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BIOLOGY

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ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA

OAKES AMES

AND

DONOVAN STEWART CORRELL

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

VOLUME 26, NUMBER 2

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

SEPTEMBER 25, 1953

ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA

ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA

OAKES AMES

Director, Botanical Museum of Harvard University, 1935-1950

AND

DONOVAN STEWART CORRELL

United States Department of Agriculture

Formerly Research Associate, Botanical Museum of Harvard University

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

VOLUME 26, NUMBER 2

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

SEPTEMBER 25, 1953

BIOLOGY LIBRARY

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

v.

CONTENTS

Genera Included in Volume 26, Number 2

PAGE PAGE:

Diacrium ...................... 405 Paphinia ....................... 526

Cattleya ....................... 406 Stanhopea ..................... 528

Laelia ......................... 414 Gongora ....................... 536

Brassavola ..................... 421 Coryanthes .................... 540

Meiracyllium ................... 425 Xylobium ...................... 544

Homalopetalum ................ 428 Lycaste ........................ 549

Scaphyglottis ................... 429 Zygopetalum ................... 557

Ponera ........................ 442 Chondrorhyncha ................ 559

Jacquiniella .................... 446 Maxillaria ..................... 560

Isochilus ....................... 448 Mormolyca .................... 590

Arpophyllum ................... 454 Trigonidium ................... 592

Coelia ......................... 458 Trichocentrum ................. 594

Bothriochilus ................... 460 lonopsis ....................... 595

Polystachya .................... 466 Scelochilus ..................... 599

Galeandra ..................... 472 Comparettia ................... 601

Epidanthus .................... 474 Trichopilia ..................... 602

Hexalectris ............. ........ 475 Odontoglossum ................. 606

Corallorhiza .................... 476 Aspasia ........................ 623

Calanthe ...................... 482 Brassia ........................ 624

Bletia ......................... 484 Palumbina ..................... 630

Chysis ........................ 491 Oncidium ...................... 632

Bulbophyllum .................. 495 Leochilus ...................... 673

Eulophia ....................... 498 Sigmatostalix ................... 679

Cyrtopodium ................... 501 Lockhartia ..................... 680

Govenia ............. .......... 502 Ornithocephalus ................ 685

Mormodes ..................... 509 Notylia ........................ 689

Catasetum .................... 514 Cryptarrhena ................... 692

Cycnoches ..................... 518 Macradenia .................... 694

Lacaena ....................... 522 Dichaea ....................... 696

Houlletia ...................... 524 Campylocentrum ............... 709

INDEX . . 717

399

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

TEXT FIGURES

PAGE

108. Diacrium bilamellatum 404

109. Cattleya Deckeri 409

110. Cattleya Pachecoi 411

111. Cattleya Skinneri 413

112. Laelia Digbyana var. fimbripetala 416

113. Laelia rubescens 418

114. Brassavola nodosa 424

115. Meiracyllium trinasutum and Homalopetalum pumilio 426

116. Scaphyglottis longicaulis and S. Behrii 431

117. Scaphyglottis hondurensis 437

118. Scaphyglottis minutiflora 441

119. Ponera glomerata and P. striata 444

120. Jacquiniella globosa 447

121. Isochilus major 453

122. Arpophyllum alpinum 456

123. Coelia triptera 459

124. Bothriochilus bellus 461

125. Bothriochilus macrostachyus 465

126. Polystachya cerea 467

127. Polystachya luteola 471

128. Galeandra Baueri 473

129. Hexalectris parviflora and H. brevicaulis 477

130. Corallorhiza maculata 479

131. Corallorhiza odontorhiza 481

132. Calanthe mexicana 483

133. Bletia purpurea 487

134. Bletia Roezlii 490

135. Chysis aurea 493

136. Chysis bractescens 494

137. Bulbophyllum aristatum and B. pachyrhachis 496

138. Bulbophyllum pachyrhachis 497

139. Eulophia alta 500

140. Cyrtopodium punctatum 503

401

PAGE

141. Govenia superba • 506

142. Mormodes lineatum and M. histrio 511

143. Mormodes stenoglossum 513

144. Catasetum integerrimum 515

145. Cycnoches Warscewiczii 521

146. Cycnoches Warscewiczii 522

147. Lacaena bicolor 523

148. Houlletia Landsbergi 525

149. Paphinia cristata : 527

150. Stanhopea ecornuta 530

151. Stanhopea Lewisae 533

152. Stanhopea saccata 535

153. Stanhopea Wardii 537

154. Stanhopea Wardii 538

155. Gongora maculata 541

156. Coryanthes speciosa 543

157. Xylobium elongatum 547

158. Lycaste tricolor 555

159. Zygopetalum grandiflorum 558

160. Chondrorhyncha Lendyana 561

161. Maxillaria camaridii 565

162. Maxillaria camaridii •. . . 567

163. Maxillaria crassifolia 569

164. Maxillaria densa 573

165. Maxillaria Friedrichsthalii 577

166. Maxillaria variabilis 589

167. Mormolyca ringens 591

168. Trigonidium Egertonianum 593

169. Trichocentrum candidum 596

170. lonopsis utricularioides 598

171. Scelochilus Tuerckheimii 600

172. Comparettia falcata 603

173. Trichopilia maculata 605

174. Odontoglossum grande 615

175. Aspasia epidendroides 625

176. Brassia caudata 627

177. Brassia verrucosa 629

178. Palumbina Candida 631

179. Oncidium ampliatum 637

180. Oncidium ampliatum 639

181. Oncidium carthagenense 643

182. Oncidium crista-galli 646

402

PAGE

Oncidium luridum 651

Oncidium luridum 653

Oncidium microchilum 655

Oncidium ornithorhynchum 661

Oncidium pusillum 664

Leochilus Johnstonii 675

Sigmatostalix guatemalensis 681

Lockhartia Oerstedii 683

Ornithocephalus bicornis 686

Notylia bicolor 691

Cryptarrhena lunata 693

Macradenia Brassavolae 695

Dichaea trichocarpa, XD. intermedia, and D. squarrosa 701

Dichaea panamensis 705

Campylocentrum micranthum 713

Campylocentrum microphyllum 714

403

FIG. 108. Diacrium bilamellatum. 1, flowering and fruiting plant (X J^);

2, flower (X 1); 3, column and lip, side view (almost X 2). Drawn by G. W.

Dillon.

404

Orchids of Guatemala

30. DIACRIUM Lindl.

Epiphytic plants with fleshy-thickened elongate pseudobulbs that support

several coriaceous leaves at the summit. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered

simple or sparsely branched raceme terminating an elongate peduncle. Flowers

rather showy, subtended by small bracts. Sepals free, about equal, spreading,

fleshy, elliptic in outline. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip spreading from the

base of the column, more or less 3-lobed, about as long as the petals; lateral lobes

tooth-like or prominent lobules, spreading or reflexed; mid-lobe triangular to lan-

ceolate; disk adorned with a pair of prominently elevated fleshy calli that are

excavated from below, thus forming two pits on the lower surface of the lip.

Column short, winged, somewhat curved; clinandrium oblique, obtuse, anther

terminal, operculate, incumbent, 2-celled; pollinia 4, waxy. Capsule ellipsoid.

This genus consists of about a half dozen species, mostly in South

America. It is very closely allied to Epidendrum and has been in-

cluded in that genus by some orchidologists.

Diacrium bilamellatum (Reichb. f.) Hemsl. in Godm. & Sal-

vin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 222. 1883. Epidendrum bilamellatum Reichb.

f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 345. 1862 (type: eastern Guatemala, Hort.

SchilL). E. bigibberosum Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 346.

1862 (type: eastern Guatemala, Hort. Schill.}. Diacrium bigib-

berosum (Reichb. f.) Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am.

3: 222. 1883. ? Diacrium Ulmckei Kranzl. Mitteil. Instit. Allg.

Bot. Hamb. 6: 419. 1927 (type: Guatemala, Ulmcke). Figure 108.

Epiphytic on trees in swamps and wet forests at low altitudes,

up to 150 meters alt. Uncommon in Guatemala, British Honduras,

Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela.

Plant erect or ascending, up to 6.5 dm. tall. Pseudobulb conspicuous, fusi-

form-elongate, terete, apparently hollow, 5-21 cm. long, 1-3 cm. in diameter.

Leaves 2-several at summit of pseudobulb, linear-oblong to oblong-ligulate, obtuse,

somewhat conduplicate and recurved, coriaceous, 1.5-20 cm. long, 7-25 mm.

wide. Inflorescence composed of a simple or few-branched raceme terminating

a long peduncle; raceme few- to many-flowered, up to 10 cm. long; peduncle rather

stout, 2-3 mm. in diameter, suffused with purple, provided with scarious tubular

sheaths up to 2.5 cm. long. Floral bracts triangular-cucullate, acute, the margins

more or less involute, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers fleshy, white-tinged or marked

405

406 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

with lavender, on purplish pedicellate ovaries 2-2.5 cm. long. Sepals broadly

elliptic, obtuse and occasionally apiculate, longitudinally concave, 1.2-1.7 cm.

long, 6-8 mm. wide. Petals suborbicular-elliptic, with a short slender claw,

narrowly obtuse to acute, 1.1-1.6 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide. Lip free from the

column, more or less 3-lobed or with a small obtuse tooth on each side above

the middle, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide across the lateral lobules or teeth, the

lower half oblong-quadrate and sometimes minutely auricled on each side at the

base, apical portion triangular-ovate and short- or long-acute; disk with a pair

of large fleshy erect or spreading excavated triangular plate-like calli on the lower

part, with two pits on the under side corresponding with two excavated calli.

Column stout, 8-10 mm. long, with wide longitudinal wings on each side of the

anterior margins. Capsule ellipsoid, about 2.5 cm. long.

The characteristic feature of this species is the lip, which pos-

sesses comparatively large fleshy calli that are excavated from the

under side, thus creating two deep pits on the lower surface. No

material has been seen of D. Ulmckei. However, from the de-

scription it seems to be a small-flowered form of this species and

is so treated here.

Izabal: Between Milla 49.5 and Cristina, Steyermark 38389. Bay

of Santo Tomas, between Escobas and Santo Tomas, Steyermark

39341. Shores of Lago Izabal, opposite San Felipe, between San

Felipe and mouth of Rio Juan Vicente, Steyermark 39692. Montufar

Flats, Lewis 217; 40.

31. CATTLEYA Lindl.

Plant epiphytic or growing on rocks, with thickened pseudobulbous stems

supporting one or two leaves at the summit. Leaves coriaceous or fleshy, usually

thick. Inflorescence a simple terminal raceme; peduncle usually subtended by a

spathaceous sheath. Flowers few, mostly large and showy. Sepals free, about

equal, spreading or connivent. Petals mostly much broader than the sepals. Lip

sessile, erect, free or rarely somewhat adnate to the column, simple to deeply

3-lobed, with the sides or lateral lobes enfolding the column. Column usually

long, wingless, semiterete, more or less arcuate; anther terminal, operculate,

incumbent, the two cells each with a longitudinal septum; pollinia 4, ceraceous,

somewhat compressed, parallel. Capsule ellipsoid.

In this genus there are about thirty species, all of which are

confined to the American tropics. The flowers of some of the group

are among the most beautiful in the Orchidaceae. The species,

which are widely cultivated and used in hybridization, form a large

part of floral industry.

1. Lip deeply 3-lobed C. granulosa.

1. Lip simple or obscurely 3-lobulate.

2. Flowers orange-red, yellow or whitish.

3. Lip less than 2.5 cm. long; flowers orange-red C. aurantiaca.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 407

3. Lip more than 2.5 cm. long; flowers yellowish or whitish. . . .C. Pachecoi.

2. Flowers purple.

4. Lip with a white blotch on the disk.

5. Lip obtuse to emarginate, mostly more than 3.5 cm. long; flowering in

the spring C. Skinneri.

5. Lip acute, mostly 3 cm. or less long; flowering in the fall.

C. Bowringiana.

4. Lip whole-colored a deep purple C. Deckeri.

Cattleya aurantiaca (Batem. ex Lindl.) P. N. Don, Fl. Journ.

185. 1840, as aurantica. Epidendrum aurantiacum Batem. ex Lindl.

Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. p. 8. 1838 (type: Guatemala, Skinner; also

Mexico).

Epiphytic on trees in damp tropical forests and on shade trees

in coffee plantations, up to 1,600 meters alt. Rather common in

Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.

Plant stout, up to 55 dm. tall, caespitose, sometimes forming mats up to one

foot in diameter. Stem thickened, fusiform-clavate, dilated upward, up to 35

cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter near the summit, provided with several short

scarious sheaths. Leaves two, more or less conduplicate and recurved, when

spread out broadly ovate to oblong-elliptic and retuse at the apex, 5.5-18 cm.

long, 2.5-5.3 cm. wide. Inflorescence a short few- to many-flowered raceme.

The short rachis and peduncle up to 10 cm. long, subtended by a compressed

spathaceous sheath; sheath scarious, spotted, 4-10 cm. long, often concealing the

peduncle and rachis. Floral bracts triangular, acute, cucullate, 4-5.5 mm. long.

Flowers orange-red, orange or orange-yellow with brownish spots and streaks,

with slender pedicellate ovaries 3.5-5 cm. long. Sepals linear-elliptic to lanceo-

late, subobtuse to acute, 1.8-2.7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique.

Petals elliptic-oblanceolate, somewhat obtuse to acute, 1.8-2.5 cm. long, 4-5.5

mm. wide. Lip broadly ovate to oblong-elliptic and somewhat dilated below the

middle, rounded to acute, often apiculate, variously marked with maroon or

blackish streaks, 1.7-2.2 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide. Column cylindrical, somewhat

arcuate, about 8 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, deeply grooved and angled, 4-5

cm. long.

This species represents a connecting link between the genera

Epidendrum and Cattleya. It resembles very closely some species

in the section Barkeria of Epidendrum.

Guatemala: Market in Guatemala City, Standley 60626.—

Quezaltenango: Colomba, Skutch 1984. — Retalhuleu: Above Asintal,

on road toward Colomba, Standley 87882. Near Retalhuleu, Steyer-

mark 33904. — Santa Rosa: Casillas, Heyde & Lux 4591. — Sacate-

pe"quez: Santa Maria de Jesus, Hunnewell 17115. — Suchitepequez :

Slopes of Volcan Zunil, between Finca Alvidas and Finca Panchas

east of Pueblo Nuevo, Steyermark 35462. — Zacapa: Oak-pine woods

along upper reaches of Rio Sitio Nuevo, between Santa Rosalia and

first waterfall, Steyermark 42256; 42278.— "Guatemala," Lewis 24.

408 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Cattleya Bowringiana Veitch, Gard. Chron. 2: 683. 1885.

Cattleya Skinneri var. Bowringiana (Veitch) Kranzl. Xenia Orch.

3: 82. t. 245. 1892.

Mostly growing on rocks and cliffs in ravines along streams in a

moist atmosphere, in shade or exposed to the sun. Rare in British

Honduras and Guatemala.

This species differs from C. Skinneri chiefly in its more vigorous growth and

its larger number of smaller flowers, which appear in the fall instead of late winter

and spring. It also differs from that species in the long joint at the base of the

leaves and in the swollen base of the stipitate pseudobulb. It differs from C.

Deckeri, its nearest relative, mainly in the lip, which has a white blotch on the

disk instead of being uniformly colored a deep purple.

Guatemala (fide Kranzlin).

Cattleya Deckeri Kl. Allgem. Gartenz. 23: 81. 1855. C.

Skinneri var. parviflora Hook. Bot. Mag. 82: t. 4916. 1856 (type:

Guatemala, Skinner). C. guatemalensis Moore, Fl. Mag. 1: t. 61.

1861 (type: Guatemala). Figure 109.

Epiphytic, usually high up on large trees in open sunlight.

Rare from Mexico through Central America to Panama, the West

Indies and (?)northern South America.

This species is vegetatively similar to C. Skinneri. However, florally, it

differs from that species in that the flowers usually are much smaller and the lip

is uniformly colored a true purple instead of having a whitish center. The lip,

sepals, and petals are acute, and the blooming season is usually in September and

October instead of winter and spring as in the case of C. Skinneri. It is also very

common for the floral segments to remain rather compact.

Plants of this species are confined to low altitudes, mostly at

sea level, while C. Skinneri is found up to 1,250 meters altitude.

Escuintla: Osuna, Johnston 1570.

Cattleya granulosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: t. 1. 1842 (type:

Guatemala, Hartweg).

Very rare in Guatemala and Brazil.

Plant erect, stout. Stem pseudobulbous, elongate, cylindrical-compressed,

3-5 dm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, with membranaceous sheaths 4-9 cm. long.

Leaves two, at the summit of the stem, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, spreading,

coriaceous, 12-15 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide. Flowers large, showy, the segments

spreading, in a rather short terminal 5-8-flowered raceme, supported by stout

pedicellate ovaries 3-6 cm. long; peduncle stout, short, enveloped at the base in a

large compressed spathaceous sheath 3-7 cm. long. Floral bracts thick, rigid,

concave, ovate-triangular, acute, 3-5 mm. long. Sepals coriaceous, olive green

mottled with rich brown spots, with slightly undulate margins; dorsal sepal oblong-

FIG. 109. Cattleya Deckeri. Plant (about X %); right center, lip, spread

out (about X %). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

409

410 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

elliptic, obtuse to acute, 6-8.5 cm. long, 1.2-2.3 cm. wide; lateral sepals elliptic-

lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, strongly falcate, 4-7 cm. long, 1.4-2 cm. wide.

Petals obliquely obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, broadly rounded to obtuse at

the apex, the margins undulate-crisped, submembranaceous, same color as the

sepals, 5.5-7.5 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide. Lip deeply 3-lobed, 4.5-5.5 cm. long,

3-5 cm. wide across the base, white on the sides and at the apex, orange-spotted

with crimson in the middle; lateral lobes semicordate to triangular-semiovate,

obtuse to acute at the apex, erect and curved over the column, 2.5-4 cm. long,

free portion 1-1.5 cm. wide across the base; mid-lobe with the basal portion a

linear isthmus about the length of the lateral lobes from the sinus and 6-9 mm.

wide, abruptly dilated above into a flabellate-subreniform retuse plate with crisped

to somewhat fimbriate margins, the plate 2.3-3.5 cm. wide; disk of plate and upper

part of mid-lobe densely covered with rose-colored granulations. Column thick,

clavate, somewhat arcuate, 2.5-3 cm. long.

There is some question concerning the exact origin of this species.

The English growers attributed the first collections to Hartweg and

Skinner, who were supposed to have collected the species in Guate-

mala. However, no authentic botanical specimens apparently exist

in the form of dried material pressed in the field. Specimens seem

only to have been taken from horticultural houses where the plants

were growing. Hence, considering the intense rivalry and intrigue

which existed among the English orchid growers of that period and

the lack of herbarium specimens taken directly from the field in

Guatemala, it is very possible that we have been misled as to the

correct place of origin for the species.

"Guatemala," Skinner (fide Cogniaux).

Cattleya Pachecoi Ames & Correll, Orch. Soc. Bull. 11, no. 9:

401. pi. 11. 1943 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Suchitepequez, in lowland

forests of Mazatenango, M. Pacheco H.}. Figure 110.

Apparently epiphytic in lowland forests, up to 1,200 meters

alt. Found only in Guatemala, where it is apparently endemic.

Plant stout, up to 5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs fusiform, compressed, bifoliate

at the apex, provided with chartaceous deciduous sheaths. Leaves two, sub-

opposite, spreading, oblong-elliptic, retuse at the broadly rounded apex, 15-18

cm. long, about 4 cm. wide. Peduncle stout, fleshy, provided with several small

triangular bracts, nearly concealed by a spathaceous sheath that is 7-8 cm. long.

Floral bracts triangular, acute, about 4 mm. long. Flowers 6 to 10, fragrant,

lemon-yellow and pale buff to nearly white, in a showy lax raceme, with reddish-

tinged pedicellate ovaries that are 5-7 cm. long. Sepals lemon-yellow or whitish,

with somewhat reflexed margins, linear-oblong to 'elliptic-oblong or elliptic-

lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 3.8-4 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly

oblique. Petals lemon-yellow or whitish, with undulate margins, elliptic to

elliptic-lanceolate, subacute to broadly obtuse and minutely apiculate at the apex,

slightly oblique, 3.5-4 cm. long, 1.3-1.6 cm. wide at about the middle. Lip pale

FIG. 110. Cattleya Pachecoi. 1, plant (X H); 2, dorsal sepal (X 1); 3,

petal (X 1); 4, lateral sepal (X 1); 5, lip, spread out (X 1); 6, column and ovary

(X 1). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

411

412 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

buff or light yellow, with the lateral margins incurved so as to envelop the column

and somewhat expanded at the apex in natural position, when spread out broadly

elliptic-subquadrate in outline, minutely retuse at the broadly rounded to sub-

truncate apex, slightly dilated on each side in the middle, about 3.2 cm. long,

1.5-2.3 cm. wide across the widest point; disk venose, with the three central veins

slightly raised at the base, marked with short inconspicuous reddish brown broken

lines on the lower third of the disk. Column clavate, sulcate on the ventral

surface, 1-1.2 cm. long.

This species is most closely allied to C. aurantiaca, a rather com-

mon and widespread species. However, C. Pachecoi differs from

that species not only in the color of the flowers, which are about a

third or more larger, but also in the somewhat differently shaped

floral segments. The flowers of C. aurantiaca are characteristically

orange-red in color. The petals of C. Pachecoi are 3.5-4 cm. long

and 1.3-1.6 cm. wide, while those of the largest C. aurantiaca known

to us are less than 2.5 cm. long and 6 mm. wide. The lip is 3.2 cm.

long and 1.5-2.3 cm. wide, while the largest C. aurantiaca is less

than 2.3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide.

Costa Cuca, west coast near the Mexican border, Margaret

Ward Lewis 232.— "Guatemala," Standley 92863.

Cattleya Skinneri Batem. Orch. Mex. and Guat. t. 13. 1838

(type: Guatemala, Skinner). Figure 111.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests and on terrestrial granite

banks, up to 1,250 meters alt. Uncommon from Mexico through

British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica to

Panama(?).

Plant stout, up to 5 dm. tall, often growing in dense large clumps. Stem

pseudobulbous, much-thickened, compressed, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, 2-3 cm. wide,

concealed when young by long tubular scarious sheaths. Leaves two, at summit

of pseudobulb, oblong, obtuse, fleshy-coriaceous, 10-20 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide.

Raceme short, 4-12-flowered, rachis with the peduncle up to 14 cm. long, sub-

tended by a large spathaceous sheath; sheath 6-12 cm. long. Floral bracts tri-

angular-ovate, acute, concave, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers large, showy, rose-colored

or true purple, on slender pedicellate ovaries 4-6.5 cm. long. Sepals linear-lance-

olate or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to acute or apiculate at the apex, 4-6.5 cm. long,

1-1.8 cm. wide; lateral sepals slightly oblique. Petals broadly oval, rounded to

apiculate at the apex, undulate along the margins, 4-6.7 cm. long, 1.8-3.5 cm.

wide. Lip funnel-shaped and folded closely over the column in natural position,

when spread out broadly oblong-elliptic in outline, entire, somewhat obscurely

3-lobed or pandurate, the apex emarginate or bluntly obtuse, cucullate below the

middle, 3-5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, somewhat whitish on the disk, with a small

elevated ridge transversing the entire length. Column small, slender, somewhat

3-toothed at the apex, 8-12 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoidal, prominently ribbed,

4-5 cm. long.

FIG. 111. Cattleya Skinneri. Plant (about X

Allen.

. Drawn by Dorothy O.

413

414 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

This is the most attractive Cattleya found in Guatemala. The

plants often form large clumps and, with the vividly true purple

flowers, present a very beautiful sight. The white-flowered forms

are highly prized. This species is the national flower of Costa Rica

where it is most commonly found. It is also common in Honduras.

It is known as "guaria morada" or "flor de San Sebastian."

Escuintla: Osuna, Johnston 1411. — Guatemala: Guatemala City,

cultivated in garden of Don Mariano Pacheco H., Steyermark 39865.

Near Finca La Aurora, /. Aguilar 191 (probably). — Retalhuleu:

Retalhuleu, Kellerman 6038. Near Retalhuleu, Steyermark 34421.

Vicinity of Retalhuleu, Standley 88299. — Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa,

Heyde & Lux 4593. — "Guatemala," Lewis 25 (in part).

32. LAELIA Lindl.

Terrestrial or epiphytic plants, with thickened, often hollow, orbicular or

cylindric pseudobulbs; pseudobulbs compressed or terete. Leaves one or several,

coriaceous. Inflorescence a subsessile solitary flower or a simple or compound

raceme terminating an elongated scape. Flowers usually large and showy. Sepals

about equal, free, spreading, flat or undulate. Petals similar to the sepals, usually

larger or smaller. Lip free or slightly adnate to the column, more or less 3-lobed;

lateral lobes usually convolute to enfold the column, mostly larger than the mid-

lobe; disk smooth or adorned with lamellae. Column mostly long, winged or wing-

less, usually toothed at the apex; anther operculate, incumbent; pollinia 8, four in

each cell of the anther, waxy, ovoid or laterally compressed. Capsule ellipsoid.

In this genus there are more than fifty species which are natives

of the warmer parts of America from Mexico and the West Indies

south to Brazil. The species of Laelia have long been sought for

purposes of cultivation. A number of the species have been crossed

artificially with species of Cattleya and Brassavola to produce

very attractive and commercially worth while flowers. The hybrid

genera resulting from these crosses are Laeliocattleya, Brassolaelia,

and Brassolaeliocattleya.

1. Inflorescence subtended by a large spathe, 1-flowered.

2. Lip deeply lacerate-fringed L. Digbyana.

2. Lip not deeply lacerate-fringed L. glauca.

1. Inflorescence not subtended by a large spathe, few- to several-flowered.

3. Pseudobulbs short, compressed, roundish to oblong, typically 1-leaved.

L. rubescens.

3. Pseudobulbs fusiform-cylindric, terete, typically 2- or more-leaved.

4. Flowers small; lip mostly less than 2 cm. long L. Wendlandi.

4. Flowers large; lip more than 2.5 cm. long.

5. Floral bracts large, usually longer than the pedicellate ovaries.

L. superbiens.

5. Floral bracts small, usually less than 1 cm. long L. tibicinis.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 415

Laelia Digbyana Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 18: 314. 1880.

Figure 112.

Epiphytic on trees near sea level. Rare in Mexico and British

Honduras.

Plant erect, often forming large colonies. Pseudobulbs elongated, jointed,

claviform, compressed, unifoliate, concealed by whitish chartaceous sheaths, up

to 15 cm. or more long. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous, rigid, elliptic, obtuse, glaucous

green, dorsally carinate, up to 20 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide. Peduncle terminal

on the pseudobulb, short, stout, one-flowered, concealed by a spathaceous sheath

that is up to 13 cm. long. Flower showy, very fragrant. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate

to oblong-ligulate, obtuse, pale yellowish green, about 10 cm. long and 2.5 cm.

wide; lateral sepals oblique. Petals pale yellowish green, obliquely elliptic-

oblanceolate, broadly obtuse at the apex, with the margins somewhat undulate,

about 9 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Lip large, obscurely 3-lobed, emarginate at

the apex, in natural position involute at the base to envelop the column and

expanded above, cream-white with a greenish hue, when spread out suborbicular

in outline, with the upper margins deeply lacerate-fringed, about 7.5 cm. long

and 8 cm. wide; disk provided just in front of the column with several short prom-

inent fleshy lamellae. Column stout, semicylindrical, about 3.5 cm. long. Capsule

obo void-ellipsoid, about 6 cm. long, with an elongated curved rostrum that is up

to 15 cm. long.

No specimen has been seen from Guatemala. However, since it

occurs in Mexico (Yucatan) and British Honduras, and is represented

in Honduras by var. fimbripetala Ames, it is included here, as it

should eventually be found in Guatemala.

Laelia glauca (Lindl.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 18: 314. 1880.

Brassavola glauca Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: t. 44. 1840. Bletia glauca

(Lindl.) Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 422. 1862. Rhyncholaelia

glauca (Lindl.) Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 477. 1918.

Terrestrial or epiphytic on trees in open mountain forests, up to

1,500 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras

and (?) Panama.

Plant short, stout, up to 30 cm. tall. Pseudobulbs short, oblong-fusiform,

compressed, mostly less than 10 cm. long, rising at intervals along the stout

creeping rhizome, concealed by scarious imbricated tubular sheaths. Leaf solitary

at the summit of the pseudobulb, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, occasionally retuse,

coriaceous, glaucous, 6-12 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide. Flower solitary, large,

showy, nodding, fragrant, subsessile at the apex of the pseudobulb, on an elongated

pedicellate ovary about 10 cm. long which is arcuate just below the flower; pedi-

cellate ovary enclosed for the most part in a long membranaceous compressed

spathaceous sheath up to 10 cm. long. Sepals olive-green to white or lavender,

linear-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse to subacuminate, 5.5-6.5 cm. long,

1-1.5 cm. wide; lateral sepals somewhat oblique. Petals olive-green to whitish,

obliquely linear-elliptic, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate-elliptic, acute to sub-

FIG. 112. Laelia Digbyana var. fimbripelala. Plant (X %). [Note: the

fimbriate-petaled variety is a Honduran plant.] Drawn by Blanche Ames.

416

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 417

acuminate, margins slightly undulate-crisped, 5-6.3 cm. long, 1.3-2.2 cm. wide.

Lip white or yellowish with a rose-pink spot or several reddish stripes in the throat,

large, more or less 3-lobed, the lobes large and rounded, 5-5.5 cm. long, the basal

portion of lateral lobes convolute to involve the column, when spread out oblong-

quadrate to suborbicular-cordate in outline, truncate and usually apiculate at the

apex, cordate at the base, 4-5 cm. wide below the middle. Column short, semi-

cylindrical, clavate, somewhat 5-toothed at the apex, about 1 cm. long. Capsule

ovoid, deeply grooved, about 4 cm. long.

Alta Verapaz: On oak tree along road, between San Cristobal

Verapaz and Chixoy, Steyermark 43882. — Baja Verapaz: Sierra de

las Minas, El Rancho, Kellerman 7682. — Guatemala: Sanarate,

Kellerman 5566. — Jalapa: Near Jalapa, Kellerman 7926. Mountains

about Chahuite, northwest of Jalapa, Standley 77425a.

Laelia rubescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 17. t. 41. 1840.

L. acuminata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27: Misc. p. 17. t. 24. 1841 (type:

Guatemala, Dept. Retalhuleu, Retalhuleu, Hartweg). Figure 113.

Epiphytic on trees in dry country or dense tropical forests, up

to 1,650 meters alt. Widespread and rather common from Mexico

through Central America to Panama.

Plant slender, up to 7.5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs orbicular, ovoid or oblong,

strongly compressed, glossy, 3-6.5 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, subtended by several

short clasping ovate membranaceous sheaths up to 5 cm. long. Leaves one or

rarely two, at the apex of the pseudobulb, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to obliquely

retuse at the apex, fleshy-coriaceous, glossy, marginate, 4.5-20 cm. long, 2-4.5

cm. wide. Scape elongated, terete, nearly concealed by short sheathing scarious

bracts, supporting a subcorymbose few- to several-flowered raceme. Floral bracts

oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, canaliculate, scarious, 5-10 mm. long.

Flowers from almost white to rose-purple, fragrant, on slender pedicellate ovaries

2.5-3.5 cm. long. Sepals variable, linear-elliptic, linear-lanceolate, oblong-lance-

olate or oblanceolate-elliptic, obtuse to narrowly acute, 2.8-4.2 cm. long, 6-9 mm.

wide; lateral sepals somewhat oblique. Petals narrowly or broadly elliptic, obtuse

to acute or apiculate at the apex, 3-4.5 cm. long, 0.8-1.8 cm. wide. Lip distinctly

3-lobed about the middle, 2.2-3.5 cm. long, 2-2.2 cm. wide across the lateral lobes

when spread out, adorned with a purplish or carmine blotch on the central portion;

lateral lobes short, rounded-obtuse, involute, enclosing the column; mid-lobe

oblong-quadrate to oblong-oval, subtruncate to acute at the apex, with the margins

wavy, 1-1.7 mm. wide; disk with 2-3 slightly elevated lines along the central

portion. Column semiterete, clavate, tridentate at the apex, 8-10 mm. long.

This attractive orchid has very fragrant flowers. It is known as

"flor de Jesus" by the natives of Guatemala.

Alta Verapaz: In market place, Johnston 1391. — Chiquimula:

Montana Castilla, vicinity of Montana Cebollas, along Rio Lucia

Saso, 3 miles southeast of Quezaltepeque, Steyermark 31314. — Gua-

temala: Market in Guatemala City, Standley 60624.— Jutiapa: West

FIG. 113. Laelia rubescens. Plant (X l/z). Drawn by Elsie H. Froeschner.

418

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 419

of Jutiapa, Standley 77601. Between railroad station of Mita and

town of Asuncion Mita, Steyermark 31753. Lago Retana, between

Ovejero and Progreso, Steyermark 32021.— "Guatemala," Hayes;

Lewis 20; Johnston 1374.

Laelia superbiens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 46. 1840 (type:

Guatemala, Skinner). Cattleya superbiens (Lindl.) Beer, Prakt.

Orch. 214. 1854. Schomburgkia superbiens (Lindl.) Rolfe, Orch.

Rev. 25: 49. 1917.

Epiphytic on trees in open or damp forests, or terrestrial in

sheltered ravines, up to 2,000 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico,

Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant large, stout, up to 3.5 meters or more tall. Pseudobulb elongated,

oblong-fusiform, somewhat compressed, up to 3 dm. or more long, as much as 3.5

cm. in diameter, furrowed, provided with large scarious sheaths. Leaves 1-2, at

summit of pseudobulb, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, very cori-

aceous, up to 30 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence a conspicuous, simple,

usually many-flowered raceme; peduncle stout, up to 8 dm. or more long and

1 cm. in diameter, nearly concealed by long tubular, closely appressed scarious

sheaths. Floral bracts large, lanceolate, acuminate, brownish and spotted, up to

12 cm. long. Flowers large, handsome, purple, variegated with yellow, with

slender pedicellate ovaries up to 7.5 cm. long. Sepals spreading, linear-oblong,

oblong-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, sometimes undulate,

rose-mauve, paler toward the base, 5-7 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide; lateral sepals

somewhat oblique, a little shorter and wider than the dorsal sepal. Petals spread-

ing, narrowly oblong to narrowly oblanceolate-oblong, broadly rounded to acute

at the apex, oblique, the margins more or less undulate, 4.5-7 cm. long, up to 1.8

cm. wide. Lip free, distinctly 3-lobed above the middle, arcuate-decurved in

natural position, the margins convolute, enfolding the column, 4-5.5 cm. long,

when spread out oval-oblong to suborbicular-ovate in outline, 2.8-3.5 cm. wide

across the lower half; lateral lobes short, oblong, rounded at the crisped apex, up

to 1.2 cm. long to the sinus; mid-lobe much larger than the lateral lobes, broadly

obovate to obcordate, emarginate, the edges waved and crisped, up to 2 cm. wide;

disk yellowish, covered with 5-6 longitudinal prominent crisped and serrated

lamellae. Column elongate, clavate, arcuate, canaliculate on the anterior face,

white, tinged with purple, 2.5-3 cm. long.

The raceme of large purple flowers is beautiful. In Guatemala

this species is called "candelaria" and "la var a del Senor San Jose*."

Chimaltenango: San Martin, Johnston 1370. Along road from

Chimaltenango to San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 57934. — Chi-

quimula: Volcan Quezaltepeque, 3-4 miles northeast of Quezalte-

peque, Steyermark 31522. — "Guatemala," Lewis 183.

Laelia tibicinis (Batem. ex Lindl.) L. O. Wms. Darwiniana 5:

77. 1941. Epidendrum tibicinis Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24:

420 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Misc. p. 8. 1838. Schomburgkia tibicinis Batem. Orch. Mex. and

Guat. t. 30. 1841. ? Schomburgkia exaltata Kranzl. Mitteil. Instit.

Allgem. Bot. Hamb. Bd. 6, H. 2: 342. 1926 (type: Guatemala, near

Livingston, in virgin forest on Rio Dulce, April 11, 1925, Ulmcke).

Terrestrial or epiphytic on trees or shrubs in sand dunes, sa-

vannas, and xerophytic or humid forests, up to 600 meters alt.

Rather common from Mexico through Central America to Panama.

Plant large, stout, up to 3 meters tall. Pseudobulb fusiform-elongate, tapering

toward the apex, hollow, up to 5.5 dm. long and 4 cm. in diameter. Leaves several,

at the summit of the pseudobulbs, oblong-elliptic, rounded to obtuse at the apex,

coriaceous, 10-35 cm. long, 3.5-7 cm. wide. Inflorescence a many-flowered com-

pound raceme or panicle supported by an elongated scape; scape stout, up to 1 cm.

in diameter, provided with short scarious sheaths at the nodes. Floral bracts

and bracts subtending the branches of the inflorescence similar, broadly ovate to

ovate-oblong, obtuse, scarious, deeply concave, up to 1.5 cm. long. Flowers

brownish orange to bright purplish magenta, showy, with slender pedicellate

ovaries 3-5 cm. long. Sepals narrowly oblong-elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate,

broadly rounded to obtuse at the apex, the margins more or less tortuously un-

dulate, 2.5-5 cm. long, 4-17 mm. wide near the apex; lateral sepals somewhat

oblique. Petals linear-spatulate to oblanceolate, rounded to subacute at the apex,

the margins prominently and tortuously undulate-crisped, 3-5 cm. long, 2.5-15

mm. wide near the apex. Lip strongly 3-lobed above the middle, whitish yellow

to purplish, 2.5-4 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread out;

lateral lobes large, semiorbicular, semiobovate or semicordate, broadly rounded at

the apex, convolute in natural position to enclose the column; mid-lobe small,

suborbicular-obcordate or somewhat rhomboidal, retuse, separated from the

lateral lobes by a more or less distinct broad isthmus, the margins erose-crisped or

almost entire, 1-2.3 cm. wide; disk with 5-7 closely parallel keels along the central

portion. Column stout, clavate, arcuate, conspicuously tridentate at the apex,

with wings on the anterior margins, 1.2-2.3 cm. long. Capsule obovoid-ellipsoi-

dal, prominently 3-ridged, about 5 cm. long.

This species is commonly called "canyo." The large hollow

pseudobulbs are usually infested with black ants. Bateman wrote:

"The hollow cylindrical stems are used as trumpets by the native

children: hence the name." (Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. p. 8. 1838.)

Schomburgkia exaltata seems to be a small-flowered form of Laelia

tibicinis. We have seen small-flowered specimens that might be re-

ferred to S. exaltata if it were recognized as distinct from L. tibicinis.

Izabal: Livingston, Watson. (?)Between Milla 49.5 and ridge 6

miles from Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38563. — Pete"n:

La Libertad, Lundell 3000; 3229.

Laelia Wendlandi Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 431. 1862.

Bletia Wendlandi Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 431. 1862 (type:

Guatemala, Wendland).

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 421

Epiphytic on trees in dense forests or semiarid country, up to

1,000 meters alt. Uncommon in Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant rather stout, up to 2.2 meters tall, often growing in dense clumps.

Pseudobulbs fusiform-thickened, tapering toward the apex, longitudinally grooved,

provided with scarious sheaths when young, 7-18 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. in diam-

eter. Leaves 2-3, at the summit of the pseudobulb, oblong-elliptic, broadly

rounded to subacute at the apex, suberect, thick-coriaceous, 10-22 cm. long, 2.5-

5.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered simple or paniculate raceme,

up to 2 meters long; peduncle short, provided with several short sheathing bracts up

to 1 cm. long. Floral bracts and bracts subtending the branches of the inflores-

cence similar, triangular-ovate, obtuse to acute, scarious, concave, up to 1 cm.

long. Flowers rather small, with slender pedicellate ovaries 1.3-2 cm. long. Se-

pals greenish brown, linear-oblanceolate to oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, 1.5-2.7

cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide above the middle; lateral sepals slightly oblique. Petals

greenish brown, linear, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse to

subacute, slightly oblique, the margins crisped but not undulate. Lip greenish

white to pale yellow with purplish striations or tinge, adnate to base of column,

distinctly 3-lobed above the middle, arcuate in natural position, oblong-quadrate

to oblong-elliptic when spread out, 1.4-2.2 cm. long; lateral lobes obtuse, curved

upward around the column; mid-lobe suborbicular, broadly rounded to more or

less emarginate at the apex, with the margins erose, 4-9 mm. long, about as wide

as long; disk with three erose-fimbrillate greenish yellow lavender-tinted ridges

extending from near the base to near the apex. Column light green with a laven-

der tinge, semitubular, arcuate, 8-10 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoidal, about 3.5

cm. long.

The hollow pseudobulbs of this species are usually infested with

ants.

Chimaltenango : San Martin Jilotepeque, Johnston 1423 (also

from Jilotepeque, Dept. Chiquimula). — Near Iguana, Lewis 117.

33. BRASSAVOLA R. Br.

Epiphytic or rock-inhabiting plants with slender or somewhat thickened

stems supporting a solitary leaf, or rarely two leaves. Leaves terete or flattened.

Inflorescence a 1-several-flowered raceme on a terminal or radical (lateral) pedun-

cle. Flowers usually large and showy. Sepals and petals similar, about equal,

spreading, linear to linear-lanceolate, often long-attenuate. Lip with a claw, more

or less enfolding the column, dilated into a broad lamina that has entire or fim-

briate margins and a plain surface. Column erect, mostly shorter than the claw

of the lip, usually 2-winged, footless; anther operculate, incumbent; pollinia 8,

four in each cell of the anther. Capsule ellipsoidal.

This genus consists of about fifteen species, which are natives of

tropical America. The species usually have large, showy flowers.

1. Lip with a long cymbiform claw, apex merely short-acuminate, the margins

entire or undulate-crenate.

2. Peduncle short, lateral, less than 3 cm. long B. acaulis.

422 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

2. Peduncle elongated, terminal, rarely less than 5 cm. long B. nodosa.

1. Lip with a short inconspicuous claw, apex long-acuminate and attenuate, the

margins more or less fimbriate B. cucullata.

Brassavola acaulis Lindl. & Paxt. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. 2: 152,

f. 216. 1851-52.

Epiphytic on trees in shady damp places, up to 1,300 meters alt.

Very rare from Guatemala to Panama.

Plant usually small, caespitose, from creeping rhizomes that often string out

along limbs for 3-4 feet, up to 7.5 dm. tall including the leaves. Stem short,

about 7 cm. long, terete, concealed by scarious grayish sheaths. Leaves solitary,

pendent, terete, grooved, fleshy-coriaceous, rigid, curved, tapering at the apex, up

to 45 cm. or more long, 3-5 mm. in diameter. Peduncle short, lateral, rising di-

rectly from the rhizome adjacent to the aerial stem, mostly less than 2 cm. long,

nearly concealed by short scarious more or less imbricating bracts, supporting

one or rarely two large showy flowers at the summit. Flowers white, marked or

spotted with purple, on rather stout pedicellate ovaries about 5 cm. long. Sepals

and petals similar, linear-lanceolate to almost subulate, tapering to the acuminate

apex, pale greenish yellow, tinged with purplish suffusions or dots, 7-8.5 cm. long,

3-6 mm. wide near the base. Lip large, white, about 6 cm. long including the

claw; claw tubular-cymbiform, concealing the column, about 2 cm. long; lamina

spreading, flat, suborbicular-ovate to broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate, more or

less crenate-wavy on the margins, venose, about 4 cm. long and 4 cm. wide.

Column short, semiterete, terminated by three horns.

Superficially, this species very closely resembles B. nodosa.

However, it differs from that species mainly in having terete leaves

and in bearing its solitary flower or flowers on a short lateral pe-

duncle, instead of having the flat leaves and a terminal elongated

inflorescence characteristic of B. nodosa.

Guatemala (fide Schlechter).

Brassavola cucullata (L.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5:

216. 1813. Epidendrum cucullatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: 1350. 1763.

Brassavola cuspidata Hook. Bot. Mag. 66: t. 3722. 1839. Brassavola

cucullata var. elegans Schltr. Orchis 13: 46. 1919.

Epiphytic on trees in humid tropical forests, up to 1,800 meters

alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,

the West Indies and northern South America.

Plant erect-ascending, slender, often in large colonies, up to 40 cm. tall. Stem

slender, terete, jointed, up to 21 cm. long, concealed by long close-fitting whitish

scarious sheaths. Leaf solitary at apex of stem, linear-subulate, nearly terete,

somewhat flattened above, fleshy-coriaceous, 18-35 cm. long, up to 7 mm. wide.

Peduncle short, up to 1.5 cm. long, subtended by 1-2 scarious sheaths 1.5-4.5 cm.

long. Floral bracts tubular, cuspidate, scarious, about 1 cm. long. Flowers 1-3,

large, showy, on elongated pedicellate ovaries that are up to 23 cm. long; pedicellate

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 423

ovaries dilated at the base for 4-5 mm. in diameter. Sepals linear-lanceolate, long-

attenuate, yellowish or whitish, usually tinged with reddish brown on the outer

surface, 7-12.5 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide near the base; lateral sepals oblique. Petals

similar to the sepals but narrower, 3-5 mm. wide near the base. Lip white, with a

short claw, 6-9.5 cm. long, broadly cordate-ovate to suborbicular-ovate, with more

or less fringed margins, abruptly long-acuminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide across the

basal portion, which is involute-cucullate to clasp the column. Column clavate,

stout, toothed at the apex, with wings on the anterior margins, 1.5-2 cm. long.

Capsule ellipsoidal, about 5 cm. long, with the upper part of the pedicellate ovary

conspicuously elongated.

According to Mrs. Margaret Ward Lewis, the fragrance of the

flowers of this species is almost oppressive at night. The abbreviated

peduncle and commonly narrower and longer leaves of this species

readily distinguish it from B. nodosa.

Chiquimula: Rio Grande (Rio Concepcion), on Socorro Moun-

tain, above Finca San Jose", southeast of Concepcion de las Minas,

Steyermark 31114. — Escuintla: Near Escuintla, Lewis 145. — Jalapa:

Mountains along the road between Jalapa and San Pedro Pinula,

Standley 77065. Brushy oak slopes of Cerro Alcoba, east of Ja-

lapa, Standley 77211. — Jutiapa: Hills between Jutiapa and Plan de

Urrutia, north of Jutiapa, Standley 75488. Quebrada above Ovejero,

on road between Monjas (Dept. Jalapa) and El Progreso, Standley

77651.

Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL 114. 1831.

Epidendrum nodosum L. Sp. PI. 2: 953. 1753. B. venosa Lindl. Bot.

Reg. 26: t. 39. 1840. B. rhopalorrhachis Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10:

855. 1852 (type: Guatemala, Minogalpa 1046, Friedrichsthal). B.

nodosa var. rhopalorrhachis (Reichb. f.) Schltr. Orchis 13: 77. 1919.

Figure 114.

On rocks or epiphytic on trees in open fields and woods, often

on cacti and on roots of mangroves along sea shore up to 500 meters

alt. Widespread from Mexico through Central America to Panama

and Venezuela.

Plant rather short, ascending, caespitose, up to 4.5 dm. tall. Stem short,

slender, terete, 4-15 cm. long, concealed by scarious tubular sheaths. Leaves

solitary, more or less erect, linear to linear-elliptic, acute to acuminate, fleshy-

coriaceous, sulcate on the upper surface, grass-green, up to 32 cm. long and 2.3

cm. wide. Peduncle slender, terminal, elongated, up to 20 cm. or more long, pro-

vided with short tubular scarious bracts, supporting one to several large showy

flowers at the summit. Floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, acute to acuminate,

scarious, concave, 5-10 mm. long. Pedicellate ovaries slender, 4-5 cm. long.

Sepals pale green, linear-elongate, attenuate above, 5-9.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide;

lateral sepals somewhat oblique. Petals pale green, linear-elongate, attenuate

FIG. 114. Brassavola nodosa. Flowering and fruiting plant (X

by G. W. Dillon.

)- Drawn

424

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 425

above, more or less sigmoid or falcate, 5-9 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide. Lip white,

with purple spots on the interior of the tubular claw, total length including the

claw 4.5-7 cm.; claw tubular-cymbiform, often with the margins serrulate, 2-3

cm. long; lamina flat, spreading, suborbicular to suborbicular-ovate, abruptly

apiculate-acuminate and strongly recurved backward at the apex, often conspic-

uously venose, 2.5-5.5 cm. long, 2.2-4.5 cm. wide. Column minute, about 8 mm.

long. Capsule ellipsoidal, prominently ridged, 3-4 cm. long.

This species is not uncommon at low elevations. It is often

found growing on the roots of mangroves along sea shores. Com-

monly called "Dama de la Noche."

El Progreso: El Rancho, Maxon 3775. — Escuintla: Port of San

Jose*, 1860, Hayes. San Jose", Eyerdam 8638. — Izabal: Santo Tomas

River, near Puerto Barrios, Hatch & Wilson. Bay of Santo

Tomas, between Escobas and Santo Tomas, Steyermark 39358;

39359. — Quezaltenango: Monte Grande, Coatepeque, Solas 92.—

Retalhuleu: San Sebastian, Percy Danes (Skutch 1411). — Zacapa:

Between Rio Hondo and waterfall, Steyermark 29402.

34. MEIRACYLLIUM Reichb. f.

Small epiphytic plants with creeping rhizomes that are concealed by scarious

sheaths. Secondary stems short or nearly obsolete, unifoliate, somewhat thickened.

Leaves short, broad, sessile, fleshy-coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, several-

flowered. Flowers large for the plant, delicate. Sepals similar, erect-spreading,

the lateral sepals oblique and forming an inconspicuous mentum at the base.

Petals narrower than the sepals. Lip simple, adnate to the base of the column,

conspicuously scoop-shaped or saccate. Column short, with a slender or trian-

gular-thickened base, wingless, with a prominent point (rostellum) at the apex;

anther incumbent on the back of the column, imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 8, in

two fascicles, oblong or clavate, waxy.

The following are the only species found in this genus.

Petals elliptic; lip strongly saccate; column with a broad base M. trinasutum.

Petals linear-oblanceolate; lip scoop-shaped; column with a slender base.

M. Wendlandi.

Meiracyllium trinasutum Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 12, t. 6.

figs. II, 8-12. 1854. Figure 115.

Creeping on trees in forests and on rocks of canyons, up to 1,300

meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant prostrate, creeping. Rhizome 3-4 mm. in diameter, concealed when

young by tubular imbricated scarious sheaths, giving rise at intervals to minute or

nearly obsolete secondary stems. Leaves sessile on the secondary stems, orbicular

to broadly elliptic or elliptic-obovate, broadly rounded to obtuse at the apex,

fleshy-coriaceous, 2.8-5 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide. Flowers several, red-purple,

on a short peduncle about 1 cm. long at the apex of the secondary stems, on re-

FIG. 115. Meiracyllium trinasutum. 1, plant (X 1). Homalopetalum pumi-

lio. 2, plant (X 1). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

426

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 427

curved pedicellate ovaries 1.5-2 cm. long. Floral bracts short, sharply triangular,

about 2 mm. long. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, acute to shortly acuminate, 8-11

mm. long, 3.5-4.2 mm. wide below the middle. Lateral sepals broadly and ob-

liquely triangular-ovate, obliquely acuminate and recurved at the apex, with the

central nerve prominent, 8-11 mm. long, 4.5-5.2 mm. wide across the basal portion.

Petals obliquely elliptic, acute, prominently 3-nerved, 7.2-10 mm. long, about

3 mm. wide. Lip sessile, fleshy, strongly saccate-cucullate, acuminate, more or

less cordate-ovate when spread out, somewhat auricled on each side on the basal

margins, 7-9 mm. long, the sac 4-5 mm. deep. Column short, stout, triangular,

from a broad base, with a long point at the apex, 4-6 mm. long. Capsule cylin-

drical, strongly ribbed, about 1.5 cm. long.

Chiquimula: Near Finca San Jose", southeast of Conception de

las Minas, Steyermark 31133. — Escuintla: Escuintla, Smith 2254.

Near Escuintla, Hunnewell 14679. — Huehuetenango: Canyon tribu-

tary to Rio Trapichillo, between Democracia and canyon of Chamu-

shu, Steyermark 51250. — Retalhuleu: Near Retalhuleu, Spinden —

Sacatepe"quez : Near Barranca Hondo, southeast of Alotenango,

Standley 65039. — Suchitepequez : Chilion, Mazatenango, Bernoulli

372. Mazatenango, Margaret Ward Lewis 59. — "On trees at Paten

on the road from Guatemala to the Tort/ July 21, 1860," Hayes.

Meiracyllium Wendlandi Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am.

73. 1866 (type: Guatemala, Rio Sucio, February 10, 1857, W end-

land}. M. gemma Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. 988. 1869.

Epiphytic on trees in mixed forest, often growing in dense mats

among mosses, up to 1,500 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico and

Guatemala.

Plant prostrate, creeping. Rhizome rather stout, knobby, up to 6 mm. in

diameter, concealed when young by brownish imbricated sheaths. Secondary

stems curved-ascending, up to 1 cm. long. Leaves sessile on the secondary stems,

oblong to obovate, rounded to obtuse or apiculate at the apex, fleshy-coriaceous,

1.5-5.5 cm. long, 1.2-2.3 cm. wide. Flowers several, purple, yellowish at the base,

on a short peduncle at the apex of the secondary stem; peduncle with the rachis

1.5-3.5 cm. long, provided with 1-several brownish sheaths at the base. Pedi-

cellate ovaries 1-2 cm. long. Floral bracts triangular-ovate, acute, often minute,

1-3 mm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, acute to subacuminate, nervose,

concave, 1-1.7 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lance-

olate or triangular-lanceolate, dorsally keeled at the acute to acuminate apex,

1-1.7 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide near the base. Petals linear-oblanceolate to oblance-

olate-spatulate, conspicuously narrowed below the middle, prominently nerved,

the margins minutely denticulate, 8-15 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide above the

middle. Lip sessile, fleshy, scoop-shaped, with the sides upturned and decurved

at the apex in natural position, 1-1.3 cm. long; when spread out broadly obovate

to flabellate and abruptly acuminate at the apex, about 7 mm. wide. Column

from a slender stalk-like base, about 8 mm. long, with a long point at the apex.

Capsule obliquely ellipsoidal, prominently ridged, about 1 cm. long.

428 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

These two species are quite similar in appearance. However,

the leaves are usually more oblong and the secondary stem more

developed in this species than in M. trinasutum. The petals are

linear-oblanceolate rather than elliptical and the base of the column

is also more slender than in M. trinasutum. There is also a distinct

difference in the lip. The lip of M. Wendlandi is shallowly scoop-

shaped while that of M. trinasutum is deeply saccate.

Represented from Guatemala only by the type of M. Wendlandi.

35. HOMALOPETALUM Rolfe

Small epiphytic herbs with creeping rhizomes. Pseudobulbs short, mono-

phyllous, arising at intervals along the rhizome. Leaves short, very fleshy-

coriaceous. Inflorescence at the apex of the pseudobulb, 1-flowered. Flowers

rather large for plant. Sepals and petals erect-spreading, similar, narrowly lance-

olate. Lip simple, free, with a small auricle on each side of the claw (in ours).

Column slender, arcuate, wingless; anther incumbent, operculate; pollinia 8, four

large and four small ones, waxy. Capsule ovoid.

There are only a few species in this tropical American genus. It

is represented in Central America by the following species.

Homalopetalum pumilio (Reichb. f.) Schltr. Repert. Sp.

Nov. Beih. 19: 48. 1923. Brassavola pumilio Reichb. f. Linnaea

18: 402. 1844. Pinelia Tuerckheimii Kranzl. Ann. Naturhist. Mus.

Wien 44: 326. 1930 (type: Guatemala, in high woods of Chima near

Coban, Selten; Turckheim 32). Figure 115.

Epiphytic on trees in forests and on rocks up to 2,000 meters

alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica.

Plant small, ascending to suberect, up to 10 cm. tall including the flower,

densely caespitose, from a creeping rhizome 1-3 mm. in diameter. Pseudobulbs

minute, congested or arising at short intervals along the rhizome, recurved-

ascending, obliquely ovoid to oblong-cylindrical, often tinged with purple, mono-

phyllous, 4-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, subtended by a close-fitting scar-

ious bract. Leaf erect, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblong or linear, obtuse to acute,

very fleshy-coriaceous, 1-3 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide. Peduncle scapose, solitary

at the apex of the pseudobulb, 1-flowered, erect-ascending, filiform, 2.5-7 cm. long,

provided with several short tubular sheaths. Flowers large for the plant, trans-

parent pale greenish, often tinged with purple, on a short pedicellate ovary up to

6 mm. long. Floral bract tubular, subtruncate to acute, about 5 mm. long. Sepals

and petals spreading-erect, recurved, essentially alike, linear-lanceolate, long-

acuminate or attenuate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-3.8 mm. wide near the base; lateral

sepals and the somewhat shorter petals falcate. Lip with a short claw, oval-

elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate, 1.5-2.7 cm. long, 5-11

mm. wide near the middle; disk with a thickened flap-like ridge on each side at

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 429

the base; claw 2-3 mm. long, with a small triangular auricle on each side. Column

slender, terete, arcuate, 4-7 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, about 1.5 cm. long.

Baja Verapaz: Moist ravine slopes of Sierra de Chuacus, south

of San Geronimo, Steyermark 43874. — Zacapa: Along Rillito del

Volcan de Monos, Volcan de Monos, Sierra de las Minas, Steyermark

42328.

36. SCAPHYGLOTTIS Poepp. & Endl.

Epiphytic or rock-inhabiting caespitose or creeping plants with indurated or

pseudobulbous stems. Stems simple or much-branched or clustered in fascicles.

Leaves one or several from the apex of the sections of the stem, thin and grass-like,

broad and fleshy-coriaceous or occasionally nearly terete. Inflorescence terminal

or at the nodes of the stem, a fascicle of flowers or a slender raceme. Flowers

small. Sepals nearly equal, erect or spreading; dorsal sepal free; lateral sepals

more or less adnate to the column-foot and conjoined to form a mentum. Petals

usually smaller and narrower than the sepals. Lip subarticulate to the column-

foot, with or without a claw, nearly straight, geniculate or reflexed and curved,

entire, 3-lobed or emarginate. Column short, broadly winged, essentially wingless

or auriculate, produced into a foot at the base; anther terminal, operculate, in-

cumbent; pollinia 4 or 6, all of them equal or if 6 occasionally two smaller than

the other four, waxy, laterally compressed. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid.

