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ORCHIDS OF PERU
Photograph by Louis O. Williams
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
A Continuation of the
BOTANICAL SERIES
of
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 30
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
1958-1961
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-1 05 46
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
DiULUUL
ORCHIDS OF PERU
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 3
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
JUNE 13, 1960
!E LIBRARY flF THE
UL 1 3 1960
ORCHIDS OF PERU
ORCHIDS OF PERU
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
Research Fellow, Ames Orchid Herbarium
Botanical Museum of Harvard University
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 3
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
JUNE 13, 1960
PRINTED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OP
The Frederick R. and Abby K. Babcock Fund
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-1054.6
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
F6
v, 30
pt. 3
Bio/
o lo
CONTENTS
Genera Included in Volume 30, Number 3
Cattleya 533
Laelia 536
Brassavola 537
Scaphyglottis 541
Orleanesia 551
Isochilus 553
Polystachya 554
Galeandra 560
Bletia 562
Chysis 566
Bulbophyllum 567
Buesiella 569
Eulophidium 571
Eulophia 572
Cyrtopodium 574
Warrea 576
Govenia 579
Mormodes 581
Catasetum 583
Cycnoches 592
Lueddemannia 594
Eriopsis 595
Sievekingia 598
Ly comormium 600
Peristeria 602
Houlletia 603
Polycycnis 605
Stanhopea 606
Gongora 612
Coryanthes 619
Xylobium 627
Bifrenaria 638
Lycaste 639
Anguloa 649
Koellensteinia . 650
Aganisia 653
Zygopetalum 654
Batemannia . . 662
Stenia 664
Chondrorhyncha 664
Maxillaria 668
Pityphyllum 749
Mormolyca 750
Cyrtoglottis 752
Trigonidium 754
Cryptocentrum 757
Trichocentrum 761
Diadenium 766
lonopsis 768
Rodriguezia 770
Neokoehleria 773
Scelochilus 776
Comparettia 780
Sutrina 783
Trizeuxis. . . 784
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
Brassavola nodosa 539
Brassavola ovaliformis 540
Scaphyglottis propinqua 547
Epidendrum vesicicaule, Scaphyglottis punctulata var. Summersii . . 549
Orleanesia peruviana 552
Polystachya foliosa 557
Polystachya luteola 559
Galeandra pubicentrum 563
Buesiella pusilla 570
Eulophia alta 573
Cyrtopodium punctatum 577
Catasetum coniforme 587
Catasetum pusillum 589
Sievekingia peruviana 599
Lycomormium elatum 601
Stanhopea Wardii 613
Gongora maculata 616
Coryanthes alborosea 621
Coryanthes trifoliata 626
Xylobium elongatum 630
Xylobium latilabium 633
Xylobium subintegrum 637
Lycaste longisepala 647
Zygopetalum acuminatum 657
Zygopetalum Klugii 659
Zygopetalum rhombilabium 661
Chondrorhyncha pusilla 667
Maxillaria angustibulbosa 679
Maxillaria Camaridii 686
Maxillaria cornuta 689
Maxillaria cuzcoensis 691
Maxillaria fasciculata 697
Maxillaria funicaulis . .701
PAGE
136. Maxillaria grandimentum 703
137. Maxillaria Klugii 707
138. Maxillaria linearis 711
139. Maxillaria loretoensis 715
140. Maxillaria parvibulbosa 721
141. Maxillaria rotundilabia 729
142. Maxillaria spathulata 733
143. Maxillaria tenuis 736
144. Maxillaria trigona 737
145. Maxillaria unicarinata 741
146. Maxillaria verrucifera 743
147. Maxillaria Woytkowskii 747
148. Mormolyca peruviana 751
149. Cyrtoglottis gracilipes 753
150. Cyrtoglottis peruviana 755
151. Cryptocentrum inaequisepalum 758
152. Cryptocentrum pseudobulbosum 759
153. Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum 763
154. Trichocentrum panduratum 765
155. Diadenium micranthum 767
156. lonopsis utricularioides 769
1 57. Neokoehleria paniculata 777
158. Scelochilus latipetalus 779
159. Comparettia falcata 782
160. Stanhopea Wardii 786
VI
Orchids of Peru
CATTLEYA Lindl.
An American genus of showy epiphytic orchids with a more or less elongate
creeping rhizome. Stems thick-cylindric or clavate to strongly pseudobulbous,
covered by several evanescent, scarious sheaths, bearing 1 or 2jeaves at the sum-
mit. Leaves coriaceous or fleshy, oval to oblong. Inflorescences terminal, laxly
racemose and few- to several-flowered above, with the peduncle more or less con-
cealed by a conspicuous, conduplicate spathe. Flowers commonly large and showy,
with spreading segments. Sepals free, subequal, the lateral ones lightly oblique.
Petals commonly much broader than the sepals, rarely subequal to them. Lip free
from the column but more or less surrounding it below and forming a tube, simple
or more commonly 3-lobed. Column rather long, stout, arcuate; anther terminal,
opercular, incumbent, 2-celled, with 4 waxy, compressed pollinia.
An important horticultural genus extending from Mexico to
Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina.
Al. Pseudobulb diphyllous; lip sharply 3-lobed C. riolacea (C. superba)
A2. Pseudobulb monophyllous; lip simple or obscurely 3-lobed I
la. Flowers relatively small, dorsal sepal 4.5 cm. or less long, petals subequal to
the sepals C. luteola
Ib. Flowers large and showy, dorsal sepal 6.5 cm. or more long, petals 2 or 3 times
wider than the sepals 1
la. Sepals and petals ivory-white or cream-color; lip with the lateral lobes yellow
streaked with red C, rex
Ib. Sepals and petals lilac or rose; lip pale rose or purple-crimson with a narrow
median yellow band C, maxima
Cattleya luteola Lindl. Card. Chron. (1853) 774; Reichb. f. Xen.
Orch. 1: 209, t. 83. 1856; Hook. Bot. Mag. 84: t. 5032. 1858. Cattleya
Meyeri Regel, Gartenfl. 5: 116, text fig. (1856). Cattleya flavida Kl.
Allg. Gartenz. 24: 73. 1856. Epidendrum luteolum Reichb. f. Walp.
Ann. 6: 313. 1861. Cattleya epidendroides Hort. ex Reichb. f. Xen.
Orch. 1: 209. 1856. Cattleya luteola Lindl. var. Roezlii Reichb. f.
Gard. Chron. n.s. 15: 782. 1881. Cattleya sulphured, Hort. ex Gard.
Chron. n.s. 24: 10. 1885.
Plant relatively small, with a creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs more or less
approximate, ellipsoid to clavate or clavate-cylindric (furrowed in age), lightly
compressed, up to 15 cm. long, monophyllous at the apex. Leaf oblong to oblong-
elliptic, obtuse and often bilobulate at the apex, clasping at the sessile or subsessile
533
534 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
base, up to 22.5 cm. long and 3.8 cm. wide, thickly coriaceous. Inflorescence
terminal, shorter than the leaf, racemose and several-flowered above, the peduncle
concealed by a large, scarious, evanescent, conduplicate spathe. Pedicellate ovary
slender, up to 3.5 cm. long. Flowers very small for the genus, with spreading seg-
ments, green to yellow, with crimson spots or streaks on the lip. Dorsal sepal
oblong or narrowly oblong, acute, about 4.5 cm. or less long. Lateral sepals dis-
tinctly shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, obliquely elliptic-oblong, abruptly
acute. Petals narrowly elliptic-oblong, lightly falcate, obtuse or subacute, about
as wide as the dorsal sepal. Lip about as long as the lateral sepals, with the sides
involute below in natural position, suborbicular when expanded, commonly retuse
at the apex, simple or very obscurely trilobulate in front with the anterior margins
crenulate-undulate, about 2.8 cm. long and broad; disc densely short-pubescent
above the middle. Column short, about half as long as the lip, arcuate, bialate.
Peru: Habitat unknown, Roezl s.n. (type of C. luteola var. Roezlii).
— Amazonas and Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
154. 1921. — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 537,
1140 (large flowers). La Merced, about 600 meters, Macbride 5559.
Colonia Perene, about 680 meters, in dense forest, Killip & Smith
25096.— Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, King 10103, 10104.
—San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, about 260 meters, in forest,
Klug 4070. Also Brazil (type of C. luteola), Ecuador and Bolivia.
Cattleya maxima Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 116. 1831; Bot. Reg.
32: t. 1. 1846; Hook. Bot. Mag. 82: t. 4902. 1856; Cogn. & Goos.
Diet. Ic. Orch. Cattleya 1. 13. 1896. Epidendrum maximum Reichb.
f. Walp. Ann. 6: 316. 1861. Cattleya Malouana Lind. & Rod. 111.
Hort. 33: 102. 1886, nomen nudum.
Pseudobulbs subapproximate, stout, clavate, furrowed in course of develop-
ment, compressed, up to 30.5 cm. tall. Leaf solitary, oblong (often broadly so),
obtuse to rounded and minutely bilobulate at the apex, sessile at the clasping base,
up to 25.3 cm. long and 7.6 cm. wide, fleshy-coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal,
loosely few- (up to 7-) flowered above, the peduncle mostly concealed by an oblong,
scarious, compressed spathe which is about 12 cm. or less long. Flowers very large,
with spreading segments; sepals and petals pale rose or lilac, lip pale pink veined
with dark purple and with a central yellow band. Dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, up to 8.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals a little shorter
and broader than the dorsal sepal, elliptic-lanceolate, oblique. Petals oblong-
elliptic, slightly oblique, about as long as the sepals but twice as broad or more,
with undulate margins. Lip 5.5-7 cm. long, with the sides of the lower half invo-
lute and forming a tube in natural position, retuse at the apex, ovate-subquadrate
and subcordate at the base when expanded, lightly 3-lobed above the middle, up
to 4 cm. wide below the middle, with the anterior margins crisped-undulate.
Column slender, arcuate, 3-toothed at the apex, about 2.5 cm. long.
Amazonas and Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
154. 1921. Also Ecuador (type) and Colombia.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 535
Cattleya rex O'Brien, Card. Chron. ser. 3, 8: 684. 1890; Cogn.
& Goos. Diet. Ic. Orch. Cattleya t. 22. 1899; Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 137:
t. 8377. 1911.
