbo and Wannambai.

According to Salvadori’s Catalogue of the Pigeons in the British Museum they

would belong to M. doreya Bp., aa Salvadori has identified the Aru specimens that

came before him with the latter species. To us they seem to agree much better

with M. batchianensis, and to be merely a form of that species with a less rufous chin

and longer wings. The wings of the adult males measure 173—175 mm. From

all we can see at present we must conclude that our Aru specimens differ from

M. doreya typica and that they are nearer to MW. batchianensis ; farther that M.

doreya, M. cinereiceps, M. griseinucha, M. batchianensis, and M. goldiei are more or

less connected by intermediate specimens and merely subspecies of one and the

same species, but that a large material with exact localities will be necessary

before one can come to definite conclusions about them.

W. R. & E. H.

4l. Baza reinwardti Müll. & Schleg.—42. Haliastur girrenera Vieill.—

43. Nycticorax caledonicus (Gm.).

i 7

( 537 )

AN ACCOUNT OF THE COLLECTIONS OF BIRDS

MADE BY MR. WILLIAM DOHERTY IN THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO.

By ERNST HARTERT.

(Plates XI. and XII.).

L—INTRODUCTION.

ITTLE did I dream when in 1888, coming from the Kinta Distriet in the

interior of Perak in the Malay Peninsula, by a most fortunate accident I

met the then already well-known entomologist Mr. William Doherty, who was

just leaving Thaiping for Padang Ringas, that he might eventually become one of

the most energetic ornithological collectors of the end of the century. He travelled

then without a gun, and afterwards when we made together our pleasant trip to

Upper Assam he never showed any inclination to collect birds. Only about a year

ago in Tring, before leaving for his present journey, he decided that he would also

try to collect birds. As he was going to start for some of the most interesting

places of the Dutch East Indies, Mr. Rothschild and I were very glad to hear of

his plans, and we tried to instruct our friend as much as we could in the few days?

time there was. We did not know to what extent the bird-collecting would be

carried out, but our expectations were not too great, as we hardly thought the great

field of entomology which Doherty cultivated would allow him much time for

vertebrates also. Now, to judge from the rich material of birdskins he sent to the

Tring Museum in less than nine months’ time, and considering that they are his

first attempts, it would seem that Doherty is destined to become one of the most

successful ornithological collectors of our days. Part of his success is probably due

to the fact that he follows our advice in searching chiefly for the less conspicuous

little forms, which are passed over by many of the collectors, and to the truly

astonishing amount of special ornithological knowledge he acquired, and which

enables him to look out for the more interesting forms in their proper places.

IL—ON BIRDS FROM EAST JAVA.

(With footnote on a new genus by the Hon. Walter Rothschild.)

Doherty’s first trip in 1896 was one of about two weeks to Mount Arjuno, an

enormous old volcano in the eastern part of Java, south of Surabaya, which he

ascended to the top. He writes: “ Birds are very scarce on the top of Arjuno,

and the weather was dreadful. I send only about sixteen species taken from

8300 to over 10,000 feet, the upper part of the mountain from 10,000 to 11,000 feet

having produced nothing. I was camping in a hnt in a valley, called Lali Jiwo,

8300 feet high, the highest building in Java, and collected up to the summit of

Arjuno, 11,000 feet, and the crater of Welirang, 10,000 feet, where I got some of

the best birds. I am sorry to say that some of them do not seem to be really

high-elevation species, but may have come from below, as Aethopyga mystacalis

and Buchanga cineracea, but some must be very rare."

I give a full list of these birds, as we know really very little of the exact

altitudes and localities of many of the Javan birds, and as there are some rare and

new species in this first little bird-collection of Mr. Doherty.

These birds were all collected in January.

( 538 )

1. Merula javanica (Horsf.).

Mount Arjuno at S000 and 8300 feet. Wings in three adult males 125, 125,

128 mm. See Büttikofer's notes on this bird in Notes Leyden Museum, XV.

p. 107 (1893). I have here retained, for the sake of convenience, the generie

name “ Merula” for this bird, though I do not now believe that there is any

scientific foundation for that genus.

2. Cettia montana (Horsf.).

Differs from C. oreophila Sharpe from Kina Balu in Borneo in having a

shorter tarsus and being less brown above. Differs from C. seebohmi Grant of

Luzon in having a much more olive and less rufous tail, wings, and forehead, from

C. eantillans and its allies in being smaller and more of a dark olive colour.

It is dark brownish olive above from the forehead to the tip of the tail.

Below whitish, with a brown wash along the sides of the body and across the middle

of the breast. Wing-quills deep brownish olive, with narrow brown margins to the

outer webs, and whitish borders to the inner webs. Under wing-coverts white. In

the rather full and broad wing the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries are

almost equal and longest. Wing: d 53, 9 49 mm. ; tail: d 57 (9 not measurable

on account of moult): tarsus 21 ; culmen 14 mm.

One d from an elevation of 7500, one 9 from between 9000 and 10,000 feet, on

Mount Arjuno, East Java, in January 1596.

This is the Sylvia montana of Horsfield. It is quite omitted from the Catalogue

of Birds, and the only mention I can find of it is that it is quoted, without explana-

tion, as Cettia montana (Horsf.) in Whitehead's Exploration of Kina Balu, p. 258.

The type of Horsfield's S. montana is in the British Museum, and it is evidently the

same as the bird from Arjuno, so I think it the best course to accept Horsfield's

name, to avoid synonyms, though one would be fully justified to do away with

Horsfield's name altogether, and to doubt the identity of the skin in the British

Museum with Horsfield's type, as the description of the underparts (* olivacea-

testacea 7) is totally wrong. This is what Mr. Grant wrote me about the species,

and I have, besides, examined the specimens myself :—

Cettia montana (Horsf.).

Sylvia montana Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 156 (1821).

Although no mention of this species is made in the Catalogue of Birds,

Vol. V., there is, in addition to Horsfield's type, a second example in the British

Museum collected by Wallace in 1861 and marked “9. West Java." In the type

the shape of the wing is as follows : first primary quill much shorter than the

second ; second much shorter than the third, which is about equal to the tenth;

sixth slightly the longest. In Wallace's specimen the wings and tail are in moult,

but the shape of the wing appears to be similar to the above. In both speetmens

the whitish eye-brow stripe, commencing above the lores and extending above the

ear-coverts, is well marked ; the middle of the throat and breast pale whitish buff,

inclining to whitish on the belly; the sides of the chest and breast, the sides, flanks,

and under tail-coverts brownish buff; the upper parts, including the wings and tail,

dark brownish olive ; and the cheeks and sides of the throat are similar, but the basal

( 539 )

part of the feathers inclines to whitish buff, giving these parts a suffused brownish

buff appearance.

The type of C. montana (Horst) measures : total length 51 inches ; wing 2:2 :

tail 2:25 ; tarsus 0°88.

The male type of C. oreophila Sharpe measures : total length 4:8 inches ;

wing 2:1; tail 2°25 ; tarsus 0:05.

Both these species are most nearly allied to Cettia seebohmi Grant (ef. Ibis,

1894, pp. 507, 508). As in that species both have the sixth primary quill longest ;

but C. seebohmi is easily distinguished by its rufous wings and nearly white under-

parts. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT.

3. Pomatorhinus montanus Horsf.

Several skins from elevations of from 8000 to nearly 10,000 feet. In all these

the white stripe behind the eye is narrower than in nearly all the skins in the

British Museum, and does not fully join the white feathers in front of the eye.

These same peculiarities are visible in examples from Bali. If more material with

exact localities becomes available it may turn out that Java is inhabited by several

forms of this species.

Stasiasticus * gen. nov.

It is only with great hesitation that I create a new genus for this little bird,

but there seems no help for it, as its structure does not agree with that of auy

other form known to me. It resembles very much the genus Androphilus Sharpe,

but differs from it in having much smaller and feebler legs and feet, in having

twelve, not ten, tail-feathers, and a somewhat differently shaped wing. I should

have united it with Pseudotharraleus Grant (Ibis, 1895, pp. 448, 449), if it had not

so considerably smaller and feebler legs and feet and a quite differently shaped

wing. It is also, in my opinion, not very far from Cettia (Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit.

Mus. V. p. 133), a genus of which I believe that it is wrongly placed in the

Catalogue of Birds, the structure of its wing, the number of tail-feathers (ten), the

eggs, and the rich plumage of the rump suggesting a place among the “ Tvmeliidae.”

It differs, however, from Cettia in having twelve (not ten) tail-feathers, and no

bristles on the gape.f

* gramacrıxos = seditious.—E. H.

T When discussing with Mr. Hartert the aflinities of the new Java bird I was struck with the

apparent similarity of it and of some of the allied genera with Sphenoeacus, a genus which, in my opinion,

belongs to the same group of Zimeliidae, and which cannot stand very far from Pseudotharraleus and

Stasiasticus, the latter, however, being widely separated from it by the shorter, broader, and more

rounded tail, and the less powerful feet, While investigating these questions I found that only the New

Zealand species of Sphenocacus have ten tail-feathers, the African ones not. The African species, besides

having twelve tail-feathers, have the operculum over the nostrils bare of feathers, while it is feathered

in the New Zealand ones ; the outer webs of the tail-feathers are fuller and more connected, while they are

very lax and separate in the species from New Zealand, and have a longer and stronger wing. There is,

therefore, no doubt that Sphenoeacus is not only placed wrong in the key given by Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit.

Mus. VII. p. 93), but that it is more reasonably divided into two genera, as Sharpe would have done

if he had counted the tail-feathers of the African Sphenveacus and noticed the other differences. The

generic name being founded on the African species, it becomes necessary to create a new name for the New

Zealand group, which I propose to call

Bowdleria gen. nov.

in remembrance of Dr. Bowdler Sharpe's invaluable Catalogue of the Timeliidae.—W ALTER ROTHSCHILD,

( 540 )

In this new genus the bill is shorter than the head, the nostrils in front of

the feathers at the base of the bill, and protected by a membrane, but apparently

(unless damaged by a string) rather open in front. The wing is short, round, and

soft. The first primary is of about halt the length of the second, the second a little

more than three-quarters of the third, the fourth, fifth, and sixth subequal and

longest, the seventh very little shorter than the sixth, the following ones gradually

shorter; the secondaries as long and shorter than the second primary. Plumage rich

and soft; the upper and under tail-coverts full, broad, soft; and long, nearly or quite

half as long as the tail. Tarsus longer than toes; tarsus covered with large

scutellae, which in one of the two specimens are more fused on the upper part.

Tail graduated ; rectrices broad, soft, and somewhat pointed at the tips.

4. Stasiasticus montis sp. nov.

d. Above dark olive-brown with a rufous tinge, more visible on the back,

upper wing-coverts, and outer edges of quills; tail more olive. Feathers of chin and

upper throat white with blackish bases and tips, those of fore-neck blackish with

whitish fringes ; breast and abdomen white along the middle. Sides of neck grey:

sides of breast and abdomen olive-brown. Under wing-coverts dusky with dirty

white borders. Under tail-coverts brown with white borders, the basal ones slightly

tinged with rufous olive. L. t. ca. 155 mm. ; al. 55; caud. 66 ; rectr. exter. 33;

tars. 20 ; culm. 13—14.

Two specimens, both marked d, from between 9000 and 10,000 feet, on Mount

Arjuno.

5. Sitta azurea Less.

Shot at 3000, 8000, and 9000 feet. Male and female do not differ if the birds

before me are properly sexed. If they are, then the birds described as “females

and immature birds” by Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. VIII. p. 357, are all immature

birds, and not adult females.

6. Aethopyga mystacalis (Temm.).

At 3000 feet.

7. Aethopyga eximia (Horsf.).

At 9500 feet.

8. Chalcoparia singalensis (Gm.).

One female, 3000 feet. Throat very dark.

9. Zosterops javanica (Horsf.).

At nearly 10,000 feet.

10. Zosterops citrinella Dp.

Two males, shot at 8000 and 10,000 feet above the sea, belong to Z. citrinella

of Timor, but they are also the same as Z. neglecta, Seebohm in Bull. B. O. C. I.

p. xxvi., and Whitehead, Explor. Mt. Kina Balu, App. p. 261 (1893).

Z. neglecta has never been properly described, but only diagnosed as follows :

“ Similis Z. palpehrosae, sed magis olivascens, et macula anteoculari obseuriore

( 541 )

distinguenda.” Whitehead tells us that he collected it about 5500 feet high on the

spurs of Bromo, an active volcano in Eastern Java. Had I not been able, thanks

to the trouble Mr. Grant took for me, to see the types in the Seebohm collection,

I could certainly not have known whether my birds were the same as Z. neglecta or

not, but after having seen them I find that they are the same species, though the types

are in worn plumage and not very old. They are greenish above, like Z. palpebrosa ;

rump and upper tail-coverts lighter and more yellow. In front of the eyes is a

distinct. yellow spot, and from the base of the bill to the eye a black line. Chin

and throat yellow, more golden on the upper throat. Abdomen and flanks very

pale brownish, lighter and with an indistinct yellow line in the middle. Under

tail-coverts pale yellow. Wing 57—58 mm.; tail 41—42 ; tarsus 16; culmen 13.

11. Pycnonotus bimaculatus (Horsf.).

At 8000 and 9000 feet elevation.

12. Dicrurus cineraceus (Horsf.).

One from 3000 and one from between 9000 and 10,000 feet.

Oates in Fauna Brit. Ind. Birds, l. p. 318, says that this species occurs

from the Brahmaputra to Northern Tenasserim, that it “reappears” in Java,

Lombok, and Palawan, and that it is “not found” in any portion of the Malay

Peninsula. This statement may be, I am afraid, premature, as our knowledge

of the ornis of the Malay Peninsula is not yet sufficient for such theories. The

Tring Museum possesses one skin, collected by Col. Bingham in the Thoungyeen

Valley, which seems to agree with our typical Java birds.

13. Dissemurus platurus (Vieill.).

At 3000 feet. The racquets are distinetly twisted, and it is in my opinion

impossible to unite this bird with the large Indian form, but it seems next to

hopeless to clear up the synonymy of these forms. The present form may perhaps

with more safety be called D. formosus Cab. Cf. Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. III.

p. 258 ; Hart., Novit. Zoor. I. p. 476, etc.

14. Pericrocotus miniatus (Temm.).

One young male at 5500 feet.

15. Graucalus larvatus (S. Müll.).

Between 9000 and 10,000 feet. Both sexes. Sharpe’s description of his

supposed male in Cat. B. VI. p. 11, is that of a young male or a female, and the

sexes are not alike, the made having the whole throat black, the female not

(Hartert, Ornis, 1891).

16. Tephrodornis virgatus Sw.

3000 feet.

17. Stoparola indigo (Horsf.).

d, 3000 feet.

18. Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe.

Between 9000 and 10,000 feet,

( 542 )

19. Rhipidura euryura 5. Müll.

At 3000 feet (Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. XV. p. 91). Genus Neomyias

Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IV. p. 342.

20. Collocalia linchi Horsf. & Moore.

At 8000 feet.

21. Gecinus puniceus (Horsf.).

At 3000 feet. Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVIII. p. 65, has remarked that

specimens from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo have *the orbital

region less dusky and the sides of the face and neck of a paler green." This I find

not only to be true, but in addition to it I find that the back is more of a yellowish

green, and the rump much more golden. I therefore think the Java form must be

separated as Grecinus puniceus typicus, while the birds from Malacca, Borneo, and

Sumatra (type) may be called

Gecinus puniceus observandus subsp. nov.

22. Chotorhea javensis (Horsf.).

3000 feet.

23. Cyanops armillaris (Temm.).

3000 feet. These two barbets are named in this way in the Catalogue of Birds

(Vol. XIX., Shelley), but I do not consider this generic separation useful or convenient,

nor is there sufficient reason for it, I believe.

24. Ptilinopus porphyreus (Temm.).

1824. Columba porphyrea “ Reinw.” in Temm., Pl. Col. 106.

1827. C. roseicollis Wagl., Syst. Av. Columba, No. 27.

Mount Arjuno, 3000 teet.

In Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 75, Count Salvadori rejected the name porphyrea

on account of there being a Columba porphyracea * Forst.” published in 1821 ; but

the two names are different enough, I think, to avoid confusion.

III.—LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALI.

Doherty writes from Bali, Mareh 12th: * Last night we arrived here from

Sumba in a thoroughly exhausted state, partly from hard work under unusually

hard conditions, and partly from a storm, the most tremendous I have ever weathered,

which made it very difficult for us to get away from Sumba, owing to the surf, and

which pursued us almost through Lombok Straits." In April he writes, amongst

other things: * I thought Bali would be a great success, and a nice, pleasant, easy

place, where we would all get strong.

Instead of that, we never have had such

constant and varied sickness.

Travelling was difficult and dear, and there was no

food to be bought. The people hate us all, I think, and in my whole stay I sne-

ceeded in buying jast two ducks and five young chickens. The ducks cover the

land, you know—queer things that walk quite. upright. Both Ram Persad and I

on different occasions met tigers face to face. There were hardly any butterflies,

( 543 )

though the season should have been right, and the country was beantiful—fine

forest of enormous trees, the largest I have seen in the East, I think. Of the birds

about one-half are from low country, and the other half from the mountains, mostly

from a place named Gitgit, from 2000 to 4000 feet." With regard to the birds

collected in Bali, he writes: “I imagine that the Balinese fauna is very much

smaller than the Javanese; many whole genera of conspicuous forms, which one

cannot easily overlook, not extending so far East. The problem regarding Bali is,

of eourse, how many forms of the Timor group extend so far West, and whether

these forms arethe remains of an original fauna of Australian affinities, or are merely

immigrants from Lombok, ete. The ancient stratified rocks of Southern Lombok

seem to be continued across the large table-topped island of Penida, in Lombok

Straits, to the peninsula of Badong, in S.E. Bali, where cockatoos are found, though

not commonly. Besides the Balinese birds sent, I also shot Corvus (Corone)

macrorhynchus and the magnificent Aguila (Neopus) malayensis, but did not think

them worth sending. Of a Motacilla we got eight females (two sent), but never

a male.”

The following list is the first list of Bali birds ever published, so far as I know,

as Wallace stayed in the island not more than two days, and collected there only a

few birds.* This list is therefore particularly interesting, and it is sufficiently large

to allow some comparison with the Lombok list, which will follow thereafter.

The very careful notes on the colour of the eyes, bill, feet, ete., of the birds have

in nearly every case been copied verbatim, and added in signs of quotation.

From all we can see, the “sexing” is done with the greatest care.

The Bali collection was brought together in March and April.

1. Geocichla rubecula Gould.

d ad. Bali, low country. * Eyes deep umber; bill black; feet pale brownish

horn-colour ; claws dark brown” (W. Doherty). | d juv. in first plumage, but wing-

quills and rectrices evidently already moulted. Top of the head and back brown, with

rusty shaft-stripes ; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform brown ; chin and upper

throat pale rusty ; feathers of the chest, breast, and abdomen pale rasty rufous, with

bases and tips blackish ; under tail-coverts white, blackish at base.

Geocichla rubecula Gould has hitherto only been known from Java. It differs

from G. citrina of India in being smaller (wing of the Bali skin 110 mm.), of a

darker grey above, of a very much deeper rufous on the head and below. Perhaps

the white patch on the upper wing-coverts is also larger. The male from Bali is like

* Tam much obliged to Mr. Wallace. who most kindly gave me the following list of the birds collected

by him in Bali on June 13th and 14th, 1856, which I publish here, using his own names. They are:

Copsychus amoenus, Oriolus horsfieldi, Megalaema rosea, Chrysonotus tiga, Sturnopastor jalla, Ploceus

hypoxanthus, Munia punctularia, Ptilotis limbata.

A skin of the latter species from the Gould collection has been enumerated in the Catalogue of Birds,

IX. p. 237, as collected in Bali by Mr. Wallace, but as this author (Malay Archipelago, I. p. 203) expressly

says that Meliphagidae were not found in Bali, I supposed an error with regard to the skin in the Museum,

and wrote to Mr. Wallace for an explanation, and this is what he most kindly answered me : * l am very

glad you wrote to me about the Ptilotis limbata, because I seem myself to have overlooked the fact that I

found it in Bali. The reason must be, I think, that I only obtained one specimen there, and by some

mistake of my agent it got misplaced from my private collection (which was afterwards placed in the

Pritish Museum), and was bought by Mr. Gould. I find in my original notes that Ptilotis limbata was

obtained by me both in Bali and Lombok, and specimens from both localities should have been kept in my

private collection. When I came home, not finding the species among my skins from Bali, I must have

forgotten the fact, and thus made the mistake you refer to in my Malay Archipelago,”

( 544 )

specimens from Java, and indeed of a very deep rufous colour, perhaps even deeper

than most of the Java birds.

I have been inclined to consider G. rubecula as merely a subspecies of G. citrina,

but it can perhaps just as well stand as a species. G. innotata Blyth, from Burma,

on the other hand, seems to deserve not more than subspecific rank. Cf. Seebohm,

Cat. B. Brit. Mus. V. pp. 174 and 176: Hartert, Ornis, 1891 (p. 2 of article ** Ueber

eine kleine Vogelsammlung,” ete.).

2. Pratincola caprata (L.).

Both sexes from the low country. d ad. * Iris deep umber ; bill and feet

black." 9. “Iris deep brown."

3. Phylloscopus borealis (Blas.).

These birds were still common in March in the low country. They are quite

typical, I think, but one of them is a perfect giant, with the wing fully 76 mm.,

while the other five skins have their wings only 64 to 72 mm. long, the larger ones

evidently being males. * Iris deep brown ; feet greenish olive.”

4. Copsychu saularis amoenus (Horsf.).

Both sexes from the low country. An immature male from Bali, of this form,

was collected by Wallace, and is in the British Museum. The specimens from Bali

are pure amoenus, quite black below, except some white tips to the under tail-

coverts and a few white feathers on the sides of the vent. The three outer rectrices

are nearly quite white. “ Iris dark brown."

5. Enicurus leschenaulti (Vieill.).

d, 2000 to 3000 feet. “ Iris very deep brown : bill black ; feet pinkish white."

6. Pomatorhinus montanus Horsf.

Three skins, from 2000 to 3000 feet. They are exactly like those from Mount

Arjuno in East Java. See antea, p. 539. “Iris pale yellow; bill pale orange ;

culmen black near the base ; feet dark greenish.”

7. Turdinus (Trichostoma) sepiarius Horsf.

2000 to 3000 feet. “Tris light red-brown; feet dull slate-colour ; maxilla

blackish; mandible pale slaty grey with dark line below.”

8. Brachypteryx leucophrys (Temm.).

An adult female and a young male, between 2000 and 3000 feet. The young

bird has rusty spots to the centres of the feathers above, the feathers of the breast

rusty with dark margins.

9. Cyanoderma melanothorax (Temm.).

Myiothera m., Temm., Pl. Col. II. pl. 185 ; Cyanoderma m., Sharpe in Notes

Leyden Museum VI. (1884) ; C. m., Vorderm. in Tijdschrift Nederl. Ind. 1885, p. 338.

Two males of this rare bird were shot in Bali, one in the low country, one

between 2000 and 3000 feet. * Iris dark red-brown ; bill black above, bluish below :

( 545 )

a large blue naked patch on each side of the neck." This latter character is very

well visible in the skins. While the skin is whitish in other places of the body,

these bare patches are slaty black in the skins. It is partly on this peculiarity that

Count Salvadori founded his genus Cyanoderma, the “ type” being C. erythropterum,

which has also a dark blue patch of skin on the side of the neck. Much more is

this found in Macronus ptilosus, and it seems suggestive of being blown up at times.

This blue patch of skin is not found in Mixornis proper, and the bill in the latter is

less straight and the nostrils differently shaped and much more open. It is there-

fore advisable to separate Cyanoderma from Mixornis. On the other hand, the

Indian species ruficeps, rufifrons, and pyrrhops have no bare blue patch on the

neck, and agree in the bill and nostrils more with Cyanoderma than with Mixornis.

They are best separated as Stachyridopsis Sharpe (see Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind.

Birds 1.), but the three genera Mixornis, Cyanoderma, Stachyridopsis are closely

allied and must be placed close together. With regard to Dr. Vorderman’s descrip-

tion of his specimen from Mount Salak, it must be said that the black spots on the

side of the neck do zot join those of the crop-region, but are widely separated, part

of the skin between being naked and blue. Otherwise Vorderman’s description is

very good.

10. Orthotomus sepium Horsf.

Low country. d. “ Iris very pale reddish brown ; feet of the same colour."

11. Prinia familiaris Horsf.

Common in the low country. ‘ Eyelids red ; feet pale reddish ; bill black."

12. Parus atriceps Horsf.

brown; bill black ; commissure brown; feet pale slaty blue.” In every respect like

Parus atriceps typicus from Java. The young bird is tinged with yellow on the

abdomen.

13. Dieaeum flammeum (Sparrm.).

Met with in the low country.

14. Dicaeum trigonostigma (Scop.).

A single male from between 2000 and 3000 feet. It is somewhat pale below,

but this is probably only an individual character.

15. Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.).

Low country and 2000 to 3000 feet. “ Iris deep brown ; bill and feet black."

16. Anthreptes malaccensis (Scop.).

In the low country and between 2000 and 3000 feet. The females (two) are

grey above, like the Eastern form (A. m. chlorogaster), but they are in abraded

plumage and some new feathers are greenish. The male is not at all like the

Eastern form, but quite like A. m. typica.

17. Arachnothera affinis (Horsf.).

2000 to 3000 feet. “Iris dark brown; bill blackish, paler, and somewhat

reddish below ; feet pale purplish reddish,”

( 546 )

18. Zosterops fallax Sharpe.

Between 2000 and 3000 feet. “ Iris light brown ; feet greenish yellow ; soles

pale orange.”

19. Criniger gularis (Horsf.).

Low country and 2000 to 3000 feet. “Iris scarlet; feet rufous grey; beak slaty

blackish, pale horn-colour below." The males have considerably larger beaks and

longer wings.

20. Pycnonotus analis (Horsf.).

In the low country. “ Iris dark brown; bill and feet black.”

21. Aegithina tiphia scapularis (Horsf.).

Common in the low country. ^ Iris pale yellowish ; feet slaty blue ; bill slaty

blue, darker on the culmen."

22. Motacilla flava L.

Two from the low country.

23. Mirafra javanica Horsf.

One male, low country. In rather abraded plumage. It may possibly be M.

parva ?

24. Ploceus manyar (Horsf.).

Not rare in the low country. d ad. “Iris umber-brown ; bill nearly black ;

feet pale brown, slightly reddish.”

25. Munia oryzivora (L.).

Low country. “Iris scarlet ; bill basally purple-pink, terminally bluish horn ;

feet and eyelids pale purple-pink.”

26. Munia maja (L.).

Low country and between 2000 and 3000 feet. Common. “Iris very deep

brown ; bill pale blue; feet slaty blue.”

27. Uroloncha leucogastroides (Horsf. & Moore).

2000 to 3000 feet. * Iris deep brown."

28. Calornis chalybea (Horsf.).

Several skins from Bali, 2000 to 3000 feet, gave me considerable trouble.

They are somewhat dark in colour, have very small beaks, the culmen measuring only

19 mm., the bill from the tip to the beginning of the nostril 11 mm., the wing

95 to 98 mm. They have much smaller bills than any of the specimens before

me from Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Cachar, and the Natuna Islands (these

latter having the largest beaks), but they agree with a skin collected in Java by

Messrs. Geisler. There is no doubt that C. chalybea affinis Hay is a good subspecies,

though connected with C. e. typica of Java by many intermediate forms,

( 547 )

29. Gracupica tertia sp. nov.

d ad. Gracupica capite, collo, gastraeo toto subeandalibusque, remigibus ad

basin, tectrieibus primariis, basi apicibusque rectricum (duabus mediis paullum

modo), subalaribus albis ; notaeo schistaceo-griseo, remigibus rectricibusque nigris,

secondariis candaque, aeneo splendentibus. L. t. ca. 210 mm. ; al. 131 : cand. 80;

culm. 25 ; tars. 24 mm.

One single male, Bali, low country.

This excellent new species differs from Gracupica melanoptera (Daud.), an

inhabitant of Java, in having the entire back, rump, upper wing- and upper tail-coverts

slaty grey instead of white. There is also a mixture of grey on the flanks, and the

feathers on the sides of the body and the lower abdomen have grey bases.

30. Eulabes javanensis (Osbeck) typicus.

At 2000 to 3000 feet. ‘Beak orange, yellow at the tip: feet and wattles

yellow ” (W. D.).

31. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.).

2000 to 3000 feet.

32. Dicrurus cineraceus (Horsf.).

Low country and 2000 to 3000 feet. “ Iris scarlet ; beak and feet black."

33. Dicrurus longus Bp..(?).

There are several skins of a Dicrurus, very much like D. eter Herm. from

India, but evidently much smaller, with shorter tail and wings, although all the

skins are moulting, and it is, therefore, not worth while to give detailed measure-

ments. If, as I have no doubt, the Java bird differs from D. ater of India, the

name D. longus must stand for it, as there is no reason at all why D. macrocercus of

Vieillot should “ pertain to the Java bird alone." The Bali birds belong most likely

to the form inhabiting Java. Cf. Walden, B. Burma, p. 129 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.

Brit. Mus. III. p. 246. The iris of the Bali specimens is dark red-brown ; bill and

feet black.

34. Chibia bimaensis (Bp.).

Both sexes from low country. 9. “Iris deep brown: bill and feet black."

This is one of the invaders from the Timor group into the Balinese fauna.

35. Oriolus maculatus Vieill.

d 9. 2000 to 3000 feet and in the low country.

36. Crypsirhina varians (Lath.).

In the low country. “Iris bright light blue; bill and feet black." Another

specimen : * Iris pearl-white, trausparent bluish towards the pupil."

37. Lanius bentet Horsf.

A good series from the lowlands. “Iris dark brown; bill black; base of

mandible pale.” Like specimens from Java. It seems that Sumatran specimens

are mostly (or all ?) paler rufous on the ramp and upper tail-coverts,

( 548 )

38. Lanius superciliosus Lath.

Low country.

39. Pachycephala grisola (Blyth).

An evidently very old pair from the low country. The outer webs of the

primaries very greyish. “ Iris deep brown; bill black; feet slate-blue.”

40. Hemipus obscurus (Horsf.).

In the low country and between 2000 and 3000 feet. “ Iris dark brown; bill

and feet black."

41. Lalage timoriensis (5. Miill.).

Quite a series of this species from the low country. It is one of those forms

of the Timor group which, regardless of Wallace's line, trespass into the Javan

group, to which Bali zoologically belongs. * d ad. Iris dark brown; bill and feet

black."

42. Graucalus javensis (Horsf.).

Low country and at about 2000 feet. One specimen marked d and one

marked $ do not differ, except that the latter has some whitish fringes to the

feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts, and the lores dark slaty grey, while

they are much darker, almost black, in the male. One example, sex uncertain, has

the abdomen narrowly banded with grey, the lores ashy grey. “ Iris rich brown,

or light reddish brown; bill and feet black." The Bali specimens do not differ from

those from Java.

43. Pericrocotus exsul Wall.

Low country and 2000 to 3000 feet. d. “Iris dark brown; feet and bill

black.” 2. “Tris dark brown; feet and bill black."

44. Pericrocotus peregrinus (L.).

Low country, common.

45. Muscicapula hyperythra (Bl.).

2000 to 3000 feet. d. “Iris deep brown; beak black; feet pale pinkish.”

46. Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe.

d, 2000 to 3000 feet. “ Iris very dark brown; bill and feet black.”

47. Siphia elegans (Temm.).

Mount Arjuno, at 3000 feet. Under tail-coverts nearly but not quite white;

lower abdomen white in the middle. The skin mentioned by me in Ornis, 1891,

is perhaps an immature male,

( 549 )

48. Rhinomyias pectoralis baliensis subsp. noy.

d aud 9 ad. Very similar to RA. pectoralis typicus from Borneo and Sumatra,

but the whole upper surface distinctly less rufous, more with a greenish olive hue,

the rump without any rufous wash, ear-coverts paler and more greyish. Wing 77—

79 mm.; tail 64—65. “Iris dark brown; bill brownish black; feet pale purplish.”

Juv. With rusty spots like most young flycatchers.

Bali, low country and 2000 to 3000 feet.

49. Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.).

Low country and 2000 to 3000 feet. “ Iris deep brown."

50. Cryptolopha trivirgata (Temm.).

An adult male, from 2000 to 3000 feet. “ Iris dark brown ; feet slaty, soles pale

orange; bill black; mandible reddish below." This specimen is perfectly similar

to C. trivirgata from Java, though the wing is rather long, measuring fully 61 mm.

51. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Sw.).

Three specimens. 2000 to 3000 feet.

52. Rhipidura javanica (Sparrm.).

Low country and 2000 to 3000 feet. ‘ Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black."

53. Eucichla cyanura (Bodd.).

Not rare in the low country. d ad. “Iris deep brown; bill black; feet slaty

Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIV. p. 446, but yellowish buff, and the throat is more white.

The young bird is of a duller brown above ; the feathers of the crown are blackish,

with rusty centres ; the underparts dull brown. “ Iris dark brown."

54. Macropteryx longipennis (Rafin.).

d ad. shot in the low country. “Iris dark umber-brown; feet blackish; bill

black.” Wing 174 mm.

55. Caprimulgus affinis Horsf.

Four females and one immature male from the low country. ? ad. “Iris deep

brown ; bill reddish brown, with blackish tip; feet dull reddish.”

56. Gecinus vittatus (Vieill.).

Low country and 2000 to 3000 feet. “Iris dull red; maxilla black; mandible

ochreous, tip blackish ; feet dirty greenish.”

57. Chrysocolaptes strictus (Horsf.).

9 ad., low country. “ Eye scarlet; maxilla brown, with distinct transverse dark

lines ; base, commissure, and mandible dirty yellowish green ; feet green.”

( 550 )

58. Tiga javanensis (Ljung).

An adult female. * Iris moderately dark red-brown.” A young male in fullest

moult, shot in the low country. “Iris dark brown; feet bluish; maxilla mostly

black; mandible bluish white.” This is one of the few species which were shot and

preserved by Wallace on his memorable visit to Bali. The bill seems a little larger

in these birds than in skins from Borneo before me.

59. Dendrocopus analis (Horsf.).

A series from the low country, quite like the Java birds. d and ?. “ Iris dark

red-brown ; maxilla pale slaty grey; mandible slaty grey in the middle, whitish on

the sides.”

60. Thriponax javensis (Horsf.).

d,low country. “Iris pale yellow; maxilla black; mandible blackish at tip,

whitish horn-colour towards the base."

61. Merops philippinus L.

Low country.

62. Melittophagus leschenaulti (Vieill.).

Common in the low country.

63. Alcedo ispida bengalensis (Gm.).

One female, low country. “ Iris deep brown; feet coral-red; maxilla black;

mandible red ; claws black.” This specimen is rather bright bluish above, almost as

blue as A. ispidioides Less. It seems almost fully to agree with A, ispida var. tapro-

bana Kleinschmidt, Ornith. Monatsber. IT. p. 126, and is very closely allied to A. ispida

floresiana (Sharpe), Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVII. p. 151. In fact these birds seem to

bridge over to A. ispidioides Less.*

64. Alcedo meninting Horst.

Three fine specimens from the low country. Two, marked d, have the cheeks

blue, while the third, also marked 3, has the cheeks chestnut-rufous. It is evidently

younger, as its bill is much shorter ; beak with the tip pale, but the rest black; the

bands on the head are greenish blue, not deep blue as in the two others ; the back

of a much paler blue. This last specimen has on the label: “ Beak black, tip

whitish ; feet pale orange; iris deep umber-brown.” ‘The other two males: “ Beak

black, extreme base dark red ; feet and claws coral-red ; iris deep brown.” f

* From the material now in the Tring Museum it seems evident that A. ispidioides is not more than a

subspecies, connected with A. ispida bengalensis by intermediate forms. Skins from Sambawa (Guillemard

coll.) agree in every respect with the bright bird from Bali, which seems to me inseparable from the very

remarkable A. ispida var. taprobana, which is not rare in Ceylon ; nevertheless A. ispida bengalensis, the

usual paler Indian form, is also not uncommonly found in Ceylon.—WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

T It is this species, A. meninting Horsf., and not A. beavani (if the latter is more than a subspecies !),

which extends to Celebes, whence we have a number of skins. The specimens enumerated by Sharpe in

Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVII. p. 161, at the end of the list of specimens of A. beavani, seem to be

A meninting, and were probably enumerated on p. 161, instead of on the foregoing page, by a mistake.—

WALTER ROTHSCHILD,

65. Ceyx innominata Salvad.

In the low country. d. “Iris dark brown; bill and feet coral-red.” 2. * Feet

pale orange ; maxilla dusky with orange tip." This female has the inner secondaries

somewhat darker and the wing 1:5 or 2 mm. shorter than the males from Bali.

I do not see signs of immaturity in any of them.

66. Haleyon sanctus Vig. & Horsf.

Bali, low country. “ Iris dark brown."

67. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.).

Low country. Quite typical, though with rather much white on the occiput.

68. Halcyon cyaniventris (Vieill.).

A d,shot in the low country. “ Beak vermilion ; iris dull brown ; feet scarlet.”

69. Xantholaema australis (Horsf.).

In the hills between 2000 and 3000 feet. “Iris dark brown ; feet greenish,

soles ochreous ; bill black."

70. Xantholaema rosea (Dumont).

In the low country, not rare. “Iris dark brown; bill black ; feet orange."

71. Cyanops armillaris (Temm.).

d 2, shot at 2000 or 3000 feet. “Iris pale yellow; feet greenish ; bill black.”

These two birds have the forehead deeper orange than the three Java birds in

the Tring Museum, but it is doubtful whether this is a constant character or not.

72. Cyanops lineata (Vieill.) typica.

Not rare in the low country. “Iris pale brown; skin round eyes bright

ochreous ; feet ochreous, soles whitish ; bill pale reddish corneons.”

73. Anthracoceros convexus (Temm.).

Low country. d. “Iris dull umber-brown ; feet slate-blue; skin round eye

rather greenish; beak yellowish horn-colour, forepart of casque rather darker

shaded."

74. Cacomantis merulinus (Scop. and C. threnodes Cab. & Heine.

Both these forms, the pale and small C. merulinus, with the grey of the head

and throat distinctly separated, and the larger and darker C. threnodes of Cabanis

& Heine, from Bali, low country as well as 2000 to 3000 feet. Whether they are

the same species or not, or different stages, I cannot say ; but I must say that

the explanation given by Shelley on pp. 269, 270, of. Vol. XIX. of the Cat. B. Brit.

Mus.—i.e. that C. merulinus inhabits drier countries, while C. threnodes frequents

localities with a greater amount of rainfall—is not satisfactory, as both are found

in the same places. 1 should not wonder if they turned out to be species after all.

( 552 )

A male C. merulinus has the * iris scarlet ; bill blackish above, pale reddish below :

gape orange; feet ochre-orange, claws black.” A large C. threnodes, also a male:

* Iris red-brown inwardly, paling outwardly ; eyelid bright ochreous ; feet ochreous,

claws blackish.”

75. Surniculus lugubris (Horsf.).

9. ad. 2000 to 3000 feet. “Iris dark brown ; feet very dark slaty blue ; bill

black" Wing 128 mm.

76. Cuculus intermedius Vahl.

d. Low country. “Iris ochreous yellow; eyelids lemon; maxilla black :

mandible horn-colour with blackish tip; feet ochreous, soles rich ochre, claws

darker Wing 210. Rather long-winged, but undoubtedly C. intermedius.

77. Centropus javanicus (Dumont).

An immature male, rather pale above, but otherwise typical; shot in low

country.