As considered now, this tropical American genus comprises

about twenty species. The segregates of Hexadesmia are here in-

cluded in this genus.

1. Lip more or less quadrate, emarginate, simple or sometimes 3-lobed.

2. Flowers in glomerules at nodes; lip 3-lobed S. minutiflora.

2. Flowers solitary or in fascicles at apex of pseudobulbs or at nodes; lip not

3-lobed.

3. Lip less than 3 mm. long, with a pair of small calli at base; stems not

vernicose S. livida.

3. Lip more than 4 mm. long, ecallose; stems vernicose S. confusa.

1. Lip cuneate-spatulate, oblong-obovate or flabellate, occasionally 3-lobed.

4. Leaves broad, more than 1.8 cm. wide S. Lindeniana.

4. Leaves narrow, less than 1.5 cm. wide.

5. Inflorescence a slender few- to many-flowered raceme supported by a

filiform peduncle.

6. Lip about 2 mm. long, apiculate at apex S. micrantha.

6. Lip more than 5 mm. long, emarginate at apex.

7. Lower half of lip suborbicular S. hondurensis.

7. Lower half of lip elliptic-oblong or cuneate S. crurigera.

5. Inflorescence a solitary flower or several flowers in a fascicle.

8. Leaves linear-attenuate, grass-like.

9. Lip oblong-cuneate, sinuately trilobulate at the truncate apex.

S. longicaulis.

9. Lip obovate-cuneate, more or less 3-lobed above the middle.

S. Behrii.

8. Leaves linear-oblong, not grass-like.

10. Lip deeply 3-lobed at about the middle S. amethystina.

430 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

10. Lip rounded, retuse or lightly 3-lobulate at apex.

11. Uppermost leaves 5.5 cm. or less long S. cuneata.

11. Uppermost leaves more than 5.5 cm. long. . . .S. cuneata var. major.

Scaphyglottis amethystina (Reichb. f.) Schltr. Beih. Bot.

Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 456. 1918. Ponera amethystina Reichb. f.

in Saund. Ref. Bot. 2: t. 93. 1869.

Epiphytic on trees in forests or open places, up to 300 meters

alt. Rare in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama.

Plant short, stout, erect or ascending, caespitose, 10-26 cm. tall, fasciculate-

branched, usually producing roots at the nodes. Stem usually short, pseudo-

bulbous, the basal section often producing several stems in a fascicle at the apex;

pseudobulbs stipitate, curved, bifoliate at the apex, subtended by several large

membranaceous sheaths, up to 12 cm. long and 1 cm. in diameter. Leaves linear

to oblong-elliptic, obliquely bilobulate at the apex, 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 5-12 mm.

wide. Flowers several to many in a fascicle at the apex of the pseudobulbs, white

to lilac, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 8 mm. long, subtended by

several short scarious imbricated bracts. Sepals linear-oblong to oblong-elliptic,

subobtuse to acute, concave, 5-8 mm. long, 1.2-2 mm. wide; lateral sepals some-

what oblique, decurrent on the lateral margins at the base and conjoined to form

a prominent obtuse mentum. Petals linear, acute, falcate, occasionally slightly

constricted above the middle, 5-6 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide. Lip attached to

foot of column, cuneate-flabellate, from a slender base, deeply 3-lobed above,

6.5-8 mm. long, 4.1-5 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes obliquely

oblong-oval, obtuse-rounded at the apex; mid-lobe subquadrate, retuse, with the

margins undulate-crenulate, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Column slender, clavellate, with a

very prominent foot, with an ascending triangular acuminate auricle on each an-

terior margin near the apex, 5.5-7 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, about

8 mm. long.

Guatemala (fide Schlechter).

Scaphyglottis Behrii (Reichb. f.) Benth. & Hook, ex Hemsl.

in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 219. 1883. Ponera Behrii

Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 220. 1855. Scaphyglottis guatemalensis Schltr.

Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 133. 1906 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz,

epiphytic in woods near Cubilgiiitz, March, 1902, H. von Turck-

heim II 526). Figure 116.

Epiphytic on trees or on rotten logs in dense or open forests or

thickets, at low elevations, up to 350 meters alt. Rather common

FIG. 116. I. Scaphyglottis longicaulis. Plant (X 1); 1, flower, floral bracts,

and peduncle, side view (X 4); 2, lip, spread out (X 7). II. S. Behrii. Plant

(X 1); 3, flower, floral bracts, and peduncle, side view (X 4); 4, lip, spread out

(X 7); 5, column, front view (X 5). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

II

431

432 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

from Guatemala and British Honduras through Central America to

Panama.

Plant slender, caespitose, fasciculate-branched, usually pendent, up to 45 cm.

tall. Stem more or less thickened, pseudobulbous, the pseudobulbs stipitate and

superposed one above the other or produced in 2- to several-stemmed fascicles,

concealed when young by scarious sheaths, each individual pseudobulb 5-20 cm.

long and 2-5 mm. in diameter. Leaves linear, grass-like, obtuse and obliquely

retuse at the apex, firmly membranaceous to subcoriaceous, 7-28 cm. long, 1.5-6

mm. wide, two produced at the apex of each pseudobulb. Flowers small, white,

produced in fascicles at the apex of each progressive pseudobulb, with slender

pedicellate ovaries that are 4-7 mm. long. Floral bracts ovate-oblong, apiculate,

scarious, 2-3 mm. long. Sepals oblong-ligulate to narrowly triangular-oblong,

subobtuse to acute, canaliculate, prominently keeled on the back, 3.5-5.5 mm.

long, 1-2.2 mm. wide; lateral sepals somewhat oblique, usually conjoined at the

base to produce a short mentum. Petals linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to

subacute, slightly oblique, 3-4 mm. long, 1.2 mm. or less wide. Lip attached to

foot of column, obovate-cuneate, more or less 3-lobed above the middle, 4-6 mm.

long, 2-3.5 mm. wide across the lateral lobules when spread out; lateral lobes

nearly obsolete to prominently semiobovate, broadly rounded above; mid-lobe

subquadrate, more or less retuse at the apex, with the margins lightly undulate-

crenulate; disk sometimes adorned with a small inconspicuous keel along the

center. Column with a distinct foot, slender, semiterete, somewhat thickened

above, entire to minutely 3-lobulate at the apex, 3-5 mm. long. Capsule small,

reddish brown, ovoid-ellipsoid, about 7 mm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Lowland forest in valley, "pantano," 2}/£ miles

west of Cubilgiiitz, Steyermark 44331. Cubilguitz, Turckheim 4069;

7730; 8309; 8586.— Izabal: Between Milla 49.5 and Cristina, Steyer-

mark 38682. Finca Transvaal, Wilson. Near Virginia, Lewis 37.—

"Eastern portions of Vera Paz and Chiquimula," 1885, Watson 175.

Scaphyglottis confusa (Schltr.) Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus.

Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 85. 1942. Hexadesmia confusa Schltr.

Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 361. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Vera-

paz, epiphytic in woods near Coban, May, 1908, H. von Turckheim

II 2348).

Epiphytic on trees in dense humid forests or dry open woods,

occasionally on large boulders, up to 2,000 meters alt. Rather

common in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant erect-ascending to spreading, caespitose, fasciculate-branched, usually

producing roots at the nodes, 10-45 cm. tall. Stem somewhat thickened, pseudo-

bulbous, cylindrical, sulcate, mostly vernicose, each pseudobulb bifoliate at the

apex and up to 22 cm. long and 4 mm. in diameter, subtended by several imbricated

scarious sheaths. Leaves erect-spreading, linear to linear-lanceolate, obliquely

bilobulate at the obtuse apex, firmly membranaceous, 2-8 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide.

Flowers greenish white or bronze-green, solitary or occasionally several in a fas-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 433

cicle at apex of pseudobulbs, the stout pedicellate ovary concealed by several

lanceolate imbricated scarious bracts. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, triangular-ovate

or oblong-elliptic, acute to subacuminate, 4-6.2 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; lateral

sepals somewhat oblique, conjoined on the basal lateral margins to form an in-

conspicuous mentum. Petals oblong-cuneate, oblong-obovate or elliptic-spatulate,

the margins often minutely toothed, 4-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide near the apex.

Lip arcuate below the middle in natural position, oblong-quadrate and somewhat

pandurate when spread out, emarginate at the truncate apex with an apicule in

the sinus, the margins minutely denticulate, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide across

the widest point. Column short, stout, with a short foot, broadly winged on the

anterior margins, 2-3 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ovoid, reddish brown, about

1 cm. long.

Scaphyglottis confusa, as distinguished from S. livida, a closely

allied species, has a crenulate lip-margin and pedicellate ovaries

that are always concealed by the closely imbricated floral bracts.

The flower, itself, is often partially concealed by the subtending

bracts.

Alta Verapaz: Near Coban, Standley 69151. Near the Finca

Sepacuite, Cook & Griggs 401. Tactic, Johnston 1830; 1860. Vicinity

of Coban, Standley 90853. La Isla, south of Santa Cruz, Standley

90234. Along Rio Carcha, between Coban and San Pedro Carcha,

Standley 89908. Large swamp east of Tactic, Standley 92309.—

Baja Verapaz: Rocky hills near and above Santa Rosa, in pine-oak

forest, Standley 91208. North of Santa Rosa, Standley 69868;

69869. — Chiquimula: Volcan Quezaltepeque, 3-4 miles northeast of

Quezaltepeque, Steyermark 31446. — Zacapa: Along Rillito del Volcan

de Monos, Volcan de Monos, Sierra de las Minas, Steyermark 42332.

Sierra de las Minas, upper slopes, along Rio Repollal to summit of

mountain, Steyermark 42523. — "Guatemala," Margaret Ward Lewis.

Scaphyglottis crurigera (Batem. ex Lindl.) Ames & Correll,

Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 85. 1942. Hexopia crurigera

Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 46. 1840, nomen; ex Lindl.

Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. p. 2. 1844, in synonymy. Hexadesmia crurig-

era Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. p. 2. 1844 (type: Guatemala, intro-

duced to Bateman).

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests and in damp thickets, up

to 1,500 meters alt. Not particularly common in Mexico, Gua-

temala, El Salvador and Costa Rica.

Plant slender, erect-ascending, densely caespitose, often in dense clumps,

8-33 cm. tall. Stem fusiform-cylindrical, long-stipitate, somewhat curved, un-

branched, bifoliate at the apex, 4-14 cm. long, 4-7 mm. in diameter. Leaves

erect-spreading, linear, grass-like, membranaceous, obliquely retuse at the apex,

434 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

sulcate, 5.5-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Flowers pure white, delicately fragrant,

in 1-2 slender, usually fractiflex racemes that are 4.5-13 cm. long including the

peduncle; peduncle filiform, bluish green, subtended by 1-several yellowish scar-

ious sheaths; pedicellate ovaries filiform, 6-10 mm. long. Floral bracts whitish,

lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 mm. long. Sepals oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,

obtuse, acute or long-apiculate at the apex, keeled on the back, longitudinally

concave, 5-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide near the base; lateral sepals oblique, with

the lateral margins decurrent and conjoined at the base to form a pronounced

mentum. Petals linear-oblong to elliptic-obovate, obtuse to acute-apiculate and

often slightly recurved at the apex, oblique, more or less undulate-crenulate along

the margins. Lip attached to the foot of the column, arcuate-decurved in natural

position, oblong-cuneate or oblong-obovate in outline when spread out, deeply

bifurcate at the apex, with the lobules broadly rounded, incurved and usually

overlapping to form a shallow volute, 7-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide across the

apex; basal portion below the arch sulcate, conforming to the column, with the

margins incurved; apical portion above the arch with the margins minutely

undulate-crenulate. Column green-purple, slender-clavellate, with a prominent

foot, slightly arcuate, 5-6 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, 3-angled, about 9 mm. long.

Chimaltenango: Yepocapa, Johnston 593. — Guatemala: Near

Finca La Aurora, I. Aguilar 192. — Jalapa: San Martin Jilotepeque,

Johnston 1421. — Quezaltenango: Finca Pireneos, below Santa Maria

de Jesus, Standley 68416. Slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, between

Santa Maria de Jesus and Calahuache", along great barranca be-

tween Finca Pirineos and San Juan Patzulin, Steyermark 33670.—

Sacatepe"quez: Volcan Fuego, Smith 2640. Wooded quebrada just

above Barranca Hondo, Standley 88943. — Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa,

Heyde & IMX 3497.— "Guatemala," Bates 10.

Scaphyglottis cuneata Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt.

2: 398. 1918 (type: Guatemala, epiphytic along bank of Rio Dulce

near Livingston, February, 1884, H. von Turckheim}, S. prolifera

Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 15. 1898.

Epiphytic on trees in pine forests or low dense woods, up to 600

meters alt. Widespread but not common from Guatemala and

Honduras through Central America to Panama, throughout the

West Indies and northern South America.

Plant variable in size, erect-ascending, densely caespitose, fasciculate-

branched, usually producing aerial roots at the nodes, up to 25 cm. tall. Stem (or

internodes) more or less thickened-cylindrical, pseudobulbous, the individual

stems tapering at each end and superposed one above the other or produced in 2-

to several-stemmed fascicles, each stem-member subtended by several distichous

imbricated scarious sheaths, up to 10 cm. long and 2-4 mm. in diameter. Leaves

erect-spreading, linear-ligulate, obtuse and obliquely retuse at the apex, firmly

membranaceous to coriaceous, 1-5.5 cm. long, up to 8 mm. wide, two produced at

the apex of each pseudobulb. Flowers white, with a purplish lip, faintly fragrant,

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 435

one or several in a fascicle at the apex of each pseudobulb, each flower subtended

by several membranaceous equitant imbricated bracts, with stout pedicellate

ovaries that are about 4 mm. long. Sepals oblong-elliptic to rarely elliptic-

obovate, subobtuse to acute, somewhat concave, 4-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide;

lateral sepals oblique, conjoined at the base to produce a short mentum. Petals

linear, obtuse, occasionally slightly dilated above the middle, about 5 mm. long

and 0.5 mm. wide. Lip attached to the foot of the column, oblong-spatulate to

cuneate-flabellate, rounded or retuse at the apex, occasionally obscurely 3-lobed

above, 5-6 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide across the dilated apical portion; lamina

with a small fleshy somewhat transverse callus at the base of the dilated portion.

Column slender, semiterete, with a short foot, up to 5 mm. long. Capsule nar-

rowly ovoid, 4-6 mm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Cerro de Agua Tortuga (Sahacoc), vicinity of

Cubilgiiitz, Steyermark 44617. Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8307. Near

the Finca Sepacuite, CooA; & Griggs 840. Jocolo, Johnson 1066.—

Izabal: Between Virginia and Lago Izabal, Montana del Mico,

Steyermark 33915. Between Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal,

Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38528. Oneida-Chickasaw connec-

tion, Lewis 17. Along railroad, between Puerto Barrios and Milla 7,

Steyermark 42055. Along Rio Frio and tributaries, Cerro San

Gil, Steyermark 41525.

Scaphyglottis cuneata var. major (C. Schweinf.) C. Schweinf.

in Correll, Lloydia 10: 212. 1947. S. Wercklei Schltr. var. major C.

Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 4: 117. 1937.

Found in British Honduras and Guatemala, where it is epiphytic

on tree trunks in forests at low elevations.

The variety major differs from the typical S. cuneata in being a stouter plant

with the lower stem-members much longer (up to 17 cm. long), and with longer

leaves (5.5-12 cm. long).

Alta Verapaz: Cerro Chinaja, between Finca Yalpemech and

Chinaja, above source of Rio San Diego, Steyermark 45632. — Izabal:

Bay of Santo Tomas, between Escobas and Santo Tomas, Steyermark

39343.

Scaphyglottis hondurensis (Ames) L. 0. Wms. Ceiba 1: 127.

1950. Hexadesmia hondurensis Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ.

1: 1. t. 1933. Figure 117.

Epiphytic in open mountain forests and on trees in coffee plan-

tations, up to 1,500 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala

and Honduras.

Plant densely caespitose, up to 4.5 dm. tall. Stems erect, minutely pseudo-

bulbous at the base, very slender and many-sheathed for about 6 cm. then ab-

436 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

ruptly thickened to form an elongate secondary pseudobulb that is 8-10 cm. long

and about 5 mm. in diameter when dry, subtended by several imbricated truncate

sheaths and bifoliate at the apex. Leaves linear, grass-like, 15-26 cm. long, about

3 mm. wide, narrowly obtuse and apiculate at the apex, obliquely erect. Raceme

one or more, arising in the axils of the leaves, 4-8 cm. long, erect-spreading, with

several imbricating scarious sheaths at the base, 7-10-flowered. Floral bracts

about 5 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, conduplicate, acute to acuminate. Flowers

pale yellow with lavender striations on the lip, or dull lavender with a dull green

or orange-brown infusion, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 8-13 mm. long.

Sepals 4.8-6 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide; dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute,

closely appressed to the petals, 3-nerved to the tip; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate,

acute, strongly concave, connate at the base to form a conspicuous rounded men-

turn, lightly carinate along the mid-vein on the outer surface. Petals oblong,

abruptly rounded at the tip, subacute, 5-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Lip 7-9

mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide across the bilobed apex, obliquely ascending then sharply

deflexed, subpandurate from a rounded base; apical lobes about 3 mm. long and

wide, rounded, slightly divaricate, obscurely erose on the margin; disk with two

obliquely placed basal calli from each of which a lightly raised keel extends nearly

to the sinus formed by the terminal lobes, with a central keel between them and

a short supplementary keel on each side. Column about half as long as the dorsal

sepal, produced at the base into a conspicuous foot.

Zacapa: Oak-pine woods along upper reaches of Rio Sitio Nuevo,

between Santa Rosalia and first waterfall, Sierra de las Minas,

Steyermark 42268.

Scaphyglottis Lindeniana (A. Rich. & Gal.) L. 0. Wms. in

Woodson & Schery, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 28: 423. 1941. Hexadesmia

Lindeniana A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 23. 1845. H.

fasciculata Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 2, 17: 44. 1842, not Scaphy-

glottis fasciculata Hook. H. rhodoglossa Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 328.

1856. H. pachybulbon Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 17: 26. 1922.

Epiphytic on trees in forest, up to 1,350 meters alt. Widespread

from Mexico through Central America to Panama.

Plant usually large, stout, erect or ascending, 1.2-4.5 dm. tall. Stem slender

at the base, more or less abruptly dilated above to form a somewhat fusiform

compressed pseudobulb, bifoliate at the apex, 5-30 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm. wide at

the widest point, nearly concealed when young by large membranaceous sheaths.

Leaves obliquely ascending, linear-ligulate to broadly oblong-elliptic, obliquely

retuse at the obtuse apex, coriaceous, 5.5-25 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide. Peduncles

terminal, up to 4 cm. long, fasciculate, 2-several-flowered, subtended by numer-

ous small scarious sheaths. Floral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, conduplicate,

FIG. 117. Scaphyglottis hondurensis (Hexadesmia hondurensis) . Plant (X 1);

1, lateral sepal (X 5); 2, dorsal sepal (X 5); 3, petal (X 5); 4, flower (about X 3);

5, lip and column, side view (about X 3); 6, pollinia (much enlarged). Drawn

by Blanche Ames.

HILXADE.&MIA

no no arenas is

437

438 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

glumaceous, about 8 mm. long. Flowers yellow-green or reddish green, usually

with purplish veins or infusion, with slender pedicellate ovaries 1.3-2.2 cm. long

that are blackish when dry. Sepals oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, subob-

tuse to acuminate at the usually triangular-thickened and recurved apex, concave,

somewhat keeled on the back, 7-11 mm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide near the middle;

lateral sepals oblique, decurrent and conjoined at the base on the anterior margins

to form a distinct mentum. Petals variable, linear-lanceolate to elliptic-obovate,

acute to shortly acuminate, falcate, the margins somewhat crenulate, 6.5-10 mm.

long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Lip attached to the foot of the column, variable, arcuate-

decurved in natural position, oval, elongate-pandurate or oblong-cuneate when

spread out, abruptly acute or truncate and retuse with an apicule in the sinus at

the apex, somewhat concave below the middle, with the disk nervose, minutely

denticulate-erose on the margins, 7-11 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide at the widest

point. Column slender, gradually dilated upward, with an inconspicuous wing on

each side and a prominent posterior tooth, 5.5-8 mm. long. Capsule obliquely

ellipsoid, 1.5-2 cm. long.

This species is extremely variable in the size and shape of the

floral segments. The length and shape of the long-stipitate pseudo-

bulb are also variable characters.

Quezaltenango: Hartweg (fide Hemsley). — Suchitepequez : Gua-

talon, Finca Moca, Hatch 500.

Scaphyglottis livida (Lindl.) Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,

Abt. 2: 457. 1918. Isochilus lividus Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. p.

36. 1839.

Epiphytic on trees in virgin forests or in coffee plantations, also

on fence posts, up to 2,000 meters alt. Rather common in Mexico,

Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant erect or ascending, caespitose, densely fasciculate-branched, broom-

like in appearance, 10-35 cm. tall, usually producing roots at the nodes. Stems

narrowly fusiform-cylindrical, pseudobulbous, superposed one above the other,

often producing several stems in a fascicle at the apex; pseudobulbs stipitate,

longitudinally sulcate, bifoliate, up to 12 cm. long and 5 mm. in diameter, sub-

tended at the base by several long scarious imbricated sheaths. Leaves rigidly

erect or erect-spreading, linear, obliquely bilobulate at the apex, deeply grooved,

firmly membranaceous, 5.5-20 cm. long, 2-4.5 mm. wide. Flowers pale yellow-

green, purplish pink or green with purplish stripes, solitary or several in a fascicle,

with pedicellate ovaries that are about 7 mm. long, each flower subtended by several

short light brown scarious imbricated bracts. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, sub-

obtuse to acute, concave, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 1.8-2.2 mm. wide, Lateral sepals

very obliquely triangular-ovate, obtuse to acute, concave, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2

mm. wide, the lateral margins decurrent and conjoined at the base to form an

inconspicuous mentum. Petals linear, recurved at the apiculate-acute apex,

oblique, the margins entire or somewhat undulate, 3-4 mm. long, 0.8-1.3 mm.

wide. Lip attached to the column-foot, arcuate in natural position, broadly

subquadrate to ovate-quadrate, emarginate at the truncate apex, with or without

an apicule in the sinus, cordate at the base, with a small mammillate callus on the

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 439

somewhat uplifted basal auricles, canaliculate, 2-3 mm. long, 2-2.8 mm. wide at

the base. Column short, thick, with a short foot, about 1.2 mm. long, with a

minute tooth on each anterior margin at the apex. Capsule obliquely cylindrical-

ellipsoidal, ridged, about 8 mm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Vicinity of caves, southwest of Lanquin, Steyer-

mark 44139; 44037. — Baja Verapaz: Sierra de las Minas, Kellerman

7863. — Huehuetenango: Between Ixcan and Rio Ixcan, Sierra de

los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49291. — Izabal: Between Milla 49.5

and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark

38643. — Pete"n: La Libertad, Lundell 2231. — Zacapa: Sierra de las

Minas, along Rillito del Volcan de Monos, Volcan de Monos, Steyer-

mark 42333.

Scaphyglottis longicaulis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 286.

1888 (type: Guatemala, from the Chacon forests, eastern portion of

Vera Paz and Chiquimula, 1885, S. Watson). Scaphyglottis ungui-

culata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 206. 1913. Figure 116.

Epiphytic on trees in dense forests, up to 900 meters alt. Wide-

spread but not common from Guatemala and Honduras through

Central America to Panama and Colombia.

Plant slender, ascending, densely caespitose, occasionally fasciculate-branched,

9-30 cm. tall. Stem slender or slightly pseudobulbous-thickened above the slen-

der base, terete, sometimes superposed one above the other, each section or pseudo-

bulb 2-3-leaved and subtended by several long scarious sheaths, up to 15 cm.

long and 2-3 mm. in diameter. Leaves erect-spreading, linear, grass-like, very

obliquely bilobulate at the apex, 5-18 cm. long, 2-4.5 mm. wide, firmly membra-

naceous. Flowers small, white, purplish or white with lavender spots or suffusion,

one or several in a fascicle at the apex of the stem and nodes, with filiform pedi-

cellate ovaries that are 7-10 mm. long. Floral bracts lanceolate, acuminate,

about 2.5 mm. long. Sepals linear-oblong to oblong-elliptic, canaliculate, some-

what broadened above the middle, acute to apiculate, 6-7 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm.

wide; lateral sepals oblique, obliquely acute or apiculate at the apex, the lateral

margins decurrent at the base to form a rather prominent obtuse mentum. Petals

linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to apiculate, falcate, 5.5-6 mm. long, about 1 mm.

wide. Lip attached to the foot of the column, oblong-cuneate, trilobulate at the

abruptly dilated apex, 6-6.5 mm. long, 2.7-4 mm. wide across the apical portion;

lateral lobules obliquely obtuse, incurved over the column; mid-lobe triangular,

acute. Column slender, slightly dilated above the middle, with a distinct foot,

4.5-6 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, about 7 mm. long.

This species is closely allied to S. Behrii. However, S. Behrii is

usually a much stouter plant. The lips of the flowers of the two

species are also quite dissimilar.

Izabal: La Vigia, between Bananera and Quirigua, Margaret

Ward Lewis 169.

440 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Scaphyglottis micrantha (Lindl.) Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus.

Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 85. 1942. Hexadesmia micrantha Lindl. Bot.

Reg. 30: Misc. p. 2. 1844 (type: Guatemala, no. 389 of Messrs.

Loddiges' Catalogue).

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 1,200 meters alt. Rare in

Guatemala and Honduras, widespread in Costa Rica.

Plant small, erect-ascending, densely caespitose, 5-16 cm. tall. Stem pseudo-

bulbous, stipitate, curved, unbranched, bifoliate at the apex, 1.5-6 cm. long, 4-6

mm. in diameter, subtended by several scarious imbricated fugaceous sheaths.

Leaves suberect, linear, firmly membranaceous, obliquely retuse at the apex,

4-11 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. Racemes 1-2 at the apex of the pseudobulbs, 3-11

cm. long including the peduncle, few- to many-flowered; peduncle filiform, pro-

vided with several spreading scarious sheaths, subtended by several similar

sheaths. Floral bracts ash-colored, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 4-7

mm. long. Flowers whitish or violet-green, with filiform pedicellate ovaries that

are 5-7 mm. long. Sepals ovate-oblong to elliptic, apiculate, concave-cymbiform,

1-nerved, 2-2.1 mm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, conjoined at

the anterior base to form an inconspicuous mentum. Petals obliquely elliptic or

oblong-elliptic, rounded and apiculate at the apex, thin, the margins minutely

crenulate, 1- to 3-nerved, 2-2.2 mm. long, about 1.1 mm. wide. Lip attached to

the foot of the column, distinctly 3-lobed, flabellate in outline when spread out,

about 2 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide when spread out, 5-nerved; lateral lobes

obliquely subquadrate, broadly rounded at the apex, involute in natural position

to enclose the column; mid-lobe semiorbicular to obliquely subquadrate, apiculate

at the apex, the margins minutely crenulate. Column slender-clavellate, arcu-

ate, with a short foot, about 1.5 mm. long. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, 3-5 mm.

long.

"Guatemala," Johnston 1652.

Scaphyglottis minutiflora Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl.

Harv. Univ. 10, no. 4: 83. pi. 9. 1942 (type: Guatemala, Dept.

Izabal, La Vigia, between Bananera and Quirigua, Sept. 15, 1936,

Margaret Ward Lewis 186). Figure 118.

Epiphytic on trees along streams and on ridges, up to 1,000

meters alt. Uncommon in British Honduras, Guatemala and

Panama.

Plant fasciculate, straggly, frequently branching, with adventitious roots at

the nodes, 2.5-7.5 dm. tall. Stem terete, slender-fusiform, constricted at the nodes,

the individual internodes enveloped at the base by several scarious tubular im-

bricated sheaths; lowermost internode up to 26 cm. long and 5 mm. in diameter.

Leaves produced in pairs at the nodes, erect to erect-spreading, articulate with

the leaf-sheaths, linear to linear-lanceolate, obliquely bidentate at the acuminate

apex, firmly membranaceous, 5-18 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide. Inflorescences

glomerate, produced at the nodes, composed of several or numerous almost

sessile flowers that appear successively from between dry fibrous bracts that form

tufts around the flowers. Flowers minute, with pedicellate ovaries that are 3-4

minuti£€ora

FIG. 118. Scaphyglottis minutiflora. 1, plant (X %)', 2, flower, spread open

(X 11A); 3, flower, side view (X 7K); 4, lip, spread out (X 10). Drawn by G.

W. Dillon.

441

442 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

mm. long, white or greenish white marked with maroon or deep violet. Sepals

ovate-elliptic, subobtuse to acute, 3-nerved, concave, 2.2-3 mm. long, 1.2-1.5

mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly oblique and conjoined below the column-foot to

form a small mentum. Petals slightly oblique, linear-oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved,

2-2.5 mm. long, about 0.7 mm. wide. Lip subarticulate with the column-foot,

elliptic to oblong-subquadrate in outline, lightly 3-lobed, 5-nerved, truncate to

lightly retuse at the apex when spread out, with two deep violet or maroon blotches

on each side near the apex, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.7-2 mm. wide across the lateral

lobes when spread out; lateral lobes small, rounded, arising about the middle of

the lip, erect in natural position; mid-lobe quadrate when spread out, with cren-

ulate margins upcurved in natural position. Column 2-2.5 mm. long. Capsule

obliquely ovoid, 5-6 mm. long.

Scaphyglottis minutiflora is most closely allied to S. Behrii. How-

ever, it differs from that species not only in its smaller flowers and

broader leaves but also in the shape of the lip. The lip of S. minuti-

flora is elliptic or oblong-subquadrate in outline and has a broad

base. The lateral lobes are also produced at about the middle of

the lip. The lip of S. Behrii is spatulate or obovate in outline and is

narrowed at the base. The lateral lobes are also produced above

the middle or near the apex of the lip. The flowers of both species

are produced in fascicles at the nodes. However, the flowers and

capsules of S. minutiflora, which are essentially sessile, are borne

in glomerules and are surrounded by tufts of fibrous bracts, whereas

the flowers and capsules of S. Behrii are distinctly pedicellate and

are subtended by solitary bracts.

Izabal: Between Bananera and "La Presa" in Montana del

Mico, Steyermark 38248. Cerro San Gil, along Rio Frio, Steyermark

41645.

OBSCURE SPECIES

Hexadesmia lurida Batem. mss. Hemsley (in Godm. & Salv.

Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 220. 1882-86) cites this from Bateman as from

Guatemala or Mexico. However, as it is only a manuscript name

it has no taxonomic standing. It is impossible to say what species

Bateman had in mind.

37. PONERA Lindl.

Epiphytic or rock-inhabiting plants with creeping rhizomes. Stems leafy on

the upper part, slender or robust, terete, reedlike, never pseudobulbous, simple or

rarely branching. Leaves six or more, alternate, distichous, linear or narrowly

lanceolate. Inflorescence or inflorescences composed of short or subsessile ra-

cemes or a solitary flower, sometimes glomerate or fasciculate, terminal or opposite

the leaf axils at the nodes of the defoliated stem. Sepals about equal; dorsal sepal

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 443

free; lateral sepals with the broad base adnate to the column to form a mentum

under the lip. Petals longer than or about equal to the dorsal sepal, somewhat

narrower than the sepals, more or less decurrent on the column. Lip subartic-

ulated to the apex of the column foot; claw incumbent; lamina arcuate-recurved

and spreading, nearly entire to deeply emarginate at the apex. Column short,

stout, wingless, produced into a foot at the base; anther terminal, operculate,

incumbent; pollinia 4, equal, waxy, laterally compressed. Capsule ovoid or

ellipsoid.

The six species comprising this small genus are found only in

Central America and northern South America.

1. Flowers borne in glomerules, subtended by numerous bracts. . . .P. glomerata.

1. Flowers not borne in glomerules, fasciculate.

2. Lip rhombic-ligulate, tapering to a narrow retuse apex P. macroglossa.

2. Lip cuneate-oblong, broadest at the apex and deeply emarginate . P. striata,

Ponera glomerata Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 9, no.

8: 132. pi. 1. 1941. Figure 119.

Epiphytic on trees in oak or pine forests, sometimes terrestrial,

up to 2,700 meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant caespitose, stout, coarse, up to 1.5 meters tall, with numerous coarse

fibrous roots that are densely tomentose. Stem robust, reedlike, terete, 6-8 mm.

in diameter, leafy above, concealed by closely appressed leaf-sheaths, vernicose

when exposed. Leaves distichous, articulated to the leaf -sheaths, narrowly lance-

olate, obliquely retuse at the apex, firmly membranaceous or subcoriaceous,

grass-green above, paler beneath, 8-25 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide; leaf -sheaths

smooth, not verrucose; leaf-scar prominent, persistent, about 1.5 mm. wide.

Inflorescences composed of glomerules, terminal or projecting opposite the leaf

axils at the nodes along the defoliated lower part of the stem; glomerules short-

stalked, up to 2.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter, consisting of several sessile

flowers and numerous densely imbricated bracts; bracts of the glomerules fibrous-

membranaceous, disintegrating into numerous fibers. Flowers small, with short

stout ovaries that are nearly concealed by the bracts of the inflorescence, the

floral segments very fleshy-thickened and connivent. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate-

elliptic, obtuse, concave, about 8 mm. long and 5.5 mm. wide below the middle.

Lateral sepals obliquely triangular, obtuse, concave, about 8 mm. long and 7 mm.

wide across the base, adnate to the column-foot to form a prominent mentum.

Petals oblong-elliptic, broadly rounded at the apex, slightly oblique, about 9 mm.

long and 4.5 mm. wide. Lip densely covered with minute papillae, subarticulated

to the column-foot, strongly arcuate-recurved in natural position with the lower

half of the margins upturned to form a channel, broadly obovate-flabellate in

natural position, deeply emarginate with the lobules rounded, ob cordate-sub-

quadrate when spread out, about 9 mm. long and 7 mm. wide near the apex.

Column short, stout, less than 3.5 mm. long, 3-lobulate at the apex, with the

middle lobule incurved over the anther, produced at the base into a broad elon-

gated foot; column-foot as long as or longer than the column, strongly sulcate,

about 3.5 mm. long, forming with the column a deep saddle. Capsule subor-

bicular-ellipsoidal, about 1 cm. long.

FIG. 119. Ponera glomerata. 1, terminal portion of plant (X Y^)', 2, de-

foliated section of stem showing inflorescences (X 1A) ', 3, flower, front view, partly

spread open (X 2J^); 4, dorsal sepal (X 2H). P. striata. 5, defoliated section

of stem showing inflorescences (X M); 6, flower, side view (X 2>£); 7, flower,

front view, partly spread open (X 2^). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

444

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 445

The glomerules at once distinguish this species from P. striata,

its nearest ally. The smooth, not verrucose leaf-sheaths also dis-

tinguish it from that species. Although the lip is not unlike some

forms of P. striata, the floral segments are much fleshy-thickened

rather than thin. The leaves are usually larger than those of P.

striata.

Chimaltenango: Cerro de Tecpam, region of Santa Elena, Stand-

ley 60925. — Quezaltenango: Volcan Santa Maria, between Santa

Maria de Jesus, Los Mojadas, and summit of volcano, Steyermark

33962. — Sacatepe"quez : Origin near San Juan, Lewis 85.

Ponera macroglossa Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 639. 1852 (type:

Guatemala, Houtte). Scaphyglottis macroglossa (Reichb. f.) Schltr.

Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 457. 1918.

No specimens have been seen of this species.

Original description (liberal translation): flowers fasciculate; the dorsal sepal

oblong; the lateral sepals triangular, forming an almost right-angled mentum; the

petals unguiculate, obtusely angled on each side, obtuse; lip longer than the other

segments, from an unguiculate base, obtusely angled on each side, strongly

attenuate toward the apex, bilobed, one lobe overlapping the other; near P.

striata but differing from that species in the form of the lip.

When the type of P. macroglossa is examined it may prove to be

a variety of P. striata or conspecific with that species. However,

for the time being, we are recognizing P. macroglossa, with some

doubt as to its true status. It has been collected only in Guatemala.

Ponera striata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. pp. 18-19. 1843

(type: Guatemala, Skinner). Figure 119.

Epiphytic on trees on open hills and in dense tropical forests,

up to 3,000 meters alt. Widespread and rather common in Mexico,

Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica,

Venezuela and Brazil.

Plant pendent or descending, caespitose, rather coarse, 3-8 dm. tall. Stem

slender, reedlike, leafy above, concealed by the close-fitting leaf-sheaths, 2-4 mm.

in diameter, sometimes branching and producing roots at the nodes when injured

or covered by debris; leaf -sheaths brownish, verrucose, fugaceous with age.

Leaves distichous, erect-spreading, narrowly linear-lanceolate, tapering to the

obliquely bidentate apex, firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, 6.5-20 cm. long,

4-9 mm. wide near the base. Flowers sessile or essentially so, solitary or 2-4-

fasciculate, terminal or produced opposite the leaf axils at the nodes along the

defoliated stem, subtended by several conspicuous close-fitting bracts. Floral

bracts tan, fibrous-membranaceous, usually with hyaline margins and verru-

446 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

culose above the middle on the outer surface, suborbicular-ovate to oblong, 2-5

mm. long. Sepals and petals light green with lavender or light reddish brown

stripes; dorsal sepal broadly ovate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse to acute and somewhat

thickened at the apex, concave, 5-7 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; lateral sepals ob-

liquely triangular, acute and somewhat dorsally keeled and recurved at the apex,

6-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide across the broad base, decurrent on and adnate to

the elongated column-foot to form a prominent mentum. Petals broadly oval to

elliptic-oblong, rounded to subobtuse at the apex, narrowed below the middle,

with entire or slightly erose margins, slightly oblique, 3-5-nerved, 5-7 mm. long,

2-4 mm. wide. Lip white with several lavender stripes, subarticulated to the

column-foot, arcuate-recurved in natural position with the margins of the lower

third fleshy and incurved to form a channel, the upper half thin, often with a

small transverse fleshy cushion in the middle about one fourth the distance from

the base, minutely ciliolate below the middle, when expanded oblong-cuneate and

deeply emarginate at the rounded apex, occasionally somewhat pandurate, 6.5-10

mm. long, 3-5.5 mm. wide near the apex. Column stout, with a blunt apical

tooth curved over the anther, up to 5 mm. long; column-foot 3.5-4 mm. long.

Capsule obliquely ovoid, deeply several-grooved, 1 cm. long.

The flowers of P oner a striata are variable in size and are thin-

textured in contrast to the usually fleshy flowers found in other

species in the genus. The typically fasciculate, sessile flowers on

the defoliated stem subtended by several conspicuous bracts imme-

diately distinguish this species from all others in the genus Ponera.

Chimaltenango: San Martin Jilotepeque, Johnston 1416. — El

Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, hills north of Finca Piamonte, be-

tween Finca Piamonte and summit of Volcan Santa Luisa, Steyer-

mark 43517. — Guatemala: Near Guatemala City, purchased from

Indian, Lewis 71. — Pete"n: Uaxactun, Bartlett 12277. — San Marcos:

Finca El Porvenir, along Rio Cabus above Potrero Matasan, Vol-

can Tajumulco, Steyermark 37607. — Zacapa: Along Rio Lima, Sierra

de las Minas, between Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca

Alejandria, Steyermark 29609.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Ponera inconspicua Lod. ex Baxt. Loud. Hort. Brit. ed. 3: 616.

1839 (supplement), nomen nudum. Attributed to Guatemala.

38. JACQUINIELLA Schltr.

Small epiphytic caespitose plants from a short rhizome. Stem slender,

straight or fractiflex, leafy throughout. Leaves small, fleshy, distichous, linear.

Inflorescence a solitary flower or fascicle of flowers at the apex of the stem. Sepals

free or shortly united at the base, subequal, fleshy. Petals similar to the sepals

but smaller. Lip free, connivent with the other floral segments, with a short claw,

sometimes geniculate and constricted below the middle, the upper part oblong,

II

FIG. 120. Jacquiniella globosa. 1, plant (about X %); 2, flower, side view

(X 5); 3, dorsal sepal (X 4); 4, lateral sepals (X 4); 5, petal (X 4); 6, lip, side

view (X 6); 7, lip, spread out (X 6); 8, pollinia (much enlarged); 9, anther,

ventral view (much enlarged); 10, anther, dorsal view (much enlarged); 11,

column, ventral view (X 8); 12, column, side view (X 8). Drawn by D. E. Tib-

bitts. Adapted in part from Martius, Flora Brasiliensis 3, pt. 5: pi. 9. 1898-1902.

447

448 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

suborbicular or subrhombic and concave, simple or 3-lobed at the apex. Column

short, nearly terete, free from the lip, somewhat dilated above, with a short incon-

spicuous foot; pollinia 4, waxy, laterally compressed. Capsule ovoid-globose.

This small genus of the American tropics is extremely close to

Isochilus and may eventually be included in that genus.

Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.) Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 7:

124. 1920. Epidendrum globosum Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Am. 222. t. 133,

f. 1. 1763. Figure 120.

Epiphytic on trees, usually at low elevations, up to 900 meters

alt. Widespread but not common from Mexico(?) through Central

America to Panama, the West Indies and northern South America.

Plant small, densely caespitose, rigidly erect or ascending, 2-15 cm. tall.

Stem leafy throughout, slender, occasionally fractiflex, concealed by closely ap-

pressed leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous, articulate to the leaf-sheaths, linear, ob-

liquely obtuse to acute, fleshy-coriaceous, somewhat triangular in cross-section, us-

ually marked with purple, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; leaf-sheaths prominently

ribbed, tinged with purple. Flowers solitary or in a fascicle at the apex of the stem,

deflexed, yellowish with the sepals often tipped with red or dull rose, on slender

pedicels about 2 mm. long, the pedicels enveloped at the base by several short

closely imbricated bracts. Floral bracts amplexicaul, infundibuliform, obliquely

subtruncate and apiculate at the apex, with a light keel extending to the apicule,

about 1.3 mm. long. Sepals elliptic, fleshy-thickened at the subacute apex, concave,

3-nerved, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.2-1.3 mm. wide; lateral sepals united at the base and

conforming with the lower part of the lip to form a goitre-like sac. Petals ellip-

tic, acute, slightly narrowed below the middle, 1-nerved, 2-2.3 mm. long, about

1 mm. wide. Lip abruptly geniculate and constricted just below the middle,

2.5-3.2 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide above the middle, 3-nerved, orbicular-saccate

below the constriction, suborbicular-rhombic above the constriction, acute-

apiculate and fleshy-thickened at the apex. Column terete, slightly dilated above,

about 1.3 mm. long. Capsule obliquely globose-ovoid, prominently 6-ribbed,

5-6 mm. long.

This species is vegetatively similar to J. leucomelana (Reichb. f.)

Schltr., a Mexican species. It differs from that species mainly in that

the lip is geniculate below the middle instead of being straight, and

in the shape of the apical portion of the lip.

Izabal: Los Andes District, Entre Rios, Lewis 34. — Pete"n: La

Libertad, Lundell 2236; 2256.

39. ISOCHILUS R. Br.

Caespitose or repent epiphytic, terrestrial or rock-inhabiting plants with

slender stems and numerous distichous leaves, the rhizomes concealed by dark

brown warty sheaths. Leaves strictly erect to spreading, articulate with the leaf-

sheath, linear, lanceolate or oblong, more or less retuse at the apex, rigidly mem-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 449

branaceous to subcoriaceous. Inflorescence a terminal, densely or loosely flowered

unilateral or distichous raceme of one to many flowers, often scorpioid. Floral

bracts short or elongate, suborbicular to oblong, paleaceous. Flowers small,

variously colored from nearly white to deep rose-purple, with short pedicellate

ovaries, often partly concealed by the subtending bracts or upper leaves. Sepals

subequal, erect or recurved, concave, varying from free to coherent almost to the

apex, gibbous at the base under the lip, more or less dorsally carinate along the

mid-nerve or occasionally broadly winged on the back (especially the lateral

ones), the free part elliptic to lanceolate and obtuse to subacuminate. Petals

with a slender claw, a little shorter and broader than the sepals, ecarinate, oblique,

oblong-lanceolate, elliptic or obovate. Lip with a short claw, subequal to the

petals but narrower, adnate to the base of the column or the short column-foot,

linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, commonly sigmoid-flexuose below

or slightly above the middle or both, sometimes constricted near the middle,

variously marked on the claw and at about the middle of the lamina. Column

erect, semiterete, wingless, toothed at the apex, apparently footless or produced

at the base into a short inconspicuous foot; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent,

2-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, ovoid-oblong, elongate and laterally compressed. Cap-

sule small, ellipsoid or ovoid.

This is a small genus consisting of two species and four varieties.

As in the case with many other species included in the Ponereae,

the segregates of Isochilus are on the whole more readily distin-

guished from one another on vegetative than on floral characters.

The flowers of the various segregates have no constant characters

whereby they may be readily distinguished. They may consist of a

graduated series from large to small, and the freedom or coherence

of the sepals may vary considerably even among flowers in the same

raceme.

According to Steyermark, plants of Isochilus are used in Guate-

mala in the treatment of colic, dysentery, and other intestinal

disorders. The species are commonly known as "calaqual," "san-

guinaria," "nido de Pajaro," and "cresta de Gallo."

1. Flowers in a loose distichous or occasionally unilateral raceme, one or only a

few; leaf-sheaths more or less verrucose.

2. Leaves narrowly linear, strict or somewhat erect-spreading /. linearis.

2. Leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, short, erect-spreading.

/. linearis var. carnosiflorus.

1. Flowers in a dense compact unilateral scorpioid raceme, usually numerous;

leaf-sheaths characteristically smooth and green-spotted or vernicose, occa-

sionally verrucose.

3. Leaf -sheaths commonly smooth; leaves narrow.

4. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat spreading or occasionally strict.

/. major.

4. Leaves linear, strict, often closely appressed to the stem.

/. major var. Amparoanus.

3. Leaf-sheaths densely brownish verrucose; leaves oblong-ligulate to oblong-

lanceolate, erect-spreading /. major var. alatus.

450 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5:

209. 1813. Epidendrum lineare Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Am. 221. t. 131,

fig. 1. 1763.

This is the most common and widespread Isochilus. It is found

from near sea level up to 3,900 meters altitude in cloud forests in

Mexico, throughout Central America and the West Indies, and in

the northern half of South America. It occurs as terrestrial, on

rocks and logs, or on various species of trees, mainly in pine-oak

forests.

The generic description covers this species very well. However,

the following notes may be added :

Plant up to 6 dm. or more tall, subcaespitose to repent. Stem slender, leafy,

about 1 mm. in diameter, concealed by verrucose leaf-sheaths. Leaves narrowly

linear, obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex, strict or somewhat erect-spreading, up

to 6.5 cm. long, usually about 2.5 mm. wide, sometimes more or less wide. Flow-

ers one to several, up to 8 mm. long, arranged in a loose distichous or sometimes

unilateral raceme.

Isochilus linearis is related to its var. unilateralis (Robins.)

Correll, a Mexican plant, in the linear leaves and verrucose leaf-

sheaths. It is related to its var. carnosiflorus through the verrucose

leaf-sheaths and the type of flowers, which are commonly arranged

in a loose distichous raceme. The flowers are variously colored.

Collectors' notes give the color as "white," "orange-yellow," "brick-

red," "orange," "rose-purple with two dark stains on the lip,"

"vermilion-orange," "red-violet," "purple," "flame scarlet," "bright

red," "cerise pink," "violet" and "lilac."

Amatitlan: Volcan Pacaya, Shannon 3671. — Chimaltenango:

Above Las Calderas, Standley 60075. Cerro de Tecpam, region of

Santa Elena, Standley 60924. Chichavac, Skutch 505. Volcan Aca-

tenango, Hunnewell 17117. — El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, trail

between Finca Piamonte east to Finca San Miguel, passing Finca

Polonia, Finca Delicias, and Caldea Cimiento, Steyermark 43740.

Sierra de las Minas, hills north of Finca Piamonte, between Finca

Piamonte and summit of Volcan Santa Luisa, Steyermark 43549.

Sierra de las Minas, between Calera and summit of Volcan Siglo,

Steyermark 43060. — Guatemala: Calderas, Porter 1. Volcan de

Pacaya, above Las Calderas, Standley 58440. Pacaya, Johnston

1313; 1379. Road to Mataquescuintla, Lewis 115. Slopes of Volcan

de Pacaya, between San Francisco Sales and the base of the active

cone, Standley 80741; 80781. Active cone of Volcdn de Pacaya,

Standley 80559; 80579.— Huehuetenango: Soloma, Skutch 1041.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 451

Above San Juan Ixcoy, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark

50023. Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixtahuacan, Steyer-

mark 50583. Cerro Canana, between Nucapuxlac and Canana, Sierra

de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49014. — Jalapa: Montana Mira-

mundo, near Miramundo, Steyermark 32829. Between Miramundo

and summit of Montana Miramundo, between Jalapa and Mataques-

cuintla, 6 miles south of Miramundo, Steyermark 32772. — Quezal-

tenango: Near Quezaltenango, Skutch 797 (in part). — San Marcos:

Upper south-facing forested slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, between

Las Canojas and top. of ridge, 7 miles from San Sebastian, Steyermark

35809. Along Quebrada Canjula, between Sibinal and Canjula,

Volcan Tacana, Steyermark 36048. — Solola: Volcan Santa Clara, south-

facing slopes to summit, Steyermark 46884. Volcan Atitlan, south-fac-

ing slopes, Steyermark 47419. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, middle

and upper south-facing slopes of Volcan Gemelos, Steyermark 43286.

Isochilus linearis var. carnosiflorus (Lindl.) Correll, Bot.

Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10, no. 1: 7. 1941. Isochilus carnosiflorus

Lindl. in Paxt. Mag. Bot. 11: 213. 1844; 12: 263. 1845.

This variety is found from near sea level up to 2,800 meters

altitude, in Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras and

Costa Rica. It occurs usually in dense shade and is commonly

found on mangroves at sea level, on coco plum, in mixed oak-pine

forests or on rocks.

Isochilus linearis var. carnosiflorus is related to 7. major var. alatus in the

shape and arrangement of the leaves and in the verrucose leaf-sheaths. Except

for the difference in the type of inflorescence, some of the forms of this variety

approach var. alatus very closely. It is allied to var. unilateralis in the rather

large flowers and in the type of inflorescence in some of the plants. The differences

in the leaves, however, immediately distinguish these two varieties.

According to collectors' notes, the flowers are "magenta and

wax-like," "dark rose and wax-like," "purplish pink with two dark

stains on the lip," "red-purple," "rose-purple," "purple," "pink,"

"bright magenta" and "mallow-purple." It would seem that the

flowers are quite fleshy in this variety since they are characterized

by some collectors as "wax-like."

Alta Verapaz: Near Samac, Johnson 295. Jocolo, Rio Jocolo,

Johnson 1067. — Izabal: Between Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from

Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38614. — San Marcos: 6 miles

south and west of town of Tajumulco, slopes of Volcan Tajumulco,

Steyermark 36697a. — Suchitepequez : Slopes of Volcan Zunil, in

vicinity of Finca Montecristo, southeast of Santa Maria de Jesus,

i i n » A n v-

452 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Steyermark 35250. Volcan Santa Clara, between Finca El Naranjo

and upper slopes, Steyermark 46603.

Isochilus major Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 6: 60. 1831. Figure

121.

Isochilus major is found on the mainland from southern Mexico

to Panama. It is represented in Jamaica by two collections. It

occurs as a terrestrial or epiphyte from about 600 to 2,000 meters

altitude in open or cloud forests, and is often found growing in large

clumps on rocks.

The generic description covers this species very well. However,

the following notes may be added :

Plant caespitose to shortly repent, up to 7.5 dm. or more tall. Stem slender,

leafy, about 2 mm. in diameter, somewhat compressed, concealed by smooth leaf-

sheaths. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex, somewhat

spreading or occasionally strict, up to 9 cm. long, usually about 5 mm. wide,

sometimes more or less wide. Flowers up to 12 mm. long, several to many in a

dense compact unilateral scorpioid raceme.

This species typifies the second line of development found in

Isochilus. The comparatively large unilateral raceme and the lance-

olate leaves distinguish it at once from /. linearis and its varieties.

The upper leaves, which commonly half conceal the inflorescence,

are nearly always tinged the color of the flowers. The flowers,

according to collectors' notes, are "rose-colored," "lavender,"

"white, stained magenta-purple on the lip," "white with pink hue,"

"pink" and "pink, at lip-base two darker stains." •

Jutiapa: Volcan Suchitan, northwest of Ascuncion Mita, Steyer-

mark 31893 (atypical). — Quiche": Jose Ignacio Aguilar 1293.—

Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, San Lorenzo, Steyermark 43176.

Isochilus major Cham. & Schlecht. var. alatus (Schltr.) Cor-

rell, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10, no. 1: 11. 1941. Isochilus

alatus Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 360. 1912 (type: Guatemala,

Dept. Alta Verapaz, epiphyte in woods, Coban, July, 1907, Turck-

heim II 1831).

Variety alatus is found only in Guatemala, where it is rare. It

occurs up to 3,800 meters altitude and is found on trees in damp

mixed forests. The flowers are said to be "orchid-colored."

Isochilus major var. alatus and /. major are similar in their leaf-size and type

of inflorescence, both of which are larger than those of var. Amparoanus. They

differ somewhat in the shape of the leaves and in the leaf-sheaths. The leaves of

var. alatus are oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate and the leaf-sheaths are

FIG. 121. Isochilus major. Plant (X Yz); flower, spread open, front-side

view (X 1M)- Drawn by Elsie H. Froeschner.

453

454 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

densely brownish verrucose, whereas the leaves of /. major are linear-lanceolate

and the leaf-sheaths are smooth.

Alta Verapaz: Cerro Chinaja, between Finca Yalpemech and

Chinaja, above source of Rio San Diego, Steyermark 45656. Along

Rio Frio, about 8 km. below Tactic, Standley 90831. — Quezalten-

ango: Above Mujulia, between San Martin Chile Verde and Col-

omba, Standley 85493. — Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes,

Steyermark 47379.

Isochilus major Cham. & Schlecht. var. Amparoanus (Schltr.)

Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10, no. 1: 11. 1941. Isochilus

Amparoanus Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 27. 1923.

Variety Amparoanus is found in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Honduras and Costa Rica. It occurs at from 670 to 2,300 meters

altitude where it is found as a terrestrial, on rocks, in lava fields, on

trees in dry oak forests or in moist tropical forests.

Isochilus major var. Amparoanus has only the characteristic inflorescence of

this group in common with var. alatus. It agrees with /. major in the typically

smooth leaf-sheaths and in the type of inflorescence. It is related to /. linearis

var. unilateralis in the strict linear leaves and in the rather large flowers of some

of its forms.

The flowers are said by collectors to be "lavender," "purple,"

"rose-purple," "pinkish purple," "phlox-purple," "rose-color," and

"orange-red."

Alta Verapaz: Tucuru, Smith 1665. Above Tamahu, Standley

70923. Tactic, Johnston 1829. — Amatitlan: Pacaya, Johnston 1381.

— Chiquimula: Volcan Quezaltepeque, 3-4 miles northeast of Quezal-

tepeque, Steyermark 31505. — Guatemala: Near Finca La Aurora,

Aguilar 172. — Huehuetenango: "Nanax-kanal," Seler 2724. Between

Finca San Rafael and Amelco, in vicinity of Rio Amelco, Steyermark

49559. — Jalapa: Jalapa, Kellerman 7868. — Quezaltenango: Near

Quezaltenango, Skutch 797 (in part). — Retalhuleu: San Felipe,

Rojas 444. — San Marcos: Finca El Porvenir, along Rio Cabus above

Potrero Matasan, Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37630. — Santa

Rosa: Near Santa Rosa, Maxon & Hay 3374. Cenaguilla, Heyde

& IMX 3864. Teocinte, Heyde & LMX 6243.— Zacapa: Along Rio

Lima, Sierra de las Minas, between Rio Hondo and summit of

mountain at Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29607. Sierra de las

Minas, San Lorenzo, Steyermark 43176. — "Chocola," Morton 263.

40. ARPOPHYLLUM Llave & Lex.

Epiphytic or terrestrial plants from a stout simple or branched rhizome.

Stem indurated or somewhat pseudobulbous, concealed or nearly concealed by

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 455

scarious sheaths, unifoliate. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous, articulate. Inflorescence

terminal, a spicate showy raceme of numerous flowers, subtended by a large

spathaceous sheath. Sepals about equal, spreading, the lateral sepals mostly

gibbous at the base, adnate to the column. Petals smaller than the sepals. Lip

uppermost, usually longer than the petals and sepals, conspicuously gibbous or

saccate at the base, the anterior portion elliptic-obovate, somewhat flabellate or

obovate-subquadrate. Column erect, somewhat arcuate, wingless; column-foot

short, nearly obsolete; pollinia 8, waxy, pyriform. Capsule ellipsoid-cylindric.

This genus probably consists of only two valid species, both of

which are found in Guatemala.

Lip less than 8 mm. long A. spicatum.

Lip more than 8 mm. long A. alpinum.

Arpophyllum alpinum Lindl. in Benth. PI. Hartw. 93. 1842.

A. medium Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 89. 1866 (type:

Guatemala, Las Nubes, January 9, 1857, Wendland). Figure 122.