Plant very similar to Cattleya maxima but differing markedly in the color of
the flowers. Pseudobulbs approximate, cylindric-clavate or fusiform-clavate, some-
what compressed, up to 35 cm. high, monophyllous at the apex. Leaf oblong or
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, clasping at the base, up to 35 cm. or more long and 6 cm.
wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence shorter than the leaf, up to 20.3 cm. high, loosely
3- to 8- (10-) flowered above, the peduncle being more or less concealed by a con-
spicuous, oblong, conduplicate spathe up to 12.7 cm. long. Flowers very large and
showy, with spreading segments, the sepals and petals being cream-color or ivory-
white and the lip parti-colored, with yellow lateral lobes and rose-colored anterior
portion, the central part (entire throat) yellow lined with red. Dorsal sepal nar-
rowly elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, up to 8 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, sub-
oblique, slightly shorter. Petals elliptic or rhomboid-elliptic, obtuse or subacute,
as long as the sepals but nearly three times as wide, with strongly undulate mar-
gins. Lip about as long as the sepals, with the sides of the lower half involute to
form a tube, when expanded subquadrate-oval or obovate and 4-5 cm. wide, retuse
at the apex, cuneate-rounded at the base, entire or subtrilobed above the middle,
with the anterior margins crenulate-undulate. Column stout, clavate, up to 3.5
(4) cm. long, slightly arcuate, 3-toothed above.
Loreto: Near Moyobamba?, Bungeroth s.n. (type). Also Colom-
bia, probably.
Cattleya violacea (HBK.) Rolfe, Card. Chron. ser. 3, 5: 802.
1889; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 216. 1901. Cymbidium vio-
laceum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 341. 1816. Cattleya superba
Schomb. ex Lindl. Sert. Orch. t. 22. 1838. Cattleya Schomburgkii
Lodd. ex Lindl. I.e. Epidendrum violaceum Reichb. f. Walp. Ann.
6: 318. 1861. Epidendrum superbum Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 2: 32.
1862.
Rhizome creeping. Pseudobulbs approximate, clavate or clavate-cylindric,
lightly compressed, furrowed in age, diphyllous at the apex, up to 30 cm. long.
Leaves suborbicular-oval to oblong-elliptic, broadly rounded and sometimes bilob-
ulate at the apex, clasping at the sessile or subsessile base, up to 16.5 cm. long and
8.6 cm. wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence stout, subequaling or more commonly
exceeding the spreading leaves, usually loosely 2- to 6-flowered above, up to 25 cm.
long, the peduncle more or less concealed by a stout, conduplicate spathe which is
10.5 cm. or less long. Flowers rather large, with spreading segments, rose-purple,
the lip darker purple washed in the center with white and yellow, very fragrant.
Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute, up to 6.9 cm. long, fleshy.
Lateral sepals similar, but noticeably shorter and slightly broader, oblique and
falcate. Petals subequally long with the dorsal sepal but broader (often nearly
twice as broad), rhombic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, more or less undu-
late on the margins, membranaceous. Lip nearly as long as the lateral sepals,
5-5.5 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide, deeply 3-lobed above the middle, with the lateral
lobes incurved and surrounding the column in natural position, fleshy; lateral lobes
536 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
semiovate-aliform with the apical portion triangular, obtuse or subacute; mid-
lobe subsessile, suborbicular-obovate to transversely oval or reniform, truncate or
lightly retuse, with a minutely crenulate-undulate margin; disc finely multicostate.
Column stout, arcuate, white, up to 3 cm. long.
Loreto: San Isidro, along the middle Maranon River at the
mouth of the Pastazza, 135 meters, Tessmann 3780. Also Colombia,
Venezuela (Colombian -Venezuelan boundary; type of Cymbidium
violaceum), British Guiana (type of Cattleya superba) and Brazil.
LAELIA Lindl. (including Schomburgkia Lindl.)
Stout, epiphytic orchids of the American tropics, extending from
Mexico through Central America to Brazil, Peru and Argentina.
Rhizome creeping. Stems fleshy-thickened to pseudobulbous (often myrme-
cophilous in the Central American species), concealed by evanescent, scarious
sheaths, bearing 1 to 3 (rarely 4) leaves at or near the summit. Leaves coriaceous
or fleshy, broadly oval to oblong, not plicate. Inflorescence terminal, commonly
racemose (rarely paniculate) above, usually much surpassing the leaves. Floral
bracts short and inconspicuous to narrow, elongate and subequaling the long
pedicellate ovary. Flowers medium-sized to large, showy. Sepals subequal, the
lateral ones oblique, sometimes undulate. Petals varying from much broader to
narrower than the sepals, more or less undulate. Lip free from the column or
slightly adnate to it at the very base, simple or commonly 3-lobed, sometimes much
shorter than the other segments. Column much shorter than the lip, arcuate;
anther incumbent, 2-celled; pollinia 8, in two series of 4, strongly flattened.
Al. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong, about 2.3 cm. long; petals acute; lip rose,
1.5 cm. long L. moyobambae (Schomburgkia moyobambae)
A2. Dorsal sepal oblong, about 2.8-3 cm. long; petals broadly obtuse; lip white,
2 cm. long L. Weberbaueriana (Schomburgkia Weberbaueriana)
Laelia moyobambae (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 180. 1944. Schomburgkia moyobambae Schltr.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 97. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57:
t. 123, nr. 482. 1929.
Plant epiphytic. Pseudobulbs and leaves not seen. Inflorescence erect, strict,
with peduncle (more than 30 cm. long) entirely invested by close, pale, tubular
sheaths. Raceme densely many-flowered, with the rachis up to 13 cm. long. Floral
bracts spreading, linear, acute, rose-colored, equaling or slightly exceeding the pedi-
cellate ovary. Flowers with slightly spreading segments. Sepals brown with yellow
margins. Dorsal sepal " oblong" or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, with undulate mar-
gins, about 2.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals " narrowly oblong"
or elliptic-oblong, acute or "apiculate," with crisped-undulate margins, somewhat
shorter than the sepals. Lip rose-colored, about 1.5 cm. long and 9 mm. wide when
expanded, arcuate and longitudinally concave in natural position, "oblong" or
ovate-oblong, shortly 3-lobed above the middle; lateral lobes very short and broad
with abbreviated, obtusely triangular apex; mid-lobe short, ovate-suborbicular or
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 537
"broadly oval," obtuse to rounded at the apex; disc gibbous-convex at the base,
finely 4-keeled, with 5 low, verrucose keels on the mid-lobe. Column arcuate,
dilated above, about 1.3 cm. long.
Loreto: Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n.
This description was compiled from the original diagnosis and
the subsequent floral analysis.
Laelia Weberbaueriana (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean1.
Harvard Univ. 11: 180. 1944. Schomburgkia Weberbaueriana Kranzl.
Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 527. 1906.
Plant large and stout, up to 1 meter high. Pseudobulb apparently about 37 cm.
or less high, cylindric from a slightly thicker base, deeply sulcate in the dried speci-
men, entirely concealed by several close, whitish, acute, evanescent sheaths, bifoliate
near the apex. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, clasping at the complicate
base, thickly coriaceous, up to 26 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence ter-
minal, up to 75 cm. tall including the raceme. Peduncle about 56 cm. or more
long, almost entirely concealed by close, tubular, acuminate, whitish sheaths.
Raceme densely several- to many-flowered, subcorymbose. Floral bracts linear-
lanceolate, convolute, acuminate, nearly equaling the pedicellate ovary, up to
7 cm. long. Sepals and petals yellowish-brown streaked with darker lines. Sepals
oblong, abruptly acute or apiculate, with undulate margins, about 2.8-3 cm. long.
Petals similar but somewhat shorter, truncate-obtuse, with undulate margins.
Lip white, much shorter than the sepals and petals, arcuate with upcurved sides
in natural position, about 2 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide near the base when expanded,
broadly ovate in outline, obscurely 3-lobed near the middle, lightly retuse and
apiculate at the apex, umbonate near the base; disc with 4 or 5 elevated lines
which are undulate toward the front. Column short, arcuate, broadly winged,
about 1-1.3 cm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, below Hacienda Idma near Sta.
Anna, 1300 meters, on boulder in a stream, Weberbauer 5026 (type) .
Aobamba to Huadquina, 1450-1800 meters, on rocks, Vargas 8146.
This description was prepared partly by means of a photograph
of the type collection supplemented by the original diagnosis and
partly from a collection referred to this concept.
BRASSAVOLA R. Br.
A small genus of American epiphytes with a branching rhizome bearing more
or less approximate, thickened, cylindric stems which are loosely sheathed and
bear one or two leaves at the apex. Leaves very fleshy, subterete to narrowly
oblong and channelled. Inflorescence a 1- to several-flowered raceme, at the
summit of the stem, commonly shorter than the leaf. Flowers showy, 1 to several,
long-pedicelled. Sepals and petals similar, spreading, linear or linear-lanceolate,
sometimes setaceous-acuminate, free. Lip sessile at the base of the column, with
the base shortly or long-narrowed and surrounding the column, then more or less
abruptly expanded into an acute or acuminate, often large, more or less flat lamina.
538 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Column small; clinandrium with 3 prominent, subequal lobes. Anther opercular,
incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 8, compressed, 4 in each cell, superposed. Ovary
sometimes with a long neck.
Extending from Mexico through Central America and the West
Indies to Brazil and Argentina.
Al. Basal part of the lip a narrow, erose-margined tube B. nodosa
A2. Basal part of the lip a broad, entire-margined tube B. ovaliformis
Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 114. 1831.
Epidendrum nodosum L. Sp. PI. ed. 1 : 953. 1753. Cymbidium nodo-
sum Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 6: 73. 1799. Brassavola (as Brasavola)
grandiflora Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25, Misc. 16, no. 14. 1839. Brassavola
(as Brasavola) venosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: t. 39. 1840. Bletia nodosa
Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 437. 1862. Bletia venosa Reichb. f. Walp.
Ann. 6: 438. 1862. Figure 103.
Plant low but stout and showy, with a stout nodose rhizome. Stems erect or
ascending, more or less approximate, thick-cylindric, up to 14.5 cm. long (but
usually much shorter), 1-leaved at the apex, entirely concealed by loose, tubular,
scarious, evanescent sheaths. Leaf subterete and channelled to narrowly oblong,
acute and apiculate, very fleshy, clasping at the sessile base, up to 23 (very rarely
32) cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide. Inflorescence terminal, shorter than or exceeding
the leaf, rarely with one branch above, up to 23.7 cm. long, 1- to loosely several-
flowered above. Floral bracts very small, triangular-ovate, concave. Flowers
commonly large and showy, with spreading segments, long- and slender-pedicelled.
Sepals and petals commonly green or greenish yellow, lip white. Sepals very sim-
ilar, linear, long-acuminate, 4.5-10 cm. long. Petals similar but narrower. Lip
more or less shorter than the sepals and petals, showy, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, with the
basal part (about one half the entire length) convolute into an erose-margined
narrow tube, then more or less abruptly dilated into an elliptic-ovate or deltoid-
ovate lamina which is acute to long-acuminate, 1.6-5 cm. broad and more or less
flat when expanded. Column very small, 3-lobed at the apex, surrounded by the
tube of the lip.