78. Phoenicophaes (Rhinococcyx) curvirostris (Shaw).

Not rare in the low country. ?. “ Beak bright yellowish green ; lower

mandible and base of commissure black ; iris bright ochreous ; space round eye

rich scarlet ; feet slaty blackish.” Exactly like Javan specimens.

79. Palaeornis alexandri (L.).

Specimens from the low country. d. “ Iris pale yellow ; bill orange-red ; feet

greenish.”

50. Glaucidium castanopterum (Horsf.).

d, 2000 to 3000 feet. “Eye bright yellow; bill greenish, yellowish at tip;

feet greenish yellow."

51. Phodilus badius (Horsf.).

One female trom the low country. It is like one from Malacca in the Tring

Museum, while one from Sikkim is very much larger. The bird is described from

Java. Doherty describes the feet as dirty brownish white, the iris as deep brown.

52. Treron (Osmotreron) griseicauda Gray.

Low country and up to 3000 feet. d ad. *Iris orange; skin round eye

yellow; bill yellow, basally bluish green; feet beet-red.” 2 ad. “Eye orange,

skin round it bluish green ; beak terminally pale yellow, basally dark bluish.”

53. Carpophaga williami sp. nov.

Carpophaga similis speciei C. lacernulata dictae, sed capite supra saturate

grisescente-vinaceo, collo pectoreque summo concoloribus, gula vinacea. Al. 2 194,

d 207 mm.

Hab. Dali.

( 553 )

A male anda female of this fine new pigeon have been sent by Mr. William

Doherty, who collected them between 2000 and 3000 feet in Bali. He describes

the eye as “dark red-brown; feet magenta; beak black." The top and sides of

the head are deep greyish vinous, paler on the forehead: sides of the head also

slightly paler. Chin pale vinous with a slight greyish tinge. Fore-neck and

breast greyish vinous, a little more greyish than the head ; abdomen paler and

a little more vinaceous. Thighs grey with only a faint vinaceous tinge. Under

tail-coverts chestnut. Rest of upper parts dark brown with a slight greyish and

metallic greenish gloss, slaty and somewhat purplish on the rump. Tail above

like the back, tips dusky grey for about 43 mm., a little darker at the edges. Tail

below much paler, tips almost whitish. Under wing-coverts dark slaty grey.

d. Wing 207 mm.; tail 160; culmen from end of feathering to tip 19; tarsus 26,

feathered for two-thirds; middle toe without claw 30 mm. The female is like

the male, but a little smaller (wing 194 min.); top of head and hind-neck deeper

vinous. Named in honour of my friend William Doherty.

I first thought that the name Ducula concolor, Bonaparte iu

Rend. XLIII. p. 836 (1856), was referable to this species. I wrote to Professor

Reichenow for particulars about the type of D. concolor, which the author said

he had seen in the Berlin Museum, but I was informed that no specimen of a

pigeon in the Berlin Museum under that name was to be found, nor was there

a specimen answering the description. As Bonaparte’s description is insufficient

and not clear, and as he says it came from the same country as C. lacernulata,

i.e. Java, his name cannot be referred to any species with certainty, and D. concolor

must for the present remain with a query among the synonyms of either

C. lacernulata (where it has been placed by Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVI.

p. 215) or C. williami.

Compt.

54. Ptilinopus albocinctus baliensis subsp. nov.

Mr. Doherty sent three skins from Bali, shot in heights of 2000 to 3000 feet,

in April. They differ from the type of P. albocinctus in the British Museum

in having the wing a little shorter, the upper suríace and especially the greater

wing-coverts with a purplish coppery gloss, the back just behind the grey of

the neck with a greenish bronzy gloss. All these characters are found in

P. albocinctus typicus, of which I have a large series before me now, but only

in immature individuals. I see no reason to assume that the three birds from

Bali are immature, and therefore think that they belong to a. slightly differentiated,

and perhaps a little degenerated, form of P. albocinctus. Wing 150—153 mm.

This species was hitherto only known from Flores, but inhabits, as the collections

now under my hands prove, all the islands between Flores aud Java. According

to Doherty the iris of the Bali form is orange-red, the feet vermilion, the

beak ochreous, basally bluish. It seems to be rare in Dali, where it evidently

reaches its most westerly home, and where it should rather not occur, according

to Wallace’s theory.

85. Ptilinopus melanocephalus ( Forst.)

One female juv., shot on the coast. “ Iris ochreous ; feet purplish crimson.”

( 554 )

56. Macropygia emiliana Bp.

Low country, Bali. “Iris successively crimson, blackish, and yellowish white

in concentric rings, the crimson one being the outermost one ; beak brown, dark

red at base; feet dark purplish red.”

87. Macropygia ruficeps (Temm.).

One male, low country. “Iris white; beak reddish brown, dark at tip; feet

dull beet-red, soles dark ochreous.” This specimen belongs probably to my

M. ruficeps orientalis, described on p. 573 from Sambawa. See my remarks

there.

ss. Chalcophaps indica (L.).

Bali, from the low country up to 3000 feet. “Iris deep rich brown; beak

orange; feet dark red.” One fine male shows partial albinism, having the bases

of the longer upper wing-coverts snow-white.

89. Geopelia striata (L.).

Low country.

90. Turtur tigrinus (Temm.).

Common in the low country of Bali. I cannot perceive the slightest differences

in birds from Malacca to Celebes. ‘ Eye pink-white or salmon; feet dark red,

claws blackish.”

91. Turnix taigoor pugnax (Temm.).

$, low country. “Iris dull whitish; beak ochreous at base, paler at tip:

feet dull ochreous."

92. Gallus varius (Shaw & Nodd.).

At 2000 feet.

93. Tringoides hypoleucus (L.).

Low country.

94. Rallina fasciata (Rafl.).

Low country.

555 )

IV.—ON THE BIRDS OF LOMBOR.

The birds from Lombok, or Tanah Sasak as it is generally called by the Malays,

were collected in one fortnight in June, on the hills above Labuan-Hadji on the

east coast, mostly at elevations of from 1000 to 6000 feet, chiefly between 2000

and 4000, where there was large old forest, some few from the low country near

the coast. The higher parts were found * very poor in birds, and seemed not to

contain anything very interesting or peculiar."

This collection is a most interesting addition not only to Mr. Rothschild's

Museum, but also to our knowledge of the avifauna of Lombok. Only two Lists

of Birds from Lombok have ever been published—the one by Wallace in the

Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. of London, 1863, and one that appeared quite

recently in Vol. LIV. of the Natuurk. Tijdschr. voor Nederl.-Indié in Batavia,

1895, pp. 327—353, by Dr. Vorderman. Wallace’s list contains sixty-two species,

Vorderman’s fifty-one, of which twenty had not been found on Lombok by Wallace,

the total of the species of the two collections being eighty-two species known.

I affix an asterisk to the species not found in Lombok before.

It is remarkable that a large new Carpophaga was found in Lombok as well

as in Bali.

Doherty could not find any confirmation of the reports that the tiger had

crossed over from Bali to Lombok. This report seems to be an unfounded

newspaper note.

1. Pratincola caprata (L.).

Met with at 4000 and 5000 feet. Both sexes iris dark brown.

*2. Geocichla horsfieldi (Bp.).

Six specimens of this rare thrush, hitherto only known from Java, were shot

in the hills between 3000 and 6000 feet. Some are immature, and they have the

subterminal spots on the head and the lanceolate spots on the lesser wing-coverts

more ochraceous, the breast darker. Wing 140—145 mm. “Iris dark chestnut :

maxilla blackish : mandible grey, ochreous at base; feet pale dirty brownish."

3. Geocichla andromedae (Temm.).

Shot at 2000 and 3000 feet, one with still a few feathers of the first plumage

on the wing, one quite young. d fere ad. “ Iris deep brown ; beak black ; feet

blackish."

*4. Geocichla dohertyi sp. nov.

(Plate XI. f. 3.)

d ad. Geocichla pileo nigro, cervice, dorso supracaudalibusque castaneis. Alis

nigris, apicibus tectricum mediarum majorumque nonnullarum, speculo magno

Geocichlino sic dicto albis, remige quinto et sexto pogoniis externis albo limbatis.

Cauda nigra, rectricibus externis apice albo in pogonio interno. Loris, regione

malari, ophthalmica et parotica albis. Mento albido. Gutture nigro. Pectore

et abdomine albis; lateribus ochraceis, plumis maculis magnis nigris ornatis,

L. t. ca. 180 mm. ; al. 105 ; caud. 73 ; tars. 26—27 ; culm. 21.

Hab. Insulis Lombok (typus) et Sambawa dietis.

( 556 )

This new species resembles most G. erythronota from Celebes, but its entirely

black head and the ochraceous colour on the sides of the body distinguish it at a

glance. The adult male has the top of the head from the base of the bill to the

hind-neck pure black, the entire back deep chestnut, lighter and more ochraceous

on the rump and upper tail-coverts. The remiges are black, with the usual

Geocichline wing-pattern,* of pure white colour, beginning on the fifth primary

and reaching all over the secondaries. Most of the median and some of the greater

upper wing-coverts have large white tips. The under wing-coverts are black and

white. The tail is black, the outermost tail-feather on each side with a white

longitudinal spot on the tip of the inner web, varying in size. Lores, feathers

round the eyes, chin, cheeks, and ear-coverts white, the feathers of the chin and

cheeks with narrow blackish tips, and some black feathers forming a spot

immediately above and below the middle of the eye. Feathers of the throat black

with white bases. Middle of the breast and abdomen and under tail-coverts

white. Sides of the body pale ochraceous, all the feathers whitish towards the

base and with very large black tips. Thighs white, with some dusky spots behind.

“Tris brown; feet whitish; beak black, with pale base to the mandible” (W.

Doherty). Wing 105; tail 73—74mm. like the male, but the wing only

about 100, the tail only about 69—70 mm.

The young birds are of a darker chestnut above, with paler shaftlines to the

feathers, the feathers of the top of the head black, with longitudinal chestnut spots

before the tip, the white everywhere more or less washed with a pale ochraceous

rust-colour, the underparts all over washed with ochraceous, the breast like the

abdomen and with very little black, the feathers of the sides of the body with

smaller black spots, or only with broad black fringes.

This species was found in Lombok at elevations of from about 2000 to 5000

feet, where there were a good many young birds, and some of the old ones moulting-

It was also found in the hills of Sambawa.

I have adopted for this bird the generic term Geocichla, as has been

done almost universally among ornithologists since Seebohm’s Monograph

of the Turdidae in the fifth volume of the Catalogue of Birds; but I must

confess that I do not believe that in future time his arrangements of the

three genera Turdus, Merula, and Geocichla can be upheld. There seems

to be a complete connection of Turdus and Merula, and there is hardly a

character given to distinguish Geocichla, except the coloration of the wings, and

that is almost the same in * Turdus” viscivorus and similarly indicated in

T. mustelinus. Unless, therefore, we can find some structural generic characters

to separate the Geocichlae, or at least some of them, I am afraid there is no

scientific reason to recognise the genus Geocichla.

5. Geocichla interpres (Temm.).

An adult male and a young bird were shot in Lombok, at about 2000 feet, in

June 1896. Wallace had collected it long ago in Lombok. The head of the adult

bird is dark chestnut, the back slaty grey. “Iris dark brown; feet pale yellowish;

beak black” (W. Doherty). The young bird has the feathers on the top of the

head slaty black, shafts pale, tips rufous chestnut, those of the back similar.

The breast is not black as in the old bird, but rusty rufous with black tips to the

* See Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. V. p. 147.

( 557 )

feathers ; and the abdomen, which is almost pure white in the fully adult male.

is strongly suffused with ochraceous, and the black spots at the tips of the feathers

are smaller. The white spots on the wings are suffused with ochraceous.

*6. Brachypteryx leucophrys (Temm.).

Common at 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea. “Iris deep brown; maxilla

blackish; mandible blackish, tip paler ; feet slaty blue." Sexes alike, except that

the female has the wing from 2 to 3 mm. shorter. Young spotted.

7. Cisticola cisticola (Temm.).

Young and old from 1000 to 6000 feet.

8. Cisticola exilis (Vig. & Horsf.).

d ad. 6000 feet. “Iris pale red-brown; bill blackish above, reddish below;

feet pale reddish."

9. Orthotomus sepium Horsf.

At 2000 and 6000 feet.

10. Parus atriceps Horsf.

Two evidently young birds from elevations of 5000 feet have the mantle

washed with yellowish green, but a fine series of adult birds since received from

Mr. Everett shows that this is not a peculiarity of the Lombok birds, but merely

a sign of nonage. See Gadow, Cat. D. Brit. Mus. VIII. p. 17. (P. cinereus

of Wallace's list.)

11. Dicaeum mackloti Müll. & Schleg.

From the coast up to about 4000 feet above the sea. d. “Iris dark brown:

feet and bill black.” 9. “Iris dark brown; feet black ; bill blackish ; base of

mandible pale." d juv. * Iris dull brown ; feet slaty brown; bill orange, blackish

at tip." No difference between specimens from Lombok and Flores.

12. Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.).

d at 2000 feet. “ Iris dark brown : bill and feet black."

*13. Zosterops citrinella Dp.

Met with at elevations of 4000, 5000, and 6000 feet. These birds agree

entirely with specimens from Java (Z. neglecta Beeb., see antea, p. 540) and

from Timor in the British Museum. They differ from Z. palpebrosa iu the

buffy isabelline sides of the body and a less developed black spot in the front

of the eye. Originally this species was known from Timor only, but it evidently

extends all over the Lesser Sunda Islands and on to Java.

14. Zosterops intermedia Wall.

Met with at elevations from 1000 to 5000 feet. “Iris dull golden yellow ;

bill grey, much darker above ; feet slaty grey."

15. Ptilotis virescens Wall.

Shot at * Labuan-Hadji" and in the hills of 1000 to 2000 feet. “ Iris dark

brown ; feet slaty grey ; claws black; bill black.” % wing about 5 mm. shorter.

See Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IX. p. 248, Pl. VII.

16. Stigmatops ocularis (Gould) = Ptilotis limbata S. Müll.

At elevations of 4000 and 5000 feet.

The adult male has the throat whitish grey, the fore-neck pale grey with

whitish spots, the breast pale grey with white fringes to the feathers. Abdomen

and under tail-coverts whitish yellow ; top of the head brownish grey ; lores

darker. Wing 76—78 mm. The female has the chin and throat pale yellow,

the head above washed with greenish olive, the wing much shorter, only

66—69 mm. The figure in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IX. Pl. VII. is that of a

female, not of a male, as supposed by the author. The young bird resembles

the female. 2. “Iris grey, inwardly brown; bill black; feet slaty grey.”

About the occurrence of this species in Bali (where, however, Doherty did

not find it), see antea, p. 543, footnote.

"i 17. Philemon neglectus (Büttik.).

In the low country and at 1000 feet above the sea. “Iris bleared whity

brown: skin of head and neck black; bill black ; feet dark slate-colour.” The

Lombok birds agree with those from Sambawa, Sumba, and Flores. See Biittik.,

Notes Leyden Museum XIII. p. 213. (Tropidorhynchus timoriensis Wallace, P. Z. S.

1863, p. 486, and Vorderman, /.c. p. 342.)

18. Pycnonotus analis (Horsf.).

At elevations of 2000 feet. The emule of this species has the wing a little

shorter than the male.

19. Anthus rufulus medius (Wall.).

One male, shot at 4000 feet.

It seems that all the skins of the group of Anthus rufulus from the Lesser

Sunda Islands belong to a grey form, characterised by a rather greyish upper

surface, a broad superciliary streak, rather white colour below, sharply streaked

breast. Wing 83—84 mm.; tarsus 26. It must either be a species, or, more

likely, a subspecies of A. rufulus. See Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIII. p. 577.

xls os

Chlorura intermedia sp. nov.

This species, or perhaps rather subspecies, is most closely allied to CAL.

hyperythra Rchb. of Java, but the upper tail-coverts are not dull orange, but

green with a slight orange wash. It is just as closely allied to Chl. borneensis

Sharpe from Kina Balu, but differs in a deeper tawny rufous breast, throat,

and sides of head and neck, and a purer tawny rufous abdomen. Chl. brunnei-

ventris Grant, of Luzon, is smaller, and has the abdomen not only in the middle,

bnt all over pale rufous.

(5595)

d ad. Above dark green; crown of head blue; forehead black : upper tail-

coverts with a slight orange wash. Tail black ; central rectrices and outer edges

of the rest dull green. Primaries black, with narrow outer edges of a yellowish

green. Secondaries with green outer margins, which increase towards the middle,

the innermost secondaries being nearly quite green. All the remiges with pale

rufous inner edges. Below deep tawny rufous, deepest on the breast. Sides

of body widely green. Wing 59 mm. The young are duller and have no black

and blue on forehead and crown.

I confess that I felt somewhat uneasy about the differences of CAL. intermedia

from Chl. hyperythra, but the upper tail-coverts look certainly quite different

from the female of the Java species in the British Museum, and I have before

me now not less than nine specimens collected by Doherty, and exactly as many

sent by Everett—all from Lombok, and in all ages and both sexes—and certainly

none has the upper tail-coverts orange, but green with only a very slight orange

wash. d juv. “Iris dark brown ; feet pale reddish ; beak black ; mandible with

yellowish white tip.” Doherty shot them in the hills up to 4000 feet.

21. Munia punctulata nisoria (Temm.).

Common from 1000 to 3000 feet. “Iris dark brown; feet blackish ; maxilla

black ; mandible slate-colour." Vorderman enumerates M. punctulata and M. nisoria

as occurring in Lombok. This is clearly a mistake.

22. Munia leucogastroides Horsf. & Moore.

Met with at elevations of from 2000 to 6000 feet. Vorderman, f.c. p. 347.

23. Munia wallacei Sharpe.

Two males from about 2000 feet. “ Iris dark brown: bill slate-blue; feet duller

slate-colour.” Wing 56 mm. (M. quinticolor of Wallace's list, l.e.)

24. Munia pallida Wall.

d, 2000 feet. “ Iris dark brown; bill and feet slate-grey.”

*25. Sporaeginthus flavidiventris ( Wall.).

Found at elevations of 4000 and 5000 feet. “Bill scarlet : culmen broadly

black ; iris scarlet ; feet pale testaceous."

?6. Taeniopygia insularis (Wall.).

From the low country up to 2000 feet. “Iris scarlet: bill orange ; feet pale

orange." Only known from Timor and Flores. Vorderman, ¢.c. p. 347.

27. Calornis minor (Bp.).

Met with frequently in the low eountry and up to 4000 feet above the sea.

Lombok specimens are quite like those from Sambawa, Djampea, Saleyer, and

Bonthain Peak in South Celebes, while the Bali bird is C. chalybea or a small form

of it. (Antea, p. 546.)

( 560 )

28. Dicrurus cineraceus wallacei (Walden).

D. wallacei Walden, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, v. 5(1870). The ashy grey

Drongo of Lombok has been separated by Walden from D. cineraceus typicus of

Java, but it was not recognised as distinct afterwards. The remarkably darker tail

above and below, however, distinguishes it without difficulty if compared. The

difference in the colour of the tail below is almost as obvious as in Megaloprepia puella

and poliura, which look alike above (see Salvad., Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI. pp. 169,

170). Some of the Lombok specimens have also very long wings, but this seems

to be very variable in the species. I measure the wings of the specimens now in

the Tring Museum as follows : Java, 139, 134, 137 mm. ; W. Sumatra, 129 mm. ;

Bali, 131, 135, 132 mm. ; S. Tenasserim, 130 mm. ; Palawan, 129 mm. ; while the

Lombok form has the wing 128, 129, 131, 133, 133, 135, 135, 135, 138, 145 mm.

The distribution of D. cineraceus typicus is peculiar.

I cannot distinguish the

Palawan bird.

With regard to the name, I agree with Oates (Fauna Brit. Ind.

Birds, I. p. 311) that it is best to accept the name D. cineraceus (Horsf.),

as Vieillot’s name was based on Levaillant’s “ Drongris,” Ois. Afr. Pl. 170, which,

though probably the Java bird (but, as Oates seems to think, his D. nigrescens,

which is not likely at all), is said to have come from Ceylon !

D. cineraceus (or leucophaeus) typicus extends to Tenasserim, while another

form, D. nigrescens Oates, is found in Lower Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Malay

Peninsula. A large series in the Tring Museum, collected in North Cachar by our

friend E. C. Stuart Baker, are all Oates’ D. nigrescens, as a careful comparison with

Oates’ types shows beyond doubt. In the Himalaya is found the darkest form,

D. longicaudatus. This latter, D. nigrescens, D. cineraceus, and D. wallacei are

perhaps all subspecies of one species.

29. Chibia bimaénsis (Bp.).

At elevations of from 1000 to 5000 feet. Wings generally distinctly longer

than in (typical) specimens from Sambawa.

30. Oriolus broderipi Bp.

Shot at 1000 and 5000 feet. There is a great variation in colour, from yellow

to orange-yellow, and also in the markings on the wings, the secondaries being

largely tipped with yellow, while in one (probably an older bird) there are only

narrow yellow fringes. In that same bird the primary-coverts are quite black, while

as a rule they are broadly tipped with yellow. “ Iris scarlet; bill purplish pink.”

Younger birds have the maxilla blackish.

31. Lanius bentet Horsf.

Shot at elevations of 2000 and 4000 feet.

Wallace’s list.

This is the Lanius schah of

32. Pachycephala grisola (Bl.).

Met with frequently at heights of 1000 to 6000 feet.

slate-colour ; bill black.”

the quills.

“Tris deep brown; feet

Younger birds with rufous edges to the outer webs of

( 561 )

33. Lalage timoriensis (S. Miill.).

Lombok, at about 1000 and 2000 feet.

34. Pericrocotus exsul Wall.

Both sexes from 2000 to 4000 feet. 2. “Eye dark brown; feet and beak

black.”

35. Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.).

Shot at 1000 and 4000 feet. H. occipitalis Vorderm., t.c. p. 336.

*36. Cryptolopha trivirgata (Strickl.).

A series from elevations of about 5000 feet. Wings 55—61 mm. “ Iris dark

brown ; bill black ; feet dusky slate-colonr." Wings 2 to 5 mm. longer than in the

few typical C. trivirgata from Java I was able to measure. A large series of Java

specimens would be necessary to decide whether the size of Java birds is constant,

I cannot see other differences except the length of the wings.

*37. Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe.

Evidently common at elevations of 4000 and 5000 feet. Both sexes and young

birds sent.

*35. uscicapula hyperythra (Bl.).

From heights of 3000 to 5000 feet. g ad. “ Iris dark brown; feet dull rufous

39. Erythromyias dumetoria (Wall.).

At about 1000 and at 2000 feet above the sea. d ad. “ Iris dark brown; bill

black; feet purplish slate-colour.” 9 ad. “Iris very dark brown; bill and feet as in

d." The female seems to be undescribed. It is rusty brown above, slightly darker

on the head, and more rusty on the rump. Upper tail-coverts brownish cinnamon.

Rectrices rufous brown, outer webs more cinnamon-rufous. Quills dark brown,

outer webs edged with pale brown, larger upper wing-coverts with some brownish

yellow spots, forming an indistinct bar across the upper wing. Lores and feathers

round the eyes brownish buff. Feathers of chin and throat pale orange rufous, bases

white; feathers of breast orange rufous with black bases. Abdomen and under tail-

coverts white; sides of body brown. Under wing-coverts white; inner wing-lining

ashy white. One skin, marked d,is exactly like the 9; it may be a young male,

if not also a female.

40. Pitta concinna Gould.

A nice series from elevations of 1000, 2000, and 4000 feet. “Iris of d and ?

ad. deep chestnut ; bill black; feet pale reddish.” The sexes, when adult, do not

seem to differ. A young bird has the tip of the beak, gape, and base of mandible

dark orange, the back more dusky, the breast dark brown, the vent and under tail-

coverts of a very pale reddish colour,

( 562 )

41. Caprimulgus macrurus Horsf.

One adult male. Wing 191 mm.

42. Iyngipicus grandis Hargitt.

At 1000, 2000, and 6000 feet. * Iris dark brown ; bill and feet blackish.”

Known from Lombok and Flores. (Picus moluccensis, Wallace, l.e.)

43. Monachalcyon fulgidus (Gould).

Only met with in the hills at about 2000 and 5000 feet above the sea. “ Iris,

eyelids, beak, and feet all uniform orange-red; claws brown." An immature bird is

black above, the underparts washed with brownish buff.

This species is evidently congenerie with .M. monachus, as there are no struc-

tural differences whatever.

44. Halcyon australasiae ( Vieill.).

Up to about 2000 feet above the sea. * Iris deep brown : maxilla and tip of

mandible black ; rest of mandible white."

45. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.).

The Lombok form of this widespread and variable species is rather large, and

the top of the head and upper back are very dusky, thus closely approaching

H. sordidus Gould, which is probably not more than a subspecies of Æ. chloris.

The wing of Lombok specimens is 115—119 mm. long.

*46. Cuculus poliocephalus Lath.

Old and young from heights of 4000 and 5000 feet. d ad. “Iris bleared

reddish brown; maxilla black; mandible greenish; gape at base ochre ; eyelids

bright ochre.” 2. “Iris outwardly dull creamy, inwardly brownish ; maxilla

black ; mandible and gape greenish yellow.”

*47. Cacomantis threnodes Cab.

Shot at 1000 feet. d. “Iris red-brown, inwardly paler; bill black; gape

reddish; feet reddish ochreous, claws blackish.” Rather large and pale.

48. Centropus javanicus (Dumont).

? at 3000 feet. “Iris inwardly dark brown, outwardly pale brown." The

Centropus affinis of Wallace’s list.

*49. Trichoglossus mitchelli Gray.

It is with great satisfaction that we are able to make known the home of this

handsome Lory, which was hitherto unknown. Doherty colleeted a large series in

the hills of Lombok, at elevations of 3000 to 4000 feet. In both sexes he found

the iris orange, the beak orange, more yellow at tip and darker at base, the feet

bluish. In the young bird the bill is uniform dull orange. The sexes are alike in

colour and size. Immature birds have blackish edges to the red feathers of the

(26039

breast, a more dusky crown, and the nape more or less tinged with green. A

variety shows broad yellow subterminal bars to the feathers of the upper breast.

The wings measure 125—130 mm.

50. Cacatua parvula (Bp.).

Shot in the hills from 1000 to 5000 feet high. “ Iris dark brown; bill and feet

black." Two females with the wings 225 and 227 mm., three males with wings from

225—232 mm. Bills varying a little, but not much, in size.

*51. Geoffroyus sumbavensis Salvad.

In the hills from 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. A series of Lombok

specimens agrees in every respect with the types of @. sumbavensis and a series of

skins collected by Doherty in Sambawa. The adult female has the head dull

brownish brick-red, just between figs. 11 and 14 on Plate IV. of Ridgway's

Nomenel. Col., slightly paler on the sides of the head, merging into greenish yellow

on the upper throat. Both sexes, when quite young, have the head green like the

back; young males, before moulting into the lilac-blue colour on the crown, assume

a brick-red crown similar to that of the old female.

Whether it will eventually be possible to keep @. sumbavensis distinct from

G. floresianus seems somewhat doubtful. The large series before me now measure

as follows, only evident males not in moult being measured: Sambawa, wing

159—168 mm., mostly 160—164 ; Lombok, 160—168, mostly 160—165 ; one

male from Flores, collected by Wallace, 159 mm.; while Salvadori gives (Cat.

B. Brit. Mus. XX. p. 407) 152 mm. as the length of the wing of G. /foresianus.

The difference of the length of the wings is therefore slight, and besides it I

can see none, except a somewhat darker colour of the under wing-coverts and

axillaries. A good series of Flores skins from different places is wanted.

The iris of Lombok skins is described as * pale yellowish; the maxilla as orange,

tipped with dirty ochre-yellow; the mandible blackish; feet dirty brownish, claws

blackish.” Females and young birds have the maxilla brown, or blackish, like the

mandible.

*52. Osmotreron griseicauda (Schleg.).

At 2000 feet above the sea.

53. Ptilinopus melanocephalus (Forst.).

At about 2000 feet.

*54. Ptilinopus albocinctus Wall.

Hitherto only known from Flores, while Timor is inhabited by the quite

different, though closely allied, P. cinctus. Lombok specimens are quite like the

type and only known specimen of P. albocinctus in the British Museum. The sexes

are perfectly alike, thongh, on an average, the female seems to have the wing

5 to 10 mm. shorter than the male. Young birds have yellow edges to the feathers

above and below. “ Iris orange; beak pea-green, tip ochreous : feet beet-red with

dark claws.” Wing : males 160—170 mm., females 155—159,

( 564 )

7 *55. Carpophaga sasakensis sp. nov.

Carpophaga speciei C. lacernulata dictae similis, sed subcaudalibus griseo-

vinaceis, nec castaneis.

Hab. Lombok.

d ad. Cap ashy grey. Hind-neck greyish vinous, passing through ashy grey

into the colour of the back, which, like all the rest of the upper parts, is of a

brownish slate-colour with a very slight metallic-green tinge and a greyish hue, the

rump being more greyish slate. Underparts pale greyish vinaceous, more grey on

the chest. Sides of body and under wing-coverts slaty grey. Tail dark slate-colour,

tips grey for 37 to 40 mm., slightly darker on the edges. “ Iris deep dull brown ;

beak dark slate-colour, darker at tip; eyelids dark red ; feet dark purplish red, soles

ochreous, claws black." Total length about 140—150 mm.; wing 227—233 ; tail

175; tars. 30; middle toe without claw 35; eulmen from end of feathering to

tip 20 mm. Two males, both alike, were shot in Lombok, at about 3000 feet, in

June, by Mr. Doherty.

56. Chalcophaps indica (L.).

Lombok at about 1000 feet.

*57. Columba metallica Temm.

One ¢, shot about 3000 feet above the sea, is not distinguishable from the two

males from East Timor—the only island from where this species is known—in the

British Museum, except that it has rather a short wing, that being only 218 mm.

long. “Iris orange ; beak dark red, outer half greenish ochre ; eyelids and gape

dark red; fore aspect of feet dark red; hind aspect, soles, and claws pale

yellowish.”

58. Turtur bitorquatus (Temm.).

2000 feet. “Tris orange; beak blackish; base of gape, eyelids, and feet

dark red.”

59. Turtur tigrinus (Temm.).

Lombok up to 3000 feet.

*60. Macropygia leptogrammica (Temm.).

Hills of Lombok, from 3000 to 6000 feet. * Iris ontwardly purplish pink,

followed by a black line and then (inwardly) by a gamboge yellow or greyish

ring ; feet dark red, claws dark grey ; beak dark brown ” (W. Doherty).

61. Macropygia emiliana Bp.

Lombok in elevations of 2000 and 5000 feet. “9. Eye orange; beak dull

brown ; feet dark red with brown claws.”

62. Gallus gallus (L.).

Shot 3000 feet above the sea,

( 565 )

63. Gallus varius (Shaw & Nodd.).

Shot 5000 feet above the sea.

64. Ardea novaehollandiae Lath.

At nearly 5000 feet elevation.

Doherty thus collected in Lombok almost exactly the same number of species

as Wallace, who enumerates sixty-two.* Both naturalists collected chiefly small

birds and very few large ones, but Doherty sent twenty-one species not got by

Wallace, and consequently about as many of Wallace's species have not been sent

by him. Of these three are here described as new, and of them two, Carpophaga

sasakensis and Chlorura intermedia, have decided Javanese affinities, while the

third is evidently nearest related to a Celebes species, but it is clearly rather

of a Malayan than an Australian character. Of the others six are Javanese forms ;

four are generally distributed over the Malayan and Austro-Malayan islands, but

are not Australian; three are known from Flores and Timor; one from Flores

alone ; two from Timor alone ; one from Sambawa only, but is very closely allied to

the forms from Flores and Timor ; one, Trichoglossus mitchelli, is probably confined

to Lombok, and it is of very distinct Australian (or Timorese) relations, no

Trichoglossus reaching to Indian or purely Malayan regions. Dr. Vorderman,

in Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl.-Indiö, Vol. LIV., mentions fifty-one species as

noticed by him in Lombok. Most of these were collected by him, but a few were

only seen. A large kingfisher has been described by Vorderman as * Pelargopsis

sasak nov. subspec.” It is very doubtful whether this bird is distinct from

P. gurial floresiana, the only difference I can gather from the description being

the want of the green wash on the head, and this being absent in younger birds

of floresiana (see p. 570). The sex of Vorderman’s bird is not stated, nor that of

the types of the floresiana in the British Museum. On the other hand, the

length of the bill given by Vorderman (culmen 89 mm.) is rather against its

being a young bird.

V.—LIST OF COLLECTIONS FROM SAMBAWA.

Mr. Doherty sent two collections from Sambawa (or Sumbawa), a small one from

low country near Bima, on the north coast of Eastern Sambawa, and a larger one

from the Peninsula of Tambora, in about the middle of the north coast, partly

collected in the lowlands, partly on the slopes of the high voleano of Tambora, but

mostly not higher than about 3000 feet. Unfortunately a long letter about the nature

of Tambora, the collections made there and the adventures of the collectors on the

mountain, *has been lost or mislaid by the messenger I sent it with from

Swéla,—at any rate it never reached the hands of the controleur (Dutch official) at

Labuan-Hadji, who was to post it to Europe," writes Doherty.

The birds from Bima were shot in February, those from Tambora in April and

May.

* His Cisticola ruficeps and C. lineocapilla are both what is now called C. exilis.

( 566 )

The ornithology of Sambawa has hitherto only very imperfectly been known.

The Leyden Museum possesses some birds from there, collected in the first half of

this century by Forsten, near Bima, and a few of them were described long ago by

Bonaparte (Chibia bimaënsis, Trichoglossus forsteni).

The naturalists of the yacht Marguesa landed on the north coast, wishing to

ascend the mountain of Tambora, but they did not succeed, and collected only a few

days on the island. Dr. Guillemard nevertheless gave a list of the species of birds

obtained in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1885, enumer-

ating thirty-eight species.

Nearly all of these have also been met with by Doherty, who sent sixty-five

species, adding no less than thirty-four species to the Sambawa list, of which one

and one subspecies are here described as new.

The species which have not hitherto been registered from Sambawa, as far as

I know, are marked with an asterisk.

The newly added species are mostly known from other islands of the so-called

Timor group of islands; the others are rather Indo-Malayan elements, only one, Falco

lunulatus, being of Australian origin.

1. Pratincola caprata (L.).

Low country at Bima and Tambora.

*2. Geocichla interpres (Temm.).

Tambora at 2000 feet. Not different from the Lombok specimens.

*3. Geocichla dohertyi Hartert.

(See antea, p. 555.) In the hills of Tambora at about 3000 feet.

*4. Phylloscopus borealis (Blas.).

Bima and Tambora, low country and at 3000 feet. Males with wings 70—72

mm., a female wing 63 mm.

It is quite possible that two forms, a larger and a smaller, migrate in winter to

these islands, for in our other specimens the sexual difference in size is not so

large.

*5. Brachypteryx leucophrys (Temm.).

Tambora, 3000 feet. “ Iris dark brown; beak black, pale below ; feet pale slaty

grey.” There is a good deal of variation in these little birds, some being much more

rufous, others more olive, the middle of the throat and abdomen being sometimes

quite white, sometimes very much washed with pale brown.

6. Parus atriceps Horsf.

Bima and Tambora, low country and up to an elevation of 3000 feet.

(Parus cinereus of Guillemard's list.)

*7. Dicaeum igniferum Wall.

Tambora, low country and at 3000 feet.

d. * Iris dark brown ; beak black ; feet blackish.” Wings of the males 50—52

mm., of the females 49 mm. These measurements are a little larger than those given

in the Caf. B. Brit. Mus. X. p. 19, from Flores specimens.

( 567 )

*s. Prionochilus obsoletus (Müll. & Schleg.).

Bima and Tambora, in low country. “ Bill dark brown, paler below ; feet dark

grey ; iris light orange-brown."

*9. Anthreptes malaccensis chlorogaster (Sharpe).

Both sexes from Bima. The Sambawan raee of this bird is very dark below,

almost as much so as the Celebes form, and they are very large birds. Wings, d, 70

and 71 mm.; culmen 21—22 mm. The female is very green above.

10. Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.).

Low country and hills of Tambora at 3000 feet.

11. Stigmatops ocularis (Gould).

Tambora, from the sea-coast up to 3000 feet.

12. Philemon neglectus (Büttik.).

Tambora, low country. “ Iris dark brown."

(Philemon timoriensis Guillemard, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 509.)

13. Zosterops aureifrons Wall.

A fine series from the lowlands of Bima and Tambora. I have compared them

with the types of the species in the British Museum and found them identical.

The types are from Flores, but Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IX. p. 160) mentions

also Sambawa as the habitat of the species, while Guillemard does not enumerate

the bird.

“Tris red-brown ; bill blackish ; base of mandible and near nostrils whitish: feet

dull slaty grey.”

14. Zosterops intermedia Wall.

Not rare in Tambora.

This is the bird named Z. brunneicauda by Dr. Guillemard in P. Z. S. 1885,

p.908. I, however, cannot find any constant characters to separate these birds from

Z. intermedia, though most of my specimens have longer wings and bills, others, on

the other hand, being in no way larger. Z. brunneicauda Salvad. is very closely

allied, but the totally different locality whence it came (Ceram Laut, Choor, and

Aru), as well as the quite black bill and more olive flanks, seem to be against its

identity with the Sambawa birds. Z. griseiventris Scl., from Timor Laut, is also allied.

Z. sumbawensis, described by Guillemard /.c, is much more yellow and may be a

different species. It was shot at Bima.

Lophozosterops gen. nov.

A series of a pretty little bird from the mountain of Tambora cannot, without

violence, be united with any genus known to us. I am, therefore, obliged to create

a new genus for its reception. In its wing-formula it agrees best with Zosterops, to

which genus it seems most nearly allied. The nasal aperture is covered from above

with a strong operculum, the beak rather strong and stout. Tail shaped as in

Zosterops. Tarsus distinctly, though only about 4 mim., longer than middle toe with

( 568 )

claw, and covered with seven or eight strongly marked scutellae. Wing longer

than tail. Plumage soft and full, as in Zosterops. Eye surrounded by a narrow ring

of white feathers. Head with a full crest. Coloration above olive, below yellow;

crested top of head of different colour, 7.e. blackish brown with white streaks.

Type: Lophozosterops dohertyi.

*15. Lophozosterops dohertyi sp. nov.

d ad. Top of head blackish brown, each feather with a long, narrow, guttate

white spot near the shaft towards the tip, these spots becoming brownish and

obsolete on the hinder part of the erown. Lores black. Eyes surrounded with a

narrow white ring of feathers. Behind the eyes an elongate yellowish spot. Ear-

coverts olive. Rest of upper surface, including wing-coverts, greyish olive. Wing-

quills blackish brown, outwardly margined narrowly with olive-green, inwardly

broadly with yellowish white. Entire under surface sulphur-yellow, paler on throat.

Under wing-coverts yellowish white. “Iris dark brown; beak black; feet yellowish

slate-colour.” Total length about 120 mm.; wing 62—65 mm.; tail about 50;

tarsus 17—18 ; culmen 14 mm.

? like male, but wing apparently 2 or 3 mm. shorter.

Hab. Volcano of Tambora, 1000 to 3000 feet high.

*16. Mirafra horsfieldi parva (Swinh.).

d ad. Tambora, low country. Hardly distinguishable from some Australian

M. horsfieldi, and also very close to M. javanica, so that it is not easy to say, in my

opinion, to which of these forms it is closer allied. “ Iris light brown; feet pale

reddish; maxilla blackish; mandible dull ochreous.” Wing 68; tail 48; tarsus 20;

culmen 13.