Epiphytic on trees or terrestrial, usually in cloud forests, up to

3,200 meters alt. Not common in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant rather stout, erect-ascending, often dwarf at high altitudes. Stems

arising at intervals from a stout creeping rhizome, unifoliate, somewhat com-

pressed, 4.5-33 cm. long, up to 1 cm. in diameter, nearly concealed by several

large imbricated spathaceous sheaths; sheaths more or less verrucose. Leaf at

the apex of the stem, linear-ligulate, acute or subobtuse, coriaceous, usually

exceeding the inflorescence, 1-5 dm. long, 1.4-3 cm. wide. Raceme cylindrical,

densely many-flowered, conspicuous, 3-14 cm. long, 2-4 cm. in diameter, supported

by a stout peduncle. Rachis and pedicellate ovaries covered with a black scurf-

iness. Peduncle 5-13 cm. long, provided with several scarious scalelike bracts,

nearly concealed by a long spathaceous sheath 3-11 cm. long. Floral bracts

minute, triangular, acute, about 3 mm. long. Flowers purplish pink, with dark

brown-purple stout pedicellate ovaries that are 6-12 mm. long. Dorsal sepal

oblong-elliptic to elliptic-obovate, rounded to obtuse at the apex, 7-11 mm. long,

3.2-3.8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-elliptic, rounded to subobtuse at the

apex, oblique, somewhat gibbous at the base due to conforming with the saccate

base of the lip, 8.5-11 mm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide. Petals linear to linear-oblance-

olate, rounded to subobtuse at the apex, minutely erose-crenulate along the upper

margins, slightly oblique. Lip uppermost, gibbous at the base, somewhat arcuate

just above the base, 9-15 mm. long; lamina elliptic-obovate to obovate-subquad-

rate, rounded and occasionally retuse at the apex, the incurved erose margins

undulate-crisped and wavy, 4.5-7 mm. wide when spread out. Column almost

terete, stout, slightly dilated above, 3.5-5 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid-

cylindrical, about 1 cm. long.

This species is quite variable as to the size of the plants, racemes

and leaves. As its name indicates, it is usually found at high

elevations.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 1140; II 1632. Vicinity of

Coban, bought from peddler from country near Coban, Standley

FIG. 122. Arpophyllum alpinum. 1, plant (X Vz)'> 2, flower, side view

(about X 2). Sketched by G. W. Dillon; completed by D. E. Tibbitts.

456

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 457

92186. — Amatitlan: Volcan de Pacaya, above Las Calderas, Stand-

ley 58508. Pacaya, Johnston 1385. Near base of Volcan Pacaya,

Porter 61. — Chimaltenango: Santa Elena, Skutch 144. — Chiquimula:

Middle slopes of Montana Norte to El Jutal, on Cerro Brujo, south-

east of Conception de las Minas, Steyermark 31028.— Guatemala:

Near Guatemala City, Lewis 118. Market, Guatemala, Johnston

1859. — Huehuetenango: Top of Cerro Chemalito, Sierra de los

Cuchumatanes, 3% miles west of Santa Eulalia, Steyermark 49944.

— Jalapa: Volcan Jumay, north of Jalapa, Steyermark 32369. La-

guna de Ayarza, Heyde & Lux 6385. — Quezaltenango : Densely

forested damp white sand quebrada, El Pocito, south of San Martin

Chile Verde, on road to Colomba, Standley 84946. — San Marcos:

Barranca Eminencia, road between San Marcos and San Rafael Pie

de la Cuesta, in upper part of the barranca between Finca La Lucha

and Buena Vista, Standley 86497. — Solola: Along road east of Los

Encuentros, Standley 62357. — Totonicapan : Totonicapan, Lewis 215;

Johnston 1327. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, slopes of Monte

Virgen, around summit of mountain, Steyermark 42637. Sierra de

las Minas, between Loma El Picacho and Cerro de Monos, Steyer-

mark 42826. Sierra de las Minas, middle and upper south-facing

slopes of Volcan Gemelos, Steyermark 43254.

Arpophyllum spicatum La Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr.

2, Orch. Opusc. 20. 1825.

On trees and rocks in open mountain forests or in dense humid

forests, usually at less than 1,500 meters alt., rarely up to 2,400

meters. Widespread in Mexico, less common in Guatemala, Hon-

duras and Costa Rica.

Plant up to 7.5 dm. tall, ascending from a creeping rhizome that is about 8

mm. in diameter and covered with sheaths. Stem compressed, composed of several

joints, nearly concealed by long tubular sheaths that are up to 16 cm. long. Leaf

solitary, ligulate, obtuse, keeled below, flat above, fleshy-coriaceous, sometimes

conduplicate-ensiform, up to 5 dm. long and 4 cm. wide. Peduncle nearly con-

cealed by a compressed spathaceous sheath that is up to 15 cm. long and 2 cm.

wide. Raceme spicate-cylindric, densely many-flowered, up to 22 cm. long, 1.7-3

cm. (usually about 2.5 cm.) in diameter; rachis and pedicellate ovaries sparsely

covered with black hispid glands. Floral bracts triangular, acute, about 1.5

mm. long. Flowers purplish pink, with stout rigid pedicellate ovaries that are

4-8 mm. long. Dorsal sepal 3-nerved, oblong to elliptic-obovate, broadly obtuse

to apiculate at the apex, 4.8-5.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.8 mm. wide above the middle.

Lateral sepals 3-nerved, elliptic-oblong, subacute to broadly rounded at the apex,

oblique, saccate at the base to conform with the base of the lip, 5-6 mm. long,

2-3 mm. wide. Petals narrowly elliptic to linear-oblanceolate, rounded to obtuse

and with the margins erose at the apex, 1-nerved, 5-5.5 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm.

458 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

wide. Lip 7-nerved, 5.5-6 mm. long, saccate at the base, constricted in front of

the sac, then expanded into an obovate lamina that forms a hood over the column ;

lamina broadly rounded and erose at the apex, about 3.5 mm. wide when spread

out. Column 3.5-4 mm. long, arcuate. Capsule ellipsoid, 7-8 mm. long.

The species of Arpophyllum are closely allied and are separable

primarily on the size of the flower. However, besides the above

difference, A. alpinum is usually confined to higher elevations and

usually has a shorter peduncle and a shorter and wider inflorescence

than A. spicatum.

Suchitepequez: Finca Moca, Skutch 1563.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Schlechter reported Arpophyllum giganteum Hartweg ex Lindley

from Guatemala. However, no specimens referable to this concept

have been seen from Guatemala. Except for the somewhat smaller

flowers, A. giganteum is vegetatively and florally identical with A.

alpinum. It should doubtless be considered only a small-flowered

form of A. alpinum, and is probably synonymous with A. spicatum.

Reichenbach reported Arpophyllum cardinale Linden & Reich-

enbach from Guatemala, a species originally described from Vene-

zuela. It is doubtful that this species occurs in Guatemala.

41. COELIA Lindl.

Epiphytic plants with swollen pseudobulbous stems from a short creeping

rhizome. Leaves several, from the apex of the pseudobulb, the rolled sheaths

simulating a stem. Inflorescence lateral, at the base of the pseudobulbs, a loosely

flowered raceme. Sepals nearly alike, the lateral sepals concave at the base, free

from the column. Petals about equal to the sepals. Lip shorter than the sepals

and petals, sagittate, from a broad base. Column erect, stout, short, wingless,

the foot almost obsolete; pollinia 8, waxy. Ovary conspicuously winged.

This monotypic genus is represented by the following species.

Coelia triptera (Smith) G. Don ex Steud. Norn. ed. 2, 1: 394.

1840. Epidendrum tripterum Smith, Ic. Pic. 1. 14. 1793. Figure 123.

Epiphytic on trees, up to 1,200 meters alt. Uncommon in Mex-

ico, Guatemala and the West Indies.

Plant from a pseudobulbous base, rather coarse, 2.5-6 dm. or more tall.

Pseudobulbs ovoid, extended above as a short slender stem, subtended by several

scarious sheaths, 2.5-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. Leaves several, at the apex

of the pseudobulb, erect-spreading, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, plicate,

subcoriaceous, articulated to the tubular sheaths, 1.2-4 dm. long, 1-2.3 cm. wide;

FIG. 123. Coelia triptera. 1, plant (X 2/t); 2, flower, with sepals and petals

removed, front view (about X 1); 3, flower, with dorsal sepal held down, dorsal

view (about X 1); 4, anther (much enlarged); 5, pollinia (much enlarged); 6,

column (much enlarged); 7, flower, with sepals and petals removed, side view

(about X 1). Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. Adapted in part from Fawcett and

Rendle, Flora of Jamaica 1: pi. 13. 1910.

459

460 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

leaf-sheaths toothed on the margin when the leaves fall off. Inflorescence lateral,

arising at the base of the pseudobulbs; scape 12-17 cm. long including the loosely

flowered raceme; peduncle nearly concealed by brown glossy distichous imbricated

sheaths. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate to linear-setaceous, 2-4 cm. long. Flow-

ers white, very fragrant, with slender pedicellate ovaries about 12 mm. long.

Ovaries strongly angled and winged, with the wings excurrent and recurved at

the apex. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, obtuse, concave, 8.5-9

mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate, obtuse, slightly concave

and conjoined at the base, recurved at the apex, 8-9 mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. wide

near the base. Petals obliquely oblong-spatulate to oblong-obovate, rounded at

the apex, 8-9 mm. long, 3.5-4.7 mm. wide above the middle. Lip erect, recurved

below the middle, about 6.5 mm. long and 5 mm. wide at the widest point when

spread out, the basal part broadly subquadrate, abruptly triangular-sagittate

above with the lateral margins convex and fleshy-thickened, narrowly triangular

acute at the apex, the upper surface minutely papillose. Column stout, essentially

without a foot, about 2 mm. long. Capsule conspicuously winged, about 1 cm. long.

Guatemala (fide Schlechter).

42. BOTHRIOCHILUS Lem.

Terrestrial, rock-inhabiting or epiphytic caespitose plants with pseudobulbs

from a coarse repent rhizome. Pseudobulbs ovoid or obpyriform, several-leaved

at the summit. Leaves subcoriaceous, plicate, linear-lanceolate, articulated with

their sheaths, which simulate a stem. Inflorescences lateral, from the base of the

pseudobulbs. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals decurrent on the column-foot to

form a conspicuous mentum. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but usually

smaller. Lip about as long as the petals, sharply declined or prominently saccate

at the base, dilated above the middle and more or less 3-lobed near the apex.

Column erect, long and slender, sometimes clavate, essentially wingless, produced

at the base into a long foot; foot about as long as or longer than the column;

pollinia 8, waxy. Capsule obliquely ovoid, strongly ribbed but not winged.

All of the species comprising this genus are found in Guatemala.

1. Flowers more than 3 cm. long B. bellus.

1. Flowers less than 2.5 cm. long.

2. Inflorescence a dense headlike ovoid raceme B. densiflorus.

2. Inflorescence a loose-flowered raceme.

3. Flowers numerous, in a cylindrical raceme; lip with a globular somewhat

bilobed sac at the base; petals broadest above middle. .B. macrostachyus.

3. Flowers several, scattered; lip without a sac at the base; petals broadest

below the middle B. guatemalensis.

Bothriochilus bellus Lem. Illustr. Hort. 3: Misc. p. 30. 1856.

Coelia bella (Lem.) Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 218. 1861.

Figure 124.

FIG. 124. Bothriochilus bellus. 1, plant (X 4A); 2, column and lip, side view

(X 1); 3, column, front view (X 1); 4, lip, spread out (X 1). Drawn by G. W.

Dillon.

461

462 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Terrestrial or epiphytic on trees in humid forests, up to 1,500

meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant from a pseudobulbous base, slender above, 3-8 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs

ovoid-globose, somewhat compressed, smooth, when young concealed by shiny

scarious sheaths, 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, extended above into a short

slender terete stem. Leaves several, clustered, articulated with the tubular stem

sheaths, erect-spreading, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, attenuate, plicate,

membranaceous, with several prominent nerves, 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide,

reduced below to distichous imbricated acuminate sheaths. Inflorescence lateral,

arising at the base of the pseudobulbs; scape 2-several-flowered, up to 15 cm.

long including the flowers, clothed with distichous imbricated tumid ovate-

lanceolate acuminate tan glossy sheaths. Flowers large, nearly erect, tubular

below and funnel-shaped above, yellowish white with the segments rose-purple

at the tips, the mid-lobe of the lip orange-colored, fragrant of bitter almonds,

with pedicellate ovaries up to 2.5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, obtuse,

about 3.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong, obtuse to

subacute, long-decurrent on the column-foot to form a conspicuous mentum, about

5 cm. long from apex to base of column-foot, about 1 cm. wide; mentum nearly 2

cm. long. Petals obliquely oblong-spatulate, broadly rounded at the apex, about

3.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide above the middle. Lip with a saccate base, about

4.5 cm. long; lamina narrowly cuneate, distinctly 3-lobed near the apex, about

1.2 cm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes angular or rounded; mid-lobe

triangular-oblong, acute, about 1 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, the upper surface

granulose-thickened and orange-colored. Column slender, minutely toothed at

the dilated apex, with a dorsal apicule recurved over the anther, about 1.5 cm. long,

produced at the base into a long slender foot about 2 cm. long.

This species has the largest flowers of any in the genus.

Alta Verapaz: Rio Coban, between Coban and San Pedro,

Johnson 757. — Baja Verapaz: Panjal, Turckheim 3973.

Bothriochilus densiflorus (Rolfe) Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus.

Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 86. 1942. Coelia densiflora Rolfe, Kew Bull.

375. 1906.

Epiphytic on trees, up to 1,000 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala.

Plant large, coarse, 6-7 dm. tall, from a pseudobulbous base. Pseudobulbs

ovoid, somewhat attenuate at the apex, slightly compressed, 5-7 cm. long, 3-5

cm. wide, subtended by a pair of sheathing imbricated bracts when young. Leaves

about five, at apex of pseudobulb, linear or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,

subcoriaceous, nervose, conduplicate at the base, 2.5-5 dm. long, 3-4 cm. wide.

Inflorescence lateral, arising at the base of the pseudobulbs; scape supporting a

short dense many-flowered ovoid headlike raceme, 6-7 cm. long, concealed by

broad ovate-acuminate imbricated sheaths; raceme about 4 cm. long, 3.5 cm. in

diameter, consisting of 150-200 small white flowers disposed in spiral rows around

the rachis. Floral bracts obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly obtuse, scarious,

1.3-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide. Flowers on pedicellate ovaries 5-8 mm. long.

Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, concave,

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 463

7.5-10 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals decurrent on the column-foot

to form a prominent mentum about 5 mm. long, obliquely oblong-elliptic to

elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, somewhat sigmoid, 1.3-1.9 cm. long from

apex to base of mentum, 4 mm. wide. Petals elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse

to acute, slightly oblique, 7-10 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. Lip with a narrowed

cuneate base, dilated and lightly 3-lobed above, more or less obovate-cuneate in

outline, 1-1.2 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread out;

lateral lobes rounded, upcurved along side of column; mid-lobe deltoid, obtuse to

subacute. Column clavate, recurved, 8-10 mm. long including the elongated

slender foot.

This species is unusual in that the inflorescence is composed of

numerous small flowers in a dense headlike raceme.

Conception de las Minas, near El Salvador-Honduras border,

Lewis 197.

Bothriochilus guatemalensis (Reichb. f.) L. 0. Wms. Bot.

Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 8: 147. 1940. Coelia guatemalensis Reichb.

f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 219. 1861 (type: Guatemala).

Epiphytic on trees, up to 3,000 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala.

Plant from a pseudobulbous base, slender above, in loose clumps. Pseudo-

bulbs conical, subrhomboidal, smooth in young plants, extended above into short

slender terete stems about 5 cm. long, subtended by dark brown scarious sheaths,

about 4 cm. long and 1.5 cm. thick. Leaves several, articulated with the tubular

stem sheaths, erect-spreading, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate,

subcoriaceous, prominently nervose, 1.6-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Inflores-

cence lateral, arising at the base of the pseudobulbs; scape several-flowered, up to

16 cm. long including the flowers, concealed by distichous imbricated tumid

acuminate brown sheaths. Floral bracts oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious,

1.5-3 cm. long. Flowers small, white and pink, with slender pedicellate ovaries

about 1 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse to

subacute, concave over the column, 1 cm. long, 4.2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals

decurrent on the column-foot to form a prominent mentum about 5 mm. long,

oblong-lanceolate, thickened at the acute-apiculate apex, the apicule incurved,

1.5-1.7 cm. long from apex to base of mentum, 4-4.2 mm. wide at the middle.

Petals obliquely ovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 1 cm. long, 3.5-4 mm.

wide near center. Lip obovate-cuneate, abruptly contracted on upper third to

form a triangular acute recurved apex, 1.5-1.7 cm. long, 4-5.5 mm. wide at

widest point, mid-nerve prominently depressed, with a fleshy thickening in the

center just below the apex, margins curved upward to clasp the column. Column

clavate, produced at the base to form a conspicuous slender foot, 1.2-1.4 cm. long

including the foot.

Guatemala: Road to Mataquescuintla, about 25 miles from

Guatemala City, Lewis 94. — Huehuetenango: Along Aguacatan road

east of Huehuetenango at km. 13-14, Standley 82015. — Solola:

Volcan Santa Clara, south-facing slopes to summit, Steyermark

46928.

464 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Bothriochilus macrostachyus (Lindl.) L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus.

Leafl. Harv. Univ. 8: 148. 1940. Coelia macrostachya Lindl. in Benth.

PI. Hartw. 92. 1842. Figure 125.

Terrestrial, on rocks or epiphytic on trees in mountain forests,

up to 2,500 meters alt. Widespread in Mexico, Guatemala, Hon-

duras, Costa Rica and Panama.

Plant large, coarse, 6 dm. or more tall, from a pseudobulbous base. Pseudo-

bulbs nearly globose to ovoid, slightly compressed, extended above into a slender

stem, subtended by large brown imbricated scarious bracts, 4-10 cm. long, 2-4.5

cm. wide. Leaves three or more at apex of pseudobulb, erect-spreading, linear-

lanceolate, long-acuminate, articulated with the leaf-sheaths, plicate, firmly

subcoriaceous, up to 8 dm. long and 3 cm. wide; leaf -sheaths with strong teeth on

the margins when the leaf falls off. Inflorescence lateral, arising at the base of

the pseudobulbs; scape up to 6 dm. long including the raceme, nearly concealed

by tubular-involute acute sheaths 5-7 cm. long, the peduncle sometimes fractiflex;

raceme cylindrical, densely many-flowered, 10-15 cm. long, 3.5-7 cm. in diameter.

Floral bracts conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate, scarious, fugaceous,

4-6.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide near the base. Flowers crystalline pink or pinkish

white, occasionally rose-colored, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 9-15

mm. long. Sepals fleshy-thickened, corrugated on the outer surface; dorsal sepal

elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, concave, somewhat dorsally keeled, 10-11

mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals decurrent on the column-foot to form a

pronounced saccate mentum about 4 mm. long, obliquely ovate-oblong, recurved

at the narrowly acute to subacuminate apex, 12-16 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide.

Petals obliquely oblong-obovate, obtuse to acute, concave below the middle,

9-11 mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. wide. Lip with a small globular somewhat bilobed

sac at the base, cuneate and somewhat dilated above, lightly 3-lobed near the

apex, 11-14 mm. long and 5-6 mm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread out;

lateral lobes triangular and somewhat apiculate, upcurved around the column;

mid-lobe narrowly triangular-lanceolate and strongly recurved, subacute; lamina

granulose-thickened on the inner surface near the apex, usually with a short keel

on the inner surface near the base. Column nearly terete, more or less 3-toothed

at the apex with the lateral teeth divergent, about 8 mm. long including the foot.

Capsule obliquely ovoid, prominently ribbed, 8-10 cm. long.

This species is perhaps the most common Bothriochilus in Central

America.

Huehuetenango: Oak-pine woods on steep rocky slopes above La

Libertad, on Cerro Pueblo Viejo, Steyermark 50978. — Jalapa: Po-

trero Carillo, around Minas de Croma, 13 miles northeast of Jalapa,

Steyermark 33053. — Quezaltenango: Montana Chicharro, on lower

southeast-facing slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, 2-4 miles south of

Santa Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 34268. Along Rio Samala, below

Zunil, Steyermark 34987. — San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir,

along Rio Cabus, within 2 miles of Cueva de las Palomas, south-

facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37967. — Zacapa: San

Lorenzo, Steyermark 43173.

FIG. 125. Bothriochilus macrostachyus. Plant (X Yz). Drawn by Elsie H.

Froeschner.

465

466 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

43. POLYSTACHYA Hook.

Epiphytic or rock-inhabiting caespitose plants with small thickened or

pseudobulbous leafy stems. Leaves one or several, distichous, articulated with

the sheaths. Inflorescence a simple or paniculate raceme terminating a rather

long closely sheathed peduncle. Flowers small. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral

sepals larger than the dorsal sepal, attached to the foot of the column to form a

more or less prominent mentum. Petals usually linear. Lip erect, non-resupinate,

nearly entire to deeply 3-lobed; disk of the lip usually with a conspicuous callus,

mostly covered with mealy hairs. Column short, not winged, with a prominent

foot; pollinia 4, waxy. Capsule oblong-ellipsoid.

In this genus there are about two hundred species, which are

mainly natives of tropical and southern Africa. Some species also

occur in India and Malaya, and sparsely in the American tropics

and subtropics. The species in our area are extremely difficult to

separate.

1. Pedicellate ovary pubescent P. masayensis.

1. Pedicellate ovary glabrous.

2. Lip cuneate-oblong to subrhombic in outline; mid-lobe of lip triangular-

ovate P. lineata.

2. Lip obovate-cuneate to subquadrate in outline; mid-lobe of lip suborbicular

to subquadrate.

3. Lip and petals about 2 mm. long P. clavata.

3. Lip and petals 2.5 mm. or more long.

4. Mentum angled and prominent; lateral lobes of lip somewhat incurved;

callus of disk linear, extending from near base to about middle of lip.

P. luteola.

4. Mentum rounded and inconspicuous; lateral lobes of lip mostly di-

varicate; callus of disk conical, at base of lip P. cerea.

Polystachya cerea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 86. 1840. P.

minor Fawc. & Rendle, Journ. Bot. 48: 106. 1910. P. guatemalensis

Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 141. 1921 (type: Guatemala, Chajoja,

near Mazatenango, July, 1867, Bernoulli & Cario 452, Retalhuleu,

October, 1877, Bernoulli & Cario 606). Figure 126.

On rocks or epiphytic on trees in humid forests, up to 1,500

meters alt. Widespread and rather common from Mexico through

Central America to Panama, throughout the West Indies and

probably in South America.

Plant slender, erect, 7-60 cm. tall, often growing in dense clumps. Pseudo-

bulbs slightly thickened and lightly compressed, 2-4 cm. long, up to 12 mm.

thick, concealed by membranaceous sheaths. Leaves several, erect-spreading,

linear, oblong-linear or linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute and obliquely

retuse at the apex, coriaceous, 4-27 cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. wide. Inflorescence a

slender paniculate raceme, the branches up to 4.5 cm. long and usually nodding;

peduncle somewhat compressed, concealed by closely appressed sheaths. Floral

FIG. 126. Polystachya cerea. Plant (X %)', 1, flower, spread out (about

X 4); 2, flower, side view (about X 4); 3, column and lip, side view (about X 6).

Drawn by Blanche Ames.

467

468 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

bracts small, triangular, shortly acuminate, about 1.5 mm. long. Flowers fleshy,

yellowish white, occasionally tinged with purple, with stout glabrous pedicellate

ovaries that are about 5 mm. long. Sepals 2.5-5 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide at the

widest point, apiculate and recurved at the apex, 3-nerved, concave; dorsal sepal

ovate-oblong to oblong-elliptic; lateral sepals obliquely triangular-ovate, adnate

to the column-foot and conjoined to form a rounded mentum. Petals obliquely

linear-subspatulate, obtuse-apiculate, 1-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long, less than 1 mm.

wide. Lip erect and parallel with the column, somewhat recurved, often very

fleshy, subquadrate to oblong-subquadrate in outline when spread out, 3-lobed

below or about the middle, 2.7-4 mm. long, 2.2-3.3 mm. wide across the lateral

lobes; lateral lobes small, obliquely ovate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, more

or less divaricate; mid-lobe subquadrate-elliptic to suborbicular-quadrate, slightly

retuse at the apex, obscurely apiculate, the margins crisped; disk with very short

mealy hairs, adorned with a projecting conical callus at the base. Column short,

fleshy, about 1 mm. long. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, up to 1 cm. long.

This species should probably be considered as only a variety of

P. luteola, to which it is closely allied.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim II 205. Coban, Turckheim

II 2033. Chama, Johnson 457. — Chiquimula: Montana Castilla,

vicinity of Montana Cebollas, along Rio Lucia Saco, 3 miles south-

east of Quezaltepeque, Steyermark 31320. — Escuintla: Between Rio

Jute and Rio Pantaleon, on road between Escuintla and Santa Lucia,

Standley 63483. — Huehuetenango: Between Las Palmas and Cha-

cula, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51758. — Izabal: Be-

tween Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana del Mico,

Steyermark 38632; 38529. Los Andes District, Inca Farm, near

Entre Rios, Lewis 132. — Quezaltenango: Colomba, Skutch 1327.

The following collections are in fruit but probably represent this

species: Baja Verapaz: Rocky hills near and above Santa Rosa, in

pine-oak forest, Standley 91240. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, oak-

pine forest along upper reaches of Rio Sitio Nuevo, between Santa

Rosalia and first waterfall, Steyermark 42240.

Polystachya clavata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. p. 61. 1842.

Epiphytic on trees in oak-pine forests, near sea level. Uncommon

in British Honduras, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant small, rigidly erect, caespitose, up to 2.4 dm. tall, usually much smaller;

pseudobulbs obsolete. Stem (peduncle) clothed by long scarious sheaths. Leaves

linear to linear-oblong, subequally tridentate at the obtuse apex, coriaceous, up

to 11 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide. Inflorescence a many-flowered paniculate

raceme composed of short stiffly erect branches; branches up to 3 cm. long; rachis

sparsely covered with a reddish puberulence. Floral bracts ovate-triangular,

cuspidate, up to 3 mm. long. Flowers greenish yellow, becoming orange-colored

with age, with stout recurved pedicellate ovaries that are about 3 mm. long.

Dorsal sepal 3-nerved, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, about 2.3 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 469

Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-triangular, subacute, 3-nerved, concave, about 2.8

mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely linear, obtuse, 1-nerved, about 2 mm.

long and 0.4 mm. wide. Lip from a cuneate claw, broadly obovate-cuneate in

outline, 3-lobed about the middle, 2 mm. long and 2 mm. wide across the lateral

lobes when spread out; lateral lobes semicordate, obtuse; mid-lobe subquadrate,

notched at the apex, with crenulate margins; claw adorned with a large smooth

conical callus at the base. Column short, fleshy, about 1 mm. long. Capsule

obliquely ellipsoid, about 5 mm. long.

This species has the smallest flowers of any Polystachya in

Guatemala.

Izabal: Cerro San Gil, El Golfete de Rio Dulce, Cayo Piedra,

Steyermark 41754.

Polystachya lineata Reichb. f. in Saund. Ref. Bot. 2: t. 80.

1869 (type: Guatemala).

Epiphytic on trees in dense humid forests, up to 1,100 meters

alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant slender or stout, erect, 8-30 cm. tall. Pseudobulbs slender, tapering

from a thickened base, clothed with sheaths, 1.5-5 cm. long. Leaves as many as

8, linear to linear-ligulate, obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex, subcoriaceous and

flexible, often conduplicate and recurved, 3-15 cm. long, 7-25 mm. wide. Inflo-

rescence a simple or branched raceme, few- to many-flowered, the raceme often

recurved or nodding; peduncle compressed, nearly concealed by closely appressed

scarious sheaths, up to 25 cm. long including the inflorescence. Floral bracts

small, triangular, acuminate, 1-3 mm. long. Flowers fleshy, greenish, greenish

brown or lemon-yellow, usually striped with lavender or cinnamon-color, with

recurved pedicellate ovaries that are 3-5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-triangular,

acute, somewhat concave, about 4.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals

obliquely ovate, acute and recurved at the apex, the lateral margins conjoined

and adnate to the column-foot to form a prominent mentum, 4-5 mm. long,

about 3.5 mm. wide. Petals narrowly linear to linear-spatulate, acute, slightly

falcate, 3-3.5 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide. Lip erect and parallel to the column,

cuneate-oblong to subrhombic when spread out, 3-lobed above the middle, 3-4.5

mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. wide when spread out; lateral lobes obtusely angled,

upcurved; mid-lobe triangular-ovate, acute and rigidly decurved at the apex;

disk with a conical mealy tubercle at the base, more or less mealy all over the

surface. Column short, fleshy.

Izabal: Rio Dulce, between Livingston and 6 miles up river on

north side, Steyermark 39396.

Polystachya luteola (Sw.) Hook. Ex. Fl. 2: 103. 1824. Cran-

ichis luteola Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1433. 1804. Polystachya minuta

(Aubl.) Frappier ex Cordemoy, Fl. He Reunion 190. 1895. Figure 127.

Epiphytic on trees or on rotten logs and stumps at low eleva-

tions, mostly below 400 meters alt. Widespread and rather common

470 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

in Florida and the West Indies, uncommon in Central and South

America; also in the Old World tropics.

Plant erect, often growing in large clumps, from a swollen pseudobulbous

base, 1-6 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs tapering from a thickened base, concealed by

imbricated scarious sheaths. Leaves one or several, oblong-elliptic, linear-

lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, subcoriaceous, 4-30 cm. long, 1-4

cm. wide. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered slender simple or branched

raceme that is often unilateral; peduncle compressed, up to 55 cm. long including

the inflorescence, more or less concealed by long tubular imbricated membrana-

ceous sheaths, the sheaths glaucous and semitranslucent. Floral bracts subor-

bicular-ovate, acuminate, with hyaline margins, about 3 mm. long. Flowers

yellowish green, fragrant, with slender glabrous arcuate pedicellate ovaries that

are 4-5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal triangular-ovate to ovate-oblong, acute to

apiculate, shallowly concave, 4-5 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals

obliquely and broadly triangular, acute to apiculate, adnate to the column-foot

and conjoined to form a prominent saccate mentum, about 6 mm. long and 4 mm.

wide across the base. Petals narrowly linear-spatulate, subobtuse, apiculate,

about 3 mm. long, mostly less than 0.5 mm. wide. Lip erect and parallel with

the column, arcuate-recurved, obovate to broadly cuneate in outline when spread

out, deeply 3-lobed above the middle, 4-4.5 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide across the

lateral lobes; lateral lobes entire, incurved, obtuse, with the free part about

1 mm. long; mid-lobe oblong-quadrate to suborbicular, often slightly dilated at

the apex, truncate, with irregularly undulate-crenulate margins; disk entirely

covered with inconspicuous glandular hairs, prominently crested on the central

portion from the base to about the middle with a solitary fleshy ridge. Capsule

ellipsoid, 8-12 mm. long, glabrous.

This species is evidently extremely rare in Guatemala. No

specimens have been seen from that country. However, it is in-

cluded here on the basis of Fawcett and Rendle's and Schlechter's

reports. It is best distinguished from P. cerea, its nearest ally, by the

usually larger flowers, prominently incurved lateral lobes and linear

callus of the lip, and the large mentum formed by the lateral sepals.

Polystachya niasayensis Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 217. 1855.

On rocks or epiphytic on trees in forests or in coffee plantations,

up to 1,340 meters alt. Widespread and rather common in Mexico,

Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.

Plant short, densely caespitose, often growing in large masses, 5.5-25 cm. tall.

Pseudobulbs small, short, fleshy-thickened, concealed by scarious sheaths, 1-4

FIG. 127. Polystachya luteola. Flowering plant (almost X 1); fruiting in-

florescence (X 1); 1, flower, side view (about X 4); 2, lateral sepals, spread out

to show their attachment to the column-foot, and column (X 4) ; 3, petal ( X 5) ;

4, lip, spread out to reveal the lateral lobes and farinaceous callus (X 5). Drawn

by Blanche Ames.

J3. Am«a /

471

472 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

cm. long, up to 1 cm. thick. Leaves early fugaceous, when present linear to linear-

oblanceolate, obtuse, often conduplicate, 2.5-20 cm. long, 5-18 mm. wide. In-

florescence a simple or few-branched raceme; peduncle short, stout, nearly con-

cealed by closely appressed imbricated sheaths, up to 20 cm. long including the

inflorescence, pubescent. Floral bracts minute, suborbicular-triangular, acumi-

nate, less than 2 mm. long. Flowers deep yellow or greenish yellow, fragrant, with

stout pedicellate ovaries; ovaries densely covered with short reddish brown hairs,

up to 5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, acute, concave, 2.2-2.5 mm. long,

1.3-1.7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely suborbicular-ovate, acute, deeply

concave, adnate to the column-foot and conjoined to form a small mentum, 2-3

mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely linear, subacute, 2-2.2 mm. long,

about 0.4 mm. wide. Lip erect and parallel with the column, recurved, subor-

bicular-quadrate in outline when spread out, distinctly 3-lobed about the middle,

2-3 mm. long, 2.5-2.8 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes more or less

prominent, porrect, obtuse to broadly rounded, often slightly incurved; mid-lobe

often fleshy-thickened, suborbicular, somewhat retuse at the apex, with a short

decurved apicule from the sinus; disk with a mealy linear ridge or conical tubercle

on the lower part, the entire surface more or less mealy. Column short and fleshy,

with a short foot. Capsule obliquely cylindrical-ellipsoid, pubescent, 5-7 mm.

long.

This species is closely allied to P. cerea but differs from that

species primarily in the densely pubescent pedicellate ovary.

Izabal : Near Puerto Barrios, Lewis.

44. GALEANDRA Lindl.

Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. Stem pseudobulbous, fusiform, short or

elongated, concealed by leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous, articulated with a large

sheath, narrow, plicate. Inflorescence terminal, a simple or paniculate raceme.

Flowers showy. Sepals free, spreading, equal. Petals similar to the sepals but

a little wider. Lip from the base of the column, produced at the base into a prom-

inent spur, entire or more or less lobed; disk crested or lamellate along the center.

Column short to somewhat elongated, with a short foot, shortly 2-winged at the

apex and dorsally rostrate; clinandrium oblique; anther terminal, operculate,

incumbent, imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 4, ovoid, cereous. Capsule erostrate.

This small genus is composed of about six species, which are

confined to the American tropics.

Galeandra Baueri Lindl. in Bauer, Illustr. Orch. PI. Gen. t. 8.

1830-38. Figure 128.

Epiphytic on trees in pinelands and open forest, usually on

palms, up to 800 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, British Hon-

duras, Honduras, Panama and French Guiana.

Plant up to 4.5 dm. tall, often growing in clumps. Stem fusiform, ancipitous

and slightly fractiflex, concealed by leaf-sheaths, up to 27 cm. long. Leaves

erect-spreading, linear to linear-elliptic or linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate,

FIG. 128. Galeandra Baueri. Plant (about X

Froeschner.

). Drawn by Elsie H.

473

474 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

plicate, up to 23 cm. long and 2 cm. wide; sheaths scarious, spotted with reddish

brown. Peduncle up to 10 cm. long, provided with long slender scarious maculate

bracts. Raceme simple or branched, few-flowered. Flowers showy, yellow-brown

sepals and petals, lip purple in front grading to white and brown below, with

slender pedicellate ovaries that are up to 3 cm. long. Floral bracts lanceolate,

acuminate, scarious, about 5 mm. long. Sepals 5-6-nerved, narrowly oblance-

olate, acute, about 2 cm. long and 4.5-5 mm. wide above the middle; lateral

sepals oblique. Petals 5-nerved, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, about 1.8 cm. long

and 5.3 mm. wide above the middle. Lip about 5 cm. long (including the spur),

involute below, spreading above, produced at the base into a spur; lamina rhombic-

ovate when spread out, broadly rounded and crenulate on the margins, about

3 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide; disk with a pair of small parallel keels near the base

in the center; spur tapering from a broad base, curved, about 2 cm. long. Column

arcuate, subtriangular in cross section, with a pair of ciliate lateral lobes at the

apex and a dorsally recurved rostrum, about 1 cm. long.

No specimen has been seen from Guatemala. However, since

Guatemala occurs within the area of distribution of the species it

is included here. It is commonly known as "Chit-kok" in British

Honduras.

45. EPIDANTHUS L. 0. Wms.

Small simple or branched epiphytic plants with slender leafy repent or caes-

pitose stems, non-pseudobulbous. Leaves distichous, articulated to the leaf-

sheaths, linear to subfiliform and terete. Inflorescence a terminal distichous

fractiflex raceme. Flowers small. Sepals similar, free, lanceolate, reflexed or

spreading. Petals somewhat callose at the base, linear. Lip simple or 3-lobed,

adnate to and sometimes enveloping the column. Column short, terete, adnate

to the lip or callus of the lip for its entire length; anther terminal, operculate,

incumbent, 2-celled.

This is a small genus containing only three species, all of which

are confined to Mexico and Central America. The species were

formerly referred to Epidendrum.

Epidanthus paranthicus (Reichb. f.) L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus.

Leafl. Harv. Univ. 8: 150. 1940. Epidendrum paranthicum Reichb.

f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 732. 1852.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, up to 1,800 meters alt.

Rather common from Mexico through Central America to Panama.

Plant erect-ascending or decumbent, much-branched, often growing in dense

masses, the individual stems up to 25 cm. long. Stem slender, leafy, strict or

flexuose, more or less fractiflex, concealed by closely appressed striate sheaths,

usually emitting roots at the point of branching, about 1 mm. in diameter. Leaves

pale green, erect-spreading or recurved, distichous, articulated with the sheaths,

fleshy, narrowly linear to almost terete, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Inflo-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 475

rescence a lax few-flowered fractiflex raceme; peduncles short, clothed by ancipi-

tous sheaths. Floral bracts about as long as the pedicellate ovary, ovate, acu-

minate, concave, strongly compressed and with a keel on the back. Flowers

usually less than 10, small, fleshy, erect, distichous, yellow, greenish yellow or

white, often marked with purple, with small pedicellate ovaries that are 2-3 mm.

long. Sepals and petals more or less spreading or reflexed. Sepals oblong-lance-

olate, acute to acuminate, the median nerve carinate-thickened, 3-4 mm. long,

1.2-1.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals somewhat oblique, concave. Petals obliquely

linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, acute to somewhat acuminate, lightly keeled

on the back, 2.2-2.5 mm. long, 0.7-1.2 mm. wide. Lip with a short broad claw,

adnate to the column; lamina deeply three-lobed, somewhat reniform in outline

when spread out, 2-3 mm. long including the claw, 2.5-3 mm. wide across the

lateral lobes; lateral lobes obliquely oblong, rounded at the apex, upturned and

directed backwards, nearly surrounding the column; mid-lobe rostrate-acuminate;

disk with a fleshy callus on the central portion. Column short, thick, 3-lobulate

at the apex, about 1 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ovoid-ellipsoid, about 5 mm.

long.

Alta Verapaz: Mountains along road between Tactic and the

divide on road to Tamahu, Standley 90783. Dense wet limestone

forest near Chirriacte", on the Pete"n highway, Standley 91983.

Pansamala, Turckheim 927. Coban, Turckheim II 1915. Chama to

Coban, Johnson 557. Cerro Sillab Senahu, Hatch & Wilson 179.

— Chiquimula: Cerro Tixixi, 3-5 miles north of Jocotan, Steyermark

31559. — "Guatemala," Liebmann.

46. HEXALECTRIS Raf.

Terrestrial scapose saprophytic herbs arising from slender or stout coralloid

and annulated rhizomes. Stem flesh-colored or purplish, apparently lacking in

chlorophyll, simple or occasionally branched. Leaves reduced to purplish sheath-

ing scales. Inflorescence a lax terminal few-flowered raceme. Flowers showy,

rose-lavender, purplish red or yellowish, often variously striped or mottled with

purple, rarely nearly white. Sepals and petals free, spreading or somewhat

revolute. Lip 3-lobed, crested on the disk with several longitudinal central lamel-

lae or ridges. Column slender, shallowly winged on each side at the summit;

pollinia 8, four in each cell of the anther, subequal, fasciculate, waxy.

Hexalectris consists of only six species, which are found primarily

in the United States and Mexico, with one in Guatemala. Most

of the species comprising the genus have been described within the

last fifteen years.

Hexalectris parviflora L. 0. Wms. Amer. Orch. Soc. Bull. 9:

126. pi. 1940. Figure 129.

Terrestrial in dry oak forests, on broken limestone slopes, up

to 2,300 meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

476 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Plant slender, leafless, up to 38 cm. tall. Stem dull rose-lavender, with sev-

eral rose-lavender scarious bracts. Raceme several-flowered. Flowers smallest

in the genus, brown-brick red, nervose, with side lobes of lip white. Dorsal sepal

narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, acute, 5-nerved, 1-1.3 cm. long,

2.7-3.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar to the dorsal sepal except somewhat

falcate. Petals linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, 1-1.2 cm. long, about 2

mm. wide. Lip 1.2-1.4 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, narrowly obovate in outline,

3-lobed, with 5 to 7 longitudinal lamellate calli; lateral lobes much smaller than

the mid-lobe, oblong, obtuse; mid-lobe obovate-orbicular. Column 7-9 mm. long,

narrowly winged, more or less arcuate; anther bicornute, the cornua blunt.

This is the smallest-flowered species in the genus.

El Progreso: Montana Canahui, between Finca San Miguel

and summit of mountain, near upper limits of Finca Caieta, Sierra

de las Minas, Steyermark 43830.

47. CORALLORHIZA [Hall.] Chat.

Inconspicuous, terrestrial, saprophytic, scapose herbs with short under-

ground rhizomes that are much-branched, toothed and coralloid. Stem brownish,

yellowish or purplish, destitute of green foliage, clothed with several membra-

naceous sheaths. Inflorescence terminating the simple naked scape, a lax raceme

of yellowish, brownish or purplish flowers. Sepals about equal, ascending, spread-

ing or connivent; lateral sepals united at the base to form a short men turn, which

is more or less adnate to the ovary. Petals mostly larger than the sepals. Lip

simple or 3-lobed, slightly adherent to the base of the column. Column com-

pressed; anther terminal: pollinia 4, waxy, free. Capsule ovoid or ellipsoid,

nodding.

This is a small complex genus of about a dozen species, mainly

in North and Middle America, with the greatest number of species

in Mexico. The genus attains its greatest development in the

United States and Canada. One species is found in Eurasia.

1. Lip prominently 3-lobed.

2. Mid-lobe of lip more than 7.5 mm. wide C. macrantha.

2. Mid-lobe of lip less than 6 mm. wide C. maculata.

1. Lip simple, not 3-lobed, at most notched, erose or undulate along the margins.

3. Lip 5-8 mm. long C. maculata.

3. Lip 3-4.5 mm. long C. odontorhiza.

Corallorhiza macrantha Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,

Abt. 2: 411. 1918.

Terrestrial, in rocky soil under conifers at high elevations, up

to 3,800 meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant erect, slender, leafless, bronze or yellowish, 4-4.5 dm. tall. Stem

succulent, provided with several closely appressed sheaths, about 5 mm. in diam-

eter. Raceme loosely flowered, 7-10 cm. long, about 3 cm. in diameter. Floral

HEXALECTRIS

FIG. 129. Hexalectris parviflora. 1, plant (X M); 2, flower, spread open

(X 2) ; 3, pollinia, spread out ( X 10) ; 4, anther and pollinia in situ (X 10). [Note:

H. brevicaulis is a Mexican species.] Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

477

478 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

bracts minute, suborbicular-ovate, apiculate, about 1 mm. long. Flowers white

and greenish bronze, marked with purple, with slender pedicellate ovaries about

1 cm. long. Sepals linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, 9-14 mm. long, 2-3

mm. wide; lateral sepals falcate, the anterior margins united at the base and

decurrent on the ovary to form a saccate obtuse mentum; mentum sometimes

partly free from the ovary, 3-4.5 mm. long. Petals obliquely oblong-elliptic,

obtuse to acute, 8-12 mm. long, 3-3.7 mm. wide. Lip with a short claw, deeply

3-lobed near the base, 9-14 mm. long, adorned with a pair of subparallel fleshy

erect-spreading lamellae near the base in front of the lateral lobes; lateral lobes

obliquely linear-ligulate, porrect, obtuse and sometimes toothed at the apex,

2.5-4 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide; mid-lobe flabellate-obcordate, rhombic-

flabellate or suborbicular-obovate, retuse, the margins somewhat crenulate, 7-12

mm. long, 8-12 mm. wide at widest point. Column semiterete, arcuate, 6-10 mm.

long, with a short thick foot.

This species is closely allied to C. maculata but is easily separated

from that species by the large mid-lobe of the lip.

Huehuetenango: Sierra Cuchumatanes, Skutch 1245. In wooded

ravine, alpine areas in vicinity of Tunima, Sierra de los Cuchuma-

tanes, Steyermark 48381. Cerro Che'mal, summit of Sierra de los

Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 50298.

Corallorhiza maculata Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 119. 1817.

C. mexicana Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 534. 1840. Figure 130.

Terrestrial, on dry rocky slopes or in rich decaying humus and

rotten leaves under oaks and pine trees in dense forests, up to 3,700

meters alt. Widely distributed throughout the United States and

adjacent Canada, Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant stout or slender, erect, leafless, bronze or yellowish, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall.

Stem succulent, provided with several whitish tubular sheaths that are 4-9 cm.

long. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered lax raceme, 4-23 cm. long, 2.5-3.5

cm. in diameter. Floral bracts minute, subulate, translucent, 1.5-3 mm. long.

Flowers spreading, on rather stout pedicels about 3 mm. long. Sepals and petals

pale green to mostly crimson-purple, 3-nerved. Dorsal sepal linear, obtuse or

broadly rounded at the apex, 7-8.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals

obliquely linear to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, concave, 7-8.5 mm. long,

1.5-2.5 mm. wide, united at the base to form an obsolescent mentum that is

adnate to the ovary or slightly projecting. Petals oblong-lanceolate, oblong-

elliptic or oblanceolate, broadly rounded, obtuse or acute at the apex, 5.5-7.5

mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide near the apex. Lip deeply 3-lobed, 5-8 mm. long,

3.5-5 mm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread out, pure white or white

spotted with magenta-crimson; lateral lobes directed forward, somewhat falcate,

obtuse to acute and rarely bifid at the apex, 1-1.5 mm. long; mid-lobe oblong-

FIG. 130. Corallorhiza maculata. 1, basal half of plant to show the coralloid

rhizome (X 1); 2, inflorescence (X 4A); 3, fruits (X 1); 4, flower, front view

(X 1M); 5, lip, spread out (X 2>£); 6, lateral sepal (X 2^); 7, petal (X

Drawn by Blanche Ames.

479

480 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

quadrate, obovate or suborbicular, retuse, abruptly obtuse or broadly rounded

at the apex, rarely somewhat apiculate; disk with two narrow longitudinal lamellae

near or below the middle. Column yellow with magenta spots on the inner sur-

face, strongly curved, compressed, 4-5 mm. long. Capsule nodding, ovoid,

1.5-2.5 cm. long.

This widespread saprophyte has flowers whose segments are

quite variable in size and shape, particularly the lip. The lip of

some flowers is occasionally entire or with only one lateral lobe

present. The mentum is usually decurrent on the ovary. However,

in plants that were formerly recognized as var. occidentalis (Lindl.)

Cocker, the mentum is slightly projected away from the ovary.

Chimaltenango: Chichavac, Skutch 75; 513. — Huehuetenango:

Alpine areas, trail between Tunima and Quisil, Sierra de los Cuchu-

matanes, Steyermark 48421. Between Tojquia and Caxin bluff,

summit of Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 50198. — Suchi-

tepequez: Volcan Santa Clara, between Finca El Naranjo and upper

slopes, Steyermark 46762.

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Gen. Am. PL 2:

197. 1818. Cymbidium odontorhizon Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 110. 1805.

Corallorhiza Pringlei Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 33: 475. 1898.

Figure 131.

Terrestrial in light soil or rich humus in coniferous, deciduous

or mixed pine-hardwood forests, up to 3,300 meters alt. Widespread

and rather common in the eastern and south-central United States

west to Texas, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant slender, frail, rather abruptly bulbous-thickened at the base, erect,

leafless, light brown to madder-purple, 1-4 dm. tall. Stem more or less concealed

by several closely appressed tubular sheaths. Raceme loosely few- to many-

flowered, up to 11 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts minute, subulate,

mostly less than 1 mm. long. Flowers purplish or purplish-green, with the lip

white and blotched with purple, the sepals and petals connivent, on filiform

reflexed pedicels that are 2-3 mm. long. Sepals linear to oblong-lanceolate,

rarely somewhat spatulate, obtuse to acute, the margins somewhat upcurved,

1-nerved, 3-5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, not producing a

mentum. Petals from a short claw, oblong-elliptic, subacute to acute, somewhat

concave, with the lateral margin nearly entire to crenulate-erose, 1- to rarely

3-nerved, 3-4 mm. long, 1.3-2 mm. wide. Lip with a short slender claw, arcuate-

decurved near the base, obovate, suborbicular, quadrate-orbicular, ovate-rotund

or broadly elliptic, occasionally wider than long, emarginate, obtuse or rarely

subapiculate at the apex, irregularly crenulate or erose along the more or less

undulate margins, bearing two short somewhat divergent lamellae on the disk

below the middle, 3-5-nerved, 3-4.5 mm. long including the claw, 3-5.2 mm. wide.

Column slender, slightly curved, about 2 mm. long. Capsule ovoid to oblong-

elliptic, reflexed on the pedicels, 6-8 mm. long.

FIG. 131. Corallorhiza odontorhiza. 1, plants, two in flower and one in fruit

(about X H); 2» flower, partly spread open (X 2^); 3, flower and ovary, side

view (X 2^); 4, lip, spread out (X 6). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

481

482 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

An examination of the type of C. Pringlei reveals that it is

identical in size and floral structure with C. odontorhiza. Plants

of this saprophyte are usually frail and spindly. It is closely allied

to C. Williamsii Correll, a Mexican species, but differs from that

species in floral structure.

Chimaltenango: San Martin, Ramirez 1382. — El Progreso: Be-

tween Calera and summit of Volcan Siglo, Steyermark 43033 (peloric).

— Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, between Santa Rosalia and upper

slopes of Rio Repollal, Steyermark 42685 (peloric). Sierra de las

Minas, upper slopes, along Rio Repollal to summit of mountain,

Steyermark 42448.

48. CALANTHE R. Br.

Terrestrial herbs with a short rhizomatous stem. Leaves two, ample, prom-

inently veined, contracted into a sheathing petiole. Peduncle tall, stout, provided

with a solitary linear-lanceolate bract. Raceme simple, laxly many-flowered.

Floral bracts long, narrow. Sepals free, spreading, subequal. Petals similar to

the sepals but smaller. Lip with a claw that is connate with the column to form

a tube, produced at the base into a short curved spur, variable, entire. Column

short, erect, broadly winged at the apex above the tube; anther subterminal,

incumbent, 2-celled; pollinia 8, waxy, narrowly pyriform. Capsule large, ellipsoid.

The genus consists of about 140 species, which are widely dis-

tributed in the Old World tropics, especially Asia. One species

and two varieties are found in tropical America.

Calanthe mexicana Reichb. f. Linnaea 18: 406. 1844. Ghies-

breghtia calanthoides A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3: 28.

1845. Figure 132.

Terrestrial in leaf mold of wet dense forests and barrancas, from

80 to 3,500 meters alt. Widespread in southern Mexico, Guatemala,

Costa Rica and Panama, represented in the West Indies by var.

lanceolata Correll.

Plant coarse, from a short thick rhizome, up to 7 dm. or more tall when in

flower. Stem reduced to a short rhizome. Leaves two, basal, opposite, narrowly

elliptic to broadly elliptic, abruptly acute, plicate, tapering to the broad petioles

that clasp the peduncle, 2-6 dm. long including the petiole, 4-15 cm. wide at the

widest point, subtended by two or more membranaceous fibrous appressed sheaths.

Peduncle erect, slender, 3-7 dm. long, glabrous below, hispidulous above, naked

except for a solitary linear-lanceolate bract. Raceme laxly many-flowered, 6-13

cm. long, usually densely hispidulous. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, long-

acuminate, 1-3 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide near the base. Flowers white or pink,

marked with yellow and reddish brown, more or less hispidulous throughout,

on slender pedicels that are 4-8 mm. long, with the perianth segments prominently

nervose. Sepals ovate-elliptic to elliptic, spreading-recurved and tapering to the

acute apex, 8-15 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide below the middle; lateral sepals oblique.

FIG. 132. Calanthe mexicana. Plant (X 1A); upper left, dorsal sepal (X 3);

lower left, lateral sepal ( X 3); left center, petal (X 2 }/£>); upper right, lip and spur,

front-side view (X 2); lower right, flower, side view (X 3). Drawn by G. W.

Dillon.

483

484 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Petals obovate to cuneate or oblanceolate, rarely linear-elliptic, rounded to broadly

acute at the apex, oblique, 7-10 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide near the apex. Lip

attached to the column, variable, fleshy, hairy, more or less conduplicate and

recurved in natural position, when spread out obovate-cuneate to elliptic or

rarely subquadrate, subtruncate to subacute at the apex, sometimes with a small

apicule and thickened along the center, produced at the base to form a spur, 4-9

mm. long, 3.5-6 mm. wide above the middle; spur conical, acute, 4-6 mm. long.

Column short, thick, with a projecting angle on each side at the apex, 4-5 mm.

long. Capsule ellipsoid, pendent, about 3 cm. long.

The flowers of this species are variable in the shape of the lip. In

Guatemala, this plant is commonly called "tarsote."

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim II 1338. Samac, Finca, Johnson

605. — Chiquimula: Middle slopes of Montana Norte to El Jutal

on Cerro Brujo, southeast of Concepcion de las Minas, Steyermark

31066. — Huehuetenango: Trail between Tunima and Quisil, Sierra

de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48431. Cerro Huitz, between

Barillas and Mimanhuitz, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark

48539. Cerro Canana, between Nucapuxlac and Canana, Sierra de los

Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48999. — Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-fac-

ing slopes, Steyermark 47436. — Zacapa: Middle and upper south-

facing slopes of Volcan Gemelos, Sierra de las Minas, Steyermark

43270; 43248.

49. BLETIA Ruiz & Pavon

Erect terrestrial herbs with the leaves arising from the top of the corm and

the inflorescence borne on a lateral leafless flowering branch. Leaves one to

several, often early fugaceous, plicate, petiolate. Inflorescence a simple or

branched raceme, rarely one-flowered. Sepals free, the lateral sepals somewhat

connate and gibbous at the base, subequal. Petals free, similar to the sepals.

Lip attached to the base of the column, free, entire to 3-lobed, arcuate-recurved or

spreading; lateral lobes usually broad and upcurved in natural position to clasp

the column; mid-lobe erect or recurved, spreading, often emarginate or bilobed;

disk mostly lamellate or papilliferous. Column elongate, semiterete, winged

above, arcuate, usually biauriculate at the base, essentially without a foot; anther

operculate, incumbent; pollinia 8, waxy. Capsule cylindric to ellipsoid.

This genus contains about fifty species, which are mostly in the

American tropics, with a few in Asia. It is comprised of a number

of accepted species that are often difficult to distinguish because

of apparent intergradations.

1. Lip broadly cordate-rounded at the base B. purpurea.

1. Lip cuneate and tapering at the base.

2. Disk of the lip papilliferous along the nerves, not lamellate B. Roezlii.

2. Disk of the lip provided with lamellae.

3. Lip spreading, less than 1.2 cm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread

out B. gracilis.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 485

3. Lip strongly reflexed, more than 1.2 cm. wide across the lateral lobes

when spread out.

4. Lip less than 2 cm. long; leaves grass-like B. ensifolia.

4. Lip more than 2 cm. long; leaves usually broad B. reflexa,

Bletia ensifolia L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 12,

no. 7: 245. 1946.

Terrestrial on rocky dry wooded hills and ridges, up to 1,700

meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant slender, up to 7 dm. tall. Corms approximate, pyriform, up to 4 cm.

long and 1.5 cm. thick. Leaves 8-30 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, ensiform to linear-

ensiform, acute to acuminate. Inflorescence few-flowered. Floral bracts lance-

olate, acuminate, scarious, 4-10 mm. long. Sepals buff-colored with lavender;

dorsal sepal about 2 cm. long, 4.5 mm. wide, oblanceolate to elliptic, acute,

several-nerved; lateral sepals arcuate, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, sev-

eral-nerved, about 1.8 cm. long, 5.5 mm. wide. Petals about 2 cm. long, 4.5 mm.

wide, oblanceolate, obtuse, slightly oblique, apical portion more or less serrulate.

Lip buff-colored with reddish-purple stripes, about 1.8 cm. long and wide, obovate-

orbicular in outline, 3-lobed, with several ridge-like thickened veins on the disk

with the central ones lightly lamellate; lateral lobes broad, rounded at the apex;

mid-lobe short, emarginate. Column 1-1.2 cm. long.

The distinguishing characters of this species are the narrow

leaves and the broad lip, which is about as wide as long. It is

interesting to note that the lip resembles in shape that of the large-

flowered B. reflexa. This species is called "cebollin" in Guatemala.

Huehuetenango: Between Democracia and Canyon of Chamushu,

Steyermark 51086.

Bletia gracilis Lodd. Bot. Cab. 20: t. 1977. 1833.

Terrestrial in loam between granite rocks or in red clay on steep

grassy sunny slopes, occasionally in pine-oak forests, up to 2,000

meters alt. Rather common in Mexico, rare in Guatemala.

Plant slender, from a small ovoid corm, with the corm and basal portion

enveloped in scarious imbricated sheaths; corm 2.5-3 cm. long, purplish. Leaf

solitary, from apex of corm, shortly petiolate, elliptic-ovate, oblong-elliptic or

lanceolate, acute to acuminate, plicate, purplish on the lower surface, membra-

naceous, 5-28 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide. Peduncle sublateral, slender, wiry, purplish,

15-35 cm. long, supporting 1-several flowers at the summit, provided with several

clasping sheaths. Floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 1 cm.

long. Flowers spreading, with pedicellate ovaries 2.2-2.5 cm. long. Sepals and

petals pale purplish, green-yellow or purple-rose. Sepals about equal, oblong-

lanceolate, acute-apiculate, 1.8-2.6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide. Petals elliptic-

obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, oblique, 1.7-2.3 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide.

Lip green, veined with dark red and purple, rose-colored below, yellowish green

in front, prominently 3-lobed above the middle, obovate-cuneate in outline,

2.2-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. wide across the lateral lobes, basal portion of lip often

486 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

lamellate but not tuberculate; lateral lobes small, triangular, obliquely rounded-

obtuse, upcurved; mid-lobe orbicular-obcordate to orbicular-subquadrate, emar-

ginate, the margins undulate, 8-13 mm. wide, with three or rarely one flesh-red

or orange-colored flaplike lamella in the center. Column about 1 cm. long.