Piura, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 155. 1921. A wide-
spread and variable species extending from Mexico through Central
America (type of B. grandiflora and B. venosa) to Panama, the West
Indies (type of Epidendrum nodosum) and northern South America.
Brassavola ovaliformis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 14: 60, t. 17. 1949. Figure 104.
Plant medium-sized, with showy flowers. Rhizome creeping, nodulose, con-
sisting of the swollen bases of the stems. Stems approximate, up to 12.7 cm. or
more long, several-jointed, entirely concealed by tubular, scarious, evanescent
sheaths, 1-leaved at the apex. Leaves very slender, subterete, channelled, arcuate
in the dried specimen, about 27-38 cm. long and 3 mm. in diameter, sessile at the
base. Inflorescence terminal, exceeding 2.5 cm. in length (incomplete in the type),
FIG. 103. Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. Flowering and fruiting plant; X
539
BRASSAVOLA
FIG. 104. Brassavola ovaliformis C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %• 2, column from
side; X 2. 3, column from above; X 2. 4, lip expanded, from the front; X J^.
540
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 541
with 2 approximate flowers at the apex. Floral bracts very small, lanceolate-ovate,
many times shorter than the elongate pedicellate ovary. Flowers large, with wide-
spreading segments which are white, and pale green within. Sepals very similar,
lanceolate-linear, long-narrowed to an acute tip, up to 5.9 cm. long and 5.9 mm.
wide. Petals very similar to the sepals, but slightly smaller. Lip much shorter
than the other segments, ovate-oval when expanded, acute or short-acuminate,
about 4.8 cm. long and 2.9 cm. wide in the middle, ecarinate, the lower half grad-
ually inrolled about the column, with entire margins. Column minute, with an
erect, 3-lobed wing at the apex.
Amazonas: La Peca, northeast of Jaen, 1000 meters, on dwarf
trees in dry desert filled with cacti, Woytkowski 37016.
SCAPHYGLOTTIS Poepp. & Endl.
This complex American genus consists of small to large, inconspicuous epi-
phytic plants, now often regarded as including the concept Hexadesmia. Stems
slender-cylindric or stem-like to fusiform (sometimes stipitate below), commonly
superposed with the younger (shorter) members placed on the apex of the older
members, each member commonly sheathed at the base or mostly throughout and
often rooting at the nodes. Leaves fascicled and usually in subopposite pairs at
the apex of each stem-member (often alternate on the stem-members also), narrow
or linear, more or less spreading. Inflorescences (in the Peruvian species) abbrevi-
ated, 1- to few-flowered, axillary, single or several and fascicled. Flowers small
or very small. Dorsal sepal ovate or oblong to elliptic-oblong. Lateral sepals
similar but strongly oblique, forming with the column-foot a more or less promi-
nent mentum. Petals commonly much narrower than the sepals (rarely broader),
more or less oblique. Lip joined with the column-foot, usually contracted toward
the base, either simple or obscurely to sharply 3-lobed, sometimes bilobed near the
apex, commonly more or less arcuate or geniculate in natural position. Column
short and stout, or elongate and slender, either winged or wingless, often with a
pair of subapical teeth, produced into a more or less distinct foot. Pollinia 4 or 6.
Al. Leaves several fascicled at the summit of the stem-members; lip ovate-
cordate or oblong-ovate, distinctly broader near the base.
S. affinis (Ponera affinis)
A2. Leaves solitary or in pairs at the summit of the stem-members and some-
times distichous on the stem-members also; lip not ovate-cordate I
la. Lip prominently callose below with the thickening extending into more or
less distinct verruculose lines, geniculate near the base 1
Ib. Lip not prominently callose below, nor with verruculose lines above 2
la. Stems subsimple, distichously leafy; lip sessile, cuneate below; column
5-6.6 mm. long S. punctulata (Ponera punctulata)
Ib. Stems commonly much branched with the distichous leaves confined to the
lower portions of the stems or stem-members; lip distinctly clawed, lamina
rounded to subcordate at the base; column 4.9 mm. or less long.
S. punctulata var. Summersii (S. Summersii)
2a. Leaves commonly solitary; inflorescences 1- to 4-flowered; petals cuneate-
obovate S. Reedii (Hexadesmia Reedii)
2b. Leaves in pairs; inflorescences 1-flowered; petals not cuneate-obovate 3
542 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
3a. Lip broadest near the middle 4
3b. Lip broadest above the middle or near the apex 6
4a. Column wingless on the sides; mentum short and inconspicuous.
S. propinqua
4b. Column prominently winged on the sides; mentum conspicuous 5
5a. Lip prominently bilobulate at the apex S. Antonii* (S. loretoensis)
5b. Lip abruptly acute or obtuse to lightly retuse at the apex.
S. violacea (Ponera violacea)
6a. Leaves short, the lower blades 7.5 cm. or less long 7
6b. Leaves elongate, the lower blades 10 cm. or more long 8
7a. Plant large, stems 30-60 cm. long; lip simple, with strongly revolute margins.
S. conferta (Ponera conferta)
7b. Plant small, stems up to 10.5 (rarely 20) cm. long; lip subsimple to trilobulate,
without revolute margins S. cuneata (S. prolifera)
8a. Flowers sessile, 4-6; lip apparently ecallose, mid-lobe short, broad, retuse.
S. graminifolia
8b. Flowers slender-pedicelled, commonly 1 or 2; lip with a pair of more or less
distinct semiorbicular calli above, mid-lobe semiorbicular to broadly ovate,
acute S. Huebneri
Scaphyglottis affinis Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 59,
t. 99A. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 12. 1898. Ponera
affinis Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 22. 1854.
Plant large, epiphytic, pendulous, up to 3 meters high. Stems numerous, form-
ing dense mats, dichotomously branched, with stem-members long, slender, sheathed.
Leaves several, clustered at the joints of the branches and articulated to short,
congested, distichous petioles; lamina spreading, elliptic-linear, 8-10 cm. long, up
to 5 mm. wide, long-attenuate above and below, with an acute entire apex. Inflo-
rescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, 2-3 in the leaf axils. Flowers small, white,
membranaceous, short-pedicelled. Dorsal sepal oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute,
concave, 4-5 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-deltoid, lightly oblique, subequally
long and a little broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals subequaling the sepals,
oblong-lanceolate, rather long-acuminate, lightly oblique. Lip a little shorter than
the sepals, simple, from a distinct narrow claw abruptly oblong-ovate or cordate-
ovate, acute, strongly concave with upcurved, finely crenulate margins, 3-3.5 mm.
long. Column slender, about half as long as the sepals, thickened above, obscurely
bidentate at the apex in front.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Pavdn s.n. — Huanuco: Near Cuchero
(Cochero), on branches of trees in dense montane woods, Poeppig
1726 (type).
No example of this species was available.
Scaphyglottis Antonii Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 78. 1921;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 115, nr. 453. 1929. Scaphyglottis
* This species may prove to be referable to S. violacea Lindl.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 543
loretoensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 79. 1921; Mansf. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 57: t. 116, nr. 454. 1929.
Plant variable in size, caespitose, 8-40 cm. in height. Stems approximate,
usually superposed and dichotomously branched, stout or slender, each member
provided with several distichously imbricating, evanescent sheaths below, the
longest (basal) member up to about 19.5 cm. long. Leaves subopposite in pairs,
linear or lanceolate-linear, up to 12 cm. long and 7.5 mm. wide, slightly narrowed
to an obtuse, minutely bilobulate apex, spreading. Inflorescences abbreviated,
axillary, 1-flowered, solitary or commonly numerous and capitate; pedicels short,
entirely concealed by imbricating bracts. Flowers very small, deep pink or deep
blue, often paler at the base. Dorsal sepal obovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, con-
cave, 3-3.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals shorter than the dorsal sepal, broadly oblong
or obovate-oblong, very oblique, acute or obtuse, forming a prominent mentum
with the column-foot. Petals obliquely oblong-spatulate to linear-oblanceolate,
rounded and often acutish at the apex, more or less falcate, slightly shorter than
the dorsal sepal. Lip a little shorter than the petals, arcuate and upcurved in
natural position with the sides incurved, obscurely 3-lobed or subpandurate near
the middle, up to 3.1 mm. long when expanded, from the base gradually dilated
to a rounded central portion, anterior part subquadrate or obovate-subquadrate,
bilobulate at the rounded or truncate apex. Column shorter than the lip, dilated
upward, laterally winged, produced below into a prominent foot.
Ayacucho: Estrella, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, about
500 meters, epiphyte in dense woods, Killip & Smith 23063. — Junin:
Chanchamayo Valley, Kohler brothers s.n. (type of S. Antonii) . Same
locality, 1500 meters, Schunke 1663, 2060. Rio Paucartambo Valley,
near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip &
Smith 25322. Rio Pinedo, north of La Merced, 700-900 meters,
epiphyte in dense woods, Killip & Smith 23591, 23635. — Loreto:
Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n. (type of S. loretoensis).
This species appears to be similar to Scaphy glottis violacea Lindl.
and may be found to be identical.
Scaphyglottis conferta (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. 1: 59, t. 100. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 12.
1898. ?Fernandezia conferta Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil.
1: 241. 1798. Ponera conferta Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 22. 1854.
Plant large, straggling, from a short, woody rhizome. Stems numerous, slender,
elongate, more or less flexuous, superposed with spreading or recurved branches at
the nodes, 3-6 dm. tall, each member adorned below with several close, tubular
sheaths. Leaves subopposite in pairs at the apex of each stem-member, lanceolate-
linear, up to 7.5 cm. long and 6 mm. wide, long-attenuate to an acute or bifid apex,
cuneate below, semiamplexicaul at the sheathing base. Inflorescences abbreviated,
axillary, 1-flowered, solitary. Flowers small, white, membranaceous, subtended by
several bracts. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, attenuate above,
acute, 6-9 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but somewhat broader, very oblique.
Petals linear-lanceolate, very acute, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip simple,
544 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
obovate-oblong, narrowed to a slender base, broadly obtuse above, with strongly
revolute margins, slightly shorter than the petals, about 4 mm. long, purplish.
Column slender, lightly dilated and thickened above, obscurely bidentate at the
apex in front, as long as the lip.
Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co-
chero), on trees, Poeppig 1731.
I have seen no example of this species.
Scaphyglottis cuneata Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2:
398. 1918; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 181. 1944.