Only known from Flores.

“17. Anthus rufulus medius (Wall.).

Lowlands of Bima and Tambora and hills at 3000 feet. All alike in colour.

“Tris brown ; feet dull ochreous ; maxilla dark brown; mandible pale ochreous.”

“18. Munia molucca propinqua Sharpe.

Two males from Bima have a distinct patch of white, unbarred, on the sides of the

breast, by this as well as geographically belonging to the subspecies propinqua, to

which the specimens from Kalao must probably also be considered to belong (antea,

p. 168).

Some young birds were shot at Tambora.

19. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.).

Low country of Tambora and Bima.

20. Calornis minor Bp.

Bima, low country.

21. Eulabes veneratus (Bp.).

Tambora, from the low country up to 3000 feet.

“Tris dark brown.” Specimens from Flores are totally alike.

( 569 )

22. Chibia bimaénsis (Bp.).

Typical Sambawa specimens are smaller than most specimens from Lombok and

Bali, but the dimensions seem to vary to a certain extent, and I do not, therefore,

dare to separate the Bali and Lombok birds from those of Sambawa at present.

23. Oriolus broderipi Dp.

Tambora, low country and at 3000 feet, and Bima. See antea, p. 560.

Young birds have black shaft-lines below and are pale yellow ; their middle

rectrices are greenish. “ Iris crimson; beak pinkish ; maxilla blackish near tip;

feet dark grey.”

24. Lanius bentet Horsf.

Low country at Bima and Tambora.

25. Pachycephala fulvotincta Wall.

A male from Bima agrees entirely with the types of the species in the British

Museum, which are from Flores.

26. Lalage timoriensis (5. Miill.).

Low country at Bima and Tambora, and at about 3000 feet above the sea.

*27. Graucalus floris (Sharpe).

d, ?, from the low country of Tambora.

?. “Iris dark brown; beak and feet black." The fully adult male has a narrow

line of black on the forehead ; lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, and throat black.

d. Wing 162 mm. 9%. Wing 158 mm.

28. Pericrocotus lansbergi Biittik.

(Plate XI. f. 1, 2.

This beautiful species has been collected iu the Tambora Peninsula from the

low country up to about 3000 feet above the sea. It is well described by Büttikofer

in Notes Leyden Museum, 1886, p. 155, and a black figure of both sexes given. It

may be added that the rectrices have their shafts black as far as the black colour

reaches, while they are white from below within the red colour. The females before

me are dark smoky grey above. The males have the wings 72—75 mm., the females

12—74.

d ad. “ Iris dark brown ; feet and bill black.” The young males are like the

Jemales.

*29. Muscicapula hyperythra (B1.).

Frequently met with in the hills of Tambora at about 3000 feet.

d ad. “Iris very deep brown; bill black ; feet dark grey."

*30. Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe.

In the same localities as the former species.

d. * Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black ; 2 the same.”

( 570 )

*31. Erythromyias dumetoria Wall.

Frequently met with in the mountains of Tambora at about 3000 feet.

“g. Iris dark brown; bill black; feet dull pale slate-colour.”

*32. Cryptolopha trivirgata (Strickl.).

Common in the mountains of Tambora.

“Tris dark brown; feet dark slaty, soles ochreous ; beak blackish ; commissure

and base of mandible pale." Wings 58—60 mm. The few Java specimens I was

able to measure have the wings some millimetres shorter.

33. Rhipidura sumbawensis Biittik.

In the low country and at 3000 feet in Tambora. “ Iris dark brown; bill black;

feet dark brown.” The long rictal bristles have very conspicuous white bases,

while their tips are black. Wings of males 81—82 mm., of females 76—77 mm.

(Notes Leyden Mus. 1893, p. 85.)

34. Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.).

Bima and Tambora, low country and 3000 feet.

*35. Collocalia esculenta (L.).

One d, shot on the volcano of Tambora, at 3000 feet, belongs to this species,

though it is rather steel-blue above. Wing 94 mm.

This species has never been known to extend so far westwards. Timor

possesses a quite different species, and it is probably viz Djampea and Kalao, from

Celebes, that this species reaches the Lesser Sunda Islands. Lombok has C. linchi.

36. Caprimulgus affinis Horsf.

d ad. in full moult. Tambora, low country.

37. Iyngipicus grandis Harg.

Bima and Tambora, low country and at 3000 feet. “Iris dark brown, or

brownish grey ; feet greenish; bill dark bluish slate-colour, paler at base below.”

38. Merops ornatus Lath.

Met with commonly in the low country and in the hills of Tambora at about 3000

feet, and also at Bima. Dr. A. B. Meyer in Sztzungsber. Isis, Dresden, I. p. 19, called

attention {to a blue spot under the black band of the throat in some Sumba

specimens. This remarkable blue spot is very largely developed in one specimen

from Sambawa, while it is not visible in another adult bird.

*39. Pelargopsis gurial floresiana (Sharpe).

This very distinct form of P. gurial was shot in the low country of Tambora.

The iris was “dark brown ; eyelids and beak dark vermilion ; tip of beak dark

blackish ; feet coral-red ; claws blackish.”

' 571 )

A young bird has the “ beak partly blackish”; the crown darker brown and

without any green wash ; feet not so bright red; feathers of the breast margined with

black.

40. Alcedo ispida floresiana (Sharpe).

One from Tambora, wonderfully bridging over the way from A. ispida bengalensis

to A. ispida ispidioides. (This is the Alcedo bengalensis of Guillemard's list.)

“41. Ceyx innominata Salvad.

Six skins from the low country of Bima and Tambora. dad. “ Iris dark

umber-brown ; beak and feet coral-red.” A female has the beak and feet “orange,”

a young bird “ pale sordid brown."

None of these birds is so strongly washed with lilac above as some of my Bali

birds, but it seems to me that the stronger lilac wash comes with age.

I cannot see the differences between C. everythra Sharpe (Cat. B. XVII. p. 179)

and C. innominata. There seems to be no constancy in the colour of the upper parts,

older birds being more lilac, nor any in the more or less black seapulars and wing-

coverts. A specimen from Bunguran, kindly named for me by Sharpe himself as

C. euerythra, has no black whatever on scapulars and wing-coverts. C. dillwynni

is probably only subspecifically separable from C. tridactyla on the one hand and

C. innominata (= euerythra) on the other hand. Some of the specimens called

C. euerythra in the British Museum are inseparable from C. dillwynni, others

inseparable from C. innominata.

42. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.).

In the low country at Bima and Tambora. Heads of the two sent lighter than

in the Lombok specimens.

*43. Halcyon sanctus Vig. & Horsf.

Tambora, low country and upwards to about 3000 feet.

*44. Monachalcyon fulgidus (Gould).

Common in the low country and hills of Tambora, to about 3000 feet. Young

birds and nestlings have the back and wing-coverts more or less black, the breast

washed with ochreous brown.

45. Eurystomus orientalis australis (Sw.).

An adult male, shot in the low country of Tambora, agrees better with

E. australis than with E. orientalis, but stands somewhat between the two forms.

The birds of the Lesser Sunda Islands and Celebes seem to connect Æ. orientalis

and E. australis. See on this vexed question, among other places, A. B. Meyer,

Mitth. zool. Mus. Dresden, I. 1875, p. 18 ; id., Verh. zool. bot. Ges. 1881, pp. 763,

764; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVII. p. 34 footnote, p. 38 (intermediate

specimens !); Dresser, Monogr. Coraciidae. Sharpe, in the Catalogue of Birds,

XVII. p. 37, does not mention the Lesser Sunda Islands at all as the habitat of

E. australis, but from his synonymy and his enumerating the specimens from the

( 572 )

islands of Lombok, Timor, and Flores under E. australis on the next page, it is

clear that he considers all the birds from there as belonging to the latter species.

“ Iris and eyelids dark reddish brown ; beak dark red, tip and culmen black."

*46. Cuculus poliocephalus Lath.

Tambora, 3000 feet.

*47. Cacomantis threnodes Cab.

Tambora, 3000 feet.

*48. Chalcococcyx malayanus (Rafil.).

Low country of Tambora. “ Iris inwardly light brown, outwardly whitish ;

bill black ; feet blackish.”

*49. ? Eudynamis honorata malayana (Cab. & Heine).

One male from the low country of Tambora. See remarks on form from

Satonda, p. 575, which apply to the Tambora bird as well.

50. Centropus javanicus (Dumont).

Bima.

51. Trichoglossus forsteni Bp.

Two beautiful males from Bima, the same locality where the type came from.

These two specimens agree fully with the one we had from Sambawa out of

Dr. Guillemard's collection, and have not such a broad blue patch behind the pale

greenish band on the hind-neck as all those from Djampea have. (Antea, p. 176.)

*52, Pisorhina albiventris (Sharpe).

Scops albiventris, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. II. p. 78, is a subspecifie form of either

S. magicus or S. menadensis, the latter species being its nearest ally.

The two skins before me from the low country of Tambora agree in every

respect with the type in the British Museum, which was collected by Wallace in

Flores.

“Tris yellow; beak dirty brownish, tip and commissure darker; feet dirty

whitish.”

*53. Falco lunulatus Lath.

Tambora at 3000 feet. :

Somewhat pale below, but evidently this species. Wallace obtained it in Flores.

9. “Bye dark brown; eyelids bluish at their edges; cere slaty blue; beak

bluish grey, blackening towards the tip ; feet greenish yellow, claws black."

*54. Osmotreron vernans (L.).

A series from the low country of Tambora. The wings of the males measure

from 146 to nearly 150 mm. “ Bill French grey, base greenish black; iris crimson,

with an inner ring of blue ; feet dark magenta-red.”

A quite young bird of this species has brownish buff tips to many of the

feathers above and below.

( 573 )

*55. Ptilinopus albocinctus Wall.

Tambora at elevations of 3000 feet.

“ Iris crimson ; beak yellowish green, tip ochreous : feet dark beet-red.”

*56. Ptilinopus melanocephalus (Forst.).

Tambora, low country and up to 3000 feet.

*57. Carpophaga aenea (L.).

Tambora, low country as well as up to 3000 feet. “ Iris dark crimson; eyelids

dark red ; feet dull purple-red ; base of beak dark red, tip dull slaty.”

Two vividly coloured birds, below rather light, throat vinous grey, erown pale,

the latter being conspicuously darker in skins from Cachar (E. C. S. Baker coll.)

and Tenasserim (Col. Bingham coll). With a large material for study it will

probably be possible to divide C. aenea into several subspecies. (See Salvadori,

Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVI. p. 193.)

*58. Macropygia ruficeps orientalis subsp. nov.

There are several small specimens of Macropygia, one marked male, one marked

female, from Tambora, Sambawa, shot at elevations of about 3000 feet, one immature

male from the low country of Tambora, and one male from Bali, shot in low country.

These birds agree with M. ruficeps (Temm.), except in their longer wings and their

generally darker, deeper rufous under tail-coverts. The supposed female may

possibly not be a female, but a somewhat young male, for it has no black on

throat and breast, and differs from the male only in having the feathers of the

hind-neck and upper back of an earthy brown, without any metallie gloss, and all

the rest of the upper surface of a paler brown. The bird from Bali is distinctly

smaller, but has the under tail-coverts very deep rufous. The Sambawa bird might,

therefore, stand as a new subspecies, and the Bali form is perhaps intermediate

between Macropygia ruficeps orientalis from Sambawa and M. ruficeps typica trom

Java and Sumatra. The wing of the Tambora birds measures 151 and 155 mm.,

that of the young bird 142 mm., but the latter is not full grown. The tails are

165 mm. long. The bird from Bali has the wing 145, the tail 150 mm. long.

In my opinion the specimens from Tenasserim and Burma constitute another

subspecies, characterised by its long wing (149 mm.) and somewhat pale underside,

while all our birds from North Borneo are decidedly paler than those from Sumatra

and very small.

59. Turtur bitorquatus (Temm.).

Low country of the Tambora Peninsula. “Iris orange; skin round eye and

base of beak laterally dark red ; feet dark red, claws brownish ; bill black.”

Sambawa specimens do not differ from those from Java.

60. Turtur tigrinus (Temm.).

Bima and low country of Tambora.

( 574 )

61. Geopelia maugei (Temm.).

Low country of Tambora. d. “Iris whitish ; eyelids ochreous ; beak bluish

grey; feet purplish grey, claws paler.”

*62. Columba metallica Temm.

Two males and one female from Tambora, at 3000 feet, the males with wings

of 232 and 242 mm., the female with the wings 223 mm. “ Iris orange-yellow; eye-

lids and basal two-thirds of beak dark red, terminal third ochreous horn-colour;

feet beet-red, soles and claws whitish or whitish flesh-colour."

63. Chalcophaps indica (L.).

From the low country.

*64. Gallus varius Shaw & Nodd.

Tambora, low country and at 3000 feet.

“ Male adult. Eyes ochreous orange; maxilla dark brown, with pale tip;

mandible pale horn-colour ; naked parts of head dark red; wattle on chin rich

ochreous ; feet sordid brown; comb violet, greenish at base. Female: eye pale

orange; feet whitish; beak brown, pale at base.”

*65. Megapodius duperreyi Less. & Garn.

In the hills of Tambora at about 3000 feet above the sea. Male adult. “ Iris

reddish brown; beak deep ochre; culmen dark ; feet orange ; scutellae of toes and

tarsus in front dark brown ; claws blackish.”

VL—ON BIRDS FROM SATONDA.

Doherty writes :—

“The island of Satonda or Sitonda lies three miles off the coast of Northern

Sambawa. I think it must be some three miles across, and consists of a large

lake of immense depth, and almost inaccessible on account of the high cliffs

round it, enclosed as it is by a ring of steep hills, ranging up to 1500 feet. It is

partly pasture, partly forest. The island is greatly feared by the Tambora people

on account of its enormous pythons. One I saw was about twenty-five feet long.

Ram Persad shot one rather bigger, I imagine, and I saw the excreta of one con-

taining the bones of a full-grown deer; that snake must have been a monster.

Deer abound on the island, and so do pigs. The birds that inhabit Satonda are

partly different ones from those on the mainland, as so often happens on small

detached islands. There are Nicobar pigeons, not met with in Sambawa. As you

will see, there are quite a number of species that are not found in Sambawa. There

are Turnix powelli, of which I send both sexes; there are some /7wdnamis which

are very puzzling; Caprimulgus macrurus and Carpophaga rosacea were shot, while

Caprimulgus affinis and Carpophaga aene were found instead on Sambawa.”

No birds have been recorded from Satonda before.

1. Cisticola cisticola (Temm. ).

Several specimens, in rather abraded and poor plumage.

2. Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.).

Two males and two females, like those from Sambawa.

3. Lophozosterops dohertyi Hartert.

One male. Like the type from Sambawa. (See p. 568.)

4. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.).

Females.

5. Monarcha inornatus (Garn.).

d, Satonda. * Iris dark brown ; beak slaty blue, asymmetrically marked with

black ; feet slaty blue.”

This is probably the westernmost place of the occurrence of this species.

6. Erythromyias dumetoria Wall.

One female from Satonda.

7. ? Eudynamis honorata malayana (Cab. & Heine).

One male and three females from Satonda are very puzzling. They are larger

than any Æ. honorata typica I have measured, and much more rufous at least than

any Indian specimens. I do not dare to decide at present finally what they are.

It is probable that they are a large race of E. honorata, with a more rufous female,

and might stand as Æ. onorata malayana (Cab. & Heine). They also point towards

E. orientalis, but seem smaller and the female a little different. Perhaps they

should receive a subspecifie name as standing between /. honorata and E. orientalis.

The geographical distribution does not help us, as Shelley in Cat. B. Brit. Mus.

XVII. p. 323—if his divisions are natural—gives Lombok as a locality for

E. orientalis," and also allows E. honorata to extend from India to Flores !

Doherty's female had : “ Iris chestnut; beak blackish ; gape and from below greyish

horn-colour ; feet dark green." dad. “Eye crimson ; beak ochreous horn-colour ;

feet dark grey." d wing 205 mm.; ? wing 210 mm.

I wish to await more material before finally judging of this species or subspecies.

8. Centropus javanicus (Dumont).

One young bird from Satonda.

9. Eurystomus orientalis australis Sw.

One male from Satonda.

10. Spizaétus kieneri (Geoffroy St. Hil.).

9 ad. Satonda. “Iris chestnut ; cere ochreous; gape dull ochreous ; beak

bluish black ; base of mandible pale; feet ochreous, claws black.” Wing 367 mm.

11. Ptilinopus melanocephalus (Forst.).

One from Satonda.

* Though under “ Hab,” he says only “ Moluccas " and does not mention Lombok !

( 576 )

12. Carpophaga rosacea (Temm.).

Satonda, near Tambora, Sambawa, May 1896. “Eye dark crimson ; beak dark

grey, dark red at base ; feet purple-red."

This seems to be the most western locality hitherto known of C. rosacea.

13. Caloenas nicobarica (L.).

This species has hitherto not been foand in the Timor group of islands, but

Mr. Doherty obtained three young birds on the island of Satonda.

14. Turnix powelli Guillemard.

Three males and one female from Satonda. The males agree very well with

the figure on Plate XXIX. and the description given on p. 511 of P. Zool. Soe.

Lond. 1885. They look much like 7. rufilatus Wall. of Celebes, but are dis-

tinguished by the absence of rufous below, the abdomen being white in the middle,

barred on the sides, vent and under tail-coverts very pale buff, with or without

distinct black bars. The middle line on the crown is narrow and ill-defined. The

female differs from the male, having the throat black in the middle. I do not

understand Dr. Guillemard saying that the “ black stripe on the throat of the male

bird is considerably more restricted” than in T. ruflatus. First of all he evidently

mixes up the sexes, the female only having a black throat, not the male, while the

sexes are nearly alike in T. rufilatus. The female of T. rufilatus differs from its

male in being larger, with a longer wing, iu the forehead being black, the throat

more whitish ; but the scapulars are in no way more mixed with rust-colour than

in the male.

The black throat of the female of T. powelli removes this species more from

T. rufilatus, and suggests a closer relationship to T. taigoor than T. rufilatus shows.

* d. [ris pale yellow; beak pale greenish ochreous, tip and culmen much

darker; feet brighter greenish ochreous, claws pale reddish. ?. Iris yellowish

white ; beak all over greenish yellow, not partly blackish as in d."

VIL—LIST OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED IN SUMBA.

Few and small are the publications about the island of Sumba. In 1881 Dr.

A. D. Meyer published a list of forty species of Sumba birds in the Verhandl. der k.

k. zoolog. botan. Gesellschaft in Wien, pp. 159—767. Of these only two, viz. Ninox

rudolfi and Graucalus sumbensis, were described as new species, Tanygnathus

megalorhynchus var. sumbensis as a new subspecies. In 1892 Dr. J. Büttikofer

enumerated, in Notes Leyden Mus. XIV. pp. 196—204, thirty-two species, of

which only eight were the same as those named by Dr. Meyer, and one a new

species, viz. Dicaeum wilhelminae. In the same year the latter author described

(Notes Leyden Mus. XIV. p. 267) the Geoffroyus which at first he had called

G. jukesii as G. tjindanae sp. nov. Quite recently Büttikofer described a duck

from Sumba under the name of Anas salvadorii (Notes Leyden Mus. XVIII.

p. 59). The number of species thus known from Sumba was sixty-five, of which

six, viz. Ninos rudolfi, Graucalus sumbensis, Dicaeum wilhelminae, Tanygnathus

megalorhynchus sumbensis, Geoffroyus tjindanae, and Anas salvadorii, had received

their own names.

( 577 )

It is with great pleasure that we now publish Doherty's list, which contains

many species not yet recorded from Sumba, among them the most beautiful

Ptilinopus dohertyi Rothsch. and other more or less interesting previously unknown

forms, as well as the Eclectus cornelia, the home of which was unknown before.

With the help of the following list, and another which I hope to be able

to give of a further collection from Sumba that is probably on the way to

Europe, we may hope that, instead of the unlueky star of which Dr. Meyer

complained in 1892, a bright day will soon dawn over our knowledge of the

avifauna of the most interesting island of Sumba, thanks to the energy of our

collecting friends abroad.

Sumba or Humba, on the maps also frequently called Tjendana, Tjindana

and Chendana, Sandelhout and Sandalwood, not being within the long chain of

islands that extends from Java eastwards to Flores, and on to Ombay, Wetter,

ete., but being an outlier south of Flores and west of Timor, is of particular

zoogeographical interest, and I think therefore that it is worth while to extract

some notes from the valuable and highly interesting account given by Doherty

in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, LX. 1891, in a paper entitled

“The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, with some Account of the Island of

Sumba ":—

* Sumba is one of the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, having an area

probably exceeding six thousand square miles, for the unexplored southern coast-

line, drawn on the maps as coneave, is really convex, giving great breadth to

the island. . . . Deep sea separates Sumba from Flores, the high peaks of which

are distinctly visible from Nangawesi Bay, but a bank covered by 50—80 fathoms

of water connects it with Eastern Sambawa,* while on the side of Savu and Roti

there is apparently deep sea again. . . . The aspect of the north coast of Sumba

is most forbidding. Long naked headlands, Sasa, Ngarulubu, Mandolu, famous for

their horses, extend far into the sea, marked with the lines of raised beaches. All

this side of the island, for as much as forty miles inland and up to a height of

two thousand feet, is covered with a sheet of coral overlying sandstone. Near

Kawangu the sandstone is uncovered, forming hills curiously carved and water-

worn. The coral must be of considerable age, and is often extraordinarily hard,

reminding one of the ancient metamorphic limestones of Greece, in Boeotia and

Arcadia. Its surface is infinitely rough and broken, capable of destroying the

strongest boots in a few days. Fortunately, wherever the ground is level, the

coral is hidden by a coating of indurated clay like laterite, and the native paths

keep to this as much as possible. A scanty growth of grass, especially the horrible

spear-grass, which renders travelling almost unendurable, covers the coral.

Wherever the surface consists of irregular piles of jagged fragments, bristling

with needle-like points, and full of deep rifts and well-like cavities, a dry thorny

jungle grows, since horses cannot find foothold there, nor fire reach it. The

grass is burnt every May or June, and for some months later the country is as

black as a coal, but travelling is easier and is therefore usually done at this

season. In some places the soil is exceedingly rich, and the population dense,

especially in Melolo and Laura, but the country is everywhere dreary, and is

far from green even just after the rain. The coast itself is generally uninhabited

for several miles inland, owing to the depredations of the Endinese pirates. The

* See correcting note on p. 579.

( 578 )

heat is terrible, but the coast seems singularly healthy, and the climate is more

like that of Northern Australia than of the Indian Archipelago.

* Till I came to Sumba, no European had ever visited the interior. Learning

from the natives that a well-wooded and watered tract existed inland, I pushed

across forty miles of a desolate coral wilderness and reached a wholly different

country. . . . The interior of the island is a great plateau, somewhat hollowed out

in the middle by the river Kambera, which rises in the forests round Lewa west

of Mandas, flows eastward, and near Mandas is a considerable river in deep

jungle, difficult to ford, haunted by crocodiles, and much larger in volume than

at its mouth, seventy or eighty miles below. Indeed most rivers of Northern

Sumba tend to disappear on approaching the coast. The table-land is flat in

general outline, but deeply cut by an infinity of exceedingly steep ravines, each

with a clear swift stream. Flat or steep it is everywhere the richest possible

meadow-land. The forests lie in great masses, and, except at Tabundung and

one or two other exceptional places, they are wholly trackless, and serve as the

boundaries of hostile tribes. West of Mandas the country appears to descend

steeply into the Indian Ocean. This slope was described to me as covered with

high forest, with a heavy rainfall and a coast so stormy as to be inaccessible

during the greater part of the year. The height of the table-land of the Kambera

is usually about 1500 to 2000 feet. The hill at Pada Dalung must be about 2500

feet above the sea. The climate of this region is delicious. South-east and

north-west the country rises, and by its upward trend conceals whatever high

mountains may be in that direction. The great isolated massif of Tabundung,

covered with high forest, lies south of Pada Dalung, and must be about 4000 feet

high. East of this is the unknown tana maringu (cold country) of Masu, which

lies back of Melolo, and is sacred ground. . .. West of Pada Dalung the country

rises again, and beyond Lewa Paku and the sources of the Kambera lies another

‘cold country, probably of considerable height and extent. West of Perwatana

and Anakala, on the border of this region, which is called by the general name

of Wayéwa, lies a great forest, and then comes Kodi, beyond which the land

sinks precipitously into the sea near Gaura or Garu.

* A voleano has been said to exist near Tarimbang on the south-western coast,

but some people of that state told me this was quite untrue. However, the

mountain of Tabundung, which I did not succeed in reaching, may possibly be

of voleanic origin. This district, though rather out of the way, seems to be the

best accessible collecting-ground on the island.

* The upland forests of Sumba are less luxuriant than in Java or Sumatra,

and are singularly free from thorns and underbrush, but many of the trees reach

the height of a hundred feet, and some of the figs are of enormous girth. The

only bamboos on the island occur in the dry valleys near the coast. Palms, except

the loutar or palmyra, and a few arecas, are exceedingly scarce. The Endinese,

who import cocoanuts, always destroy the germ of each nut, which perhaps

accounts for the absence of this useful tree.

“Of the animals of Sumba I can say but little. The natives think there are

three kinds of monkeys, but I saw only the Macacus cynomolgus, which is very

common and tame. A deer like the Cervus muntjac is said to be common, as well

as another with large branching horns, which they call by the Malay name of rusa.

Wild pigs abound and a wild cat. Among birds cockatoos are so numerous that I

have seen the trees white with them !

( 579 )

* Among domestic animals there are pigs, goats, fowls, a few buffaloes, cats, dogs,

and pigeons. Horses are the most valuable product of the island, and * Sandalwood

ponies ’ are perhaps the best in the world, and well known as far as Rangoon and

Hong Kong. They live unguarded in troops of twenty or thirty, each having its

own range of pasture, the limits of which are carefully respected. Being very

curious, they used to follow me for miles over all obstacles, but never dared to cross

the ravine, which bounded their beat.... The mares are rarely ridden, and as in

Sambawa are kept for breeding and for food. Only stallions are exported. The

trade is wholly in the hands of the Arabs and Bugis. The Sumbanese are the best

rough-country riders I have ever seen (and I have lived among the Turkman,

Bedawin, and Iliats), galloping bareback down the steepest slopes. . . .

“The staple food in Sumba is millet and maize, generally planted alternately,

and rice, which is hard to obtain except on the coast... .

“The people of Sumba do not probably number less than 100,000, and perhaps

much more if Laura and Melolo are really as populous as they are said to be... ."

From Doherty's letters I extract the following notes :—

* We did all we could in Sumba at this season (end of February and March),

very badly in lepidoptera, but not so bad, I think, in birds. I think I never saw

insects quite so scarce as when I left Sumba, and that in perfect butterfly-weather,

heavy storms alternating with terrific heat—heat which my men found very trying,

and which nearly killed me, fresh as I am from home. The terrific coral was

another great trial; it tore our boots to pieces at once, and cost my men great

sufferings in their long tramps. They disliked the place immensely, and that was

one reason for not staying there longer. The flooded streams prevented my getting

either to Tabundung or Pada Dalung, which would have probably been pleasanter

places, but perhaps also no better collecting-grounds, as I could see it raining there

nearly all the time.

* We worked the neighbourhood of Nangawesi Bay at first, and then the deep

valleys of Watupanu and Palukasewi in the Taimanu state. The forest in the

ravines is heavy, but the country very rough. There is now a regular Dutch official

at Waingapu, Mijnheer de Korte, who has some influence with the nearer native

chiefs. The country at Waingapu seems to become less disturbed and more civilised.

They have even started the wet cultivation of rice at one place. Otherwise my old

account of the island still applies, and I was wrong only in a few things. I now

doubt the islanders having any Mongolian blood. The supposed bank between

Sambawa and Sumba seems to be the mistake of an old chart (giving 50 and 60, in

place of 50 and 60, meaning xo bottom at 50 and 60 fathoms !). It now seems to

me that there is a remarkable Celebensian element in the fauna of Sambawa and

Sumba.

“ We got every bird we could hear of on the island. One of the most remarkable

of the birds is a single male of a superb new Ptilopus, of the Leucotreron group.*

“Tn parrots we did well, with de Korte’s assistance—at least I cannot hear of

any other species on the island. The natives know of the Loriculus in Flores, but

strongly deny its existence in Sumba. The natives say there are two kinds of

cockatoos in the island, but I saw the supposed two kinds, and they seemed exactly

the same, only some being smaller, some larger. I procured only specimens of the

* P. dohertyi Rothsch, —E, H,

( 580 )

larger form. The male has a red eye, the female brown. Trichoglossus haematodes

is probably scarcely different from the Timor form.* There is also a Tanygnathus,

probably new,ł and both sexes of a probably new Eclectus.t The latter two

species we did not shoot, but got them from Mr. de Korte, who received them from

natives who brought them alive from the interior of the island. My female of the

Eclectus came from Lewa, my male from the country back of Melolo, where the bird

is said to be common. The Eelectus is sometimes seen near Waingapu, and we saw

a female flying, but did not get it. As tothe Tanygnathus, it seems to be very rare.

The one I send was brought from some remote part of the Taimanu state, and is

said to be a true mountain bird. However, most of the natives here (at Waingapu)

did not know it.

“ Mijnheer de Korte’s daughter Marie gave me a Pitta (sex not ascertained, eye

said to have been rich brown), which she had stuffed herself very well. It was

brought by a native from the mountains back of Melolo. I think it hardly differs

much from Pitta irena of Timor.§

“Of Ploceidae you will find a number of interesting species. I did not send the

crow, because it is evidently, I should say, the common Corvus macrorhyncha,| and

was too big for my box. For the same reason I did not send the common Mega-

podius. I send two kinds of hawks. Several shore-frequenting birds and an eagle

were not sent. I send two kinds of owl, but no Caprimulgus or Batrachostomus was

seen or heard of. . . . There is a little lark, Mirafra parva, and a very lark-like wag-

tail, Anthus rufulus, I think Its flight and habits are exactly like a skylark's, and

itis found in vast numbers over the coral meadows. I suppose it outnumbers all the

other birds in the island put together. Calornis minor was common, but no Æulabes

seems to be found in Sumba, but E. veneratus is brought over from Ende in Flores

as a cage-bird. ... No Ceyx, no Woodpecker, was seen. No jungle fowls—a pity.

“ As regards the season, I was unlucky in coming in a very rainy year. When I

was there before it was quite dry at Waingapu, and the butterflies were already

rather passés, so to speak, on March 20th ; this year there is no trace of the com-

mencement of the brood on March 10th. Such is luck ! . . . It seems that I formerly

greatly underrated the rainfall of the Sumba coast. My idea now is that the rains

are short, but rather heavy, and the desolate look of the country is entirely due to

the coral crust.”

The species not formerly stated to occur in Sumba are marked with an asterisk.

1. Pratincola caprata (L.).

Adult males and females and young birds. `The young birds have the feathers

above and below dark brown, with darker edges and whitish spots before the tips.

2. Acrocephalus australis Gray.

Two females of a middle-sized reed-warbler are somewhat doubtfully referred

to this species. They are certainly smaller than typical A. australis. The third

primary is longest, the second equal to the sixth. Wings 65 and 66 mm.; culmen

* It is not distinguishable.—E. H.

T T. megalorhynchus sumbensis Meyer.—E. H.

t E cornelia Bp.—E. H.

§ It is different and was named by me P, maria.—E. H.

|| As crows are difficult to distinguish this must remain an open question.—E. H.

T A. rufulus medius (Wall.).—E. H.

( 581 )

20 and 21:5; tarsus 22. “Iris grey-brown; feet slaty grey; maxilla blackish ;

mandible mostly pale horn, flesh-colour at base.”

*3. Phylloscopus borealis (Blas.).

A large series shot in winter quarters.

4. Cisticola cisticola (Temm.).

Three specimens.

*5. Parus atriceps Horsf.

Evidently common on the island. d. “ Iris deep brown ; feet slaty blue; beak

black, pale at commissure."

6. Dicaeum wilhelminae Büttik.

1892. D. w., Büttikofer in Notes Leyden Mus. XIV. p. 199. d ad. “Iris

deep brown; feet black; maxilla black ; mandible black, pale brown at base." Two

undoubted males of this species.

*7. ? Dicaeum mackloti Müll. & Schleg.

There is a female from Sumba, like the female of D. mackloti, but of a paler

red on the upper tail-coverts. This paler red I find in young birds of D. mackloti

only, while the bird before me is evidently an adult female ; bill black, except on base

of mandible. The red upper tail-coverts make it very improbable that it is the

unknown female of D. wilhelminae.

*8. Prionochilus obsoletus (Müll. & Schleg.).

One male from Sumba. “Eye pale ochraceous ; beak dark grey above, pale

bluish grey below.”

9. Anthreptes malaccensis celebensis (Shell.).

There is a series of specimens of this species from Sumba which I cannot

separate from Celebes skins, though they should rather be A. m. chlorogaster.

10. Cinnyris büttikoferi sp. nov.

d ad. Above greenish olive-grey ; upper wing-coverts, sides of head and neck,

like the back. Throat dark glossy purplish, metallic bluish green on the sides of

the throat and on the upper breast; breast with an orange spot in the middle, just

below the bluish metallic colour ; rest of underparts yellow. Pectoral tufts bright

yellow. Under wing-coverts white. ‘Tail black, with brownish tips, very narrow on

the central, very large on the lateral rectrices. Wing 54—56 mm.; culmen 24 ;

tail 35; tarsus 14.

9 ad. Like the male, but the under surface yellow, throat pale yellow, sides of

breast greenish olive.

This new species, of which Doherty sent several males and females, differs from

C. pectoralis in having a much longer bill, in being much less yellowish above, the

male having no metallic blue forehead, a paler abdomen, and a beautiful orange spot

on the breast. It most resembles C. aurora, but the male of that species has a

broad deep orange band quite across the breast and pure white tips to the outer

rectrices. From C. frenata and its allies it differs in having an orange spot on the

breast, no indication of a pale stripe under the eye and ear-coverts and no line above

the eye, and no pure white tips to the outer rectrices.

Dr. Büttikofer, in his article on the Sumba birds in Notes Leyden Mus. XIV.

p. 201, has already described the females of this form, the differences of which from

C. pectoralis struck him very much; but having no males, he cautiously refrained

from describing them under a new name. I therefore take a pleasure in naming this

bird after him.

11. Stigmatops ocularis (Gould).

A number of both sexes. I do not find any differences between specimens from

Sumba, Sambawa, Lombok, and other islands.

12. Philemon neglectus (Büttik.).

Two specimens which agree with skins from Lombok and Sambawa.

13. Zosterops aureifrons Wall.

A fine series, exactly like the types and those from Sambawa. “ Iris dull

ferruginous ; bill black ; base of mandible and surrounding of nostrils pale corneous ;

feet dull slate-colour.”

*14. ? Zosterops citrinella Bp.

One female with the sides of the body very pale. Further material must be

awaited, for at present it seems impossible to make out whether this is an individual

variety or belongs to a distinct species.

15. Anthus rufulus medius Wall.

The commonest bird on the island. Exactly like specimens from Lombok and

Sambawa (antea, p. 558). “ Iris dark umber-brown ; maxilla deep brown ; mandible,

except tip, pale yellowish.”

Wings 83 mm.

16. Sporaeginthus flavidiventris (Wall.).

Two females and one young male.

*17. Taeniopygia insularis (Wall.).

A fine series of specimens of both sexes, agreeing with typical examples from

Timor and Flores.

1s. Munia punctulata nisoria (lemm.).

Both sexes in some number.

*19. Munia molucca propinqua (Sharpe).

A small series of very typical propinqua. d. “ Iris deep brown; maxilla black ;

mandible silvery bluish grey.”

( 583 )

20. ? Munia quinticolor (Vieill.).

There are some specimens which seem to differ from JM. quinticolor in a darker

beak and slightly darker rump and upper wing-coverts, but I wish to await further

material from Flores and Sumba before deciding of their being distinct or not.

Büttikofer had only young individuals, and apparently referred them not without

hesitation to M. quinticolor.

21. Calornis minor (Bp.).

A series, quite typical. Mentioned from Sumba already by both Meyer and

Büttikofer.

22. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.).

Evidently common on Sumba.

23. Chibia bimaénsis Bp. +

Both sexes also from Sumba.

24. Oriolus broderipi Bp.

Some beautiful specimens, one of them quite orange.

Wing 156—159 mm. “Iris scarlet ; beak purplish pink ; legs slaty blue."

*25. Lanius superciliosus Lath.

A small series of moulting individuals, evidently in winter-quarters.

*26. Pachycephala fulviventris Hartert.

P. f., Hartert in Bull. B. O. C. V. p. 47, 1896 (Latin diagnosis).

d ad. Top and sides of head as well as a broad band aeross the lower throat

glossy black. Ring round hind-neck yellow. Back and rump yellowish olive-green.

Upper tail-coverts black. Primaries black, outwardly narrowly margined with

grey. Secondaries black with broader outer pale olive-ereen margins. Inner webs

of quills margined with whitish grey, those of the primaries only towards the base.

Primary coverts brownish black, with narrow greenish edges; other wing-coverts

with broader edges of the colour of the back. Rectrices black with greyish olive

tips. Throat white, enclosed by the black colour described above ; chin-spot also

black. Rest of the under surface orange-ochraceous, lighter along the sides of the

body and on the under tail-coverts. Under wing-coverts and axillaries pale buff.

Total length about 150 mm. ; wing 86—88 mm. ; tail 65

20. * Iris deep brown; feet slaty; beak black."

9 ad. Top of head grey ; rest of upper surface olive greenish, washed with

brown on the upper back, more yellowish greenish on rump and upper tail-coverts.

Quills dark brown with brownish olive outer margins. Tail olive-green. Ear-

coverts pale brown. Throat almost pure white ; rest of under surface pale yellowish;

under tail-coverts lemon-yellow. Wings 83

grey ; beak black."

66:5; culmen 19; tarsus

85 mm. “Iris deep brown ; feet slaty

( 584 )

Young birds have the crown like the back, the throat yellowish white, the quills

outwardly margined with pale rufous.

There is a good series of this distinct species, the differences of which from its

nearest ally, the P. fulvotincta, are given in the original diagnosis in the B. O. C.

27. Graucalus sumbensis A. B. Meyer.

Two specimens, both said to be females, of this very good species. They differ

from a male, the type, described by Meyer in Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 1881,

p. 765, in having the throat pale grey like the breast, not blackish, in having

no black frontal line, the head grey like the back, the breast pale grey, shading

off into the white abdomen, under tail-coverts white. Wings 178 and 182 mm.

This species is distinct from all other known species.

*28. Edoliosoma dohertyi sp. nov.

Edoliosoma speciei E. emancipata dictae similis, sed capitis lateribus gulaque

tota nigerrimis haud difficile distinguenda.

d ad. Above light bluish slate-grey, just a shade darker on the head and

neck, and a shade lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Primaries and

primary-coverts black, greyish white towards the base of the inner webs. Inner

primaries with small greyish white tips. Secondaries black, with outer webs

broadly margined with light lavender-grey, inner webs greyish white. Upper

wing-coverts light grey, darker towards the outer edge of the wing. Forehead, all

the feathers from the base of the bill to the upper margin of the eye, ear-coverts,

sides of head, and entire throat black, this black quickly shading off iuto the dark

grey breast. Abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts dark grey. Rectrices, except

the two innermost, black with grey tips, which diminish in size towards the middle.