This species is similar in habit to B. Roezlii. However, it differs

primarily from that species in that the flowers have a lamellate

instead of a tuberculate lip.

Guatemala (fide Schlechter).

Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat.

Geneve 9: 97, 100. 1841. Limodorum purpureum Lam. Encycl. Meth.

Bot. 3: 515. 1791. Bletia verecunda (Salisb.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort.

Kew. ed. 2, 5: 206. 1813. B. Pottsii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:

478. 1887 (type: Guatemala, on dry slopes bordering the Camina

Real near El Mico). Figure 133.

Terrestrial or on rocks in dry woods and fields, also on the base

of tree trunks, on logs and stumps in swamps or floating on clumps

of weeds and grasses in water, up to 2,000 meters alt. Widespread in

southern Florida, throughout Central America and the West Indies.

Plant glabrous, consisting of a short thick depressed corm bearing at the

summit a few approximate leaves and a lateral flowering branch; corm 2-3 cm.

in diameter. Leaves linear to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, plicate, long-acuminate,

the lower part sheathing the scape, 2-9 dm. long, 1-5 cm. wide. Inflorescence a

simple or paniculate raceme borne on a long slender lateral peduncle; peduncle

provided with remote tubular sheaths, 2.5-17 dm. long. Raceme or panicle

open, few- to many-flowered. Floral bracts mostly small, ovate-triangular to

ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 2-9 mm. long. Flowers pink, rose-purple

or deep purple, rarely almost white, showy, with slender pedicellate ovaries 9-18

mm. long, variable in size. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, sub-

obtuse to acute, 1.5-2.6 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-

oblong to elliptic-oblong, abruptly acute to acuminate, the margins involute,

1.2-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Petals obliquely ovate-oblong to elliptic or ob-

long-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 1.2-2.1 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide. Lip broadly

cordate, ovate-cordate or cordate-subquadrate when spread out, conspicuously

3-lobed above the middle, strongly recurved in natural position, with the base

truncate to subauriculate, 1-1.8 cm. long, 8-14 mm. wide across the lateral lobes;

lateral lobes incurved in natural position, broadly rounded at the base, tapering

to a triangular-obtuse to rounded apex; mid-lobe suborbicular, truncate to deeply

emarginate at the apex, the margins undulate-crenate, 5-10 mm. wide; disk

venose, with 5-7 yellowish lamellae extending from near the base of the lip to

near the apex of the mid-lobe, with two shorter lamellae on the lateral lobes. Col-

umn strongly arcuate, clavellate, with narrow lateral wings, 8-12 mm. long.

Capsule obliquely cylindrical, erect or essentially so, reddish or chocolate-brown,

2-4.5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. in diameter.

Like most of the species of Bletia, the flowers of B. purpurea

are variable in size.

FIG. 133. Bletia purpurea. 1, plant (X 1A)', 2, flower, front view, spread

open (X 1H); 3, lip and column, side view (X 2); 4, lip, spread out (X

5, fruiting inflorescence (XH). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

487

488 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Tiirckheim 365. Samac, Johnson 935.

Panzos, Muenscher 12566. Slopes above Finca Seamay, Wilson

205. Saquija, 43 km. northeast of Coban, Standley 70163. Above

Santa Cruz, Standley 71036. Along road between San Cristobal

Verapaz and Chixoy, Steyermark 43891. Finca Samac, northwest

of Coban, Standley 89647. Between Coban and Finca Chimote",

near Rubeltein, Steyermark 44181. Vicinity of Coban, Standley

92697. Along Rio Frio, about 8 km. below Tactic, Standley 90547.

Near Coban, Hunnewell 17114. — Chimaltenango: Calderas, Johnston

1567. — Huehuetenango: Aguacatan, Skutch 1923. Near crossing of

Rio San Juan Ixtan, east of San Rafael Petzal, Standley 82955.—

Izabal: In graveyard near Virginia, Lewis 47. Quirigua, Cockerell.

Between Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana del

Mico, Steyermark 38637.— Pet^n: Lake Zatz, Dundell 3323. Sabana

Zizha, Lundell 2710. — Quezaltenango: Along Rio Samala, near

Santa Maria de Jesus, Standley 84797. Finca Pirineos, slopes of

Volcan Santa Maria, between Santa Maria de Jesus and Calahuache",

Steyermark 33185. — Suchitepequez : Finca Moca, Skutch 2067.—

Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, oak-pine woods along upper reaches

of Rio Sitio Nuevo, between Santa Rosalia and first waterfall,

Steyermark 42213. Along Rillito del Volcan de Monos, Volcan de

Monos, Sierra de las Minas, Steyermark 42410. Sierra de las Minas,

trail between Santa Rosalia de Marmol and Vegas, Steyermark

42903.

Bletia reflexa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1760. 1835.

Terrestrial, grassy slopes, on rocks on dry hills, in grassy patches

between lava rocks and in scrubby open woods, up to 2,800 meters

alt. Rather common in Mexico, through Central America to Panama

and in (?)South America.

Plant erect or erect-ascending, up to 10 dm. or more tall, from a small sub-

globose corm; corm small for the plant. Leaves 2-several, sheathing the stem

below, plicate, narrowly ensiform to elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1.7-4.5

dm. long, 0.8-5 cm. wide. Inflorescence a 2-12-flowered raceme borne on a long

slender or stout lateral peduncle. Peduncle provided with remote tubular scarious

sheaths, 2.8-9.5 dm. long including the raceme, terete, the base enclosed with the

base of the leaf-bearing stem by 2-several imbricated scarious fugaceous sheaths.

Floral bracts triangular-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 5-20

mm. long. Flowers purplish, rather large, showy, the lip usually whitish green

below and purple in front, with slender pedicellate ovaries 1.5-2.5 cm. long.

Sepals and petals greenish marked with purple. Dorsal sepal linear-oblanceolate

to elliptic-oblanceolate, acute-apiculate to acuminate, 2.3-4.3 cm. long, 7-14 mm.

wide above the middle. Lateral sepals oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acu-

minate, dorsally carinate above the middle, often strongly reflexed, oblique, 2.3-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 489

«

4.1 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide. Petals oblong-obovate to narrowly oblanceolate,

obtuse to acute, oblique, 2.3-4 cm. long, 6.5-15 mm. wide. Lip elliptic to cune-

ate-oblong in outline when spread out, prominently 3-lobed above the middle,

arcuate with the lateral lobes and the sides of the middle lobe incurved in natural

position, 2.3-4.2 cm. long, 1.6-3 cm. wide across the lateral lobes when expanded;

lateral lobes semiobcordate, free portion broadly rounded, the anterior margin

irregularly crenate; mid-lobe ovate-oblong, oblong-subquadrate or obcordate,

truncate, deeply emarginate or occasionally mucronate at the apex, the margins

undulate-crenate, 8-20 mm. long, 8-20 mm. wide; disk traversed in the center by

5 parallel lamellae, the 2-3 central lamellae conspicuously raised about the middle

of the lip and on the mid-lobe. Column purple, semiterete, clavate, winged,

biauriculate at the base, 2-3 cm. long.

This variable species could be divided into a number of entities.

The various forms and size of flowers comprise a graduated series.

Chimaltenango: San Martin, Johnston 1244. Between Chimal-

tenango and San Martin, Porter 16. Calderas, Johnston 1390.—

Guatemala: Plains about Guatemala, Hayes; Tonduz 693; 740.—

Huehuetenango : Near Chiantla, along the river south and east of

the town, Standley 82470. Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso

Ixtahuacan, Steyermark 50632. Huehuetenango, Skutch 1634. — Jal-

apa: Mountains along the road between Jalapa and Paraiso, Stand-

ley 77301. Cerro Alcoba, just east of Jalapa, Steyermark 32499.—

Sacatepe"quez: Santiago, Gomez 910. — Santa Rosa: Casillas, Heyde

6 Lux 4273. — Zacapa: Along Rio Lima, Sierra de las Minas, be-

tween Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alejandria,

Steyermark 29611. Sierra de las Minas, along Rillito del Volcan de

Monos, Steyermark 42326. Upper slopes along Rio Repollal to

summit of mountain, Sierra de las Minas, Steyermark 42444. — "In

woods near the Sapoti baranca," Hayes.

Bletia Roezlii Reichb. f. Linnaea 4: 7. 1877. Figure 134.

Terrestrial in thick humus or under brush in clayey soil, occa-

sionally on rocks and in rock crevices in oak-pine forests up to 2,200

meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant slender, erect, from a small ovoid corm, the corm and basal part of

scape enveloped by several scarious sheaths; corm 2-3.5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm.

in diameter. Leaves 1-2, from apex of corm, broadly elliptic to linear-lanceolate,

acute to acuminate, purplish on the lower surface, tapering to a narrow sulcate

base, 7.5-25 cm. long, up to 6.3 cm. wide. Peduncle lateral, slender, wiry, sup-

porting several flowers at the summit, provided with several scarious clasping

sheaths, 2.5-8.5 dm. long, up to 2 mm. in diameter. Floral bracts triangular-

lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 5-12 mm. long. Flowers as many as four, with

slender pedicellate ovaries 1.3-2.3 cm. long. Sepals and petals pale brick color,

green or yellow-green. Sepals similar, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,

acute, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, 3.5-6.2 mm. wide; lateral sepals lightly carinate at the

BLE/TIA

FIG. 134. Bletia Roezlii (B. papillifera). Plant (X 1); 1, flower, front view,

spread out (X 1^); 2, flower, side view (X l/^); 3, column (X 1^)- Drawn by

Blanche Ames.

490

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 491

somewhat recurved apex. Petals oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to

acuminate, falcate, the margins lightly erose-crenulate, 1.4-2.3 cm. long, 3.5-7.5

mm. wide. Lip with a yellow throat with radiating red or pansy purple veins or

lines, oblong-elliptic to oblong-subquadrate in outline, 3-lobed about the middle,

cuneate below the middle, 1.4-2.6 cm. long, 1-1.4 cm. wide across the lateral lobes;

lateral lobes semicuneate or triangular, obliquely obtuse, upcurved; mid-lobe

orbicular-obcordate, emarginate, 7-13 mm. wide; disk papilliferous along the

nerves up to the base of the middle lobe, the papillae purplish. Column dilated

upward, with a rounded purplish wing or lobe on each side at the base.

According to Steyermark, this species is known as "cebollin de

tierra" in Guatemala where the inside of the glutinous corms is

used for gluing things together.

Guatemala: /. Aguilar 114. — Huehuetenango: Between San Se-

bastian H. and large penasco above town, Steyermark 50500. — Jala-

pa: Incienso, Aserradero de San Vicente, also along road to San

Juan Sacatepe"quez, Lewis 204. — Santa Rosa: Cenaguilla, Heyde &

Lux 3862 (in part).

50. CHYSIS Lindl.

Epiphytic or rock-inhabiting herbs with fleshy fusiform pseudobulbous stems

that are provided with sheaths and support several leaves at the summit. Leaves

long, plicate, nervose. Peduncle lateral, from the nodes of the old pseudobulbs,

the base often enveloped by leaves. Flowers several, showy. Floral bracts small

or large and foliaceous. Sepals subequal, free, spreading; lateral sepals broader

than the dorsal, obliquely adnate to the column-foot with the lateral margins

connate to form a men turn. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal. Lip shortly adnate

to the column-foot, incumbent, erect, 3-lobed; lateral lobes broad, erect-incurved;

mid-lobe spreading or reflexed, entire to somewhat 2-lobed; disk venose, with

several parallel lamellae on the lower part. Column erect, incurved, thickened,

broadly 2-winged, produced into a foot at the base; anther affixed to a dorsal

tooth, operculate, incumbent, 2-loculate with each locule imperfectly 2-4-celled;

pollinia 8, waxy. Capsule obovoid-ellipsoid.

This is a small genus of less than a half dozen species, which

are limited to Mexico, Central America and Andean South America.

The two species native to Guatemala are so closely allied that they

are not clearly separated. It is quite possible that they should be

considered as only varietally different.

Floral bracts usually more than 2.5 cm. long; pedicellate ovaries less than 2 cm.

long; sepals and petals white C. bractescens.

Floral bracts usually less than 2.5 cm. long; pedicellate ovaries commonly more

than 2.5 cm. long; sepals and petals yellow C. aurea.

Chysis aurea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: t. 1937. 1837. Figure 135.

Epiphytic in dense shade of humid forests and in dense palm

thickets, up to 1,700 meters alt. Widespread but not common

492 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

from Mexico through Central America to Panama, Colombia and

Venezuela.

Plant rather coarse, pendent, 7.5 dm. or more tall. Pseudobulbs fusiform-

elongate, flattened-terete, stipitate, nearly concealed when young by large scarious

sheaths, up to 45 cm. long. Leaves several, from the apex of the pseudobulbs,

articulated with the leaf-sheaths, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, undulate, nervose,

membranaceous, up to 45 cm. long and 6 cm. wide. Peduncle lateral, about as

long as or longer than the leaves, bearing 6-12 flowers, provided with several

bracts. Floral bracts triangular to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, up to

2.5 cm. long. Flowers with lemon-yellow sepals and petals that are occasionally

marked with brown and a whitish lip marked with maroon or dull brown, with

pedicellate ovaries up to 3.5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong to oblong-

elliptic, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 3-4.5 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide. Lateral

sepals triangular-lanceolate, obtuse to shortly subacuminate, conspicuously fal-

cate, adnate to the column-foot to form a mentum, with the margins usually

crisped, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.2-2 cm. wide across the base. Petals obovate-oblance-

olate, rounded to subobtuse at the apex, strongly falcate, with undulate-crisped

margins, 3-4 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide above the middle. Lip strongly arcuate

near the base, deeply 3-lobed, concave below, 2-2.5 cm. long, when spread out

broadly cuneate-obovate in outline and 2.5-3.5 cm. wide across the lateral lobes;

lateral lobes oblong, obtuse to rounded at the apex, somewhat falcate, upcurved

in natural position, the free portion about 7 mm. wide; mid-lobe suborbicular to

transversely elliptic, shallowly emarginate, the margins undulate-crisped, up to

2.3 cm. wide; disk with 3-5 yellowish white velvety keels extending from the base

of the lip to the base of the mid-lobe. Column light yellow, incurved, with a

prominent foot, about 1.5 cm. long. Capsule obovoid, up to 8 cm. long.

San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir, up Cerro de Mono,

south-facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37416. — Suchi-

tepequez: Slopes of Volcan Zunil, between Finca Montecristo and

Finca Asturias, southeast of Santa Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 35307.

The following collection is in fruit but probably represents this

species: Alta Verapaz: Along road, between San Cristobal Verapaz

and Chixoy, Steyermark 43906.

Chysis bractescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 61. 1840.

Figure 136.

Epiphytic on trees and on calcareous rocks in humid forests, up

to 850 meters alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala and British Honduras.

Plant coarse, stout, up to 5 dm. or more tall. Pseudobulbs thickened, fusi-

form, nearly concealed when young by whitish scarious sheaths, up to 30 cm.

long and 4 cm. in diameter. Leaves at the summit of the pseudobulbs, linear-

lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, undulate, up to 40 cm. long and 6

cm. wide. Peduncle lateral, from the lower nodes of the old pseudobulbs, often

with the base enveloped in leaf-sheaths, stout, usually shorter than the leaves,

bearing 4-8 large flowers, provided with several foliaceous bracts. Floral bracts

large, foliaceous, triangular-ovate to suborbicular-ovate, acute to acuminate,

FIG. 135. Chysis aurea. Plant (X H). Drawn by Dorothy 0. Allen.

493

CHY-SLS kractescens <*Cinc){.

(THORyALRSBNIA yeedosa

FIG. 136. Chysis bractescens. Plant (X %). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

494

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 495

deeply concave, green, up to 4.5 cm. long. Flowers with ivory-white petals and

sepals and a yellow lip marked with red-purple, the segments coriaceous-thick-

ened, with a thick short pedicellate ovary 1.5-1.8 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong,

obtuse to rounded at the apex, 3.8-4.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm. wide. Lateral sepals

obliquely ovate-triangular, obtuse, 3.5-4 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide at the base,

adnate to the column-foot to form a prominent mentum. Petals obliquely oblong-

spatulate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, the margins crisped, 3.5-4.5 cm. long,

1.6-2.3 cm. wide above the middle. Lip suborbicular-flabellate in outline when

spread out, deeply 3-lobed, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, up to 4 cm. wide across the lateral

lobes when spread out; lateral lobes oblong, rounded at the apex, falcate, upcurved

in natural position; mid-lobe obovate-subquadrate to suborbicular-obcordate,

emarginate, 1.8-2.2 cm. wide; disk with 5-7 parallel velvety-pubescent lamellae

extending from the base of the lip to the base of the mid-lobe. Column fleshy,

incurved, white and yellow, produced into a long foot at the base, about 1.2 cm.

long.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 7988. — Izabal: Virginia,

Spinden.

51. BULBOPHYLLUM Thou.

Repent epiphytic herbs with the creeping rhizome more or less covered with

scarious sheaths. Pseudobulbs stout, sessile, arising at intervals along the rhizome,

unifoliate or bifoliate. Inflorescence lateral, from the base of the pseudobulbs,

leafless, simple, provided with sheaths, the rachis sometimes swollen. Flowers

small (in our specimens), numerous, in a spike. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals

adnate to the column-foot, otherwise free or connate. Petals much smaller and

shorter than the sepals. Lip simple (in ours) or 3-lobed, articulated with the

column-foot, incumbent on the column-foot, recurved, variously thickened.

Column erect, short, produced at the base into a foot, with a pair of aristate

terminal teeth (in ours) or wings; anther operculate, terminal, incumbent, gen-

erally 2-celled; pollinia normally 4, waxy. Capsule globose, ovoid or ellipsoid.

This genus attains its greatest development in the eastern hem-

isphere, where about 500 species are scattered mainly through

tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australasia. Only a few species

are found in the western hemisphere.

Petals aristate, membranous; capsule rugose-corrugated B. aristatum.

Petals obtuse, fleshy-thickened; capsule smooth B. pachyrhachis.

Bulbophyllum aristatum (Reichb. f.) Hemsl. in Godm. &

Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 213. 1883. Figure 137.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests or open pine forests, up to

1,500 meters alt. Uncommon from Mexico through Central America

to Panama.

Plant pendent, composed of numerous bifoliate pseudobulbs (arising at

intervals from a rather stout rhizome) and lateral inflorescences. Rhizome about

5 mm. in diameter, provided with imbricated scarious sheaths. Pseudobulbs

ovoid-conical, angular, 4-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, subtended by two or

496 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

more scarious sheaths. Leaves two, at the summit of the pseudobulbs, linear-

oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, 10-27 cm. long, 1-3.3 cm. wide. Inflorescence a small-

flowered lateral spike, up to 5.5 dm. long including the peduncle; peduncle 3-4

mm. in diameter, usually much longer than the spike, provided with scarious

amplexicaul sheaths at the nodes; rachis somewhat swollen, slightly thicker than

the peduncle. Floral bracts triangular-ovate, obtuse, concave, scarious, 4-6

mm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide near the base. Flowers numerous, occasionally con-

FIG. 137. Bulbophyllum aristatum. 1, petal (X 5).

B. pachyrhachis. 2, petal (X 5).

gested, purple or dark red and commonly marked with white stripes, the sepals

sometimes dull green with numerous small red dots. Sepals 3-nerved, caudate,

occasionally with a thin loose yellowish readily deciduous membrane covering the

inner surface, lepidote on the outer surface, 5-6 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide;

dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, concave-cymbiform; lateral sepals obliquely tri-

angular-lanceolate, the posterior margin slightly inrolled, adnate to the column-

foot. Petals elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, aristate, ciliolate on the margins,

membranous, 3.4-4 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lip articulated with the

column-foot, very fleshy, 3-angled in cross section, incumbent, Ungulate, obtuse,

minutely papillose along the margins, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.3-1.8 mm. wide. Column

short, stout, with lateral aristate teeth at the apex, produced at the base into a

foot, about 2 mm. long. Ovary stout, lepidote, with a bracteole on each side

extending from the base to between the dorsal and lateral sepals where the brac-

teoles are produced into a free triangular tip. Capsule obliquely ellipsoidal,

rugose-corrugated, with six broad keels, about 8 mm. long and 5 mm. in diameter.

This species is distinguished from B. pachyrhachis, to which it

is closely allied, by the aristate petals and rugose-corrugated capsules.

Alta Verapaz: Vicinity of caves, southwest of Lanquin, Steyer-

mark 44125— Pete"n: Chicbul, La Libertad, Lundell 2636.

Bulbophyllum pachyrhachis (A. Rich.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.

Ind. 613. 1864, as Bolbophyllum pachyrrhachis. Pleurothallis pachy-

rachis A. Rich, in La Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 234. t. 74. 1850. Figures

137, 138.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests and thickets, up to 600

meters alt. Widespread from Mexico through Central America to

Panama and the West Indies.

FIG. 138. Bulbophyllum pachyrhachis. Plant (X 1); 1, flower, side view

(X 5); 2, flower, cross section with petals, dorsal sepal, and one lateral sepal

removed, side view (X 5). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

497

498 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Plant pendent, composed of numerous bifoliate pseudobulbs (arising at

intervals from a slender rhizome) and lateral inflorescences. Rhizome 2-5 mm.

in diameter, provided with sheaths. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conical, 4-angled, 2-5

cm. long, 8-15 mm. in diameter, subtended by two or more scarious sheaths.

Leaves two, at the summit of the pseudobulbs, linear-oblong to linear-oblance-

olate, obtuse, somewhat leathery, 7-19 cm. long, 0.8-2.3 cm. wide. Inflorescence

a lateral stipitate spike of small flowers, 1-4.5 dm. long including the peduncle;

peduncle slender, about as long as or shorter than the spike, 1-2 mm. in diameter,

provided with small scarious amplexicaul sheaths at the nodes; rachis swollen,

fleshy, 3-6 mm. in diameter. Floral bracts triangular-ovate, acute, 2-5 mm.

long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide when spread out, scarious. Flowers numerous, green-

yellow and spotted with purple or wine-colored. Sepals 3-nerved, smooth or

occasionally lepidote, triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate-caudate,

4.5-7 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide below the middle; dorsal sepal concave-cym-

biform; lateral sepals adnate to the column-foot, obliquely recurved. Petals

1-nerved, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, fleshy-thickened, 1.7-2 mm. long, about 1 mm.

wide. Lip thick and fleshy, 3-angled in cross section, with the thick 3-angled

claw articulated with the column-foot, incumbent, Ungulate-elliptical, obtuse,

slightly sulcate below the middle, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide. Column

short, 3-toothed at the apex, 1.5-2 mm. long, produced into a foot at the base;

foot about 2 mm. long. Ovary with a bracteole on each side extending from the

base to between the dorsal and lateral sepals where the bracteoles are produced

into free triangular tips. Capsule obliquely ellipsoidal, smooth, with six broad

keels, 8-10 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 7997. — "Eastern portion of

Vera Paz and Chiquimula," Watson 356b.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Bulbophyllum sordidum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 89. 1840.

Reichenbach (in Walp. Ann. 6: 242. 1861) attributed this plant

to Guatemala under the name Bulbophyllaria sordida. Kew Index

places this plant in Bulbophyllum bracteolatum Lindl., from Guiana,

northern South America. We have seen no material from Guatemala.

52. EULOPHIA R. Br.

Rather large terrestrial (rarely epiphytic) scapose herbs arising from thickened

rhizomes or corms. Leaves several, clustered, sheathing the lower part of the

scape. Inflorescence a loose or dense few- to many-flowered lateral raceme,

arising at the base of the corms. Sepals and petals free; lateral sepals sometimes

adnate to the base of the column. Lip articulated with the foot of the column,

saccate at the base, 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect and embracing the column; mid-

lobe spreading or recurved, mostly entire (occasionally bilobed); disk naked or

crested. Column short, often with two lateral wings; anther terminal, incumbent,

operculate, imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2 or 4, waxy. Capsule ellipsoid or ovoid,

erect or pendent.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 499

This is a large genus comprising about 200 species, which are

widely diffused through the tropics of both hemispheres. It is most

numerous in Africa, and rare in Malaya, Polynesia, Australia, and

tropical and subtropical America.

Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 1: 112. pi. 22,

figs. 4-8. 1910. Limodorum altum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 594. 1767.

Figure 139.

Terrestrial in savannas, swamps, open fields, open pinelands,

hammocks, shady places along streams and on grassy open hillsides,

usually at low elevations, up to 1,000 meters alt. Widely distributed

in southern Florida, Mexico, through Central America to Panama,

the West Indies, Trinidad and northern South America; also Africa

(probably introduced).

Plant erect, coarse, from a bulbous corm, 7.5-15 dm. tall. Corm 4-6 cm. in

diameter. Stem short, mostly concealed by elongated tubular membranaceous

sheaths. Leaves 3-4, clustered, from the summit of the corm, sheathing the short

stem, elliptic-lanceolate, plicate, 2-12 dm. long, 3-11 cm. wide. Inflorescence a

lax many-flowered lateral raceme, from the base of the corm (the flowers often

opposite or verticillate along the rachis), up to 10.5 dm. long including the pe-

duncle; peduncle up to 1 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate to

linear-subulate, acuminate, 1-3 cm. long. Flowers numerous, as many as 60 or

more, greenish or bronze with the lip marked with purple, with slender arcuate

pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-2 cm. long. Sepals elliptic-oblong to oblong-

lanceolate, acute to acuminate, often slightly dilated above the middle, 1.5-2.6

cm. long, 5-7.5 mm. wide above the middle; dorsal sepal shorter than the lateral

sepals; lateral sepals oblique, adnate to the column-foot. Petals broadly oblong-

spatulate to oblanceolate, obtuse to broadly rounded at the apex, 1.5-1.8 cm.

long, 6-8 mm. wide above the middle. Lip articulated with the column-foot,

brownish green, tinged and veined with purple, 3-lobed, saccate at the base, the

terminal half strongly recurved downward, 1.8-2.5 cm. long, 1.4-1.6 cm. wide

across the lateral lobes when spread out; lateral lobes incurved and embracing

the column in natural position, the free part short and broadly rounded at the

apex; mid-lobe ovate-orbicular, broadly rounded at the apex, with the margins

undulate-crisped and somewhat erose, 8-12 mm. wide; disk with two erect flap-like

subquadrate callus-like projections on the posterior rim of the saccate base, pap-

illose-crested along the central veins. Column erect, with a broad shallow foot

at the base and shallow lateral wings above, 7-9 mm. long, arcuate, compressed.

Capsule ellipsoid, pendent, 3-3.5 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. in diameter.

The flowers of this species are variable in size. It is commonly

called "cebollin," or "amol." The corms are used for gluing purposes.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8612. — Baja Verapaz:

Finca San Jose", Lewis 212. — Huehuetenango: Between Finca San

Rafael and Finca Providencia, Steyermark 49558. Cie"naga de La-

gartero, below Mira-mar, Steyermark 51557. Trail between Demo-

FIG. 139. Eulophia alia. 1, plant (X 'A); 2, inflorescence (X K); 3, lip

and column, front view, lip spread open (X l£i). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

500

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 501

cracia and Santa Ana Huista, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyer-

mark 51289. — Quezaltenango : Colomba, Skutch 1303.

53. CYRTOPODIUM R. Br.

Large epiphytic, terrestrial or rock-inhabiting herbs with long fusiform

pseudobulbs that bear several membranaceous leaves near the summit and a

lateral flowering branch at the base. Inflorescence a large spreading panicle of

numerous flowers. Flowers inconspicuous because of their coloration. Perianth

parts free, spreading. Lip inserted on the foot of the column, 3-lobed; lateral

lobes incurved over the column; mid-lobe with a verrucose apical margin; disk

adorned with a callus. Column semiterete, dilated above, produced into a foot

at the base; anther terminal, incumbent, operculate; pollinia 2 or 4, contiguous,

waxy.

This is a small genus of perhaps less than a dozen species which

are confined to the tropics and subtropics of the western hemisphere.

Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL

188. 1833. Epidendrum punctatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1246.

1759. Figure 140.

Epiphytic or terrestrial, on various species of dead or living trees,

logs and stumps, and on boulders or in soil between rocks, up to

1,400 meters alt., mostly at low elevations. Widespread and fairly

common in southern Florida, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the

West Indies and south to Argentina.

Plant large, glabrous, spreading and much-branched, up to 1.2 meters or

more tall. Pseudobulbs clustered, erect, rigid, elongate-fusiform, with numerous

articulations, leafy when young, 15-40 cm. long (rarely 1 meter), 1.5-3.5 cm. in

diameter, when young concealed by large grayish-white inflated scarious sheaths,

the sheaths distichously imbricated. Leaves linear to elliptic-lanceolate, acute

to long-acuminate, plicate, distichous, approximate, spreading, recurved and

finally drooping, 1-6.5 dm. long, 1-5 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, paniculate,

with a stout peduncle; peduncle provided with large scarious sheaths. Bracts

subtending the branches of the inflorescence and the flowers ovate-oblong to

oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, with strongly undulate margins, similar

to the sepals in coloration and markings, 1.5-12 cm. long, 7-20 mm. wide. Flowers

numerous, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 2.5-3.5 cm. long. Sepals

greenish-yellow, irregularly marked with madder-brown spots, oblong-lanceolate

to elliptic-lanceolate or oval, acute, with the margins strongly undulate, 0.7-2.6 cm.

long, 7.5-11 mm. wide. Petals broadly oblong-ovate to oblong-obovate, mostly

with a short slender claw, somewhat undulate-crisped on the margins, with the

apex subtruncate, broadly rounded or obtuse (rarely mucronate), bright yellow,

sparingly spotted with madder-brown, 1.3-2.1 cm. long, 8.5-12 mm. wide.

Lip inserted by a narrow claw on the foot of the column, 3-lobed, almost twice

as wide as long, 1.1-1.6 cm. long, 1.7-2.2 cm. wide; lateral lobes obliquely and

broadly obovate or rounded, erect, arching over the column, madder-brown,

502 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

yellow at the base, 8-9 mm. long, 8-10 mm. wide; mid-lobe short, rigid, much

broader than long, with a crisped erose-tuberculate broadly rounded apical

margin, madder-purple with a yellow center, 7.5-10 mm. wide; disk provided

with a median fleshy grooved callus extending from the base to midway between

the lateral lobes; sinus between the median and lateral lobes 2-3 mm. deep.

Column clavellate, subapiculate, with a foot projected forward at right angles

to the column, about 7 mm. long. Capsule large, oblong-oval, up to 8 cm. or

more long, 3-5 cm. in diameter.

The "cow's horn" orchid, a rather ungainly plant, produces a

large panicle of very attractive flowers. The plant often grows in

dense masses in shallow soil on boulders exposed to full or partial

sunlight. A paste used in book-binding is extracted from the large

hornlike pseudobulbs.

Izabal: Motagua River, near Managua, Lewis 226. — Pete*n:

Sabana San Francisco, La Libertad, Lundell 2131. — Quiche": Jose

Ignacio Aguilar 1056. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, Valley of

Vegona, between Vegas and Calera, Steyermark 42978. — Alotenango,

Johnston 1579.

54. GOVENIA Lindl.

Terrestrial herbs with a rhizome sometimes thickened into tuber-like pseudo-

bulbs, with one or two leaves and several elongated sheaths at the base; sheaths

sometimes conspicuously inflated. Leaves ample, plicate, with many veins,

articulate with the leaf-sheaths. Peduncle slender or stout, simple, provided

with one or more clasping sheathing bracts. Inflorescence a terminal few- to

many-flowered raceme. Floral bracts narrow, rarely exceeding the pedicellate

ovary. Flowers colorful, congested or distant. Dorsal sepal incurved, longer

and narrower than the lateral sepals. Lateral sepals falcate or decurved, at

the base forming a short mentum with the foot of the column. Petals similar

to the lateral sepals. Lip attached to the foot of the column, articulate, arcuate

and longitudinally concave in natural position, conforming with the column,

simple and ecallose, usually shorter than the sepals and petals. Column incurved,

semi terete, winged on the anterior margins, produced into a short foot at the base;

clinandrium truncate; anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, very convex,

sometimes crested on the back, 1-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, broadly ovate, com-

pressed, without appendages, on the dehiscence of the anther attached by an

oblong or broad stalk, gland small or dilated. Capsule ellipsoid, without a beak.

Govenia is a small genus of eight species and varieties scattered

throughout Middle and South America, with one species in the West

Indies. It is a difficult genus, from a systematic viewpoint. The

FIG. 140. Cyrlopodium punctatum. Plant (about X 1A)', flowers, from a

many-flowered panicle (X 1); 1, lip and column, spread out (X 2); 2, column,

side view (X 3); 3, pollen masses (much enlarged). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

504 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

flowers are variously colored but are quite similar in most of the

species when seen in a dried state.

1. Lip more or less panduriform when spread out, abruptly tapering on the

upper third to the acute-apiculate apex, with the tapering margins erose-

crisped.

2. Leaves two, large, always exceeding the inflorescence G. mutica.

2. Leaf solitary, small, shorter than the inflorescence.

G. mutica var. Purpusii.

1. Lip ovate to ovate-elliptic, not tapering on the upper third, obtuse to subacute,

not crisped above.

3. Flowers yellow to yellowish brown, variously marked with reddish brown;

inflorescence usually many-flowered and elongated G. superba.

3. Flowers white or light cream-colored, variously marked and tinged with

reddish brown and light purple.

4. Inflorescence usually somewhat elongated, not capitate, usually less than

8 cm. in diameter; sepals 2.5 cm. or less long G. utriculata.

4. Inflorescence usually more or less capitate, up to 10 cm. in diameter;

sepals occasionally up to 4 cm. long G. utriculata var. capitata.

Govenia mutica Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 856. 1852.

Terrestrial in rich soil among rocks and on rotten logs in jungles,

second-growth forests and barrancas, up to 1,150 meters alt. Un-

common in Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant large, up to 7.5 dm. tall, subtended at the base by large tubular sheaths

that are up to 25 cm. or more long. Peduncle stout, provided with two or more

clasping sheathing bracts that are up to 7 cm. long. Leaves two, large, exceeding

the inflorescence, articulate with the leaf-sheaths, broadly elliptic to elliptic-

obovate, abruptly acuminate, plicate, up to 40 cm. long and 14 cm. wide. Raceme

laxly many-flowered, up to 14 cm. long and 6.5 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts

chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, up to 1.5 cm. long. Flowers white, pinkish

white or cream-colored, adorned with reddish brown spots at apex of lip and

sometimes with a few spots scattered on the other floral segments, with slender

pedicellate ovaries that are about 2 cm. long. Floral segments all 5-nerved.

Dorsal sepal linear to linear-elliptic, narrowly obtuse, 1.2-1.9 cm. long, 2-3.5

mm. wide. Lateral sepals elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, falcate,

recurved at the obtuse to acute apex, 1-1.4 cm. long, 2.5-3.8 mm. wide. Petals

narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, oblique, subobtuse to shortly

acuminate at the recurved apex, 1-1.6 cm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide above the middle.

Lip arcuate in natural position, when spread out more or less constricted about

the middle so that it appears panduriform, in outline ovate-lanceolate to oblong-

subquadrate or rarely obovate, rounded at the base, with the upper third irreg-

ularly crenulate or erose and abruptly tapering to the apiculate apex, 7-9 mm.

long, 3.5-4.7 mm. wide at the widest point. Column stout, winged on the anterior

margins, 6-7 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, pendent, about 3.5 cm. long.

Govenia mutica differs from other Guatemala members of this

genus primarily by its somewhat panduriform, acute-apiculate lip.

Alta Verapaz: Tucuru, Johnson 1002. — Quezaltenango: Finca

Helvetia, Skutch 1386.— San Marcos: Salas 93.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 505

Govenia mutica Reichb. f. var. Purpusii (Schltr.) Correll,

Lloydia 10: 222. 1947. Govenia Purpusii Schltr. Beih. Bot. Cen-

tralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 412. 1918; Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 59: t. 61,

fig. 421. 1931. Govenia liliacea (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. var. Purpusii

(Schltr.) L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 7: 146. 1939.

Terrestrial in cool rocky places in oak-pine forests, at hig

elevations, up to 3,600 meters alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala

and Honduras.

Plant small, 1.5-4.2 dm. tall, subtended at the base by small tubular sheaths

that are up to 12 cm. long. Peduncle slender, provided with a solitary sheathing

bract that is up to 3.5 cm. long. Leaf solitary (rarely two when young), small,

lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute to acuminate, plicate, up to 20 cm. long

and 5 cm. wide, shorter than the inflorescence. Raceme usually much exceeding

the leaf (rarely shorter than the leaf), few-flowered, up to 6 cm. long. Floral

bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 1.3 cm. long. Flowers three to about

eight, white or white with the tips of the segments lavender-tinged, with reddish

brown spots on the apex of the lip and often sparsely scattered on the other floral

segments, occasionally with reddish cross-striations on the petals, with slender

pedicellate ovaries that are up to 2 cm. long. Floral segments similar to those

of the typical form but sometimes broader.

Florally, var. Purpusii is almost identical with the typical form,

although it has several differences in gross morphology, besides

occurring at much higher elevations. The few-flowered short inflo-

rescence, which normally exceeds the solitary leaf, and the solitary

sheath present on the peduncle are obvious characters that separate

it from typical G. mutica.

Solola: Volcan Santa Clara, south-facing slopes to summit,

Steyermark 46984. Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes, Steyermark

47488.

Govenia superba (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. ex Lodd. Bot. Cab.

18: t. 1709. 1831; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: pi. 1795. 1836 (plate dated

1835). Maxillaria superba La Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr.

(Orch. Opusc.) 2: 13. 1825. Figure 141.

Terrestrial in moist soil and leaf mold in oak-pine forests and

rocky woodlands, up to 2,700 meters alt. Rather common in Mex-

ico, less frequent in Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama,

Colombia, and Venezuela.

Plant large, up to 10 dm. or more tall, subtended at the base by large tubular

sheaths; sheaths more or less inflated, up to 25 cm. long. Peduncle stout, provided

with a clasping sheathing bract on the upper third. Leaves two, large, shorter

than the inflorescence, articulate with the leaf-sheaths, broadly elliptic to obovate-

elliptic, rounded and apiculate to abruptly and shortly acuminate at the apex,

FIG. 141. Govenia superba. Plant (about X %). Sketched by G. W. Dillon;

completed by D. E. Tibbitts.

506

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 507

up to 40 cm. long and 15 cm. wide. Raceme cylindrical, elongated, laxly many-

flowered, up to 35 cm. long and 7 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate

to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat shorter than the pedicellate ovaries.

Flowers fragrant, yellow, yellowish brown or greenish yellow, with reddish brown

spots on the upper part of the lip, floral segments often with a reddish design

and occasionally suffused with reddish brown, with slender purplish pedicellate

ovaries that are up to 2 cm. long. Floral segments 5-nerved. Dorsal sepal linear-

oblanceolate, obtuse, 1.4-2 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide above the middle. Lateral

sepals falcate-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 9-13 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Petals

obliquely elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, 1-1.9 cm. long, 3.5-6 mm.

wide above the middle. Lip arcuate in natural position, when spread out broadly

ovate to ovate-elliptic, rounded to obtuse or apiculate at the apex, 6-11 mm.

long, 3.5-7 mm. wide near the base. Column stout, arcuate, winged on the

ventral surface, 5-9 mm. long.

Govenia deliciosa Reichb. f. was reported from Guatemala (in

Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 544. 1899). However, this report was based

on a specimen (Seler 2325) that is referable to G. superba.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Tilrckheim II 1927 (probably). — Baja

Verapaz: Fatal, Turckheim II 2343. — Chiquimula: Upper slopes of

Montana Tajuran, in vicinity of El Barriol, Steyermark 30832.—

Huehuetenango: Seler 2325. — Quezaltenango: Skutch 821. — Santa

Rosa: Volcan Jumaytepeque, Heyde & Lux 4619 (probably). — Solola:

Trail between village of San Pedro, via San Juan, San Cristobal,

Buena Vista, and northwestern slopes of Volcan Santa Clara,

Steyermark 47312. — "Road to Puerta Parada near Finca Socorro,"

Lewis 93.

Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. p. 47.

1839.

Terrestrial in rich humus of dense or open moist oak-pine for-

ests and thickets, up to 3,000 meters alt. Widespread from Mexico

through Central America to Panama, in South America to Argentina

and in the West Indies.

Plant large, up to 9 dm. tall, subtended at the base by several brown scarious

tubular sheaths; sheaths more or less inflated, up to 22 cm. long. Peduncle stout,

provided with one or more clasping sheathing bracts. Leaves two (rarely one),

large, articulate with the leaf-sheaths, obovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate or

broadly elliptic, obtuse to acute or more or less abruptly acuminate, plicate, up

to 6 dm. long and 15 cm. wide. Raceme laxly few- to many-flowered, 6-15 cm.

long, cylindrical. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to

acuminate, shorter than the pedicellate ovaries. Flowers white or light cream-

colored, often tinged with light purple or lilac on the outer surface and adorned

on the inner surface with reddish brown spots and transverse bands and lines

of light purple, with slender purplish pedicellate ovaries that are up to 2 cm.

long. Sepals 5-nerved; dorsal sepal elliptic-oblanceolate to elliptic-oblong,

broadly obtuse to subacute at the apex, 1.3-2.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide above

508 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

the middle; lateral sepals elliptic-obovate to elliptic, falcate, obtuse, 1-1.5 cm.

long, 3-6 mm. wide above the middle. Petals 5- to 6-nerved, elliptic to elliptic-

oblanceolate, oblique, obtuse to subacute, 1-2.2 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide above

the middle. Lip 5-nerved, with a short claw, arcuate in natural position, ovate

to ovate-elliptic when spread out, rounded to obtuse or subacute at the apex,

6.5-12 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide near the base. Capsule pendent, ellipsoid, about

3 cm. long.

Govenia utriculata and G. superba are not morphologically very

distinct either in vegetative or floral structure. They are best dis-

tinguished by the difference in color of the flowers. The flowers of

G. utriculata are commonly white or light cream-colored, marked

with pale purple or yellow. The flowers of G. superba are commonly

yellow, yellowish brown or orange-colored, marked with lavender.

The inflorescence of G. utriculata is typically short and often con-

gested, whereas that of G. superba is usually long-cylindrical and

open. The flowers of G. utriculata are usually but not always larger

than those of G. superba. The petals of G. utriculata are character-

istically much broader than the lateral sepals, while those of G.

superba are usually about as broad as the lateral sepals. This

character, however, is variable and intergradations are found. The

lips of the two species are apparently of the same ovate or ovate-

elliptic pattern, although the lip of some forms of G. utriculata is

more often orbicular-ovate and wider near the base.

Huehuetenango: Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixtahuacan,

Steyermark 50603.— Quiche": "Zona Reyna," Skutch 1803.— Sacate-

p£quez: Santiago, Rosalid G6mez 889 (probably).

Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. var. capitata (Lindl.) Correll,

Lloydia 10: 226. 1947. Govenia capitata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: sub t.

1795. 1836 (plate dated 1836). Govenia liliacea (Llave & Lex.) Lindl.

Bot. Reg. 21: sub t. 1795. 1836 (plate dated 1836).

Habitat similar to the typical form. Rather common in Mexico,

less abundant in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica.

This is a superficial variety based primarily on size and habit. The more

compact raceme is usually but not always less than 8 cm. long and is up to 10

cm. in diameter, thus giving the inflorescence a capitate appearance. The flowers

are characteristically longer, the sepals occasionally becoming as much as 4 cm.

in length. The flowers, also, often have a stronger suffusion and veining of lav-

ender-purple than those of the typical form, especially on the inner surface of

the floral segments.

Guatemala: Near San Rafael, frequent on slopes of Volcan de

Agua, Lewis 61. San Rafael, Porter 10. — Santa Rosa: Teocinte,

Heyde & Lux 6242.— San Miguel, Johnston 1310.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 509

55. MORMODES Lindl.

Epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, occasionally on rotten wood. Stem short,

several-leaved, becoming oblong to fusiform fleshy pseudobulbs. Leaves elongate,

distichous, plicate. Inflorescence lateral, one or several, arising at the nodes of

the pseudobulbs; raceme simple, often pendulous. Flowers often showy, mono-

morphic or polymorphic. Sepals free, about equal, spreading or reflexed, rarely

connivent. Petals similar to the sepals or wider. Lip entire, 3-lobed or with lateral

teeth on the lower part, smooth or variously pubescent, subarticulated with the

base of the column, usually contracted into a claw, incurved-ascending, redu-

plicate or rarely concave; lateral lobes usually reflexed, contorted or rarely flat

and spreading; mid-lobe usually apiculate. Column thick, erect, mostly twisted

to one side, concave on the anterior side, without antennae, wingless, footless,

the apex (clinandrium) long-acuminate; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent,

convex, 1-2-loculate; pollinia 4, incumbent, oblong, waxy.

This is a complex genus of about twenty species, which are limited

to tropical America. It is an interesting genus because of the torsion

of the floral segments and the peculiar coloration of the flowers.

The flowers of the species are variously colored and until recently

were thought to be of only one form in each species. However,

flowers of several sizes and forms have been found on the same

plant (Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 16-17. 1941).

1. Lip 3-lobed or with a tooth on each side below the middle.

2. Lateral teeth subulate, flat, incurved, less than 6 mm. long . . . M. lineatum.

2. Lateral teeth linear-falcate, acute, variously contorted, more than 8 mm.

long M, histrio.

1. Lip simple, at most tridentate or apiculate at the apex.

3. Lip obovate-oblong, tapering to the base M. stenoglossum.

3. Lip transversely elliptic-oval when spread out, constricted into a slender

claw.

4. Lip smooth and glabrous M. buccinator.

4. Lip villous M. Skinneri.

Mormodes buccinator Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 10. 1840.

Epiphytic or on rotten trees and logs in open forests, up to 1,500

meters alt. Widespread but apparently uncommon in Mexico,

Central and South America.

Plant 3-5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs oblong-conical, green, slightly compressed,

10-20 cm. long, about 3.5 cm. wide, partially concealed by imbricated pale or

whitish scarious leaf-sheaths. Leaves membranaceous, plicate, oblong to lance-

olate, acuminate, up to 30 cm. long. Inflorescence lateral, borne at or near the

base of the pseudobulb, a simple few- to many-flowered raceme, up to 4.5 dm.

long; peduncle stout, slightly compressed, provided with several tubular-amplexi-

caul inflated scarious bracts. Floral bracts membranaceous, triangular-ovate,

acute, concave, 5-7 mm. long. Flowers extremely variable in coloration, pungent,

ranging in color from ivory white to pale green, deep yellow, brownish purple

and striped or spotted, with slender brownish green pedicellate ovaries that are

510 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

2.5-4 cm. long. Sepals linear to oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, the

margins reflexed, 2-3 cm. long, up to 1.5 cm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, abruptly

retrorse, somewhat wider than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear to elliptic-lanceolate,

acute to acuminate, oblique, with the margins undulate-crisped and somewhat

reflexed, similar to the lateral sepals. Lip fleshy-coriaceous, with a slender thick-

ened subterete claw, 2-3 cm. long, strongly upcurved over the column; lamina

strongly reflexed-conduplicate, prominently apiculate or occasionally somewhat

3-lobulate at the truncate apex, when spread out transversely elliptic-oval and

up to 3 cm. wide. Column semicylindrical, twisted, long-caudate at the apex,

about 1.8 cm. long.

This is one of the most polychromatic species in the genus. A

number of color varieties have been described.

Izabal: Origin of plant unknown but supposedly Quirigua (on

loan from Miss Ellerby), Lewis 188.

Mormodes histrio Lind. & Reichb. f. Hamb. Gartenz. 15: 54.

1859; Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 16, figs. 2, 3.

1941. M. lineatum in Bot. Reg. 28: t. 43. 1842 (only table). Figure

142.

Epiphytic and on rotten tree trunks and stumps in open moun-

tain forests and coffee plantations, up to 1,800 meters alt. Un-

common in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant up to 5 dm. or more tall, consisting of an elongated leafy pseudobulb

and one or more lateral inflorescences. Pseudobulbs with as many as 18 inter-

nodes, elliptical in cross section, concealed by scarious whitish imbricated leaf-

sheaths, up to 16 cm. long and 5 cm. thick. Leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-

lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, membranaceous, articulated with the leaf-sheaths,

15-23 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences usually several, arising at the

nodes of the pseudobulbs, up to 50 cm. long, consisting of a simple several-

flowered raceme supported by a slender terete peduncle; peduncle provided with

several short tubular inflated bracts. Floral bracts ovate-cucullate, acute, up

to 7 mm. long. Flowers polymorphic, variable in size and coloration, with slender

pedicellate ovaries that are up to 3 cm. long. Sepals and petals somewhat fleshy

to thick-coriaceous, maroon, green or yellowish heavily marked with brownish

purple or brick-red stripes and dots. Sepals oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate,

acute-apiculate to shortly acuminate and apiculate-recurved at the thickened

apex, the margins more or less reflexed, 1.7-3.5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; lateral

sepals slightly oblique. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate

and somewhat recurved at the apex, slightly oblique, the margins undulate-

crisped and reflexed, 1.7-3.2 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide. Lip deeply 3-lobed just

above the base, smooth, pilose or pubescent, brown-vinaceous, greenish white or

yellow marked with a few purple or reddish dots, 1.7-3 cm. long; lateral lobes

linear-falcate, subobtuse to acute, divergent or projected downward, twisted or

with the apical portion merely inrolled, when spread out 8-15 mm. long and 2-5

mm. wide; mid-lobe broadly triangular-obcuneate to linear, truncate to broadly

rounded and conspicuously apiculate at the apex, strongly upcurved over the

column, with the thickened margins somewhat reflexed, 1.2-2 cm. long, 3-12 mm.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA

511

wide. Column 1.3-2.7 cm. long, somewhat twisted, arcuate, sulcate. Capsule

large, ovoid, up to 6 cm. long.

This polymorphic species has been the source of some confusion.

First it was mistakenly illustrated, in the Botanical Register, as

M. lineatum, a most distinct species. The form illustrated had

flowers whose lips were pilose. Reichenbach later described M.

histrio, based on a plant whose flowers possessed smooth lips. We

have not only found both types of flowers on the same raceme but

FIG. 142. Mormodes lineatum. 1, lip, spread out (X 2 1/2). M. histrio. 2 and

3, two types of lip taken from the same raceme, natural position (X 2^). Drawn

by G. W. Dillon.

also flowers of several sizes on the same plant. Apparently, the

smallest flowers always possess pilose or pubescent lips, whereas

the intermediate and largest flowers have smooth or very sparsely

pilose lips.

Chiquimula: Montana Castilla, vicinity of Montana Cebollas,

along Rio Lucia Saso, 3 miles southeast of Quezaltepeque, Steyer-

mark 31206. — Quezaltenango : Colomba, Skutch 2002. Finca San

Jose" Buena Vista, near Colomba, Lewis 182. — Sacatepe"quez : Ba-

rranca Hondo, slopes of Volcan de Fuego, Standley 60258.

512 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Mormodes lineatum Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27: Misc. p.

52. 1841 (type: Guatemala, Skinner, Hartweg); Correll, Bot. Mus.

Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 15, fig. 1. 1941. Figure 142.

Guatemala, very rare.

Plant inadequately known. Presumably typical of the genus. Inflorescence

(of our material) 24 cm. long, composed of short peduncle and a several-flowered

simple raceme; peduncle terete, provided with several scarious amplexicaul bracts.

Floral bracts ovate-cucullate, acute, about 6 mm. long. Flowers dull olive-green,

striped and spotted with dull brown, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are up

to 3 cm. long. Sepals linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute-apiculate, dorsally

carinate at the apex, with the margins reflexed, 2.5-2.8 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide;

lateral sepals slightly oblique and a little wider than the dorsal sepal. Petals

elliptic-lanceolate, acute-apiculate, with the margins undulate-crisped and some-

what reflexed, 2.5 cm. long, 9-10 mm. wide. Lip linear, slightly dilated at the

apex, strongly apiculate, fleshy, incurved, sparsely pilose, 2-2.2 cm. long, 3.5

mm. wide near the apex, with a small subulate incurved tooth on each side near

the base; teeth up to 6 mm. long. Column pubescent on the back and margins,

with the apical margins coarsely and irregularly serrulate, arcuate and somewhat

twisted, about 1.5 cm. long.

This species is extremely rare. It has been confused in the past

with the more common M. histrio. Only the description of the

flowers was given in the original description, and since we have

only an inflorescence it is impossible to describe the entire plant at

this time.

Guatemala: Guatemala City, alt. 1,600 meters, cultivated, in

garden of Don Mariano Pacheco H., December 29, 1939, Steyermark

39868.

Mormodes Skinneri Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. p. 50. 1869.

Found in Guatemala (fide Schlechter) and Costa Rica.

Plant typical of the genus. Pseudobulbs fusiform-elongate, large and stout,

up to 3 dm. long. Inflorescence a many-flowered raceme, about 3 dm. long.

Floral bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, 8-11 mm. long, about 7 mm. wide

when spread out. Flowers dull yellow, striped and marked with purplish red,

spicy fragrant, with pedicellate ovaries that are about 3 cm. long. Sepals and

petals similar, strongly reflexed, elliptic-lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, about

2.8 cm. long and 1-1.2 cm. wide, dull yellow, with 5-7 longitudinal irregular

purplish red stripes that are formed by more or less confluent spots, colored some-

what similarly on the back. Lip arcuate in natural position, with the sides

strongly reflexed, when spread out transversely elliptic-oval, apiculate, about

2.3 cm. long and wide, thickened along the center below, tapering into a short

thick claw, dull yellow and densely spotted with purplish red; disk pubescent

with long white hairs. Column 1.5 cm. long, yellow except for a few minute spots

of purplish red on the dorsal surface.

FIG. 143. Mormodes stenoglossum. Plant (about X 1AY, 1, column, side view

(X 1); 2, lip, spread out (X 1). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

513

514 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

No Guatemalan material of this species has been seen. The

only material examined was a tracing made by Schlechter from a

drawing in the Reichenbach Herbarium and a raceme of flowers

from a plant recently collected in Costa Rica. The description

has been prepared not only from the above material but also from

the original description and from some notes made by Harold F.

Loomis.

Mormodes stenoglossum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:

225. 1923. M. Nagelii L. 0. Wms. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 9: 153.

t. 1940. Figure 143.

Terrestrial or epiphytic in forests, up to 700 meters alt. Rare

in Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica.

Plant erect, up to 6.5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs thickened-fusiform, more or

less concealed by the leaf-sheaths, about 10 cm. long and 3.5 cm. in diameter.

Leaves from the young pseudobulbs, distichous, imbricated, articulated with the

leaf-sheaths, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, membranaceous, 15-35 cm.

long, 1.2-4 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, up to 5 dm. long including the pe-

duncle and loosely flowered raceme; peduncle terete, provided with short scarious

amplexicaul sheaths that are about 1 cm. long; rachis fractiflex. Floral bracts

small, ovate-cucullate, acute, about 6 mm. long. Flowers fleshy-thickened, yellow-

brown, sometimes suffused with brick red, with slender pedicellate ovaries that

are up to 7.5 cm. long. Sepals and petals strongly reflexed, elliptic-lanceolate

to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or narrowly acute, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm.

wide; lateral sepals and petals somewhat oblique, the margins usually undulate-

crisped. Lip obovate-oblong, broadly rounded to subtruncate and with a con-

spicuous apicule at the apex, 3.6-5.0 cm. long, 1-2.2 cm. wide. Column twisted,

shortly subulate at the apex, 1.5-1.8 cm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Near Quebradas Secar, Johnson 300.

56. CATASETUM L. C. Rich.

Terrestrial or epiphytic plants with short several-leaved stems that are soon

thickened into ovoid or fusiform pseudobulbs. Leaves usually large, plicate,

narrowed at the base and articulate with the leaf-sheath. Inflorescence lateral,

near the base of the pseudobulb, a simple raceme, erect or pendent. Flowers

usually large and showy, in a few- to many-flowered raceme, unisexual or herm-

aphroditic, monomorphic, dimorphic or trimorphic, non-resupinate. Sepals and

petals free, subequal, fleshy-membranaceous, spreading or more or less connivent,

narrow or broad. Lip thin or fleshy and rigid, sessile.

Male flowers: Lip fleshy-thickened or occasionally thin, broad or laterally

compressed, deeply concave, galeate or saccate-calceolate, margin of the orifice

often crenulate, dentate or fimbriate. Column erect, thickened, footless, with

or without a pair of reflexed antennae at the base; anther terminal, operculate,

incumbent, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 4, waxy.

FIG. 144. Catasetum integer rimum. 1, plant with male flowers (X 1A); 2,

female flower, from above (about X 1AY, 3, female flower, front-side view (about

X Yd. Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

515

516 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Female flowers: Lip somewhat similar to that of the male flowers, often dor-

sally compressed. Column much shorter and thicker than that of the male flowers,

without antennae; anther about as in the male flowers but smaller; pollinia im-

perfect. Capsule oblong, large.

Perfect flowers: Lip narrowly oblong to ovate, flat or with the base somewhat

concave. Column similar to that of the male flowers or without antennae, the

stigma perfect.

There are about fifty species of Catasetum, which are found in

the tropical regions of America. It is a difficult genus because of

the polymorphism of the flowers.

Orifice of the lip developed as a thin lamina above the saccate portion.

C. Russellianum.

, Orifice of the lip not laminate C. integerrimum.

Catasetum integerrimum Hook. Bot. Mag. 67: 3823. 1840

(type: Guatemala, Skinner}. Catasetum maculatum of authors, not

of Kunth. Figure 144.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, coffee plantations or open

country, up to 1,820 meters alt. Rather common from Mexico

through Central America to Nicaragua.