Isochilus prolifer R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5 : 209. 1813, excl. synon. ;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 825. 1824, not Epidendrum proliferum Sw.
nor Cymbidium proliferum Sw. Isochilus proliferum R. Br. ex Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orch. 113. 1831. Scaphyglottis prolifera Cogn. Martius
Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 15. 1898. Tetragamestus gracilis Schltr. Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 400. 1918. Ponera mapiriensis Kranzl. Fedde
Repert. 25: 22. 1928.
Plant relatively small, very variable, up to 20.5 cm. high, with an abbreviated
rhizome. Stems approximate, usually numerous, stout or slender, commonly super-
posed when mature, often dichotomously branched and sometimes rooting at the
nodes, the lowest stem-member up to 10.5 (rarely 20) cm. long, each stem-member
provided with several distichously imbricated, close, evanescent sheaths below.
Leaves subopposite in pairs at the apex of the stem-members, linear to linear-
oblong or lanceolate-linear, very slightly narrowed above to an obtusely bilobed
apex, slightly cuneate below, sessile, spreading, up to 7 cm. long and 6 (rarely 7)
mm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, axillary, 1-flowered, 1 to several in a
cluster. Pedicellate ovary concealed by several distichously imbricated bracts.
Flowers small, membranaceous, greenish white to white, pink or yellowish, often
marked with deep pink or blue. Dorsal sepal oblong, lanceolate-oblong, elliptic-
lanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, 4-5.9 mm. long, acute. Lateral sepals similar,
often a little broader, oblique, forming an indistinct mentum with the short column-
foot. Petals oblanceolate-linear to linear, acute to obtuse, a little shorter than the
dorsal sepal. Lip slightly exceeding the sepals, cuneate-spatulate, from a narrow
base gradually dilated to near the apex, subsimple to distinctly 3-lobulate in front,
broadly rounded to retuse at the apex, either smooth or with a more or less well-
developed callus in the middle, 5-6.9 mm. long. Column large, straight, without
auricles, slightly shorter than the sepals and petals.
Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley, near Kimpitiriki, 400 meters,
epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 22886. — Junin: Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1200-1600 meters, Schunke 532, 1312, 1682, 1706.
Colonia Perene, about 680 meters, epiphyte in thickets, Killip &
Smith 25059. East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300
meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 23996. Rio Pinedo,
north of La Merced, 700-900 meters, on rock in woods, Killip &
Smith 23589. San Ramon, 900-1300 meters, epiphyte in woods,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 545
Killip & Smith 24904- — San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba,
1200-1600 meters, epiphyte in mountain forest, Klug 3542. A widely
distributed species occurring in Central America from Guatemala
(type of S. cuneata) to Costa Rica (type of Tetragamestus gracilis)
and Panama, in Grenada and Trinidad, as well as in Colombia,
Venezuela, British Guiana, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia (type of
Ponera mapiriensis) .
Scaphyglottis graminifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. 1: 59, t. 99 B. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5:
13. 1898. ?Fernandezia graminifolia Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl.
Peruv. et Chil. 1: 241. 1798. ?Ponera graminifolia Reichb. f. Bonpl.
2: 22. 1854.
Plant large, up to 6 dm. tall. Stems stout, elongate, fascicled, from an abbre-
viated rhizome, usually forking or few-branched at the nodes, provided through
the lower portion with several imbricated, evanescent sheaths, the basal stem-
member being up to 14 cm. long. Leaves subopposite in pairs at the summit of
the stems or stem-members, linear or lanceolate-linear, up to 12 cm. long and 7 mm.
wide, long-attenuate to an obtuse, minutely bidentate apex, slightly narrowed to a
sessile base, erect-spreading. Inflorescences abbreviated, axillary, 1-flowered, 4-6.
Flowers small, white, inconspicuous, sessile, membranaceous. Sepals similar, ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate, very acute, concave, 5-6 mm. long, the lateral ones being
oblique. Petals narrowly linear, subobtuse, almost as long as the sepals. Lip a
little shorter than the rest of the perianth, 4-5 mm. long, cuneate-obovate, long-
attenuate below to above the middle, lightly 3-lobed in front with rounded lateral
lobes and a short, broad, retuse mid-lobe. Column slender, about equaling the lip,
obscurely bidentate at the apex in front.
Huanuco: Pillao near Chacahuassi, on trees and rocks in woods,
Pawn s.n. (type of Fernandezia graminifolia), Mathews s.n. Near
Cuchero (Cochero), on branches of trees in dense woods, Poeppig s.n.
(type of S. graminifolia).
I have examined a photograph of apparently typical material of
this species from the Ruiz and Pavon Herbarium.
Scaphyglottis Huebneri Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 42, Abt. 2:
95. 1925.
Plant variable, medium-sized to large, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems
fascicled, commonly numerous, slender, provided near the base with several loose,
imbricating, evanescent sheaths, commonly superposed and more or less branched
at the nodes, the lowest stem-member up to 20.5 cm. high. Leaves subopposite
in pairs at the apex of the stems or stem-members, narrowly linear and grass-like,
attenuate to a bidentate tip, up to 24 cm. long and 7 mm. wide, strict to spreading
or arcuate. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, axillary, commonly 1 or 2, with
the short peduncle concealed by several distichously imbricating, evanescent
sheaths; pedicel slender, conspicuously exserted. Flower rather small, greenish
546 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
or whitish to pale yellow often tinged with pink or lavender. Dorsal sepal oblong
or oblong-elliptic, apiculate or complicate-acute, concave or navicular, 4-6 mm.
long. Lateral sepals slightly shorter, very oblique, broadly oblong or ovate-oblong,
complicate-acute. Petals narrower than the sepals, oblong, abruptly acute to sub-
obtuse, lightly falcate, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal, sometimes slightly
narrowed toward the base. Lip about equally long with the sepals, cuneate-
obovate in outline, gradually dilated from the base to above the middle where
more or less sharply 3-lobed, 4-6 mm. long; lateral lobes semiobovate-rounded ;
mid-lobe longer, porrect, semiorbicular to broadly ovate, acute; disc more or less
thickened below, the thickening extended into a pair of parallel, semiorbicular,
indistinct calli. Column a little shorter than the petals, prominently two-winged,
the wing produced into a sharp tooth on each side near its apex.
Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, epiphyte on shore of
river, Asplund 12977. — Junin: East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Mer-
ced, 800-1300 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 23843,
23944, 23974- Pichis Trail, Santa Rosa, 625-900 meters, epiphyte
in dense forest, Killip & Smith 26147. Rio Paucartambo Valley,
near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip &
Smith 25321, 25391 .— Loreto : Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125
meters, on river bank, Schunke 222. La Victoria, Amazon River, on
tree trunk in forest, Williams 2953. Above Pongo de Manseriche,
right bank of Rio Santiago, 200 meters, on trunk of tall forest tree,
Mexia 6164. Region of the Maranon River from Iquitos up to the
mouth of the Santiago River at Pongo de Manseriche, about 77° 30'
West, about 155 meters, Tessmann 4846. Vicinity of Iquitos, side
of river, 100 meters, on living tree, Klug 10011. Brazil (type).
Scaphyglottis parviflora Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 58,
t. 97. 1836 = Maxillaria purpurea (Spreng.) Ames & Correll, var.
parviflora (Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf.
Scaphyglottis pendula Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 58,
t. 98. 1836= Maxillaria pendula (Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf.
Scaphyglottis propinqua C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har-
vard Univ. 17: 46, t. 18. 1955. Figure 105.
Plant large, straggling, epiphytic. Stems fascicled, superposed, slenderly cylin-
dric, commonly dichotomously branching above, the lowest stem-member up to
18 cm. long. Leaves in subopposite pairs at the apex of the stem-members, linear-
oblong or linear-lanceolate, obliquely bilobulate at the apex, sessile at the base,
spreading, rarely up to 10 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated,
densely fascicled in the axils of the leaves, 1-flowered, numerous. Flowers small,
membranaceous, white to pinkish white. Dorsal sepal oblong, subacute, deeply
concave, about 3.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but a little larger, forming an
indistinct mentum with the short column-foot. Petals linear-oblanceolate, apicu-
C.
FIG. 105. Scaphyglottis propinqua C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X M- 2, flower from
side, natural position; X 6. 3, column and lip from side, natural position; about
X 9. 4, petal; about X 9. 5, dorsal sepal; about X 9. 6, 7, lips, expanded; about
X 9.
547
548 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
late at the rounded apex, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip tubular-
concave in natural position, rhombic-obovate when expanded, with small rounded
lateral lobules at the middle, broadly rounded and apiculate in front, about 4 mm.
long and 2 mm. wide across the middle when expanded. Column stout, straight,
wingless, about 2.9 mm. long.
Junin: Pichis Trail, San Nicolas, about 1100 meters, epiphyte in
dense forest, Kittip & Smith 26061.
Scaphyglottis punctulata (Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Lean1. Harvard Univ. 17: 47. 1955. Ponera punctulata Reichb. f.
Bonpl. 3:220. 1855.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, caespitose, up to 52 cm. high including the upper-
most leaf. Stems distichously leafy, mostly concealed by imbricating leaf-sheaths,
simple or with one or two short branches, the apical portion being short, naked and
terminating in two subopposite leaves. Leaves erect-spreading, linear or linear-
lanceolate, up to 12.9 cm. long and 9 mm. wide, obtuse or bilobulate at the apex,
clasping at the base. Inflorescence terminal on the stem or branches, abbreviated,
racemose, 1- or more commonly 2-flowered, issuing from a pair of erect, imbricating,
evanescent spathes. Pedicellate ovary long and slender, 1.6 cm. or more in length.
Flowers rather small, campanulate, lavender tinged with green, or green dotted
with dark violet or pink with a greenish white lip. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong,
concave, acute or short-acuminate, about 7-9 mm. long and less than half as wide.
Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate-ovate, acute or short-acuminate, about as large
as the dorsal sepal, decurrent on the column-foot. Petals lanceolate-oblong or
elliptic-oblong, abruptly subacute to acute or apiculate, smaller than the sepals.
Lip slightly exceeding the sepals, articulated to the column-foot without a claw,
from a cuneate base obovate-pandurate in outline, truncate or very broadly rounded
and apiculate or lightly retuse and apiculate in front, arcuate-recurved below with
more or less incurved sides, about 7-8.5 mm. long when expanded and 3.4-6.3 mm.
wide across the front; disc below with a more or less prominent, large, fleshy, sul-
cate callus which is extended into verruculose lines above. Column conspicuous,
arcuate, prominently auriculate-dilated at the apex, about 5-6.6 mm. long, pro-
duced into a short foot.