Central pair of rectrices dark grey, with broad black subterminal patches and a tiny

grey tip. Under wing-eoverts dark grey. Total length about 240 mm.; wing

125—126 ; tail 110 ; eulmen 25 ; tarsus 23.

No female procured.

This interesting new species is, so to say, one step further in the development

than the E. emancipata described antea, p. 170. While the male of the latter

species differs from the male of E. timoriense in having black lores and ear-coverts,

in this respect closely resembling the male of E. amboinense, this species has still

more black, the whole throat being of this colour. Unfortunately the relations of

the female are unknown, as two males only were shot.

29. Lalage timoriensis (S. Müller).

A large series from Sumba, exactly like those from other islands.

30. Alseonax latirostris (Gray).

A large series of this common wanderer from the north, with beaks rather long,

viz. 16 mm. They may belong to a large-beaked race.

31. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Sw.).

Some rather poor skins show no differences from typical C. ceylonensis.

585 )

32. Rhipidura celebensis sumbensis subsp. nov.

Three skins, all marked “g,” from Sumba differ from Rh. celebensis Büttik.

from Makassar (?), Djampea, and Kalao (cf. Biittik., Votes Leyden Mus. XV. 1893,

p. 79; antea, p. 173), in decidedly longer wings and generally larger size. I cannot

with confidence state any constant difference in colour, but the three skins from

Sumba are not very good. While the wings of the type in the Leyden Museum

measure 66 mm., and those of my four skins from Djampea and Kalao 66, 67, and

68 mm., those from Sumba have wings of 72 and 73 mm. Their tails measure

90—98 mm., against about 85.

33. Terpsiphone sumbaénsis A. D. Meyer.

T. s., Meyer in J. f. O. 1894, pp. 90, 93.

T. floris (partim), Büttikofer in Webers /eise Band III. Ornith. Samml.

pp. 293—298 (1893).

Büttikofer separated from T. affinis a series of specimens from Sambawa,

Flores, Sumba, and Ombay under the name T. Woris, type from Flores. A. B.

Meyer separated again 7. sumbaönsis from Samba. Doherty sent a fair series

of the latter. They are large birds, and have nothing to do with 7. «finis. In

very old males the shafts of the rectrices are white towards the tips and they show

no black margins at all, while younger males have the shafts of the rectrices quite

black and black edges to all the rectrices. Young males have also much more black

on the remiges Wings of adult males 100—103 mm., of females about 95.

Having seen no specimens from Flores, I cannot judge myself of the differences

between 7. /foris and T. sumbaënsis, which seem to be conspicuous, though slight.

24. Myiagra rufigula Wall.

A series of both sexes. In some the beak is about one millimetre broader at

base than in our specimens from Djampea and Kalao, but there is no other difference

between them. “ The iris is dark brown ; feet black : maxilla black ; mandible slaty

blue with black tip.”

*35. Hirundo rustica gutturalis (Scop.).

Two females. “ Iris dark brown ; beak black; gape yellowish; feet black.”

36. Pitta maria Hartert.

1896. P. m., Hartert in Bull. B. O. C. V. p. 47.

This Pitta has been compared by me, le., with P. irena, but perhaps looks

more like P. vigorsi. It agrees with that latter species in its narrow brownish

stripes on the sides of the crown, which pass into a very pale blue behind, also in

having a smaller white speculum iu the wing, and the deep brown underside. It

differs, however, from P. vigorsi in having the whole chin and throat black, this

colour running downwards in a point. The red middle line on the abdomen is not

mixed with black. From P. ‘rena it differs in its deeper brown underside, its small

white speculum in the wing (only a small concealed white spot on the fifth quill !),

the much greater extension of the black throat, and the red on the middle of the

abdomen not being mixed with black. Culmen 23 mm.; wing 109; tarsus 3576.

One skin, not sexed, from the interior of Sumba.

( 586

Named iu honour of Mejuffrow Marie de Korte, daughter of the Dutch official

in Samba.

Büttikofer records Pitta concinna Gould from Sumba, but I do not believe

that it could occur there, for the Sumba bird differs from that species in a much

deeper brown underside, no black on the abdomen, a much narrower and paler

superciliary stripe, a longer wing, and still smaller and concealed white wing-

speculum.

37. Merops ornatus Lath.

(Cf. A. B. Meyer in /s/s, 1884, p. 19, and in Notes Leyden Mus. XIV. p. 267.)

In one male there is a distinct blue spot under the black throat-patch, in the

other one not.

“ Tris scarlet; beak black ; feet blackish.”

"38. Alcedo ispida floresiana (Sharpe).

Two males, Sumba. “ Maxilla black ; mandible with basal half red; feet

coral-red, claws dark brown.”

39. Halcyon chloris (Dodd.).

One male, rather blue above with a rather bluish crown. Wing 16 mm.

40. Halcyon australasiae ( Vieill.).

One male, not quite adult, the breast having narrow black fringes to the

feathers, the upper wing-coverts rusty edges.

4l. Eurystomus orientalis australis (Sw.).

Several specimens from Sumba, like those from Sambawa. See p. 571.

“42. Cacomantis: threnodes Cab.

Two males from Sumba are very puzzling. They are large, the throat mixed

brownish and greyish, below not as pale as typical C. merulinus and not so dark as

typical C. threnodes. They are quite like a Lombok bird mentioned before, and

closely approach (€. variolosus, but are not so grey below, and also C. virescens, but

seem larger and paler below, somewhat more greyish above. I refer them to C.

threnodes, though not without hesitation. It is difficult to believe in the distri-

bution of the species as they are divided in the Catalogue of Birds.

“43. Centropus javanicus (Dumont).

One male.

44. Trichoglossus haematodes (L.).

A fine series from the island of Sumba, from where Meyer had already recorded

it. They agree exactly with specimens from Timor. There is a great deal of

variation in the colour of the breast and under wing-coverts ; these parts being

strongly washed with deep orange iu some specimens, chiefly old males, sulphur-

yellow without orange wash in others. “Iris crimson; cere and eyelids black; beak

orange-red; feet dull grey.”

45. Cacatua citrinocristata (I ras.).

Of this species, which is not with certainty known from any other island except

Sumba, Doherty sent four wild shot specimens. One of them has the feathers of

the underside strongly washed with deep yellow near the tips, so as to give it a

spotted appearance. Wing 245—254 mm.

* Iris deep brown in two females, bright crimson in one male; eyelids partly

bluish ; beak, feet, and cere black.”

46. Geoffroyus tjindanae A. B. Meyer.

With a fine series of both sexes of this Geoffroyus before me I find it indeed very

difficult to separate it from G. sumbuvensis. In his description Dr. Meyer, guided

by Salvadori’s descriptions, compared it chiefly with 6. personatus, as its yellowish

green upper surface separated it at once from G. floresianus and G. sumbavensis,

which belonged to the group with darker and purer green upper surface. This is

altogether a mistake, for I find that the Sumba birds are rather darker green than

the majority of Sambawa specimens, some of which are very distinctly yellowish

green. The size is of little value, but @. tjindanae is larger than most of the

G. sumbarensis. The latter form is said by Salvadori to be “like 6. Woresianus, only

a little larger." This is very little indeed, and I am inclined to doubt the distinct-

ness of G. sumbavensis from G. /foresianus, at least as a species, though the under

wing-coverts of the latter are perhaps of a somewhat different, darker colour.

G. tjindanae seems only to differ from G. sumbavensis in a very slightly longer

wing and a darker lilac bluish head, though that latter character is variable to

a certain extent. Probably G. tjindanae, G. sumbavensis, and G. floresianus—and

possibly others of the genus—are only subspecifically separable, if that; but at present

we do not yet know enough to place them finally, and they are better mentioned

under special names.

The wings of our male skins measure as follows :—

Males from Sambawa (G. sumbavensis) : 159, 160, 162, 163—168 mm.

Males from Lombok (G. sumbavensis) : 160—168, mostly 160—165 mm.

Males from Sumba (G. tjindanae) : 167, 168—174 mm.

One male from Flores : 159 mm. (Salvadori gives 152 only).

Of the adult d' G. tjindanae Doherty gives the following notes : “ Iris very

pale whitish yellow; eyelids and cere dirty brownish; maxilla orange-red, tip

pale yellow ; mandible mostly blackish ; feet dull grey." Of the adult 9 : “Iris

whitish yellow." Of the young bird: “ Iris canary-yellow ; beak deep purplish

brown; cere earthy greenish ; feet dull greenish, with a whitish powder.”

*47. Eclectus cornelia Bp.

As mentioned before, Doherty has been so lucky as to discover the home of

this Eclectus. Only its female has been hitherto known. The female agrees fully

with the descriptions of X. cornelia. “The iris is pale yellow ; beak horny black,

with a small whitish spot on the tooth on each side; feet dull grey above and

below." The male is above dark green, most of the feathers with lighter borders ;

head and neck lighter green. Primaries below and inner webs above black ; outer

webs deep blue, mostly with narrow greenish edges. Underside dark green ; flanks

(15881)

also dark green; sides of breast and upper abdomen, as well as under wing-coverts

(except just on the edge of the wing), red. Reetrices from above dark green, blue

towards the tip, tip yellowish. Tail black below, with dirty yellow tips. “Iris

orange-ochre ; maxilla orange-red, with yellow tip; mandible black.”

48. Tanygnathus megalorhynchus sumbensis Meyer.

In 1882, in Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, XXXI. p. 762, Dr. A. B. Meyer

described from Sumba a form of Tanygnathus megalorhynchus which he named

var. sumbensis. Salvadori, Cat. B. XX. p. 428 (1891), * greatly doubted whether

the asserted locality, Sumba, given on the anthority of Dr. Riedel, was correct."

It was therefore of great interest to me that among Doherty's birds I found a skin

of this form, collected in Sumba in February 1896. Unfortunately this skin is in

a very bad condition, but Dr. Meyer most kindly lent me two of the typical

specimens of his var. sumbensis, so that I could, with those two and the one

received from Doherty, make a careful comparison of the Sumba form with skins

from the Moluccas, New Guinea, Waigiou, Sangir, and Talaut. Salvadori, le.,

states that he has * not been able to find any difference " between 7. megalorhynchus

and Meyer's var. sumbensis. However, I find that there are obvious differences

between the two forms, and that Meyers observations were quite correct. Meyer

says: The underside is less yellow, but more greenish. This is decidedly so.

Especially the breast is remarkably green in the Sumba specimens. This character

varies a little, but the green breasts of the Sumba birds are very conspicuous. The

under wing-coverts are less yellow: so they are. The rump is very deep blue:

this is the case too, but there are specimens of T. megalorhynchus typicus which

approach and even quite resemble the Sumba birds herein. Another character

which strikes me in the Sumba specimens is the somewhat bluish tint on the back,

produced by the broad blue edges to the feathers. They are very often indicated in

T. megalorhynchus typicus, but hardly ever so distinct and broad as in the three

Sumba birds now before me.

It is therefore evident that our bird must stand as 7. megalorhynchus sum-

bensis Meyer. Doherty describes the iris as yellowish, with a brownish outwardly

aud a greenish inwardly border, the feet dull grey, beak all vermilion.

Quite recently, antea, p. 176, I made known the most westerly locality

recorded for 7. megalorhynchus. 1 may now add that, though no doubt they must

be grouped with 7. megalorhynchus and not with the Sumba subspecies, some of the

specimens from Djampea stand a little between the typical Moluccan form and

sumbensis, showing much of a greenish tinge on the breast and less bright under

wing-coverts.

49. Ninox rudolfi A. D. Meyer.

See Zbis, 1882, p. 232, Pl. VI.

Two females of this beautiful owl.

Wing 225—250 mm. “ Iris deep brown; cere partly bluish, partly yellowish ;

beak dull bluish white, commissure and tip blackish; feet dull ochreous.”

“50. Strix flammea L.

One skin, sex uncertain, above greyish; tail pale buff, with blackish bars, below

( 589 )

white; underside white with not very many small blackish spots. Wing 256 mm.

Although of a very pale colour, this bird does not seem separable from S. ammeu

typica.

51. Astur torquatus (Temm.).

gad. Wing 216 mm. Broad rufous collar, intermixed with some brownish

grey feathers on the hind-neck. “ Iris pale orange-ochre ; feet ochreous; cere

greenish yellow; maxilla black, laterally slaty blue at base; mandible slate-blue

with brownish tip.”

52. Cerchneis moluccensis occidentalis Mey. & Wigl.

Two females, both very typical occidentalis. “Iris dark brown; beak slaty

blue, tip blackish ; ceres and eyelids yellow; feet ochreons, claws black."

53. Osmotreron teysmanni Schleg.

Schlegel described an adult specimen, evidently a male, of this bird in Notes

Leyden Mus. Y. p. 103. A detailed description is given in Cof. B. Brit. Mus. XXI.

p.55. Doherty sent one female only. The pale yellow face characterises it very well.

The mantle is dark green ; rump and upper tail-coverts yellow-green ; the shoulders

greyish towards the edge. Otherwise the specimen agrees with the description of

the type, which was evidently a male. Wing 159 mm. “Iris pale slaty grey;

beak pale yellowish, base olive-green ; feet pinkish purple, soles yellowish.”

“D4. Ptilinopus dohertyi hothsch.

(Plate XII.)

This most beautiful pigeon has been well described by Mr. Rothschild in

Bull. B. 0. C. V. p. 46, and is figured on Plate XII. Only one adult male was

procured in the state of Taimann. The inner primaries of this species are on the

tip as broad as in the middle, the outer web is cut off quite straightly, while the

inner web is deeply sinuated. The first primary is not abruptly attenuated on

the apical portion. It seems, therefore, not to fit in any of the sections of the genus

Ptilinopus, made by Salvadori on p. 70 of his catalogue.

55. Ptilinopus melanocephalus (Forst.).

Quite a series from Sumba. Tip of beak and eyelids gamboge-yellow. — * Iris

pale yellow ; feet magenta.”

56. Carpophaga aenea (L.).

Two females from Sumba, resembling those from Sambawa.

57. Turtur tigrinus (Temm.).

Two specimens from Sumba do not differ from typical T. tigrinus,

( 590 )

“OS. Geopelia maugei (Temm.).

A good series from Sumba. d. “Eyes pale canary-yellow ; feet purple-

brown in front, slaty bluish behind; skin round eye orange-yellow ; beak slaty

blue."

Specimens from Sumba are like those from Sambawa. In some of them the

black bars below reach farther down, nearly the whole abdomen being covered with

them, but others are exactly like Sambawa skins.

*59. Chalcophaps indica (L.).

Common in the plains.

*60. Tringoides hypoleucus (L.).

One female.

^61. Aegialites dubia (Scop.).

One female.

*62. Dendrocygna arcuata (Horsf.).

d. * Beak all black ; feet dull slaty grey ; eyes deep brown."

63. Nettion gibberifrons S. Müll.

d. “Tris rich maroon-brown ; beak pure slate-blne ; maxilla with two terminal

black spots, a lateral black streak at the angle ; mandible with terminal third flesh-

colour ; feet dull grey.”

591

LIST OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE IN LOMBOK

BY MR. ALFRED EVERETT.

By ERNST HARTERT.

(With Notes on Lombok by A. Everett.)

FEW months after the arrival of Mr. Doherty’s Lombok collection, the Tring

Museum received also a magnificent collection of birds from Northern Lombok,

collected from May to the beginning of July. They are, as might be expected

from an “old hand” in bird-collecting, better looking skins than those received

from Mr. Doherty, whose first collection it was, although Mr. Everett had quite

new men without experience, who had everything to learn—his old men, who

had been with him to Celebes, Djampea, Kalao, ete., having struck for higher

wages than he was prepared to pay.

In the following pages a full list of Everett's collection is given. His ** Notes

ou Lombok” are printed in full, and his notes on the birds added to the single

species. All Everett's notes are enclosed in quotation marks. The species not

known from Lombok before have an asterisk. Where the species has been

spoken of in the foregoing article on Lombok the page is quoted.

NOTES on Lompox.

“There exists no regular survey of Lombok, but one has recently been

commenced by the Dutch Government, which, since the late expulsion of the

Balinese Rajah, has undertaken the direct administration of the island. Its

main geographical features are, however, sketched in with approximate accuracy,

though on a very small scale, in Part I. of the Admiralty chart of the western

portion of the Indian Archipelago.

* Lombok,* or Tanah Sasak as it is commonly called by the natives—Lombok

applying only to the place of that name on the eastern shore—is roughly square in

form, with a mean length and breadth of about forty miles. It is traversed

from west to east by two mountain ranges, of which the northern is wholly

voleanic, culminating in Rinjani Peak, one of the highest points in the Archipelago,

whereas the southern range is said to be of recent calcareous formation, and is

of very moderate elevation, probably not attaining 5000 feet at its highest portion.

The two ranges are separated by an extensive undulating plain interspersed with

some low voleanie hills. The whole of this plain, together with the mountain

slopes up to about 2000 feet, is, or has been, under high cultivation, chiefly for rice

on the irrigation system, so that there is little, if any, of the original vegetation

left; and thus the primitive forests of the two ranges are entirely disconnected

with each other, and have been so probably for a very long time, except for

an abundance of fruit plantations and patches of second growth scrub.

“The altitude of Rinjani Peak has been given variously at 12,460 feet

(Admiralty chart, 1888) and 11,810 feet (E. A. Directory, 1893). The summit

appears to be roughly some 1500 feet higher than that of any of the other of

* Partly compiled from the Eastern Archipelago Directory (ed. 1893).

105991)

the ring of mountains which together with it enclose the main crater of the

voleano; and this higher part, which is bare of vegetation, is very steep. A thin

vaporous smoke is always sluggishly drifting from a crater on the top, but T

could not learn that there had been any regular eruption within the memory of

the natives, only that the amount of smoke emitted varied considerably from

time to time. The main crater is extinct, and it is now filled with a lake of

tepid deep green water, which is known as the Segara Anak. It was viewed by

my assistant, Mr. J. M. Dumas, from the Sengkarien summit, which is next in

height to Rinjani Peak, and forms part of the southern lip of the crater, and

he also visited its shore from the northern side, where it was possible to gain

access to it by the stream, the Sungei Putih, which carries off its overflow to

the sea in the north-eastern corner of the island. He roughly estimated the

expanse of water to extend some two miles in a north-west and south-east direction,

with a breadth of about one mile and a quarter. The Sungei Putih almost

immediately after its egress from the lake becomes of a milk-white colour, and

there are hot springs at the spot. Some of the water brought down had a strong

smell of sulphuretted hydrogen with a marked astringent taste. The interior of

the erater is more or less clothed with grass and with scattered Casuarina trees,

while the only kind of vegetation noticed in the lake itself consisted of a grass

with long, broad, flat leaves. No sign of fish was observed, but three species

of mollusca (Melania, Paludina, Corbula) were plentiful. The only land-birds

seen at the lake were P#lotis virescens and Glyciphila ocularis, but a large

duck was present in abundance. Owing to the fact that my aneroid could not

be trusted beyond 4500 feet, it was unfortunately impossible to ascertain the

altitude of the lake. A small cone of black stones and sand about 400 feet in

height rises from the margin of the lake. Vapour was being emitted continually

from the top, and from time to time the stones and sand were seen to be in motion

down the steep sides.

“The southern range of mountains I was unable to visit in consequence of

some trouble having arisen between the Government and the Sasaks in that

quarter.

“The climate of Lombok is much drier than that of Java. On the coast and

lowlands it probably does not differ greatly from that of Bali and Sambawa. Records

kept over a short series of years at Beliling (height of observing station 656 feet)

in the former island give a mean annual rainfall of only 44:8 inches, and at Bima

in the latter island (at sea-level) of 47 inches. Above 1000 feet the fall must

be much heavier, as I experienced several heavy falls in May and June at 1500 feet,

though the south-east monsoon was blowing steadily and the dry season well

set in, and at 4000 feet it rained or drizzled every day on the southern slope of

the voleano. The northern slope, however, appears to be much drier and warmer,

and the highland plants come farther down on that side. At 1500 feet the

lowest night temperature observed was 64^ Fahr. At 2400 feet the extremes of

day and night température were 68° and 56° respectively, and at 4200 feet 61°

and 52°. These altitudes were taken with an aneroid, and are sufliciently accurate

for judging of the vertical range of the birds. The other altitudes which appear

on the labels of my specimens in this collection must be regarded as still more

approximate.

“There does not appear to be any distinctively highland avifauna in Lombok,

and although a few species which oceurred on the mountain were not met below,

593 )

I feel nearly sure that there is no bird that is found above 4000 feet whieh would

not also be found at 2000 feet, where the old forest ends, if looked for long enough.

If this be really the case, it may be surmised that it is due to the fact that the

island is probably one of the most recently built up of those forming the Timorese

group, and to its never having been in actual connection with the islands to the

east and west of it—a conclusion which is confirmed by the character of the

mammalian fauna, so far as it is known. Of Qwadrumana there are two species,

Macacus cynomolgus and Semnopithecus maurus of Java—the latter certainly

introduced by the Balinese Rajahs and now abundant in the hills from Ampenan

to Rinjani. Of Carnivora there appear to be three kinds, called respectively by

the Sasaks Ujat, Rasih, and Mamah, the first two being by their description a

Paradoxurus and a Viverra, and the third either Felis bengalensis or a feral

domestic cat. Among the Chiroptera there are found Pteropus (2 sp.), Megaderma,

thinolophus, Kerivoula, and other genera. The Rodentia are represented by two

rats and a mouse (and perhaps other Muridae), and a porcupine, Hystrix javanica

without doubt. Of Ungulata the island has a deer and Cereulus muntjac—the latter

introduced by the Balinese Rajahs and now common. Zollinger, I think, mentions

the Pelandok (Tragulus) also as existing in Lombok, but I could hear nothing

of it. Wild pig, of course, abound, but I do not know of what species. In this

scanty list, omitting the bats, the greater portion may have owed their existence

in the island to their introduction by human agency direct or indirect. The

presence of the porcupine, however, scarcely admits of this explanation. It is,

found also in Flores, Djampea, and South Celebes, so that it seems to have some

exceptional means of dispersal. Possibly its armature of quills serves to buoy

it, and thus enables it to be drifted by the strong currents which characterise

these narrow straits and sea to distances which would be fatal to other, and

even swimming, mammals not similarly aided in keeping afloat.”—A. EVERETT.

a»

1. Pratincola caprata (L.).—9Both sexes from Ampenan (p. 555).

2. Geoeichla horsfieldi (Bp.).—One male in full moult from a place called Sonkarean,

5000 feet high (p. 555).

3. Geocichla andromedae (Temm.).—A number of young birds only, mostly from

about 1500 feet. “Iris chocolate-brown ; bill dusky or slaty black ; legs

greyish brown " (p. 555).

4. Geocichla dohertyi Hartert (p. 555).—A fine series, old and young ones, from

1500 to 4000 feet.

5. Greocichla interpres (Lemm.).—A very fine series of old and young birds. Adult :

“ Iris chocolate; bill very dark brown; legs pinky white, claws pale horn-

brown." The young resembles the young of G. dohertyi; but the slaty grey,

not deep black, tail, and the brownish, not chestnut-rufous, rump, distin-

guish it even in the youngest age (p. 556).

6. Brachypteryx leucophrys (Temm.).—3000 to 4000 feet and below (p. 597).

. Cisticola cisticola (Temm.).—(p. 597).

8. Orthotomus sepium Horsf.—At 1200 and 1500 feet (p. 997).

*9. Acrocephalus longirostris Gould.—Two skins of an Acrocephalus agree in every

respect with the type of A. longirostris Gould from Australia. They are

certainly not A. australis, which has been recorded from Lombok, but was

not found there either by Everett or Doherty. “Very abundant among the

10.

11.

12.

3. Zosterops citrinella Bp.—From 3000 to 4500 feet (p. 557).

. Zosterops intermedia Wall.—From 1500 to 2300 feet (p. 551).

15.

594 )

reeds which fringe the baekwaters just inside the sandy coast at Ampenan,

and also in the bamboo clumps and thick herbage on the banks of the river."

Parus atriceps Horsf.—1500 to 4500 feet (p. 557).

Dicaeum mackloti Müll. & Schleg.—A fine series from the low country up to

2400 feet. A nest was found on May 27th at Tete Batn, 1500 feet high. It

is of the shape of a large egg, abont 90 mm. long and from 55 to GO mm. wide.

It hangs down from a palm-leaf, to which it is fastened by some grasses on the

top. Outside it consists of fine dry grasses and twiglets, inside of beautifully

pure white vegetable silk. It contained two pure white eges, measuring

16-2 : 12 mm. (p. 557).

Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.).—(p. 557).

Ptilotis virescens Wall.—Rare at 1500, common at 4000 and 4500 feet. “ Iris

brown, ups re skin dull blue ; bill dusky black ; legs plumbeous, claws

blackish grey

Stigmatops ocularis (G

sea (p. 558).

A small series from 4000 to 6000 feet above the

. Philemon neglectus (Büttik.).—From 4000 feet and below. d. “ Iris olive-

brown; bill dark brown, maxilla nearly black ; bare skin of head sooty; legs

dark plumbeons grey, claws dark brown” (p. 555).

V. Pycnonotus analis (Horsf.).—At 1200 and 1500 feet (p. 555).

. Anthus rufulus medius (Wall.).—1200 feet and below (p. 555).

Mirafra horsjieldi parca (Swinh.).—One male, like the one from Sambawa

mentioned before, p. 568, but the wing 74 mm. New to Lombok.

. Chlorura intermedia Hartert (p. 558).—A fine series from 1500 to 3000 feet.

Adult: “ Bill jet-black ; iris brown ; legs flesh-red, claws brown.”

Munia punctulata nisoria (Temm.).—1000 to 2500 feet (p. 559).

Munia leucoqastroides Horsf. & Moore.—1000 to 2500 feet (p. 559).

Munia wallacei Sharpe.—Low country (p. 559).

Munia pallida Wall.—Low country (p. 559).

Munia oryzivora (L.).—Ampenan.

7. Taeniopygia insularis (Wall.).—Lower country (p. 559).

. Calornis minor (Bp.).—Low country to 2300 feet (p. 559).

99. Gracupica tertia Hartert (p. 547).—A small series of both sexes from lower

country. Exactly like the type from Bali. The slate-grey back of freshly

moulted birds fades into a pale brown in time. ? and d ad. “ Iris brown :

bare skin on sides of face bright ehrome-yellow: beak chrome-yellow; legs

paler yellow, claws horny yellowish.” Wings: d, 127—133 mm.; ?, 119—

122 mm.

Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.).—Low country.

Dicrurus cineraceus wallacei (Walden).—From elevations of 1500 to 4000 feet

(p. 560).

. Chibia bimaönsis (Bp.).— From 1500 feet above the sea. “Iris erimson-lake.”

Wings 140—143 mm. Younger individuals are partly white below (p. 560).

. Oriolus broderipi Bp.—From the shore up to 2300 feet. d ad. “Iris crimson-

lake ; bill dull rose-water; legs light bluish plumbeous, claws blackish

grey ” (p. 560).

. Lanius bentet Horsf.—(p. 560).

40)

41.

42.

595

Pachycephala grisola (Bl.).—1500 to 4000 feet. g ad. “ Iris warm brown :

bill black ; legs bluish lead-grey, claws pale brown." Younger birds have

the primaries outwardly edged with rusty rnfous ; quite voung ones have a

pale brown head and a dark striped breast (p. 560).

Pericrocotus exsul Wall.—Up to 3000 feet (p. 561).

Lalage timoriensis (S. Müll.).—Common (p. 561).

Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.).—1500 and 2300 feet (p. 561).

Cryptolopha trivirgata (Strickl.).—1500 to 5000 feet. d ad. “Tris olive-

brown; bill sepia-brown, tip and base of mandible ochreous yellow; legs

bluish grey, claws dark grey." Wing: d,59—62 mm.; 2 ,55—56 mm.

(p. 561).

Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe.—4000 and 6000 feet (p. 561).

Muscicapula hyperythra (Bl.).—2000 to 6000 feet (p. 561).

Lrythromyias dumetoria (Wall.).—A magnificent series from 1500 feet above

the sea. d. Iris chocolate ; bill black ; feet purplish grey, claws horn-grey.”

9. “Tris dark brown; bill brownish black ; legs and claws pale lilac-grey ”

(p. 561).

Hirundo javanica Sparrm.—Ampenan.

4. Hirundo striolata Temm. & Schleg.— Ampenan.

Pitta concinna Gould.—A beautiful series from the low country and as high up

as 3000 feet (p. 561).

Collocalia linchi Horsf. & Moore.—Two skins, no doubt this species. They

were found nesting in rock-shelters 1500 feet above the sea. The nests are

by no means edible, consisting of pale greenish yellow moss. Some nests

contained two eggs each, hard-set, measuring 17:5 : 11:5 and 18:12 mm.

Caprimulgus macrurus Horsf.— Ampenan and at 1500 feet (p. 562).

Caprimulgus affinis Horsf.—A fine series. “These nightjars are common at

Ampenan, frequenting the scrub and grass bordering the sandy shore, and

often flying over the town on moonlight nights, uttering their peculiar ery—

a shrill “chüweck,’ totally unlike that of any of the other Eastern species of

the genus with which I am acquainted. They were not heard at any of the

inland stations."

Iyngipieus grandis Harg.— Low country and 1500 feet (p. 562).

Eurystomus orientalis australis (Sw.).—One skin.

Monachaleyon fulgidus (Gould).—A very fine series from 1500 to 4500 feet.

“Tris, bill, and feet vermilion-red ; claws brown” (p. 562).

Halcyon australasiae (Vieill.)—Low country and 1500 feet (p. 562).

Hlaleyon chloris (Bodd.).— From 1200 to 1500 feet (p. 562).

Halcyon sanctus (Vig. & Horsf.).—One female.

Ceyx innominata Salvad.—One male and two females.

Merops philippinus L.—One old male.

7. Merops ornatus Lath.—Two males, one with a little blue below the black spot

on the throat, the other not.

Cuculus poliocephalus Lath.—From the plains up to 2500 feet (p. 562).

Cacomantis threnodes Cab.—From 1500 to 2000 feet (p. 562).

Centropus javanicus (Dumont).—Three young birds (p. 562).

Trichoglossus mitchelli Gray.—A fine series of this rare parrot, the home of

which has been unknown until this year, from the mountains from 2500 to

6000 feet,

( 596

There isa good deal of variation in this bird. The middle of the abdomen,

which is deep purple in fully adult birds of both sexes, is dark green in

younger individuals. Such younger birds also have yellow edges on the

red breast-feathers. Other younger birds have very distinct bluish and

greenish edges to the red breast-feathers. One such bird has the * bill

dark livid brown, tinged with dull reddish on base of mandible,” while fully

adult birds have the whole bill orange-red, with an orange-yellow tip.

Some adult birds too show some amount of yellow on the breast (p. 562).

& Common between 2000 and 5000 feet, and one was seen not at less than 7000

feet. Probably it occurs also in the lowlands where there is any jungle

left.”

62. * Trichoglossus haematodes (?). An orange-yellow-breasted Trichoglossus is

brought occasionally into Ampenan by the Sasaks from the hills, but I

failed to obtain a specimen. One which I saw in captivity had the irides

bright red ; bill orange-red with the tip yellow; feet dark grey. This

individual seemed to be adult and not to differ in coloration from 7.

haematodes of Timor—but possibly the red-breasted birds have a yellow

stage?”

(Mr. Rothschild thinks it must have been a variety of 7. mitchelli, such as

the one mentioned last under that species, which Mr. Everett has seen, for

he does not think it likely that both T. mitchelli and T. haematodes occur

in the same island.)

63. Cacatua parvula (Bp.).—One pair. “The naked skin surrounding the eye is

white. According to the natives the irides are dark chocolate-brown in the

male and pure cherry-red in the female, and the dissection of one of the

latter confirmed this statement " (p. 563).

#64, “ Eclectus sp. incert.—A species of Æelectus is also sometimes brought into the

town of Ampenan by the hill natives, who declare that it is not uncommon

in places, and that it flies wild in the jungle. 1 saw only one brought in, a

green male, which the owner said he had kept for five months. It was

much damaged, the wings and the under tail-coverts especially so, and the

tail a good deal abraded. The general colour was bright grass-green ;

primaries dark blue on onter edges ; edge of wing pale blue ; the under

coverts of the wing-margin green, the rest with the axillaries and a

moderate side-patch red ; under tail-coverts very pale green ; apical band

of tail a good deal worn, but evidently not broad as in Æ. riedeli, the yellow

colour slightly washed with traces of pale orange-red. Irides muddy Indian

yellow ; bill scarlet, the basal half washed thinly with black, the apical

third yellow ; lower mandible dull black; feet and claws black. I think

this bird was not quite mature. Whether this parrot is one of the more

eastern species which has escaped from captivity or is an endemic species I

could not satisfy myself, but if the latter it—or a representative form of

Eclectus—may be confidently looked for in the islands between Lombok and

the Tenimber Islands.”

65. Geoffroyus sumbarensis Salvad.—Met with frequently in the hills from 2500 to

4000 fect. “Iris pale yellow ; maxilla red with whitish tip; mandible

dark brown; feet grey.” Young birds have the feet olive-green. Old

males have the wings 157—167 mm. long (p. 563).

*66. Pisorhina albiventris Sharpe.—A series from the plains up to about 2000 feet

( 597 )

above the sea. They are quite like the type from Flores. * Iris golden

yellow ; bill brown ; feet dull ochreous.” “ Common. Like the nightjars,

they are heard chiefly when there is bright moonlight. The cry is a clear

but not very loud ‘ pwok,’ like that of S. lempiji, but somewhat different

in tone. The owls were heard as high up the mountains as 4500 feet,

and no other owl was heard or seen by my men.”

67. Cerchneis moluccensis occidentalis Mey. & Wigl.—Three skins.

*68. (?) “ Falco melanogenys.—I observed this bird several times at the village of

Teteh Batu, but did not secure a specimen. On one occasion I was able to

examine it pretty closely with a field-glass, and I have no doubt that it was

the Australian bird. It was certainly not F. ernesti; and apart from its

very dark cheeks, it could hardly be the northern peregrine on migration near

the end of June.”

*69. Falco lunulatus Lath.—One specimen only of this hobby was obtained at

Baian at about 700 feet on the northern slope of Rinjani. This is, I think,

the most western locality where this species has ever been found.

#70. “ Haliaötus leucogaster.—One or two were observed at Ampenan.”

71. “ Haliastur intermedius.—Seen occasionally both at Ampenan and up to about

2000 feet on the mountains. The diurnal birds of prey are conspicuous

by their paucity of individuals in Lombok according to my observation,

Cerchneis moluccensis being perhaps the species mostabundantly represented.”

*72. Sphenocercus korthalsi (Temm.).—One adult male of this rare pigeon, which

is only known from Java and Sumatra, has been sent from Rindjoni,

Bendera, 4000 feet high.

73. Osmotreron vernans (L.).—One male (Vorderman, p. 350).

74. Ptilinopus melanocephalus (Forst.).—2500 feet (p. 563).

75. Ptilinopus albocinctus Wall.—A fine series from the low country up to about

4000 feet. “Iris bright red; beak greenish at base, yellow at tip; feet

bright red” (p. 563).

16. Carpophaga sasakensis Hartert (p. 564).—A fine series from 2500 to 4000 feet

on the northern flanks of Rinjani. d and 9. “ Iris dark brown, orbital ring

crimson; bill dull black; feet carmine, claws brown." The males are

lighter than the females. Wing of males, 220—237 mm.; of females,

216—225 mm.

77. Carpophaga aenea (L.).—* The two male specimens which I send of this

bird were obtained on the northern flank of Rinjani Mountain at 2000 feet.

In both the bills were dull black with the apical portions pale grey; iris and

ring round the eye red ; feet purplish carmine. In neither was there any

red about the bill. I did not see these birds in the flesh, but. very shortly

after the skins had been prepared and before the bill and feet were dry.

These birds seem to me so different from the Borneau and Palawan

C. aenea that I think perhaps they are some other species altogether."

I have inserted Mr. Everett's notes in full, as field-notes are always of

interest; but I am unable to see how to separate the birds from C. aenea.

The wings are somewhat long, measuriug 243 and 245 mm.

78. Columba metallica Temm.—From 1500 to 4000 feet. “Iris orange ; bill lake-

red, tip horn-yellow ; feet dull carmine.” Wings 220—242 mm. (p. 564).

79. Macropygia emiliana Bp.—1500 to 2000 feet (p. 964).

50. Turtur bitorquatus (Temm.).—(p. 564.)

( 598 )

Sl. Turtur tigrinus (Temm.).—(p. 564.)

8S2. Chalcophaps indica (L.).—(p. 564.)

83. Geopelia striata (L.).—Two females.

#54. “ Excalfactoria chinensis (L.).—Button-quail apparently of this species were seen

in the high grass of the abandoned rice-fields.”

85. Gallus gallus (L.).—d 9, lowlands and 4000 feet high (p. 564).

SO. “ Gallus varius (Shaw & Nodd.).—I did not procure any specimens of this jungle

fowl, but it is not infrequently brought into Ampenan by the Sasaks for

sale, and one of my men saw one crossing the road in the middle of the

island ” (p. 565).

87. Megapodius duperreyi Less & Garn.—Adult and chick. “ Although true

Megapodes frequent the hills in Mindanao and in Bouru, I suspect that

the occurrence of a bird of this genus at an elevation so high as 3000 feet

is an unprecedented record. No mounds were met with, although the age

of the young bird seems against the probability of its having travelled

up from the coast. The coloration of the soft parts was similar to that

of the Djampea birds ; but in the specimen obtained near Ampenan the legs

were entirely pure deep orange, the upper surface of the toes being dark

brown.”

*88. “ Butorides javanica (Horsf.).—One seen at the mouth of the Ampenan River.”

89. Ardeola speciosa (Horsf.).—One skin.

#90. Ardetta cinnamomea (Gm.).— One skin.

91. Ardea novaehollandiae Lath.—Two skins (p. 565).

*92. Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt.).— One male from Ampenan. “ Iris green."

*93. Phalacrocorax melanoleucus (V .).—One female from Ampenan. ‘Iris green.”

*04. Anas superciliosa (Gm.).— One male from Segora Anak Lake in the crater of

the Rinjani.

Further :—

95. Corvus macrorhynchus subsp. ?.—Two specimens from Lombok seem to differ

from C. macrorhynchus from other countries. A large material must be

studied before judging finally of the probably numerous local forms of these

crows.

*96. Baza reinwardti (Temm.).—One male from an elevation of 1500 feet. “ Iris

golden yellow ; bill black, basal half lead-grey ; feet white, claws

blackish."

7. Milvus migrans affinis (Gould).—One skin.

"98. Cireaétus gallicus (Gm.).—One male from 1500 feet, shot in the latter half of

May!!! “Iris golden yellow ; bill black, basal half and cere light bluish

lead ; legs whitish, claws black.”

*99. Macropygia ruficeps orientalis Hart. (p. 573).—One male, 2500 feet. Like males

from Sambawa. Wing 148 mm.

*100, Rallina fasciata (Rafll.).—One female, 1500 feet. “Iris blood-red ; bill

blackish, mandible plumbeous; orbital ring aud legs coral-red; claws

light brown.”

*101. Dissura episcopus (Bodd.).—One male.

102. Turnix powelli Guillemard.—Two females—iris white, bill and feet greenish

yellow—and one male from low country near Ampenan. They quite agree

with the specimens from Satonda, antea, p. 576.

103. Aegialites peronii (Temm.).

(1599.