Plant stout, usually consisting of one leaf-bearing pseudobulb and numerous

coarse defoliated pseudobulbs, up to 5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs semifusiform,

conical, 8-15 cm. long, 4-5 cm. in diameter, when young covered by scarious

imbricated leaf-sheaths. Leaves about six, distichous, linear-lanceolate, elliptic-

lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, abruptly acute, membranaceous, plicate, up to 65

cm. long and 12 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, erect, a simple 3-10-flowered

raceme supported by a stout bracted peduncle, up to 40 cm. long. Floral bracts

ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 1 cm. long. Flowers yellowish green to purplish,

suffused or spotted, with rather stout arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are up to

3 cm. long. Male flowers: Sepals broadly oblong-elliptic to subquadrate, apiculate

to abruptly acute at the apex, erect-arcuate, occasionally widest above the middle,

3.2-4.8 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm. wide, the lateral sepals oblique; petals oval-elliptic

to elliptic-obovate, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, 3-4 cm. long, 1.8-2.6 cm.

wide; lip saccate-calceolate, rigid and fleshy, laterally compressed, bluntly conical

at the base, about 3 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, 2.3-2.8 cm. deep, margin of the

orifice ciliate-toothed on the basal portion, otherwise smooth; column up to 3.5

cm. long, long-rostrate at the apex, concave on the anterior surface, with a terete

curved antenna on each side at the base which projects downward. Female

flowers: Sepals and petals concave-incurved over, the column; sepals oblong-

quadrate to obovate-subquadrate, broadly rounded and apiculate at the apex,

2.8-3.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide; petals suborbicular-quadrate, abruptly acute,

about 2.7 cm. long and 2 cm. wide; lip broadly calceolate, dorsally compressed,

rigid and fleshy, about 4 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, 2.5 cm. deep, margin of the orifice

smooth; column about 2 cm. long, fleshy-thickened, long-rostrate at the apex.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim II 462. — Izabal: Puerto

Barrios, Lewis 11 (in part). — Pete"n: La Libertad, Oneida-Chickasaw

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 517

connection, Lewis 11 (in part). La Libertad, M. Aguilar 220.—

Sacatepe"quez: Barranca Hondo, Alotenango, Johnston 1650.

Catasetum Russellianum Hook. Bot. Mag. 67: t. 3777. 1840

(type: Guatemala, Skinner}. Catasetum calceolatum Lem. Jard.

Fleur. 1: Misc. p. 45. 1851.

Epiphytic on trees in open mountain forests, up to 600 meters

alt. Rarely found in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador

and Panama.

Pseudobulbs elliptic-conical, grayish green, 6-8 cm. long or longer, 4-5 cm.

in diameter, when young concealed by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves several, linear-

oblanceolate to obovate-elliptic, subobtuse to abruptly acute or acuminate at

the apex, succulent-membranaceous, plicate, distichous, 1-5 dm. long, 3.5-12 cm.

wide, tapering at the base into a sulcate petiole. Inflorescence a 15-20-flowered

raceme, pendent, up to 35 cm. long including the peduncle. Floral bracts trian-

gular-lanceolate, up to 1.6 cm. long. Flowers odoriferous, grayish green to nearly

white, glaucous, marked with deep green stripes, with pedicellate ovaries that are

up to 3 cm. long. Dorsal sepal arcuate over the petals, linear, apiculate, up to

3.75 cm. long and 1.1 cm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely linear-oblong, apiculate,

the lower margin incurved near the center, 3.5-4.1 cm. long, up to 1.4 cm. wide

at the base. Petals elliptic to obovate-elliptic, obtuse-apiculate, 3-4.2 cm. long,

1.3-1.8 cm. wide above the middle. Lip inflated, saccate-calceolate, 2.5-3.1 cm.

long, 1.2-1.6 cm. wide, about 1 cm. deep, the apical margin developed and pro-

jecting as a thin lamina parallel with and above the saccate portion; lamina elliptic

to ovate-oblong, retuse, 2-2.5 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. wide, with the reflexed

margins crisped and irregularly toothed, adorned in the central portion by a

V-shaped somewhat winged and toothed callus that extends from within the

saccate portion to within about 5 mm. of the apex of the lamina. Column up to

2 cm. long, erect, dilated toward the apex, with narrow wings, somewhat toothed

along the apical margins.

Solola: Patulul, Heyde & Lux 6388.— "Guatemala," Lewis 196.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Catasetum tricolor Reichb. f. fide Schlechter (not Hort. ex

Planch.) in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 485. 1918.

Schlechter erroneously attributes this combination to Reich-

enbach filius and cites Reichenbach in Hamb. Gartenz. 13: 313. 1857

where nothing is mentioned concerning this combination. According

to Mansfeld (Repert. Nov. Sp. 30: 268. 1932), Catasetum tricolor

Hort. ex Planch, (a synonym of C. macrocarpum L. C. Rich, ex

Kunth) is a native of South America.

Catasetum triodon Reichb. f. in Otto, Hamb. Gartenz. 13: 313.

1857.

518 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

According to Mansfeld (Repert. Nov. Sp. 31: 109. 1932), Reich-

enbach was in error in reporting this Brazilian species from Central

America.

57. CYCNOCHES Lindl.

Epiphytic or terrestrial plants with elongated fusiform-cylindrical leafy

pseudobulbs. Leaves membranaceous, plicate. Inflorescence lateral, on the

pseudobulbs, erect or arcuate-pendent, bearing few to many flowers in a simple

raceme. Flowers small and numerous or rather large and few, unisexual, dimor-

phic. Sepals subequal, free, spreading or reflexed. Petals similar to the sepals

but broader. Lip fleshy or thin, subsessile or with a distinct claw, the lamina

orbicular to lanceolate, entire or variously lobed, crested or fringed, usually

adorned with variously shaped calli. Column elongated and slender or stout

and fleshy, more or less arcuate and clavate, footless; anther terminal, operculate,

incumbent, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2, waxy, ovoid, sulcate.

Capsule large.

This is a small genus of about a dozen species, which are found

in tropical America. Dimorphism, a characteristic of the genus,

is most interesting but has served to create confusion in this ex-

tremely difficult and imperfectly known group of plants. Efforts

to match the male and female phases of the same species are trying

when only herbarium specimens are available.

1. Flowers on an elongated pendent raceme, numerous, deep purple to watery

green or purple-spotted; lip with four processes on each side of the thin orbic-

ular lamina (male flowers) C. Egertonianum.

1. Flowers on short erect racemes, several, yellowish green and white; lip entire,

without appendages.

2. Lip with a prominent blackish or dark green callus at the base, mostly

more than 3.5 cm. long; flowers usually more than four.

3. Lip suborbicular-ovate to oval, rounded at the apex or abruptly acute or

apiculate; callus dark green C. Warscewiczii.

3. Lip ovate to ovate-lanceolate, tapering at the apex, acute to subacu-

minate; callus blackish C. ventricosum.

2. Lip with a small callus at the base, mostly less than 3.5 cm. long; flowers

usually one or two (female flowers) C. Egertonianum.

Cycnoches Egertonianum Batem. Orch. Mex. and Guat. t.

40. 1843 (type: Guatemala, Skinner). C. ventricosum var. Eger-

tonianum (Batem.) Hook. Bot. Mag. 70: t. 4054. 1844. C. Eger-

tonianum var. vvride Lindl. Bot. Reg. 32: t. 46. 1846. C. Rossianum

Rolfe, Gard. Chron. 1: 456. 1891.

Epiphytic on trees in dense tropical forests at low elevations.

Uncommon in British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica

and (?)Nicaragua.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 519

Plant consisting of leafy pseudobulbs and one or two racemes. Pseudobulbs

aggregated, erect, subfusiform, up to 12 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter. Leaves

2-7, the lowermost small, the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, 7-21 cm. long,

up to 3 cm. wide, articulate with the broad sheaths. Raceme and flowers sexually

dimorphic. Male raceme: Arcuate-pendent, slender-elongated, up to 8.5 dm.

long including the peduncle; peduncle and rachis slender, terete, bearing a number

of bracts at the base. Floral bracts lanceolate, acute, membranaceous, 0.7-2 cm.

long. Flowers erect, deep purple to watery green or purple spotted, as many as

20. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, the dorsal sepal

narrower and longer than the somewhat oblique lateral sepals and petals, the

margins more or less reflexed, 1.5-3 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Lip somewhat

obovate in outline, with a narrowly cuneate claw 7-10 mm. long and a mem-

branaceous narrowly triangular acute apex 3-5 mm. long; lamina thin, subor-

bicular, shallowly concave, 5-6 mm. in diameter, on each side four more or less

clavate processes that are 3-3.5 mm. long and a solitary similar process at the

base of the triangular apex, adorned near the base of the lamina with a pair of

green fleshy truncate nearly cylindrical outgrowths that are 4-5 mm. long and

variously united along their inner margins. Column arcuate, slender-clavate,

2.5-3 cm. long. Female raceme: Short, erect, with several broad ovate imbricated

bracts below and one to several fleshy green-white flowers. Floral bracts ovate-

oblong, acute, 2 cm. long. Sepals and petals spreading, lanceolate, acuminate,

3-4 cm. long, 0.8-1.4 cm. wide, the petals broader than the sepals. Lip with a

short broad claw, ovate-lanceolate, acute, very fleshy, somewhat convex, 2.5-3.5

cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. wide. Column short, stout, slightly incurved, thickened at

the apex, 1-1.2 cm. long.

This species has been a source of great confusion. According

to Rolfe, Bateman's original illustration of the species had the

large male flowers of C. ventricosum (previously illustrated by Bate-

man) on the same plant with the small male flowers of C. Egerton-

ianum. This error was due to a composite illustration — the flowers

of one species had been added to the plant of another species. C.

Egertonianum belongs to the section Heteranthae, in which the male

and female flowers are entirely different in appearance.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 7777 (in part).

Cycnoches ventricosum Batem. Orch. Mex. and Guat. t. 5.

1837 (type: Guatemala, Istapa, Skinner).

Epiphytic on trees or on rotten tree trunks in dense tropical

forests, up to 1,000 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, through

Central America to Costa Rica and Panama.

Plant consisting of leafy pseudobulbs and one or more racemes of flowers.

Pseudobulbs cylindrical-fusiform, slightly compressed, up to 30 cm. long, about

3 cm. in diameter. Leaves 5-6, linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to

acuminate, plicate, membranaceous, the uppermost longest, up to 35 cm. long

and 8 cm. wide, articulate with the broad leaf-sheaths. Raceme and flowers

sexually dimorphic. Male raceme: From the axils of the uppermost leaves, bearing

520 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

several green-white flowers that open simultaneously and last only a few days,

up to 30 cm. long including the terete peduncle; peduncle provided with several

ovate-oblong scarious bracts. Floral bracts broadly ovate, acute, up to 2.5 cm.

long. Dorsal sepal greenish, linear-elliptic, acute to subacuminate, 4-6.2 cm. long,

1-1.5 cm. wide. Lateral sepals greenish, obliquely lanceolate, acute to acuminate,

somewhat wider and shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals greenish, broadly

elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, subobtuse to subacuminate, very oblique, 4-6 cm.

long, 1.8-2.7 cm. wide. Lip white, with a short stout claw, ovate to ovate-lance-

olate, acute to subacuminate, convex, much swollen on the upper side, 4-5 cm.

long, about 2 cm. wide, adorned with a black callosity at the base of the claw.

Column slender-clavate, arcuate, 2.5-3.5 em. long. Female raceme and flowers

similar to those of the male except for smaller flowers and much shorter and

stouter column. Capsule large, oblong.

This species belongs to the section Eucycnoches in which the

male and female flowers are essentially alike in appearance.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 7776; 7777 (in part).

Cycnoches Warscewiczii Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 734. 1852.

(male). C. Tonduzii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 298. 1923.

Figures 145, 146.

Epiphytic on trees, on rotten logs or terrestrial, up to 1,000

meters alt. Rare in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama.

Plant consisting of leafy pseudobulbs and short racemes of rather large

flowers. Pseudobulbs stout, fusiform-cylindrical, up to 20 cm. long and 3 cm.

in diameter, concealed by scarious imbricating leaf-sheaths. Leaves as many as

eight, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, membranaceous,

articulate with the leaf-sheaths, up to 45 cm. long and 6 cm. wide. Raceme and

flowers sexually dimorphic. Male raceme: Spreading, 5-6-flowered, up to 22 cm.

long including the short bracteate peduncle. Floral bracts oval to ovate-oblong,

subacute to acute, about 2 cm. long. Flowers large, spreading, fleshy. Sepals

and petals greenish yellow; dorsal sepal linear to linear-elliptic, obtuse to acute,

4.5-6.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely oblong-elliptic, sub-

obtuse to subacuminate, 4-4.5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide. Petals obliquely oblong-

elliptic to broadly elliptic, obtuse to acute, the margins somewhat crisped, 4-6

cm. long, 1.8-3 cm. wide. Lip subsessile or with a very short claw, white, fleshy,

suborbicular-ovate to oval, broadly rounded to abruptly acute or apiculate at

the apex, convex, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, adorned with a dark green

triangular callus on the basal portion. Column very slender, clavate at the apex,

arcuate, 3-3.5 cm. long. Female raceme and flowers similar to those of the male

except for the usually larger flowers and short thick column, which is about

2 cm. long.

This species was considered by Rolfe (Kew Bull. 1909, p. 276)

as questionably the female of C. aurem Lindl. and included in the

section Heteranthae. Schlechter (Orchis 10, no. 3, p. 58, 1916)

accepted Rolfe's opinion in his treatment of the genus. We, how-

ever, are of the opinion that C. Warscewiczii belongs to the section

FIG. 145. Cycnoches Warscewiczii. Male plant (X

Dillon.

). Drawn by G. W.

521

522 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

FIG. 146. CycnochesWarscewiczii. Female flo wer (X H). Drawn by G. W.Dillon.

Eucycnoches and that its male phase is represented by C. Tonduzii

Schltr.

Alta Verapaz: Chama, Johnson 903.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Cycnoches maculatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 10. 1840.

This South American species was doubtfully attributed to Mex-

ico and Guatemala by Schlechter. However, since no specimens

were seen from Guatemala it is excluded from this work.

58. LACAENA Lindl.

Epiphytic plants consisting of short thickened pseudobulbs with 2-3 plicate

leaves at the summit and one or more lateral inflorescences. Inflorescence from

the base of the pseudobulb, recurved or pendent, consisting of a simple raceme

of fleshy showy flowers. Sepals subequal, spreading; dorsal sepal free; lateral

sepals forming a short mentum with the column-foot. Petals similar to the dorsal

sepal but smaller. Lip 3-lobed, articulate with the column-foot; lateral lobes

upcurved; mid-lobe spreading, deflexed. Column semiterete, slightly incurved,

subclavate, narrowly winged above, the base produced into a short foot; anther

subterminal, operculate, incumbent, imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2, waxy.

This genus consists of two species, both of which are rare and

confined to Middle America.

Lacaena bicolor Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 68. 1843 (type:

Guatemala). Figure 147.

FIG. 147. Lacaena bicolor. 1, pseudobulb and leaves (X 1A)', 2, inflorescence

(X *A); 3, pollinia and gland (much enlarged); 4, column and petals (X %);

5, lip, spread out (X 1M)- Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. Adapted in part from

Edwards' Botanical Register 30: t. 50. 1844.

523

524 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Epiphytic on oaks, palms and pines, in forests and thickets, up to

1,600 meters alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant large, coarse, up to 60 cm. tall. Pseudobulbs oblong-ovoid, sulcate,

green, somewhat compressed, 7.5-12 cm. long, up to 7 cm. wide, when young

subtended by several brown scarious sheaths. Leaves usually three, broadly

elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly acute to acuminate, from the apex of the

pseudobulb, plicate, 3-5 dm. long, 9-15 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, from

the base of the pseudobulb, pendent, usually two or more cylindrical 25-30-

flowered racemes; rachis and pedicellate ovaries scurfy; peduncle provided with

inflated tubular scarious sheaths that are 2-3 cm. long. Floral bracts oblong-

lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, scurfy, 1.5-2 cm. long. Flowers white, marked

and spotted with purple, very fragrant, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are

2.5-3 cm. long, arcuate. Sepals and petals white, striped with purple, antrorsely

campanulate, with the apical portion recurved; sepals subquadrate-oval to ob-

liquely oval, obtuse to acute and somewhat dorsally keeled at the apex, concave,

2.2-2.5 cm. long, 1.3-1.5 cm. wide; petals with a short rufous claw, trulliform

to obliquely ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse or mucronate at the apex, concave, the

anterior margin very oblique, 1.7-2 cm. long, 9-12 mm. wide. Lip about 2 cm.

long, subarticulated with the foot of the column, angular on each side at the base,

deeply 3-lobed, the upper surface more or less pubescent, arcuate about the middle;

lateral lobes subquadrate, truncate, erect to clasp the column, about 5 mm. wide,

3 mm. to base of sinus; mid-lobe separated from the lateral lobes by a short narrow

isthmus, suborbicular-quadrate to triangular-ovate, acute or apiculate and

abruptly recurved at the apex; disk with a prominent elevated densely pubescent

maroon callus between the lateral lobes and a smaller callus on the isthmus

separating the lateral lobes and mid-lobe. Column white with numerous purple

dots on the inner surface, dilated about the middle, about 1.5 cm. long. Capsule

6-angled, ellipsoid, 4 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter.

Guatemala: Garden of Don Mariano Pacheco H., Guatemala,

said to have come originally from San Guayaba, Dept. Guatemala,

Steyermark 46396. — Jalapa: Above Aserradero San Vicente, Lewis

219. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, between Santa Rosalia de Marmol

and San Lorenzo, Steyermark 43154.

59. HOULLETIA Brongn.

Epiphytic plants, with a fleshy-thickened pseudobulb surmounted by a soli-

tary leaf and a lateral inflorescence. Leaf large, plicate, contracted into a petiole.

Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulb, erect or recurved, composed of

several large flowers in a lax simple raceme. Sepals subequal, free, spreading.

Petals similar to the sepals but narrower at the base, simple or lobed on the

posterior margin. Lip continuous with the base of the column, spreading, fleshy,

divided into two segments; lower half narrow, provided with a pair of arcuate

horns on the margin near the base; terminal portion articulate with the basal

portion, rather large, simple, truncate or provided with prominent auricles at the

base. Column erect-incurved, semiterete, wingless, footless or produced into a

short foot at the base; anther subterminal, operculate, incumbent, 1-celled; pol-

linia 2, waxy.

FIG. 148. Houlletia Landsbergi. Plant (about X %). Drawn by G. W.

Dillon.

525

526 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

This is a small tropical American genus consisting of less than

ten species, mostly in South America.

Houlletia Landsbergi Lind. & Reichb. f. in Regel, Gartenflora

2. 1855. Figure 148.

Rare in Guatemala and Costa Rica.

Pseudobulbs small, ovoid, obtusely angled, about 2.5 cm. long, dark green.

Leaf solitary, oblong-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, acute, about 9-nerved, nearly 30

cm. long and 10 cm. wide, pale green. Peduncle stout, strongly decurved, about

10 cm. long, dark red-brown below, violet-colored above, provided with several

spathaceous sheaths, supporting a several-flowered raceme. Floral bracts inflated,

tubular, suborbicular-ovate when spread out, obtuse, about 2 cm. long. Flowers

rather large, showy, with pedicellate ovaries that are about 3 cm. long. Sepals

reddish orange, densely mottled with round red-brown spots, elliptic to broadly

ovate-oblong, slightly cucullate at the broadly obtuse apex, concave, 3-3.5 cm.

long, 1.2-1.5 cm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, united for about 3 mm. at the base.

Petals darker colored than the sepals, triangular-ovate to oblong-lanceolate,

obtuse, up to 3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, with a broad deep or shallow excised

notch on the posterior basal margin and there produced into an acute or acuminate

horn. Lip about 4.5 cm. long, with a transversely elliptic bisaccate base, divided

into two parts; lower half fleshy-coriaceous, white with several crossbars of blood-

red, about 2.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, provided on each side about the middle

with a linear-lanceolate acuminate erect-incurved horn, the horns about 2 cm.

long and 3 mm. wide below the middle; terminal half articulated with the lower

half, fleshy, broadly and hastately ovate-quadrate, broadly rounded at the apex,

about 2 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide across the base when spread out, the basal

lateral angles produced into prominent white erect incurved triangular horns,

the disk profusely adorned with violet-purple tubercles. Column semiterete,

incurved, slightly clavate, golden yellow marked with red, about 2.5 cm. long.

We have seen no specimens of this species from Guatemala.

However, since Schlechter reported it from that country it has been

included in this work.

60. PAPHINIA Lindl.

Epiphytic plants with leafy pseudobulbs and one or more lateral inflorescences

produced at the base of the pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs usually small, ovoid.

Leaves membranaceous, plicate. Inflorescence pendent, few-flowered; flowers

showy. Sepals and petals similar, the petals somewhat smaller than the sepals.

Lip smaller than the sepals and petals, unguiculate, 3-lobed, variously crested

with glandular hairs and fleshy calli; lateral lobes oblong, porrect; mid-lobe

obliquely triangular to sagittate. Column clavate, semiterete, auricled at the

apex, produced into a foot at the base; anther subterminal, incumbent, operculate,

1-celled; pollinia 4, obovate, with a long caudicle.

This is a small genus of about three species, which are, with

the following exception, located in northern South America.

FIG. 149. Paphinia cristata. 1, plant (about X 3A); 2, column, front-side

view (about X 1); 3, clavellate process from the apex of the lip (much enlarged);

4, lip, front-side view (about X 1); 5, pollinia and gland (much enlarged). Drawn

by D. E. Tibbitts. Adapted from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 81: t. 4836. 1855.

527

528 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Paphinia cristata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 14. 1843.

Figure 149.

Apparently epiphytic. Rare in Guatemala, Trinidad and British

Guiana.

Plant up to about 30 cm. tall, consisting of 1-3-foliate pseudobulbs and 1-2

inflorescences. Pseudobulbs clustered, oblong-ovoid, compressed, sulcate, about

4 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, when young subtended by several scarious sheaths.

Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, spreading,

10-25 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide. Peduncle lateral, from the base of the pseudobulbs,

1-2-flowered, provided with several loose brown scarious bracts. Floral bracts

tubular, obtuse, about 2 cm. long. Sepals and petals similar but the petals smaller

than the sepals, spotted and striped with red or reddish brown, spreading, linear-

lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, about 5 cm. long, 0.9-1.5

cm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, forming a prominent mentum with the column-foot,

which is about 1 cm. long; petals oblique with a slender claw. Lip about 2 cm.

long, dark red, adorned with white fringes, fleshy, articulate with the column-foot,

deeply 3-lobed, with a slender claw, the claw and lower part traversed by several

linear fleshy ridges that possess several thread-like glands and terminate at the

base of the mid-lobe into a flaplike dissected callus; lateral lobes oblong-falcate,

acute, porrect, about 1 cm. long and 3 mm. wide; mid-lobe separated from the

lateral lobes by a short isthmus, triangular-hastate to subsagittate, obtuse, about

8 mm. long and 1 cm. wide across the basal angles, the upper surface covered

with minute glandular papillae and the apical margins adorned with a crest of

thread-like clavellate processes. Column yellow-green, banded with reddish

brown near the base, semiterete, slender-clavate, with a pair of pendent auricles

near the apex, about 2.5 cm. long, produced at the base into a slender column-foot

that forms a right angle with the column.

We have seen no specimens of this species from Guatemala. It

is included here on the basis of Schlechter's report of its occurrence

in Guatemala.

61. STANHOPEA Frost ex Hook.

Epiphytic, terrestrial or rock-inhabiting plants with rather small unifoliate

pseudobulbs and a lateral pendent inflorescence. Leaf usually large, plicate,

contracted into a slender sulcate petiole. Inflorescence from the base of the

pseudobulb, one-flowered or a several-flowered loose raceme; bracts of the peduncle

and inflorescence usually large and chartaceous. Flowers large, showy, fleshy,

often very fragrant, with long pedicellate ovaries. Sepals free or with the lateral

ones slightly united at the base, spreading-reflexed, subequal, the lateral ones

broadest. Petals similar to the sepals but smaller and narrower, usually undulate.

Lip affixed to or sometimes shortly connate with the base of the column, fleshy-

thickened; lateral lobes with erect margins and mostly thickened to form a hypo-

chile that is variously shaped; hypochile commonly globose or calciform; mid-lobe

(when present) entire or variously divided, usually forming a simple or bicornute

mesochile and an epi chile that is articulate with the mesochile; epichile entire

or 3-lobulate at the apex and variously shaped. Column long, erect, more or less

. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 529

arcuate, essentially wingless to broadly winged above, apparently without a foot;

anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; pollinia 2, waxy. Capsule large, ellip-

soidal.

This is a genus of about twenty-five species, which are scattered

throughout tropical America. Most of the proposed species have

been described from cultivated plants, often without accurate knowl-

edge as to their source of origin. The species of Stanhopea are

widely cultivated. The bizarre and exotic flowers, which often

remain for only a day or two in perfect condition, are highly

variable in coloration, a characteristic that has resulted in multi-

plication of invalid species based solely on flower-color. A con-

servative estimate would place the number of species proposed for

this genus around five hundred.

1. Lip without horns S. ecornuta.

1. Lip with a pair of lateral horns arising near the middle.

2. Horns of the lip free for less than 1 cm S. Lewisae.

2. Horns of the lip free for more than 1.5 cm.

3. Epichile tridentate or 3-lobulate at the apex.

4. Hypochile globose, about 3 cm. wide; horns subterete, with a fleshy

tubercle at the base; lobules of the epichile subequal. . . .S. devoniensis.

4. Hypochile deeply saccate, about 1.5 cm. wide; horns flat, without a

tubercle at the base; lateral lobules of the epichile much longer than

the middle one S. saccata.

3. Epichile simple, obtuse or acute at the apex.

5. Hypochile with a pair of short horns under the column . S. quadricornis.

5. Hypochile hornless, at most with the lateral margins angular or toothed.

6. Hypochile cymbiform-concave, with entire margins, the concave

portion about 1.5 cm. long S. oculata.

6. Hypochile shortly saccate, angled or toothed on each side near the

base, the saccate portion about 5 mm. long S. Wardii.

Stanhopea devoniensis Lindl. Sert. Orch. t. 1. 1838.

Epiphytic on trees and on rocks in forests, up to 1,900 meters

alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

Pseudobulb ovoid-conical, oblique, monophyllous, 6 cm. long, 3 cm. wide,

subtended by scarious-fibrous sheaths. Leaf oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acu-

minate, with a slender-sulcate petiole that is about 10 cm. long; lamina 20-30

cm. long, 5-6.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, from the base of the pseudobulb;

peduncle rather stout, invested with membranaceous lepidote sheathing bracts.

Flowers two or three, large and fragrant, with lepidote pedicellate ovaries that

are about 7.5 cm. long. Sepals and petals light yellow or yellowish orange spotted

with reddish brown blotches. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, obtuse to rounded at

the apex, 5.5-6.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. wide. Lateral sepals oblique, ovate-

oblong, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 5.5-6.5 cm. long, 3.2-3.8 cm. wide. Petals

oblong-lanceolate, acute, recurved, 4-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide. Lip complex,

white stained with purple, very fleshy; hypochile subrotund-globose, gibbous,

the inner surface studded with radiating granulated lines, about 2.5 cm. long,

530

FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

3 cm. wide and 2 cm. deep; mesochile with a pair of sharp incurved, somewhat

sulcate horns that are about 2.5 cm. long and meet at the base in a broad fleshy

tubercle that projects at the base of the epichile and closes up the entrance to

the cavity of the hypochile; epichile ovate, somewhat canaliculate, more or less

tridentate at the apex with the teeth rather blunt, about 2.5 cm. long and 1.5

cm. wide, when spread out ovate-subquadrate. Column very narrowly winged

or essentially wingless, white spotted with crimson, 4-5.5 cm. long.

Stanhopea devoniensis differs from S. Hernandezii (Kth.) Schltr.

(S. tigrina Batem.), a closely allied Mexican species, in the flowers,

which are only about half as large, and in the warty, not lamel-

FIG. 150. Stanhopea ecornuta. Top, column and lip, side view (XI); lower

left, column, dorsal view (X 1); lower right, lip, from above (X 1). Drawn by

G. W. Dillon.

lated, inner surface of the hypochile. The horns of S. devoniensis arise

from a broad fleshy tubercle, whereas those of S. Hernandezii

arise from two roughened calli. The epichile of S. devoniensis is

small and ovate with rather blunt apical teeth while that of S.

Hernandezii is large and rhombic-obovate with sharp apical teeth.

The column of S. devoniensis is only slightly winged above the

middle while that of S. Hernandezii is broadly winged about the

middle.

"Guatemala," fide Schlechter.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 531

Stanhopea ecornuta Lem. Fl. des Serres 2: t. 181. 1846.

Figure 150.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 1,200 meters alt. Uncom-

mon in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

Plant consisting of small monophyllous pseudobulbs and a pendent inflores-

cence. Pseudobulbs ovoid, sulcate, often forming dense masses, up to 6 cm. long

and 3 cm. in diameter, subtended by several scarious fibrous sheaths. Leaf

broadly elliptic to oblong-elliptic, acute to subacuminate, plicate and mem-

branaceous, tapering at the base into a slender sulcate petiole; lamina 35-40

cm. long, 8-18 cm. wide; petiole up to 12 cm. long. Inflorescence from the base

of the pseudobulb, 1-3-flowered, pendent; peduncle up to 12 cm. long, provided

with inflated lepidote bracts. Floral bracts large, inflated, deeply concave, mem-

branaceous, about 6 cm. long. Flowers large, fleshy, with pedicellate ovaries

that are 6-7 cm. long. Sepals and petals cream-white. Dorsal sepal oblong-

subquadrate, subtruncate and slightly thickened at the apex, convex, 4.5-5.5 cm.

long, 2.7-3 cm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, obtuse and

somewhat dorsally carinate at the apex, oblique, deeply concave below, 5-6.3 cm.

long, about 3.8 cm. wide below the middle. Petals obliquely and broadly elliptic,

obtuse, convex, usually spotted with purple at the base, 3.8-4 cm. long, 2.2-2.5

cm. wide. Lip simple, without horns, cymbiform-calceolate, compressed, obtuse,

thick and wax-like, yellow, deepening to orange-yellow at the base and on the

inside, with several tumor-like swellings on the interior base and at the apical

margin of the interior, 3.8-4.5 cm. long, about 3 cm. wide. Column rigid, cym-

biform-sulcate, yellow, about 2 cm. long.

"Guatemala," Lewis 140 (in part).

Stanhopea Lewisae Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harv.

Univ. 10, no. 4: 86, pi. 10. 1942 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Izabal,

Los Andes District, near Entre Rios, 15 feet alt., June 12, 1935,

Margaret Ward Lewis 140). Figure 151.

Epiphytic in lowland forests. Rare in Guatemala.

Plant composed of a small monophyllous pseudobulb and a pendent several-

flowered inflorescence, 3.5-7.5 dm. tall. Pseudobulb round to rhomboidal, 4-5

cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide at the base, partially concealed by fibrous scarious

sheaths. Leaf solitary, at the apex of the pseudobulb; petiole sulcate, 9-12 cm.

long, 7-8 mm. in diameter; lamina dark green, glossy, elliptic, subapiculate at

the apex, plicate toward the base with five prominent nerves that form dorsal

keels, 40-50 cm. long, 12-14 cm. wide. Inflorescence a 3- to 5-flowered raceme,

drooping from the base of the pseudobulb and covered with dry hard imbricating

bracts that vary from 1.5 to 4 cm. in length. Floral bracts suborbicular-elliptic

when spread out, apiculate, fibrous, whitish, deeply concave, with the margins in-

volute, 5-6.5 cm. long, up to 5.5 cm. wide when spread out. Flowers large, showy,

creamy white with purple or reddish flecks, with slightly triangular papillose

pedicellate ovaries that are 6.5-9 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, rounded

or subapiculate at the dorsally keeled apex, 5-5.7 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide. Lateral

sepals oblique, ovate-elliptic, broadly obtuse to apiculate at the dorsally keeled

532 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

apex, deeply concave, united at the base for a short distance and conforming

with the basal half of the lip, 5.5-6 cm. long, 3.3-3.7 cm. wide below the middle.

Petals slightly oblique, ovate-lanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate, 4-4.7 cm.

long, 1.6-1.9 cm. wide near the base. Lip fleshy and rigid with a glossy wax-like

appearance, 4-4.5 cm. long, complex in structure; basal half deep yellow with stria-

tions of purple flecks, subglobose-saccate, sulcate beneath along center, verrucose-

corrugated on the interior surface, the upper front portion very fleshy-thickened

and sulcate, 2.3-2.8 cm. wide, 1.5-2 cm. deep, provided on each side with a short

terete horn; horns incurved, conforming with and clasping the basal margins of

the upper half of the lip, the free part about 6 mm. long; upper half of the lip

flat, whitish, densely flecked with red, broadly rhombic-ovate, rounded-obtuse at

the apex, lightly and broadly sulcate, about 2 cm. long and 2-2.5 cm. wide.

Column flat, somewhat arcuate, lightly winged above, about 3.5 cm. long and

1.2 cm. wide above the middle.

Stanhopea Lewisae is without close allies. It is distinguished

from all other species of Stanhopea by the extremely short lateral

horns on the lip, which are terete and free for only about 6 mm.

The rigid apical portion of the lip is also characteristic of this

species. It is a great pleasure to associate with this species the

name of Margaret Ward Lewis, who has added much to our knowl-

edge of the orchids of Guatemala.

Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection.

Stanhopea oculata (Lodd.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL 158.

1832. Ceratochilus oculatus Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1764. 1832. S.

cymbiformis Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 2: 84, t. 124. 1865.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests or terrestrial in rocky soil,

up to 1,500 meters alt. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala and

Honduras.

Plant consisting of small ovoid monophyllous pseudobulbs and a pendent

inflorescence. Pseudobulbs obliquely ovoid, 3.5-6.5 cm. long. Leaf broadly

lanceolate to elliptic, acute to acuminate, 30-45 cm. long, 8-13.5 cm. wide, with

a slender sulcate petiole up to 12 cm. long. Inflorescence a 5-8-flowered raceme;

peduncle provided with clasping distichous inflated ovate-infundibuliform sheaths

that are 3-4 cm. long. Floral bracts broadly ovate-oblong, acute, involute, 4-7

cm. long. Flowers showy, variable in color, usually yellow with large reddish

purple spots, rarely almost white, fragrant of vanilla, with rather slender pedi-

cellate ovaries that are 7-10 cm. long. Dorsal sepal broadly elliptic to ovate-

elliptic, obtuse to subacute, concave below, 5.5-6.5 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide

near the base. Lateral sepals obliquely and broadly ovate, obtuse to acute,

concave, 5.5-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide below the middle. Petals oblong-lanceolate,

acute, with the margins undulate-crisped, 5-5.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide. Lip

up to 6.5 cm. long, very fleshy; hypochile cymbiform-concave, with a large reddish

purple blotch on each side, thickened and sulcate just in front of the concave

portion, 3-3.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide, 1.2-1.5 cm. deep; mesochile with a

pair of falcate porrect acute horns projecting over the epichile, the horns about

FIG. 151. Stanhopea Lewisae. 1, plant (X 1A)\ 2, lip and column, side view

(X 1); 3, lip, from above (X 1); 4, column, anterior surface (X 1). Drawn by

G. W. Dillon.

533

534 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

3 cm. long; epi chile ovate-elliptic to ovate-oval, acute, somewhat conduplicate,

2-3.2 cm. long, 1.5-3.2 cm. wide. Column arcuate, broadly winged above the

middle, 5-6 cm. long.

Stanhopea oculata is at once distinguishable from S. Wardii in

that the hypochile is transversely cleft below, resulting in a prom-

inent hump just below the mesochile. The lower portion of the

hypochile is also cymbiform, with the margins smooth, straight,

and not angular or toothed. The concave portion is about 1.5 cm.

long. In S. Wardii the hypochile is not deeply cleft below. The

lower portion of the hypochile is only shortly saccate with the mar-

gins more or less angular-toothed on each side just beneath the

column. The saccate portion is about 5 mm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 2431; Lewis 521; 522.—

Coastal region along Pacific slope of Guatemala, Lewis 227.

Stanhopea quadricornis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: t. 5. 1838.

No specimens of this species have been seen. The following

has been composed from the description and plate (Bot. Reg. 24:

t. 5. 1838).

Plant similar to the other species of Stanhopea, composed of short ovoid

monophyllous pseudobulbs and a pendent several-flowered inflorescence. Pseudo-

bulbs subtended by two brownish fibrous bracts. Leaves oblong-elliptic, acute,

with a short sulcate petiole. Peduncle clothed with imbricating sheaths. Flowers

large, showy, yellowish orange, spotted with crimson, lip with a large crimson

blotch at the base. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, obtuse and minutely retuse at

the apex. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate, obtuse. Petals elliptic-oblong, obtuse,

undulate. Lip fleshy; hypochile concave-saccate, with a pair of short horns

arising under the column and projecting forward over the saccate portion; meso-

chile with a long pair of lateral falcate horns arising near the constriction and

curved over the upper half of the lip; epi chile broadly ovate, obtuse. Column

arcuate, bidentate at the apex, with a pair of broad lateral wings above the middle,

nearly as long as the lip.

This species is distinguishable from all other species of Stanhopea

found in Guatemala by the short pair of crimson horns projecting

from the base of the lip just under the column.

"Guatemala," fide Schlechter.

Stanhopea saccata Batem. Orch. Mex. and Guat. t. 15. 1839

(type: Guatemala, Skinner). S. Marshii Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1:

120. 1855. S. radiosa Lem. Illustr. Hort. 6: Misc. 72, figs. 1, 2.

1859. Figure 152.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, up to 1,400 meters alt.

Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA

535

Plant consisting of small monophyllous pseudobulbs and a pendent inflores-

cence. Pseudobulbs ovoid to rhomboidal, sulcate, stout, 3-6.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm.

in diameter, enclosed by two evanescent scarious sheaths that are 6-9 cm. long.

Leaf erect, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, 2-4.5 dm. long in-

cluding the slender sulcate petiole, 4-7 cm. wide. Inflorescence from the base of

the pseudobulbs, 2-3-flowered; peduncle up to 25 cm. long including the flowers,

more or less concealed by large membranaceous sheaths that are 1.5-3 cm. long.

FIG. 152. Stanhopea saccata. Left, column and lip, side view (X 1); center,

column, dorsal view ( X 1); right, lip, from above ( X 1). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

Floral bracts oblong, somewhat inflated, concave, spotted, 3-5 cm. long. Flowers

large, fleshy, greenish white or cream-color, flecked finely with purple and brown,

fragrant of orange peels or cinnamon, with pedicellate ovaries that are 7 cm.

long, white, flecked with purple. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, bluntly obtuse at

the apex, broadest below the middle, 5-5.5 cm. long, 1.3-2.5 cm. wide. Lateral

sepals obliquely ovate-subquadrate, triangular-ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse,

5-6.5 cm. long, 2.3-4.3 cm. wide. Petals oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,

obtuse to acute, the margins undulate-crisped, 4.3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide.

Lip fleshy and wax-like, with a deeply saccate orange base terminating in two long

narrow horns and a somewhat conduplicate 3-lobulate lamina, about 4 cm. long,

the sac (hypochile) about 1 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide and 1.5 cm. deep; horns arising

on each side of the mesochile above the pouch, linear-lanceolate, acute, flat,

falcate, bent slightly inwards, 2.3-3 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide; lamina (epichile)

ovate-subquadrate, conduplicate, 3-lobulate at the apex, about 2.2 cm. long and

2 cm. wide across the base, the middle acute-apiculate lobule shorter than the

projecting obtuse lateral lobes. Column slender, arcuate below the middle, with

a pair of narrow revolute wings near the apex, 4-4.5 cm. long. Capsule large,

ellipsoid, 4-5 cm. long, about 2 cm. in diameter.

Schlechter referred S. Marshii to Guatemala. However, an

examination of a drawing of a specimen of S. Marshii in the Reich-

enbach Herbarium shows that it is apparently referable to S. saccata.

The type material is extremely poor.

Guatemala: El Fiscal, Deam 6197.— "Guatemala," Bates 16;

Lewis 67 (in part). — Near Chicacao, Lewis 122 (in part).

536 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Stanhopea Wardii Lodd. ex Lindl. Sert. Orch. t. 20. 1838.

Figures 153, 154.

Epiphytic on trees and on rocks in humid forests, up to 2,700

meters alt. Widespread but not common in Mexico, Guatemala,

Costa Rica and Panama.

Plant consisting of a monophyllous short pseudobulb and pendent inflores-

cence. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conical or rhomboidal, sulcate, somewhat compressed,

5-7 cm. long, up to 4 cm. thick, subtended by scarious-fibrous sheaths. Leaf

broadly obovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, abruptly acute, 2-5 dm. long, 8.5-

17 cm. wide, with a slender sulcate petiole that is up to 15 cm. long. Inflorescence

a pendent 3-9-flowered raceme; peduncle from the base of the pseudobulb, pro-

vided with scarious inflated infundibuliform lepidote sheaths that are 2-6 cm.

long. Floral bracts broadly oblong, acute to acuminate, lepidote, scarious, 4-7

cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. Flowers fragrant, large, creamy white or greenish

white, marked with reddish purple dots, with lepidote pedicellate ovaries that

are 6-10 cm. long. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate-elliptic, rounded and slightly

apiculate at the apex, 4.8-6.3 cm. long, 2.6-3.5 cm. wide. Lateral sepals oblique,

broadly ovate-oblong to subrotund-oblong, obtuse to rarely acute, concave, con-

joined at the base for about 1 cm., 5-6.5 cm. long, 3.3-4.5 cm. wide. Petals

elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, recurved, with the margins undulate-

crisped, 4.5-5.5 cm. long, 1.3-2.3 cm. wide. Lip complex; hypochile short, orange-

yellow or maroon, usually with two brownish purple blotches on each side near

the base, shortly saccate, angled or toothed on each side near the base, thickened

and sulcate above, 2-2.3 cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. wide, 1-1.5 cm. deep; mesochile

with a pair of arcuate porrect fleshy sharply acuminate horns that are 3-3.5 cm.

long; epichile loosely attached at the base, subrotund-ovate, abruptly acute and

reflexed at the apex, broadly sulcate through the center, with the lower margins

somewhat revolute, 2-3.3 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide. Column arcuate, broadly

winged above, 4-5 cm. long. Capsule ellipsoidal, about 6 cm. long.

Quezaltenango: Vaght 292. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, be-

tween Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alejandria,

Steyermark 29710.— "Guatemala," Porter; Lewis 528; 228.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Stanhopea graveolens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 59. 1840.

R. E. Arnold reported this South American plant from Guate-

mala (Orch. Rev. 36: 142. 1928). It is quite possible that S. graveo-

lens and S. oculata are conspecific ; hence the basis for this report.

62. GONGORA Ruiz & Pav.

Epiphytic plants with short fleshy bifoliate pseudobulbous stems and a lateral

inflorescence. Leaves large, plicate- venose, contracted at the base. Inflorescence

from the base of the pseudobulb, a long simple laxly flexuose raceme, reflexed.

STANHOPEA

FIG. 153. Stanhopea Wardii. In background, flowering plant (X 1A)\ in-

florescence (about X 1). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

537

538

FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Flowers rather large, with long pedicellate ovaries. Floral bracts small, narrow.

Dorsal sepal erect-spreading, adnate from the base of the column to near its apex.

Lateral sepals broader, adnate to the foot of the column, spreading and reflexed,

strongly oblique. Petals adnate to the sides of the column, spreading free from

the column near the dorsal sepal, the free part erect to spreading. Lip contin-

uous with the foot of the column, spreading to ascending, narrow, fleshy; lateral

FIG. 154. Stanhopea Wardii. Top, column and lip, side view (XI); lower

left, column, dorsal view (X 1); lower right, lip, from above (X 1). Drawn by

G. W. Dillon.

lobes thick, erect, variously horned to aristate; mid-lobe variously saccate to

broadly compressed, bilobed or acute to long-acuminate at the apex. Column

erect to ascending, produced at the base into a foot, semiterete above, wingless

to broadly winged at the apex, and bicornute or naked at the apex; anther terminal,

operculate, incumbent, 1-celled to imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2, ovoid to nar-

rowly oblong. Capsule oblong to fusiform.

Gongora includes about twenty-five species, which are confined

to the American tropics and comprise a group of plants that pos-

sess extremely complicated and multicolored flowers. Some of the

more attractive species are widely cultivated. A number of species

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 539

have been described from horticultural specimens whose original

native habitat is unknown.

Lip prominently bilobed at the apex G. cassidea.

Lip long-acuminate at the apex G. maculata.

Gongora cassidea Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 22: 298. 1864 (type:

Guatemala, Schiller).

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 1,800 meters alt. Rare in

Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.

Pseudobulbs obliquely ovoid-conical, 4-angled, slightly compressed, bifoliate,

light green, 3-6 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, about 2.5 cm. thick, subtended by scarious

fibrous sheaths. Leaves from apex of pseudobulbs, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-

lanceolate, acuminate, prominently 3-nerved, tapering to the slender sulcate

petiole, plicate, 15-36 cm. long including the petiole, 2-6.5 cm. wide. Inflores-

cence lateral, from base of pseudobulb, pendent, a loosely few-flowered raceme

up to 30 cm. long; peduncle wiry, slender, flattened near the inflorescence, brown

or rufous green, provided near the base with tubular-conduplicate bracts that

are 1-1.5 cm. long; rachis more or less fractiflex. Floral bracts small, lanceolate,

acuminate, scarious, about 5 mm. long. Flowers 5-10, greenish brown or pinkish

brown, with slender wiry arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are 3-6 cm. long. Dorsal

sepal inserted on the back of the column near its base, suborbicular to broadly

elliptic, conspicuously cucullate, 2-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide when spread out.

Lateral sepals inserted on the sides of the column, broadly oblong to suborbicular-

elliptic, obtuse to subapiculate, oblique, antrorsely falcate, 2-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-

1.8 cm. wide. Petals adnate to and conforming with the column to about its

middle, antrorsely falcate and recurved, obliquely oblong-lanceolate and sigmoid,

aristate at the apex, 7.5-12 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide. Lip with a linear-quadrate

claw, subarticulate with the column-foot, complex, 2-2.5 cm. long, about 5 mm.

wide throughout, arcuate; claw about 4 mm. long and 3 mm. wide, with a small

rounded callus at the apex; lower portion of lip saccate, thickened and compressed

in front of the sac, with a pair of erect parallel lobules arising from the margins

of the saccate portion; lobules obliquely cuneate-obovate, obliquely subacute,

about 7 mm. long and 4-5 mm. wide; upper part of lip about 1.3 cm. long, broadly

gibbous at the base, narrowed and linear in the middle, slightly dilated and

bilobulate at the apex with an apicule in the sinus, the lobules linear-lanceolate

and obtuse. Column arcuate, produced into a short foot at the base, mottled

with purple, broadly winged on each side at the apex, with the subulate rostel-

lum projecting forward at a right angle to the column, up to 15 mm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Rio Coban, Johnson 611. — Chiquimula: Montana

Nonoja, 3-5 miles east of Camotan, Steyermark 31691. — San Marcos:

Finca El Porvenir along Rio Chopal, slopes of Volcan Tajumulco,

Steyermark 37487. — Solola: In ravine adjacent to pine woods bor-

dering Rio Bravo, in vicinity of Finca Moca, south-facing slopes of

Volcan Atitlan, Steyermark 48006. Virgin forested slopes (south-

facing) of Volcan Atitlan in Aposento woods, above Finca Moca,

Steyermark 48038.— Pastores, Sierra 1578. — Quezaltenango: Finca

540 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

San Jose" Buena Vista near Colomba, Lewis 194. — "Guatemala,"

Bates 1.

Gongora maculata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1616. 1833. G. quin-

quenervis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. 227. 1798. Figure 155.

Epiphytic in humid forests, up to 1,400 meters alt. Common

and widespread in Mexico through Central America to Panama.

Pseudobulbs ovoid-conical or cylindrical-conical, sulcate, bifoliate, 5-12 cm.

long, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, subtended by two or more acute scarious sheaths

that are 8-10 cm. long. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-obovate, acute to acuminate

or apiculate, with undulate margins, plicate and strongly nervose, 15-60 cm. long

including the short petiole, 4.5-15 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, pendent, a

laxly many-flowered raceme, up to 9 dm. long including the long slender peduncle;

peduncle terete below, angular above, reddish-tinged, provided with several small

scarious bracts. Floral bracts minute, green, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-6 mm.

long. Flowers variously colored, usually brownish red or red with yellow or

white markings, commonly maculate, often very fragrant, with long slender

spreading pedicellate ovaries that are 2-4 cm. long and often minutely papillose.

Dorsal sepal from near the apex of the column, broadly elliptic to elliptic-lance-

olate, recurved at the acute to acuminate apex, with revolute margins, 1.5-2.3

cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; lateral sepals strongly reflexed and oblique, broadly

ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, with revolute margins, 2-3 cm. long,

8-18 mm. wide below the middle. Petals adnate to the sides of the column;

free part spreading and recurved, semiterete or flat and thickened, incurved and

sigmoid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, up to 1.2 cm. long and 2.5 mm. wide. Lip

continuous with the column-foot, fleshy, projecting horizontally, 2-3 cm. long,

laterally compressed, divided into two subequal portions; lower half conduplicate,

saccate, provided with a dorsal tubercle or upcurved lobules on each side near

the base, the forward portion terminated on each side above and below by an acute

angle with the upper angles supplemented by a long porrect awn; upper half

laterally compressed, sulcate above, dorsally gibbous at the base, with a spur-

like apex. Column arcuate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long including the foot.

This species is extremely variable in the color of the flowers.

Alta Verapaz: Chama, Johnson 233. Rio Chiacte", near Finca

Volcan, Wilson 278. Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim. — Izabal: Shores of

Lago Izabal, opposite San Felipe, between San Felipe and mouth

of Rio Juan Vicente, Sleyermark 39696. (?)Between Dartmouth

and Morales towards Lago Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark

39044. Los Andes district, near Entre Rios, Lewis 136. — Pete"n:

La Libertad, Aguilar 372. — Eastern portions of Vera Paz and Chi-

quimula, Watson.

63. CORYANTHES Hook.

Epiphytic plants with short to elongated fleshy pseudobulbous bifoliate stems

and a laxly few-flowered inflorescence. Leaves large, plicate, prominently ner-

FIG. 155. Gongora maculata. Plant (about X M). Drawn by Dorothy O.

Allen.

541

542 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

vose. Inflorescence lateral, from the base of the pseudobulb, reflexed, a simple

raceme. Flowers large and showy. Sepals free, spreading, large, irregularly

undulate-flexuose, dorsal sepal much shorter than the lateral ones. Petals

smaller than the sepals, erect, twisted. Lip fleshy, long-unguiculate, spreading

and continuous from the base of the column; lateral lobes united to form a cup-

shaped hypochile; mid-lobe large, galeate. Column long, terete, the apex inflexed-

clavate to shortly 2-winged, footless, 2-winged to 2-horned at the base; anther

terminal, operculate, incumbent, 2-celled; pollinia 2, waxy.

The species of Coryanthes, of which there are about fifteen,

mainly in Central and South America, have extremely complex

flowers that are peculiarly adapted to pollination by insects.

Flowers yellowish green flecked with purple C. picturata.

Flowers yellowish brown C. speciosa.

Coryanthes picturata Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 22: 332, 415. 1864.

No specimen has been available and if there were it probably

would be found to be a variant of C. speciosa. The species is in-

cluded here on the basis of its occurrence in British Honduras, where

it was originally collected.

This species apparently differs from C. speciosa mainly in the color of its

flowers and in its very short and broad mesochile (according to the original draw-

ing seen of a flower). The flowers are said to be yellowish green flecked with

bright purple.

Coryanthes speciosa Hook, in Paxt. Mag. Bot. 2: 135. 1835.

Figure 156.

Epiphytic in dense tropical forests, up to 1,000 meters alt.

Rare in Guatemala, Honduras, the West Indies and northern South

America.

Pseudobulbs narrowly oblong, deeply multisulcate, bifoliate, 7-15 cm. long,

about 1.5 cm. thick. Leaves narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, acuminate,

conspicuously 3-5-nerved, 3.5-5.5 dm. long including the slender sulcate petiole,

2-6 cm. wide. Inflorescence robust, from the base of the pseudobulb, 3-5.5 dm.

long, 2-5-flowered; peduncle provided with several small distant brown tubular

sheaths that are 2-3 cm. long. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, con-

volute, 3-4 cm. long. Flowers large, complex, yellowish brown, with rather

stout scurfy pedicellate ovaries that are up to 10 cm. long. Sepals and petals

reflexed and spreading, inserted on the base of the column. Dorsal sepal subor-

bicular-flabellate to rhombic, apiculate, somewhat undulate, 2.5-3 cm. long,

2.5-3.5 cm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly falcate, ovate-oblong, acute to sub-

obtuse, the apex slightly thickened, longitudinally striate, 6-8 cm. long, 3-4 cm.

wide. Petals oblique, linear-oblong, undulate and somewhat twisted, 3-4 cm.

long, 5-8 mm. wide. Lip yellowish and yellow-brown, joined to the base of the

column by a narrow slightly compressed claw that is 1-1.2 cm. long and about

3 mm. wide; hypochile helmet-shaped or obliquely hemispherical, puberulent on

543

544 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

the outer surface, about 2 cm. deep, 2.5 cm. wide, 1.5 cm. thick; mesochile arising

from within the hypochile, broadly semicylindrical, dorsally pubescent, with the

margins strongly inrolled to form a tube, slightly sulcate on the back, about 3.5

cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide near the middle; epichile pendent from the mesochile,

galeate-hemispherical, deeply cleft in front with three projecting teeth at the

base of the cleft, with all the teeth provided with a small tubercle at the base,

the sac about 3 cm. deep and 3.5 cm. broad, the lateral teeth uncinate-in curved

and acute, the middle tooth (about 1.3 cm. long) linear and obtuse. Column

fleshy-thickened, nearly terete, with narrow lateral wings near the truncate and

abruptly recurved apex, greenish, 3-4 cm. long, provided with a pair of short

recurved glandular horns at the base.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 7680. — Izabal: Los Andes

District, Lewis 160.

64. XYLOBIUM Lindl.

Epiphytic, terrestrial or rock-inhabiting plants with short or elongated

pseudobulbous 1-3-leaved stems. Leaves large, plicate- venose, contracted into

a short or long petiole. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulbs, erect,

simple, a few- to many-flowered raceme. Floral bracts usually linear-attenuate.

Flowers medium-sized. Sepals nearly equal, erect and spreading; dorsal sepal

free; lateral sepals broader than the dorsal, oblique, adnate to the base of the

foot of the column to form a prominent men turn. Petals similar to the dorsal

sepal but smaller, somewhat oblique. Lip subarticulate with the foot of the col-

umn, sessile or contracted at the base and incumbent, then erect, subentire to

prominently 3-lobed; lateral lobes or sides erect, embracing the column; mid-lobe

short, broad, spreading; disk lamellate or callose. Column erect, semiterete,

sulcate or narrowly two- winged, produced at the base into a prominent foot;

anther terminal, operculate, incumbent, 1-celled; pollinia 4, ovoid. Capsule

ellipsoidal, erect.

This small genus of about fifteen species comprises a very dis-

tinctive group of plants, which are widespread in tropical America.

The species, for the most part, are quite distinct. However, there

are several that are very closely allied. The genus resembles Max-

illaria in some ways, but its plicate leaves and racemose inflores-

cence immediately distinguish it from that genus.

1. Pseudobulb terete, elongated, usually more than 15 cm. long; lip with all the

veins more or less papillose on both surfaces X. elongatum.

1. Pseudobulb commonly fusiform-thickened to subcylindrical, less than 10 cm.

long; lip not papillose all over.

2. Lip narrowly cuneate below the middle, suborbicular-obovate above.

X. brachypus.

2. Lip elliptic-oblong in outline, not conspicuously narrowed below the middle.

3. Lip distinctly 3-lobed at the apex; mid-lobe of lip provided with a fleshy

callus on the back; lateral sepals strongly keeled X. foveatum.

3. Lip obscurely 3-lobed at the apex; mid-lobe of lip more or less verrucose

or papillose but not provided with a dorsal callus; lateral sepals only

slightly keeled.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 545

4. Lip 6-7-lamellate; lamellae distant, extending from the base of the lip

and running into the densely verrucose mid-lobe; lateral lobes rounded.

X. sulfurinum.

4. Lip with 5 short lamellae about the middle of the disk; mid-lobe only

slightly papillose; lateral lobes obtuse and somewhat erose.

X. Tuerckheimii.

Xylobium brachypus (Reichb. f.) Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin,

Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 252. 1883. Maxillaria brachypus Reichb. f.

Bot. Zeit. 10: 734. 1852 (type: Guatemala, Warszewicz).

Apparently epiphytic. Guatemala, rare.

Pseudobulb pyriform, monophyllous. Leaf large, striate, oblong-obovate,

subacute, with a short stout petiole. Peduncle abbreviated, densely clothed

with distichous bracts, few-flowered, flexuose. Floral bracts ovate, acute, scarious,

concealing the pedicellate ovaries. Flowers congested. Sepals oblong-ligulate,

subacute; lateral sepals oblique. Petals elliptic, subacute, about equal to the

dorsal sepal. Lip narrowly cuneate, then dilated into a suborbicular-obovate

acute lamina with the margins repand-undulate, adorned with a pair of parallel

thickened lines on the slender basal portion.

Since no specimens of this species were seen, the above descrip-

tion was compiled from Reichenbach's original description, supple-

mented by an analytical sketch of the type of Maxillaria brachypus

in the Reichenbach Herbarium. Both Hemsley and Schlechter

gave only Nicaragua as the area of distribution of this species. How-

ever, since the original description cited Guatemala as the type

locality, it is included here.

Xylobium elongatum (Lindl.) Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin,

Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 252. 1883. Maxillaria elongata Lindl. in Paxt.

Fl. Gard. 3: 69, fig. 264. 1852-53. Figure 157.

Epiphytic, terrestrial or on rocks in humid forests, up to 1,750

meters alt. In Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama.

Stem erect, terete, elongated and pseudobulbous, finely sulcate, bifoliate,

1.7-2.6 dm. long, 7-12 mm. in diameter, subtended by several scarious imbricated

sheaths. Leaves linear-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or broadly elliptic, acute or

acuminate, often abruptly so, plicate, prominently nervose, 1.8-5 dm. long in-

cluding the thick petiole, 4-11 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, one or two, a

rather compact 5-15-flowered raceme, 12-30 cm. long including the peduncle;

peduncle provided with several brownish red sheaths that are 2-6 cm. long.