Huanuco: Cierra Azul, on Pucallpa Road, 1077 meters, terrestrial
in moss of road cut, Seibert 2252. — Junin : Pichis Trail, Enenas, 1700
meters, epiphyte in open sphagnum swamp, Killip & Smith 25675,
25690. Also Puerto Rico and Venezuela (type of Ponera punctulata}.
Scaphyglottis punctulata (Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. var. Sum-
mersii (L. 0. Wms.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
17: 50. 1955. Scaphyglottis Summersii L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 9: 14, t. 3, figs. 4-7. 1940. Figure 106.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, commonly much branched with fasciculate,
divaricate branches, up to 65 cm. tall. Stems or stem-members 2-leaved at the
apex, commonly with only the lower portions concealed by close, tubular, imbri-
cating leaf-bearing sheaths (sometimes the young growths are wholly concealed by
SCAPHYGLOTTIS
EPIDENDRUM .
vesicicaute <*£. jlf—
FIG. 106. Epidendrum vesicicaule L. O. Williams. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower,
from front; X 1^- 3, lip; X 2}^ (text in pt. 2, p. 527). Scaphyglottis punctulata
(Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. var. Summersii (L. 0. Williams) C. Schweinf., as S. Sum-
mersii. 4, plant; X 1. 5, flower, from front; X IK- 6, lip; X 3. 7, lip and column,
from side; X 1^.
549
550 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
distichous leaves). Leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, similar to those of the spe-
cies, bilobulate at the apex, up to 16 cm. long and 10 mm. wide. Inflorescences
abbreviated, apparently 1-flowered. Flowers rather small, white, rosy white, gray
with rosy lip, pale violet or brownish tan. Sepals and petals similar to those of the
species. Lip distinctly clawed ; lamina obovate-pandurate or pandurate-subquad-
rate, rounded or subcordate at the base, broadly retuse in front, similar to that of
the species, 6.7-9 mm. long, 4-6.8 mm. wide near the apex. Column shorter than
in the species, about 3.2-4.9 mm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, between Tanamayo and Tambo-
mayo, 2000 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 5122. — Huanuco: Prov. of
Huanuco, Carpish, between Huanuco and Tingo Maria, 2500-2900
meters, in dense evergreen woods, Ferreyra 1754- Carpish, about
2750 meters, on steep gravelly slope, Asplund 12675. Abra Gasca,
between Exito and Pte. Durand, 2500 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 5376.
A widespread and variable species, extending from Colombia and
Ecuador (type) to Peru and Bolivia.
Scaphyglottis Reedii (Reichb. f.) Ames, Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.
10, no. 2: 49. 1941. Hexadesmia Reedii Reichb. f. Saund. Refug.
Bot. 2, t. 113. 1878; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 18. 1898.
Plant slender, up to 7 dm. tall. Stems caespitose on a short creeping rhizome,
from a decumbent base fusiform, distinctly long-stipitate below, 7.5-20.2 cm. long,
the basal and swollen portions covered with close evanescent sheaths, commonly
unifoliate, sometimes superposed. Leaf narrowly linear, minutely tridentate at
the apex, 7-50.6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Inflorescences axillary, short, fascicled,
loosely 1- to 6-flowered, erect, arcuate or nodding, the pedicellate ovary long and
slender. Flowers small, light green often more or less tinged with brownish, finally
becoming yellowish white. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, deeply concave, acute,
about 3.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals longer, obliquely triangular-ovate, acute, form-
ing a conspicuous mentum with the column-foot. Petals longer than the sepals,
cuneate-obovate, acute or apiculate at the abruptly rounded apex. Lip distinctly
exceeding the other segments, geniculate near the broadly rounded base, pandurate-
subquadrate when expanded, deeply bilobed in front with somewhat overlapping,
obliquely rounded lobules, when expanded about 8-10 mm. in greatest length and
4.5-6 mm. wide below and above. Column very short and stout, produced into
a long foot.
Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, epiphyte in forest,
Asplund 12984- Also Brazil (type) and Mexico (fide L. 0. Williams).
Scaphyglottis violacea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22: 1. 1901. 1836; Hook.
Bot. Mag. 70: t. 4071. 1844. Ponera violacea Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2:
22. 1854.
Plant small to medium-sized. Stems caespitose, cylindric or fusiform-cylindric,
superposed, more or less branched at the nodes, rather slender, the lowest stem-
member up to 15 cm. long, each member concealed below by several close imbri-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 551
eating sheaths. Leaves in subopposite pairs at the apex of the stem-members,
linear or linear-lanceolate, slightly narrowed to an abruptly obtuse, bilobulate apex,
sessile, up to 16.7 cm. long and 6 mm. wide, spreading or lightly recurved. Inflores-
cences abbreviated, 1-flowered, fascicled in the leaf-axils, usually in pairs. Flowers
very small, pink or carmine to violet-purple. Dorsal sepal oblong or oblanceolate-
oblong, longitudinally concave or cymbiform, about 3.2-4 mm. long. Lateral sepals
obliquely and broadly oblong, decurved, acute, distinctly shorter and often broader
than the dorsal sepal, forming a prominent semiglobose mentum with the column-
foot. Petals obliquely linear-oblanceolate, subacute, long-narrowed below, slightly
narrowed on each side above the middle, somewhat shorter than the dorsal sepal.
Lip erect, parallel to the column and arcuate-recurved, with sides incurved in
natural position, slightly longer than the lateral sepals, oblong-obovate, obtuse and
apiculate to broadly rounded or lightly retuse at the apex, somewhat dilated on
each side and thus lightly lobulate near the middle, about 3.3 mm. long; disc more
or less thickened through the center of the lower half. Column stout, arcuate,
clavate, prominently winged especially above, about 2.2 mm. long.
Loreto: Region of the Maranon River from Iquitos to the mouth
of the Santiago River at Pongo de Manseriche, about 77° 30' West,
160 meters, epiphyte in rain-forest, Tessmann 4539. Also British
Guiana (type) and Brazil.
ORLEANESIA B. Rodr.
Inconspicuous epiphytic medium-sized to large orchids of northern South
America. Stems thick-cylindric to fusiform (but not pseudobulbous), distichously
4- to several-leaved. Leaves linear or elliptic-linear to oblong or narrowly lanceo-
late, spreading. Inflorescence terminal, subumbellate or more commonly loosely
paniculate. Flowers numerous, rather small, greenish yellow, green, green and
purple-red or purple. Sepals oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, the lateral ones often
broader and somewhat oblique. Petals narrower than the sepals. Lip free from
the column but attached to the column-foot, simple, elliptic-ovate or broadly obo-
vate, rounded to subtruncate in front, more or less lightly retuse and apiculate
at the apex. Column somewhat dilated above, more or less 3-toothed at the apex,
extended into a short but distinct foot. Pollinia 4, in one series of 2 unequal pairs.
A small genus, occurring in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil.
Orleanesia peruviana C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 15: 148, t. 46. 1952. Figure 107.
Plant medium-sized for the genus, stout. Stem about 18 cm. tall, entirely con-
cealed by about 11 tubular, imbricating sheaths which are largest in the middle and
mostly leaf-bearing. Leaves loosely distichous, narrow, widely spreading, lightly
decurved and conduplicate in the dried specimen, oblong-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate when expanded, abruptly bilobulate at the apex, up to 13.3 cm. long
and 1 cm. wide when viewed from the side, rigid. Peduncle about 27 cm. long,
bearing about 15 close, tubular, scarious sheaths which are longer and imbricating
below and more distant above. Inflorescence nodding, loosely paniculate with 3
or 4 short, few-flowered branches. Bracts clasping, broadly ovate, concave, acute.
ORLEANESIA
FIG. 107. Orleanesia peruviana C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Y^ 2, flower, without
lip, three quarters view; X 5. 3, petal; X 4. 4, dorsal sepal; X 4. 5, lateral sepal;
X 4. 6, lip; X 3.
552
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 553
Flowers small, "mignonette and dark violet." Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, up to 7 mm. long, with revolute or recurved sides.
Lateral sepals shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, obliquely oblong-ovate,
acute and apiculate. Petals obliquely linear, acute, about as long as the lateral
sepals. Lip adnate to the column-foot, broadly obovate, lightly retuse and apicu-
late at the subtruncate apex, cuneate at the base, ecallose, up to 6.9 mm. long in
the middle and 5.8 mm. wide. Column short, stout, broadly winged, concave,
lightly 3-toothed at the apex, produced into a short, stout foot.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on a dead tree in clear-
ing, King 10021.
ISOCHILUS R. Br.
A small but perplexing genus of tropical American epiphytes con-
sisting of numerous concepts apparently referable to a very few
species (cf. Correll, Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harvard Univ. 10: 1. 1941).
Plants small to medium-sized, with a creeping rhizome, terrestrial or epiphytic.
Stems more or less approximate, numerous, slender, leafy throughout (with the
lower leaves often deciduous). Leaves numerous, distichous, linear, linear-lanceo-
late or oblong, erect or erect-spreading, obtuse or minutely bilobed at the apex.
Inflorescence a short terminal raceme which is loose or dense, few- to many-
flowered and distichous or unilateral, often arcuate. Flowers rather small, cam-
panulate, varying from white to reddish or rose-purple or rarely orange. Sepals
subequal, erect or recurved above, free or coherent almost to the apex, the lateral
ones gibbous at the base under the lip, more or less dorsally keeled, with the free
portion elliptic to lanceolate. Petals slightly shorter than the sepals, more or less
clawed, oblique. Lip subequal to the petals but narrower, from a short claw linear
to linear-oblanceolate, commonly sigmoid-flexed at the base and often above also,
sometimes constricted near the middle. Column slender, toothed at the apex,
footless or nearly so.
Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 209.
1813; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 3, 1. 1. 1898; C. Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 8: 44. 1940. Epidendrum lineare Jacq.
Select. Stirp. Amer. 221, t. 131, fig. 1. 1763. Isochilus peruvianus
Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 79. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih.
57: t. 116, nr. 455. 1929. Isochilus brasiliensis Schltr. Fedde Repert.
Beih. 9: 80. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 39, nr. 155. 1930.
Plant variable, 7-70 cm. tall, with a creeping (sometimes indistinct) rhizome.
Stems numerous, more or less approximate, slender, distichously many-leaved.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or minutely bilobed
at the apex, up to 6.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, strict or spreading. Inflorescence
terminal, racemose, 1- to many-flowered, loose or dense. Flowers rather small,
campanulate, white to rose-purple or orange. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate to (rarely) ovate-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, acute, concave,
6-11.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (rarely oblong-
ovate), connate below the middle, about as long as the dorsal sepal or slightly
554 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
longer, with the free portions lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate to elliptic. Petals
elliptic or elliptic-oblong to linear-oblanceolate, sometimes shortly clawed, lightly
oblique, a little shorter than the sepals and either narrower or broader. Lip about
as long as the sepals but much narrower, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate,
acute, commonly sigmoid-flexed at the base and often above the middle also,
sometimes lightly constricted near or above the middle, up to 11.7 mm. long.