Besides the species fouud in Lombok by Doherty aud Everett, the following are

mentioned in Wallace's and Vorderman’s lists: Sula piscatrix (Vorderm.), Fregata

aquila (V.), Gallinula chloropus (Wallace), Charadrius fulvus (V), Dicaeum

Jlammeum (V., but not stated whether skins were procured! Probably an error !),

Alcedo beryllina (W. and V.), Pelargopsis gurial floresiana (as Wallace got

floresiana in Lombok as well, there is not the slightest probability that Vorderman’s

sasak is a different “ subspecies " [sic]), Æudynamis orientalis (W), Strix flammea

(W.), Astur approximans (W.), A. wallacei (W .).

CONCLUSIONS.

The collections made by Messrs. Doherty and Everett in Bali, Lombok, Sambawa,

Satonda, and Sumba, registered in the foregoing pages, throw much new light on

the geographical distribution of the birds in the Eastern Archipelago. Without

presuming that they settle any questions finally, I believe we can draw the following

conclusions from the material now known :—

1. Although zoologists have lately, in several instances, denied the great

importance of ** Wallace’s line,” and although Doherty's and Everett's collections

show that many more Javanese forms have crossed the Lombok Straits over to

Lombok, and many more Timorese forms have crossed the Straits over to Bali, than

we formerly knew, the differences between the ornis of Bali and Lombok are

remarkably conspicuous, and indeed much more so than those between the ornis of

Lombok and Sambawa, or Sambawa, Flores, and Sumba.

2. The fauna of the higher peaks is very poor, which seems to point to the fact

that these islands are geologically younger than the larger islands with their rich

mountain fauna.

3. The forms from the higher regions are apparently more Malayan than

Australian. This seems to indicate that the Indo-Malayan are not the later immi-

grants, as in that case they would have driven the original Australian fauna back

towards the hills. Probably the Indian forms inhabited these islands before the

Australian ones, or immigrated at about the same time.

4. Bali’s avifauna is not entirely the same as that of Java, although very few

forms are differentiated.

5. Sumba’s fauna is closely allied to that of Sambawa and Flores, but contains

a fair number of peculiar forms.

I hope to be able to come back to these interesting questions more fully ou a

future occasion.

( 600 )

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOP-

TERA, WITH REMARKS ON $0ME PREVIOUSLY

DESCRIBED FORMS.

by THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD.

(Plates XIII., XIV., and XV.)

1. Anaeomorpha splendida Rothsch., Nov. Zoor. 1804. p. 657.

(Le NE)

In neuration this remarkable insect agrees with Prepona Boisd.; the first

subcostal branches are free, as in Prepona, not united to the costal nervure, as in

Anaea Hb.

2. Macroglossa kiushiuensis Rothsch., /.c. 1594. p. 66.

(Pl. XIII. f. 2.)

This is probably only a subspecies of J/ saga Butl. from Yokohama.

3. Theretra staudingeri Rothsch., Ze. 1894. p. 76.

(IBI Snir 2105)

Mr. H. Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Het. I., 1896, p. 305, unites this and my

Th. stuarti to Th. docilis Butl. I have personally not enough material to decide

the question for myself.

4. Panacra lifuensis Rothsch., /.c. 1894. p. 79.

(Pl. XIV. f. 12.)

». Panacra griseola Rothsch., Lc. 1894. p. 80.

(PI Wt LS)

Although I have received a large series of both forms (/fwensis and griseola)

from Lifu, Loyalty Islands, containing a good many specimens which agree exactly

with neither type figured, I cannot unite the two forms, as I have no complete chain

of intermediates.

6. Xyleutes affinis sp. nov.

This species is closely allied to X. magnifica Rothsch., but the large series of

both in magnificent condition which are in the Tring Museum prove the differences

to be very constant.

d. Has the hindwing much darker brown-red, the antennae black instead of

red, has a marginal row of brown spots on forewing at the ends of the nervures, and

the submarginal row of blotches is more distinct.

$. Ground-colour of forewing more yellowish grey, owing to the presence of

a greater number of reddish scales, a row of marginal red-brown square spots at the

( 601 )

end of the nervures, and a submarginal row of large brown splashes, while in

in X. magnifica the forewings are entirely uniform grey without markings. Hind-

wings also have minute spots at the end of the nervures, except at anal angle.

This species seems to vary more in size than X. magnifica, our largest & having

the forewing 64 mm. long and the smallest 44 mm.; in X. magnifica the largest

d has a length of 68 mm. and the smallest 61 mm. The largest ? of X. afinis has

a length of 95 mm. and the smallest 62 mm., while our largest ? of X. magnifica

has the forewing 102 mm. and the smallest 78 mm.

Hab. Brisbane District, Queensland.

7. Xyleutes sordida sp. nov.

Closely allied to X. boësduvali Rothsch., Nov. Zoor. 1896. p. 232.

9. Upperside : thorax dark smoky grey, instead of pale grey with black and

white centre ; fore-legs darker grey ; metathorax and anal segment much darker ;

forewing also darker and more sooty grey. Spot on forewing at apex of cell almost

obliterated, while in X. boisduvali it is distinct and large. Hindwings more

sooty brown.

Underside : more uniform and darker.

Forewing : length, No. 1, 56 mm. ; No. 2, 64 mm.

5 breadth, p ow ug 8 m rp

Hab. Brisbane District, Queensland ; 2 ? ?.

5. Xyleutes lichenea sp. nov.

Nearest to X. pulchra Rothsch., le. 1896. p. 232.

2. Upperside : forewing brownish grey ; between the median veins a network

of black lines. From the base diagonally across the cell from costa to beyond

median nervure runs a triangular dark patch made up of a number of irregular and

transverse lines, most distinct near base and apex of cell. This patch is continued

from near lower angle of cell obliquely upwards to the apex of the forewing ; the

submarginal portion of this dark patch is composed of confluent black blotches.

On the apical half of the costa are a number of black dots.

Hindwing dull greyish brown ; on the outer half are a number of indistinct

transverse lines somewhat darker than the wing, one more distinct forming almost

a submarginal lunulate band. End of veins of both fore- and hindwing end in

square brown dots.

Fore-legs dark grey. Head and thorax brownish black. Hinder part of meso-

thorax greyer, with on each side a small black patch. Abdomen brownish black,

with anal segment and a narrow median line grey.

Underside: grey washed with rufous; marginal area of both wings marked with

a number of brown lines and spots.

Forewing : length, No. 1, 55 mm.; No. 2, 44 mm.

a breadth ee al, Re LA

Hab. Brisbane District, Queensland ; 2 $ ?.

Of X. pulchra Rothsch. I have received two more ? ? much larger than the

type; the three measure as follows :—

Forewing : length, No. 1, 57 mm.; No. 2, 51 mm.; No. 3, 39 mm.

y bread» 099 ZU 29 79919 0 az,

( 602 )

9. Bunaea rendalli sp. nov.

This new species, though somewhat similar to the d' of B. alinda Dru. in

colour, differs from other Bunaeas in the shape of the wings, which are rounded as

in the genus Nudaurelia Rothsch., Nov. Zoor. 1895. p. 41.

d. Upperside: forewing ochraceous rufous with a purplish tinge, except

apical region, which is buffy orange, and the costa and outer-marginal line, which

are clear orange. Hindwing ochraceous orange, with a broad purple ochraceous

ill-defined area down the abdominal margin consisting of thiek woolly scales; outer-

marginal line orange; submarginal band pearl-grey, bordered inside with purplish

red; 3 mm. inwards from the submarginal band there runs across the dise of the

wing a transverse convex narrow band of blackish grey. In the centre of hindwing

is an ocellus 5 mm. in diameter, which has an outer black ring, a pearl-grey centre

with a tiny vellow dot in the middle of the grey.

Antennae brown; head yellow; thorax ochraceous rufous; abdomen banded

buff and black.

Underside: orange ochraceous, purplish on body and basal half of wings.

Length of forewing 54 mm.

Breadth » COR

Hab. Zomba, Upper Shiré River, 3000 feet, October to December 1895 (Dr.

Percy Rendall leg.).

10. Asota kinabaluensis sp. nov.

(Pl. XV. f. 42.)

d 2. Is closely allied to A. contorta Auriv., Ent. Tidskr. 1894. p. 179. f. 4, from

Java, with which it agrees in the structure of the antennae and palpi (see p. 205 of

this volume). It differs from that species in the much more extended white

markings of the upperside of the forewing as shown in figure, the absence of a

yellow basal area, the much broader and above not interrupted black border to the

hindwing, the black costal border of the hindwing below ; further in the exterior

diseal black spots of the hindwing being larger and standing closer to cell.

Hab. Kina Balu, N. Borneo; d ? in coll. Dr. Staudinger.

Hypsidia gen. nov.

Belongs to the Pyralidae and is nearest to Vitesse Moore.

Palpi with the second joint upturned and fringed with hair in front, the third

porrect, long and naked ; maxillary palpi minute and filiform ; frons rounded and

thickly scaled ; antennae laminate; hind tibiae with the outer spars two-thirds

length of inner. Forewing with the costa slightly arched ; the inner margin very

strongly lobed at middle and forming a continuous curve with outer margin ;

veins 14 and 14 forked ; 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 well separated at origin ;

7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, or 7 arising free, then connected with 8, 9, 10. Hindwing with

vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 separate at origin ; 6, 7 from upper angle ;

8 free. Forewing of male with a large fovea below base of cell; a fold above inner

margin containing a tuft of long hair on underside.

Type: Hypsidia erythropsalis sp. nov.

( 603 )

11. Hypsidia erythropsalis sp. nov.

d. Upperside : forewing slate-grey ; at the base a triangular crimson patch

bordered with white ; beyond this between costa and vein 14 is a large irregular

blotch of white, the upper half occupied by a crimson patch. At the end of the cell

is a crimson patch surrounded by a white ring. At the apex of the wing is a large

patch of ochre-yellow, slightly marked with crimson on its inner edge. Between

veins 3 and 4 is a large marginal patch of white, bordered outside with yellow and

inside with crimson. On the disc between veins 14 and 2 and between veins 5 and 6

6 and 7, are three tear-shaped crimson splashes. From the base to one-third the

length of the wing there extends between vein 14 and hindmargin an orange splash

washed with crimson. Hindwing, basal half buffy white, purer white towards

costa ; disc crimson ; outer margin ochre-yellow, merging into the crimson of dise.

Head and thorax ochre-yellow; patagia laterally slate-grey.

whitish towards base ; anal segment slate-grey.

Underside: forewing, centre crimson; costa dark grey, washed at base with

orange ; apical and marginal patch same as above, only more whitish; rest of

marginal area dark grey; beyond middle and beyond apex of cell are two white

spots; inner-marginal area bufly white. Hindwing dirty buffy white; at apex of

cell a crimson dot; on the disc between veins 2 and 5 a large black patch ; above

this are some faint indications of red spots.

Thorax and legs ochre-yellow ; abdomen white, with a line of red dots on each

side ; tarsi blackish.

Abdomen crimson,

Female differs principally in having the markings of forewings more distinctly

separated, the crimson of hindwings much more extended, and the mesothorax more

distinctly washed with crimson.

Length of forewing : d, 25 mm.; 9, 30 mm.

Breadth is O10 es 29,13%,

Hab. Cedar Bay, 30 miles south of Cooktown, Queensland (A. S. Meek ley.).

( 605 )

INDEX.

abbreviata (Tephroclystia), 317. affinis (Phalaenoides), 49, 51.

abbreviatus (Papilio), 456. — (Tanygnathus), 176, 182.

abhadraca (Chrysocraspeda), 110. — (Terpsiphone), 585.

abingdonii (Testudo), 85, 90, 330 —334. — (Xyleutes), 600, 601.

Abraxas, 130, 395. africana (Xanthospilopteryx), 30.

Abraxinae, 130, 394. africanus (Micropus), 231.

absentimacula (Euchera), 337, agamemnon (Papilio), 323, 510.

absona (Anisogamia), 287. Aganaidae, 59, 185—208.

abstractaria (Omiza), 418. Aganais, 61, 185, 189—208,

Acadra, 407. Aganopis, 187, 188.

accentor ( Androphilus), 69. Agape, 60, 93, 94, 203, 208.

Accipiter, 18, 162, 177. Agaposoma, 59.

Acerajinae, 219, 230. Agarista, 24—29, 48,

Acerajus, 230. Agaristidae, 24—55, 97, 185, 208.

acheron (Papilio), 65. Agathia, 102, 284, 286, 362.

Acherontia, 430. Agathiopsis, 285, 286.

Acmonorhynchus, 151. agenor (Papilio), 502,

Acontia, 24—29. agilis (Macropus), 527.

Acridotheres, 14, 154. agoma (Mitophrys), 27.

Acrocephalus, 580, 593. agrata (Antitrygodes), 293.

Acrortha, 361. agricola (Agarista), 25, 26, 48.

Actenochroma, 282, 359. agrius (Rothia), 45.

Actinophorus, 72, 420, 421. Agrophila, 24—29.

actiosaria (Ptychopoda), 378. Agrotis, 24, 25.

acutipennis (Triphosa), 387. ajax (Papilio), 495, 496.

adamantius (Papilio), 91, 92. Alaudidae, 14.

addictaria (Craspedia), 372. albamedia (Phalaenoides), 25, 28, 49.

adonarensis (Papilio), 324, 478—502. Albara, 335.

adrasta (Diamuna), 55. albertisi (Aegotheles), 532.

adulatrix (Episteme), 29. albertisii (Goura), 19.

aegeus (Papilio), 423, 439, 493—521. albescens (Blepharoctenucha), 400.

Aegialites, 590, 598. albiannularia (Anisephyra), 369, 370.

Aegithina, 546, albibasis (Chogada), 403.

Aegocera, 24—43, 95, 96, — (Gathynia), 278.

Aegoceropsis, 42, 43. albicapilla (Macropygia), 164.

Aegotheles, 532. albicatena (Comostolodes), 309,

Aeluroedus, 11, 531, 534. albicilia (Mimeusemia), 50.

aenea (Carpophaga), 573, 574, 589, 597. albicollis (Streptocitta), 155.

Aepyornithidae, 260. albida (Plectoneura), 394.

aequata (Satara), 26. albidaria (Lassaba), 403.

aequidistans (Craspedia), 371. albifacies (Poecilodryas), 252.

Aétheolepis, 124, 126. albifimbria (Comostola), 105.

Aethopyga, 152, 537, 540, albiflava (Ptychopoda), 313.

affinis (Aegocera), 42. albifusa (Thalassodes), 23.

— (Arachnothera), 545. albigrisea (Fidonia), 407.

— (Calornis), 546. albilinea (Poecilaleis), 405,

— (Caprimulgus), 158, 549, 570, 574, 505, albimedia (Gubaria), 409.

— (Melilestes), 237. — (Polyphasia), 387

— (Milvus), 163, 248, 598. albinigrata (Perenia), 395.

— (Neochera), 200, 201, albipuncta (Hygrochroa), 145,

albisparsa (Zygoctenia), 300.

albivena (Asota), 205,

albiventris (Myiagra), 171.

— (Pisorhina), 572, 596.

— (Scops), 572.

albocinctus (Ptilinopus), 553, 563, 573, 597.

albomarginata (Agarista), 25, 28.

— (Scrobigera), 37.

albonotata (Tridrepana), 339.

albostriatus (Papilio), 66.

Alcedo, 166, 175, 244, 550, 570, 586, 599.

alcibiades (Papilio), 67.

alcindor (Papilio), 467—469.

alcinous (Papilio), 421, 489—505, 521.

Alcis, 131, 133.

Alcyone, 244.

Aletis, 206.

alexandri (Palaeornis), 552.

alinda (Bunaea), 602.

Allocotops, 70.

alluaudi (Sarothroceras), 27, 55.

alorensis (Papilio), 231.

alphenor (Papilio), 65, 467—469, 504.

Alseonax, 584.

amabilis (Charilina), 25,

Amalocichla, 531.

amalthea (Othria), 41.

— (Phasis), 41.

amanga (Papilio), 422, 423.

amaranta (Papilio), 422.

amatrix (Agarista), 25.

— (Serobigera), 37.

ambigua (Paradromulia), 301.

ambita (Luciola), 2.

Amblyornis, 11, 15, 253, 530.

amboinense (Edoliosoma), 170, 171, 584.

ambrax (Papilio), 466—504.

ambusta (Arctiopais), 47.

— (Epiplema), 347.

— (Hypsa), 47.

— (Pseudhypsa), 62.

amethystina (Hygrochroa), 146.

amoena (Burgena), 39.

amoenus (Copsychus), 543, 514.

Amphidasis, 433.

amplata (Gubaria), 410.

ampligutta (Perixera), 376.

Anaea, 600.

Anaeomorpha, 600.

Anagnia, 185—188, 203.

Analaches, 250.

analis (Agape), 60.

— (Dendrocopus), 550.

— (Pyenonotus), 546, 555, 594.

analoga (Ptilotis), £

analogus (Rhectes), 534.

Anas, 576, 598.

Andrhippuris, 28.

androcles (Papilio), 67, 502—527.

Androloma, 28.

( 606 )

andromedae (Geocichla), 555, 593.

Androphilus, 69, 149, 151, 165, 539,

Anerila, 59.

angasi (Apina), 26.

angulata (Calletaera), 159.

— (Epiplema), 275.

angulifera (Pingasa), 285.

angulosa ( Remodes), 382.

angustifascia (Massaga), 31. F

angustimargo (Semiothisa), 411.

angustiplaga (Immetalia), 32, 34.

Anisephyra, 369.

Anisodes, 114

Anisogamia, 286.

annulifer (Dirades), 274.

annulifera (Iodis), 107.

Anoa, 150.

anomala (Hemithea ?), 106.

— (Zosterops), 69, 149, 153.

Anoplosceles, 363.

ansorgei (Papilio), 324.

anthedon (Papilio), 478—506.

antheus (Papilio), 491, 495.

Anthracoceros, 551.

Anthreptes, 153, 233, 239, 545, 567, 581.

Anthus, 168, 558, 568, 580, 582, 594.

Antibadistes, 142, 408.

Antichera, 203.

Anticlea, 384.

anticrates (Papilio), 485—510.

antiopa (Vanessa), 509.

antiphates (Papilio), 67, 486—513.

antiphus (Papilio), 322, 490.

Antitrygodes, 293.

aper (Euryglottis), 325.

Aphanapteryx, 73—84, 260, 270.

Aphantoloba, 117.

aphidas (Aganais), 62.

— (Pseudhypsa), 62.

apicalis (Terpna), 308.

apicipuncta (Stesichora), 343.

Apina, 24—29, 54.

Aplochlora, 392.

apoda (Paradisea), 534.

Aponelides, 223,

Appias, 320.

approximans (Astur), 599.

Apteryx, 84.

Aptornis, 74—84, 270.

aquaticus (Rallus), 83.

aquila (Fregata), 599.

Arachnothera, 237, 545.

Arctiidae, 57—59.

arctioides (Spilobotys), 93.

Arctioneura, 26.

Arctiopais, 46.

arcuata (Dendrocygna), 590

— (Epiplema), 307.

arcutaria (Acadra), 407.

Ardea, 164, 565, 598.

u eo

Ardeola, 164, 598.

Ardetta, 164, 598.

Are, 27.

arenacearia (Tephrinopsis), 412.

arenosaria (Perixera), 312.

argentata (Euthisanotia), 41.

— (Laquea), 41. |

argentistriga (Tridrepana), 359.

argynnus (Papilio), 449.

argyromma (Phrissosceles), 114.

Arhostia, 109.

aristeus (Papilio), 68, 485—521.

aristolochiae (Papilio), 490 —502.

armillaris (Cyanops), 542, 551.

arnearia (Corymica), 144.

Arrothia, 46

Arses, 254.

Artamus, 154, 166, 168, 534, 547, 568, 575, 583,

594.

aruensis (Craspedosis), 399.

— (Cyclopsittacus), 535.

— (Eclectus), 535.

— (Geoffroyus), 245.

— (Monarcha), 242.

— (Philemon), 238, 534.

— (Rhectes), 534.

— (Tropidorhynchus), 238.

Ascotinae, 131, 298, 318, 402.

asiatica (Cyanops), 257, 258.

Asota, 59, 60, 186—208, 602.

Aspa, 203.

Asperasa, 25—29.

Aspidosoma, 6, 7.

aspilataria (Ptychopoda), 313.

assimilis (Circus), 163.

— (Paradirades), 353.

Astheninae, 116, 316, 382.

Astrapla, 9, 19.

Astrarchia, 9, 252.

astrophela (Opodiphtera), 21.

Astur, 162, 177, 246, 247, 589, 599.

ater (Dicrurus), 547.

aterrimus (Microglossus), 535.

Ateuchus, 72, 421.

atomaria (Parasynegia), 129.

atomata (Eumelea), 357.

atra (Fulica), 83, 261, 266.

— (Manucodia), 11, 534.

— (Xenorhina), 184, 185.

atriceps (Melipotes), 532.

— (Parus), 545, 557, 566, 581, 596.

atriclathrata ( Banisia), 340.

atrilineata (Phthonandria), 137.

atrimargo (Panaethia), 297.

atrocaerulea (Chibia), 237.

atropos (Acherontia), 430.

atrostipata (Poecilalcis), 319.

attenuata (Probolosceles), 269.

Aucula, 26, 27, 55.

audax (Lucidota), 5,

( 607 )

augias (Othria), 30.

Aulacocyclinae, 215, 219.

Aulacocyclus, 220.

aurantiifrons (Ptilopus), 536.

aureifloris (Discoglypha), 111.

aureifrons (Zosterops), 567, 532

aureliata (Eumelea), "281.

Aureliinae, 219, 230.

Aurelius, 230.

aureolimbatus (Acmonorhynchus), 151.

aurora (Cinnyris), 582.

— (Plusiotis), 457.

australasiae (Halcyon), 562, 586, 595.

australis (Acrocephalus), 580, 593.

— (Asota), 207.

— (Eurystomus), 245, 534, 571, 575, 58

austrosundanus (Papilio), 490.

Autallacta, 116.

Azata, 139, 302, 303.

Azelinopsis, 143, 144.

azurea (Hypothymis), 549, 561, 570, 595.

— (Sitta), 540.

Babirusa, 150.

badius (Phodilus), 552

baliensis (Ptilinopus), 552.

— (Rhinomyias), 549.

ba!zani (Thalurania), 259.

bangueyensis (Ptilopus), 179.

Banisia, 340, 341.

banyumas (Siphia), 71, 166, 171, 172.

Bapata, 59.

Bapta, n

Barasa, 25 —29.

Bardanes, 376, 382.

basalis (Chaleococeyx), 159.

— (Ophthalmis), 50.

Basilianus, 230.

basilissa (Hypsa), 199.

— (Neochera), 195, 196, 199.

Basilornis, 14, 154.

basipuncta ( Agathiopsis), 285.

— (Ocoelophora), 146.

batchianensis (Macropygia), 536.

batesi (Melirrhophetes), 16, 531

bathycles (Papilio), 484, 485, 499, 500, 5

> FOR

I, 999.

05.

bathyeloides (Papilio), 484, 485, 506, 521.

Batrachostomus, 580.

baumanniana (Pseudhypsa), 185.

Baza, 162, 177, 247, 536, 598.

beavani (Alcedo), 550.

beccarii (Emballonura), 527.

belangeri (Agarista), 25.

— (Fleta), 34, 35.

belfordi ( Melirrhophetes), 16, 531.

bengalensis (Alcedo), 166, 550.

— (Felis), 593.

bentet (Lanius), 54 7, 560, 569, 594,

( 608 )

bergii (Sterna), 250.

bernsteini (Immetalia), 32, 34.

Berta, 287.

beryllina (Alcedo), 599.

betularius ( Amphidasis), 433, 444.

bhawana (Neochera), 192—203.

bianor (Papilio), 67.

bicaudata (Epiplema), 318, 350.

Bicellonycha, 7.

bicolor ( Arrothia), 46.

— (Halterophora), 290.

— (Melanocharis), 15.

— (Myristicivora), 180, 536.

— (Pseudoschista), 120.

bicolorata ( Craspedosis), 398.

Bistoninae, 400.

bifenestratus (Cratomorphus), 6.

biflavata (Eumelea), 357.

biformis (Agarista), 48.

bijugata (Episteme), 29.

bilineata (Emmesomia), 118.

bimacula (Aegocera), 28, 42.

bimaculata (Craspediopsis), 109.

bimaculatus (Pycnonotus), 541.

bimaënsis (Chibia), 547, 560, 566, 569, 583, 594.

biplaga (Probolosceles), 368, 369.

bipunctata (Craspediopsis), 109.

— (Stesichora), 344.

bisma (Episteme), 29.

bistrigata (Bursada), 396.

bitorquatus (Turtur), 564, 573, 597.

biviridata (Tephroclystia), 125.

blainvillei (Peltops), 253.

blanca (Papilio), 423.

Blepharoctenucha, 400.

Boarmia, 298.

boarmiaria (Racotis), 137.

Bociraza, 356.

bohlsi (Aspidosoma), 7.

boisduvali (Xyleutes), 232, 601.

Bombinator, 184.

Bombycidae, 451.

bonensis (Pachycephala), 155.

boneratensis (Oriolus), 166, 169, 182.

bonthaina (Pachycephala), 69, 149, 155.

— (Siphia), 157, 165.

Borbacha, 130, 296, 306, 392, 393.

borbachodes (Parasynegia), 393.

borbonica (Aganais), 61, 62.

Bordeta, 130.

borealis (Papilio), 466, 498.

— (Phylloscopus), 150, 167, 544, 566, 581.

borneensis (Chlorura), 558.

bouruensis (Troides), 63.

Bowdleria, 539.

Braccinae, 130, 396.

Brachypteryx, 544, 557, 566, 593.

brassicae (Pieris), 432.

breviceps (Phalanger), 528.

brevipennis (Rhectes), 534.

broderipi (Oriolus), 169, 560, 569, 583, 594.

broecki (Aphanapteryx), 73, 78, 79, 81, 83.

browni (Mus), 527.

— (Reinwardtoenas), 19.

bruijni (Grallina), 14.

— (Immetalia), 32.

— (Pomareopsis), 14, 253.

brunnea (Corymica), 144.

— (Scotorythra), 406.

brunneata (Semiothisa), 140, 141.

brunneicauda (Zosterops), 567.

brunneiceps ( Munia), 154.

brunneipectus (Pseudogerygone), 241.

brunneiventris ( Chlorura), 558.

brunnescens (Remodes), 295.

bryoniae (Pieris), 458.

Bryophila, 25, 29.

bubonaria (Sebastosema), 100.

Bubulcus, 164, 181.

Buchanga, 537.

bullifera (Pharambara), 343.

Bulonga, 408.

Bunaea, 602.

bunguranum (Diplopelma), 185.

Burgena, 31, 39, 40.

Bursada, 396, 398.

Butastur, 162.

butleri (Hypsa), 197.

— (Neochera), 195—201.

— (Xanthospilopteryx), 30.

Butorides, 181, 598.

biittikoferi (Cinnyris), 581.

buyssoni (Aspidosoma), 6.

Duzura, 401.

Cabalus, 73—84, 266—271.

Cacatua, 176, 245, 563, 587, 596.

Cacomantis, 159, 243, 551, 562, 572, 586, 595.

caeruleogriseus (Graucalus), 534.

caesia (Actenochroma), 282.

calamistrata (Polyphasia), 387.

caledonicus (Nycticorax), 181, 536.

Calicha (?), 132.

ealida (Luxiaria), 410.

Calidas, 227.

calidris (Totanus), 180.

Callerinnys, 407.

Calletaera, 139, 303.

callierossa (Boarmia), 298, 299.

Callimorpha, 27, 435.

callisto (Apina), 24, 26, 54.

Caloenas, 248.

Calornis, 13, 14, 154, 158, 182, 235, 516, 559,

568, 580, 583, 594.

Calpenia, 59.

camelaria (Catoria), 402.

Campochaera, 532.

Camptochilus, 342.

( 609 )

Camptolophia, 102.

cana (Celerena), 281.

canaliculata (Anticlea), 384.

candidemarginata (Scrobigera), 37.

Canerkes, 56, 93.

canopinus (Papilio), 65.

canopus (Papilio), 65, 455.

cantillans (Cettia), 538.

caprata (Pratincola), 150, 166, 544, 553, 566,

580, 593.

Caprimulgus, 158, 175, 182, 231, 549, 562, 570,

574, 580, 595.

Carabus, 448.

carbonaria (Chibia), 236, 237.

— (Dicruropsis), 534.

carbonata (Catoria), 402.

Carecomotis, 402.

caricae (Asota), 189, 207.

Carinatae, 79, 260.

carminata (Rothia), 45.

Carponycteris, 526.

Carpophaga, 163, 174, 180, 248, 536, 552, 564,

565, 573, 574, 589, 597.

Caryatis, 59.

cassicus (Cracticus), 235, 534.

Cassius, 226.

castanea (Mimochroa), 320.

castaneum (Nettion), 165.

castanopterum (Glaucidium), 552.

Castnia, 52.

Castniidae, 26, 52, 195.

castor (Papilio), 66,

Casuariidae, 260.

Cataponera, 70, 149, 151.

Catascia, 318.

Catocala, 195.

Catoria, 402.

Caularis, 55.

Caulifer, 220.

caunus (Papilio), 449, 450.

celataria (Diplodesma), 289.

celebensis (Agape), 60.

— (Anthreptes), 153, 581.

— (Basileornis), 154.

— (Baza), 162.

— (Cuscus), 150.

— (Hypotaenida), 83, 267—271.

— (Immetalia), 33, 34.

— (Melilestes), 237.

— (Merula), 69, 150, 165.

— (Pernis), 177.

— (Pyrrhocentor), 160.

— (Rhipidura), 167, 173, 182, 585.

— (Troides), 63, 64.

celebicum (Dicaeum), 151.

Celerena, 281, 356.

centralis (Phalaenoides), 326.

Centropus, 17, 160, 176, 243, 552, 502, 572, 5

586, 595.

Cephalotes, 526,

Cephanodes, 231.

Ceracupes, 220,

ceramense (Edoliosoma), 171.

Cercaria, 434.

Cerchneis, 589, 597.

cervinicauda (Drepanornis), 9, 252.

cerviniventris (Chlamydodera), 11.

cervinus (Hipposiderus), 526.

Cervulus, 593.

Cervus, 578.

Cetejus, 230.

Cettia, 538, 539.

Ceycopsis, 158.

ceylonensis (Culicicapa), 549, 584.

Ceyx, 244, 551, 571, 580, 595.

Chaetoceras, 344.

Chaetopyga, 344, 345.

Chalcococeyx, 159, 572.

Chaleoparia, 540.

Chaleophaps, 163, 249, 536, 554, 564, 574, 590,

598.

Chalcopsittacus, 535.

Chalcosiidae, 56, 57.

chalybea (Calornis), 154, 546, 559.

chalybeata (Burgena), 39.

— (Manucodia), 252.

chalybeocephalus (Monarcha), 242.

Charadrius, 180, 599.

Chariclea, 25—29.

Charilina, 25—29.

Charmosyna, 18.

chathamensis (Fulica), 261—266.

— (Palaeolimnas), 260, 261.

Chelonomorpha, 31, 35—40.

Chiasmia, 137, 138.

Chiasmodes, 138.

Chibia, 166, 236, 547, 560, 566, 569, 582, 594.

chinensis (Excalfactoria), 598.

chione (Noctua), 197.

chiron (Papilio), 484, 485, 506, 521.

chironides (Papilio), 485.

Chlamydodera, 11.

chlora (Pingasa), 508.

chloris (Haleyon), 158, 166, 175, 551, 562, 571,

586, 595.

Chlorocharis, 70, 149, 152, 165.

Chlorochromodes, 103.

Chloroclystis, 124, 126, 389, 391.

Chlorodontopera, 289.

chlorogaster (Anthreptes), 545, 567, 581.

Chloromianta, 104.

Chloromma, 104, 105.

chloroptera (Myzomela), 153, 168, 182.

chloropus (Gallinula), 164, 599.

chloropyga (Agape), 60.

— (Spilobotys), 94, 2: yr:

Chlorura, 558, 565, 594.

Chogada, 298, 403.

Chondrocephalus, 221.

choredon (Papilio), 323, 324, 478—484, 496, 506

( 610 )

Chotorhea, 542.

christianae (Cinnyris), 240.

chrysochlora (Chalcophaps), 249.

Chrysochloroma, 288, 363.

Chrysoclystis, 390.

Chrysocolaptes, 549.

Chrysocraspeda, 109, 110, 370, 383.

chrysomelas (Monarcha), 242.

Chrysomphe, 364.

chrysonotus, 543.

chrysopedila ( Plusiotis), 4

chrysorrhous ( Ptilopus), 1

chrysotis (Ptilotis), 15.

Ciceroniinae, 218, 227.

Ciceronius, 227.

Cicinnurus, 9, 10, 530, 534.

Cidaria, 121.

cinctus (Ptilinopus), 563.

cineracea (Buchanga), 537.

— (Dryocoetis), 403.

cineraceus (Dicrurus), 541, 547, 560.

cinerascens (Neochera), 195.

cinerea (Agathia), 284.

— (Omiza), 320.

— (Opistheploce), 392.

cinerearia (Xanthorhoë), 388.

cinereata (Polyphasia), 387.

cinereiceps (Macropygia), 249, 536.

cinereus (Acridotheres), 154.

— (Poliolimnas), 180.

cinnamomea (Ardetta), 164, 598.

Cinnyris, 152, 167, 182, 240, 545, 557, 567, 575,

581, 594.

Circaétus, 598.

circumdata (Luciola), 2.

Circus, 163.

cirrhocephalus (Accipiter), 18.

Cisticola, 150, 151, 554, 574, 581, 593.

cisticola (Cisticola), 151, 554, 574, 581, 593.

Cistidia, 26.

citrina (Geocichla), 543, 544.

citrinella (Zosterops), 540, 557, 582, 594.

citrinocristata (Cacatua), 587.

Cladodus, 4.

clathrata (Epiplema), 347.

clathratus (Papilio), 322.

clauda (Hypocometa), 119.

cleopatra (Gonopteryx), 427.

Cleptocosmia, 383.

clio (Pachycephala), 170.

Clitis, 26—29, 53.

cloanthus (Papilio), 473—503, 506, 521.

clymene (Scrobigera), 37, 38.

clymenus (Papilio), 474, 475, 506, 521.

clytia (Papilio), 439, 440, 504.

Cnemiornis, 84, 260.

Cnemophilus, 13, 252, 530.

Cobanilla, 335.

coccineifrons (Cicinnurus), 10.

codrus (Papilio), 424, 491,

5T.

79.

Coenocalpe, 334.

coerulea (Microloxia), 368.

coeruleata (Iodis), 107.

coeruleodisca (Epiplema), 275.

coffeae (Pachygonia), 23.

Collix, 385.

Collocalia, 158, 175, 243, 542, 570, 576, 595

Colluricincla, 15.

collurio (Lanius), 242.

colonus (Halcyon), 244.

colorata (H ygrochroa), 145.

— (Ischalis), 145.

— (Rambara), 359.

Columba, 542, 564, 574, 597.

columbaris (Omiza), 417.

columbiana (Othria), 41.

— (Phasis), 41.

Comacupes, 220.

Comibaena, 368.

Comocrus, 40.

Comostola, 105, 288, 292, 299, 306.

Comostolodes, 308, 309, 365.

compacta (Sarcinodes), 255.

complanata (Ptychopoda), 313.

comrii (Manucodia), 234.

concinna (Carpophaga), 179.

— (Pitta), 175, 561, 586, 595.

concolor (Cratomorphus), 2.

— (Dueula), 553.

confertus (Ophthalmis), 49.

— (Phalaenoides), 49.

confiniscripta (Perixera), 374.

conflictaria (Epiplema), 277.

confusus (Papilio), 421, 489, 500, 506, 521.

congoanus (Papilio), 325.

conjunctiva (Phthonandria ?), 156.

connotata (Semiothisa), 304.

consimilata (Ptychopoda), 313.

conspicillata (Pseudogerygone), 241.

conspicillatus (Pteropus), 526.

conspicua (Episteme), 29.

contorta (Asota), 193, 204, 208, 602.

contortilinea (Epirrhoe ?), 121.

contortus (Comocrus), 40.

contracta (Idiochlora), 107, 289.

convallata (Megalochlora), 108.

convexus (Anthracoceros), 551.

coon (Papilio), 421.

Copidryas, 24—29, 41, 53.

Copsychus, 543, 544.

Coptogonia, 380.

Coracias, 158.

Corbula, 592.

cornelia (Eclectus), 577, 587.

cornigera ( Aegocera), 24, 54.

— (Ipana), 54.

cornix (Corvus), 234.

cornuta (Pyrrhorachis), 292.

coromandus (Bubulcus), 164, 181

Corone, 542,

corone (Corvus), 234.

coronulatus (Ptilopus), 536.

corticata (Hyposidra), 306.

Corymica, 144, 505.

coryndoni (Aegocera), 96.

Corvus, 155, 234, 543, 580, 598.

Cossidae, 232.

costata (Rambara), 101.

costiguttata (Eois), 311.

costistrigata ( Ephemerophila), 134.

Cracticus, 235, 534.

Craspedia, 310, 371.

Craspediopsis, 109.

Craspedophora, 8, 9, 530.

Craspedosis, 297, 398.

crassa (Carponycteris), 526.

crassirostris (Eurystomus), 243.

crassistriga (Terpna), 361.

Cratomorphus, 1, 2, 6.

cretacea (Epiplema), 277.

Crinala, 35, 36, 40.

Criniger, 546.

Crinocula, 36, 40.

cristata (Fulica), 261, 266.

croceomarginata (Chrysocraspeda), 370.

croesus (Ornithoptera), 440.

crossei (Theretra), 22.

Cruria, 39, 40.

erypsichroma (Euxena), 366.

Crypsirhina, 547.

Cryptolopha, 49, 69, 549, 561, 570, 595.

cucullata (Lucidota), 5.

Cuculus, 146, 159, 552, 562, 572

Culicicapa, 157, 171, 549, 584.

cuneilinea (Antitrygodes), 293.

curvilinea (Epiplema), 348.

curvirostris (Rhinococeyx), 552.

— (Phoenicophaes), 552.

Cuscus, 150.

Cusiala, 298, 401.

cyanea (Immetalia), 33, 34.

cyaniventris (Halcyon), 551.

Cyanoderma, 70, 544, 565.

Cyanops, 257, 258, 542, 551.

cyanoxantha (Panaethia), 298.

cyanura (Eucichla), 549.

cyanurum (Lygosoma), 185.

Cyclopsitta, 254.

Cyclopsittacus, 233, 245, 535.

Cylindrocaulus, 222.

cymbalariae (Omia), 24.

cynaspes (Immetalia), 32.

cynomolgus (Macacus), 578, 593.

Cyphoproculus, 224.

Cyrtostomus, 166.

cyrus (Papilio), 457, 492.

Cystidia, 399.

" 595:

Dacelo, 17,

(46115

daemonius (Papilio), 489.

Damalis, 61, 203.

dampieri (Urospizias), 247.

darna (Agarista), 30, 41.

darwiniensis (Cruria), 39.

Dasyptilus, 17.

daudiaii (Testudo), 90.

davidianus (Euryglottis), 325.

deceptrix ( Poecilalcis), 319.

decipiens ( Longicella), 51.

decolor (Papilio), 67.

decolorata (Oenochroma), 354.

decora (Paradisea), 233, 235.

decorata (Thalerura), 369.

deflavaria (Ptychopoda), 378.

deformis (Evarzia), 408.

— (Macrostylodes), 352.

defossor (Aptornis), 83.

degener (Emelea), 356.

Deiliniinae, 128, 296, 317, 392.

deiphobus (Papilio), 464, 494.

deiphontes (Papilio), 464.

deipylus (Papilio), 464.

delesserti (Papilio), 503.

Delias, 56.

delicatula (Iodis), 309.

delicia (Massaga), 31.