Floral bracts linear-attenuate, acuminate, 1-3 cm. long. Flowers white or cream-

colored, usually with brownish or purplish markings, with slender pedicellate

ovaries that are about 1.5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate, acute to

acuminate, somewhat dorsally keeled above the middle, with the margins re-

curved, 2-2.3 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide near the base. Lateral sepals falcate,

triangular-lanceolate, strongly keeled on the back especially above the middle,

546 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

slightly conduplicate at the acute apex, produced at the base to form an obtuse

mentum, 2.5-3 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide below the middle. Petals oblique,

narrowly lanceolate, conduplicate at the acuminate apex, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, 3-5

mm. wide near the base. Lip articulate with the foot of the column, shallowly

3-lobed, fleshy, elliptic in outline when spread out, 1.8-2 cm. long, 8-9 mm. wide

across the lateral lobes, slightly arcuate, all of the nerves more or less reddish

papillose on both inner and outer surfaces of the lip; lateral lobes erose at the

apex, rounded and upcurved; mid-lobe very fleshy, ovate-oblong, densely gland-

ular-papillose; disk with a small 3-5-carinate papillose callus about the center.

Column short, compressed, arcuate, 1-1.3 cm. long including the prominent

foot, about 3 mm. wide. Fruit ellipsoidal, green, about 2.5 cm. long.

This species is distinguished from the other species of Xylobium

found in Guatemala by its elongated, slender, pseudobulbous stem.

The lip is also more densely papillose than that of any other species

found in Guatemala.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Lewis 224. Finca Volcan, Wilson 319.

Xylobium foveatum (Lindl.) Nicholson, Gard. Diet. 4: 225.

1887; Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 469. 1902. Maxillariafoveata

Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. p. 2. 1839. Xylobium concavum (Lindl.)

Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 252. 1883. Maxil-

laria concava Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. p. 4. 1844 (type: Guatemala,

Hartweg}.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 1,300 meters alt. Uncommon

in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and throughout north-

ern South America.

Pseudobulbs oblong-conical, sulcate, 2-3-leaved, 2.5-9.5 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm.

wide, subtended by scarious-fibrous sheaths. Leaves broadly elliptic to oblance-

olate, often widest near the apex, more or less abruptly acute or acuminate,

21-45 cm. long, 6-7 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, erect-ascending, usually a

many-flowered raceme, 1-3.3 dm. long including the rather stout peduncle;

peduncle provided with several inflated-conduplicate scarious sheaths. Floral

bracts setaceous, up to 2.5 cm. long. Flowers white or yellowish, with slender

pedicellate ovaries. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, fleshy-thickened and obtuse or

apiculate at the apex, 1-1.4 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-

elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, falcate, acute to subacuminate, strongly dorsally

carinate especially at the apex, with the carina somewhat erose and excurrent,

about 1.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse and thick-

ened at the apex, oblique, about 1 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm. wide near the middle.

Lip fleshy, elliptic-oblong in outline when spread out, more or less 3-lobed at

the apex, concave at the base, canaliculate, often marked with reddish stripes,

1-1.1 cm. long, 6-7.5 mm. wide; lateral lobes upcurved, rounded-obtuse at the

apex; mid-lobe broader than long, about 4 mm. wide, broadly rounded, truncate

or lightly retuse, fleshy, sometimes concave, adorned on the back with a fleshy

callus; disk with a 3-5-carinate callus in the center, with the carinae often fused

together. Column about 1 cm. long.

FIG. 157. Xylobium elongatum. Plant (X 1A). Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts.

547

548 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection of

Maxillaria concava.

Xylobium sulfurinum (Lem.) Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl.

36, Abt. 2: 493. 1918. Maxillaria sulfurina Lem. Fl. des Serres 1:

330b. 1848 (type: Guatemala?).

Apparently an epiphyte. Extremely rare in Guatemala.

Pseudobulb fusiform-cylindrical, striate, 1-2-leaved, 5.5-6 cm. long, about

1.5 cm. in diameter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, subacuminate, plicate, nervose,

35 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence short, 2-flowered (in ours), 5 cm. long

including the abbreviated peduncle, subtended by several short imbricated bracts

which have hyaline margins. Floral bracts linear-attenuate, exceeding the pedi-

cellate ovaries. Flowers apparently yellow. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong, sub-

obtuse, 1.7 cm. long, 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals falcate, triangular-lanceolate,

subobtuse, dorsally keeled, with the margins revolute, 2 cm. long, 7 mm. wide,

produced at the base to form a prominent mentum which is about 7 mm. long.

Petals oblique, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 1.7 cm. long, 4 mm. wide.

Lip broadly oblong to oblong-obovate, obscurely 3-lobed above the middle,

canaliculate, 1.8 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread out;

lateral lobes small, rounded; mid-lobe broadly semiorbicular, obtuse to truncate

and sinuate at the apex, very fleshy- verru cose; disk 6-7-lamellate. Column

compressed, sulcate, semi cylindrical, 1.5 cm. long including the prominent foot,

4 mm. wide.

This species is apparently very rare and possibly endemic to

Guatemala. We have seen only the following specimen which we

believe to be referable to this species. The broad lip is adorned

with seven prominent lamellae which terminate in the verrucose

apical lobe. It is very closely allied to X. Tuerckheimii.

Chimaltenango: Chichabac, near Tecpam, 8,500 ft. altitude,

August, 1932, Hatch 501.

Xylobium Tuerckheimii Kranzl. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien

44: 325. 1930 (type: Guatemala, Im Walde an der Strasse von Tactic

in das Polochictal in 9,600 Fuss ii. M., July, 1878, Turckheim 163).

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, up to 3,000 meters alt.

Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

Pseudobulbs aggregated, slender, subcylindrical, monophyllous, 5-7 cm. long,

about 1.5 cm. in diameter, subtended by scarious-fibrous sheaths. Leaf 25-50

cm. long including the slender petiole, oblong to slightly oblanceolate, acute to

subacuminate, strongly 3-5-nerved, plicate, 5.5-10 cm. wide. Inflorescence

lateral, a several-flowered loose raceme, 15-27 cm. long including the slender

wiry peduncle; peduncle provided with several tubular sheaths that are 2-3 cm.

long. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Flowers

small, the sepals and petals yellow, lip white, with slender pedicellate ovaries

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 549

that are about as long as the floral bracts. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute

to acuminate, 9-15 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals falcate, triangular-

lanceolate, acute, up to 18 mm. long and 7.5 mm. wide below the middle, produced

at the base to form an obtuse mentum. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute to acu-

minate, somewhat falcate, up to 1.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Lip subrhombic

or broadly elliptic, subobtuse to somewhat truncate at the apex, 10-13 mm.

long, 7-8 mm. wide, obscurely 3-lobed above the middle, with the lateral margins

upcurved, the apical ovate portion more or less papillose, adorned with five short

parallel lamellae about the middle of the disk. Column thick, short, about 7

mm. long, with a foot about 4 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, about 2.5 cm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Rio Frio, Johnson 733.

65. LYCASTE Lindl.

Epiphytic, terrestrial or rock-inhabiting plants with short thickened pseudo-

bulbs. Leaves several, at the apex of young pseudobulbs, large, plicate-venose.

Inflorescences lateral, usually several from the base of the pseudobulb, erect or

spreading-ascending, one-flowered (in ours). Flowers mostly large and showy,

often fragrant. Sepals subequal, erect-spreading to more or less revolute; lateral

sepals oblique, broader than the dorsal sepal, conjoined at the base to form (with

the column-foot) a saccate mentum. Petals similar to the sepals but smaller and

thinner. Lip loosely attached to or articulate with the column-foot, sessile to

unguiculate, shorter than the sepals, 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, broad to nar-

rowly falcate; mid-lobe broad to narrowly elongate, spreading-decurved, entire

to variously ciliate or fringed, occasionally pubescent; disk usually more or less

pubescent, with a variously shaped and arranged transverse or callose appendage

about the middle. Column long, arcuate, semiterete, wingless to narrowly 2-

winged above, produced into a foot at the base; anther terminal, operculate,

incumbent, 1-celled; pollinia 4. Capsule oblong to fusiform, large, erect or some-

times pendent.

This genus consists of about twenty-five closely allied species,

which are found throughout Mexico, Central America, the West

Indies and South America. The species are easily cultivated and

are represented in horticulture by a number of color varieties. One,

L. virginalis, formerly known as L. Skinneri, has been adopted as

the national flower of Guatemala. Most of the species have been

placed in Maxillaria at one time or another, but their plicate leaves

immediately separate them from that genus.

1. Lip more than 3.5 cm. long.

2. Mid-lobe of lip small, oblong, densely covered with long soft hairs; callus

ovate-triangular L. lasioglossa.

2. Mid-lobe of lip large, suborbicular to oblong-triangular, without long hairs;

callus narrow.

3. Lip bright yellow, marked with reddish spots and stripes L. Deppei.

3. Lip grading in color from white to deep purple, commonly flecked or

veined with reddish violet L. virginalis.

1. Lip less than 3.5 cm. long.

550 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

4. Lip yellow or deep orange, variously marked with red, crimson or maroon,

distinctly saccate at the base.

5. Lip with a crimson blotch at the base; lateral lobes bluntly rounded;

callus small L. cruenta.

5. Lip without a crimson blotch at the base; lateral lobes elliptic, prominent;

callus large, covering the base of the mid-lobe L. cochleata.

4. Lip differently colored from those above, concave-tubular below the middle,

not saccate at the base.

6. Lip yellow, sparingly spotted with orange on the inner surface; callus a

large broad thin truncate flap-like plate L. aromatica.

6. Lip white or stained with rose-color, marked with deep rose-color; callus

small and thick.

7. Lip deeply 3-lobed; callus obovate; sepals narrow, elliptic-lanceolate,

spreading L. tricolor.

7. Lip shallowly 3-lobed; callus narrow, obtuse; sepals broad, oblong-

elliptic, reflexed to somewhat revolute above the middle . . . L. Candida.

Ly caste aromatica (Graham) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc.

p. 16. 1843. Maxillaria aromatica Graham ex Hook. Exot. Fl. 3:

t. 219. 1826.

Epiphytic or on rocks in humid forests, up to 1,200 meters alt.

Rare in Guatemala, rather common in Mexico, British Honduras

and Honduras.

Plant up to 6 dm. tall. Pseudobulb ovate, compressed, 7-10 cm. long, about

4.5 cm. wide, subtended by fibrous sheaths. Leaves several, from the apex of

a young pseudobulb, lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, up to 5.5 dm. long and 10

cm. wide. Inflorescences several, lateral, from base of pseudobulb, one-flowered;

peduncle slender, up to 15 cm. long, provided with several brown inflated sheaths.

Floral bracts usually shorter than the pedicellate ovaries. Flowers large, hand-

some and fragrant. Sepals yellow, elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acute,

spreading, slightly pubescent at the base on the inner surface, 3-4 cm. long,

1.2-1.8 cm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, conjoined at the base to form a blunt

mentum. Petals deep yellow, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, obtuse to acute, 2.8-3.5

cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide. Lip yellow, sparingly dotted with orange on the inner

surface, hinged to the column-foot, concave below, 3-lobed above, 2.8-3.2 cm.

long, 1.5-2 cm. wide when spread out; lateral lobes elliptic to nearly lanceolate,

obtuse, porrect, somewhat crenulate on the apical margin, the lower part up-

curved to form a tube; mid-lobe variously shaped, from narrowly cuneate-spat-

ulate to elliptic-suborbicular, recurved, mostly undulate-crenulate on the margins;

disk pubescent, thickened along the center and with a broadly cuneate truncate

flap-like callus extending over the base of the mid-lobe. Column deep yellow,

pubescent on the anterior surface, about 2.5 cm. long including the foot.

Lycaste aromatica is distinguished by its broad, thin, truncate,

flaplike callus, which extends as a concave plate over the lower

part of the mid-lobe of the lip. The mid-lobe is extremely variable

in shape. It was originally described as spatulate with a tapering

base. However, forms are known where the mid-lobe is elliptic and

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 551

without a tapering base. This species and L. cochleata are closely

allied.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8760. — Izabal: Cerro San

Gil, along Rio Frio, Steyermark 39916.

Lycaste Candida Lindl. ex Paxt. Fl. Gard. 2: 37, figs. 151-152.

1851-52.

Apparently epiphytic. Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama,

uncommon.

Pseudobulb ovoid-oblong, compressed, glazed, up to 7 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm.

wide, subtended by tough fibrous sheaths. Leaves several, from the apex of a

young pseudobulb, oblong-elliptic, rather abruptly acuminate, plicate, up to 30

cm. long. Inflorescence one or more, lateral, from base of pseudobulb, one-flowered;

peduncle usually short, up to 12 cm. long, provided with scarious tubular-involute

sheaths that are 1.5-2 cm. long. Floral bracts similar to the sheaths of the pe-

duncle. Flowers showy, with short pedicellate ovaries. Sepals greenish, rose-

spotted on the inner surface, oblong-elliptic, obtuse or apiculate, somewhat

pubescent at the base on the inner surface, strongly reflexed at the apex, 2.5-4

cm. long, 1.1-1.9 cm. wide; lateral sepals conjoined at the base to form a short

mentum. Petals white, rose-spotted on the inner surface, obovate-elliptic, rounded

to obtuse at the apex, the margins undulate-crisped, 2.2-3.2 cm. long, 1.2-1.9 cm.

wide. Lip pure white, lightly rose-spotted, hinged to the column-foot, shallowly

3-lobed above, concave below, 2.3-3.2 cm. long, 1.8-2 cm. wide across the lateral

lobes when spread out; lateral lobes bluntly rounded above, involute to form

a tube; mid-lobe suborbicular, reflexed, subtruncate to somewhat emarginate at

the apex, crisped-denticulate along the margins, about 1 cm. long and wide;

disk slightly pubescent, thickened along the center, with a narrow obtuse callus

projecting from between the lateral lobes. Column white, somewhat rose-spotted,

pubescent on the anterior surface, 1.5-2.5 cm. long including the foot.

The shallowly 3-lobed lip, which is white and rose-spotted, is

characteristic of this species.

"Guatemala," Lewis 131.

Lycaste cochleata Lindl. ex Paxt. Fl. Gard. 1: 126. 1850-51.

Apparently terrestrial. Guatemala, rare.

Pseudobulb ovate-elliptic, compressed, up to 7 cm. long, subtended by

scarious-fibrous sheaths. Leaves several, from the apex of a young pseudobulb,

plicate, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Inflorescences several, lateral, one-flowered,

from the base of the pseudobulb; peduncles slender, up to 12 cm. long, provided

with several involute-inflated scarious sheaths that are about 2 cm. long. Floral

bracts similar to the sheaths of the peduncle, about twice as long as the short

pedicellate ovary. Flowers small for the genus, showy. Sepals greenish yellow,

triangular-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to apiculate, somewhat pubescent on

the inner surface at the base, 2.4-3 cm. long, 1-1.4 cm. wide; lateral sepals con-

joined at the base to form a blunt mentum. Petals deep orange, elliptic, obtuse,

552 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

2.2-2.5 cm. long, 1.1-1.2 cm. wide. Lip hinged to the column-foot, 2.2-2.4 cm.

long, deep orange, sparingly striped with red on the inner surface below the middle,

saccate below and somewhat pubescent in the saccate portion, 3-lobed above;

lateral lobes elliptic, obtuse to subacute, incurved below, porrect and slightly

divaricate above; mid-lobe suborbicular, rounded to emarginate at the apex,

crisped-crenulate on the margins, 1.3-1.4 cm. long, 1.1-1.3 cm. wide; disk thick-

ened along the center, with a thick callus extending over the basal portion of

the mid-lobe; callus slightly sulcate, rounded at the apex. Column about 2 cm.

long including the prominent foot, whitish yellow, pubescent on the anterior face.

This species is apparently very rare. It is closely allied to L.

aromatica but differs from that species in its more deeply orange-

colored flowers and its narrower and thicker callus.

Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, trail between Santa Rosalia de

Marmol and Vegas, Steyermark 42960. — "Guatemala," Johnston

1237.

Lycaste cruenta Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 16. 1843. Max-

illaria cruenta Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: t. 13. 1842 (type: Guatemala,

Skinner).

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 2,200 meters alt. Uncommon

in Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador.

Plant up to 5 dm. tall. Pseudobulb large, ovoid-oblong, compressed, up to

10 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, subtended by several imbricate scarious-fibrous

sheaths. Leaves several, from the apex of a young pseudobulb, elliptic-lanceolate

to broadly elliptic, acute to acuminate, plicate, up to 4.5 dm. long and 15 cm.

wide. Inflorescences several, lateral, from base of pseudobulb; peduncles slender,

one-flowered, 7-17 cm. long, provided with several scarious somewhat inflated

sheaths that are about 2 cm. long. Floral bract conduplicate, broadly elliptic

when spread out, acute, about 2 cm. long. Flowers showy, with stout pedicellate

ovaries that are 2-2.5 cm. long. Sepals yellow-green, oblong-elliptic to ovate-

triangular, somewhat thickened at the acute apex, concave below, recurved

above, 3-5 cm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. wide, often pubescent at the base on the inner

surface. Petals bright yellow or orange-yellow, broadly elliptic, obtuse or some-

times retuse, 3-4 cm. long, 2-2.3 cm. wide. Lip hinged to the column-foot,

yellow, flecked with maroon and with a crimson blotch at the base, saccate, 3-

lobed, about 2.5 cm. long, usually provided with long whitish hairs in the saccate

portion; lateral lobes broadly rounded, erect; mid-lobe suborbicular to broadly

ovate, sometimes notched at the apex, decurved, with the margins crisped,

somewhat pubescent on the upper surface, 8-13 mm. long, 7-12 mm. wide; disk

corrugated at the base, provided with a small central cuneate-subquadrate trun-

cate callus. Column stout, arcuate, pubescent on the anterior face, about 2 cm.

long including the short foot.

The short saccate lip, with the disk corrugated and deep crimson

at the base, distinguishes this species. The mid-lobe is usually

much smaller in proportion to the lateral lobes. This is the com-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 553

monest species found in Guatemala, where it is commonly called

"ipo."

Guatemala: In market, Guatemala City, Standley 58545. — Hue-

huetenango: Paso del Boqueron, along Rio Trapichillo, below La

Libertad, Steyermark 51202. — Jalapa: Mountains about Chahuite,

northwest of Jalapa, Standley 77493. — Sacatepe"quez: Wooded que-

brada just above Barranca Hondo, Standley 88932. Volcan Fuego,

Smith 2636. — Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 3501. — Suchi-

tepequez: Southwestern slopes of Volcan Zunil, in vicinity of Finca

Montecristo, southeast of Santa Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 35257.

— Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, between Santa Rosalia de Marmol

and San Lorenzo, Steyermark 43156. — At base of Volcan de Agua

not far from Palin, Porter 22. — "Guatemala," Bates 14.

Lycaste Deppei (Lodd.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 15. 1843.

Maxillaria Deppei Lodd. Bot. Cab. 17: 1. 1612. 1830.

On trees or rocks in humid forests, up to 1,200 meters alt.

Rather common in Mexico; rare in Guatemala.

Plant up to 6 dm. tall. Pseudobulb ovoid, compressed, 6-10 cm. long, about

5 cm. wide, subtended by scarious sheaths. Leaves several, from the apex of a

young pseudobulb, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, 2-5 dm. long, 8-10 cm.

wide. Inflorescence lateral, from the base of the pseudobulb, one-flowered;

peduncle erect, 12-15 cm. long, provided with inflated red-brown scarious sheaths

that are 1.5-4.5 cm. long. Floral bract involute, broadly elliptic, acuminate,

concealing the pedicellate ovary, up to 4.5 cm. long. Flower showy, with a stout

pedicellate ovary that is about 2 cm. long. Sepals pale green flecked with red,

elliptic to ovate-elliptic, obtuse to subacute, concave below, spreading above,

5-6 cm. long, 2-2.4 cm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, conjoined at the base to form

an obtuse mentum. Petals white flecked with red toward the base, obovate-

elliptic, obtuse, concave, recurved above, 4-4.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide. Lip

hinged to the column-foot, bright yellow marked with red spots and with red

lateral striations on the basal portion, 3-lobed, arcuate, prominently nervose and

granular-ciliate, 3.5-4 cm. long; lateral lobes bluntly rounded at the apex, in-

volute to form a cymbiform tube that envelops the column; mid-lobe ovate-

oblong to oblong-triangular, obtuse, conduplicate and strongly decurved, with

the undulate margins slightly crenate, up to 2 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide when

spread out; disk thickened along the center, with a free short callus extending

over the base of the mid-lobe, the callus rounded and somewhat sulcate. Column

white minutely flecked with red, arcuate, produced below into a short foot,

about 2.5 cm. long including the foot.

The long, strongly decurved mid-lobe of the lip is characteristic

of this species.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, sent to Don Jorge Figeroa, definite data

lacking, Lewis 220.

554 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Lycaste lasioglossa Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. 215. 1872 (type:

Guatemala).

Probably terrestrial. Apparently endemic to Guatemala.

Plant up to 6 dm. tall. Pseudobulb ovoid, compressed, 5-10 cm. long, about

4 cm. broad, bifoliate. Leaves several, from the apex of a young pseudobulb,

elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, strongly nervose, plicate, with a short

sulcate petiole, up to 5.5 dm. long and 12 cm. wide. Inflorescence a solitary

flower borne on a slender lateral peduncle; peduncle from base of pseudobulb,

up to 25 cm. long, provided with several inflated scarious conduplicate sheaths

that are up to 3 cm. long. Floral bract broadly ovate, acuminate, about 2 cm.

long and 1.3 cm. wide. Flower showy, with a pedicellate ovary that is about

2.5 cm. long. Sepals reddish brown, elliptic-lanceolate, acute to apiculate, with

a tomentum at the base within, 5-7 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide; lateral sepals

slightly oblique, conjoined at the base to form a sharp mentum. Petals yellow,

elliptic, rounded and usually mucronate at the apex, arcuate over the column

and recurved at the apex, 3.5-4 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide. Lip hinged to the

column-foot, 3-lobed, when expanded obovate in outline, yellow with purple

flecks and striations, 3.5-4 cm. long, tubular below, about 2 cm. wide across the

lateral lobes when spread out; lateral lobes narrowly semiobcordate, nearly trun-

cate and somewhat emarginate at the apex; mid-lobe oblong, obtuse, about

1 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, decurved, the entire upper surface densely covered

with long soft hairs; disk with an ovate-triangular callus directed forward, mi-

nutely notched at the tip. Column arcuate, densely pubescent above the middle

on the anterior face, produced at the base into a prominent foot, 2.5-3 cm. long

including the foot.

This species is apparently very rare. We have seen no specimens

that have been prepared in the field. It is distinguished from all

other Lycastes found in Guatemala by its densely pubescent mid-

lobe of the lip.

"Purchased in Guatemala City; said to have come from Baja

Verapaz; plant received with roots established in earth; probably

terrestrial," Lewis 213.

Lycaste tricolor (Kl.) Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 603.

1861. Maxillaria tricolor Kl. Allgem. Gartenz. 20: 186. 1852.

Figure 158.

Epiphytic, up to 2,700 meters alt. Guatemala, Costa Rica and

Panama, rare.

Plant up to 4 dm. tall. Pseudobulb ovoid, up to 8 cm. long and 3.5 cm.

wide, subtended by scarious-fibrous sheaths. Leaves several, at the apex of a

young pseudobulb, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, 20-35 cm. long, up to

7 cm. wide. Inflorescences several, lateral, from the base of the pseudobulb,

one-flowered; peduncles slender, up to 9 cm. long, nearly concealed by long im-

bricate sheaths. Floral bracts involute, long-acuminate, nearly exceeding the

flower. Flower showy. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, green-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA

555

ish tinged with rose-pink, spreading but not revolute, 3.2-4 cm. long, 7-12 mm.

wide; lateral sepals somewhat oblique, conjoined at the base to form a short

mentum. Petals elliptic to oblanceolate, obtuse, whitish or pink, often variously

striped or spotted with rose-color, about 3.3 cm. long, 8-13 mm. wide. Lip

hinged to the column-foot, usually stained and marked with a deep rose-color,

deeply 3-lobed, obovate in outline, 2.5-3 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide across

the lateral lobes when spread out; lateral lobes rounded at the apex, involute to

form a tube; mid-lobe suborbicular-obovate, somewhat toothed on the margins,

FIG. 158. Lycaste tricolor. Plant (about X 1A). Drawn by Dorothy 0.

Allen.

556 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

about 1 cm. long; disk thickened along the center, with a small concave-ascending

callus between the lateral lobes; callus obovate, usually notched at the apex.

Column about 2 cm. long including the short foot, somewhat pubescent on the

anterior surface.

The narrow sepals, long floral bracts and small concave, ascending

callus are characteristic of this species.

"Guatemala" (fide Schlechter).

Lycaste virginalis (Scheidw.) Lind. Lindenia 4: 22, in text.

1888. Maxillaria virginalis Scheidw. Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 9:

25. 1842. Maxillaria Skinneri Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc.

p. 10. 1842 (type: Guatemala, Skinner), non M. Skinneri Batem.

ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 48. 1840. Lycaste Skinneri (Batem.

ex Lindl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 15. 1843, based on Max-

illaria Skinneri Batem. (1842). Lycaste Jamesiana Hort. ex The

Garden. Frontispiece, No. 1, this volume.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, up to 1,800 meters alt.

Rather common in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.

Plant up to 10 dm. or more tall. Pseudobulb large, ovoid, somewhat com-

pressed, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, 2-3.5 cm. thick. Leaves several, from the

apex of a young pseudobulb, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, up to 7.5

dm. long and 15 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, from the base of the pseudo-

bulb, one-flowered; peduncle up to 30 cm. long, often nearly concealed by large

inflated sheaths that are 3-6 cm. long. Floral bract large, involute, acuminate,

up to 5 cm. long, concealing the pedicellate ovary. Flower large and showy,

with a pedicellate ovary that is 1.5-2 cm. long. Sepals white to pale violet-pink,

ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, obtuse to subacute, sometimes mucronate, some-

what keeled on the back, 5.5-8 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide; lateral sepals conjoined

at the base to form a short blunt mentum. Petals reddish violet, fading toward

the apex, broadly elliptic, reflexed at the apiculate apex, 4.5-7.5 cm. long, 2.5-4

cm. wide. Lip hinged to the column-foot, flecked or veined with reddish violet,

sometimes appearing as a solid color on the lower side, 3-lobed, 4.5-5 cm. long;

lateral lobes pubescent, nearly truncate at the apex, erect to form a cymbiform

tube; mid-lobe suborbicular, obtuse, about 2 cm. long, strongly decurved; disk

thickened and somewhat pilose along the center, with a short fleshy tongue-like

callus projecting from between the lateral lobes. Column white, spotted with

crimson at the base, arcuate, pubescent on the anterior surface, 3-3.5 cm. long.

Lycaste virginalis, the national flower of Guatemala, is commonly

known as "Monja Blanca." In 1939, it appeared on a two-centavo

stamp issued by Guatemala. It is represented by a large number

of horticultural varieties, which are based upon color differences.

These forms vary from pure white (var. alba Hort.) to deep purple.

Alta Verapaz: Rio Tzimajil, near Coban, bought from a peddler,

Standley 90270. Coban, Turckheim 226; II 894. Near Coban, Stand-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 557

ley 69293. — Chiquimula; Montana Nonoja, 3-5 miles east of Camo-

tan, Steyermark 31703.

X Lycaste Smeeana Reichb. f. ex Warner & Williams, Orchid

Album 11 : t. 516. 1897.

This is a putative natural hybrid between L. virginalis (L.

Skinneri) and L. Deppei.

The color of the flower is said to be white except the lip, which is bordered

with light purple and spotted over its entire surface. The callus is said to be

short, with an obscure central keel.

We have seen no material of this putative hybrid, although it is

attributed to Guatemala.

66. ZYGOPETALUM Hook.

Epiphytic plants with short thick leafy pseudobulbs. Leaves two or more,

from apex of pseudobulb, distichous, membranaceous to rigid, elevated-venose

to subplicate, elongate. Inflorescence one or more, lateral, from base of pseudo-

bulb, one- to several-flowered. Flowers large or small, usually showy. Sepals

subequal, spreading, free to shortly connate at the base; lateral sepals inserted

on column-foot. Petals similar to sepals. Lip hinged to column-foot, sessile,

spreading, 3-lobed; lateral lobes small and spreading or rather large and erect,

clasping the column; mid-lobe expanded, spreading, broadly ovate or subor-

bicular-obovate; disk transversely crested or prominently adorned with fleshy

entire or lobed processes. Column incurved, semiterete, wingless or shortly 2-

winged at the apex, produced into a short foot at the base; clinandrium oblique,

entire to membranaceous with the margins fimbriate; anther terminal or affixed

within the margin of the clinandrium, operculate, incumbent, 2-celled; pollinia 4.

Capsule ovoid to oblong.

This genus comprises about forty species, which are centered in

South America. The usually large transverse crest at the base of

the lip is the character that most easily distinguishes the species of

this genus from those of closely allied genera.

Zygopetalum grandiflorum (A. Rich.) Benth. & Hook, ex

Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 251. 1883. Galeottia

grandiflora A. Rich. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3: 25. 1845. Bateman-

nia grandiflora (A. Rich.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 323. 1856. Figure 159.

Epiphytic on trees in open woods, up to 1,070 meters alt. Mex-

ico, Guatemala, British Honduras and Costa Rica, rare.

Pseudobulb ovoid, narrow, 4-8 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. wide, subtended by

scarious sheaths. Leaves two, from the apex of the pseudobulb, oblanceolate-

elliptic to lanceolate, rather abruptly acuminate, subcoriaceous-plicate, up to 4 dm.

long and 7 cm. wide. Inflorescence one or more, lateral, from base of pseudo-

FIG. 159. Zygopetalum grandiflorum. Plant (X

Dillon.

). Drawn by G. W.

558

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 559

bulb, two- to several-flowered, up to 20 cm. long; peduncle short, stout, provided

with one or more large inflated sheaths. Floral bracts suborbicular-ovate to

ovate-lanceolate, acute, conduplicate-involute, 3-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide when

spread out. Flowers showy, with stout pedicellate ovaries that are about 5 cm.

long. Sepals yellowish green with five to seven broad reddish brown stripes,

lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate and recurved at the apex, 4.5-5 cm. long, 1.1-1.5

cm. wide near the base; lateral sepals united with the column-foot to form a prom-

inent mentum, undulate-contorted, gibbous near the base on the anterior margin,

dilated near the base on the posterior margin. Petals colored like the sepals,

decurrent on the column-foot, lanceolate, acuminate, long-attenuate and recurved

at the apex, falcate, 4-4.5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide below the middle. Lip

hinged to the column-foot, 3-lobed, white with coarse longitudinal streaks of red,

fibrillose-erose on the margins; lateral lobes small, obliquely ovate, porrect,

forming with the lower part of the lip a broad shallow cup which is about 8 mm.

long and 2 cm. wide, with the base of the cup adorned with a number of fin-like

keels that project as blunt teeth beyond the edge of the thickened plate; mid-lobe

broad, arcuate, rhombic-ovate, abruptly triangular-lanceolate and long-attenuate

at the strongly decurved apex, slightly recessed at the base, about 2.8 cm. long

and 2 cm. wide. Column white or pale yellow and finely streaked with red,

arcuate-cymbiform, with a pair of small subquadrate toothed wings on the an-

terior margins near the apex, and minute horn-like processes in the middle at

the apex, 2.5-3 cm. long including the prominent foot, about 1 cm. wide.

The thickened plate adorned with fin-like ridges found at the

base of the lip, along with the fibrillose margins of the lip, distin-

guishes this species from all others found in Guatemala.

Izabal: La Vigia, between Quirigua and Bananera, Lewis 185.

67. CHONDRORHYNCHA Lindl.

Epiphytic plants with short leafy non-pseudobulbous stems. Leaves oblong-

oblanceolate, plicate-venose, contracted into the petiole, articulate with the

leaf-sheaths. Inflorescence arising directly from the short rhizome, one-flowered.

Sepals stibequal in length, narrowly oblong-elliptic to lanceolate; dorsal sepal

with its base adnate to the column; lateral sepals oblique, divergent, adnate to

the short column-foot. Petals broader than the sepals, obovate-elliptic. Lip

articulate with the column-foot, sessile, broad, erect, concave, simple, with a

toothed callus at the base. Column semiterete, slightly dilated above, produced

into a short foot at the base; clinandrium oblique, entire; anther terminal, oper-

culate, incumbent, 1-celled; pollinia 4, waxy.

This small genus consists of several species, which are confined

to the tropics of Middle and South America.

Chondrorhyncha Lendyana Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. n. s. 26:

103. 1886. Figure 160.

Epiphytic on tree trunks in humid forests, up to 1,700 meters

alt. Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama, uncommon.

560 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Plant caespitose, leafy, 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves distichous; blades linear-

lanceolate to oblanceolate, abruptly acute to acuminate, tapering below the

middle, subcoriaceous, 8-30 cm. long, 1.2-4 cm. wide, articulate with the con-

duplicate leaf-sheaths; leaf-sheaths clasped by imbricated sheaths. Inflorescence

usually solitary, arising directly from the short stem from the axils of the leaves;

peduncle slender, 5.5-15 cm. long, provided with several short clasping sheaths,

subtended by large scarious conduplicate sheaths with hyaline margins. Floral

bracts produced in pairs, 8-12 mm. long; lower bract ovate-infundibuliform and

acute; upper bract lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers yellowish or white with a

yellow tinge, with sulcate arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-2 cm. long.

Sepals narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, acute to subobtuse, somewhat concave

and dorsally carinate, 2-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; lateral sepals conjoined with

the base of the column, retrorsely divergent. Petals elliptic-oblanceolate, rounded

to obtuse at the recurved apex, minutely undulate along the apical margins,

2-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Lip tubular with the lateral margins clasping

the column, retuse at the apex, undulate-crisped on the apical margins, subor-

bicular-obovate when spread out, 2-2.7 cm. long, 2-2.7 cm. wide when spread

out; disk with a flat triangular-subquadrate bidentate or several-toothed callus

at the base. Column arcuate, semiterete, lightly winged on the margins, truncate

at the apex, 1-1.3 cm. long.

The retrorsely divergent lateral sepals distinguish this species.

Alta Verapaz : Coban, Turckheim II 1830. Pansamala, Turckheim

1016. Rio Coban, Johnson 738. Origin probably near Coban (ob-

tained from garden of Don Mariano Pacheco), Lewis 190. Vicinity

of Coban (cultivated), Standley 92820. — Huehuetenango: Vicinity

of Maxbal, about 17 miles north of Barillas, Sierra de los Cuchuma-

tanes, Steyermark 48878. Cerro Huitz, between Mimanhuitz and

Yulhuitz, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48614.

68. MAXILLARIA Ruiz & Pavon

Epiphytic, terrestrial or rock-inhabiting plants with abbreviated or elongated

leafy or non-leafy rhizomes that produce few or many fleshy one- to several-leaved

pseudobulbous stems. Leaves coriaceous, thin or fleshy-thickened, with a prom-

inent central vein. Peduncles always produced in the axil of a rhizome- or leaf-

sheath, often produced near the base of the pseudobulbs so that they appear

lateral, solitary, fasciculate or glomerate, always one-flowered, bracteate. Flowers

small or rather large. Sepals subequal, free; lateral sepals adnate to the column-

foot to form a more or less prominent mentum, spreading or occasionally cam-

panulate. Petals similar to the sepals but smaller, usually coherent with the

dorsal sepal. Lip articulate with or more or less continuous with the column-foot,

erect so as to be parallel with the column, often with a short inflexed claw, some-

times concave to subsaccate at the base, simple to more or less 3-lobed, usually

smaller and shorter than the sepals; lateral lobes erect; mid-lobe variously shaped,

usually ovate-oblong to oblong-subquadrate, spreading-decurved; disk nearly

naked to variously adorned with calli, papillae, lamellae or tubercles. Column

erect, more or less arcuate, fleshy, semiterete, concave on the anterior face,

wingless, produced into a foot at the base; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent,

FIG. 160. Chondrorhyncha Lendyana. Plant (about X 1A). Drawn by

D. E. Tibbitts.

561

562 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

1-celled to imperfectly 2-celled, often pubescent; pollinia 4, waxy. Capsule ovoid

to ellipsoid.

This large, polymorphic genus comprises about 250 species, which

are rather difficult and variable. They are widely scattered in

tropical and subtropical regions of the western hemisphere.

1. Plants very small; leaves small, never more than 7 cm. long, usually 5 cm. or

less long.

2. Lip cuneate-obovate in outline, obscurely 3-lobed, 1 cm. or less long; leaves

usually elliptic, more than 7 mm. wide M. cobanensis.

2. Lip linear to linear-spatulate, entire, 1.3 cm. or more long; leaves linear,

less than 6 mm. wide M . uncata.

1. Plants usually large; leaves usually much longer than 7 cm. long.

3. Lip entire, never deeply 3-lobed.

4. Rhizome more or less leafy, concealed (in part) by cataphyll-sheaths;

pseudobulbs 1-4-leaved.

5. Pseudobulbs numerous, 2-4-leaved; peduncles exserted beyond the

cataphyll-sheaths, provided with several or many triangular compressed

imbricated hard bracts M. Friedrichsthalii.

5. Pseudobulbs few, often solitary at the summit of a short rhizome,

1-2-leaved; peduncles concealed by the cataphyll-sheaths, provided

with lanceolate scarious bracts.

6. Lip linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, 1.8-2 cm. long, 6 mm. or more

wide M. elatior.

6. Lip panduriform, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide. . .M. Nagelii.

4. Rhizome not leafy, concealed by non-leaf-bearing sheaths; pseudobulbs

always 1 -leaved.

7. Peduncles exserted beyond the rhizome-sheaths; mentum conical,

obtuse, 1.2 cm. long M. Mooreana.

7. Peduncles concealed by the rhizome-sheaths; mentum short, blunt,

much less than 1 cm. long.

8. Lip 1-1.3 cm. long M. variabilis.

8. Lip 1.5 cm. or more long.

9. Leaves less than 8 mm. wide M. tenuifolia.

9. Leaves more than 14 mm. wide M. curtipes.

3. Lip deeply or obscurely 3-lobed.

10. Rhizome more or less leafy, concealed (in part) by cataphyll-sheaths.

11. Lip deeply or shallowly 3-lobed below the middle or at the base.

12. Flowers small, in dense fascicles in the axils of cataphyll-sheaths;

lip about 4 mm. long M, densa.

12. Flowers medium-sized, produced singly in the axils of the cataphyll-

sheaths; lip 7 mm. or more long.

13. Plant caespitose or with an abbreviated rhizome; pseudobulbs

produced close together.

14. Pseudobulbs subtended by large coriaceous leaf-bearing sheaths;

flower scarcely exceeding the pseudobulb M. nasuta.

14. Pseudobulbs subtended by small chartaceous non-leaf-bearing

sheaths; flower much exceeding the pseudobulb. .M. meleagris.

13. Plant with an elongated rhizome; pseudobulbs distant . M. Nagelii.

11. Lip deeply or shallowly 3-lobed above the middle or at the apex.

15. Lip broadly cuneate-obovate to flabellate or suborbicular, promi-

nently 3-lobed at the apex; callus papillose; leaves usually less than

1.5 cm. wide.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 563

16. Lip 1.1-1.4 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. wide; pseudobulbs 2-3-leaved;

leaves 8-15 mm. wide M. camaridii.

16. Lip 7-8 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; pseudobulbs unifoliate; leaves

3-7 mm. wide M. pulchra.

15. Lip elliptic-subquadrate, cuneate-subquadrate, oblong-elliptic or

elliptic-lanceolate, slightly 3-lobed above the middle; callus not

papillose; leaves usually more than 1.5 cm. wide.

17. Plant caespitose; rhizome abbreviated; callus of lip evenly

thickened throughout, tomentose M. crassifolia.

17. Plant not caespitose; rhizome elongated; callus of lip unevenly

thickened, terminating in a fleshy semiorbicular hump, not

tomentose.

18. Petals oblariceolate to linear-elliptic, rounded and minutely

apiculate at the apex M. anceps.

18. Petals oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate.

M. alba.

10. Rhizome not leafy, concealed only by obtuse to acuminate sheaths.

19. Flowers small, produced in glomerules; lip less than 5 mm. long.

M. pur pur ea.

19. Flowers medium-sized, produced singly; lip more than 8 mm. long.

20. Lip 3-lobed below the middle; lateral lobes prominent, sharp,

falcate M. rufescens.

20. Lip 3-lobed above or about the middle or at the apex; lateral lobes

small, rounded to obtuse.

21. Plant rarely subcaespitose; rhizome elongated; peduncles con-

cealed by the rhizome-sheaths M. variabilis.

21. Plant caespitose; rhizome abbreviated; peduncles exserted beyond

the rhizome-sheaths.

22. Lip 3-lobed at the apex, 9-15 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; callus

linear M. ringens.

22. Lip 3-lobed about the middle, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7-10.5 mm. wide.

M. cucullata.

Maxillaria alba (Hook.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL 143. 1832.

Dendrobium album Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: t. 142. 1825.

Epiphytic on trees in dense tropical forests, occasionally terres-

trial, from sea level up to 1,200 meters alt. Rather widespread but

not common from Guatemala to Panama, the West Indies and

northern South America.

Plant composed of an elongated leafy rhizome that gives rise to distant

pseudobulbs and a few inflorescences. Rhizome stout, concealed by distichous

closely imbricated cataphyll-sheaths. Pseudobulbs obliquely ellipsoid to obovoid,

compressed, unifoliate, 4-6.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, subtended by several im-

bricated sheaths. Leaves solitary from the apex of pseudobulbs, linear-ligulate,

obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex, thick-membranaceous, 2-4.3 dm. long, 1.3-2.3

cm. wide. Cataphylls small, lanceolate, conduplicate. Peduncles one-flowered,

arising from the axils of the cataphyll-sheaths on the new growth that arises

from the base of the pseudobulbs, about 3.5 cm. long, slender, clothed by seta-

ceous scarious bracts. Floral bracts setaceous, scarious, about 1.5 cm. long.

Flowers white, somewhat campanulate, with slender strong pedicellate ovaries

that are 2-3 cm. long. Sepals white, leathery, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-ligulate,

564 FIELD IANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

acute to acuminate at the fleshy-thickened apex, with the margins somewhat

revolute, 2-2.7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; lateral sepals spreading-recurved, oblique,

adnate to the column-foot to form a short mentum. Petals oblong-elliptic to

elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at the thickened recurved apex, 1.6-1.9

cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. Lip articulate with the column-foot, erect-arcuate and

concave-cymbiform in natural position, oblong-elliptic when spread out, more or

less 3-lobed near the apex, somewhat cellular-papillose throughout, 1.1-1.4 cm.

long, 4.5-6 mm. wide when spread out; lateral lobes small, rounded-angular;

mid-lobe very fleshy, suborbicular-ovate, obtuse, with a fleshy keel beneath,

about 3.5 mm. long and wide; disk thickened along the center below, with the

thickened keel terminating in a semiorbicular callus just below the lateral lobes.

Column semicylindrical, arcuate, white with a yellowish base, up to 1.5 cm. long

including the foot. Capsule cylindrical-ellipsoidal, about 3 cm. long.

This species is closely allied to M. anceps.

"Guatemala" (fide Fawcett & Rendle).

Maxillaria anceps Ames & C. Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 84.

1930.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 1,190 meters alt. Guatemala

and Costa Rica, very rare.

Plant stout, simple or branched, 60 cm. or more tall, composed of an elongated

leafy rhizome that gives rise to numerous pseudobulbs and scattered axillary

inflorescences. Rhizomes stout, strongly compressed, about 8 mm. wide, entirely

concealed by cataphyll-sheaths; sheaths membranaceous-fibrous, distichous, com-

pressed, imbricated, truncate, smooth, brown, up to 7 cm. long. Pseudobulbs

numerous, strongly ancipitous in the dried specimen, complanate-obovoid, 2.5-5

cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, unifoliate, subtended by two or more large sheaths

that are like those of the rhizome. Leaves produced singly at the apex of the

pseudobulbs and along the rhizome (as cataphylls), linear-ligulate, obliquely

retuse at the rounded to obtuse apex, conduplicate at the base, chartaceous,

22-35 cm. long, 1.8-2.6 cm. wide. Peduncles produced in the axils of the bracts

of the new growth, slender, one-flowered, about 3 cm. long, nearly concealed by

several imbricated scarious bracts. Flowers greenish, slightly fragrant, medium-

sized, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 2.5 cm. long. Sepals oblong

to elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex with a minutely mucronate tip, concave

below, with more or less revolute margins, 1.7-1.9 cm. long, 6-6.5 mm. wide;

lateral sepals slightly oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form a blunt mentum.

Petals oblanceolate to linear-elliptic, rounded and minutely apiculate at the apex,

1.4-1.7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide above the middle. Lip parallel to the column

and gently recurved in natural position, with the sides of the lower portion erect,

when expanded elliptic-subquadrate to cuneate-subquadrate in outline, rounded

to subtruncate at the apex, slightly 3-lobed above the middle, 1.4-1.7 cm. long;

basal portion cuneate-obovate, up to 8.4 mm. wide; anterior portion orbicular-

subquadrate, somewhat sulcate, up to 7.4 mm. wide; disk with an indistinct

median thickening at the base terminating in a fleshy semiorbicular callus a little

below the middle. Column arcuate, clavate, about 1.2 cm. long, extended into

a short indistinct foot at the base.

FIG. 161. Maxillaria camaridii. Plant (about X K); right center, lip

(X IJi); lower left, lip and column, side view (X IJi). Drawn by Dorothy

O. Allen.

565

566 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

This species is very similar in habit to M . alba, but the perianth

segments, especially the lip, are quite dissimilar.

Alta Verapaz: Finca Moca, Johnson 49.

Maxillaria camaridii Reichb. f. Hamb. Gartenzeit. 19: 547.

1863. Camaridium ochroleucum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 844. 1824,

not Maxillaria ochroleuca Lodd. ex Lindl. Figures 161, 162.

Epiphytic on trees. Uncommon from Guatemala to Panama.

Plant ascending to spreading, composed of an elongated rhizome that gives

rise to distant pseudobulbs and a few inflorescences. Rhizome about 5 mm. wide,

much-branched, proliferous, concealed by closely appressed distichous imbricated

cataphyll-sheaths; sheaths conduplicate; cataphylls short, ovate-oblong. Pseudo-

bulbs scattered 6-10 cm. apart on the rhizome, ellipsoid-oblong, compressed,

2-3-leaved, smooth, 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, subtended by a pair of long

leaves. Leaves 2-3 from the apex and 2 from the sides of the pseudobulbs, linear,

obliquely retuse at the broadly rounded apex, 8-36 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide.

Peduncles one-flowered, from the axils of the cataphyll-sheaths of the new growth

that arises from the base of the uppermost pseudobulbs, up to 3 cm. long, con-

cealed by narrow scarious brown bracts. Floral bracts similar to those of the

peduncle, tubular-involute, inflated, 1.8-2 cm. long, exceeding and enveloping

the pedicellate ovary. Flowers white or cream-color with a yellowish lip, fragrant,

rather large. Sepals oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, subacute to acute,

concave below, 2.5-2.9 cm. long, 8-9.2 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly oblique,

adnate to the column-foot to form a short mentum. Petals oblong-oblanceolate,

obtuse to subacute, concave, oblique, about 2.5 cm. long, 5.5-6 mm. wide. Lip

subarticulate with the column-foot, yellow, transversely streaked with red, sub-

orbicular in outline when spread out, prominently 3-lobed above the middle,

1.1-1.4 cm. long and 1-1.3 cm. wide when spread out; lateral lobes rounded,

obtuse at the apex; mid-lobe suborbicular, rounded to obtuse at the apex, concave,

fleshy-cushioned in the center; disk crested in the center below the middle with

orange-colored papillae, the papillae passing into toothed lamellae at the apex

of the crest. Column semicylindrical, arcuate, clavate, about 1 cm. long including

the foot, cream-colored and spotted with red at the base. Capsule obliquely

ellipsoid, prominently winged on the sutures, 2-2.5 cm. long.

This species is distinctive among Guatemalan Maxillarias in

that it has a papillose callus or crest on the lip.

"Guatemala," Schmidt.

Maxillaria cobanensis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 195. 1912

(type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Coban, July, 1907,

H. von Turckheim II 1890).

Epiphytic on trees in dense humid forests, up to 1,350 meters

alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica.

Plant small, creeping, consisting of numerous congested pseudobulbs on a

short rhizome, up to 10 cm. tall. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid-cylindrical, slightly com-

FIG. 162. Maxillaria camaridii. Plant (XI). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

567

568 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

pressed, unifoliate, green, somewhat rugose, 1-3 cm. long, 4-5 mm. in diameter,

subtended by two or more large scarious-fibrous dark brown imbricated sheaths.

Leaf solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs, erect to erect-spreading, ovate-

oblong, elliptic, oval or oblanceolate, obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex, dark

green, coriaceous, abruptly contracted into a short sulcate petiole, 1-7 cm. long,

7-16 mm. wide. Inflorescence from the axil of bracts of the new growth near

the base of the pseudobulb, a solitary flower on a short stout peduncle; peduncle

about 1 cm. long, concealed by several scarious imbricated sheaths. Floral bracts

similar to those of the peduncle. Flower pale pink-buff, translucent, with the

prominent veins dark reddish brown, with short stout pedicellate ovaries that

are 1-1.5 cm. long. Sepals linear to slightly lanceolate, obtuse to acute or apic-

ulate at the apex, 1.1-1.4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; lateral sepals falcate, recurved

at the apex, adnate to the column-foot to form a short mentum. Petals oblance-

olate, rounded to subacute at the apex, oblique, 1.2-1.3 cm. long, 4-4.5 mm.

wide above the middle. Lip articulate with the column-foot, concave in natural

position, more or less 3-lobed, cuneate-obovate in outline when spread out, 9-10

mm. long, 5.5-7.5 mm. wide; lateral lobes rounded, upcurved in natural position;

mid-lobe subquadrate, usually broader than long, retuse; disk with a linear incon-

spicuous callus in the lower half, the callus often toothed. Column slender-

clavellate, arcuate, about 9 mm. long including the short foot. Capsule ovoid,

about 8 mm. long.

This species and M. uncata are the smallest Maxillarias found in

Guatemala.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Johnson 551. — Cerro Azul, Guatemala-

Honduras border, Lewis 114.

Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 16. 1854.

Heterotaxis crassifolia Lindl. Bot. Reg. 12: 1. 1028. 1826. Figure 163.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests or on rocks of cliffs, from

near sea level up to 1,500 meters alt. Widespread from Florida,

Mexico through Central America to Panama, the West Indies,

Venezuela, and Brazil; rather common.

Plant terminating in an inconspicuous oblong compressed unifoliate pseudo-

bulb that is supported by a short rhizome and concealed by distichously imbri-

cating cataphyll-sheaths; pseudobulbs 1.5-3 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide. Leaves

coriaceous, articulate with the leaf-sheaths; outermost leaves (cataphylls) short

and poorly developed; inner leaves (cataphylls) on each side of and on the pseudo-

bulb, linear to linear-oblong, obtuse to subacute and apiculate, conduplicate at

the base, 7-45 cm. long, 1.2-4 cm. wide. Inflorescence from the axil of a leaf,

1-flowered or rarely 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle short, usually about 1 cm. long,

rarely up to 3 cm. long, mostly nearly concealed by the leaf-sheaths, provided

FIG. 163. Maxillaria crassifolia. 1, plant (X V^', 2, flower, side view

(X 2H); 3, dorsal sepal (X 2^); 4, petal (X 2J^); 5, lip, front view, spread out

(X 2^); 6, lip and column, side view (X 2^£); 7, column, with upper part of

ovary, front- ventral view (X 2>£). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

569

570 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

with a scarious bract near the center. Floral bracts minute and triangular to

broadly lanceolate, acute, scarious, rarely up to 1.5 cm. long, clasping the pedi-

cellate ovary. Flowers usually solitary, yellow to orange, usually marked with

purple, campanulate, with a stout pedicellate ovary that is about as long as the

peduncle, the perianth parts fleshy-coriaceous and subparallel. Dorsal sepal

oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, subacute to acute, conspicuously concave at the

base, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide near the base. Lateral sepals arising

from a broad somewhat concave base, obliquely ovate-oblong to broadly lance-

olate, acute, usually dorsally keeled and somewhat concave at the apex, 1.5-1.8

cm. long, about 6 mm. wide near the base, forming with the short column-foot

an inconspicuous mentum. Petals linear-oblanceolate, subacute to acute, with

the margins entire or denticulate, occasionally curved, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, 3-3.5

mm. wide. Lip yellow or orange with reddish purple dots or tinged lavender,

obscurely 3-lobed above the middle, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or rarely narrowly

obovate, 1.3-1.5 cm. long, 6.5-8 mm. wide when spread out, with margins entire

or denticulate; lateral lobes involute; disk with a broad densely tomentose or

somewhat farinose callus along the central portion. Column arcuate, semiterete,

8-10 mm. long including the short foot. Capsule ellipsoid, 2.5-3.5 cm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Vicinity of caves, southwest of Lanquin, Steyer-

mark 44137. Cerro Chinaja, between Finca Yalpemech and Chinaja,

above source of Rio San Diego, Steyermark 45604. Chama, Johnston

906. — Izabal: Shores of Lago Izabal on side opposite San Felipe,

between Punta Dos Reales and Punta de Lechuga, Steyermark

39598.— Pet&i: La Libertad, Lundett 2999.— "Guatemala," Lewis

144.

Maxillaria cucullata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: t. 12. 1840. M.

rhombea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: sub t. 12. 1840. M. atrata Reichb. f.

Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 31, t. 6, figs. 1, 1-3. 1866. M. obscura Lindl.

& Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 31. 1866. M. praestans

Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. n. s. 23: 566. 1885 (type: Guatemala,

Lehman) .

Terrestrial, rock-inhabiting or epiphytic on trees in open or dense

humid forests, up to 3,300 meters alt. Mexico, British Honduras,

Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica; rather common.

Plant usually growing in large loose clumps, consisting of a short stout rhizome

that gives rise to numerous congested pseudobulbs and inflorescences. Pseudo-

bulbs ovoid, oblong, rhomboidal, somewhat compressed, dull green or shiny,

unifoliate, 2.5-9.5 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide and about 1 cm. thick, subtended by

several distichous equitant imbricated sheaths that are up to 10 cm. or more

long. Leaf solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs, linear to oblong-elliptic,

obliquely retuse at the obtuse to rounded apex, subcoriaceous to coriaceous,

conduplicate at the base, 11-40 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide. Inflorescences several,

from the axils of bracts subtending the pseudobulbs, a solitary flower supported

by an erect slender peduncle; peduncle occasionally fractiflex, 4.5-20 cm. long,

more or less concealed by tubular-involute acute bracts; bracts scarious-fibrous,

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 571

with hyaline margins, 2-3 cm. long. Floral bracts similar to the bracts of the

peduncle, usually exceeding the pedicellate ovaries. Flowers yellowish to almost

black, often variously striped and spotted, usually a deep maroon, with stout

pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-4 cm. long, the floral segments thick-membra-

naceous and rigid. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to acu-

minate, spreading, more or less dorsally keeled, conduplicate at the apex, reticulate-

veined, 2.3-4.5 cm. long, 4-11 mm. wide; lateral sepals reflexed, somewhat

oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form a short mentum. Petals broadly

elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, subacute to acuminate, often conduplicate at the

apex, overlapping and projecting to form a hood over the column, 1.5-2.9 cm.

long, 5-9 mm. wide. Lip articulate with the column-foot, erect-arcuate in natural

position, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7-10.5 mm. wide when spread out, more or less 3-lobed

about the middle, broadly elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate in outline when ex-

panded; lateral lobes short, semiobcordate to bluntly triangular, upcurved to

clasp the column; mid-lobe broadly oval or obovate to oblong-subquadrate,

subobtuse to acute at the conduplicate apex, more or less verrucose on the upper

surface; disk with a spatulate sulcate callus on the basal portion between the

lateral lobes. Column stout, 1.3-1.5 cm. long including the short foot. Capsule

ellipsoid, 3-4.5 cm. long.

This is an extremely variable species in the size of the flowers,

the width of the floral segments and the size of the plant.

Alta Verapaz: Near Coban, Turckheim II 2192; 2465; 4174.

Road from Chama to Coban, Johnson 554. Finca Volcan, Wilson

229. Tactic, Hunnewell 17118. — Amatitlan : Volcan de Pacaya, above

Las Calderas, Standley 58513. Pacaya, Johnston 1389. Calderas,

Johnston 1575. Guatemala market, Johnston 1822. — Chimaltenango :

Chichavac, Skutch 395. — El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, hills

north of Finca Piamonte, between Finca Piamonte and summit of

Volcan Santa Luisa, Steyermark 43535. — Quiche": Sacabaja, Heyde

& Lux 3510. — San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir, between

"Todos Santos Chiquitos" and "Loma de la Paloma," south-facing

slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37302. — Suchitepequez : Vol-

can Santa Clara, between Finca El Naranjo and upper slopes,

Steyermark 46647. — Zacapa: Summit of Sierra de las Minas, vicinity

of Finca Planados, Steyermark 29980. Sierra de las Minas, between

Loma El Picacho and Cerro de Monos, Steyermark 42828; 42774.

Sierra de las Minas, upper slopes, along Rio Repollal to summit of

mountain, Steyermark 42530. — Between Chichicastenango and Sta.

Tomas Quiche", Lewis 80. — "Guatemala," Skinner.

Maxillaria curtipes Hook. Ic. PL 4: t. 384. 1841. Maxillaria

Houtteana Reichb. f. Hamb. Gartenz. 14: 212. 1858.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 3,000 meters alt. Mexico,

Guatemala and Costa Rica; uncommon.

572 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Plant straggly, ascending or pendent, consisting of an elongated rhizome that

gives rise to scattered pseudobulbs and inflorescences. Rhizome stout, concealed

by closely appressed non-leaf-bearing sheaths; sheaths brownish, membranaceous,

tough, imbricated, broadly lanceolate, acute to acuminate. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid-

oblong, compressed, bright or pale green, 4-6.5 cm. long, up to 2 cm. wide, uni-

foliate, subtended by sheaths that are like those of the rhizome. Leaf solitary

at the apex of the pseudobulbs, linear, somewhat obliquely retuse at the obtuse

apex, coriaceous, 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence from the axil of

a bract near the base of the pseudobulb, a solitary flower supported by a short

peduncle; peduncle 2-4 cm. long, entirely concealed by closely imbricated sheaths.