Column small, toothed at the summit on each side, footless or with an abbrevi-
ated foot.
Cajamarca: Valley of Rio Tabaconas, 950 meters, in thickets of
evergreens, Weberbauer 6159 (type of I. peruvianus Schltr.). — San
Martin: San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, on trunk of petrified tree,
Williams 7385 (plant in fruit) .
A widespread and variable species extending from Mexico to
Costa Rica, the West Indies (type of Epidendrum lineare) and
through South America to Brazil (type of Isochilus brasiliensis) ,
Paraguay and Argentina.
POLYSTACHYA Hook.
Inconspicuous epiphytes of cosmopolitan distribution in the trop-
ical regions of America, Africa and Asia.
Rhizome abbreviated. Stems approximate, short, concealed by imbricating
leaf-sheaths, more or less pseudobulbous-thickened at the base. Leaves 2 to several,
distichous, oblong to linear (rarely oblong-elliptic, oblanceolate or obovate), many-
nerved but not plicate, articulated to imbricating sheaths. Inflorescence terminal,
bearing above a simple, few- to many-flowered raceme or a panicle consisting of few
to several, distant racemes. Flowers small (in the American species), rather dense.
Floral segments connivent or little spreading. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals
broader, often very broad, adnate to the more or less elongate column-foot. Petals
narrower than the sepals. Lip uppermost, arcuate-recurved in natural position,
articulated to the column foot, subsimple to distinctly 3-lobed. Column short or
very short, produced into a more or less prominent foot. Anther terminal, opercu-
lar, incumbent, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. Pollinia 4, in pairs.
Al. Men turn (formed by the lateral sepals and the column-foot) conspicuous and
elongate; callus at the base of the lip elongate, linear or oblong. . . .P. luteola
A2. Men turn (if present) inconspicuous, short and rounded; callus at the base of
the lip short, conical or rounded, sometimes indistinct I
la. Lateral lobes of the lip relatively abbreviated and more or less distinct.
P. foliosa (P. cerea, P. caracasana, P. minor, etc.)
Ib. Lateral lobes of the lip relatively long and distinct, more or less oblong-
spatulate P. boliviensis
Polystachya boliviensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. 12: 483. 1913;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 47, nr. 187. 1930.
Plant small, epiphytic, up to 15 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems
approximate, short, up to 3 cm. long, bulbous-thickened at the base, entirely con-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 555
cealed by imbricating sheaths which are leaf-bearing above. Leaves distichous,
subapproximate, 2-4, linear or linear-oblong, recurved and commonly condupli-
cate in the dried specimen, up to 7.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide when expanded,
minutely bilobulate and apiculate (rarely acute) at the apex. Inflorescence sur-
passing the leaves or more rarely subequaling them, up to 12.5 cm. long, above
racemose or more rarely paniculate with short branches; peduncle concealed below
by 1 or 2 complanate, elongate, scarious sheaths; raceme several- to many-flowered,
dense above, nodding when young. Floral bracts minute, acuminate. Flowers
very small, yellow or pinkish-brown, rather fleshy. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-
ovate or "oval," obtuse, concave, about 3 mm. or less long. Lateral sepals similar
but markedly broader, oblique, obtuse or minutely apiculate, forming a short men-
turn with the column-foot. Petals linear-oblanceolate, subobtuse to rounded at
the oblique apex, shorter than the sepals. Lip connate with the column-foot, deeply
3-lobed near the base with the lateral lobes erect and the mid-lobe recurved in
natural position, about 2.5 mm. long in the middle and 3-4 mm. broad across the
widely spreading lateral lobes when expanded, cuneate at the very base; lateral
lobes spatulate-oblong, oblique at the rounded apex, lightly incurved; mid-lobe
much larger, suborbicular-ovate, round-obovate or "quadrate," retuse; disc with
the very base callose-thickened as a continuation of the column-foot. Column
abbreviated, very stout.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, epiphyte in open woods, "segments pinkish-brown (with-
ered)," Killip & Smith 23162. Bolivia (type).
Polystachya foliosa (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 640. 1863;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 316. 1895. Encyclia nana Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 10, t. 113A. 1837-38. Encyclia polystachya
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 10, t. 113B. 1837-38. Stelis
foliosa Lindl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: 330, t. 17. 1839. Polystachya cerea
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26, Misc. 86, no. 208. 1840. Polystachya caracasana
Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 15. 1854. Polystachya nana (Poepp. & Endl.)
Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 638. 1863; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4:
319. 1896, not Kl. 1853. Polystachya minor Fawc. & Rendle, Journ.
Bot. 48: 106. 1910; Fl. Jam. 1: 49, t. 7, figs. 6-7. 1910. Polystachya
altilamellata Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 385. 1912. Polystachya ecua-
dorensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 8: 90. May 1921; Mansf. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 57: t. 95, nr. 370. 1929. Polystachya Poeppigii Schltr.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 155. Sept. 1921. Polystachya amazonica Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 42, Abt. 2: 77. 1925; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih.
58: t. 47, nr. 186. 1930. Polystachya Huebneri Schltr. Beih. Bot. Cen-
tralbl. 42, Abt. 2: 112. 1925. Polystachya stenophylla Schltr. I.e., 113.
Figure 108.
Plant very variable, epiphytic, 7-60 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems
approximate, often in dense clumps, short, more or less bulbous-thickened at the
base, up to about 12 cm. long, entirely concealed by imbricating sheaths which are
556 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
leaf-bearing above. Leaves distichous, more or less clustered near the base of the
plant, 2 to several, erect-spreading, narrowly linear to oblong-linear or oblanceolate
(rarely elliptic), obtuse to subacute and usually obliquely bilobed at the apex,
4-33 cm. long, 2.5 mm.-3 cm. wide, often recurved. Inflorescence much shorter,
or more commonly more or less surpassing the leaves, either a short, densely
flowered raceme or a panicle consisting of few to several, densely or sublaxly few-
to many-flowered racemes, the peduncle being lightly compressed and concealed
by long, imbricating, scarious sheaths. Flowers small to minute, more or less
fleshy, greenish to pale yellow or yellowish white (rarely orange), sometimes tinged
with purple, with slightly spreading segments. Dorsal sepal suborbicular or broadly
ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, about 1.5-5 mm. long, concave. Lateral
sepals commonly more or less larger (especially broader), suborbicular-ovate to
triangular-ovate, forming an abbreviated mentum with the short column-foot.
Petals linear, oblong-linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse to acute or apiculate, sub-
equaling or a little shorter than the sepals. Lip erect and parallel to the column
in natural position, tubular-concave, often recurved above, distinctly 3-lobed about
at the middle (often somewhat below or above the middle), usually more or less
fleshy, suborbicular or broadly obovate to oblong-subquadrate in outline when
expanded, more or less cuneate below, about 1.25-4 mm. long and subequally wide
when expanded; lateral lobes small, obliquely ovate, subacute to obtuse or rounded
at the apex; mid-lobe more or less larger (commonly distinctly so), suborbicular to
elliptic-subquadrate or quadrate-oblong, broadly rounded to distinctly retuse in
front; disc with a rather prominent conical callus at the base, and with the central
longitudinal portion more or less covered with papillose or mealy hairs. Column
very short and fleshy.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded, Vargas 1817. — Ayacucho: Estrella,
between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, about 500 meters, in dense
woods, Killip & Smith 23067. — Huanuco: Between Huanuco and
Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Kanehira 335. Cueva Grande, near Po-
zuzo, about 1700 meters, on tree trunk, Macbride 4782. — Junin:
Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n. Same locality,
1500 meters, Schunke 553, 1087. Same locality, 1200 meters,
Schunke 1236. Chanchamayo, Rio Blanco, about 1400 meters,
on coffee trees of the Hacienda Sta. Teresa, Kohler s.n. (type of
Polystachya altilamellata Schltr.). La Merced, about 700 meters,
epiphyte in wooded valley, Killip & Smith 23749. Rio Paucartambo
Valley near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest,
Killip & Smith 25357. Rio Pinedo, north of La Merced, 700-900
meters, on rock in woods, Killip & Smith 23590. Schunke Hacienda,
above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A68.
— Loreto: Balsapuerto (lower Rio Huallaga basin), 150-350 meters,
epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 28605. Mishuyacu, near
Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1178. Same locality and altitude,
Klug 1445. Peiia Blanca, on Rio Itaya, about 110 meters, epiphyte
in dense forest, Killip & Smith 29650. Puerto Mele"ndez, below
Pongo de Manseriche, 455 meters, Tessmann 4751. San Isidro, at
FIG. 108. Polystachya foliosa (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Plant; X %. 1, flower,
spread out; about X 4. 2, flower from side; about X 4. 3, column and lip from
side; about X 6.
557
558 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
the mouth of Rio Pastazza, 135 meters, on Crescentia cujete, Tess-
mann 4954-
An extremely polymorphic plant extending from Mexico (Poly-
stachya cerea) through Central America (P. clavata), the West Indies
(P. minor) to South America: Venezuela (P. caracasana) , British
Guiana (Stelis foliosa), Ecuador (P. ecuadorensis) , Peru (Encyclia
nana, E. polystachya, and Polystachya altilamellata) and Amazonian
Brazil (P. amazonica, P. Huebneri, and P. stenophylla).
Polystachya luteola (Sw.) Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: 103. 1824; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 312. 1895; Ames and Correll, Orch. Gua-
tem. 469, t. 127. 1953. Cranichis luteola Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1433.
1804. Figure 109.
Plant small to large and stout, epiphytic, variable, often growing in large
masses, up to 60 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems pseudobulbous-thickened
at the base, tapering upward, entirely concealed by imbricating, scarious sheaths,
up to about 10 cm. long. Leaves 2 to several, oblong-elliptic, linear-lanceolate or
oblanceolate (sometimes oblong), obtuse to acute, up to 31 cm. long and 4 cm. wide.
Inflorescence commonly more or less surpassing the leaves, few-flowered and simple
or many-flowered and branched, with the branches often unilateral, up to 55 cm.
long, with the peduncle compressed and more or less concealed by long, tubular,
scarious sheaths, the latter being glaucous and semi-translucent when fresh. Flow-
ers small, yellowish green, fragrant, with arcuate pedicellate ovaries. Dorsal sepal
ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or apiculate, shallowly concave, 2.5-5 mm. long.