— (Misa), 31, 42.

deliciosa (Comostolodes), 365.

demena (Massaga), 31.

— (Misa), 31.

Demiegretta, 250.

deminuta (Callerinnys), 407.

Dendrocopus, 550.

Dendrocygna, 590. E

denigrata (Epiplema), 276.

— (Laciniodes), 316.

dentata (Geometra), 268.

— (Orthotmeta), 304.

— (Polyaeme), 418.

dentatrix (Episteme), 26, 28.

— (Exsula), 35.

denticulosa (Heterostegania), 128.

dentifera (Polyphasia), 387.

dentilineata (Ectropis), 403.

depilis (Papilio), 422, 469, 470, 473, 503, 519.

Diamuna, 26, 27—29, 53, 55.

Diaphorapteryx, 73—84, 260, 270.

Dicaeum, 151, 167, 182, 256, 545, 557, 576, 581,

594, 599.

Dicruropsis, 237, 534.

Dicrurus, 155, 168, 237, 541, 547, 560, 594.

Didimoïdes, 228.

Didimus, 228.

Didus, 76—84, 260.

dieffenbachii (Cabalus), 73, 74, 78, 80, 81, 83.

— (Rallus), 266—271.

Digama, 59, 203, 207.

dillwynni (Ceyx), 571.

dimorpha (Ninox), 533,

Dinornithidae, 76— 84, 260.

Diphyllodes, 10, 530.

Diplodesma, 289,

Diplopelma, 185.

Diplurodes, 132.

Dirades, 274, 345.

discigera (Plutodes), 296.

Discoglypha, 110, 111, 116.

discolor (Actenochroma), 359.

— (Tanaorhinus), 108.

disconnecta (Agathia), 362.

disjuncta (Lucidota), 1.

dispansa (Comostolodes), 309.

dispar (Acontia), 24.

— (Aegocera), 43.

Dissemurus, 541.

dissentiens (Cinnyris), 152, 107.

dissessa (Geometra), 368.

dissimilis (Papilio), 440.

Dissoplaga, 147.

Dissura, 598.

distans (Bulonga), 408.

distinctus ( Cratomorphus), 2.

Distonum, 434.

diversa (Agarista), 54.

diversiformis (Agathia), 284.

diversilinea (Agathia), 284.

diversilineata (Nadagara), 143.

diversipennis (Eversmannia), 350.

divisaria (Antitrygodes), 293.

Dizuga, 372.

djampeana (Siphia), 172, 182.

docilis (Theretra), 600.

Dodacles, 4.

dodingensis (Papilio), 323, 481, 483, 506.

dognini (Euryglottis), 325.

dohertyi (Edoliosoma), 584,

— (Geocichla), 555, 566, 593.

— (Lophozosterops), 568, 575.

— (Ptilinopus), 577, 589.

doleschalli (Eusemia), 28.

— (Immetalia), 32.

dolichopsis (Hyla), 185.

dominia (Hypsa), 197, 198.

— (Neochera), 193—200.

— (Phalaena Bombyx), 197.

dominula (Callimorpha), 435.

donowani (Cruria), 39, 40.

— (Phalaenoides), 28.

dorcus (Papilio), 67,

doreana (Immetalia), 32.

doreya (Macropygia), 249, 526.

doryana (Perameles), 529.

dotata (Metallochlora), 367.

doubledayarius ( Amphidasis), 433

dougalli (Sterna), 250.

Drapetodes, 336.

Drepana, 272,

Drepanopsis, 144, 145.

Drepanornis, 9, 252,

( 612 )

Drepanulidae, 272, 335.

Dryococeyx, 160.

Dryocoetis, 403.

dubia (Aegialites), 590.

— (Pachycephala), 236.

dubitata (Triphosa), 387.

dubium (Scissirostrum), 154.

Dueula, 553.

Duga, 27.

dumetoria (Erythromyias), 561, 570, 575, 595.

dumonti (Mino), 13, 14, 534.

duperreyi (Megapodius), 166, 181, 574, 598.

duplicata (Eligma), 57, 58.

Dysethia, 118, 316.

dysphanioides (Milionia), 327.

Dysrhombia, 346.

eburnivena (Phanauta), 147.

echione (Hespagarista), 44.

— (Noctua), 201.

Eclectus, 245, 535, 577, 580, 587, 596.

Ectropis, 136, 318, 403.

ecuadorina (Othria), 29.

Edoliosoma, 170, 171, 182, 242, 581.

egens (Asota), 62, 204—207.

Egybolis, 59.

Elanus, 177.

electrica ( Chrysochloroma), 363.

elegans (Milionia), 327.

— (Siphia), 548.

elegantula (Aegocera), 43.

elephantina (Testudo), 85.

elephantopus (Testudo), 85, 90.

elevatus (Cratomorphus), 1, 2.

Eligma, 57—59.

elongata (Banisia), 340.

Elphos, 300.

emancipata (Edoliosoma), 170, 182, 584.

emarginaria (Chloroclystis), 391.

Emballonura, 526, 527.

emiliae (Chlorocharis), 70, 153.

emiliana (Macropygia), 554, 564, 597.

Emmesomia, 118.

Enantiodes, 133.

enarratus (Caprimulgus), 231.

enca (Corvus), 155.

Enicurus, 544.

Ennominae, 143, 305, 320, 415.

eoa ( Xanthospilopteryx), 30.

Eois, 111, 112, 311.

eolaria (Catascia), 318.

Eos, 254, 255.

Epeus, 229.

Ephemerophila, 134.

ephippium (Testudo), 85, 90, 329, 334.

Epilaches, 230.

Epimachus, 9, 252, 530.

Epione, 417.

epipales (Rothia), 45.

Epipertinax, 224.

Epiphanus, 226.

Epiplema, 275, 307, 347, 350, 353.

Epiplemidae, 274, 507, 344.

Epirrhanthis, 100.

Epirrhoe (?), 121.

episcopus (Dissura), 598.

Episothalma, 289.

Episphenoides, 230.

Episphenus, 225.

Episteme, 25—29.

epistictis (Chogada), 298, 403.

Equus, 433.

Erastria, 25—29.

erebeus (Dodacles), 4.

Eriocneminae, 219, 229.

Eriocnemis, 229.

Erionominae, 216, 222.

Erionomus, 222.

Eriopithex, 390.

eriopis (Rothia), 28, 45.

Eriopterus, 222.

Eriosternus, 222.

ernesti (Falco), 18, 248.

erosioides (Phazaca), 278.

erubescens (Perixera), 374.

Erythra, 166, 180.

erythra (Parasynegia), 393.

Erythrolophus, 110, 111.

Erythromachus, 74—84, 267—270.

Erythromyias, 561, 570, 575, 595.

erythronota (Geocichla), 556.

erythropsalis (Hypsidia), 602, 603.

erythropterum (Cyanoderma), 545.

erythrothorax (Baza), 162.

— (Lorius), 254.

Esacus, 180, 250.

esculenta (Collocalia), 158, 175, 243, 570.

etorques (Astur), 246, 247.

Eubyjinae, 298.

euchenor (Papilio), 469—473, 498, 503, 519.

Euchera, 337.

euchrysa ( Borbacha), 305.

— (Onychodes), 306.

Eucichla, 549.

Eucorax, 235.

Eudynamis, 572, 574, 575, 599.

euerythra (Ceyx), 571.

eugenia (Hypsa), 201.

— (Neochera), 193—208.

— (Phalaena Bombyx), 201.

Eulabes, 547, 568, 580.

Eumelea, 281, 356.

Eumelosomus, 228.

Eumelus, 228.

Eupetes, 531.

euphorion (Papilio), 457.

Euplocia, 52, 87, 208, 449.

Eupsephopaectes, 25, 29.

Euryglottis, 325.

( 613 )

eurypylus (Papilio), 424, 425, 440, 499, 510.

Eurystomus, 176, 243, 534, 571, 575, 586, 595.

Eurytaphria, 321.

euryura (Rhipidura), 542.

euryzona (Gasterocome), 136.

euschemoides (Canerkes), 56, 93,

Euschirropterus, 41, 47.

Eusemia, 25—28, 29.

Euthisanotia, 41.

eutropius (Papilio), 471, 473, 498.

Euxena, 365.

Evarzia, 408,

everetti (Androphilus), 69, 149, 151.

— (Milionia), 98.

— (Monarcha), 173, 174, 182,

— (Pachycephala), 169, 170, 182.

Eversmannia, 350.

exanthoptera (Tridrepana), 339.

Excalfactoria, 598.

excavata (Prionia), 419.

exilis (Cisticola), 150, 557.

eximia (Aethopygia), 540.

exsul (Pericrocotus), 548, 561, 595.

Exsula, 35, 40.

externa (Azelinopsis), 143.

extincta (Lamprocera), 4.

fabricata ( Mitophrys), 43.

falcata (Hecatesia), 52, 53.

falcifera (Schistophyle), 101.

Falco, 18, 248, 256, 533, 566, 572, 597.

fallax (Ceycopsis), 158.

— (Zosterops), 546.

familiaris (Prinia), 545.

farinata (Xanthorhoé), 388.

Fascellina, 320.

fasciata (Chogada), 299.

— (Poecilalcis), 405.

— (Rallina), 554, 598.

— (Scardamia), 296.

fasciatrix (Episteme), 29.

fatima (Xanthospilopteryx), 30.

Felis, 593.

fenestrata (Hecatesia), 49, 51, 52.

— (Lampyris), 6.

fenestratum (Aspidosoma), 6.

fergussonis (Melilestes), 237.

ferrugata (Drepanopsis), 145.

ferruginata (Chloromianta), 104.

fervida (Aegocera), 42, 96.

fessa (Cusiala), 401.

ficus (Aganais), 62, 193, 206, 207.

— (Lacides), 62.

Fidonia, 407.

Fidoniinae, 137, 138, 467.

filigera (Ptilotis), 15.

finschi (Pitta), 242.

— (Trichostoma), 151.

Flaminiinae, 218, 227.

Flaminius, 227.

flammea (Strix), 161, 177, 588, 599.

flammeum (Dicaeum), 545, 599.

flava (Motacilla), 154, 168, 546.

— (Pseudocoremia), 406.

flavata (Bardanes), 382.

flaveola (Gerygone), 157, 171.

flaviciliata (Scrobigera), 37.

flavicincta (Comostola), 288, 306.

flavidior (Orthobrachia), 128.

flavidiventris (Sporaeginthus), 559, 582.

flavifimbria (Metallochlora), 367.

flavifrons (Amblyornis), 13.

flavifusa (Polyphasia), 387.

flavifusata (Oenospila), 292.

flavimacula (Potera), 395.

flavimaculata (Pardodes), 295.

flavirostris (Syma), 535. -

flavirubra (Perixera), 375.

flavisinuata (Eois), 111.

flavispila (Perixera), 312.

Flavius, 227.

flaviventris (Milionia), 327.

flavocinctus (Oriolus), 534.

flavostriata (Aethopyga), 152.

flavovirescens (Microeca), 253.

flavus (Papilio), 462.

Fleta, 34, 35, 40.

flexicosta (Acrortha), 361.

flexilinea (Panaethia), 297.

fleximargo (Drepana), 272.

floresaria (Oenospila), 292.

floresiana (Alcedo), 550, 571, 586.

— (Pelargopsis), 565, 570, 599.

floresianus (Geoffroyus), 563, 587.

floris (Graucalus), 569.

— (Terpsiphone), 585.

forbesi (Myzomela), 239.

— (Rallieula), 533.

formosanus (Papilio), 423.

formosus (Dissemurus), 541.

— (Ptilopus), 163.

forsteni (Carpophaga), 163.

— (Trichoglossus), 176, 182, 566,

fortis (Pachycephala), 235, 236.

francica (Collocalia), 175.

Fregata, 599.

frenata (Cinnyris), 167, 240, 582.

fruticola (Photuris), 7.

— (Telephoroides), 7.

fucipennis (Neochera), 201, 202.

fuciphaga (Collocalia), 243.

fer}

fulgidus (Monachalcyon), 562, 571, 595.

Fulica, 73, 83, 260, 266.

fulvata (Epiplema), 207, 348.

fulvilinea (Epiplema), 276.

fulvimacula (Bursada), 397.

fulvistriga (Perizoma), 386.

fulviventris (Pachycephala), 583.

fulvotincta (Pachycephala), 170, 569.

( 614 )

fulvus (Charadrius), 180, 599.

fumicosta (Eumelea), 357.

fumigatus (Melipotes), 532.

fumosa (Neochera), 198—201.

— (Semiothisa), 320.

funebris (Craspedosis), 297.

— (Hespagarista), 44.

— (Phalaenoides), 26, 48, 49.

funebrosa (Terpna), 308.

furcata (Perixera), 375.

fusca (Semiothisa), 412.

fuscata (Eos), 254.

fuscibrunnea (Aleis ?), 131.

fuscicapillus (Macrocorax), 534.

fuscifrons (Epiplema), 348.

fuscimargo (Oreta), 338.

fuscobrunnea (Catascia), 318.

fuscoviridis (Fascellina), 320.

fuseus (Ocydromus), 83.

galapagoensis (Testudo), 85.

galbulata (Omiza), 418.

gallaria (Selenia), 417.

gallieus (Circaétus), 598.

Gallinago, 180.

Gallinula, 164, 599.

Gallus, 164, 554, 564, 574, 598.

gallus (Gallus), 164, 564, 598.

gambrisius (Papilio), 422, 456, 464, 503.

Garrulax, 70.

Gasterocome, 136.

Gathynia, 278, 350, 352.

gaudichaud (Sauromarptis), 17, 535.

— (Dacelo), 17.

Gazzola, 155.

Gecinus, 542, 549.

Geocichla, 543, 544, 555, 566, 593.

Geoffroyus, 245, 563, 576, 587, 596.

Geometra, 368.

Geometridae, 280, 308, 353, 433.

Geometrinae, 102, 308, 361.

Geopelia, 164, 554, 594, 590, 597.

Gerygone, 157, 171.

geryon (Xanthospilopteryx), 28.

gibberifrons (Nettion), 165, 181, 590.

gibbosa (Chrysocraspeda), 370.

gilolensis (Papilio), 424.

girrenera (Haliastur), 248, 536.

glaphyralis (Pharambara), 343.

glauca (Milionia), 27.

Glaucidium, 552.

Glossoptilus, 532.

glottis (Totanus), 180.

Glottula, 25, 29.

gloveri (Copidryas), 24, 41.

glycinae (Phalaenoides), 48, 49, 94.

Glyciphila, 592.

godarti (Papilio), 469—471.

Godasa, 26, 29, 47, 48, 59.

( 615 )

goldiei (Glossoptilus), 532.

— (Macropygia), 536.

— (Ninox), 246.

— (Phalaenoides), 48, 49, 50, 95.

Gonanticlea, 386.

Gonatas, 229.

Gonatinae, 219, 229.

Gonocilix, 337.

Gonodela, 139, 408, 409.

Gonopteryx, 427.

Gonyocephalus, 185.

gouldi (Megapodius), 181.

— (Phonygama), 11.

Goura, 19.

Gracula, 14.

Gracupica, 547, 594.

Grallina, 14.

grandidieri (Actinophorus), 420.

grandis (Iyngipieus), 562, 570, 595.

grata (Malia), 255, 256.

Graucalus, 156, 554, 541, 548, 569, 576, 584.

grayi (Sauropatis), 245.

grisea (Calletaera), 302.

— (Epiplema), 276.

griseata (Pachyplocia), 404.

— (Stibarostoma), 380.

griseicauda (Osmotreron), 163, 552, 563.

— (Treron), 166.

griseigularis (Astur), 247.

griseinucha (Macropygia), 249, 536.

griseiventris (Zosterops), 567.

griseofusa (Celerena), 281.

griseola (Panacra), 600.

griseosticta (Muscicapa), 156.

griseotincta (Reinwardtoenas), 18, 248.

grisescens (Ptychopoda, 313.

grisola (Pachycephala), 548, 560, 595.

Gubaria, 409.

gularis (Accipiter), 177.

— (Criniger), 546.

güntheri (Testudo), 85.

gurial (Pelargopsis), 510.

gustavi (Anthus), 168.

guttatus (Papilio), 68.

guttula (Monarcha), 242.

gutturalis (Hirundo), 585.

Gyadroma, 300.

Gymnocorax, 234.

Gymnodactylus, 185.

Gymnopera, 127.

haematodes (Trichoglossus), 580, 586, 596.

haesitandus (Spilospizias), 162.

halans (Mitophrys), 27.

halaris (Mitophrys), 42.

Halcyon, 158, 166, 175, 244, 534, 551, 571, 580,

595.

Haliaétus, 166, 597.

Haliastur, 248, 536, 597.

haliphron (Papilio), 513.

Halterophora, 289.

hampsoni (Idaea), 111.

Harpyia, 526.

Hatteria, 84.

hawkinsi (Diaphorapteryx), 73—83, 260.

hearseyana (Digama), 59.

Hecatesia, 27, 30, 41, 51.

helena (Ornithoptera), 62, 64.

helenus (Papilio), 519.

— (Troides), 497.

helianthea (Culicicapa), 157, 171.

heliconia ( Asota), 204—208.

heliconides (Neochera), 195—202.

Helicopage, 106.

Heliodes, 24, 29.

Heliothis, 25, 29.

Helminthoceras, 381.

helvetica (Squatarola), 250.

Hemerophila, 135.

Hemipus, 548.

Hemistola, 309.

Hemithea, 106, 107, 290, 366.

Henicopernis, 533.

henkei (Arses), 254.

hepaticata (Dirades), 345.

Hepialus, 457.

hermocrates (Papilio), 485—509.

Herpa, 325.

herpa (Neochera), 198, 200.

Hespagarista, 28, 44, 97.

hesperioides (Agarista), 25.

— (Eusemia), 38.

— (Serobigera), 37, 38.

Hesperornis, 79.

Heterochilus, 230.

Heterodisca, 415.

Heterostegania, 128.

hethlandicus (Hepialus), 457, 458.

Himantopus, 180.

Hipocrita, 203.

Hipparion, 433.

hippocrates (Papilio), 448, 462.

hipponous (Papilio), 65.

Hipposiderus, 526. te

hirundinalis (Helicopage), 106.

Hirundo, 585, 595.

Histia, 56.

honorata (Eudynamis), 575.

hornimanni (Xanthospilopteryx), 30.

horrida (Chaetopyga), 345.

horsfieldi (Geocichla), 555, 593.

— (Mirafra), 568.

— (Oriolus), 543.

humeraria (Ephemerophila), 135.

— (Ptychopoda), 314.

humerata (Albara), 335.

humilis (Luciola), 2.

humuli (Hepialus), 457, 458.

hunsteini (Diphyllodes), 10, 530.

hunsteini (Phonygama), 11, 233, 235, 246.

hyaloplaga (Bursada), 396, 397.

Hydrelia, 383.

Hydriomeninae, 121, 315, 384.

hydrocharis (Tanysiptera), 534.

Hygrochroa, 145, 146.

Hyla, 185.

Hypephyra, 319.

Hyperythra, 140.

hyperythra (Chlorura), 558, 559.

— (Muscicapula), 156, 548, 561, 569, 595.

hyphenophora (Craspedia), 310.

Hypochroma, 102, 360.

Hypocometa, 119.

hypoenochrous (Lorius), 245.

hypoleucus (Elanus), 177.

— (Totanus), 166, 250.

— (Tringoides), 554, 590.

_ hypomelanus (Pteropus). 526.

Hyposidra, 305, 306, 416.

Hypothymis, 157, 549, 561, 570, 595.

hypoxanthus (Ploceus), 543.

Hypsa, 47, 59—61, 185—208.

hypsiclides (Papilio), 65.

Hypsidae, 59, 185—208.

Hypsidia, 602.

hypsoides (Eligma), 57, 58.

hyroglyphica (Phalaena), 24.

Hystrix, 593.

Idaea, 111

Idiochlora, 105, 107, 289.

igniferum (Dicaeum), 566.

iliolophus ( Melilestes), 237.

illiturata (Epiplema), 275.

Immetalia, 31, 32—34, 35, 40, 94.

impar (Papilio), 481.

imparilis (Papilio), 481.

impediens (Papilio), 489.

imperialis (Oenochlora), 354.

inaequata (Craspediopsis), 109.

— (Sesquiptera), 126.

inangulata (Ptychopoda), 313.

incaria (Epione), 417.

incensata (Capasa), 415.

inceptaria (Psilaleis), 133.

incomptaria (H yposidra), 306.

incondita (Eos), 255.

inconspicua (Euplocia), 190—192.

— (Ochyria), 122.

— (Petelia), 400.

— (Phalaenoides), 49.

incorrupta ( Anisephyra), 370.

indentata (Lassaba), 403. >

indica (Eligma), 57, 58.

— (Chalcophaps), 163, 554, 564, 574, 590, 598.

indicus (Papilio), 68.

— (Porphyrio), 249.

( 616 )

indigo (Stoparola), 541.

inductaria (Comostolodes), 309.

infixaria (Hyposidra), 416.

inflammata (Discoglypha), 111.

innominata (Ceyx), 551, 591, 595.

innotata (Geocichla), 544.

— (Hyposidra), 417.

— (Ptochophyle), 294.

inopinatus (Papilio), 464, 465, 503.

inops (Neochera), 189—202.

inornata (Amblyornis), 11—13, 530.

— (Monarcha), 173.

— (Ptochophyle), 377.

— (Rhodostrophia), 379.

inornatus (Monarcha), 172, 241, 575.

insignis (Luciola), 3.

insperatus (Cacomantis), 243.

insulana (Digama), 59.

insularia (Hemithea), 290.

insularis (Aganais), 62.

— (Taeniopygia), 559, 582, 594.

— (Thamnonoma), 415.

insulata (Eumelea), 357.

insulicola (Papilio), 91.

intacta (Asota), 207.

integranota (Comibaena), 368.

— (Probolosceles), 369.

intercastellanus (Phalanger), 528.

intercedens (Craspedophora), 8, 530.

interlineata ( Drapetodes), 336.

intermedia (Chlorura), 558, 559, 565, 594.

— (Zosterops), 153, 166, 168, 557, 567, 594,

intermedius (Cuculus), 159, 176, 552.

— (Haliastur), 597.

— (Podargus), 243.

interpres (Geocichla), 556, 566, 593.

— (Strepsilas), 180.

interpulsaria (Perixera), 312.

interrupta (Lobogethes), 352.

intervacuata (Potera), 396.

intricata (Sinameda), 137.

inumbrata (Iodis), 107,

inversa (Opodiphtera), 21.

Iodis, 107, 309.

iozonus (Ptilopus), 536.

Tpana, 54.

irena (Pitta), 174, 175, 580, 585.

irenea (Episteme), 29.

iridescens (Iodis), 108.

irregularis (Plocucha), 376, 377.

irrorata (Epiplema), 353.

isander (Papilio), 481.

Isbarta, 56.

Ischalis, 145, 417.

isospila (Macaria), 305.

— (Semiothisa), 305.

ispida (Alcedo), 550.

ispidoides (Alcedo), 175, 244, 550.

isthmia (Asota), 207.

Iyngipicus, 159, 562, 570, 595.

CO)

jalla (Sturnopastor), 549.

jamaicensis (Listonia), 27.

Janarda, 112.

japix (Unzela), 23, 24.

japonica (Ninox), 177,

jaspidea (Cobanilla), 335.

javana (Agape), 60.

— (Neochera), 198.

javanensis (Eulabes), 547.

— (Tiga), 550.

javanica (Butorides), 598.

— (Eligma), 58.

— (Gracula), 14.

— (Hirundo), 595.

— (Hystrix), 593.

— (Merula), 538.

— (Mirafra), 546, 568.

— (Rhipidura), 549.

— (Zosterops), 540.

javanieus (Butorides), 181.

— (Canerkes), 56, 93.

— (Centropus), 160, 176, 552, 562, 572, 575, 586,

595.

javensis (Chotorhea), 542.

— (Graucalus), 548.

— (Thriponax), 550.

jelskii (Thalurania), 259.

jobiense (Lygosoma), 185.

jobiensis (Philemon), 238, 239.

jocosa (Platisodes ?), 114.

josioides (Immetalia), 52.

jugans (Papilio), 324, 479—483.

jukesii (Geoffroyus), 576.

kalaoensis ( Papilio), 92.

— (Siphia), 172, 182.

karu (Lalage), 242.

keianus (Papilio), 422, 463.

keraudreni (Phonygama), 11.

Kerivoula, 593.

khasiana (Petrodava), 414.

kieneri (Spinaétus), 575.

kinabaluensis (Asota), 602.

— (Crinocula), 36.

kiriwinae (Phalanger), 528.

kiushiuensis (Macroglossa), 600.

kochi (Agarista), 40.

kordensis (Monarcha), 242.

korthalsi (Sphenocereus), 597.

kotzebueus (Papilio), 322.

kubaryi (Sauromarptis), 17, 535.

Labienus, 229.

lacernulata (Carpophaga), 552, 553, 564.

Laches, 230.

Lachinae, 219, 230.

Lacides, 61, 62.

Laciniodes, 316,

lacteata (Asota), 194.

— (Epiplema), 276.

laemosticta (Chibia), 236.

laetepicta (Eligma), 58,

Lalage, 156, 165, 160, 171, 182, 242, 548, 561,

569, 584, 595.

Lamprocera, 4.

Lamprocolius, 13.

lampsacus (Papilio), 494, 502.

Lampyris, 4—6,

lanaris (Eriopithex), 390, 391.

Lanius, 242, 547, 560, 569, 583, 594.

lansbergi (Pericrocotus), 569.

Laquea, 41.

larvatus (Graucalus), 541.

Lassaba, 135, 403.

lasti (Rothia), 45.

latibrunnea (Dirades), 345.

latifasciata (Orthobrachia), 128.

— (Poecilalcis), 136.

latiflava (Bociraza), 356.

latimargo (Episteme), 29.

latinus (Phalaenoides), 25.

latirostris (Alseonax), 584.

lawesi (Parotia), 10, 252, 530.

lectrix (Episteme), 28,

leda (Ornithoptera), 62.

— (Troides), 64.

Ledocas, 4.

leei (Actinophorus), 72.

legalis (Coenocalpe), 384.

leguati (Erythromachus), 83, 268.

Leiosoma, 26, 55.

lemnia (Callimorpha), 27.

leonidas (Papilio), 491.

leonina (Agape), 60.

— (Spilobotys), 93.

leosthenes (Papilio), 495.

lepidum (Aspidosoma), 7.

Leptaulacinae, 218, 228.

Leptaulax, 228.

leptogrammica (Macropygia), 564.

Leptomeris, 373.

leschenaulti (Enicurus), 544.

— (Melittophagus), 550.

lessoni (Alcyone), 244.

leucadion (Papilio), 68.

leucocapillus (Micranous), 250.

leucocephalus (Himantopus), 180.

— (Pandion), 178, 247.

Artamus), 154, 166, 168, 534, 547,

583, 594.

— (Haliaétus), 166, 597.

leucogastroides (Munia), 559, 594.

— (Uroloncha), 546.

leuconoé (Pycnodontis), 98.

leucophaeus (Dicrurus), 560.

leucophrys (Brachypteryx), 544, 557, 566, 593.

leucops (Chibia), 166.

— (Dicrurus), 155, 168.

leucogaster

ES!

( 618 )

leucopygata (Chloroclystis), 389. lucens (Bapta), 392.

leucopygialis (Lalage), 156. Lucidota, 1, 4, 5.

leucopygius (Graucalus), 156. Lucilius, 226.

leucosticta (Craspedosis), 398. Lucio, 4.

leucostictus (Eupetes), 531. Luciola, 2, 3.

leucothoé (Papilio), 503, 504. luctifera (Agarista), 25.

Leucotreron, 163. — (Longicella), 51.

levana (Vanessa), 434. ludovicata (Eumelea), 357.

lichenea (Xyleutes), 601. lugens (Mimochroa), 320.

lidderdalii (Parasynegia), 130. lugubris (Mellopitta), 532.

lifuensis (Panacra), 600. — (Surniculus), 552.

— (Spilobotys), 93. lullulae (Phalanger), 528.

lilacina (Epiplema), 349. lunulata (Drapetodes), 336.

limbata (Ptilotis), 543, 558. lunulatus (Falco), 566, 572, 597.

lincea (Ophthalmis), 49. lurida (Photuris), 7.

linchi (Collocalia), 542, 570, 595. lutea (Hyperythra), 140.

lineata (Borbacha), 392, 393. luteata (Ptychopoda), 115.

— (Cyanops), 551. Luxiaria, 303, 304, 410.

— (Lampyris), 6. lycaenaria (Agathia), 284.

— (Metallochlora), 291. Lycauges, 373.

— (Ptochophyle), 378. lydius (Ornithoptera), 440.

lineatum (Aspidosoma), 6. Lygosoma, 185.

Liparis, 444. - Lymantriidae, 59, 206.

Lipomelia, 110. .

Listonia, 27.

littoreus (Totanus), 180. Macacus, 150, 578, 593.

lituralis (Epiplema), 349. macareus (Papilio), 504.

liventer (Butastur), 162. Macaria, 305.

livida (Autallacta), 116. macassariensis (Macropygia), 166, 180, 182.

lividipennis (Bicellonycha), 7. macfarlanei (Papilio), 440, 488, 503.

— (Photuris), 7. macgillivrayi (Megapodius), 250.

lobata (Proómphe), 316. macgregoriae ( Amblyornis), 11, 12.

Lobogethes, 351. macgregorii (Cnemophilus), 530.

Lobogonia, 119. machaon (Papilio), 461, 491, 519, 521.

lombockensis (Papilio), 322. mackloti (Dicaeum), 167, 557, 581, 594.

longicauda (Graucalus), 532. macleayi (Halcyon), 244.

— (Henicopernis), 533. macrocercus (Dicrurus), 547.

longicaudatus (Dicrurus), 560. Macrocorax, 534.

Longicella, 51. Macroglossa, 600.

longipalpis (Eusemia), 27. Macroliinae, 217, 225,

— (Immetalia), 32, 33, 34. Macrolinus, 225.

longipennis (Dysrhombia), 346, 347. macrolopha (Cacatua), 245, 246.

— (Gathynia), 279. Macronus, 545.

— (Macropteryx), 549. Macropteryx, 19, 20, 175, 534, 549.

— (Zalissa), 48, 50. Macropus, 527.

longirostris (Acrocephalus), 593. Macropygia, 164, 180, 249, 536, 554, 564, 573,

longus (Dicrurus), 547. 597, 598.

loochooanus (Papilio), 421, 506, 521. macrorhynchus (Corvus), 543, 580, 598.

Lophocephalus, 223. Macrostylodes, 352.

Lophorina, 11, 530. macrurus (Caprimulgus), 175, 182, 562, 574, 595.

Lophozosterops, 567, 568, 575. macrurum (Lygosoma), 185.

Loria, 13, 252. maculata (Agathiopsis), 285, 286.

loriae (Loria), 13, 252. — (Chiasmia), 137,

Loriculus, 160, 245. — (Bois), 311.

Lorius, 245, 254. — (Lampyris), 6.

lorquini ( Arctioneura), 26. — (Paradromulia), 301.

lorquinianus (Papilio), 67. maculatrix (Episteme), 29.

louisadensis (Gymnodactylus), 185. — (Eusemia), 29.

lowi (Papilio), 464. maculatus (Oriolus), 547.

lucasi (Theretra), 22. — (Phalanger), 528.

( 619 )

maculifer (Ocoelophora), 146. meeki (Metallochlora), 291.

maculipennis (Hyposidra), 416. Megaderma, 593.

maculosata (Semiothisa), 141. megala (Gallinago , 180

— (Syntaracta), 129. Megalaema, 543.

maculosus (Phalaenoides), 94. Megalochlora, 108.

madaraszi (Psittacella), 255. Megalodes, 24, 29.

magicus (Scops), 572. Megaloprepia, 560.

magnifica (Craspedophora), 9. megalorhynchus (Tanygnathus), 176, 182, 576,

— (Xyleutes), 232, 600, 601. 588.

magnirostris (Esacus), 180, 250. Megapodius, 166, 181, 250, 574, 580, 598.

— (Pseudogerygone), 241. megarhyncha (Colluricincla), 15.

maja (Munia), 546. — (Syma), 535.

major (Harpyia), 526. megarhynchus (Melilestes), 237, 531.

malaccensis (Anthreptes), 545. megisto (Phalaenoides), 48.

malayana (Eudynamis), 572, 575. melampus (Papilio), 424.

malayanus (Chalcococcyx), 159, 572. Melanauchen, 166, 179.

malayensis (Neopus), 543. Melania, 592.

malgassica (Eligma), 57, 58. melanides (Papilio), 66.

Malia, 255, 256. melanocephalus (Aeluroedus), 11, 531.

manadensis (Pisorhina), 161. — (Ptilopus), 179, 553, 563, 573, 575, 589, 597.

— (Scops), 572. Melanocharis, 15.

— (Turacoena), 164. melanogenys (Falco), 597.

mandarinus (Papilio), 491, 496. melanoleucus (Microcarbo), 181.

manilensis (Phoyx), 164. — (Phalacrocorax), 598.

manillensis (Accipiter), 177. melanonota (Monarcha), 242.

Manlius, 223. melanope (Motacilla), 153.

Manucodia, 11, 234, 235, 252, 534. melanops (Graucalus), 534.

manyar (Ploceus), 546. melanopsis (Monarcha), 241.

manzer (Papilio), 65. melanoptera (Gracupica), 547.

marchali (Digama), 59. melanopterus (Porphyrio), 249, 250.

margaritata (Problepsis), 377. melanospilus (Ptilopus), 179.

marginata (Callerinnys), 407. melanothorax (Cyanoderma), 544.

— (Ozola), 358. — (Myiothera), 544.

marginatus (Oenetus), 326. melanotis (Aeluroedus), 534.

maria (Pitta), 585. melanura (Pachycephala), 170.

mariae (Cnemophilus), 13, 252. melba (Micropus), 231.

— (Loria), 13. ; Melilestes, 69, 153, 237, 531.

marmorata (Camptolophia), 102. Meliphagidae, 237.

marmorea (Digama ), 59, 207. Melipotes, 532.

— (Hypsa), 202. Melirrhophetes, 16, 531.

— (Neochera), 189—206. Melittophagus, 550.

Massaga, 30, 31, 36, 42. Mellopitta, 532.

massena (Trichoglossus), 254. Melopyrrha, 257.

Mastolichus, 230. membliare (Euplocia), 191.

maugei (Geopelia), 574, 590. membliaria (Aganais), 192.

maurus (Macacus), 150. — (Euplocia), 190, 192.

— (Semnopithecus), 593. — (Hypsa), 191.

mayo (Papilio), 464, 502. — (Peridrome), 190

maxwelli (Pachygonia), 23. | — (Phalaena Bombyx), 191. MN

Medasina, 300. memnon (Papilio), 322, 464, 494, 497, 519.

mediofasciata (Milionia), 328. memnonia (Misa), 42.

medius (Anthus), 558, 568, 582, 594. mencius (Papilio), 489.

mediusta (Perixera), 114. menebeki (Centropus), 17.

medon (Papilio), 424. menete (Aegocera), 44, 46.

meeki (Anthreptes), 233, 239. — (Mitophrys), 42.

— (Chrysochloroma), 288, 364. meninting (Alcedo), 550.

— (Emballonura), 527. merapu (Papilio), 322. f

— (Herpa), 325. meridionalis (Leucotreron), 163.

— (Immetalia), 32, 33, 34. — (Melilestes), 69, 153.

— (Loriculus), 245, — (Oriolus), 155,

( 620 )

meridionalis (Pachycephala), 69, 156. moderata (Euplocia), 190, 191.

— (Phoenicophaes), 160. modesta (Ourapteryx), 127.

— (Ptilopus), 163. modestus (Cabalus), 267—271.

— (Rhamphocoeeyx), 160. — (Rallus), 266.

— (Stoparola), 69, 158. mollis (Banisia), 341.

meritaria (Comostola), 105. — (Eusemia), 25.

merope (Papilio), 502. — (Longicella), 51.

Merops, 550, 570, 586, 595. — (Lycauges), 373.

Merula, 69, 150, 165, 537. molucca (Munia), 168.

merulinus (Cacomantis), 551, 552, 586. monacha (Liparis), 444.

Mesotrophe, 373. Monachalcyon, 562, 571, 595.

Metagarista, 26—29, 52, 94, 97, 98. Monachella, 14, 253.

metallaria (Scardamia), 128. monachus (Artamus), 154, 562.

metallica (Calornis), 12, 14, 235. Monarcha, 173, 174, 182, 241, 242.

— (Columba), 564, 574, 597. montana (Cettia), 538, 539.

Metallochlora, 290, 367. — (Sylvia), 538.

meyeri (Epimachus), 9, 252, 530. montanus (Appias), 325.

Micranous, 250. — (Pomatorhinus), 539, 544.

Microcarbo, 181. monteirona (Massaga), 36.

Microdynamis, 255. monticola (Papilio), 482.

Microeca, 253. monticolus (Papilio), 323, 482, 483, 507.

Microglossus, 535. montis (Stasiasticus), 540.

Microloxia, 368. montium (Paramythia), 13.

micropales (Rothia), 45. moorei (Agarista), 35.

microphyes (Testudo), 85. — (Fleta), 35.

Micropus, 231. mordingtoni (Papilio), 322.

Microstictus, 159. morio (Volvocivora), 156.

microthorax (Luciola), 2, 223. moriorum (Palaeocorax), 73.

Micrulia, 391. Morosophus, 223.

Migoplastis, 59. Morphotenaris, 92.

Mila, 26, 29. mortieri (Tribonyx), 83.

milete (Ophthalmis), 49. Motacilla, 153, 154, 168, 543, 546.

— (Phalaenoides), 49. moza (Epiplema), 276.

milionata (Scrobigera), 37. miilleri (Edoliosoma), 242.

Milionia, 27, 98, 99, 327, 328. — (Tanygnathus), 160.

milon (Papilio), 323, 448, 496, 521. miilleriana (Monachella), 14.

Milvus, 163, 248, 598. multidentata (Prionia), 419.

mimetica (Crinala), 35, 36. multifenestrata (Banisia), 341.

Mimeusemia, 42, 50. multifilata (Collix), 385.

mimica (Chloromma), 105. multistriata (Gonanticlea), 386.

Mimochroa, 320. mumnmia (Phalaena), 27.

miniatus (Pericrocotus), 541. munda (Tephrinopsis), 412.

minima (Calicha ?), 132. mundata (Comostola), 105.

Mino, 13, 14, 534. Munia, 154, 168, 543, 546, 559, 568, 582, 583, 594.

minor (Calornis), 154, 168, 182, 559, 568, 580, muntjac (Cervulus), 593.

583, 594. — (Cervus), 578.

— (Lophorina), 11, 530. Mus, 150, 527.

— (Reinwardtoenas), 19. Muscicapa, 156.

mira (Panacra), 25. Muscicapula, 156, 541, 548, 561, 569, 595.

Mirafra, 568, 580, 594. musgravianus (Amblyornis), 11, 12.

miranda (Physetostege), 99, 355. musschenbroeki (Neopsittacus), 17, 533.

Misa, 42. (Surniculus), 159, 165.

misera (Lucidota), 5. mustelinus (Turdus), 556.

mitchelli (Trichoglossus), 562, 565, 595, 596. mutabilis (Clcptocosmia), 383.

Mitophrys, 27, 42, 43. mutatus (Ophthalmis), 49, 50.

Mitrorhinae, 219, 228 — (Phalaenoides), 49.

Mitrorhinus, 228. Myiagra, 171, 182, 585.