Floral bracts two, small, scarious-translucent, triangular to triangular-lanceolate,

acute, up to 12 mm. long. Flowers fleshy, showy, usually deep red, with stout

arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are 2.5-5 cm. long. Sepals usually yellowish on

the outer surface and deep red within, with the margins orange-colored, oblong-

elliptic to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute to acuminate, spreading, 2-2.8

cm. long, 4.5-6 mm. wide, rarely wider; dorsal sepal often abruptly recurved

above the middle; lateral sepals somewhat oblique, reflexed, adnate to the column-

foot to form a short blunt mentum. Petals colored like the sepals, linear to linear-

oblong, subobtuse to subacuminate, slightly oblique, incurved, with the tips

connivent to form a hood over the column, about 2 cm. long and 5 mm. wide.

Lip hinged to the column-foot, arcuate in natural position, oblong to broadly

elliptic when spread out, subobtuse to rounded at the apex, usually deep yellow,

spotted and striped with red-brown, 1.7-2 cm. long, 8-11 mm. wide; disk pap-

illose-puberulent, with a thick broad tumid papillose callus on the basal portion.

Column semiterete, arcuate, yellowish, spotted with red-brown, about 1.5 cm.

long including the short foot.

This species is closely allied to M. tenuifolia and M. elatior. It

differs from M, tenuifolia chiefly in the longer, narrower pseudobulbs

and broader bright green leaves. It differs from M. elatior mainly

in the narrower leaves and lack of leaves subtending the pseudobulbs.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Lewis 68. — Guatemala: "Guatemala mar-

ket," Johnston 1394. Cultivated in garden of Don Mariano Pacheco

H., Guatemala City, Steyermark 39867. — Huehuetenango: Along

Aguacatan road east of Huehuetenango at km. 13-14, Standley 82016.

— Sacatepe"quez: Volcan Fuego, Smith 2639. — Zacapa: Sierra de las

Minas, between Santa Rosalia de Marmol and San Lorenzo, Steyer-

mark 43147.

Maxillaria densa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: t. 1804. 1835. Orni-

thidium densum (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 217. 1855. Figure 164.

Epiphytic on trees in damp woods at low elevations or in cloud

forests, or terrestrial in pine forests, up to 2,500 meters alt. Mexico,

British Honduras, Guatemala, and Honduras; rather common.

Plant loose, scandent, simple or branched, usually a thick elongated rhizome

having numerous defoliated pseudobulbs and a few terminal leafy pseudobulbs

and numerous flowers. Rhizome 5-10 mm. thick, concealed by distichous

OPwNITTHIDIUM

FIG. 164. Maxillaria densa (Ornithidium densum). Plant (X 1); 1, flower,

front view (X 4); 2, column and lip (separated), side view (X 6); 3, pollinia

(much enlarged). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

573

574 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

imbricated cataphyll-sheaths or bracts; bracts brown, fibrous-scarious, dorsally

keeled, obtuse. Pseudobulbs scattered or congested on the rhizome, unifoliate,

yellowish green, elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, compressed-ancipitous, 1.5-7 cm.

long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, subtended by the sheaths of the rhizome. Leaf solitary at

the apex of the pseudobulbs or produced as minute cataphylls along the rhizome,

linear or linear-oblong to rarely oblanceolate, obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex,

conduplicate at the base, olive-green, coriaceous, 4.5-40 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide.

Inflorescences composed of dense fascicles of one-flowered peduncles in the axils

of the cataphyll-sheaths of the new growths. Peduncles numerous, slender, more

or less fractiflex, 3-5 cm. long, nearly concealed by thin scarious-fibrous bracts;

bracts tubular-involute, dorsally keeled, obtuse to acute, 8-12 mm. long. Floral

bracts similar to those of the peduncle, exceeding and concealing the pedicellate

ovary. Flowers variable in color, greenish white and yellowish, white with a

purplish tinge to deep maroon or reddish brown, with rather stout pedicellate

ovaries that are 6-7 mm. long. Sepals linear-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute

to acuminate, more or less conduplicate at the fleshy keeled apex, concave, 6.5-9

mm. long, 2-2.7 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, adnate to the column-foot to

form an inconspicuous mentum. Petals elliptic-lanceolate to occasionally oblance-

olate-elliptic, acute to subacuminate, oblique, 5-7.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide.

Lip continuous with the column-foot, fleshy, 3-lobed, about 4 mm. long; lateral

lobes basal, auricle-like, rounded, less than 1 mm. long, upcurved to clasp the

column and to form with the callus a deeply concave base to the lip; mid-lobe

suborbicular to broadly ovate, rounded to obtuse at the apex, provided beneath

with an apiculate keel at the apex, 2.2-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide; disk with a

concave plate-like obtuse callus between the lateral lobes. Column short, stout,

claviform, forming a deep saddle with the prominent foot, 3-4 mm. long including

the foot. Capsule ovoid, 8-10 mm. long.

The coloration of the flowers is extremely variable in this species.

Flowers have been found with all degrees of coloration varying from

almost pure white to deep maroon or reddish brown. However,

morphologically, the flowers are all similar. This species is very

closely related to M. meleagris.

Alta Verapaz: La Isla, south of Santa Cruz, Standley 90230.

Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8584. Rio Coban, Johnson 736. Above

Tamahu, Standley 70921. — Amatitlan: Volcan Pacaya, Kellerman

6703. — Chimaltenango: Region of Los Positos, above Las Calderas,

Standley 80154. Chichavac, Skutch 376. Along road from Chimal-

tenango to San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 57932. San Martin,

Johnston 1378. — Guatemala: Slopes of Volcan de Pacaya, between

San Francisco Sales and the base of the active cone, Standley 80745.

Calderas, Johnston 1469. Near Calderas, Porter 4. About 16 miles

from Guatemala, on road to Mataquescuintla, Lewis 93; 25 (in

part). — Huehuetenango: Cerro Huitz, between Mimanhuitz and

Yulhuitz, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48594. — Izabal:

Virginia, Lewis 25 (in part). — Jalapa: Mountains about Chahuite,

northwest of Jalapa, Standley 77490. — Quezaltenango : Densely for-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 575

ested damp white sand quebrada, El Pocito, south of San Martin

Chile Verde, on road to Colomba, Standley 85113. Palmar, Skutch

1432. Volcan Zunil, Skutch 955. — Sacatepe"quez : Santiago, Gomez

886.— San Marcos: Finca El Porvenir, Potrero Tojo, Volcan Taju-

mulco, Steyermark 37649. — Suchitepequez : Slopes of Volcan Zunil,

between Finca Montecristo and Finca Asturias, southeast of Santa

Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 35299. Upper forested slopes of ba-

rranca by Loma Grande, above Finca El Naranjo, on Volcan Santa

Clara, Steyermark 46826. — Zacapa: Quebrada Alejandria, summit of

Sierra de las Minas, vicinity of Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29891.

Slopes of Monte Virgen, around summit of mountain, Steyermark

42632. — "Guatemala," Spinden. — Vera Paz: San Cristobal, Bernoulli

1049.

Maxillaria elatior Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 532. 1863.

M. triangularis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 31: Misc. p. 9. 1845 (type: Guate-

mala, Quezaltenango, Hartweg).

Terrestrial or epiphytic on trees in humid, open or dense forests,

usually at low elevations, up to 1,500 meters alt. Mexico, Guate-

mala, Honduras and Costa Rica; rather common.

Plant large, coarse, caespitose, pendent or erect-ascending, consisting of an

elongated leafy rhizome that gives rise to axillary inflorescences and a few scat-

tered pseudobulbs, up to 45 cm. or more tall. Rhizome stout, 7-10 mm. in diame-

ter, often creeping and then assurgent at the terminal portion, entirely concealed

by scarious-fibrous leaf-sheaths. Pseudobulbs few, often solitary at the summit

of a short rhizome, ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, compressed, 1- or 2-leaved, 4.5-9

cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, about 1 cm. thick, subtended by large leaf-bearing sheaths.

Leaves large, 1-2 from the apex of the pseudobulbs and rising directly from the

rhizome, articulate, with large distichous compressed leaf-sheaths on the rhizome,

linear to linear-elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, somewhat obliquely retuse at the

obtuse apex, conduplicate at the base, coriaceous, 12-40 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide.

Inflorescence from the axil of leaf-sheaths on the rhizome, a solitary flower

supported by a short peduncle; peduncle slender, 5-7.5 cm. long, subtended by

lanceolate scarious sheaths. Floral bracts apparently obsolescent. Flowers

fleshy-subcoriaceous, reddish yellow to deep brick-red, often variously mottled,

spotted or striped, with stout pedicellate ovaries that are 4.5-5.5 cm. long. Sepals

oblong-elliptic to triangular-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse to acute or apicu-

late, with the margins reflexed, 2.2-3.2 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide at the widest

part; dorsal sepal concave, only slightly recurved at the apex; lateral sepals

spreading-reflexed, slightly oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form a short

blunt mentum. Petals slightly oblique, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,

acute to apiculate, strongly recurved at the apex, appressed to the column,

1.7-2.5 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide. Lip articulate with the column-foot, entire,

broadly concave and arcuate in natural position, strongly decurved at the obtuse

to rounded apex, when spread out linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, 1.8-2 cm. long,

6-10 mm. wide; disk with a large flat oblong blackish smooth callus in the lower

576 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

half, the callus about 1 cm. long. Column semicylindrical, arcuate, reddish on

the anterior surface, 1-2 cm. long including the foot. Capsule ellipsoid-cylindrical,

about 5 cm. long.

This species is closely allied to M. curtipes but it is easily dis-

tinguished by its leafy rhizome, which is concealed by the sheaths

of the leaves (cataphylls). The rhizome of M. curtipes is concealed

only by brownish sheaths and has no cataphylls. The inflorescences

of M. elatior are produced in the axils of the leaf-sheaths on the

rhizome, whereas those of M. curtipes are produced near the base

of the pseudobulbs along with the new growths. Florally, the two

species are quite similar.

Izabal: Oneida-Chickasaw connection, near La Vejia, near Bana-

nera, Lewis 141. Between Virginia and Lago Izabal, Montana del

Mico, Steyermark 38810. — San Marcos: Potrero Matasan, Finca El

Porvenir, slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 52125. — Suchi-

tepequez: Finca Moca, Skutch 1546.

Maxillaria Friedrichsthalii Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 858.

1852 (type: Guatemala, Prov. Chontales, in monte Aragua, Fried-

richsthal 828). M. aciantha Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 858. Figure

165.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, from sea level up to 1,850

meters alt. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Nica-

ragua, Costa Rica, and Panama; common.

Plant caespitose or straggly, consisting of a creeping rhizome that gives rise

to clustered or distant pseudobulbs and short inflorescences, semipendent, brac-

teate, with all the bracts having hyaline margins, up to 40 cm. or more tall.

Rhizome stout, about 7 mm. in diameter, concealed by tough brown or olive-green

imbricated cataphyll-sheaths or non-leaf-bearing sheaths. Pseudobulbs olive-

green, ellipsoid, flattened and rectangular, 2-4-leaved at the apex, subtended by

a pair of leaf-sheaths, 2-6.5 cm. long, 0.8-2.5 cm. wide, up to 1 cm. thick. Leaves

2-4 from the apex of the pseudobulbs and a pair of smaller ones subtending the

pseudobulbs, linear to narrowly elliptic, obliquely retuse at the apex with a short

mucro in the sinus, olive-green, subcoriaceous, flexible, articulate, 5-27 cm. long,

5-18 mm. wide. Inflorescence from the axils of the bracts of the rhizome, a

solitary flower supported by a short peduncle; peduncles usually in pairs or almost

clustered, jointed, about 1.5 cm. long, concealed by triangular compressed im-

bricated olive-green or yellowish bracts. Floral bracts 2, opposite, conduplicate,

up to 2.5 cm. long. Flowers arcuate, fleshy-subcoriaceous, not showy, with

pedicellate ovaries that are about 3 cm. long. Sepals and petals olive-green to

light yellow, marked with deep yellow or light purple. Sepals lanceolate, acute,

acuminate or apiculate at the apex, cymbiform, 1.3-4 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide;

lateral sepals falcate, slightly spreading, adnate to the column-foot to form a

short mentum. Petals narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, subacute to acute, 1.3-2.7

cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide. Lip articulate with the column-foot, erect-recurved,

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 577

FIG. 165. Maxillaria Friedrichsthalii. Plant (X 1A)', lower left, lip and

column, side view (XI); lower right, lip, spread out (XI). Drawn by Blanche

Ames.

greenish yellow, spotted with purple on the margins or tinted with lavender,

elliptic-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, obtuse at the fleshy-thickened apex with

the thickened portion sulcate above, lateral margins upcurved, 1.2-2.5 cm. long,

4-7.5 mm. wide across the middle when spread out; disk with a linear obtuse

yellowish callus on the basal half. Column arcuate, semiterete, concave on the

anterior side, fringed at the dilated apex, up to 2.3 cm. long, light green to almost

white, marked with lavender. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 cm. long.

This species is extremely variable in the size of the flowers.

The large number of triangular, compressed, imbricated, shiny,

578 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

olive-green bracts with which the plant is provided is characteristic

of this species. It is commonly called "Pico de pava."

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim II 591; 829. Jocolo, John-

son 1177; 1179. — Escuintla: Conception, Smith 2245. — Guatemala:

Near Finca La Aurora, Aguilar 225. — Izabal: Along Rio Frio, Cerro

San Gil, Steyermark 39968. Shores of Lago Izabal, opposite San

Felipe, between San Felipe and mouth of Rio Juan Vicente, Steyer-

mark 39680. — Quezaltenango : Between Finca Pirineos and Cala-

huache", Steyermark 35019. — Sacatepe"quez : Wooded quebrada just

above Barranca Hondo, Standley 88931. Near Barranca Hondo,

southeast of Alotenango, Standley 64985; 64974; 65036; 65038.—

San Marcos: Finca El Porvenir, on Potrero Matasan along Rio

Cabus, Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37634. — Solola: Pine woods

bordering Rio Bravo, in vicinity of Finca Moca, south-facing slopes

of Volcan Atitlan, Steyermark 47988. — Osuna, Johnston 1415.—

Finca El Zapote, Lewis 123. — "Guatemala," Spinden. — "Coastal

region, "Lewis 29 (in part).

Maxillaria meleagris Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. p. 3. 1844.

M. Lindeniana A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3: 24. 1845.

M. punctostriata Reichb. f. Linnaea 41: 28. 1876.

Epiphytic on trees in damp forests, up to 1,800 meters alt.

Rare from Mexico through Central America to Panama.

Plant subcaespitose, composed of a short rhizome that gives rise to numerous

crowded pseudobulbs and a few inflorescences. Rhizome stout, concealed by

sheaths. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid-oblong to ovoid, compressed, unifoliate, 2-5.5 cm.

long, 1-2.2 cm. wide, subtended by several distichous imbricated sheaths; sheaths

brown, chartaceous, conduplicate, acute to often truncate at the apex. Leaves

solitary at the apex of the pseudobulb, also sometimes produced (as cataphylls)

on the short rhizome, linear to linear-ligulate, obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex,

coriaceous, conduplicate at the base, 15-40 cm. long, 6-22 mm. wide. Peduncles

produced from axils of bracts of new growth near base of pseudobulb, one-flowered,

somewhat fractiflex, slender, 3-8 cm. long, provided with tubular-involute in-

flated bracts; bracts scarious, acute to acuminate, 1.3-2 cm. long. Floral bracts

similar to the bracts of the peduncle. Flowers variable in size and texture; sepals

and petals rather thin or fleshy-thickened, tawny, olive-buff or flesh-colored,

stained or spotted with dark red. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate to linear-elliptic,

subobtuse to acuminate, more or less conduplicate at the fleshy, dorsally keeled

apex, 1.2-2.9 cm. long, 3.5-7 mm. wide; dorsal sepal strongly concave, often

dorsally keeled its entire length; lateral sepals oblique, spreading adnate to the

column-foot to form a short mentum. Petals coherent with the dorsal sepal,

elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to subacuminate at the somewhat thickened

apex, slightly oblique, 1-2.2 cm. long, 3-6.5 mm. wide. Lip dark red, articulate

with the column-foot, arcuate in natural position, 3-lobed at the base, 7-16 mm.

long when spread out; lateral lobes occasionally whitish, small, rounded, thin,

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 579

upcurved to clasp the column; mid-lobe much larger than the lateral lobes, fleshy-

thickened, suborbicular-ovate to broadly elliptic, rounded at the sulcate apex,

convex, with a prominent dorsal keel at the apex, 4-8 mm. wide; disk thickened

between the lateral lobes, with a transverse fleshy ridge connecting the lateral

lobes in front and a small variously shaped lamellate or sulcate callus superim-

posed on the thickened portion between the lateral lobes, with the transverse

fleshy ridge rounded to retuse in front. Column stout, 5-10 mm. long including

the foot. Capsule ellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm. long.

This species is extremely variable in the length and size of its

floral segments. The small callus superimposed on the fleshy disk

between the lateral lobes is also variable in its shape and structure,

being sulcate with several angles at its apex or composed of several

parallel ridges that often extend from the base of the lip to the

transverse ridge above. In spite of such variations, it does not

seem feasible to recognize more than one species. Maxillaria mele-

agris is closely related to M. densa. However, the flowers are much

larger than in that species.

Alta Verapaz: Finca Moca, Johnson 53. — Baja Verapaz: Lewis.

—"Guatemala," Bernoulli.

Maxillaria Mooreana Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1895: 36. 1895 (type:

Guatemala).

No material of this species has been seen. The following is a

free translation of the original description.

Pseudobulbs oblong, monophyllous, 4 cm. long. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,

acute, 20-25 cm. long, 2.2-4 cm. wide. Peduncles short, 10 cm. long, provided

with loose acute subimbricated sheaths. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, spathaceous,

acute, 2.5 cm. long. Flowers cream-colored, with seven maroon-purple stripes

on each petal. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, acute, subcarinate, subconcave, 2.2

cm. long, 1.1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals triangular-ovate, subobtuse, forming a

mentum, 1.3 cm. wide; men turn conical, obtuse, 1.2 cm. long. Petals elliptic-

lanceolate, acute, 1.8 cm. long, 8 mm. wide. Lip entire, elliptic-oblong, obtuse,

narrowly margined with maroon-purple, 1.2 cm. long, 6 mm. wide; disk farina-

ceous; callus broadly oblong, obtuse. Column clavate, 1 cm. long.

The long mentum separates M. Mooreana from all other species

of Maxillaria found in Guatemala.

Maxillaria Nagelii L. 0. Wms. in Correll, Lloydia 10: 212.

1947. Camaridium Tuerckheimii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 296.

1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, epiphytic in woods

near Coban, 1907, H. von Tiirckheim II 1771), non Maxillaria

Tuerckheimii Schltr., 1912.

Epiphytic on trees in humid cloud forests, up to 1,800 meters

alt. Very rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

580 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Plant elongated, spreading and straggly, up to 5 dm. or more tall. Rhizome

stout, about 5 mm. in diameter, giving rise to pseudobulbs that are 3-5 cm. apart,

concealed by acute bracts or cataphyll-sheaths; sheaths scarious-fibrous, brown,

compressed, often truncate. Pseudobulbs rather large, obovoid, strongly com-

pressed, unifoliate, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide. Leaves solitary at the apex

of the pseudobulbs and produced along the rhizome (cataphylls), linear to linear-

oblong, obliquely retuse at the obtuse apex, conduplicate at the base, grass-green,

12-32 cm. long, 1-3.2 cm. wide. Inflorescences composed of solitary flowers

produced in the axils of the cataphylls on the new growths. Peduncle filiform,

1-2 cm. long, shorter than the pedicellate ovary, surrounded by long scarious

sheaths. Floral bracts (when present) about 1.5 cm. long, tubular-involute,

acuminate, scarious. Flowers pale yellowish green, whitish, with slender pedi-

cellate ovaries that are 2.5-3.5 cm. long. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate,

acute to long-acuminate or cuspidate, somewhat dorsally carinate at the apex,

slightly spreading, 1.8-2.3 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; dorsal sepal concave below;

lateral sepals oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form a short mentum. Petals

linear to linear-oblanceolate, narrowly obtuse to acute or shortly acuminate,

oblique, somewhat dorsally carinate, 1.3-1.7 cm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. Lip

articulate with the column-foot, concave below, recurved above, rather thin,

1.2-1.6 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide at the widest point when spread out, when

expanded panduriform or ovate-oblong in outline, sometimes more or less 3-lobed

below the middle, rounded to acute at the apex, usually ciliate or ciliate-erose;

disk provided with a short flat or linear-spatulate callus below the middle. Column

white, semiterete, arcuate, 7-11 mm. long including the prominent foot.

The flowers of this species resemble those of M, tenuifolia.

Alta Verapaz : Along Rio Carcha, between Coban and San Pedro

Carcha, Standley 89786. — Chiquimula: Montana Nonoja, 3-5 miles

east of Camotan, Steyermark 31676.

Maxillaria nasuta Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 104.

1866.

Epiphytic on trees in wet forests, up to 1,600 meters alt. Un-

common in Guatemala and Costa Rica.

Plant large and stout, caespitose; roots stout, fibrous, glabrous. Pseudobulb

ovoid or ellipsoid, strongly compressed, unifoliate, up to 8 cm. long and 4 cm. wide,

surrounded on each side by two or more distichous imbricating sheaths; sheaths

coriaceous, strongly dorsally carinate along the mid-vein, leaf-bearing. Leaves

oblong-ligulate, obliquely bilobed at the obtuse apex, conduplicate in the basal

part, coriaceous, dorsally carinate along the mid-nerve, sulcate on the upper

surface, up to 55 cm. long and 4 cm. wide. Peduncle short, axillary from the

leaf-sheaths, with the pedicellate ovary entirely concealed by inflated sheaths

that are distichous, chartaceous, and imbricating. Flowers rather large, with

lemon-yellow sepals and petals and a deep carmine lip. Sepals lanceolate, acu-

minate, thickened longitudinally along the center on the outer surface, about

4 cm. long and 1 cm. wide below the middle; lateral sepals subfalcate. Petals

elliptic-lanceolate, tapering to an acute apex, oblique, with the upper part much

thickened on the outer surface, about 2.5 cm. long and 6 mm. wide. Lip more

or less 3-lobed near the middle, erect, with the lateral lobes incurved and the

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 581

apical half of the mid-lobe abruptly recurved in natural position, when expanded

lanceolate in outline, obtuse, about 2 cm. long and 8 mm. wide across the lateral

lobes; disk with the basal half obscurely thickened longitudinally to about mid-

way between the lateral lobes. Column stout, arcuate, about 1 cm. long, concave

on the ventral surface.

Although this is a larger plant with wider leaves, it is very

similar in habit to M . crassifolia.

Alta Verapaz: Dense wet limestone forest near Chirriacte", on

the Pete'n highway, Standley 91988.

Maxillaria pulchra (Schltr.) L. 0. Wms. in Correll, Lloydia

10: 212. 1947. Camaridium pulchrum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10:

251. 1911 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Cubilgiiitz,

April, 1902, H. von Turckheim II 332).

Epiphytic on trees in forests, usually at low elevations, up to

600 meters alt. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala and Hon-

duras; uncommon.

Plant straggly, pendent, consisting of an elongated rhizome that gives rise to

distant pseudobulbs and inflorescences. Rhizome rather stout, about 5 mm. in

diameter, concealed by closely appressed imbricated cataphyll-sheaths or bracts;

bracts triangular-ovate, acute, reddish brown, membranaceous, rugose, with hya-

line margins. Pseudobulbs ovoid to ellipsoid, flattened, vernicose, unifoliate,

subtended by leaf-sheaths, produced about every 4.5 cm. along the rhizome,

2-5.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. Leaves solitary from the apex of the pseudo-

bulbs, with several additional ones (cataphylls) produced at the base of the

pseudobulbs, linear, tapering to the long-acuminate apex, subcoriaceous, 7-35

cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide. Inflorescences several, from the axils of the bracts

covering the rhizome, up to 8 cm. long, a solitary flower supported by a slender

peduncle; peduncle usually somewhat fractiflex, up to 5 cm. long, concealed by

tubular-involute bracts; bracts acuminate, scarious, 1-3 cm. long. Floral bracts

similar to those of the peduncle, concealing the pedicellate ovaries. Flowers

rather showy and fragrant, sparkling white or cream-white, with slender pedi-

cellate ovaries that are 1.5-2 cm. long. Sepals elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oblance-

olate, obtuse to subacute, wavy on the margins, 2.7-3.5 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide

above the middle; lateral sepals slightly oblique, adnate to the column-foot to

form an inconspicuous mentum. Petals linear-oblong to linear-oblanceolate,

rounded to subobtuse at the apex, slightly oblique, wavy on the margins, 2.3-2.5

cm. long, about 4 mm. wide above the middle. Lip small, continuous with the

column-foot, white or yellowish, usually marked with purplish brown, broadly

cuneate-obovate to flabellate, bluntly 3-lobed at the apex, with all the lobes sub-

equal and broadly rounded, the lateral lobes upcurved and nearly clasping the

column, 7-8 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide across the lobes; disk provided with a white

linear-oblong papillose callus through the center on the lower half. Column

small, arcuate, 5-8 mm. long including the short foot.

This species is closely allied to M. camaridii. However, it

differs from that species in its narrower leaves, leafless rhizome,

582 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

differently shaped bracts of the rhizome and type of inflorescences.

It superficially resembles M. tenuifolia. However, besides striking

floral differences, it differs from that species in its smooth, vernicose

(not verrucose and dull) pseudobulbs, narrower leaves and type of

inflorescences.

Alta Verapaz: Along Rio Sebol, downstream from Carrizal,

Steyermark 57874. Cubilguitz, Turckheim 7990; II 332.— Izabal:

Between Virginia and Lago Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark

38914. Between Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana

del Mico, Steyermark 38574. Near Virginia, Lewis 44 (in part); 46.

— Pete"n: Monte Santa Teresa, Lundell 2978. — "Eastern portions of

Vera Paz and Chiquimula," Watson.

Maxillaria purpurea (Spreng.) Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus.

Leafl. Harv. Univ. 11: 16. 1943. Epidendrum vestitum Sw. Prodr.

124. 1788, non Maxillaria vestita Schltr. (1924). Camaridium pur-

pureum Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 735. 1826. Ornithidium vestitum (Sw.)

Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 491. 1863. 0. simulans Ames &

C. Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 99. 1930 (type: Guatemala, Dept.

Alta Verapaz, Cubilguitz, 1901, H. von Turckheim 8302).

Epiphytic on trees in forests and on rocks, at low altitudes.

Widespread but not common in Guatemala, Honduras, the West

Indies, and northern South America.

Plant straggly, pendent, up to 8 dm. or more tall, consisting of an elongated

branching rhizome that gives rise to pseudobulbs and inflorescences. Rhizome

about 3 mm. thick, completely concealed by tightly appressed membranaceous

sheaths; sheaths triangular-ovate, acute, distichous, imbricated, dorsally keeled.

Pseudobulbs produced on the rhizome at intervals of 3-7 cm., ovoid-oblong to

oblong-ellipsoid, strongly compressed, unifoliate, 1-5 (commonly 3-4) cm. long,

1.5-2 cm. wide, subtended by a pair of opposite sheaths. Leaf solitary at the

apex of the pseudobulbs, linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, tapering to the

obtuse to acute apex, conduplicate at the base, subcoriaceous to firmly membra-

naceous, 6-26 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide. Peduncles clustered in dense glomerules

in the axils of the rhizome-bracts just below each pseudobulb, one-flowered, less

than 1 cm. long, several- jointed, provided with reddish brown bracts at each

joint and at the base; bracts fibrous-scarious, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,

dorsally keeled and compressed, 7-12 mm. long. Floral bracts similar to

those of the peduncles. Flowers minute, white, with pedicellate ovaries that

are 4-5 mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate, ovate-elliptic or broadly elliptic, dorsally

keeled at the acute apex, 5-7-nerved, 4-5.5 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; lateral

sepals oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form an inconspicuous mentum.

Petals ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, occasionally somewhat

constricted above the middle and dorsally keeled at the apex, 3-5-nerved, 3-4.5

mm. long, 1-1.8 mm. wide. Lip continuous with the column-foot, fleshy, upcurved

and parallel to the column in natural position, concave at the base, rhombic-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 583

ovate in outline, 3-lobed below the middle, rounded to subcordate at the base,

2-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. ^ide across the lateral lobes when spread out; lateral

lobes small, rounded, semiobovate, incurved, connected at their apices by a fleshy

transverse semilunate callus; mid-lobe triangular-ovate, obtuse, somewhat dorsally

apiculate. Column short, stout, about 2 mm. long including the stout upcurved

foot; column-foot dilated above, abruptly 3-lobulate at the apex with the central

tooth gently retuse. Capsule smooth, about 1 cm. long.

Vegetatively, this species is almost identical with M. neglecta

(Schltr.) L. 0. Wms., a Costa Rican species. However, the flowers

of M. purpurea, besides being much smaller, lack the prominent

mentum of M. neglecta and the lip has a different form.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilguitz, Turckheim II 465. Jocolo, Johnson

1005. Rio Chocon, Johnson 1248. — Izabal: On mango tree, Virginia

and Inca farm, Los Andes district near Entre Rios, Lewis 14.—

Suchitepequez : Guatalon, Finca Moca, Hatch.

Maxillaria ringens Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 523. 1863

(type: Guatemala, Warscewicz, and Mexico). M. yzabalana S.

Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 286. 1888 (type: Guatemala, in the

forests of the Rio Dulce, S. Watson). M. Tuerckheimii Schltr.

Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 295. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Vera-

paz, near Cubilgiiitz, H. von Turckheim II 790; II 1048).

Epiphytic on trees in dense humid tropical forests, up to 1,700

meters alt. Common from Mexico throughout Central America to

Panama and possibly South America.

Plant rather large, caespitose, erect, up to 5 dm. tall. Rhizome short, abbre-

viated, giving rise to closely placed pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs unifoliate, ovoid-

oblong to subglobose, somewhat compressed, 3-7 cm. long, 1.8-3 cm. wide, sub-

tended by several imbricated scarious-fibrous sheaths; sheaths up to 8 cm. long.

Leaf solitary at the apex of a pseudobulb, linear, linear-oblong or occasionally

linear-oblanceolate, more or less obliquely retuse at the obtuse to subacute apex,

conduplicate at the base to form a petiole, 1-4.5 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide. In-

florescences several, from the axils of sheaths subtending the pseudobulbs, con-

sisting of a slender peduncle supporting a solitary flower; peduncle ascending-

erect, 3.5-15 cm. long, concealed by inflated tubular-involute sheaths that are

2-3.5 cm. long. Floral bract similar to the sheaths of the peduncle, usually nearly

concealing and slightly exceeding the pedicellate ovary. Flower fragrant, erect,

the perianth parts membranaceous and connivent, with a slender pedicellate

ovary that is 2-3.5 cm. long. Sepals linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to

acuminate, often apiculate, somewhat dorsally carinate at the apex, usually

greenish yellow on the outer surface, whitish below with the upper part

yellow on the inner surface, 2.2-5 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide; lateral sepals

oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form a prominent mentum. Petals

linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate or sometimes attenuate or apiculate, dor-

sally carinate-thickened at the apex, antrorsely falcate, white, 2-4.5 cm. long, up

to 6 mm. wide at the base. Lip articulate with the column-foot, arcuate and with

584 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

the lateral margins upturned in natural position, more or less 3-lobed at the apex,

9-15 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide when spread out, \tf|ien expanded elliptic-oblong

to broadly obovate-elliptic in outline, often with a whitish pubescence, white

with a linear yellow glabrous or pubescent callus in the center and with red or

purple veins on the lateral lobes; lateral lobes small, rounded to obtuse, entire or

crenulate on the apical margin; mid-lobe small, roundish, fleshy, with the margin

usually crisped-crenulate, sometimes spotted with purple. Column arcuate,

clavate, white, usually flecked with purple at the base, 10-12 mm. long including

the prominent foot. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid-cylindrical, 4-4.5 cm. long.

This species is extremely variable in the length of the peduncles

and the size of the flowers. However, despite the differences in the

size of the flowers, it forms a distinctive species in this genus.

Alta Verapaz: Chama, Johnson 904. — Izabal: La Vigia, near

Bananera, Lewis 172 (in part). — Quezaltenango: Near Colomba,

Lewis 172 (in part). — Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes,

Steyermark 47398. — Coastal regions, Lewis 29 (in part). — Chilion,

Mazatenango, Bernoulli 459.

Maxillaria rufescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: sub t. 1802. 1836;

Bot. Reg. 22: t. 1848. 1836.

Epiphytic on trees in dense forests usually at low elevations, up

to 1,700 meters alt. British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa

Rica, the West Indies, and South America; rather common.

Plant caespitose, 1.2-4 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs produced in close succession

on a creeping rhizome, ovoid to nearly cylindrical, flattened, unifoliate, 2.5-6 cm.

long, 5-20 mm. wide, subtended by several sheaths; sheaths reddish brown,

scarious, acute, compressed, mostly exceeding the pseudobulb. Leaf solitary, at

the apex of a pseudobulb, linear to narrowly elliptic, obtuse to abruptly acute or

apiculate at the apex, coriaceous, conduplicate at the base, 8-35 cm. long, 1.8-4.5

cm. wide. Inflorescence a solitary flower emerging from the axil of a sheath sub-

tending the pseudobulb; peduncle short, 1-3 cm. long, provided with several

infundibuliform bracts at the base. Floral bracts scarious-fibrous, about 1.2 cm.

long. Flowers fragrant, small, greenish yellow, deep yellow or whitish, with a

slender pedicellate ovary that is 2-3 cm. long. Sepals elliptic, oblong-elliptic or

ovate-elliptic, broadly rounded to obtuse and apiculate at the apex, 1.2-2 cm.

long, 5.5-8 mm. wide; dorsal sepal concave and arcuate over the column; lateral

sepals somewhat oblique, spreading, united with the column-foot to form a short

mentum. Petals linear-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, broadly rounded to obtuse,

appressed to the column, usually somewhat dilated on the upper margin, 1.1-1.6

cm. long, 3.5-7.5 mm. wide. Lip articulate with the short column-foot, concave

at the base, arcuate below the middle, yellow or orange, usually marked with

purple dots, fleshy, 3-lobed, 1-1.5 cm. long; lateral lobes arising from a little

below the middle, whitish, triangular-falcate, subobtuse to sharp-pointed, up-

curved, variable in length, 1.5-5 mm. long, up to 1.5 mm. wide at base; mid-lobe

large, fleshy, oblong-quadrate, emarginate, somewhat decurved, 3-4 mm. wide;

disk adorned with a variously shaped callus located between the lateral lobes and

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 585

often extending above the middle of the lip; callus flat, V-shaped, diamond-

shaped or linear. Column clavate, strongly dilated at the apex, spotted with

purple, arcuate, 8-13 mm. long including the small foot. Capsule obovoid-

ellipsoid, pendent, often warty, about 2 cm. long.

This species is easily distinguished by the sharp falcate lateral

lobes of the lip.

Alta Verapaz: Jocolo, Johnson 1176. — Izabal: Between Milla

49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark

38631. Entre Rios, Los Andes district, Lewis 35. — Pete"n: Uaxactun,

Bartlett.

Maxillaria tenuifolia Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: sub t. 1986. 1837.

M. gracilifolia Kranzl. Mitteil. Instit. Allg. Bot. Hamb. 6: 420.

1927 (type: Guatemala, Ulmcke).

Epiphytic on trees in open or dense humid forests, usually at

low elevations, occasionally up to 1,500 meters alt. Mexico, British

Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and possibly Costa

Rica.

Plant a straggly pendent or ascending rhizome that gives rise at short inter-

vals to pseudobulbs and short inflorescences, up to 60 cm. or more long. Rhizome

slender, about 4 mm. in diameter, concealed by closely appressed sheaths; sheaths

brownish, scarious-fibrous, triangular-lanceolate, imbricated. Pseudobulbs olive-

green, ovoid to ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, rugose, dull, unifoliate, 2-6 cm.

long, 1-2 cm. wide, subtended by long imbricated sheaths that are similar to

those of the rhizome, the sheaths up to 5 cm. long. Leaf solitary at the apex of

the pseudobulbs, linear, tenuously acuminate, obliquely retuse at the apex, thin

but firmly subcoriaceous, grass-green, 12-50 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide. Inflores-

cences from the axils of the sheaths covering the rhizome, a solitary flower sup-

ported by a short slender peduncle; peduncle up to 2 cm. long, enveloped by several

thin scarious closely imbricated bracts. Floral bracts similar to those of the

peduncle. Flower showy, usually dark red and variously marked with yellow

or red, with a slender pedicellate ovary up to 3.5 cm. long. Sepals elliptic-lance-

olate to linear-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, recurved-spreading above the

middle, with revolute margins, dark reddish purple, often somewhat mottled with

darker red or yellow, 1.7-2.8 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly

oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form a short mentum. Petals directed

forward and appressed to the column, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse to

acute, slightly oblique, recurved at the apex, colored similarly to the sepals,

1.5-2.4 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide. Lip dark red and yellow or whitish marked

with purple dots, articulate with the column-foot, arcuate-decurved, with the

lateral margins upcurved, when spread out oblong-elliptic, ovate-oblong or ob-

long-subpandurate, usually somewhat constricted about the middle, acute to

somewhat retuse and apiculate at the apex, 1.5-2.2 cm. long, 5-11 mm. wide

below the middle when spread out; disk papillose, with a narrow dark maroon

puberulent callus on the lower third, sulcate at the apex. Column clavate, red

and yellow spotted, 1-1.5 cm. long including the short foot. Capsule ellipsoid,

slightly oblique, strongly ribbed, about 3.5 cm. long.

586 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

The flowers of this species bear a marked resemblance to those

of M. curtipes and M. cucullata. However, vegetatively (especially

in the leaf-differences), these species are quite dissimilar. Maxillaria

gracilifolia is here considered to be a small-flowered form of this

species.

Chiquimula: Montana Castilla, vicinity of Montana Cebollas,

along Rio Lucia Saso, 3 miles southeast of Quezaltepeque, Steyermark

31330. — Izabal: Bay of Santo Tomas, between Escobas and Santo

Tomas, Steyermark 39338. La Vigia, between Bananera and Quiri-

gua, Lewis 171. Virginia, Spinden. — Pete"n: Tikal, Bartlett 12645.

Chicbul, La Libertad, Lundell 2632; 2638.

Maxillaria uncata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: sub t. 1986. 1837. M.

Macleei Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 70. 1840 (type:

Guatemala, Skinner). M. striatella Kranzl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 24:

359. 1928 (type: Guatemala).

Epiphytic on trees and shrubs in swamps, dense forests or dry

pinelands, from sea level up to 1,200 meters alt. British Honduras,

Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, and South America;

rather common.

Plant variable in size and habit, from dense leafy caespitose clumps to strag-

gling pendent stems with only a few leaves at the apex, 5-35 cm. tall. Rhizome

short and arcuate or elongated, about 3 mm. in diameter, concealed by the im-

bricating sheaths of the pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs small, produced along the

rhizome, unifoliate, fusiform-cylindrical, dark green, 8-15 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm.

in diameter, subtended and more or less concealed by reddish brown scarious

sheaths. Leaves solitary, at the apex of the pseudobulbs, linear, semiterete,

fleshy, pale green, erect-recurved, sulcate above, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-6 mm. wide.

Inflorescence axillary, consisting of a solitary flower produced in the axils of the

rhizome-bracts near the base of a pseudobulb on the upper part of the plant;

peduncle filiform, usually less than 1 cm. long. Floral bracts elliptic-lanceolate,

acute, involute, scarious, 5-10 mm. long. Flowers variously colored, from white

to pink or greenish, tinged or veined with reddish brown or purple, with slender

pedicellate ovaries that are about 1 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic to

elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, concave below the middle, 5-nerved, 8-11

mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely triangular-lanceolate, obtuse

to acute, decurrent on the long column-foot to form a prominent mentum, 5-

nerved, 1.3-1.7 cm. long to the apex of the column-foot, 6-9 mm. wide across the

oblique base. Petals linear to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, somewhat

falcate, 5-6-nerved, 8-10 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide. Lip hinged to and abruptly

recurved from the column-foot, linear, elliptic-oblanceolate or linear-spatulate,

commonly pandurate with the apex dilated, narrowed and sulcate below the

middle with the margins usually reflexed, minutely carinate and decurved at the

obtuse apex, cellular-ciliate on the margins, 1.3-1.6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide at

the widest point; disk with a linear flat rounded yellowish callus about the middle.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 587

Column slender, erect, lavender or with reddish striations, with a pair of obliquely

triangular flaps at the apex, 1.1-1.6 cm. long including the long column-foot.

Capsule grayish white, vernicose, ellipsoid, about 12 mm. long.

This species is easily distinguished by its leaves, which are the

narrowest found on any Guatemalan Maxillaria.

Alta Verapaz: South of Cubilgiiitz, Steyermark 44550. Vicinity

of caves, southwest of Lanquin, Steyermark 44134. Cubilgiiitz,

Turckheim 8021. Coban and Chama, Johnson 908. — Izabal: Cerro

San Gil, along Rio Frio and tributaries, Steyermark 41528. Be-

tween Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana del Mico,

Steyermark 38642. Swamps of Salomon Creek, y%-\ mile south of

Bananera, Steyermark 38943. In valley of tributary of Rio San

Francisco del Mar, 2 miles northeast of Hopi, 12 miles east of Entre

Rios, Steyermark 39777.— Pet^n: La Libertad, Lundell 2324.— Coastal

regions, Lewis 16.

Maxillaria variabilis Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: sub t.

1986. 1837. M. angustifolia Hook. Ic. PI. 4: t. 348. 1841. Figure

166.

Terrestrial, rock-inhabiting or epiphytic on trees in open or

dense humid forests, up to 1,900 meters alt. Common from Mexico

through Central America to Panama.

Plant growing in clusters, subcaespitose or consisting of elongated rhizomes

that give rise to distant pseudobulbs and short inflorescences. Rhizome simple

or branched, slender, 2-4 mm. in diameter, concealed by closely appressed im-

bricated sheaths; sheaths scarious, triangular-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute.

Pseudobulbs yellowish green or olive-green, ovoid to ellipsoid, unifoliate, produced

at intervals of about 3 cm. on the rhizome, 1.5-5 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, sub-

tended by several sheaths. Leaf solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs, linear

to linear-elliptic, obliquely retuse at the acute to obtuse apex, firmly subcori-

aceous, grass-green, 5-25 cm. long, 5-23 mm. wide. Inflorescences several from

the axils of the sheaths covering the rhizome, a solitary flower supported by a

short slender peduncle; peduncle up to 2.5 cm. long, subtended by several thin

scarious bracts. Floral bracts thin, scarious, translucent, lanceolate, acuminate,

about 1.5 cm. long. Flowers usually inconspicuous, varying in color from nearly

white to dark red, often deep orange or greenish yellow marked with red, with

slender pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Sepals usually wine-red

marked with orange-yellow on the upper margins and on the apical portion of the

inner surface, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, acute to rounded at the apex, often

apiculate, concave below, spreading-recurved above the middle, 1-1.7 cm. long,

3.5-6 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly oblique, adnate to the column-foot to form

a short mentum. Petals usually wine-red except for the apical portion on the

inner surface, appressed to the column, strongly revolute at the apex, elliptic-

oblanceolate when spread out, subobtuse to acute, papillose on the margins and

inner surface, slightly oblique, 9-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide above the middle.

588 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Lip articulate with the column-foot, erect and then arcuate, fleshy, usually wine-

red except for a yellowish blotch at the apex, somewhat mottled on the inner sur-

face at the base, often obscurely 3-lobed above the middle, oblong-elliptic to

oblong-subquadrate in outline when spread out, broadly rounded to truncate at

the apex, tubular-concave on the lower half, sulcate at the apex, 1-1.3 cm. long,

5-6 mm. wide below the middle when spread out; disk with a rather large tri-

angular-subquadrate blackish red glossy callus on the lower half. Column semi-

terete, arcuate, about 1 cm. long including the short foot, usually wine-red,

blotched with red and white at the base. Capsule ellipsoid, strongly ribbed,

1.5-2.5 cm. long.

This common Central American species is extremely variable in

the coloration of its flowers. It is known in some localities as "La

Gloria."

Alta Verapaz: Chama, Johnson 909. Pansamala, Turckheim

1141. Vicinity of caves, southwest of Lanquin, Steyermark 44138.

Cerro Chinaja, between Finca Yalpemech and Chinaja, above source

of Rio San Diego, Steyermark 45691. — Baja Verapaz: North of Santa

Rosa, Standley 69872. Rocky hills near and above Santa Rosa, in

pine-oak forest, Standley 91255. — Escuintla: Near Escuintla, Hunne-

well 14673. — Huehuetenango: Northwest of Cuilco, two-thirds of

the way up Cerro Chiquihui above Carrizal, Steyermark 50815.—

Izabal: Virginia, Lewis 64. Cerro San Gil, along Rio Frio and tribu-

taries, Steyermark 41527. — Jalapa: Near Jalapa, Kellerman 7043;

7911. Potrero Carrillo, Minas de Croma, Steyermark 33057. Moun-

tains about Chahuite, northwest of Jalapa, Standley 77425. — Quezal-

tenango: Along old road between Finca Pirineos and Patzulin,

Standley 86909. — Sacatepe"quez : Near Barranca Hondo, southeast

of Alotenango, Standley 65008. — San Marcos: Above Finca El Por-

venir, along Rio Cabus to within 2 miles of Cueva de las Palomas,

south-facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37966.— Santa

Rosa: Laguna de Carrizal, Heyde & Lux 4594. Santa Rosa, Heyde

& Lux 3484; 3494. — Suchitepequez : Slopes of Volcan Zunil, in vi-

cinity of Finca Monte Cristo, southeast of Santa Maria de Jesus,

Steyermark 35253. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, oak-pine woods

along upper reaches of Rio Sitio Nuevo, between Santa Rosalia and

first waterfall, Steyermark 42270.

OBSCURE SPECIES

Maxillaria heraldica Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 763. 1852 (type:

Guatemala, Frege).

It has been impossible to place this concept. The original de-

scription, as translated below, is not distinctive enough to be recog-

MAXILLARIA

FIG. 166. Maxillaria variabilis. Plant (X 1); 1, flower, dissected (about

X 2); 2, column, lip, and lower part of dorsal sepal (about X 2^); 3, anther

(much enlarged); 4, pollinia (much enlarged). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

589

590 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

nized or complete enough to place the plant in any one of the

recognized Guatemalan species.

Stem densely clothed with closely appressed sheaths. Pseudobulbs oblong,

ancipitous, bifoliate. Leaves linear-ligulate, bilobed at the apex. Peduncle short,

provided with three bracts. Flowers yellow, fleshy, from the axils of the leaves

of the rhizome. Sepals oblong, acute. Petals similar to the sepals but smaller

and shorter. Lip obsoletely 3-lobed; lateral lobes obtusely angled; mid-lobe

produced, obtuse; callus pandurate or oblong, in the middle of the lower half of

the lip.

69. MORMOLYCA Fenzl.

Epiphytic plants, consisting of a short slender rhizome that produces fleshy

pseudobulbous stems. Pseudobulbs unifoliate. Leaves coriaceous, ligulate. Pe-

duncles very slender, from the axils of the bracts subtending the pseudobulbs,

one-flowered. Sepals subequal, free; lateral sepals not forming a mentum. Petals

similar to but smaller than the sepals. Lip suberect, much shorter than the sepals

and petals, 3-lobed; lateral lobes minute, erect; disk callose; mid-lobe large and

decurved. Column arcuate, wingless, footless or with the base only slightly pro-

truded; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; pollinia 4, waxy. Capsule

ellipsoid.

The single species that comprises this monotypic genus is closely

related to Maxillaria.

Mormolyca ringens (Lindl.) Schltr. Orchideen 436. 1914. Tri-

gonidium ringens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 57. 1840. Mormolyca

lineolata Fenzl. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Nat. Wein 1: 253.

t. 29. 1850. Figure 167.

Epiphytic on trees in dense humid forests, from sea level up to

1,000 meters alt. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras,

and Costa Rica; rather common.

Plant subcaespitose, often growing in dense masses. Pseudobulbs congested

or arising at intervals of 1-2 cm. along a slender wiry rhizome, subrotund to ellip-

soid, compressed, unifoliate, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, subtended by distichous

sheaths; sheaths reddish brown, scarious, imbricated, conduplicate, acute, up to

8 cm. long. Leaf solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs, linear-ligulate to nar-

rowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, conduplicate at the base, coriaceous, 9-35 cm.

long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide. Peduncles several, axillary, from the axils of the sheaths

subtending the pseudobulbs, slender, elongated, often equaling the leaf, one-

flowered, 6-33 cm. long, provided with tubular bracts at the nodes; bracts brown-

ish, scarious, acute, 1-1.5 cm. long. Floral bracts similar to those of the peduncle.

Flowers rather small, inconspicuous, fleshy, ringent, yellowish green to light

lavender, veined with lavender or maroon, the lip lavender or dark maroon, with

slender arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are 2-5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-

elliptic, broadly rounded and dorsally carinate at the apex with the keel ex current,

concave, 1.6-1.9 cm. long, 6.5-8 mm. wide, slightly broadest above the middle.

FIG. 167. Mormolyca ringens. Plant (X %). Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts.

591

592 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Lateral sepals elliptic-oblong, obtuse to broadly rounded and mucronate at the

apex, convex, subfalcate, 1.5-1.7 cm. long, 4.5-7 mm. wide. Petals linear-elliptic

to elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse to rounded and somewhat dorsally keeled at the

apex, convex, oblique, 1.3-1.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide above the middle. Lip

articulate with the base of the column, suberect and parallel with the column in

natural position, 3-lobed, when spread out obovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong in

outline, downy-puberulent, ciliolate, 9-10 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; lateral lobes

minute, arising below the middle of the lip, obliquely triangular, obtuse to acute,

erect, less than 2 mm. long; mid-lobe large, broadly rounded and often dorsally

thickened at the apex, strongly decurved-reflexed in natural position; disk with a

fleshy thickening in the center below the middle which terminates in a broadly

triangular tridentate callus about the middle. Column downy-puberulent, semi-

terete, arcuate, more or less sulcate on the anterior face, 8-10 mm. long. Capsule

ellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8291. — Escuintla: Rio Gua-

calate, Standley 60155. Near Escuintla, Hunnewell 14674. — Izabal:

Jocolo, Lago Izabal, Johnson 1174. Near Lake Izabal, Harris 79.

"Common in region surrounding Lake Izabal and Caribbean lit-

toral," Lewis 79. — Jalapa: Mountains about Chahuite, northwest of

Jalapa, Standley 77492. — Sacatepe"quez : Near Barranca Hondo,

southeast of Alotenango, Standley 65037 (in part).

70. TRIGONIDIUM Lindl.

Epiphytic or rock-inhabiting plants with a short or elongated rhizome that

produces fleshy pseudobulbous stems and inflorescences. Pseudobulbs 1-2-leaved,

variously shaped. Leaves coriaceous, linear to oblong. Peduncles elongated,

bracteate, 1-flowered, axillary, produced on the rhizome. Sepals similar or dis-

similar; dorsal sepal usually larger and broader than the lateral sepals, connate

into a tube below, free above. Petals much smaller than the sepals. Lip sub-

erect, 3-lobed, shorter than the petals; lateral lobes erect; mid-lobe very fleshy;

disk callose. Column short, almost straight, wingless, footless or slightly pro-

truding at the base; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; pollinia 4, waxy.

Capsule ellipsoid.

This is a small genus of less than a dozen species, which are

confined to tropical America.

Trigonidium Egertonianum Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24:

Misc. p. 73. 1838. Figure 168.

Epiphytic on trees and on rocks in forests, coffee plantations,

and open dry country, from sea level up to 1,000 meters alt. Mexico,

through Central America to Panama and Colombia; rather common.

Plant caespitose, often growing in large clumps. Pseudobulbs ovoid-sub-

globose to ellipsoid, compressed, bifoliate, oblique, 4-9 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide,

subtended by fibrous-scarious sheaths. Leaves two, at the apex of the pseudo-

bulbs, linear, obtuse to acute and cuspidate at the apex, tapering below the middle

FIG. 168. Trigonidium Egertonianum. Plant (X 1A)', right center, flower,

spread out (X 1); below flower, lip and column, side view (X 2); lower right,

lip, front-side view (about X 3). Drawn by G. W. Dillon.

593

594 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

to the conduplicate base, subcoriaceous, flexible, 2-6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide.

Peduncles several to many, one-flowered, axillary, from the axils of the sheaths

subtending the pseudobulbs, very slender and somewhat fractiflex, 1.5-3.5 dm.

long, nearly concealed by tubular-involute bracts; bracts acute to apiculate, up

to 5 cm. long. Floral bracts tubular-inflated, 3-4.5 cm. long, obtuse to rounded

at the apex. Flowers tubular-campanulate, with slender pedicellate ovaries that

are 4-5.5 cm. long. Sepals and petals yellowish green to greenish with conspic-

uous reddish brown veins. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-obovate to obovate-spatu-

late, broadly obtuse to subacute at the apex, rather abruptly contracted at the

narrowly cuneate base, dorsally carinate along the center, concave below, the

fleshy-thickened upper half recurved and somewhat convex, 2.7-4.2 cm. long,

1.4-2 cm. wide at the widest point. Lateral sepals concave below, reflexed-

revolute above the middle in natural position, obliquely oblong-elliptic, more or

less sigmoid, rounded to broadly acute at the apex, fleshy-thickened above the

middle, 2.8-4.2 cm. long, 1-1.4 cm. wide. Petals with a narrow claw, elliptic-

lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, obtuse to acute, connivent, obliquely concave,

thickened above with a mammillate purple callus on the inner surface just below

the apex, 1.4-2.1 cm. long including the claw, 3.5-7 mm. wide. Lip green marked

with dark purple, suberect, 3-lobed, 8-10 mm. long and up to 6 mm. wide when

spread out; lateral lobes thin, semielliptic, obtuse at the free crenulate apex,

upturned so that they clasp the column in natural position, adorned with blackish

purple veins; mid-lobe short, very fleshy- verrucose, sulcate, decurved-reflexed in

natural position; disk with a linear-clavate callus that extends along the center

from the base of the lip to near the apex of the lateral lobes and is slightly retuse

at the apex. Column short, stout, nearly straight, subterete, puberulent, about

7 mm. long. Capsule erect, ellipsoid, 4-4.5 cm. long, glossy, green.

This species is known as "Dragon's Mouth" in Honduras, where

it was originally discovered, in allusion to the tubular-campanulate

flowers.

Alta Verapaz: Chama, Johnson 422. — Izabal: Cerro San Gil,

along Rio Frio, Steyermark 39969. Between Virginia and Lago

Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38913. Jocolo, Johnson 1175.

Virginia, Spinden. — Pete"n: Sabana San Francisco, La Libertad, Lun-

dell 2566. Uaxactun, Bartlett 12437. — Quezaltenango: Colomba,

Skutch 1989. — Sacatepe"quez: Near Barranca Hondo, southeast of

Alotenango, Standley 65037 (in part). — "Eastern portion of Vera

Paz and Chiquimula," Watson. "Guatemala," Watson 354; 451b.

"Guatemala," Johnston 1591 (in part).

71. TRICHOCENTRUM Poepp. & Endl.

Epiphytic plants with short rhizomes that produce minute 1-3-flowered

unifoliate pseudobulbous stems. Leaves coriaceous, small. Peduncles short or

sometimes equaling the leaves, 1- or rarely 2-3-flowered, bracteate. Sepals and

petals similar, free, spreading. Lip suberect, simple or obscurely 3-lobed, with a

slender or gibbose spur. Column short, thick, adnate almost to its apex with the

lip, prominently winged or auriculate on each side at the apex, footless; anther

terminal, operculate, incumbent; pollinia 2, waxy, sulcate.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 595

This is a small genus of less than a dozen species, which are

natives of tropical America.

Trichocentrum candid um Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 9.

1843 (type: Guatemala). Figure 169.

Epiphytic on tree trunks in humid forests or open dry regions,

usually at low elevations, up to 1,000 meters alt. Mexico and

Guatemala; very rare.

Plant small, less than 10 cm. tall, caespitose. Pseudobulbous stem minute,

about 4 mm. in diameter, supporting at its apex a solitary leaf and a 1-3-flowered

inflorescence. Leaf ovate-elliptic to elliptic, obliquely tridenticulate at the obtuse

apex, rigidly fleshy, 2.5-7 cm. long, 5-22 mm. wide. Inflorescence much shorter

than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; peduncle short, mostly less than 1 cm. long, pro-

vided with distichous bracts; bracts broadly ovate, concave-cucullate, acute to

acuminate, 4-7 mm. long. Floral bracts similar to those of the peduncle. Flowers

produced consecutively on the abbreviated rachis, white marked with yellow,

pink or purple on base of lip and column, with pedicellate ovaries that are 4-6

mm. long. Sepals narrowly elliptic or almost lanceolate to somewhat elliptic-

oblanceolate, rounded to subacute at the recurved apex, dorsally carinate along

the mid-rib, 8-13 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, smaller than

the dorsal sepal. Petals elliptic-obovate, rounded to subobtuse at the recurved

apex, 8-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide above the middle. Lip adnate to the column,

broadly elliptic-obovate, retuse at the apex, with the margins somewhat recurved

and undulate, produced at the base into a gibbose-saccate more or less 4-lobulate

spur, 1.3-1.8 cm. long from base of spur to apex, 6-9 mm. wide across the apical

portion; disk with a pair of short diverging smooth fleshy ridges that extend from

the mouth of the spur. Column short, stout, about 5 mm. long, pubescent at the

apex, provided with a wing on each side at the apex; wing oblong-subquadrate,

subacute to rounded at the apex, often somewhat undulate, about 3 mm. long

and 2 mm. wide. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long.

This is the only known Central American species in this genus

having a blunt, gibbose-saccate spur. All the other species possess

a more or less slender, tubular spur.

Quezaltenango: Chuikabal, Finca Las Violetas, "growing on sour

orange hedge and Yucca elephantipes," Lewis 221.