Lateral sepals distinctly larger, obliquely and broadly triangular, acute or apicu-
late, adnate to the column-foot and forming a conspicuous mentum about 3-6 mm.
long. Petals linear-spatulate, more or less obtuse and apiculate, shorter than the
dorsal sepal. Lip erect and parallel to the column, recurved and tubular-concave
in natural position, obovate to broadly cuneate when expanded, deeply 3-lobed
above the middle, about 3-4.5 mm. long, up to 4 mm. wide across the lobes; lateral
lobes porrect and incurved, relatively small, obliquely semiovate or narrowly tri-
angular-oblong; mid-lobe oblong-quadrate to suborbicular, often slightly dilated
above, truncate or lightly retuse with irregular undulate margins; disc with a
prominent oblong-linear callus in the center of the lower half, entirely covered with
inconspicuous glandular hairs within. Column very short and stout, with an
elongate foot.
Amazonas: Prov. of Chachapoyas, near Sesuga, Mathews 3193.
La Peca, northeast of Jaen, 1100 meters, common on trees in "small
forest," Woytkowski 37017. — Junin: Along Rio Perene, near "Haci-
enda 3," Colonia Perene, about 600 meters, epiphyte in forest, Killip
& Smith 25107 (fruiting). A very widespread and rather variable
FIG. 109. Polystachya luteola (Sw.) Hook. Flowering plant; almost X 1. Fruit-
ing inflorescence; XI. 1, flower from side; about X 4. 2, lateral sepals, spread
out to show their attachment to the column-foot, and column; X 4. 3, petal; X 5.
4, lip spread out, to reveal the lateral lobes and farinaceous callus; X 5.
_B -Artie* I9v3.
560 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
species extending from Florida (U.S.A.), through the West Indies
(type of Cranichis luteola), Central and South America to Brazil and
Peru. It also occurs in Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, India, Indo-
nesia and the Philippine Islands.
GALEANDRA Lindl.
Medium-sized to large epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical
American regions extending from Mexico to Brazil, Paraguay and
Argentina.
Stems elongate, either fusiform-thickened or abruptly contracted at the base
into a short tuber-like pseudobulb. Leaves distichous, narrow and more or less
elongate, plicate, articulated to scarious sheaths, more or less deciduous. Inflo-
rescence terminal, racemose or paniculate above, few- to several-flowered, the
short or elongate peduncle invested by one or more elongate, scarious sheaths.
Rachis loosely flowered. Flowers commonly rather large and showy (more rarely
small), with spreading segments. Sepals subequal, free, usually slightly nar-
rowed toward the base, with the lateral sepals somewhat oblique. Petals similar
to the sepals or a little larger. Lip produced at the base into a spur which is com-
monly elongate and infundibuliform or more rarely shortly conical; lamina broad,
subsimple or more or less distinctly 3-lobed, adorned with swollen lines, keels or
tufts of hairs. Column short to elongate, often produced into a short foot, glabrous
to villous in front. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 4, or 2 and
deeply sulcate.
Al. Pseudobulbs small or minute, tuberiform-conic or ovoid; flowers small.
G. juncea
A2. Pseudobulbs or swollen stems slender and elongate, commonly fusiform;
flowers medium-sized to large I
la. Disc of the lip mostly glabrous, with a pair of small but conspicuous more or
less arcuate keels in the middle G. Baueri var. piloso-columna
Ib. Disc of the lip more or less pubescent with a conspicuous median band of
hairs and 3 inconspicuous keels below G. pubicentrum
Galeandra Baueri Lindl. var. piloso-columna C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 187. 1944.
Plant epiphytic. Stem slender-fusiform, about 19.4 cm. or less high, entirely
concealed by scarious, imbricating, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves deciduous (often
not present), distichous, lanceolate-linear, acute, plicate but more or less condupli-
cate, 14.4 cm. or less long, up to 1 cm. wide. Inflorescence paniculate with short
branches (often congested above) which are slightly arcuate. Racemes loosely
about 4-flowered or less, with a fractiflex rachis. Flowers rather large with spread-
ing segments, yellowish-brown with the inner parts (petals) lighter and the outer
parts (sepals) darker. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-oblong, acute, 1.5-1.8 cm. long,
up to 5 mm. wide above. Lateral sepals similar but with a broader base, lightly
oblique, a little larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals very similar to the dorsal sepal,
often slightly larger. Lip much larger than the other segments, long-spurred at
the base; lamina tubular-concave, broadly rhombic-ovate or suborbicular-rhombic
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 561
when expanded, obscurely 3-lobed, deeply retuse in front, 2.2-2.5 cm. long (on
each side of the retuse apex) and about 3.4 cm. wide when expanded; disc with a
pair of semiobovate, more or less arcuate keels in the middle; spur prominent,
about 2.8 cm. or less long, broadly infundibuliform below, very slender-cylindric
above. Column about 8 mm. long at the back, glabrous or pubescent, produced
into a short foot at the base, terminating above in an abrupt, pubescent, recurved
tooth, with the sulcate anterior surface more or less long-pilose, unlike the species.
Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 534 (type) . Same locality,
1800 meters, Schunke s.n. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about
1200 meters, Macbride 5599.
Galeandra juncea Lindl. Sert. Orch. (1840) sub t. 37; Reichb. f.
Walp. Ann. 6: 649. 1863; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 306. 1895.
Plant terrestrial, slender, up to 90 cm. tall. Pseudobulb small, ovoid, up to
2.5 cm. high. Stem terminal, slender, strict, terete, concealed by the long-sheathing
leaf-bases. Leaves several, distichous, with the free portion narrowly linear, strict
or slightly arcuate, acuminate, commonly conduplicate in the dried specimen, up
to 36.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide, the uppermost blade surpassing the inflorescence.
Inflorescence simple to trifurcate and loosely 2- to 7-flowered above, up to 10 cm.
long. Flowers small, membranaceous, pinkish white with purple-margined lip.
Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong, acute, 1.2-1.4 cm. long,
4.2 mm. or less wide. Lateral sepals similarly large, oblong-lanceolate, acute or
short-acuminate, lightly oblique. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but commonly
broader, elliptic-lanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-cuneate, acute. Lip
spurred; lamina tubular-concave in natural position, broadly ovate or suborbicu-
lar in outline, more or less obscurely 3-lobed, lightly retuse in front, 1.3-1.6 cm.
long in the middle, 1.6-1.8 cm. wide when expanded, with the undulate margins
subcrenulate; disc wholly minute-papillose, with 4 small, semielliptic, pilose keels
in the middle and with a tuft of numerous hairs arranged in 4 lines near the front;
spur rather short, variable, infundibuliform, rather abruptly narrowed above, 8.2-
15 mm. long. Column small, glabrous, 6-8 mm. long, produced into a short foot.
Cuzco: Habitat not recorded, Bues s.n. (Herb. Field Mus. No.
659999). Also Panama, Venezuela, British Guiana (type), Surinam,
Brazil and Bolivia.
Galeandra pubicentrum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 11:
429, t. 12. 1943. Figure 110.
Plant epiphytic, medium-sized, up to 29 cm. high. Stem slender-fusiform,
about 15 cm. high, entirely invested by scarious, imbricating sheaths which are
leaf-bearing except near the base. Leaves 6-8, distichous, erect-ascending, nar-
rowly linear to oblong-linear, acute, sessile, up to 16 cm. long and 1 cm. wide.
Inflorescence terminal, a little shorter than the leaves, panicled above with 3 short,
loosely flowered, mostly erect branches. Flowers few (up to 7) to a branch, rather
large, membranaceous, brownish green, with a cream-colored lip tipped with lilac.
Dorsal sepal oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, acute or apiculate, about 1.85 cm.
long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong,
lightly falcate, acute, apiculate, somewhat longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals
562 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
oblanceolate, acute, very similar to the dorsal sepal but somewhat larger. Lip
much larger than the other segments, prominently spurred ; lamina tubular-concave
in natural position, broadly subquadrate-obovate when expanded, very broadly
rounded above with a lightly retuse apex, rounded on each side above the middle,
then contracted to a cuneate-subquadrate base, about 2.3 cm. long in the mid-
dle, up to 2.9 cm. wide when expanded; disc with 3 narrow, more or less conspicu-
ous, smooth keels at the base and a central pilose band in front; spur up to 2.7 cm.
long, from an infundibuliform base slender-cylindric. Column short, terminating
in an abrupt, linear tooth, about 6.3 mm. long at the back, biauriculate in front
near the apex. Pollinia sessile on a semilunate viscid disc.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10095 (type)-
Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, "fls. yellow and
red-brown," Klug 882.
BLETIA Ruiz & Pav.
A small genus of tropical American, erect, terrestrial or epiphytic
orchids.
Plants rather tall, with abbreviated, subglobose or ovoid pseudobulbs or corms
which bear several elongate, elliptic-lanceolate or linear-elliptic, plicate leaves
(sometimes early deciduous). Inflorescence lateral, erect, shorter or longer than
the leaves, simple or loosely paniculate above. Flowers rather small to medium-
sized, showy, commonly red to purple, with more or less spreading segments.
Sepals similar, free, the lateral being often broader at the base. Petals similar to
the sepals or much broader. Lip attached to the base of the column, free, com-
monly 3-lobed, narrowed to rounded or subcordate at the base; lateral lobes in-
curved; mid-lobe obtuse to bilobed; disc adorned with thickened lines or high,
thin, entire or crenulate keels. Column elongate, commonly arcuate, often bialate
throughout and shortly biauriculate at the footless base. Anther opercular, incum-
bent, 2-celled. Pollinia 8, 4 superposed in each cell.
Al. Petals much broader than the sepals, rounded or rarely shortly acute at the
apex; disc of the lip traversed by 3-5 thickened nerves.
B. catenulata (B. sanguined)
A2. Petals slightly broader than the sepals, sharply acute or acuminate; disc of
the lip traversed by 5-7 high thin keels B. Mandonii
Bletia catenulata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
229. 1798; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 350. 1901. Bletia san-
guinea Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 56, t. 95. 1836. Bletia
Sherrattiana Batem. ex Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 93: t. 5646. 1867. Reg-
nellia purpurea Barb. Rodr. Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 1: 82. 1877.
Bletia Watsoni Hort. ex Orch. Rev. 2: 298. 1894. Bletia Rodriguesii
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 351, t. 74. 1901.