Mixornis, 70, 545. Myiothera, 544.

mixta (Photuris), 3. Myrioblephara, 404, 405.

Mniotilta, 77. Myristicivora, 180, 536,

mystacalis (Aethopyga), 537, 540.

mystacea (Macropteryx), 19, 534.

Myzomela, 15, 153, 168, 182, 339.

Nadagara, 145.

Nadagarodes, 411.

nana (Epiplema), 348.

napi (Pieris), 458.

narcissus (Eligma), 57, 58.

Nasiterna, 245.

natunensis (Canerkes), 93.

Nectariniidae, 237.

neglecta (Zosterops), 540, 541.

neglectum (Aspidosoma), 7.

neglectus (Mus), 150.

— (Philemon), 558, 567, 582, 594.

negrita (Episteme), 29.

nehrkorni (Dicaeum), 151.

Neleides, 223.

Neleidinae, 217, 222.

Neleinae, 218, 227.

Neleuops, 222.

Neleus, 227.

Nemoria, 368.

Neochera, 189—208.

Neomyias, 542.

neopommeranius (Papilio), 449.

Neopsittacus, 17, 533.

Neopus, 543.

nephelospila (Mesotrophe), 373.

neptioides (Cruria), 39.

neseidaria (Comostola), 306.

Nesolimnas, 266—271.

Nettion, 165, 181, 590.

newtoni (Fulica), 261—265.

niasicus (Papilio), 66.

nicanor (Papilio), 65, 467—469, 493.

nicobarica (Caloenas), 248, 576.

nigra (Astrapia), 9.

— (Melopyrrha), 257.

nigranalis (Ptychopoda), 578.

nigrescens (Dierurus), 560.

— (Emballonura), 526.

— (Gathynia), 279.

— (Rhectes), 14.

— (Rothia), 45.

nigricans (Centropus), 243.

— (Seleucides), 230.

nigricincta (Sauris), 295.

nigriclathrata (Abraxas), 395.

nigricollis (Cladodes), +.

— (Dodacles), 4.

nigricosta (Bardanes), 382.

— (Hyposidra), 416.

nigridentata (Craspedia), 310.

nigridiscata (Somatinopsis), 379.

nigrifasciata (Parasynegia), 393.

nigrifusalis (Pseudoschista), 120.

nigrilinea (Tephroclystia), 317.

(621)

nigrinotata (Aphantoloba), 117.

— (Teldenia), 273.

nigripectus (Symmorphus), 14.

nigripennis (Episteme), 29.

nigripunctata (Anoplosceles), 363.

nigristellata (Craspedia), 371.

nigrita (Testudo), 85.

nigrofasciata (Thalurania), 259.

nigrogularis (Trichoglossus), 535.

nigroviridata (Chloroclystis), 124.

nikobarus (Papilio), 467.

Ninoides, 224.

Ninox, 161, 177, 246, 533, 576, 588.

Ninus, 227.

nisoria (Munia), 559, 582, 594.

niveifasciata (Scrobigera), 38.

niveostriga (Gubaria), 410.

nivescens (Morphotenaris), 92, 93.

nivosa (Histia), 56.

nivosaria (Epiplema), 276.

Nobilia, 112.

noctilux (Phasis), 30.

Noctua, 61, 197, 203.

Noctuidae, 24, 29, 195.

noctuiformis (Agarista), 52.

noctuina (Zalissa), 51.

nomius (Papilio), 449.

norma (Aegocera), 42.

notata (Ptochophyle), 295, 204.

Notodontidae, 451.

novaeguineae (Melilestes), 237.

— (Philemon), 238.

— (Pitta), 534.

novaehollandiae (Ardea), 565, 598.

— (Scythrops), 159, 243.

novangliae (Pieris), 455.

novohibernicus (Papilio), 422, 469—473.

nubilosa (Hyposidra), 206, 417.

nubilus (Papilio), 322.

Nudaurelia, 602.

Nyctemera, 59, 206, 400.

Nycticorax, 181, 536.

obfuscata (Xanthorhoé), 316.

obliqua (Aegocera), 42.

obliquifascia (Eumelea), 282.

obliquilinea (Ptychopoda), 115, 315.

oblongimacula (Corymica), 305.

oblongomaculatus (Troides), 63, 64.

obryzos (Aegocera), 97.

obscurata (Episothalma), 289.

— (Onagrodes), 125.

obscurior ( Pachycephala), 15, 532.

obscurus (Hemipus), 548.

observandus (Gecinus), 512.

obsolescens ( Papilio), 469—471.

obsoleta ( Panaethia), 297.

— (Teldenia), 328.

obsoletus (Prionochilus), 567, 581.

( 622 )

occidentalis (Cerchneis), 589, 597. ornatus (Merops), 570, 586, 595.

— (Tinnunculus), 162, 178. — (Papilio), 67.

ocellata (Gonocilix), 337. — (Phalanger), 528.

— (Polyerasta), 302. — (Trichoglossus), 61.

ocellatus (Podargus), 534. Ornithoptera, 63, 6!, 440.

ochrea (Actenochroma), 360. orphea (Pachycephala), 166, 181, 182.

ochreofumosa (Epiplema), 277. orru (Corvus), 234

ochrilinea (Polyscia), 147, 148. Orthobrachia, 128.

ochromelas (Melirrhophetes), 16, 531. Orthoserica, 113.

Ochyria, 122, 6 Orthostixinae, 100, 356, 381.

Ocoelophora, 146. Orthotmeta, 303, 304.

ocularis (Glyciphila), 592. Orthotomus, 545, 557, 593.

(Stigmatops), 558, 567. 582, 594. oryzivora (Munia), 546, 594.

oculifera (Epiplema), 349. Osmotreron, 163, 178, 179, 552, 563, 572, 589,

Ocydromus, 73—84, 266—271. 597.

Odontotaenius, 220, othello (Papilio), 463,

Oeneus, 227, 326. Othria, 29, 30, 41.

Oenochlora, 353. Ourapteryginae, 127,

Oenochroma, 354. Ourapteryx, 127.

Oenochrominae, 99, 280, 353. ovalis (Craspedosis), 399.

oenomaus (Papilio), 447, 502. Ovata, 98.

Oenospila, 292. ovatus (Cratomorphus), 2.

Ogyges, 221. Ovios, 54.

Oileus, 220, oxycephalus ( Bombinator), 184,

olivata (Acadra), 407. Oxycophina, 342.

— (Lobogonia), 119. Ozola, 358.

olivescens ( Berta), 287.

— (Gonodela), 408,

— (Organopoda), 374. Pachycephala, 15, 69, 149, 155, 166, 169, 181,

Omegarius, 229. 182, 235, 236, 548, 560, 569, 583, 595.

Omia, 24—29, Pachygonia, 23.

omissa (Siphia), 71, 157, 171, 172. Pachyplocia, 404.

Omiza, 320, 417. pagenstecheri (Episteme), 49.

Onagrodes, 195. — (Ophthalmis), 49,

Onychodes, 306. Paida, 46, 47.

opheltes (Scrobigera), 37, Pais, 24—29, 46, 47, 97.

ophthalmieata (Idiochlora), 105. Palaeocorax, 73.

Ophthalmis, 49, 50. Palaeolimnas, 260—266.

Opistheploce, 391. Palaeornis, 552,

Opodiphtera, 21. palembanganus (Papilio), 421.

oppositata ( Bursada), 397, 398. pales (Rothia), 45.

orbicularia (Peridrome), 187. paliura (Asota), 207.

orbieularis (Peridrome), 186, 187, 188, pallens (Phengodes), 6.

orbifer (Aleis), 131. — (Troides), 91.

oreophila (Cettia), 538, 539. pallescens (Dysethia), 118.

Oreta, 273, 338, — (Triphosa), 387.

Organopoda, 113, 374. pallida (Hyposidra), 306.

orientalis (Carpophaga), 248, — (Munia), 154, 559, 594.

— (Eudynamis), 515, 509. — (Perixera), 376, 380.

— (Eurystomus), 176, 571. — (Phaegorista), 27.

— (Exsula), 35. — (Psittacella), 18, 255, 532.

— (Gallinula), 164. — (Sarothroceras), 55.

— (Macropygia), 554, 573, 598. pallidior (Osmotreron), 178, 179,

— (Manncodia), 252, pallidivestis (Ptychopoda), 378.

— (Phalanger), 528. pallidula (Eurytaphria), 321.

Oriolus, 13, 155, 166, 182, 534, 543, 547, 560,569, — (Hydrelia), 383,

583, 594. pallivittata (Craspediopsis), 109.

ormenus (Papilio), 422, 423. 463, 465, 494, 498, palpebrosa (Zosterops), 540, 541,

502. Paludina, 592.

ornata (Hemithea), 366. pamphilia ( Phalaenoides), 48,

( 623 )

Panacra, 23, 600. Pelopinae, 219, 229.

Panaethia, 297. Pelops, 229.

panayensis (Calornis), 154. Peltops, 253.

pandemia ( Delias), 57. Pentalobus, 228.

— (Isbarta), 56. penumbrata (Semiothisa), 141.

Pandion, 178, 247. perakana (Mimeusemia), 50.

pandion (Papilio), 463. Perameles, 529.

pannata (Urapteroides), 274. peranthus (Papilio), 92, 513, 516.

Papilio, 65, 91, 92, 322, 421, 521. Perenia, 395.

Papilionidae, 231. perconfusa (Gonodela), 409.

papillosa (Aétheolepis), 124. perdrix (Xanthospilopteryx), 30,

papuana (Asota), 204. peregrinus (Pericrocotus), 518.

— (Neochera), 200, 201. perfumosa (Carecomotis), 402.

papuanus (Falco), 256, 533. Pericrocotus, 541, 548, 561, 569, 595.

— (Petaurus), 527. Peridrome, 185—208.

papuensis (Gonyocephalus), 185. periophthalmieus (Monarcha), 253.

— (Troides), 63. Perixera, 114, 312, 373—380.

Paradirades, 353. Perizoma, 122, 123, 386.

Paradisea, 9, 233, 235, 530, 534. perlepidaria (Comostola), 288, 289.

Paradisornis, 9. pernigrata (Gathynia), 350.

Paradoxurus, 150, 595. Pernis, 177.

paradoxus (Papilio), 66, 440. peronii ( Aegialites), 598.

Paradromulia, 200. — (Cephalotes), 526.

Paralcis, 132, 136. perornata (Chrysoclystis), 390.

Paramythia, 15. . perpicta (Chrysocraspeda), 109.

Paramythidae, 15, 14. perpolita (Epiplema), 349.

Parapertinax, 223. perscripta (Perixera), 576.

Parasynegia, 129, 130, 317, 395. persimilis (Arhostia ?), 109.

pardalina (Xanthospilopteryx), 27. — (Mimeusemia), 50.

pardaria (Borbacha). 130, 593. personatus (Geoffroyus), 587.

Pardodes, 294, 295. Pertinacides, 224.

paris (Papilio), 67. Pertinacinae, 217, 223.

parmatus (Cratomorphus), 2. Pertinax, 223.

— (Papilio), 485—507, 521. perversus (Papilio), 467—469.

paron (Papilio), 485, 486. perviridis (Xanthorhoé), 388.

Parotia, 10, 252, 530. peshwa ( Mimeusemia), 50.

parsedon (Papilio), 323, 324. pesqueti ( Dasyptilus), 17.

particolor (Epiplema), 277. Petalia, 203.

— (Orthobrachia), 128. Petaurus, 527.

Parus, 545, 557, 566, 581, 594. Petelia, 400.

parva (Dizuga), 372. Petrejinae, 216, 217, 226.

— (Microdynamis), 255. Petrejoides, 221.

— (Mirafra), 568, 580, 594. Petrejus, 226.

parvimacula (Antitrygodes), 293. Petrodava, 413.

parviscripta (Borbacha), 130, 296, 306. Pezophaps, 76.

parvula (Cacatua), 176, 563, 596. Phaegorista, 27.

Passalinae, 215, 220. Phalacra, 338.

Passalotaenius, 220. ee ix, 598.

Passalus, 220. Phalaena, 24—29.

Patula, 54. — Bombyx, m 189, 192, 203.

Paxillinae, 217, 225. — Noctua, 61, 203.

Paxilloides, 225. Phalaenoides, 25—29, 48, 49, 94, 95, 326.

Paxillosomus, 225. Phalanger, 528.

Paxillus, 225. Phanauta, 147.

pectoralis (Cinnyris), 575, 581, 582, 594. Phanocles, 226.

— (Eclectus), 245. Pharambara, 343.

— (Rhinomyias), 549. Pharochilinae, 219, 230.

Pelargopsis, 565, 570, 599. Pharochilus, 230.

Pelochyta, 206. Phasis, 30, 36, 41, 53.

Pelopides, 229. Phazaca, 278.

( 624 )

Phengodes, 6. plisthenes (Papilio), 68.

phestus (Papilio), 447, 466. Ploceus, 543, 546.

Philemon, 238, 239, 534, 558, 567, 582, 594. Plocucha, 376.

philippinensis (Eligma), 58. Plusiotis, 457.

— (Hypotaenidia), 84, 164, 267, 270. Plutodes, 296, 390.

philippinus (Merops), 550, 595. Plutodinae, 296.

philippus (Papilio), 67. plutonius (Papilio), 489.

philolaus (Papilio), 504. podalirius (Papilio), 456, 457, 486—496, 507.

Philona, 192, 193. Podargus, 243, 534.

philoxenus (Papilio), 491, 494. Poecilalcis, 136, 319, 405.

phlaeas (Polyommatus), 432. Poecilodryas, 253.

Phlegethontius, 22. poeyi (Euscirrhopterus), 41.

Phodilus, 552. poliocephalus (Astur), 247.

phoebe (Appias), 325. — (Cuculus), 562, 572, 595.

Phoenicophaes, 160, 552. Poliolimnas, 180.

phoenicopterus (Lamprocolius), 14. poliopterus (Melilestes), 237,

phoenicura (Erythra), 166, 180. poliura ( Megaloprepia), 560.

Pholidauges, 14. Polyacanthopus, 225.

Phonygama, 11, 233, 235, 246, 252. Polyacme, 418. `

phoreas (Papilio), 324, 502. Polyerasta, 301.

Phoronaeinae, 217, 225. polyctor (Papilio), 67.

Phoronaesomus, 216, 226. polydorinus (Papilio), 422.

Phoronaeus, 216, 225. polydorus (Papilio), 502.

Photuris, 3, 7. polygramma (Ptilotis), 254, 531.

Phoyx, 164. Polylophodes, 405, 406.

Phraortes, 230. polymnestor (Papilio), 502.

Phrissosceles, 114. Polyommatus, 432.

Phthonandria, 136. Polyphasia, 387.

Phthonoloba, 119. Polyscia, 147, 148.

Phyllergates, 150. polytes (Papilio), 422, 457, 460—468, 492— 504.

Phylloscopus, 150, 167, 544, 506, 581. Pomareopsis, 14, 253.

Physetostege, 99, 355. Pomatorhinus, 539, 544.

pieta, (Myrioblephara), 404. pompeus (Troides), 64.

— (Psittacella), 533. Popiliinae, 216, 221.

pictifimbria (Hemithea), 290. Popilius, 221.

Pieris, 432, 455, 458. porphyracea (Columba), 542.

pieroides ( Anisogamia), 287. porphyrea (Columba), 542.

Piezorhynchus, 174. porphyreus (Ptilinopus), 542.

Pingasa, 283, 308. Porphyrio, 249, 250.

pinguis (Duga), 27. porphyrolaema (Cinnyris), 152.

pinon (Carpophaga), 536. porphyropis (Perixera), 375.

piscatrix (Sula), 599. poseidon (Papilio), 457, 502.

Pisoraca, 376. — (Troides), 502.

Pisorhina, 161, 572, 596. postica (Tridrepana), 339.

pistor (Troides), 91. Potera, 395.

Pitta, 174, 175, 182, 242, 534, 561, 580, 585,595, powelli (Turnix), 574, 576, 598.

plagiata (Asota), 194. praestans (Luciola), 3.

plaginota (Asota), 205, 206, praeusta (Eumelea), 358.

plana (Asota), 205. prasina ( Actenochroma), 282, 283.

plateni (Cinnyris), 152, 167. Pratincola, 150, 166, 544, 555, 566, 580, 592.

Platerosia, 279, 280. Prepona, 600.

Platisodes, 114. priamus (Ornithoptera), 440.

platurus (Dissemurus), 541. — (Papilio), 456, 457.

— (Prioniturus), 160. Prinia, 545.

platyxantha (Agarista), 40. Prionia, 419.

Plectoneura, 394. Prioniturus, 160.

Pleuraninae, 217, 224. Prionochilus, 151, 567, 581.

Pleurarius, 224. Pristoceraea, 54.

pleurilinearia (Laciniodes), 316. privata (Neochera), 195, 196.

Pleurostylus, 222. Problepsis, 377.

Probolosceles, 368, 369.

prochyta (Immetalia), 32.

procinctus (Eupsephopaectes), 25.

Proculejinae, 216, 221.

Proculejoides, 221.

Proculejus, 221.

Proculinae, 217, 224.

Proculus, 224.

Proómphe, 316.

propinqua (Chibia), 236, 237.

— (Munia), 168, 568, 582.

Prorhinia, 132.

prorsa (Vanessa), 434.

proserpina (Clitis), 53.

Prosoclitus, 223.

proxima (Neochera), 198, 199.

— (Scrobigera), 37.

Pseudacanthinae, 216, 222.

Pseudacanthus, 222.

Pseudhypsa, 61, 185.

Pseudocoremia, 406.

Pseudogerygone, 241.

Pseudoschista, 120.

Pseudoterpninae, 101, 282, 308, 359.

Pseudotharraleus, 539.

Psilaleis, 133.

Psilocambogia, 384.

Psittacella, 18, 255, 532.

Psychidae, 195.

Psychomorpha, 26.

Pteropus, 526, 593.

Ptichopinae, 217, 224.

Ptichopus, 224.

Ptilinopus, 542, 553, 563, 573, 575, 577, 589, 597.

ptilonorhynchus (Pernis), 177.

Ptilopus, 163, 166, 179, 248, 249, 536.

ptilosus (Macronus), 545.

Ptilotis, 15, 237, 238, 254, 531, 543, 558, 592, 594.

Ptochophyle, 293, 377.

Ptychopoda, 115, 294, 313, 315, 378.

Ptychotrichus, 227.

Publius, 224.

puella (Hypothymis), 157.

— (Megaloprepia), 560.

puellaria (Stesichora), 274.

pugnax (Turnix), 554.

pulohra (Eusemia), 38.

— (Paida), 47.

— (Pais), 24, 25.

— (Scrobigera), 37, 38.

— (Xyleutes), 232, 601.

pullicauda (Neopsittacus), 17, 533.

pulverosa (Craspedia), 311.

— (Ectropis), 403.

— (Pyenodontis), 98.

punctata ( Luxiaria), 411.

punctifimbria ( Hemithea), 366.

punctimargo ( Erythrolophus), 111.

punetularia (Munia), 543.

punctulata (Ninox), 161.

( 625 )

puniceus (Gecinus), 542.

pupilla (Luciola), 2.

purpurea (Ardea), 164.

purpureoviolacea (Phonygama), 11, 252.

pusio ( Nasiterna), 245.

pustulata (Buzura), 401.

Pycnodontis, 26—29, 55, 98.

Pycnonotus, 541, 546, 558, 594.

pylades (Papilio), 491.

pyrifera (Bursada), 398.

Pyrrhocentor, 160.

pyrrhogona (Comostola), 292.

pyrrhops (Stachyridopsis), 545.

Pyrrhorachis, 292.

quadricaudata (Epiplema), 277.

quadrinotata (Comibaena), 368.

— (Perizoma), 122.

quadripartita (Bursada), 398.

quadriplaga (Stenocharta), 400.

quadripunctata (Hemithea), 367.

— (Stesichora), 274, 343.

quadristrigata (Epiplema), 349.

— (Stesichora), 274.

quadrovata (Pharambara), 343.

quinquestriata (Ptychopoda), 314.

quinticolor (Munia), 559, 583.

Quiscalus, 77.

quoyi (Cracticus), 534.

Racotis, 137.

radama (Ateuchus), 421.

radians (Aganais), 192.

— (Phasis), 36.

radjah (Tadorna), 250.

raffrayana (Emballonura), 527.

raggiana (Paradisea), 9, 530.

Rallicula, 533.

Rallina, 554, 598.

Rallus, 83, 266, 267.

Rambara, 359.

ramsayi (Oenetus), 526.

rana (Duga), 27.

rapae (Pieris), 455.

rara (Scotorythra), 406.

Ratitae, 79, 260.

rawakensis ( Milionia), 99.

recondita (Malia), 255, 256.

rectilinea (Aegocera), 42.

— (Hemistola), 309.

— (Scardamia), 127.

Redia, 434.

reducta (Hemithea), 567.

regius (Cicinnurus), 9, 530, 534

regularis (Symmacra), 116.

reinwardti (Baza), 177, 247, 536, 598.

(Reinwardtoenas), 18.

Reinwardtoenas, 18, 19, 248.

( 626 )

Remodes, 295, 380, 382.

` remotata (Craspedia), 311.

rendalli (Bunaea), 602.

— (Metagarista ?), 97.

renigera (Aganais), 191.

— (Euplocia), 190, 191.

responsaria (Timandra), 116.

retrahens (Calicha), 132.

Rhabditis, 434.

Rhabdonema, 434.

rhadamanthus (Euploea), 449, 450.

Rhagonocerus, 226,

Rhambara, 101.

rhamni (Gonopteryx), 427.

Rhamphococcyx, 160.

Rhectes, 14, 534.

rhesus (Papilio), 65, 485, 509.

Rhinocichla, 70.

Rhinococeyx, 160, 552.

Rhinolophus, 593.

Rhinomyias, 549.

Rhipidura, 69, 157, 167, 173, 182, 241, 542, 549,

510, 585.

Rhodacanthopinae, 217, 222.

Rhodacanthopus, 222.

rhodogaster (Accipiter), 162.

Rhodostrophia, 379.

rhomboidea (Sarothroceras), 55.

riedeli (Phyllergates), 150.

Rimor, 220.

Rimorieus, 220.

Robinsonia, 55.

robusta (Gracula), 14.

roeberi (Ophthalmis), 49.

— (Phalaenoides), 49.

romulus (Papilio), 457, 492.

rosacea (Carpophaga), 179, 574, 576.

rosalia (Eumelea), 281.

rosea (Megalaema), 543.

— (Xantholaema), 551.

roseicollis (Columba), 542.

rosenbergi (Myzomela), 15.

— (Strix), 161, 177.

roseofusa (Perixera), 376.

Rothia, 26, 28, 29, 44.

rotundipennis (Platerosia), 279, 280.

rubecula (Geocichla), 543, 544.

rubellata (Ptychopoda), 115.

rubescens (Cyanops), 257, 258.

rubida (Mitophrys), 42.

rubiensis (Lorius), 254.

rubricollis (Lucidota), 4, 5.

rubridentata (Eois), 112.

rubridisca (Perizoma), 286.

rubrifusa (Eumelea), 358.

rubrilineata (Agathia), 362.

rubrimargo (Hemistola), 309.

rubritincta (Chrysochloroma), 364.

rubrocoronatum (Dicaeum), 239.

rubroviridis (Gymnopera), 126, 127.

rudolfi (Ninox), 576, 588.

rudolphi (Paradisea), 530.

— (Paradisornis), 9.

rufaria (Anisephyra), 369, 370.

— (Paralcis), 136.

rufata (Physetostege), 355.

rufescens (Aegotheles), 532.

— (Pyrrhocentor), 160.

ruficeps (Macropygia), 554, 573.

— (Stachyridopsis), 545.

ruficollis (Tringa), 180.

rufidorsata (Perixera), 312.

rufifascia (Somatina). 379.

rufifimbria (Hyperythra), 140.

rufifrons (Stachyridopsis), 545.

rufigrisea (Chogada), 299.

— (Orthoserica), 113.

— (Paradromulia), 301.

rufigula (Myiagra), 171, 182, 585.

rufilatus (Turnix), 164, 576.

rufimargo (Epiplema), 349.

rufinervis (Parasynegia ?), 317.

rufinus (Papilio), 425.

rufipalpis (Zeuctophlebia), 355.

rufipectus (Spilornis), 161, 178.

rufodiscalis (Godasa), 47.

rufulus (Anthus), 558, 580.

rumanzovius (Papilio), 464, 494, 502, 503.

rupicola ( Heliodes), 24.

ruptaria (Epiplema), 276, 307. -~

ruptifascia (Gonodela), 139.

— (Janarda), 112.

sabulosa (Agarista), 52.

sacra (Demiegretta), 250.

saga ( Macroglossa), 600.

salamandra (Bursada), 397, 398.

sallastius (Papilio), 92.

salvadorii ( Anas), 576.

— (Carpophaga), 248.

— (Lorius), 254.

— (Ptilotis), 531.

sanctus (Haleyon), 244, 551, 571, 595.

sanghirensis (Osmotreron), 179.

sangirensis ( Eumelea), 357.

sanguinata (Organopoda), 113.

sanguinea (Chrysocraspeda), 110.

sanguinifusa (Eumelea), 281.

sarasinorum (Cryptolopha), 69, 158.

— (Zosterops), 153.

Sarcinodes, 280, 355.

Sarothroceras, 27, 55.

sarpedon (Papilio), 323, 324, 425, 431—454

476—517, 521.

sasak (Pelargopsis), 565, 599.

sasakensis (Carpophaga), 564, 565, 597.

Satara, 26.

saturata (Agarista), 94.

— (Eusemia), 28,

— (Immetalia), 31, 32, 33, 34.

=i me 9

2 o P —

Saturnidae, 21.

Sauris, 295.

Sauromarptis, 17, 325.

Sauropatis, 245.

saurophagus (Halcyon), 244.

scapularis ( Aegithina), 546.

Scardamia, 127, 128, 296.

scardamiata (Heterodisca), 415.

Scardamiinae, 127.

Schausia, 30.

schistacea (Hyposidra), 305.

schistacearia (Bulonga), 408.

schistacina (Craspedosis), 309.

Schistophyle, 100, 101.

schlegeli (Pachycephala), 15.

schönbergi (Morphotenaris), 92, 93.

scintillans (Oreta), 273.

scintillatus (Chalcopsittacus), 535.

Scissirostrum, 154.

sclateriana (Amalocichla), 531.

Scops, 572.

Scotopterix, 318.

Scotopteryginae, 318.

Scotorythra, 406.

Scrobigera, 37, 38, 40,

Scythrops, 159, 243.

Sebastia, 59.

Sebastosema, 100.

seebohmi (Cettia), 538, 539.

segetum ( Agrotis), 24.

selene (Histia), 56.

Selenia, 417.

Seleucides, 530, 533.

Selidoseminae, 301, 400.

semialba (Chogada), 299.

semialbida (Cusiala), 401.

semiatra (Pomareopsis), 14.

semicaudata (Emballonura), 527.

semiclarata (Poecilalcis), 405.

Semicyclinae, 218, 227.

Semicyclus, 227.

semifasciatus (Papilio), 478, 496, 501, 521.

semifusca (Asota), 207.

— (Perizoma), 123.

semilinea (Ptychopoda), 314.

semilugens (Craspedosis), 309.

seminigra (Dirades), 346.

semiobsoleta (Urapteroides), 273.

Semiothisa, 140, 304, 320, 411, 412.

Semiothisinae, 319, 407.

semiplaga (Craspedosis), 297, 399.

semirubra (Psilocambogia), 384.

semisignata (Xanthorhoë), 388.

semiumbrata (Cusiala), 298, 401, 402.

semivinosa (Chloroclystis), 389.

Semnopithecus, 593.

semperi (Agarista), 25.

— (Papilio), 447.

— (Serobigera), 37, 38.

semyron (Agarista), 50.

( 627 )

senex (Gymnocorax), 234.

separata (Carpophaga), 180.

sepiarius ( Trichostoma), 544.

— (Turdinus), 544.

sepium (Orthotomus), 545, 557, 593.

septempunctata (Tridrepana), 339.

sera (Drepana), 272.

seriata (Perizoma), 386.

sericeipennis (Ptychopoda), 294.

serpentinaria (Ephemerophila). 134.

serratilinea (Ectropis), 218.

Sertoriinae, 216, 221.

Sertorius, 221.

Sesquiptera, 126.

setosa (Rhipidura), 241.

Seudyra, 48, 50.

severa (Diamuna), 53.

Severus, 223.

severus (Falco), 18, 256, 533.

sexpennis (Parotia), 10.

sidae (Godasa), 48.

signifera (Photuris), 7.

— (Plutodes), 296.

silhetensis (Exsula), 35.

simplex (Chaetoceras), 344.

— (Rothia), 44.

simyra (Rothia), 45.

Sinameda, 137.

singalensis (Chalcoparia), 540.

sinuaticornis (Helminthoceras), 381.

sinuosa (Camptochilus), 342.

Siphia, 71, 157, 165, 166, 171, 172, 181, 548.

siriella (Eusemia), 27.

Sitta, 540.

sloetii (Campochaera), 532.

smaragdinus (Porphyrio), 249, 250.

smaragdus (Comostolodes), 309.

Solenocyclinae, 218, 227.

Solenocyclus, 227.

Solidaria, 366.

solitaria (Ceyx), 244.

Somatina, 379.

Somatinopsis, 379.

Sommeria, 203.

Soranus, 221.

sordida (Calletaera), 303.

— (Epiplema), 278.

— (Petrodava), 412.

— (Racotis), 137.

— (Xyleutes), 601.

sordidata (Pisoraca), 376.

sordidus (Halcyon), 244, 534.

— (Sarothroceras), 55.

Spacalus, 225.

spadicea (Pyenodontis), 98.

speciosa (Aganais), 62, 185, 207.

— (Ardeola), 164, 598.

— (Pseudhypsa), 61.

specularis (Drepana), 272.

Sphenocereus, 597.

Sphenoeacus, 69, 539.

Sphetta, 25—29.

Sphingidae, 22, 231.

sphyrus (Papilio), 462.

Spilobotys, 93, 94, 203—207.

spilogaster (Ptilotis), 238.

Spilornis, 161, 178.

Spilospizias, 162.

Spizaétus, 575.

splendens (Lucio), 4.

splendida (Anaeomorpha), 600.

splendidissima (Astrapia), 19.

splendidum (Dicaeum), 167, 182, 256.

Sporaeginthus, 559, 582.

Spuriinae, 216, 221.

Spurius, 222.

squamiceps (Chlorocharis), 70, 149, 153.

squamosa (Alcis), 131.

— (Scotopterix), 318.

Squatarola, 250.

Stachyridopsis, 545.

Stasiasticus, 539, 540.

staudingeri (Episteme), 38.

— (Eusemia), 38.

— (Theretra), 600.

stellae (Charmosyna), 18.

stellata (Oenospila), 292.

stellifera (Enantiodes), 133.

Stenocharta, 399, 400.

Stenognatha, 59.

stephani (Chalcophaps), 249, 536.

stephaniae ( Astrarchia), 9, 252.

Stephanocephalus, 228.

Sterna, 250.

Sterrhinae, 109, 293, 310, 369.

Stesichora, 274, 343.

Stibarostoma, 380.

stibostethia (Neochera), 195—200.

sticticum (Aspidosoma), 6.

Stigmatops, 558, 567, 582, 594.

stigmatus (Loriculus), 160.

Stoparola, 69, 158, 541.

straminea (Craspedia), 310.

— (Luxiaria), 303, 411.

— (Nadagarodes), 411.

stratiotes (Papilio), 68.

Stratocleis, 417.

Strepsilas, 180.

Streptocitta, 14, 155.

striata (Geopelia), 164, 554, 598.

striatus (Oriolus), 13.

strictus (Chrysocolaptes), 549.

strigata (Chiasmia), 138.

— (Nobilia), 112.

— (Phalacra), 338.

strigulata (Timandra), 116.

striolata (Hirundo), 595.

Strix, 161, 177, 588, 599.

strix (Oenospila), 292.

strophium ( Ptilopus), 248.

( 628 )

stuarti (Phlegethontius), 22.

(Theretra), 600.

Sturnidae, 13, 14.

Sturnopastor, 543.

Sturnus, 13.

suavissima (Cyclopsitta), 254.

subaflinis (Tanygnathus), 176.

subalaris (Amblyornis), 12, 13, 253.

subalbida (Chrysochloroma), 264.

— (Dryocoetis), 402.

subangulata (Chrysocraspeda), 110.

— (Hypephyra), 319.

subaurantiaca (Omiza), 418.

subbrunnescens ( Xanthorhoé), 315.

subcanescens (Cidaria), 121.

subcarnea (Agathia), 285.

— (Craspedia), 311.

subeastanea (Semiothisa), 412.

subcinerea (Antibadistes), 142,

— (Azata), 139.

— (Bulonga), 408.

subdecorata (Craspedia), 371.

subdeleta (Agathia), 102.

subfascia (Anagnia), 186—188.

subfasciata (Nadagarodes), 143.

subfenestrata (Oxycophina), 342.

subflava (Aplochlora), 392.

subflavida (Hemithea), 290, 367.

subfrenata (Ptilotis), 531, 532.

subfulvida (Sarcinodes), 280, 355.

subligata (Collix), 385.

subocellata (Tephrinopsis), 413.

subochrea (Paraleis), 136.

subornata (Hypechroma), 360.

subretracta (Aganais), 62, 185.

— (Pseudhypsa). 61.

subrubescens ( Hypochroma), 102.

subrubida ( Elphos), 300.

substigmaria (Euchera), 337.

subtincta (Craspedia), 372.

subtuberosus (Philemon), 238, 239, 534.

subviridis (Pingasa), 308.

suffusa (Actenochroma), 283.

— (Chogada), 299.

— (Parasynegia), 393.

Sula, 599.

sulaensis (Spilornis), 161.

sulcirostris (Phalacrocorax), 598.

sulphuralis (Agrophila), 24.

sulphurea (Cacatua), 176.

sumatranus (Papilio), 475, 506.

sumbaénsis (Terpsiphone), 585.

sumbanus (Papilio), 231.

sumbavensis (Geoffroyus), 563, 587, 596.

sumbawensis (Rhipidura), 570.

— (Zosterops), 567.

sumbensis (Graucalus), 576, 584.

— (Rhipidura), 585.

— (Tanygnathus), 576, 588.

superba ( Lophorina), 11.

superba (Xanthospilopteryx), 30.

superbus (Ptilopus), 249, 536.

superciliosa (Anas), 598.

superciliosus (Lanius), 548, 583.

supproximans (Epiplema), 277.

Surniculus, 159, 160, 165, 552.

sylvestris (Cabalus), 75, 78, 80, 83, 267—927

Sylvia, 538.

Syma, 244, 534.

Symmacra, 116.

Symmorphus, 14.

Synesius, 226.

synestia ( Bursada), 397.

Synodendron, 222.

Syntaracta, 129.

Tadorna, 250.

Taeniocerus, 220.

Taeniopygia, 559, 582, 594.

taigoor (Turnix), 576.

Tanaorhinus, 108.

tangalunga ( Viverra), 150.

Tanygnathus, 160, 176, 182, 576, 580, 588.

Tanysiptera, 534.

taprobana (Alcedo), 550.

tardita (Lucidota), 5

Tarquiniinae, 218, 227.

Tarquinius, 227.

Tatius, 229.

taylori (Melopyrrha), 257.

Teldenia, 273, 338.

telephorina (Photuris), 3.

Telephoroides, 7.

telescophthalmus (Arses), 254.

telesicles (Papilio), 66.

temeraria (Semiothisa), 320

temmincki (Coracias), 158.

— (Iyngipieus), 159.

— (Ptilopus), 163.

Tenaris, 93.

tenera ( Chlorochromodes), 103.

tenimberensis (Papilio), 65.

tentelare (Syma), 534.

tenuifascia (Perizoma), 123

tenuilinea (Metallochlora), 368.

— (Micrulia), 391.

tenuimargo (Neo-hera), 196.

tenuirostre (Edoliosoma), 242.

tenuirostris (Edoliosoma), 171.

tenuis (Lucidota), 1.

tenuisquama (Tephroclystia), 317.

Tephrina, 412.

tephrinata (Xenoneura), 414.

Tephrinopsis, 412, 413.

Tephroclystia, 125, 317, 392.

Tephroclystinae, 124, 317, 389.

Tephrodornis, 541.

tephrosiaria (Lassaba), 135.

teredon (Papilio), 323, 478—510, 521,

( 629 )

Terpna, 308, 31

Terpsiphone, 585.

terricolor (Ninox), 246,

tertia (Gracupica), 547, 59

Testudo, 85, 90, 329—334,

Tetraracus, 217, 2

tetraspila (Hyposidra), 416.

teysmanni (Cinnyris), 167, 182.

— (Osmotreron), 589.

26.

— (Pachycephala), 166, 169.

— (Rhipidura), 69, 157

Thalassodes,.293.

Thalerura, 363,

Thalurania, 25

Thamnonoma, 413.

Theretra, 22, 600.

thermochromata (Ischalia), 417.

thermodusa (Papilio), 479.

theseus (Papilio), 66, 466—469, 492.

thestius (Ornithoptera), 64.

— (Troides), 64.

thibetanus (Papilio), 466—468, 498.

thibetaria (Scotopterix), 318.

thomsoni ein)’ 235.

— (Papilio), 322

E oe oe 11.

— (Vanessa), 509.

thoracica (Lampyris), 4, 5.

— (Lucidota),

threnodes (Cacomantis), 551,

595.

Thriponax, 55(

Thryptocerus

Thymistada, 350.

Thyrididae, 340.

thyridion (Hecatesia), 30, 51, 52.

Tiberius, 225.

Tiga, 550.

226.

tiga (Chrysonotus), 543.

tigrina (Aegocera), 45, 46, 47.

— (Mitophrys), 42.

tigrinus (Turtur), 163, 554, 564,

Timandra, 116.

Timeliidae, 70,

39.

timorensis (Agarista), 54

— (Papilio), 323,

324, 479, 516.

timoriense (Edoliosoma), 584.

timoriensis nn 156, 165, 166, 171, 182,

561, 569, 584

— Chenoa) 238.

— (Tropidorhynchus), 558

Tinnunculus, 162,

tithonus (Ornithoptera), 440.

tjindanae (Geoffroyus), 576, 587

toealensis (Papilio), 424.

torotoro (Sym:

1),

178.

244, 5

torquata ETES Hn 15

torquatus (Astur), 177 :

tortuosa (Asota), 193, 205, 2

180, 250

Totanus, 166,

nro

994,

573, 589,5

ERI EYI FOR

562, 572, 586,

98.

548,

( 630 )

Toxeutotaenius, 226, umbrata (Eumelea), 356.

Tragulus, 593. unangulata (Epiplema), 350.

transiens (Zalissa), 51. undulans (Caularis), 55.

Treron, 166. undulata (Epiplema), 278.

Triaenurgus, 222. . undulataria (Craspedia), 310.

triangularis (Polylophodes), 405, 406. Undulifer, 221.

Tribonyx, 83. undulifera (Aganais), 62, 185.

566, 572, 580, 586, 595, 596. Unduliferinae, 216, 221.

Trichopleurus, 223. unicolor (Aganais), 62.

Trichopterygia, 121. — (Cephanodes), 231.

Trichopteryginae, 117—121, 294, 316, 380. uniformis (Leptomeris), 373.

Trichostigmus, 217, 228. unilineata (Ptychopoda), 315.

Trichostoma, 151, 544. uniplaga (Craspedosis), 297.

tricolor (Aegocera), 27. unipuncta (Eumelea), 281.

— (Bordeta), 130. unisinuata (Abraxas), 130.