72. IONOPSIS H.B.K.

Epiphytic or rarely terrestrial plants with short or elongated leafy rhizomes

that produce small pseudobulbs and long slender or stout lateral peduncles.

Pseudobulbs small, leafless or unifoliate. Leaves from the rhizome, coriaceous,

rigid, distichous, imbricated. Peduncles one to three, bearing a loose simple or

branching raceme (panicle). Flowers showy. Sepals subequal, erect, spreading;

dorsal sepal free; lateral sepals united to form a short sac below the lip. Petals

similar to the dorsal sepal. Lip attached to base of column, unguiculate, much

larger than the sepals and petals, callose. Column short, stout, wingless, footless;

FIG. 169. Trichocentrum candidum. Plant (about X

D. E. Tibbitts.

- Drawn by

596

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 597

anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; pollinia 2, waxy. Capsule ovoid to

ellipsoid.

This is a small genus of about ten species found in tropical and

subtropical regions of the western hemisphere. The species found

in Guatemala is common and widespread; the others are local and

rather rare.

lonopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. Coll. Bot. t. 39A. 1821.

Epidendrum utricularioides Sw. Prodr. 122. 1788. Figure 170.

Epiphytic on trees and shrubs in dry or dense moist forests or

on citrus trees in groves, rarely terrestrial on grassy banks, from

sea level up to 1,050 meters alt. Widespread and more or less

common from Florida and Mexico through Central America and

the West Indies to central South America.

Plant glabrous, 0.7-7.5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs small, smooth, ellipsoid-

conical, up to 3 cm. long, leafless or bearing a solitary small leaf at its apex,

often completely concealed by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves from the rhizome, 2-3,

rarely more, articulated with the leaf-sheaths, oblong-lanceolate to linear or

linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute and cuspidate, dorsally carinate, rigidly coria-

ceous, often reddish brown on the lower surface, 3-17 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide.

Inflorescence lateral, from base of pseudobulb, a simple raceme or spreading

panicle, laxly few- to many-flowered, up to 7.5 dm. long including the long pe-

duncle, as much as 25 cm. in diameter; peduncle slender or stout, brownish green,

provided at the nodes with closely appressed sheaths that are up to 12 mm. long.

Floral bracts minute, triangular to lanceolate, acute, less than 3 mm. long. Flow-

ers whitish to rose-red, variegated or tinged with lavender, deep magenta or

purple, showy, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 6-14 mm. long. Dorsal

sepal oblong to oblong-elliptic or rarely oblanceolate, obtuse to apiculate, some-

what concave-conduplicate, 3.2-6 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals

ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3.5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide,

united at the base to form a small sac. Petals ovate-oblong to oblong or rarely

obovate-oblong, broadly rounded to acute and shortly apiculate at the recurved

apex, 6-7 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. Lip with a short claw, broadly flabellate-

obcordate, deeply emarginate, with the margins entire, sinuate or somewhat

crenulate, 7-16 mm. long, 7-18 mm. wide across the subquadrate terminal lobules;

claw with obsolescent lateral auricles; disk with two small thin calli in the middle

near the base. Column stout, truncated, about 2 mm. long. Capsule ovoid or

ellipsoid, long-beaked, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, 5-7 mm. in diameter.

This species is one of the most widely distributed of all American

orchids. It is commonly found in regions with dry atmospheric

conditions.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8001; II 379. Chama,

Johnson 250. — Izabal: Virginia, Lewis 53. — Pete"n: Ixlu, Lake Pete"n,

Lundell 3898. — "Alameda," Johnston 1467. — Near Pancajche", Stand-

ley 70763.

598

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 599

73. SCELOCHILUS Klotzsch

Small epiphytic plants with short rhizomes that produce small unifoliate

pseudobulbs and lateral inflorescences. Leaves coriaceous, non-plicate. Peduncle

lateral, from the base of the pseudobulbs, erect, slender, a simple or branched

raceme. Flowers medium-sized, few. Sepals subequal, erect, connivent; dorsal

sepal free, concave; lateral sepals united almost to the apex, produced at the

base into a saccate mentum. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal. Lip continuous

with the base of the column, erect, produced at the base into a didymous spur,

slender, provided near the base with a pair of terete lobules and near the apex

with a pair of flattened lamellae. Column erect, semiterete, wingless, footless;

anther terminal, operculate, incumbent, imperfectly biloculate; pollinia 2, waxy.

This is a small genus consisting of three or four species in Ameri-

can tropical and subtropical regions.

Scelochilus Tuerckheimii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 252.

1911 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Coban, H. von

Turckheim II 1919). Figure 171.

Epiphytic on trees up to 1,650 meters alt. Very rare in Guate-

mala, Honduras, and Costa Rica.

Plant small, 12-32 cm. tall, composed of a slender short rhizome that pro-

duces small unifoliate pseudobulbs and elongated inflorescences. Pseudobulbs

cylindrical, lightly compressed, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, concealed

by large sheaths; sheaths distichous, strongly compressed, imbricated, scarious,

grayish, up to 5 cm. long. Leaf solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs, elliptic,

abruptly acuminate to acute-apiculate at the apex, conduplicate at the base,

coriaceous, erect-spreading, 7-13 cm. long, 1.3-3 cm. wide. Inflorescence a simple

or somewhat branched raceme, lateral, from the base of the pseudobulb, enclosed

at the base by sheaths, 6-30 cm. long including the peduncle; peduncle slender,

provided with scarious bracts that are up to 12 mm. long. Floral bracts ovate-

lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 4-6 mm. long. Flowers spreading to erect-

spreading, bright yellow, often with light green veins, with slender pedicellate

ovaries that are 8-10 mm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, rounded to obtuse

at the apex, dorsally carinate along the mid-nerve, about 1.1 cm. long and 5 mm.

wide, deeply concave. Lateral sepals united almost to the apex, rounded and

apiculate at the apex, dorsally carinate along the mid-nerve, free for about 3

mm., produced at the base into a prominent saccate mentum; lamina oblong-

elliptic when expanded, 1.4-1.7 cm. long, up to 6 mm. wide. Petals obovate-

elliptic, broadly rounded to subobtuse at the apex, oblique, about 1.2 cm. long,

4.5-6 mm. wide near the apex. Lip complex, continuous with the base of the

column, narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate when spread out, truncate to broadly

rounded and sometimes apiculate at the decurved apex, fleshy-thickened along

FIG. 170. lonopsis utricularioides. 1, plant (X 1); 2, lip, front view (X 3);

3, lateral sepals (X 3Ji); 4, petal (X 3); 5, dorsal sepal (X 3); 6, column, with

the anther raised, front-side view (X 10); 7, pollinia and pedicel (enlarged).

Original drawing by Blanche Ames; redrawn by G. W. Dillon.

FIG. 171. Scelochilus Tuerckheimii. I, plant (X %); 2, petal (about X 3);

3, lateral sepals (about X 2^); 4, lip, side view (about X 3); 5, flower, side view

(about X 2); 6, lip, spread out (about X 3); 7, dorsal sepal (about X 3). Drawn

by D. E. Tibbitts. Adapted in part from Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. Beih.

59: t. 71. 1931.

600

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 601

the center and sulcate to near the apex, provided below the middle (on the lower

fourth) with a pair of small terete antrorsely falcate lobules and above the middle

(just below the expanded apex) with a pair of small obliquely erect fleshy oblong

or triangular flat lamellae, produced at the base into a didymous spur that is

enclosed in the mentum formed by the lateral sepals, 1.4-1.7 cm. long (including

the 2 mm. long spur), 3-4 mm. wide across the thin apical portion. Column

slender, dilated at the apex, 7-9 mm. long.

The lip of this species is very complex. The antrorsely falcate

lateral lobules near the base and the flattened porrect lamellate calli

near the apex distinguish it from all other Guatemalan orchids.

Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection.

74. COMPARETTIA Poepp. & Endl.

Epiphytic plants with slender short rhizomes and small unifoliate pseudo-

bulbous stems. Leaves coriaceous. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudo-

bulbs, simple or branched. Flowers small, showy, distant. Sepals about equal

in length, erect; dorsal sepal free; lateral sepals united, extended at the base into

a long spur-like mentum. Petals as long as the dorsal sepal but broader. Lip

continuous with the base of the column, unguiculate, spreading, much larger and

longer than the sepals and petals, produced at the base into two long terete caudae

that are enclosed in the mentum formed by the lateral sepals. Column erect,

wingless, footless; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent, 1-celled; pollinia 2,

waxy. Capsule ellipsoid, 3-angled, long-beaked.

There are perhaps less than a dozen species in this genus, which

attains its greatest development in the Andean region of South

America. It is represented in Middle America by the following

species.

Comparettia falcata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1:

42. t. 73. 1835. C. rosea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 78. 1840.

Figure 172.

Epiphytic on trees and shrubs in humid forests, usually at high

elevations, up to 1,800 meters alt. Widespread but not common

from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, the West Indies,

and northern South America.

Plant usually small, up to 9 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs small, terete, unifoliate,

1-4 cm. long, up to 1 cm. in diameter, concealed by several grayish or brown

imbricated scarious sheaths that are up to 5 cm. long. Leaf solitary at the apex

of the short pseudobulbs, broadly elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obliquely tridenticu-

late at the broadly rounded to obtuse apex, conduplicate at the base, coriaceous,

often suffused with reddish purple, 3-18 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide. Inflorescence

lateral, from the base of a pseudobulb, a lax few- to many-flowered raceme or

panicle, 1-9 dm. long (including the peduncle); peduncle provided with closely

appressed bracts that are up to 1.2 cm. long. Floral bracts minute, triangular-

602 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

ovate, acute to acuminate, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers small but showy, purple-violet

or pinkish, often marked with white, with slender curved pedicellate ovaries that

are 1-2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal broadly elliptic, acute and slightly recurved at

the apex, deeply concave, 8-10 mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united

above, produced at the base into a long sepaline tube; lamina deeply concave in

natural position, broadly elliptic and minutely bidentate at the obtuse apex when

spread out, 7.5-10 mm. long, 5-6.5 mm. wide about the middle; sepaline tube

terete, slightly compressed, curved, slender, 9-15 mm. long. Petals ovate-elliptic

to somewhat obovate-elliptic, obtuse to subacute, coherent with the dorsal sepal

to form a hood over the column, 8-10 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. Lip uppermost,

continuous with the base of the column, with a short claw, spreading, 1.5-1.7 cm.

long (including the claw), produced at the base into a pair of caudae; lamina

broadly reniform, deeply emarginate, minutely erose on the somewhat undulate

margin, about 1 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide; claw sulcate, lightly winged on each

side at the base, with the wings erect, provided along the central nerve with a

linear callus, 5-6 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide when spread out; caudae slender,

terete, hispidulous, 7.5-10 mm. long, enclosed in the sepaline tube. Column erect,

deeply concave on the anterior face, about 5 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, long-

beaked, strongly 3-angled, usually purplish red, up to 3.5 cm. long.

Alta Verapaz: Mountains along road between Tactic and the

divide on road to Tamahu, Standley 91333. Coban, Turckheim II

1288. — Chiquimula: Montana Nonoja, 3-5 miles east of Camotan,

Steyermark 31690. — Guatemala: Near Guatemala, Hayes. Pam-

plona Golf Course, Guatemala City, Lewis 113. — Huehuetenango :

Near Finca Soledad, Finca San Rafael, 10 miles southeast of Baril-

las, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49128. Vicinity of

Maxbal, about 17 miles north of Barillas, Sierra de los Cuchuma-

tanes, Steyermark 48764. — San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir,

along Rio Cabus to within two miles of Cueva de las Palomas,

slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37950. — Solola: Bordering

barranca on Finca Olas de Moca, just west of Finca Moca, south-

facing slopes of Volcan Atitlari, Steyermark 47627.

75. TRICHOPILIA Lindl.

Epiphytic plants with a short creeping rhizome that produces clustered uni-

foliate pseudobulbous stems and simple inflorescences. Pseudobulbs orbicular-

ancipitous to slender and stem-like. Leaves solitary at the apex of a pseudobulb,

suberect, coriaceous. Inflorescence lateral, from the base of a pseudobulb, 1-few-

flowered. Flowers usually large and showy. Sepals and petals similar, spreading,

usually very narrow, plain to contorted and twisted. Lip adnate to the base or

lower half of the column, more or less 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes tubular-

involute to envelop the column. Column slender-clavellate, erect, footless, bi-

auriculate or bidentate at the apex; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent,

1-celled; pollinia 2, waxy; clinandrium large, entire or lobulate, usually toothed

or fringed. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid or ellipsoid.

FIG. 172. Comparettia falcata. Plant (about X 1); 1, lip (X 2); 2, lateral

sepals and spur, front-side view (X 2); 3, dorsal sepal (X 2); 4, petal (X 2);

5, column (X 3). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

603

604 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

This genus consists of about thirty species, which are natives of

the warmer parts of America. Most of the now recognized species

have very unsatisfactory specific delimitations. Doubtless, a number

of proposals have been made that are not well founded, being based,

for the most part, on coloration and size differences of the flowers.

The number of species now accepted should be considerably reduced

when a monograph of this genus is undertaken.

Floral segments 4.5 cm. or less long; sepals and petals whitish yellow, almost flat

to only slightly twisted T. maculata.

Floral segments more than 4.5 cm. long; sepals and petals purplish, bordered

with yellow or green, conspicuously spirally twisted T. tortilis.

Trichopilia maculata Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 215. 1855. Figure

173.

Epiphytic on trees, from sea level up to 600 meters alt. Guate-

mala and Panama; rare.

Plant caespitose, up to 18 cm. tall, consisting of a short rhizome that gives

rise to unifoliate pseudobulbs and inflorescences. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid-oblong,

somewhat compressed, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, subtended by imbricated

sheaths; sheaths scarious, purple-spotted, conduplicate. Leaf solitary at the apex

of the pseudobulbs, suberect, narrowly elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse to

acute, conduplicate at the base, coriaceous, 7.5-14 cm. long, 1.7-3.2 cm. wide.

Peduncle lateral, from the base of a pseudobulb, 1-2-flowered, 3-5 cm. long,

slender, subtended by closely appressed sheaths. Floral bracts scarious, tubular-

involute, about 1.5 cm. long. Flowers large, showy, with slender curved pedi-

cellate ovaries that are about 3.5 cm. long. Sepals and petals similar, spreading,

whitish yellow, almost flat to only slightly twisted, linear to linear-lanceolate,

subobtuse to subacuminate, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide below the middle;

lateral sepals and petals oblique. Lip large, adnate to the base of the column and

tubular-involute below so that it envelopes the column, spreading-deflexed at the

apex, white with a yellow throat marked with red lines, 3.7-4.5 cm. long, when

expanded 3-lobed above and broadly obovate in outline, undulate on the margins,

2.5-3 cm. wide across the broadly rounded lateral lobes; mid-lobe transversely

elliptic, notched at the apex, 1-1.3 cm. long, about 1.6-2 cm. wide; disk bifoveate

below in the center just under the apex of the column. Column slender-clavellate,

white, 3-lobulate at the apex with the lobules lacerate-fringed, about 1.7 cm.

long.

Except for the almost flat (not spirally twisted) sepals and

petals and the difference in coloration, this segregate could be con-

sidered as a small edition of T. tortilis. There is nothing that

separates them except the size of the flower, the difference in color,

and the contortion or lack of contortion of the sepals and petals.

Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 3495. — "Guatemala,"

Steyermark.

FIG. 173. Trichopilia maculata. Plant (X 1); 1, lip, spread out (X 1);

2, column, front-side view (X 3). Drawn by Blanche Ames.

605

606 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Trichopilia tortilis Lindl. Nat. Syst. Bot. ed. 2: 446. 1836.

Epiphytic on trees in damp tropical forests, up to 1,500 meters

alt. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador; not common.

Plant caespitose, up to 3 dm. or more tall, consisting of a short rhizome that

gives rise to unifoliate pseudobulbs and inflorescences. Pseudobulbs narrowly

ovoid to oblong-cylindrical, compressed, 4-12 cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. wide, more or

less enveloped by sheaths; sheaths scarious, imbricate, conduplicate, brown-

spotted. Leaf solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs, suberect, elliptic-lanceolate

to elliptic-oblanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate at the apex, conduplicate at

the base, coriaceous, 9-22 cm. long, 2.3-4.8 cm. wide. Peduncle lateral, from the

base of a pseudobulb, 1-2-flowered, slender, 5-10 cm. long, subtended by tubular-

involute sheaths. Floral bracts scarious, tubular-involute, 1.5-2.5 cm. long.

Flowers large, showy, fragrant, with slender curved pedicellate ovaries that are

4-5 cm. long. Sepals and petals similar, brownish purple to light lavender, with

an irregular yellowish or greenish border, spreading, linear, acute to subacumi-

nate, conspicuously twisted and contorted, 4.8-8 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide;

lateral sepals and petals oblique. Lip large, adnate to the base of the column

and tubular-involute below so as to envelop the column, spreading-deflexed at

the apex, white to yellowish white with the yellow throat spotted brown or crimson,

4.8-6.5 cm. long, when expanded 3-lobed above and broadly obovate in outline,

crisped-undulate on the margins, 3.8-4.5 cm. wide across the semiovate rounded

lateral lobes; mid-lobe transversely elliptic-suborbicular, notched at the apex,

1.5-2 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide; disk bifoveate below in the center just under

the apex of the column. Column slender-clavellate, greenish white, 3-lobulate at

the apex with the lobules fringed, about 2 cm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, erect,

4-5 cm. long.

This species is commonly known as "Flora susenne de montana"

and "Caste Monjeta" in Guatemala. Its spirally twisted and con-

torted sepals and petals are most attractive.

Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz and Coban, Turckheim 8585. Finca

Volcan, Wilson. — Guatemala: Mrs. Palmer, Guatemala City, be-

lieved to have come from near Escuintla, Lewis 125. Near Finca

La Aurora, Aguilar 268. — Quezaltenango: Montana Chicharro, on

lower southeast-facing slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, 2-4 miles

south of Santa Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 34267.

76. ODONTOGLOSSUM H.B.K.

Epiphytic or rock-inhabiting plants with short rhizomes that give rise to

pseudobulbous stems. Pseudobulbs 1-3-leaved at the apex, subtended by leaf-

sheaths or non-leaf-bearing sheaths, more or less compressed. Leaves from the

apex of the pseudobulbs, often produced also on the rhizome, coriaceous or fleshy,

nearly rigid to flexible. Peduncle from the base of a pseudobulb, usually erect.

Inflorescence a solitary flower or a simple or compound few- to many-flowered

raceme. Flowers large and showy to small and inconspicuous. Sepals subequal,

spreading, free or with the lateral ones more or less united. Petals similar to the

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 607

sepals but usually broader. Lip entire to 3-lobed; base of lip parallel with the

column, sometimes shortly adnate to it; lateral lobes (when present) erect or

revolute-spreading; terminal lobe spreading or more commonly strongly deflexed;

disk at the base variously cristate, lamellate, callose or occasionally nude. Column

usually long and slender as compared with Oncidium, wingless at the apex or

with the clinandrium prominent and sometimes toothed, auricled or lobed; anther

terminal, incumbent, operculate; pollinia 2, waxy, entire or sulcate. Capsule

usually large, ovoid or ellipsoid.

This is a large genus of about one hundred species, which are

distributed mainly in the mountainous regions of the subtropics in

this hemisphere. Many of the species have very attractive and

colorful flowers and are widely cultivated. Some of the species

approach those of Oncidium, to which this genus is closely allied.

1. Lip sessile, when spread out more or less pandurate to occasionally oblong or

oblong-quadrate, widest above the middle.

2. Callus of lip inconspicuous, composed of several obscure ridges above the

geniculate portion of the lip.

3. Lip 2-3 cm. long, 1 cm. or more wide across the prominently dilated

apex; sepals and petals 2.5 cm. or more long 0. laeve.

3. Lip 1.5-2 cm. long, 8.5 mm. or less across the slightly dilated apex;

sepals and petals less than 2.2 cm. long 0. stenoglossum.

2. Callus of lip large, fleshy, variously shaped, bicornute or bidentate at the

apex.

4. Flowers large, showy, blotched and banded with reddish brown; lip 2.5

cm. or more long; callus bluntly bicornute at the apex.

5. Column-wings suborbicular O. grande.

5. Column-wings narrowly uncinate 0. Williamsianum.

4. Flowers small, inconspicuous, white, pinkish white or faint purple; lip

1.8 cm. or less long; callus more or less sharply bidentate at the apex

with the teeth incurved.

6. Lateral sepals united almost to the apex; lip not noticeably constricted

below the middle; rachis usually fractiflex (zigzag) O. Egertonii.

6. Lateral sepals united at most for about 5 mm.; lip constricted below

the middle; rachis straight.

7. Lip strongly geniculate-deflexed, 1-1.8 cm. long; column prominently

3-lobulate at the apex with the lobules lacerate-toothed.

O. pulchellum.

7. Lip flat, concave, not geniculate, about 9 mm. long; column at most

only obscurely 3-lobulate at the apex with the lobules essentially

entire O. convallarioides.

1. Lip with a distinct slender claw (sometimes entirely callose); lamina varying

from suborbicular to ovate-subquadrate, triangular-cordate or cordate-sub-

reniform, widest below the middle.

8. Column with a prominent pair of auricles at the apex.

9. Sepals and petals white to rose-colored, marked on the lower third with

reddish brown transverse concentric spots and lines 0. Cervantesii.

9. Sepals and petals yellowish green to nearly dark red, mottled or banded

throughout with reddish brown.

10. Lip about 2.8 cm. long, 2.8 cm. or more wide, rose-colored, irregularly

veined with white; petals ovate-elliptic O. Uroskinneri.

10. Lip 2 cm. or less long, less than 2.5 cm. wide, white to pink; petals

linear-elliptic to oblanceolate O. Bictoniense.

608 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

8. Column not auriculate at the apex, at most narrowly winged.

11. Lip spotted and blotched throughout with purple or reddish brown.

12. Lip ovate-siJbquadrate, broadly truncate and more or less retuse at

the apex; sepals and petals rose-colored or purplish O. majale.

12. Lip broadly cordate to cordate-reniform, acute to acuminate; sepals

and petals blotched and spotted with reddish brown.

13. Petals ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering to the long-

acuminate apex O. cordatum.

13. Petals broadly elliptic to elliptic-obovate or oblong-sub quadrate,

abruptly acute to shortly acuminate O. maculatum.

11. Lip white, pinkish or yellowish, unspotted or (if tinged and marked with

mauve) the margins coarsely lacerate-toothed.

14. Lip with the margins coarsely and irregularly lacerate-toothed, 2 cm.

or less long; petals tawny-bronze or purplish tipped with yellow.

O. stellatum.

14. Lip with margins undulate, 2 cm. or more long; petals blotched with

reddish brown at the base . . . . O. Rossii.

Odontoglossum Bictoniense (Batem.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26:

t. 66. 1840. Cyrtochilum Bictoniense Batem. Orch. Mex. & Guatem.

t. 6. 1843 (type: Guatemala, Skinner}.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, on rocks of cliffs or terres-

trial, up to 3,200 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala,

and El Salvador.

Plant up to 9 dm. tall, slender. Pseudobulbs produced on a short rhizome,

ovoid to ellipsoid, compressed, 2-3- or rarely 1-leaved, 4-18 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm.

wide, subtended and more or less concealed by leaf -sheaths; sheaths distichous,

strongly conduplicate-ancipitous, scarious. Leaves 1-3 at the apex of a pseudo-

bulb or produced on the short rhizome, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-lanceolate or linear,

acute to acuminate, conduplicate at the base, 11.5-45 cm. long, 1.5-5.5 cm. wide,

subcoriaceous. Peduncle from the base of a pseudobulb, provided with scarious

sheaths, slender or stout, 3-8 dm. long including the many-flowered simple or

occasionally branched raceme. Floral bracts broadly elliptic to lanceolate, sub-

acute to acuminate, scarious, 7-20 mm. long. Flowers numerous, showy, with

slender pedicellate ovaries that are 2.5-5 cm. long. Sepals and petals pale or

yellowish green, banded with reddish brown, spreading. Dorsal sepal elliptic-

lanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, acute to subobtuse at the slightly recurved apex,

concave, dorsally carinate, 1.8-2.3 cm. long, 6-8.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals

elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at the recurved apex,

oblique, dorsally carinate, 2.1-2.7 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide. Petals oblanceolate

to elliptic-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, obtuse to acute, oblique, 1.8-2.3 cm. long,

4.5-8 mm. wide. Lip with a short claw; lamina broadly subcordate to cordate-

subreniform, broadly rounded to acute at the apex, with the margins crisped-

crenulate, white to lavender or pink, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1.6-2.4 cm. wide; claw about

7 mm. long, callose; callus more or less puberulent, composed of a pair of erect

plates that clasp the column and are extended at the apex as erect flap-like lobes,

sulcate-concave. Column cellular-papillose, slender-clavate, with quadrate in-

curved auricles on each side at the apex, 1.2-1.5 cm. long. Capsule broadly

ellipsoid, about 4 cm. long.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 609

This species is distinguished from closely allied species by its

auriculate column. It is commonly called "sets-sish."

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim II 1624. — Guatemala: Bought

in market, Guatemala, Standley 57849. Garden of Don Mariano

Pacheco H., said to have come originally from San Agustin de

Minas, Finca of President Ubico at San Moran, Dept. Guatemala,

Steyermark 46385. Near San Rafael, about 10 miles from Guate-

mala City, Lewis 129. — Huehuetenango: Trail between Soloma and

Santa Eulalia, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48458. Cerro

Canana, between Nucapuxlac and Canana, Sierra de los Cuchuma-

tanes, Steyermark 49001. Cerro Huitz, between Barillas and Miman-

huitz, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48553. La Sierra

(Tujimach), across river from San Juan Atitlan, Sierra de los Cuchu-

matanes, Steyermark 52016. Cuesta de las Concepcion, Seler 2326.

Near Soloma, Skutch 994. San Juan Atitlan, Skutch 1184. — Totoni-

capan: Totonicapan, Johnston 1373. — Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas,

upper slopes, along Rio Repollal to summit of mountain, Steyermark

42577. Sierra de las Minas, middle and upper south-facing slopes of

Volcan Gemelos, Steyermark 43246. — South slope of Volcan Atitlan,

Skutch 1513. — "Guatemala," Bernoulli 245.

Odontoglossum Cervantesii Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr.

Orch. Opusc. 34. 1824.

Epiphytic on trees and on rocky slopes, usually at extremely

high elevations, from 1,500 to 3,000 meters alt. Rather common in

Mexico; apparently very rare in Guatemala.

Plant usually growing in clumps, 8-32 cm. tall. Pseudobulbs produced at

close intervals on a short rhizome, short, ovoid, compressed, unifoliate, 2-6.5 cm.

long, 1-2.3 cm. wide, subtended by several short scarious sheaths. Leaf solitary

at the apex of a pseudobulb, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-

elliptic, acute to subacuminate, conduplicate at the base, 4-16 cm. long, 1.2-3.2

cm. wide about the middle. Peduncle from base of pseudobulb, suberect to more

or less pendent, slender, 1-6-flowered, up to 32 cm. long including the inflorescence,

covered with numerous sheathing bracts; bracts convolute, lanceolate, acuminate,

scarious-translucent, brownish, up to 6 cm. long. Floral bracts similar to those

of the peduncle. Flowers rather large, showy, fragrant, white to rose-colored,

the sepals and petals marked on the lower third with reddish brown transverse

concentric spots or lines, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 2-6 cm. long.

Sepals spreading, oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, nearly rounded to acute or

shortly acuminate at the apex, 2-3.3 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; lateral sepals

slightly oblique. Petals spreading-recurved, broadly elliptic-obovate to sub-

orbicular-elliptic, broadly rounded to subacute or rarely retuse at the apex, 1.8-3

cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide. Lip with a short thick claw; lamina broadly cordate to

suborbicular-ovate, rounded to abruptly acute at the apex, cordate to subtrun-

610 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

cate at the base, occasionally somewhat constricted about the middle, with the

margins irregularly erose to subentire, 1-2.3 cm. long, 1-2.7 cm. wide across the

base; claw callose, concave-sulcate, with the thickened concave purple-striped

sides erect, about 6 mm. long; callus yellowish, cellular-papillose, extended beyond

the claw as two sharply divergent points, with a fleshy hump in the center at the

base of the two points. Column slender-clavate, cellular-papillose, about 1 cm.

long, provided with a small suborbicular-quadrate auricle on each side at the

apex. Capsule suberect, ellipsoid, 4-5 cm. long.

This species is distinguished from closely allied species by the

concentric arrangement of reddish Thrown lines and blotches on the

lower third of the sepals and petals and by the conspicuously auric-

ulate column.

No specimens of this species have been, seen from Guatemala.

It is included on the basis of Cogniaux's report (Diet. Icon. Orch.

t. 16. 1898).

Odontoglossum convallarioides (Schltr.) Ames & Correll,

Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 11: 19. 1943. Osmoglossum conval-

larioides Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 148. 1923.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, usually at high elevations, up to

2,700 meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala, common in Costa

Rica.

Plant erect, caespitose, often growing in large masses. Pseudobulbs con-

gested on a short rhizome, ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, ancipitous, angled, tapering to

the bifoliate apex, up to 8.5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, subtended by several dis-

tichous imbricated membranaceous sheaths, with some of the sheaths bearing

immature leaves; sheaths up to 7.5 cm. long. Leaves of the pseudobulbs erect to

erect-spreading, coriaceous, flexible, linear-ligulate, acute, conduplicate at the

base, 1.5-4.2 dm. long, 7-12 mm. wide. Peduncle from the axil of a sheath sub-

tending a pseudobulb, erect, compressed, slender, 1-4 dm. long (including the

few-flowered raceme), provided with long closely appressed scarious sheaths.

Floral bracts deltoid to triangular-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, scarious, up to

1.5 cm. long. Flowers pinkish white or whitish, fleshy, with rather stout pedicel-

late ovaries that are about 1.5 cm. long. Sepals broadly elliptic to oblong-elliptic,

subacute to acute, deeply concave, 7-10 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; lateral sepals

oblique, united at the base for 2-4 mm. Petals suborbicular-obovate to obovate-

subquadrate, broadly rounded and often apiculate at the apex, 7-9 mm. long,

6-7 mm. wide. Lip obovate-subpandurate in outline, subobtuse to retuse at the

apex, concave, usually very fleshy, often spotted with red-purple, about 9 mm.

long, 6-8 mm. wide above the middle; disk adorned at the base with a yellowish

orange quadrate callus; callus about 3.5 mm. long and wide, composed of three

fleshy ridges, the lateral ridges much-thickened at the apex where they are termi-

nated by an erect-incurved triangular tooth, the central ridge narrowly triangular

with the point directed back toward the column. Column short, thick, 3.5-4

mm. long, obscurely or scarcely 3-lobed at the apex, with the lobules (when

present) essentially entire. Capsule obovoid, erect, about 3 cm. long.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 611

This species forms with 0. Egertonii and 0. pulchellum a complex

group of plants. All three species are similar in habit. However,

there are floral differences that readily separate them. This species

differs from 0. Egertonii in that the broader lateral sepals are almost

free instead of being united almost to the apex as in that species,

and the lip is distinctly constricted below the middle, a character

lacking in 0. Egertonii. The column of 0. convallarioides is almost

without apical lobules, whereas the column of 0. Egertonii is deeply

3-lobed, and the lobes are fringed. Odontoglossum convallarioides

differs from 0. pulchellum not only in the much smaller flowers but

also in that the column is not conspicuously lobulate and the lip is

flat and concave, not strongly arcuate-deflexed as in that species.

Chimaltenango: Johnston 1236. — San Marcos: Finca El Porvenir,

on Potrero Matasan along Rio Cabus, Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark

37642.

Odontoglossum cordatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. p. 50.

1838.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, rarely terrestrial, up to

3,000 meters alt. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica;

not common.

Plant rather coarse, caespitose, up to 5 dm. or more tall. Pseudobulbs con-

gested on a short rhizome, ovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, compressed, unifoliate,

4.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, subtended by leaf-sheaths; sheaths scarious,

distichous, strongly conduplicate. Leaves solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs

and produced on the rhizome, elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic or oblong-ligulate, ob-

tuse to shortly acuminate, conduplicate at the base, coriaceous, 9-30 cm. long,

3-4.5 cm. wide. Peduncle from the base of a pseudobulb, provided with closely

appressed carinate compressed scarious bracts, up to 4.5 dm. long including the

few- to many-flowered inflorescence. Floral bracts similar to those of the pe-

duncle, 2.5-3 cm. long. Flowers showy, greenish, whitish or yellowish, blotched

and spotted with reddish brown, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 3-4.5

cm. long. Sepals spreading-recurved, elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acu-

minate-attenuate, strongly dorsally carinate with the keel excurrent, longitu-

dinally concave, 3.5-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique. Petals

spreading, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate or attenuate at

the apex, oblique, 2.5-4 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Lip with a short claw; lamina

deltoid-cordate, rather abruptly acuminate-attenuate and with the margins invo-

lute at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, somewhat erose-crenulate on

the margins, 1.8-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-1.9 cm. wide across the base; claw up to 8

mm. long, callose; callus composed of a pair of short fleshy erect auriculate lateral

keels and a central keel that extends from near the base to the sinus between the

pair of terete cornute tips projecting beyond the claw at the apex of the callus.

Column slender-clavate, puberulent, not auriculate, 1-1.5 cm. long. Capsule

obo void-ellipsoid, about 4 cm. long.

612 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Odontoglossum cordatum, 0. maculatum and 0. Bictoniense are

superficially alike. However, 0. cordatum is separated from 0.

maculatum by its long-acuminate, tapering petals in contrast to the

abruptly and shortly acuminate petals of 0. maculatum. Odonto-

glossum Bictoniense is separated from the other two species by its

auriculate column, which is lacking in those species.

Guatemala: On road to Mataquescuintla, 25 miles from Guate-

mala City, Lewis 110. — Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes,

Steyermark 47454. — Zapote-Osuna, Johnston 1420.

Odontoglossum Egertonii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 31: Misc. p. 50.

1845 (type: Guatemala?). Oncidium Egertonii (Lindl.) Beer, Prakt.

Stud. Orch. 285. 1854. Osmoglossum anceps Schltr. Repert. Sp.

Nov. Beih. 19: 147. 1923.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 2,600 meters alt. Widespread

but not common in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica.

Plant erect, caespitose. Pseudobulbs congested on a short rhizome, ovoid to

ovoid-elliptic, compressed, usually tapering to the bifoliate apex, up to 9.5 cm.

long and 3 cm. wide, subtended by several distichous imbricated membranaceous

sheaths, with some of the sheaths bearing immature leaves; sheaths up to 8 cm.

long. Leaves of the pseudobulbs erect to erect-spreading, coriaceous, flexible,

linear-ligulate, acute, conduplicate at the base, 2-5.5 dm. long, 7-15 mm. wide.

Peduncle from the axil of a sheath subtending a pseudobulb, compressed, erect,

slender or rather stout, 1.5-4.5 dm. long (including the 5-10-flowered raceme),

provided with long closely appressed scarious sheaths; rachis usually conspicu-

ously fractiflex. Floral bracts deltoid to triangular-lanceolate, acute to acuminate,

erect-spreading, 5-12 mm. long. Flowers white marked with lilac, fleshy, with

stout arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are about 1.2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal

ovate-oblong to oblong-elliptic, subobtuse to acute, 1.1-1.2 cm. long, 5.5-6 mm.

wide. Lateral sepals united almost to the apex; lamina broadly elliptic, gibbose-

saccate at the base, bifid at the apex with the free parts dorsally carinate and

acute to acuminate, about 1.3 cm. long and 8 mm. wide. Petals broadly ovate

or ovate-elliptic to broadly elliptic, obtuse to apiculate, concave, oblique, with

the margin crisped, 1-1.2 cm. long, 5.5-8 mm. wide below the middle. Lip oblong-

subquadrate, apiculate, conduplicate at the apex in natural position, concave,

9-12.5 mm. long, 5-9 mm. wide above the middle, often crisped on the margin

and marked with yellow or brown at the base; disk adorned at the base with a

yellowish often brown-spotted quadrate callus; callus 4-5 mm. long and wide,

composed of three fleshy ridges, the lateral ridges terminated by erect-incurved

triangular teeth, the central ridge narrowly triangular with the point directed

back toward the column. Column short, thick, about 4 mm. long, 3-lobulate

at the apex with the lobules lacerate-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, erect, about

3.5 cm. long.

This species is separated from 0. convallarioides and 0. pulchel-

lum, two closely allied species, in that the lateral sepals are united

almost to the apex and the lip is not at all or only scarcely con-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 613

stricted below the middle. The rachis is also usually conspicuously

fractiflex, a character not evident in the other two species.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim II 718. Along Rio Carcha,

between Coban and San Pedro Carchd, Standley 89879; 89925.

Vicinity of Coban, Standley 90867. — Quiche": Finca San Francisco,

Cotzal, Skutch 1871. — San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir, be-

tween Loma de la Paloma and "Todos Santos Chiquitos," south-

facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 38002. — Suchi-

tepequez: Volcan Santa Clara, between Finca El Naranjo and

upper slopes, Steyermark 46656.

Odontoglossum grande Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: Misc. p. 47. 1840

(type: Guatemala, Dept. Guatemala, in a barranca near Guatemala

City, Skinner). Figure 174.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 2,660 meters alt. Uncommon

in Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant rather coarse, up to 4 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs clustered on a short

rhizome, orbicular to ovoid, compressed-ancipitous, 1-3-leaved, 4-10 cm. long, 3-6

cm. wide, glaucous, subtended by two or more large scarious sheaths. Leaves

1-3 at the apex of a pseudobulb, elliptic to lanceolate, acute, contracted below

into a conduplicate petiole, coriaceous, glaucous, 1-4 dm. long including the

petiole, 3-6.5 cm. wide. Peduncle from base of pseudobulb, rather stout, provided

with several basal sheaths and distant bracts, up to 3 dm. long including the

4-8-flowered raceme. Floral bracts lanceolate, involute, closely appressed, scari-

ous, 3.5-4.5 cm. long. Flowers large, showy, with stout pedicellate ovaries that

are 3.5-6 cm. long. Sepals spreading, yellow with broad transverse bars and

flecks of reddish brown, elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate at

the recurved apex, with undulate margins, 5.5-8.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; lateral

sepals falcate, convex. Petals spreading, lower half reddish brown with yellow

markings along the margin, upper half clear yellow, oblanceolate-elliptic to ellip-

tic-oblong or occasionally elliptic-lanceolate, broadly obtuse to acute, with undu-

late margins, 5-8 cm. long, 1.8-3.2 cm. wide. Lip sessile, broadly pandurate,

unequally 3-lobed, creamy white, flecked with reddish brown, 2.5-4.3 cm. long;

lateral lobes near the base, small, auricle-like, revolute, about 5 mm. long and 3.5

mm. wide, rounded; mid-lobe separated from the lateral lobes by a short broad

isthmus, suborbicular-quadrate, subtruncate and shallowly notched at the apex,

subtruncate at the base, 2-3.7 cm. wide; disk with a fleshy bicornute quadrate

callus between the lateral lobes and on the isthmus; callus adorned with one or

two small porrect horns on each side at the base, about 5 mm. long and wide.

Column 1-1.5 cm. long, puberulent, provided with a rounded incurved convex

wing on each side at the apex.

This species is the largest-flowered Odontoglossum found in Guate-

mala, and it is used extensively for horticultural purposes. It forms

with 0. Williamsianum and several additional extra-limital species

a rather complex group of plants that are somewhat intermediate

614 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

between the genera Odontoglossum and Oncidium. It is best dis-

tinguished from nearly allied species not only by its larger flowers

but by the suborbicular, not uncinate, wings of the column. There

are other floral differences which aid in separating the species in

this complex. Odontoglossum grande is commonly known in Guate-

mala as "Boca de Tigre" and "Una de gato."

Chimaltenango: San Martin, Rodriguez 1469. Along road from

Chimaltenango to San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 57919. Cal-

deras, Johnston 1360; 1369. — Guatemala City, Lewis 92. — Quezal-

tenango: V aught 292a. — Santa Rosa: Estanzuelas, Heyde & Lux

3856. — Bought in market, Guatemala City, Standley 37846.—

"Guatemala," Ostlund 2880.

Odontoglossum laeve Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30: t. 39. 1844 (type:

Guatemala, Skinner, Hartweg}.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests or on rocks, up to 1,600

meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant large, coarse, up to 10 dm. or more tall. Pseudobulbs large, ovoid to

ovoid-ellipsoid, strongly compressed, 2-3-leaved, 5-12 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide,

vernicose, subtended by large conduplicate scarious-fibrous leaf-sheaths. Leaves

2-3 from apex of a pseudobulb and from the short rhizome, linear-ligulate to

oblong-ligulate, rounded to subacute at the apex, subcoriaceous, flexible, condu-

plicate at the base, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 2.5-5.5 cm. wide. Peduncle from base of

pseudobulb, stout, erect, subtended and enveloped at the base by a leaf-sheath,

provided at intervals with closely appressed scarious bracts, up to 10 dm. or more

long including the paniculate raceme. Floral bracts and bracts subtending the

branches of the inflorescence similar, ovate-cucullate, amplexicaul, acute, scari-

ous, up to 1.5 cm. long. Flowers usually numerous, rather showy, with slender

pedicellate ovaries that are 2-2.5 cm. long. Sepals and petals spreading, yellow,

blotched and banded with reddish brown. Sepals narrowly elliptic to somewhat

linear-oblanceolate, acute-apiculate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide; lateral sepals

strongly keeled on the back, recurved at the apex, with reflexed lateral margins.

Petals obliquely linear-elliptic, 2.5-3 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide. Lip white above,

purplish below the middle, strongly deflexed below the middle in natural position,

oblong-pandurate when spread out, 2-3 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. wide across the sub-

orbicular to broadly ovate dilated apical portion, lightly retuse at the apex with

a small apicule in the sinus; disk fleshy -thickened and sulcate on the lower third

or fourth, with the thickened portion terminating in 2-5 inconspicuous keels

above the bend in the lip. Column clavate, with an auricle on each side at the

apex, about 1 cm. long. Capsule large, ovoid-ellipsoid, about 5 cm. long.

This species is closely allied to, if not conspecific with, 0. steno-

glossum.

Guatemala: Pamplona Golf Course, Guatemala City, Lewis 109.

—San Marcos: Finca El Porvenir, on Potrero Matasan along Rio

Cabus, Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37639.

FIG. 174. Odontoglossum grande. Plant (about X 2A). Drawn by D. E.

Tibbitts.

615

616 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

Odontoglossum maculatum Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr.

Orch. Opusc. 35. 1824.

Epiphytic on trees in cool forests, up to 3,000 meters alt. Rather

common in Mexico; rare in Guatemala.

Plant rather coarse, 1.2-5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs produced at intervals on a

thick creeping rhizome, ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, compressed, 1-2-leaved, 4-9.5

cm. long, up to 3 cm. wide, subtended by both leaf-sheaths and non-leaf-bearing

sheaths; sheaths scarious, distichous, strongly conduplicate. Leaves one or two

at the apex of a pseudobulb and produced on the rhizome, elliptic-ligulate to

elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, apiculate, conduplicate at the base, coria-

ceous, 7.5-32 cm. long, 1.8-5.5 cm. wide. Peduncle from the base of a pseudo-

bulb, more or less pendent, provided with broadly elliptic acute convolute cari-

nate bracts, up to 4 dm. long including the few- to many-flowerd inflorescence.

Floral bracts similar to those o"f the peduncle, about 2.5 cm. long. Flowers showy,

yellow and greenish spotted with reddish brown, with slender pedicellate ovaries

that are 3-7.5 cm. long. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate,

conspicuously dorsally carinate with the keels excurrent, longitudinally concave,

usually greenish yellow and unspotted, 2.4-3.7 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; lateral

sepals oblique. Petals with a short narrow claw, broadly elliptic to elliptic-obovate

or somewhat oblong-subquadrate, sometimes more or less pandurate, abruptly acute

to shortly acuminate, yellow, spotted with reddish brown on the lower half, 2.2-

3.2 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide above the middle. Lip with a short fleshy claw;

lamina yellow, spotted with reddish brown, broadly cordate-reniform to triangu-

lar-cordate, subacute to acuminate-attenuate, with the margins crisped and sub-

entire to coarsely erose-dentate, 1.5-2.2 cm. long, 1.3-2.4 cm. wide; claw about

6 mm. long, callose; callus farinose, composed of a pair of purple-striped fleshy

concave porrect lateral lobes and a central keel extending from near the base to

the sinus between the pair of slender terete divergent horns at the apex of the

callus. Column whitish, puberulent, not auriculate, about 1.2 cm. long. Capsule

broadly ellipsoid, about 4 cm. long.

This species is very closely allied to 0. cordatum, from which it

differs primarily in the shortly acuminate, not long-acuminate,

petals. It is related to 0. Cervantesii but, besides being a much

larger plant, it lacks the prominently auriculate column found in

that species.

San Marcos: Between Canjula and La Union Juarez near south-

east portion of Volcan Tacana, Steyermark 36384.

Odontoglossum majale Reichb. f. Flora 69: 550. 1886. 0.

platycheilum Weathers, Card. Chron. 11: 587. fig. 35. 1892 (type:

Guatemala, Dept. Quiche", Chiul, alt. 2,600 meters, Heyde & Lux

3502).

Epiphytic on trees, up to 2,600 meters alt. Apparently endemic

to Guatemala; rare.

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 617

Plant usually small, up to 3.5 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs produced close together

on a short subscandent rhizome, narrowly ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, unifoliate,

compressed, 4-7 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, about 1 cm. thick, subtended and more

or less concealed by large sheaths; sheaths scarious, light brown, conduplicate, up

to 10 cm. long. Leaf solitary at the apex of the pseudobulbs, linear-ligulate,

obtuse to subacute, subcoriaceous, conduplicate at the base, 1-3 dm. long, 1.8-3

cm. wide. Peduncle from the base of a pseudobulb, erect-ascending, 1-1.4 dm.

long, enveloped for the most part by long scarious sheaths, supporting two to

four flowers. Floral bracts ovate, subacute, scarious, 1-1.8 cm. long. Flowers

showy, rose-colored or purplish, with the lip blotched with dark purple or carmine,

with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 3-5 cm. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate

to lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, dorsally winged along the mid-nerve with

the wing excurrent, concave, 2-2.7 cm. long, 6.5-8 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly

oblique. Petals oblong-elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, subobtuse to acute, ob-

lique, somewhat undulate on the margins, 2-2.5 cm. long, 5-6.5 mm. wide. Lip

with a slender claw; lamina spreading, ovate-subquadrate, retuse at the sub trun-

cate apex, more or less subtruncate at the base, slightly constricted about the

middle, the margin repand, 1.7-2.8 cm. long, 1.7-3.2 cm. wide across the base;

claw about 1 cm. long, callose, sulcate, with the thickened margins erect; callus

extended beyond the claw as two blunt tips. Column white, slender-clavate,

1.2-1.5 cm. long, narrowly winged at the apex.

This species is distinguished from closely allied species in its

ovate-subquadrate lip, which is conspicuously spotted over its entire

surface. The large sheaths enveloping the peduncle are also charac-

teristic of this species.

Alta Verapaz: "Purchased in Guatemala City; said to have come

from Coban," Lewis 218. — Chimaltenango : Tecpam, Matzer 1825.—

"Purchased in Guatemala market," Guatemala City, Johnston 1242.

-"Guatemala," Bernoulli 338.

Odontoglossum pulchellum Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27:

t. 48. 1841 (type: Guatemala, Batemari) .

Epiphytic on trees in forests, usually at high elevations, up to

2,500 meters alt. Rather common in Mexico, Guatemala, and El

Salvador.

Plant erect, caespitose, often growing in dense clumps. Pseudobulbs con-

gested on a short rhizome, ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, tapering to the bifoliate apex,

compressed longitudinally, sulcate, up to 10 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, subtended

by several distichous imbricated membranaceous sheaths, with some of the

sheaths bearing immature leaves; sheaths up to 8 cm. long. Leaves of the pseudo-

bulbs erect-spreading, linear-ligulate, acute, conduplicate at the base, coriaceous,

flexible, 1-3.5 dm. long, 8-14 mm. wide. Peduncle from the axil of a sheath sub-

tending a pseudobulb, stiffly erect, compressed, slender, 1.2-5 dm. long (including

the lax 3-10-flowered raceme), provided with closely appressed scarious sheaths.

Floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 8-13 mm. long. Flowers

white with the outer surface of the sepals usually pink or purplish, fragrant, with

618 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

stout pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal broadly obovate

to elliptic-obovate, apiculate at the broadly rounded apex, concave, 1-2 cm. long,

6-13.5 mm. wide above the middle. Lateral sepals broadly elliptic, obtuse-

apiculate at the apex, oblique, spreading, united at the base for about 5 mm.,

somewhat dorsally carinate below the middle, about as long as the dorsal sepal,

5.5-10 mm. wide. Petals broadly cuneate-obovate to suborbicular-obovate, con-

duplicate at the broadly rounded to subobtuse or apiculate apex, oblique, concave,

often crisped on the thin margin, 1.3-2 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide near the apex.

Lip complex, in natural position abruptly decurved at the apex of the large callus

to form a right angle with the basal half of the lip, strongly conduplicate at the

apex with the tip directed back toward the ovary; when expanded panduriform

in outline, subtruncate to broadly rounded and apiculate at the apex, with the

margins usually crisped, 1-1.8 cm. long, 8-11 mm. wide across the apical portion,

adorned on the lower half with an oblong-quadrate callus; callus yellowish spotted

with reddish brown, 5-7 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, composed of three fleshy

ridges, the lateral ridges terminated by blunt erect angles, the central ridge nar-

rowly triangular with the point directed back toward the column. Column short,

thick, 4-5 mm. long, 3-lobulate at the apex with the lobules coarsely toothed.

Capsule broadly ellipsoid, erect, about 3.5 cm. long.

This species is at once distinguished from 0. convallarioides and

0. Egertonii, two closely allied species, by the strongly deflexed

attitude of the lip and the usually much larger flowers.

Chimaltenango: Chichoy, Standley 62430. Along road from Chi-

maltenango to San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 57933; 80846.—

El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, between Calera and middle slopes

of quebradas of Volcan Siglo, Steyermark 43013. Sierra de las

Minas, hills between Finca Piamonte and slopes southeast of Finca

Piamonte, Steyermark 43414.— Guatemala: On road to Mataques-

cuintla, Lewis 103. — Huehuetenango: Aguacatan, Skutch 1919.

Aguacatan, Johnston 1680. Aguacatan road, 10 km. east of Hue-

huetenango, Standley 82107; 82017; 82041.— Jalapa: Potrero Carrillo,

13 miles northeast of Jalapa, Steyermark 33016. — Quiche": Nebaj,

Skutch 1714. — Sacatepe"quez: Embaulada, Heyde & Lux 4601.—

Totonicapan: Totonicapan, Johnston 1374. — Zacapa: Sierra de las

Minas, between Santa Rosalia de Marmol and San Lorenzo, Steyer-

mark 43148.

Odontoglossum Rossii Lindl. Sert. Orch. sub t. 25. 1838.

Epiphytic on trees in humid forests, up to 3,000 meters alt.

Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.

Plant small, suberect, usually growing in loose clumps, 1-2.5 dm. tall. Pseudo-

bulbs clustered on a short rhizome, ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, compressed, unifoliate,

3-6 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, 1-2 cm. thick, clothed at the base with scarious

conduplicate sheaths that are up to 7 cm. long. Leaf solitary at the apex of the

pseudobulbs, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, conduplicate at the base, sub-

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 619

coriaceous, 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide. Peduncle from the base of a pseudo-

bulb, slender, erect or curved, 6-20 cm. long, 2-4-flowered, provided with several

scarious bracts. Floral bracts scarious, ovate-lanceolate, acute-apiculate, up to

3.5 cm. long. Flowers showy, large for the plant, pale yellow, white or pinkish,

with the sepals and the base of the petals blotched with reddish brown, with

slender pedicellate ovaries that are 3-5 cm. long. Sepals spreading, oblong-

elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subacute to acuminate, the mar-

gins somewhat reflexed, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 5-11 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique,

more or less dorsally carinate. Petals with a short claw, broadly elliptic to ob-

long-elliptic, somewhat recurved at the obtuse to acute apex, with the margins

crisped-undulate, 2.5-3.8 cm. long, 8-19 mm. wide. Lip with a narrow claw;

lamina broadly orbicular-subcordate, rounded to subobtuse or occasionally

notched at the apex, undulate, 2-3.2 cm. long, 1.8-3.2 cm. wide near the base;

claw about 1 cm. long, provided with a two-winged callus, the concave wings

semiobcordate and erect; callus thickened above and subentire or notched at the

apex with the blunt tips divergent, deep yellow spotted with reddish brown.

Column slender-clavate, arcuate, rose-purple, cellular-papillose, with the wings

obsolete, 1.5-2 cm. long. Capsule suberect, ellipsoid-cylindrical, about 4 cm. long.

This species forms with 0. majale, 0. Cervantesii, and 0. stellatum

a closely allied group of plants. It differs from those species not

only in the shape of the lip but primarily in that the sepals are

always blotched with reddish brown over the entire surface and in

the non-maculate lip — a combination not observed in the other

species in this group.

Alta Verapaz: Coban, Johnston 1368. — Chimaltenango: Santa

Elena, Skutch 224. Chichavac, Skutch 72. Chichoy, Standley 62345.

Tecpam, Lewis 21.

Odontoglossum stellatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27: Misc. p. 9.

1841.

Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 3,000 meters alt. Rare in

Mexico and Guatemala.

Plant small, usually growing in dense clumps, 1-2.6 dm. tall. Pseudobulbs

produced at close intervals on a subscandent rhizome, slender, ovoid-ellipsoid to

cylindrical, compressed, unifoliate, 2-6 cm. long, up to 1.5 cm. wide, subtended

by several scarious sheaths; sheaths ovate-lanceolate, acute, scarious, conspicu-

ously hyaline-margined, up to 4.5 cm. long. Leaf solitary at the apex of a pseudo-

bulb, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or linear-ligulate, subobtuse-apiculate to

shortly acuminate, conduplicate and conspicuously narrowed at the base, 6.5-15

cm. long, 8-23 mm. wide. Peduncle short, from base of pseudobulb, slender,

usually concealed by scarious sheaths, 1-2-flowered, 2-8.5 cm. long. Floral bracts

narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 1.3-2.5 cm. long. Flowers rather small,

showy, with conspicuously elongated slender pedicellate ovaries that are 4.5-12.5

cm. long. Sepals and petals similar, spreading, tawny-bronze or purplish, tipped

with yellow, the petals sometimes yellowish white, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,

acute to long-acuminate or attenuate at the apex, 2-2.8 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide;

620 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26

sepals dorsally carinate, concave. Lip with a narrow claw, white or pink, tinged

or marked with mauve; lamina triangular-ovate, suborbicular-ovate to subor-

bicular, obtuse to rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, with the

margins coarsely and irregularly lacerate-toothed, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. wide

across the base; claw callose, sulcate, with the thickened sides erect, 6-8 mm.

long; callus extending beyond the claw as a short thick flattened bifid plate.

Column slender-clavate, cellular-papillose, about 1.2 cm. long. Capsule ellipsoid,

suberect, 2-4 cm. long.

This species is distinguished from closely allied species by its

coarsely and irregularly lacerate-toothed lip.

Chimaltenango: Tecpam, Johnston 1855. Chichavac, Salas 578;

Skutch 313. Near Santa Elena, out of Tecpam, Lewis 75. — Hue-

huetenango: Wet cloud forest at Cruz de Limon, between San Mateo

Ixtatan and Nuca, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49784.

— Sacatepe"quez : Embaulada, Heyde & Lux 4613. — Solola: Volcan

Santa Clara, south-facing slopes to summit, Steyermark 46902; 47012.

— Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, slopes of Monte Virgen, around

summit of mountain, Steyermark 42666.

Odontoglossum stenoglossum (Schltr.) L. 0. Wms. in Correll,

Lloydia 10: 212. 1947. Miltonia stenoglossa Schltr. Repert. Sp.

Nov. Beih. 19: 66. 1923.

Epiphytic on trees in wet or dry forests or on rocks, up to 1,600

meters alt. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica; rare.

Plant usually large, coarse, up to 10 dm. or more tall. Pseudobulbs usually

large, ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, strongly compressed, 2-3-leaved, up to 10 cm.

long and 5.5 cm. wide, subtended by large scarious-fibrous leaf-sheaths. Leaves

2-3 from the apex of a pseudobulb and from the short rhizome, linear-ligulate to

oblong-ligulate, rounded to subacute at the apex, subcoriaceous, flexible, con-

duplicate at the base, up to 4 dm. long and 5 cm. wide. Peduncle from base of

pseudobulb, usually stout, erect, subtended and enveloped at the base by a

leaf-sheath, provided at intervals with closely appressed scarious bracts, up to

10 dm. long including the simple or occasionally paniculate raceme. Floral bracts

and bracts subtending the branches of the inflorescence similar, ovate-cucullate,

amplexicaul, acute, scarious, up to 1.5 cm. long. Flowers scattered, usually only

a few, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 2 cm. long. Sepals and

petals spreading, yellow-green, blotched and banded with brown. Sepals linear-

elliptic to linear-ligulate, acute-apiculate, more or less dorsally carinate, 1.6-2

cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, arcuate, conspicuously keeled on

the back, convex, with recurved margins. Petals obliquely elliptic-oblong, shortly

acuminate to acute-apiculate, slightly keeled on the back, 1.5-2 cm. long, 5-7.5

mm. wide. Lip white above, purplish below the middle, strongly arcuate below

the middle in natural position, oblong-subpandurate to oblong-subspatulate when

spread out, 1.5-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide across the more or less dilated apical

portion, fleshy-apiculate at the apex; disk fleshy-thickened and sulcate on the

lower third, with the thickened portion terminating in about five small keels

AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 621

above the bend in the lip. Column clavate, with a small auricle on each side at

the apex, about 7 mm. long. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, about 5 cm. long.

Vegetatively, this species is extremely close to 0. laeve. How-

ever, its raceme is usually simple, whereas that of 0. laeve is ap-

parently always branched. The most apparent difference separating

the two concepts is the size of the flowers, those of 0. stenoglossum