— (Eusemia), 38. unistrigata (Teldenia), 339.

— (Mitophrys), 42, 43. Unzela, 23.

tricuspidatus (Hipposiderus), 526. Uraniidae, 273, 343.

tridactyla (Ceyx), 571. Urapteroides, 273.

Tridrepana, 339, 340, Uroloncha, 546.

triflava (Celerena), 356. Urospizias, 247.

trigonostigma (Dicaeum), 545. ursinus (Cuseus), 150.

trilineata (Hemerophila), 135. uruguayensis (Phengodes), 6.

trimeni (Aegocera), 27, 28, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53. urvillianus (Ornithoptera), 440.

— (Mitophrys), 42, 43. ustimargo (Trichopterygia), 121.

Tringa, 180.

Tringoides, 554, 570.

trinotatus (Astur), 162. Valerius, 216, 225, 226.

tripartita (Aegocera), 28, 41. vallata (Megalochlora), 108.

Triphosa, 387. Vanessa, 434, 509.

triplagiata (Aegocera), 95. vanwycki (Carpophaga), 248.

— (Perizoma), 123. varia (Mniotilta), 77.

tripunctata (Thymistada), 350. variabilis (Hyposidra), 306, 416.

tristicula (Ptochophyle), 293. varians (Crypsirhina), 547.

tristis (Acridotheres), 14. variegata ( Azata), 302.

Tristorthus, 220. — (Unzela), 23, 24.

trisuleata (Tridrepana), 340. variolinea (Chiasmiodes), 138.

triton (Cacatua), 245, 246. varius (Gallus), 554, 565, 574, 598.

trivialis (Photuris), 7. Vatininae, 217, 226.

trivirgata (Cryptolopha), 549, 561, 570, 595. Vatinius, 226.

trobriandi (Cacatua), 245, 246. veiovis (Papilio), 66.

— (Pachycephala), 236. Vellejinae, 219, 229.

Troides, 63, 64, 91, 694. Vellejus, 229.

tropica (Cruria), 39, 40. veneratus ( Eulabes), 568, 580.

— (Phalaenoides), 28. venulia (Aegocera), 42, 44, 46.

Tropidorhynchus, 238, 239, 558. venusta (Chrysomphe), 365.

Turdinus, 544. vernans (Osmotreron), 163, 572, 594

turdoides (Cataponera), 70, 151. verreauxi (Pholidauges), 14.

Turdus, 556. Verres, 224.

turneri (Panacra), 23. Verroides, 224.

Turnix, 164, 554, 574, 576, 598. versicolor (Asota), 205— 207.

turnus (Papilio), 486—488. — (Hygrochroa), 146.

turpipennis (Coptogonia), 381. — (Quiscalus), 77.

Turtur, 163, 164, 554, 564, 573, 589, 597. vestita (Diplurodes), 132.

tydeus (Papilio), 465, 503. vetula (Episteme), 29.

typica (Gazzola), 155. Veturiinae, 217, 224.

typicus (Papilio), 65. Veturius, 224.

tyrianthina (Exsula), 35. vicina (Testudo), 85—90.

tyro (Sauromarptis), 535. victrix (Episteme), 26,

victrix (Exsula), 35.

vigens (Terpna), 308.

vigorsi (Pitta), 175, 585.

vinaria (Oenochroma), 354.

Vindex, 216, 227.

Vindicinae, 218, 227.

vinosa (Gathynia), 351.

virago (Cyclopsittacus), 233, 245.

virescens (Blepharoctenucha), 401.

— (Cacomantis), 159.

— (Massaga), 31.

— (Ptilotis), 588, 592, 594.

virgatus (Tephrodornis), 541.

virginalis (Pitta), 174, 182.

viridifascia (Capasa), 415.

viridis (Monachella), 253.

virilis (Papilio), 492.

viscivorus (Turdus), 556.

visi (Ptilotis), 15, 254.

vitellinithorax (Lampyris), 4.

Vitellinus, 228.

Vitessa, 602.

vitessoides (Asota), 205.

vithoroides (Phalaenoides), 48.

vitiensis (Porphyrio), 250.

vittatus (Gecinus), 549.

vitticollis (Phalaenoides), 94.

Viverra, 150, 593.

vivilaca (Aplochlora), 392.

volutaria (Ptochophyle), 293, 291.

Volvocivora, 156.

vosmaeri (Testudo), 90.

vulcania (Scrobigera), 37.

vulgaris (Hipocrita), 203.

— (Sturnus), 13.

walkeri (Papilio), 322.

wallacei (Astur), 599.

( 631 )

wallacei ( Dierurus), 560, 594.

— (Macropteryx), 175.

— (Microstictus), 159.

— (Munia), 559, 594.

— (Osmotreron), 163, 178, 179.

— (Ptilopus), 536,

westermanni (Muscicapula), 156, 541, 548, 561,

569, 595.

wilhelminae (Dicaeum), 576, 581.

williami (Carpophaga), 552.

willsi (Micropus), 231.

woodfordiana (Macropteryx), 19.

woodlarkiana ( Milionia), 328.

Xantholaema, 551.

xanthomelas (Bursada), 397, 398.

xanthomus (Ledocas), 4.

Xanthorhoé, 315, 388.

xanthorrhous (Ptilopus), 179.

Xanthospilopteryx, 27, 30, 31.

xenocles (Papilio), 503.

Xenoneura, 414.

Xenorhina, 184, 185.

xuthus (Papilio), 492—499.

Xyleutes, 232, 600, 601.

Zalissa, 48, 50, 51.

Zaracha, 59.

zaria (Neochera), 195, 196, 201.

zemire (Duga), 27.

Zeuctophlebia, 355.

zoeae (Carpophaga), 248, 5306.

zonurus (Ptilopus), 248.

Zosterops, 69, 70, 149, 153, 160, 540, 546,

567, 582, 594.

Zygoctenia, 300.

END OF VOL. III.

Printed by Hazell, Watson, de Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES KILL XIN ann XV.

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. Anaeomorpha splendida Rothsch., Nov. ZooL. 1894. p. 687.

2. Macroglossa kiushiuensis Rothsch., l.c. 1894. p. 66.

3. Pachygonia stuarti Rothsch., Le. 1896. p. 665.

4. x Cypa mirabilis Rothsch., Vo. 1894. p. 542.

5 » perversa Rothsch., l.c. 1895. p. 28.

» 6. Meganoton cocytioides Rothsch., l.c. 1894. p. S9.

» 7. Callioma drucei Rothsch., l.c. 1894. p. 73.

8. Phlegethontius stuarti Rothsch., l.c. 1896. p. 22.

9. Sphinx fasciatus Rothsch., Le. 1894. p. 94.

10. Theretra staudingeri Rothsch., Le. 1894. p. 76

PLATE XIV.

ll. Theretra obliterata Rothsch., l.c. 1894. p. 75.

12. Panacra lifuensis Rothsch., l.c. 1894. p. 79.

13: & griseola Rothsch., /.c. 1894. p. 80.

14. Angonyx boisduvali Rothsch., l.c. 1894. p. 82.

15. Isbarta pandemia Rothsch., l.c. 1896. p. 56.

„ 16. Histia nivosa Rothseh., l.c. 1896. p. 56.

» 17. Rothia lasti Rothsch., Le. 1896. p. 45.

2 T8; » simplex Rothsch., l.e. 1896. p. 44.

„ 19. Mimeusemia perakana Rothsch., l.c. 1896. p. 50.

» 20. Anrothia bicolor Rothsch., l.c, 1896. p. 46.

21. Metagarista (?) rendalli Rothseh., l.c. 1896. p. 97.

22. Crinocula kinabaluensis Rothsch., Le. 1896. p. 36.

23. Godasa rufodiscalis Rothsch., Le. 1896. p. 47.

24. Crinala mimetica Rothseh., l.c. 1896. p. 36.

25. Ophthalmis basalis Rothsch., Le. 1896. p. 50.

PLATE XV.

26. Episteme conspicua Rothsch., l.e. 1896. p. 29.

, 27. Aegocera dispar Rothsch., l.c. 1896. p. 43. g.

DB. 3 5 á ug.

29. Phalaenoides Re Roch, hes 1896. p. 9

30. > inconspicua Bosch! „l.c. 1896. p. 4

31. - goldiei Druce, Ann. ie N. H. (6). XIV. p. 21 (1894)

„ 32. Agarista timorensis Rothsch., l.c. 1896. p. 48.

320. Rothia nigrescens Rothsch., l.e. 1896. p. 45.

33. Pyenodontis ovata Rothsch., l.c. 1896. p. 98.

34. 3 pulverosa Rothsch., l.e. 1896. i 98

35. Laquea argentata Druce, l.c. (6). XIV. p. 23 (1896) from Jamaica.

, 96. Caterpillar, young, of same, dorsal view.

97. 25 5 lateral view.

38. y of same nearly full grown, dorsal view.

39. » » ful grown, dorsal view.

40, - S = » lateral view.

41, PAPA canopus swmbanus Rothsch., le. 1896. p. 231.

42. Asota kinabaluensis Rothsch., l.e. 1896. p. 602.

Novitates Zoozocicx. Vor. III. 1896.

W. Purkiss pins Litho. W. Greve, Berlin

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICÆ. VOL. III. 1896.

W. Purkiss pinx.

III. 1896.

Vor.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICE.

pinx

W. Purkiss

NoviTATES ZooLocIcæ®. VoL Ill. 1896.

Ps MA Gara C

so 4

Lith.Anst.v K. Wesser, Jena,

co» 92 to b bw

=H © © o -

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XVI.—XIX.

PLATE XVI.

Valve with harpe of P. aegeus ormenus from Dorey.

Harpe of

S 5

p dp Jb E , Sattelberg, near Finschhafen.

51155 P. aegeus aegeus from Cairns.

AE A - »5

5 5 EU 5 . Cedar Pay, 30 miles south of

Cooktown.

3; 5 rt. n , Queensland.

3 35 "A". o » N.S. Wales.

NI P. inopinatus from the Tenimber Islands.

Valve with harpe of P. tydeus from Halmaheira.

Harpe of

no» » »

». Patjan.

” ” ” ”

, eS , Halmaheira.

Valve with harpe of P. polytes polytes from Kumaon.

Harpe of dme E " P

Ho m m ^ , Bankipore.

pos sg) Rr os T „ Bassein, Burma.

35 275 a on n , Loo Choo Islands.

, Bunguran, Natuna Islands.

X dg P. polytes nikobarus from the Andaman Islands.

A P. polytes theseus from the Kina Balu, N. Borneo.

EE 33 » Java.

» 5 , Dili, Timor.

Valve with harpe of P. polytes alphenor from Mindoro.

Harpe of XM " - »

309955 p.m Mangiola, Sulla Islands.

» P. polytes aleindor from Tombugu, E. Celebes.

» P. polytes perversus „ Talaut.

» P. polytes nicanor ,, Halmaheira,

PLATE XVI.—continued.

Fig. 37. Harpe of P. ambrax ambrax from German N. Guinea.

38. Valve and harpe of P. ambra ambrax from German N. Guinea.

39. Harpe of P. machaon flavus from Cambridge, England.

40. » ^ d + » A + >

41. > ey 3 a A "S Ji

42. » » P. machaon sphyrus,, — Syria.

43. MM CE. » 5 ;, Palestine.

44. Uncus of P. machaon flavus „ Cambridge.

45. 5o » P. machaon machaon from Switzerland.

46. Harpe of P. bathycles bathycles , Java.

47. . »„ P. bathycles bathycloides from 8. E. Borneo.

48. » » P. bathycles chiron from Shillong, Assam.

49. MES es 5 T , Sikkim.

50. 50995 $5 m " „ Shan States.

Lith. Anslv: KWesser, Jena,

”

n”

82.

85.

PLATE XVII.

Valve with harpe of P.euchenor euchenor from Stephansort, German N.Guinea.

Ventralridgeofharpeof ,,

o ^" ”

» pin Euan " „ Simbang, A

5 » yyy P. euchenor obsolescens from Aru.

x ee EA = 3 » Kei.

x » » » » P. euchenor godarti » Woodlark Island.

Apical ridge of harpe of P. ewchenor euchenor, ad figs. 51 and 52.

5 5 - ^ EE = T ad fig. 53.

» qu COD PRENNE = s ad fig. 54.

5 so 5 o o5 P. euchenor obsolescens, ad fig. 56.

» $ 2 SRL 295 se = ad fig. 55.

jj 5 5 Ft Re " M ad fig. 57.

Valve with harpe of P.depilisdepilis from Neu Pommern= New Britain.

Ventral ridge of harpe of ,, — ,„, " ES » » »

cA he ER ete ae » » » » » »

. . rom Neu Mecklenbur,

2 D TODO 23052 10473 ee i o S a TIN:

l = New Ireland.

(from Neu Mecklenburg

{ = New Ireland.

” ” ” ” mo ^» ”

Apical ridge of harpe of P. depilis depilis, ad fig. 66.

n 5o» o o P. depilis novohibernicus, ad fig. 69.

Valve with harpe of P. aristeus anticrates from Assam.

Ventral ridge of - 5 T >: A *

2 » » P. aristeus hermocrates from the Shan States.

Dorsal lobe of valve of P. aristeus anticrates, ad fig. 72.

so 0» o5 o» » P. aristeus hermocrates, ad fig. 74.

5 DER ENSE I 2 " from the Shan States.

" 512595599 59 33 5 E „ Kudat, N. Borneo.

» 6v Use o d a ch S T , Palawan.

3 IM —— T 5 5 -

» 50 gy P. aristeus aristeus from Halmaheira.

Valve with harpe of ., 7 3 ad fig. 81.

Ventral ridge of " = ad figs. 81 and 82.

cp , 0» P. rhesus from S. Celebes.

Dorsal lobe of valve of P. rhesus, ad fig. 84.

Uncus of P. aristolochiae aristolochiae from Sikkim.

Fig. 87.

PLATE XVII.—continued.

Uncus of P. aristolochiae aristolochiae from Sikkim.

„ P. aristol

”

” "

ochiae wustrosundanus from Sambawa.

, P. aristolochiae antiphus from Bunguran, Natuna Islands.

2 »

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon sarpedon from Massuri.

Dorsal ridge from dorsal side of P. sarpedon sarpedon, ad fig. 96.

”

» ventral ,,

LE]

Valvewith harpe of

Dorsal ridge from — , — ,

”

„ apical

ad figs. 96 and 97.

from Sikkim.

„the Shan States `

x X ad fig. 101.

ad figs. 101 and 102.

NoviTATES Zootocicas VoL IIl. 1896.

104. ip (f 136.

rk Í PN |

Lith Anst.v K Wesser, Jena.

Fig.

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

PLATE XVIII.

> > A " 7 "0 -

Dorsal ridge of harpe from dorsal side orf? i S Se His

Shan States.

(P. sarpedon sarpedon from the

i un. Shan States.

d ( P. surpedon sarpedon from the

VOS eg Shan States.

(P. sarpedon sarpedon from

ie 2 3 ii ew Thaiping, Malay Peninsula.

(P. sarpedon sarpedon from

( Sikkim.

oes (P. sarpedon sarpedon from

PEL QE Mt. Mulu, Sarawak.

(P. sarpedon sarpedon from

x oa a x RO Mt. Mulu, Sarawak.

(P. sarpedon sarpedon from

E d x d DNE Mindoro.

apical side of P. sarpedon sarpedon, ad fig. 111.

» ” LE]

Outline of apex of valve of P. sarpedon sarpedon from Shan States, ad fig. 105.

» ad fig. 106.

» " 9 5 x x 5

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon teredon from Trichopolis.

Dorsal ridge from above of P. sarpedon teredon, ad fig. 115.

» » » ventral side of P. sarpedon teredon, ad figs. 115 and 116.

Transverse ridge fromapical side of valve of P. sarpedon teredon from S. India.

D 5 5 T ^ ad figs. 116 and 117.

P » 5 3 5 m from Ceylon.

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon jugans from Sumba.

Dorsal ridge from apical side of P. sarpedon jugans, ad fig. 121.

» » » ventral , 5 » ad figs. 121 and 122.

» X „ apical E » 5 from Sumba.

‘Transverse ridge from above of 7 x ad fig. 123.

T 3 » " 5 5 ad fig. 124.

Dorsal ridge of harpe from ventral side of P. sarpedon adonarensis from

Adonara.

Transverse ridge from above of P. sarpedon timorensis from Wetter.

» » » n » » " Timor.

Dorsal ridge from apical side of P. surpedon choredon from Cairns,

Queensland.

Dorsal ridge from ventral side, middle portion, of P. sarpedon choredon,

ad fig. 130.

PLATE XVIIL.—continued.

Dorsal ridge from above, middle portion, of P. sarpedon choredon, ad

figs. 130 and 131.

Outline of apex of valve of P. sarpedon teredon from South India.

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon choredon from Cairns.

Middle portion of dorsal ridge from above of P. sarpedon choredon from

Redscar Bay, British New Guinea.

Dorsal ridge from apical side of P. sarpedon choredon, ad fig. 136.

Y , A .. (from Neu Pommern = New

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon imparilis } Britain,

3 " > 5 dodingensis from Halmaheira.

Dorsal ridge from apical side of P. sarpedon dodingensis, ad fig. 139.

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon anthedon from Ceram.

Dorsal ridge from apical side of P. sarpedon anthedon, ad fig. 141.

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon milon from S. Celebes.

Dorsal ridge from apical side of P. sarpedon milon, ad fig. 143.

S , dorsal m m » ad figs. 143 and 144.

5 apical monticolus! fromiMt Car

" RIT E n US. Celebes.

- , dorsal 5 5 » ad fig. 146.

Valve with harpe of P. sarpedon isander from Guadalcanar.

T P. cloanthus cloanthus ,, Sikkim.

» » “6 5 an sumatranus from Dili, Sumatra.

Dorsal ridge and subdorsal tooth of P. cloanthus cloanthus, ad fig. 149.

(from the Shan

States.

clymenus from China.

m 5 - s 5 sumatranus, ad fig. 150.

" > 3 from Dili.

”

+ POM

NoviTATES ZooLocicr Vor Ill.1896.

186. -

AULA) =

; | LY

[7 yj \ "

Lith Angt.v. K- Weser, Jona,

PLATE XIX.

Terminal segments of abdomen of ? of P. machaon flavus from Cam-

bridge, with vaginal armature: v = vaginal orifice; « = ventral

process; b = lateral fold.

The same from ventral side.

Ventral process of fig. 156, from ventral side.

The same, lateral view.

End of abdomen of 9 of P. polytes polytes, lateral view.

Vaginal armature of the same flattened out: æ = ventral process; b and

c = lateral processes; t = postvaginal tubercle,

The same of P. ambrax ambrax from Dutch New Guinea.

End of abdomen of ? of P. aegeus ormenus from Dutch New Guinea,

lateral view: f = lateral fold; « = ventral, b = lateral process;

t = postvaginal tubercle.

Vaginal armature of the same from ventral side.

The same flattened out, semidiagrammatically.

Ventral and lateral processes of P. wegeus ormenus from Dutch New Guinea.

À P n f 3 aegeus — , — Queensland.

Lateral process of P. aegeus aegeus from Queensland.

Ventral and lateral processes of P. wegeus aegeus from Queensland.

- E E i „ P. rumanzovius ,, Luzon.

5 5 5 2: „ P. memnon agenor from Sikkim.

Lateral process of P. memmon agenor from Sikkim.

Ventral and lateral processes of P. memnon agenor from Sikkim.

Lateral, divided, processes of m » memmnon , Borneo,

Ventral and lateral n Y > ad fig. 174.

Anal segment and postvaginal tubercle of P. aegeus ormenus.

m F x 5 - + „P. memnon agenor.

a " i 5 55 y „ P. rumanzovius.

End of abdomen of ? of P. aleinous aleinous from Japan, lateral view.

Vaginal region of P. aleinous confusus from China, lateral view.

End of abdomen of P. podalirius podalirius from Germany.

” » » P. sarpedon sarpedon from Japan.

Ventral process of ,, > x ad. fig. 182.

» = ls; , choredon from Queensland.

Vaginal region of P. aristeus parmatus from Queensland, lateral view.

Ventral process of same: v = vagina.

Vaginal region of P. macfarlanei from New Guinea, lateral view:

a = ventral process; f = lateral fold.

The same from apical side.

of P. agamemnon agamemmon from N. India,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

A Journal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

Toe Hox WALTER ROTHSCHILD,

ERNST HARTERT, ax» Ds. K. JORDAN.

Vor. II., 1896.

No. 1.

IssuED Marcu l4TH, AT THE ZOOLOGICAL Museum, TRING.

(Paces 1—84, Prares I.—I1II.)

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, & VINEY, Lp, LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1896.

-1

Vor. IH.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

EDITED BY

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

DESCRIPTIONS DE NOUVELLES ESPECES DE

LAMPYRIDES DU MUSÉE DE TRING

LAMPYRIDES CAPTURÉS AU PARAGUAY

PAR M. LE DR. BOHLS

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF

THE PAPUAN ISLANDS (Prare I.)

NOTES ON ZETEROCERA, WITH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES

FURTHER NOTES ON MY REVISION OF THE

PAPILIOS OF THE EASTERN HEMI-

SPHERE, EXCLUSIVE OF AFRICA

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME

NEW BIRDS FROM THE MOUNTAINS OF

SOUTHERN CELEBES

ON A NEW SPECIES OF ATZUCHUS (ACTINO-

PHORUS) FROM AUSTRALIA

ON THE EXTINCT BIRDS OF THE CHATHAM

ISLANDS .

Part I.— THE OSTEOLOGY OF

DIAPHORAPTERYX HAWKINSI

(Prare ITT.)

Ernest Olivier

Walter Rothschild and

Ernst Hartert

Walter Rothschild and

Karl Jordan

Walter Rothschild

Ernst Hartert

John W. Shipp

C. W. Andrews .

PAGE

DESIDERATA OF BIRDS OF PARADISE AND BOWER BIRDS

OF THE TRING MUSEUM.

Lanthothorax benzbachi Büttik.

Paryphephorus dwivenbodir (Meyer).

Drepanornis geisleri Meyer.

Epimachus ellioti Gould,

Paradisea mariae Reichen.

5 novae-gwineae Alb, & Salvad.

intermedia De Vis,

Lamprothorax wilhelminae Meyer.

Phonygama gouldi (Gray).

Manucodia jobiensis Salvad.

Rf rubiensis Meyer.

Xanthomelus ardens Alb. & Salvad.

Cnemophilus macgregorii De Vis.

Loria loriae Salvad.

Aelwroedus melanotis (Gray).

Ohlamydodera nuchalis (Y. & 8.).

5 orientalis Gould.

E occipitalis Gould.

» guttata, Gould.

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TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &C.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

All Kinds of NATURAL HISTORY ‘SPECIMENS

Preserved and Mounted.

OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS’ SKINS.

British Birds a Speciality,

Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c., in Stock.

DISARTICULATED SKULLS, Etc.

89, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

WILLIAM WATKIXS,

ENTOMOLOGIST,

Respectfully announces that he is constantly

receiving direct from his Correspondents all

over the world new and scarce Lepidoptera,

lists of which may be obtained on application.

COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR RTE CI CASH.

RESIDENCE AND STUDIO:

VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE.

R. TANCRÉ,

ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

receives every year from his collectors Large

Collections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-

TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, Kuldscha, Northern

Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),

and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate

Prices. Price Lists post free to any address

on application.

R. TANCRÉ.

Annual Subscription to **

Price of Yearly Volume,

for Booksellers on completed volumes only.)

à ———

Novitates Zoologicae,”

when completed, £1 10s. to Non-Subscribers.

£1 Is.

(Commission

Communications, etc, may be addressed to

THE EDITORS OF “NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,”

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, AND VINEY, LD.,

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRING.

LONDON AND AYLESBURY,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

A Journal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

Tug Hos. WALTER ROTHSCHILD,

ERNST HARTERT, ax» Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vor. IMI., 1596.

ISSUED JUNE 25TH, AT THE ZOOLOGICAL Museum, TRING.

(Paces 85—232, Prares IV., V.)

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, & VINEY, Lp, LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1896.

Vou.) TIL.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

EDITED BY

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS~ OF NO.

FURTHER NOTES ON GIGANTIC LAND TOR-

TOISES

NEW LEPIDOPTERA

NEW GEOMETRIDAE . IN

MUSEUM .

THE TRING

ON ORNITHOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE

BY MR. ALFRED EVERETT IN CELEBES

AND ON THE ISLANDS SOUTH OF IT

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TOAD (XZNORHINA)

FROM NEW GUINEA (Prate VIII)

NOTES ON HETEROCERA, WITH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES

(Pate IV.)

DIE PASSALIDEN DICHOTOMISCH BEAR-

BEITET : - > d S ;

r THEIL.—DIE GRUPPEN UND

GATTUNGEN (Tarer V. VI. VII).

A NEW

GASCAR

FORM OF SWIFT FROM MADA-

SOME UNDESCRIBED LEPIDOPTERA

II.

PAGE

Walter Rothschild . 85

Walter Rothschild 2239].

W. Warren . 4 299

Ernst. Hartert . 148

A. Günther. 184

Walter Rothschild and

Karl Jordan . 185

A. Kuwert 209

Ernst Hartert » 291

Walter. Rothschild +231

DESIDERATA OF BIRDS OF PARADISE AND BOWER BIRDS

OF THE TRING MUSEUM.

Tanthothorax benzbachi Büttik.

Paryphephorus duivenbodei (Meyer).

Drepanornis geisleri Meyer.

Epimachus ellioti Gould.

Paradisea mariae Reichen.

2 novae-guinede Alb. & Salvad.

i intermedia De Vis.

Lamprothorax wilhelminae Meyer.

Phonygama gouldi (Gray).

Manucodia jobiensis Salvad.

f rubiensis Meyer.

Xanthomelus ardens Alb. & Salvad.

Onemophilus macgregorii De Vis.

Aeluroedus melanotis (Gray).

Chlamydodera nuchalis (Y. & S.).

x orientalis Gould.

occipitalis Gould.

guttata Gould.

Advertisements ef 2 gological Objects QUE Zi -oological Books only accepted,

EEEN for the présent Volume. are que NOW.

Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, SS & DONCASTER,

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN.

Natural History Agents,

Largest Stock of LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA

and other INSECTS ; also SHELLS from all parts

of the world. In our new Price List, No. XXXVII.,

we offer more than 13,500 Species of well- named

LEPIDOPTERA, Set or in Papers, in finest con-

dition ; 1,100 Species of PREPARED LARVAE;

numerous PUPAE alive, etc. Separate Price Lists

Nos. X.—XII., for COLEOPTERA (15,000 Species):

Lists II. and IIL, for HYMENOPTERA (1,900

Species), DIPTERA (900) HEMIPTERA (1,200),

ORTHOPTERA (400), NEUROPTERA (320). Lists

VI., VII., VIII. and 1X., for SHELLS.

Large Discount for Cash Orders.

Keep for Sale a large and choice Stock of

European and Exotic LEPIDOPTERA,

BIRDS’ EGGS, and APPARATUS and

CABINETS of the best quality, Typical

Collections of Butterflies, etc., made up to

order at very moderate prices. Catalogue

post free to any address on application,

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

"WILHELM SCHLUETER, | BRAZENOR BROS. SCHLUETER,

HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.

Dealer in Objects of of Natural History,

LARGEST STOCK OF

MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS’ EGGS, REPTILES,

AMPHIBIA, FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR-

PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CRABS,

WORMS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHYTES, MICRO-

SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &c.

BRAZENOR BROS.,

TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

All Kinds of NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS

Preserved ‘and Mounted.

OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS’ SKINS.

British Birds a Speciality,

Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c., in Stock.

DISARTICULATED SKU mx Etc.

39, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

Cataloques post free on application.

WILLIAM WATKINS, R. TANCRE,

EI LOMOROETBT: ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

Respectfully announces that he is constantly

receives every year from his collectors Large

Collections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-

TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, Kuldscha, Northern

Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),

COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR PROMPT CASH. and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate

Prices. Price Lists post free to any address

receiving direct from his Correspondents all

over the world new and scarce Lepidoptera,

lists of which may be obtained on application.

RESIDENCE AND STUDIO: on application.

VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE. R. TANCRÉ.

mm sms m m en —_ see.

Annual Subscription to “ Novitates Zoologicae," £1 1s.

Price of Yearly Volume, when completed, £1 10s. to Non-Subscribers. (Commission

Jor Bookselle TS on completed volumes only. )

Communications, etc., may be addressed to

THE EDITORS OF ' NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,”

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRING.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLESBURY,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

A Journal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

Tug Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD,

ERNST HARTERT, as» Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vor. II., 1896.

No. 3.

Issvep SEPTEMBER 18TH, AT THE ZOOLOGICAL Museum, TRING

(Pacrs 233—328, Prates VI. VIL, VIII, IX., X.)

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, & VINEY, Lp, LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1896.

Eam

Vor: DE

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

EDITED BY

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS, OF NO. III.

1. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF } Walter Rothschild and

THE PAPUAN ISLANDS : Ernst Hartert . 233

No. IV.—LIST OF A COLLECTION

MADE BY ALBERT, S. MEEK,

ON FERGUSSON, TROBRIAND,

EGUM, & WOODLARK ISLANDS.

No. V.—ON. SOME SPECIES IN A

SMALL COLLECTION MADE ON

THE OWEN STANLEY MOUN-

TAINS IN THE KAIARI AND

ORIORI DISTRICTS BETWEEN

MOUNTS ALEXANDER AND

NISBET IN JANUARY 1896.

PAGE

2. A FEW ADDITIONS TO FORMER NOTES . Ernst Hartert . «255

3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FINCH FROM THE

WEST INDIES. ` d : F 2 . Ernst Hartert . OD

4. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CYANOPS FROM

NORTH CACHAR . $ ; ; ; . E. C. Stuart Baker. - 25

5. DESCRIPTION D'UNE NOUVELLE ESPECE

DE LA FAMILLE DES TROCHILIDAE . E. Simon . à : 259

6. ON THE EXTINCT BIRDS OF THE CHATHAM

ISLANDS . 5 : - ; 3 ? . 0, W. Andrews . .- 260

Part II.— THE OSTEOLOGY OF

PALAEOLIMNAS CHATHAMEN-

SIS AND NESOLIMNAS (Gen.

Nov.) DIEFFENBACHII. (PLATES

IX., X.)

-1

NEW SPECIES OF DREPANULIDAE, URANI-

IDAE,EPIPLEMIDAE, ANDGEOMETRIDAE

FROM THE PAPUAN REGION (ALBERT

S. MEEK Corr.) s À ; ; Ë . W. Warren : . 272

NEW INDIAN ZPIPLEMIDAE AND GEOME-

TRIDAE W, Warren : 1807,

9. NEW LEPIDOPTERA . . 5 : A . Walter Rothschild ,: 922

DESIDERATA OF BIRDS OF PARADISE AND BOWER BIRDS

OF THE TRING MUSEUM.

Zanthothorax benzbachi Büttik.

Paryphephorus duivenbodei (Meyer).

Drepanornis geisleri Meyer.

Epimachus ellioti Gould.

Paradisea mariae Reichen.

5 novae-quinene Alb. & Salvad.

x intermedia De Vis.

Lamprothorax wilhelminae Meyer. _

Phonygama gouldi (Gray).

Manucodia jobiensis Salvad.

x rubiensis Meyer.

Xanthomelus ardens Alb. & Salvad.

Cnemophilus macgregorii De Vis.

Aeluroedus melanotis (Gray).

Chlamydodera nuchalis (Y. & S.).

A orientalis Gould.

5 occipitalis Gould.

5 guttata Gould.

paver tisements of Zoological Objects and ee Books on acoepied;

Subscriptions fon the present Volume are das NOW.

Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN.

Largest Stock of LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

and other INSECTS ; also SHELLS from all parts

of the world, Tn our new Price List, No. XXXVII.,

we offer nore than 13,500 Species of well-named

LEPIDOPTERA, Set or. in Papers. in finest con-

dition; l,t00 Species of PREPARED LARVAE ;

numerous PUPAE alive, ete. Separate Price Lists,

Nos X.— XII., for COLEOPTERA (15,000 Species);

Lists Il. and ITL, for HYMENOPTERA (1,900

Species), DIPTERA (900), HEMIPTERA (1,200),

ORTHOPTERA (400), NEUROFTERA (320). Lists

VI., VIL, VIII. and IX., for SHELLS,

Large Discount for Cash Orders.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,

Natural History Agents,

Keep for Sale a large and choice Stock of

European and Exotie LEPIDOPTERA,

BIRDS’ EGGS, and APPARATUS and

CABINETS of the best quality. - Typical

Collections of Butterflies, etc., made up to

order at. very moderate prices. Catalogue

post free to any address on application.

86, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

WILHELM SCHLUETER,

HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.

Dealer in Objects of Natural History,

LARGEST STOCK OF

MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS’ EGGS, REPTILES,

AMPHIBIA, FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR-

PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC, SHELLS, CRABS,

WORMS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHYTES, MICRO-

SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &c.

Catalogues post free on application.

BRAZENOR BROS.,

TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

All Kinds o NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS

Preserved and Mounted.

OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS' SKINS.

British Birds a Speciality.

Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c.,inStock,

DISARTICULATED SKULES, Etc.

89, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

WILLIAM WATKINS,

ENTOMOLOGIST,

Respectfully announces that he is constantly

receiving direct from his Correspondents all

over the world new and scarce Lepidoptera,

lists of which may be obtained on application.

COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR PROMPT CASH.

RESIDENCE AND STUDIO:

VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE.

R. TANCRÉ,

ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

receives every year from his collectors Large

Collections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-

TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, Kuldscha, Northern

Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),

and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate

Prices. Price Lists post free to any address

on application.

R: TANCRÉ.

Aue val Subscription to “ Novitates Zoologicae," £1 ls.

Pı / Yearly Volume, when completed, £1 10s. to Non-Subscribers. (Commission

‚for Bool ers on completed volumes only.)

Com ınications, etc., may be addressed to

THE EDITORS OF ' NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRING.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLESBUKY.

iat %

A u 2 a Los SRE Sx

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

A Journal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

Tug Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD,

ERNST HARTERT, ax» Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vor. HI., 1896.

No. 4.

ISSUED DECEMBER 29TH, AT THE ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, TRING.

(Paces 329—631, Prates XI., XI., XIV.—XXII.)

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, & VINEY, LD, LONDON AND AYLESBURY

1896,

Vor. II.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAL

EDITED BY

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. “WW.

TESTUDO EPHIPPIUM. (Prates XX.—XXII.)

NEW SPECIES OF DREPANULIDAE, THYRI-

DIDAE, URANII DAE, EPIPLEMIDAE, AND

GEOMETRIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM

ON A NEW SPECIES OF ACTINOPHORUS FROM

MADAGASCAR . ; ;

ON SOME NEW SUBSPECIES OF PAPILIO

ON MECHANICAL SELECTION AND OTHER

PROBLEMS. (Prares XVI,—XIX.)

ON MAMMALS COLLECTED BY MR. ALBERT

MEEK ON WOODLARK ISLAND, AND ON

KIRIWINA IN THE TROBRIAND GROUP

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF

THE PAPUAN ISLANDS | z

No. VL—ON SOME SKINS COL-

LECTED FROM APRIL TO JUNE

ON MOUNT VICTORIA, OWEN

STANLEY MOUNTAINS, MOSTLY

AT ELEVATIONS OF FROM

5000 TO 7000 FEET.

No. VII.—LIST OF A COLLECTION

OF BIRDSKINS MADE IN THE

ARU ISLANDS BY CAPTAIN

CAYLEY WEBSTER FROM MAY

TO JULY 1896.

. AN ACCOUNT OF THE COLLECTIONS OF BIRDS

MADE BY MR. WILLIAM DOHERTY IN

THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. (PLATES

XL, XII.) HIGAS

1. INTRODUCTION ; II. EAST JAVA;

III. BALI; IV. LOMBOK; V,

SAMBAWA; VI. SATONDA ; VIL

SUMBA.

. LIST OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE

IN LOMBOK BY MR. ALFRED EVERETT.

. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF

LEPIDOPTERA, WITH REMARKS ON

SOME PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED FORMS.

(Pirates XIII.—XV.)

. INDEX TO VOL. III.

A. Günther

W. Warren

John W. Shipp .

Walter Rothschild

Karl Jordan

Oldfield Thomas .

Walter Rothschild p

Ernst Hartert

Walter Rothschild

(TITLE-PAGE AND CONTENTS OF VOL. III.)

PAGE

329

600

605

DESIDERATA OF BIRDS OF PARADISE AND BOWER BIRDS

OF THE TRING MUSEUM.

Tanthothorax, benzbachi Büttik.

Paryphephorus duivenbodei (Meyer).

Drepanornis geisleri Meyer.

Epimachus ellioti Gould.

Paradisea mariae Reichen.

novae-gwineae Alb. & Salvad.

TA intermedia De Vis.

Lamprothorax wilhelminae Meyer.

Phonygama gouldi (Gray).

Manucodia jobiensis Salvad.

rubiensis Meyer.

Xanthomelus ardens Alb. & Salvad.

Chlamydodera nuchalis (Y. & S.).

H orientalis Gould.

ie occipitalis Gould.

guttata Gould.

Advertisements of Zoological OO d and Z U ER Books only accepted.

Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.

Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN.

Largest Stock of LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

and other INSECTS ; also SHELLS from all parts

of the world. In our new Price List, No. XXXVII.,

we offer more than 13,500 Species of well-named

LEPIDOPTERA, Set or in Papers, in finest con-

dition ; 1,100 Species of PREPARED LARVAE ;

numerous PUPAE alive, etc. Separate Price Lists,

Nos X.—XII., for COLEOPTERA (15,000 Species);

Lists H. and IIL, for HYMENOPTERA (1,900

Species), DIPTERA (900), HEMIPTERA (1,200),

ORTHOPTERA (400), NEUROPTERA (320). Lists

VI., VH., VIII. and 1X., for SHELLS.

Large Discount for Cash Orders.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,

Natural History Agents,

Keep for Sale a large and choice Stock of

European and Exotio LEPIDOPTERA,

BIRDS’ EGGS, and APPARATUS and

CABINETS of the best quality. Typical

Collections of Butterflies, etc., made up to

order at very moderate prices. Catalogue

post free to any address on application.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

WILHELM SCHLUETER,

HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.

Dealer in Objects of Natural History.

LARGEST STOCK OF

MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS’ EGGS, REPTILES,

AMPHIBIA, FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR-

PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CRABS,

WORMS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHYTES, MICRO-

SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &c.

Cataloques post free on application.

BRAZENOR BROS.,

TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

All Kinds of NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS

Preserved and Mounted.

OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS’ SKINS.

British Birds a Speciality,

Mounted Skeletonsof Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c., in Stock.

DISARTICULATED SKULLS, Etc.

39, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

WILLIAM WATKINS,

ENTOMOLOGIST,

Respectfully announces that he is constantly

receiving direct from his Correspondents all

over the world new and scarce Lepidoptera,

lists of which may be obtained on application.

COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR PROMPT CASH.

RESIDENCE AND STUDIO:

VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE.

R. TANCRE,

ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

receives every year from his collectors Large

Collections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN

TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, Kuldscha, Northern

Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),

and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate

Prices. Price Lists post free to any address

on application.

R. TANCRE.

Annual Subscription to *

Price of Yearly Volume,

jor Booksellers on completed volumes only.)

Novitates Zoologicae,"

when completed,

£1 ds.

£1 10s. to Non-Subscribers. (Commission

Communications, etc., may be addressed to

THE EDITORS OF “NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, AND VINKY, LD.,

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRING.

LONDON AND AYLESBURY.