Plant large, terrestrial, variable. Pseudobulbs ovoid to depressed-subglobose,
up to 6 cm. long, bearing 1 to several leaves above. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to
linear-elliptic, acuminate at both ends, 20-90 cm. long, 0.5-8 cm. wide, plicate,
GALE^ANDR^A
FIG. 110. Galeandra pubicentrum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Vs. 2, flower, with
parts spread out; XI. 3, lip, spread out to show keels, pubescent band and spur;
XI. 4, lip from side, natural position; XI. 5, column from side, with anther
removed; X 3. 6, anther, oblique view; X 5. 7, pollinia, showing viscid disc; X 5.
563
564 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
distichous, deciduous. Inflorescence lateral, erect, simple (rarely once branched),
more or less longer than the leaves, 60-192.5 cm. high, more or less stout, below
with mostly remote, close, short, tubular sheaths and above loosely several- to
many-flowered. Flowers rather large and showy, membranaceous, with spreading
segments, blood-red to pink or purple, commonly with a central streak of whitish
or yellow on the lip. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or oblong-elliptic, commonly acute
or subacute, about 3.4 cm. or less long and 7-12 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar,
sometimes smaller. Petals round-ovate, rounded to abruptly short-acute at the
tip, about twice as wide as the dorsal sepal or more, suboblique, thinly membra-
naceous, sometimes with irregular or lobulate margins. Lip about as long as the
rest of the flower or slightly surpassing it, suborbicular in outline, deeply 3-lobed
near the middle, concave below with incurved lateral lobes which are separated
from the anterior portion by a deep, narrow sinus; lateral lobes broadly and
obliquely deltoid-ovate or suborbicular-ovate, broadly obtuse to rounded at the
apex; mid-lobe shortly and transversely rhombic-suborbicular or obovate-reniform,
distinctly emarginate, narrower than the expanded basal portion; disc with 3-5
approximate, thickened nerves extending through the center (sometimes only
through the lower half) and with angulate lateral nerves. Column lightly clavate,
arcuate, narrowly bialate, up to 2 cm. long.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, on open hillside, Killip & Smith 23109. Ccarrapa, between
Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1000 meters, on wooded hillside, Killip &
Smith 22469. — Cuzco: Below Machu-Picchu, 2300 meters, in "joints
of steep granite slopes, in humus and silty soil," West 6470. Prov. of
Convention, Quellomayo, 1300 meters, "steep clay banks, open brush,
and among rocks," West 8018. Santa Ana, about 900 meters, Cook &
Gilbert 1631. — Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero) in subandine woods,
Poeppig s.n. (type of B. sanguinea) . Along the Maranon River (this
station may be in Loreto), Warscewicz s.n. El Boqueron, 1600 me-
ters, in reddish clay loam, Seibert 2071. Same locality as the last,
about 460 meters, common on rocky, sunny slopes, Horn s.n. Prov.
of Huanuco, Chinchao, 1850 meters, Scolnik 1078. Above Chinchao,
about 2400 meters, on open rocky and grassy slopes, Hodge 6275.
Puente Durand, north of Huanuco, Valley of Rio Chinchao, 1100
meters, in open spaces at edge of jungle in rich black loam, Stork &
Horton 9436. Same locality as the last, 1050 meters, Scolnik 1105.
Piedra Grande, near Rio Santo Domingo, about 1500 meters, on
steep grassy hillsides, Macbride 3681. Pozuzo and Chaclla, toward
S. Domingo and Llamapanaui, in woods and clearings, Pavdn s.n.
(type of B. catenulata). — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1000 meters,
Schunke s.n. Colonia Perene, about 680 meters, in thickets, Killip &
Smith 25038. Colonia Perene, along Rio Perene, near "Hacienda 3,"
about 600 meters, in clearing in forest, Killip & Smith 25131. East
of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters, thickets in
dense forest, Killip & Smith 23935. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 565
about 1200 meters, on open grassy slopes, Macbride 5663. Schunke
Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest,
Schunke A67. Near Pariahuanca, Mathews 1077. Prov. of Tarma,
Utcuyacu, 1800 meters, on the slope of mountain covered with grass-
steppe, Woytkowski 37001. Vitoc (13 km. from San Ramon), Soukup
2480. Also Colombia (type of B. Sherrattiana) , Brazil (type of Reg-
nellia purpurea and Bletia Rodriguesii) , Ecuador and Bolivia.
Bletia ensiformis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil.
1: 230. 1798.
Huanuco: Pozuzo, on trees and rocks in open woods, toward
Chenico and Tramo, Pavon s.n.
This concept appears to be referable to Epidendrum.
Bletia Mandonii Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 10: 48. 1922;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 139, nr. 546. 1929.
Plant terrestrial, stout, up to 54 cm. high. Pseudobulbs obliquely depressed-
globose, up to 1.7 cm. high and somewhat wider, subterranean, moniliform, pro-
ducing 2 (rarely 1) erect leaves at the summit on a slender stem. Leaves very
unequal in size, lanceolate-elliptic or linear-elliptic, acuminate at both ends, up to
41 cm. long and 3.8 cm. wide, plicate. Scape lateral, shorter than or surpassing
the leaves, simple or rarely with a short, strict, lateral branch above, loosely few-
to several- (rarely 10-) flowered in the upper portion, provided below with few
remote, short, close, tubular sheaths. Flowers rather large, campanulate, membra-
naceous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-elliptic ("oblong"), acute or short-acuminate,
about 3.3 cm. or less long and 1.2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, lightly oblique,
shortly acuminate, carinate especially toward the apex. Petals similar to the sepals
but slightly broader, subacuminate, somewhat oblique especially at the apex. Lip
much broader than the other segments, suborbicular-obovate ("cuneate-oboval")
when expanded, deeply 3-lobed above the middle, about 3 cm. or less long and
2.8 cm. or less wide across the lateral lobes when expanded; lateral lobes semi-
obovate ("semioblong") with a broadly rounded, irregular free apex; mid-lobe
suborbicular or round-obovate from a very short isthmus, obtuse to retuse with a
more or less prominently apiculate apex; disc adorned with about 5 approximate
central keels which are dilated in the center and on the mid-lobe, often with an
additional slender or enlarged lateral keel. Column elongate, arcuate, narrowly
clavate, thinly bialate, about 2.2 cm. long.
This species is altogether rather variable and is apparently closely
allied to Bletia Wageneri Reichb. f., with which it was confused by
Reichenbach.
Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Marcapata Valley near Chile-
chile, 2200 meters, "grassy places between shrub woods," flowers
purple, Weberbauer 7860. Machu-Picchu, on dry slope, Hunnewell s.n.
Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata, Santa Rita, 2400-2800 meters, on
open grassy slope, Vargas 2669. Bolivia (type) and perhaps Ecuador.
566 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Bletia parviflora Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
231. 1798. = obscure species.
Peru: Near the fortress of Palca, on mountains, Pavdn s.n.
Bletia repanda Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1 :
229. 1798.= obscure species; the terminal inflorescence indicates that
the concept is not a Bletia.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, near the town of Vitoc, at the margin of
the Maraynioc River, in sandy and rocky places, Pavdn s.n.
Bletia uniflora Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
230. 1798.= obscure species.
Junin : Prov. of Tarma, near Vitoc, on trees in woods, Pavdn s.n.
CHYSIS Lindl.
A small group of tropical American, showy epiphytes.
Stems fusiform-thickened or subclavate (rarely ellipsoid), often loosely branched,
entirely concealed by evanescent sheaths which are scarious below and leaf-bearing
toward the apex. Leaves several, distichous, usually crowded near the apex, lan-
ceolate-elliptic or elliptic-oblong, plicate, acuminate at the apex and base. Inflo-
rescence lateral, racemose, loosely few- (up to 12-) flowered. Flowers showy, white,
yellow or rose-colored. Sepals free, spreading, about equally long, but the lateral
sepals broader, oblique and forming a mentum with the column-foot. Petals sim-
ilar to the dorsal sepal or a little longer, oblique, commonly more or less oblong-
spatulate. Lip affixed to the column-foot, recurved and tubular-involute in natural
position, 3-lobed near the middle; lateral lobes erect in natural position, incurved;
mid-lobe spreading or reflexed, entire or lightly bilobed in front; disc with callose
veins or calli. Column stout, arcuate, bialate, produced into a short foot. Anther
opercular, incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 8, 4 in each cell.
Chysis Bruennowiana Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bot. Zeit. 15: 157.
1857.
Vegetative parts not described. Peduncle loosely several- (about 8-) flowered.
Floral bracts ovate, acute, concave, equaling the pedicelled ovary. Perianth prob-
ably rose-dotted. Dorsal sepal broadly oblong or ovate-oblong. Lateral sepals
broadly falcate-ovate, oblique. Petals slightly longer than the sepals, obliquely
oblong-spatulate. Lip 3-lobed near the middle, strongly recurved in natural posi-
tion, with the basal portion ("claw") forming an angle with the column-foot and
with the anterior portion of the lip; lateral lobes broadly semiovate ("semifal-
cate"), porrect, about equaling the mid-lobe, erect in natural position; mid-lobe
ovate, obtuse (cochleate?); disc with 3 keels before the mid-lobe. Column very
short and stout, produced into a subequally long foot.
Peru: Habitat not given, Warscewicz s.n.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 567
This description was compiled from the original citation, ampli-
fied by a rather obscure floral analysis from the Reichenbach Her-
barium on which the attributed origin is Costa Rica.
BULBOPHYLLUM Thou.
A very large cosmopolitan genus centered in the tropics of the
Old World, but represented also in the tropical regions of America.
Plants very small to large and showy, with a creeping, often elongate rhizome
producing numerous sessile, crowded or distant pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs sub-
globose to elongate-pyriform (sometimes abbreviated), bearing 1-3 leaves at the
summit. Leaves linear to suborbicular, generally coriaceous or fleshy. Inflores-
cence lateral, simple, either at the base of the scape or on the rhizome between
the pseudobulbs, 1-flowered, racemose or subumbellate above. Flowers minute to
large, loose or dense. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals subequal or longer, more
or less dilated at the base, which is adnate to the column-foot to form a distinct
mentum, free or more rarely connate. Petals commonly much shorter than the
sepals, often pubescent or fimbriate. Lip movably articulated to the column-foot,
arcuate-recurved with the basal part erect in natural position, simple or 3-lobed,
often callose-thickened or bilamellate. Column rather small, with a pair of por-
rect arms or wings above, produced into a distinct foot. Anther opercular, incum-
bent, more or less distinctly 2-celled. Pollinia commonly 4.
Al. Plant small; scape 10 cm. or less tall; raceme erect, loosely few- (10- or less-)
flowered; lateral sepals connate nearly to the apex B. Weberbauerianum
A2. Plant larger; scape about 21 cm. or more long; raceme nodding to arcuate,
densely or subdensely many- (20- or more-) flowered; lateral sepals free. . .1
la. All sepals ovate-lanceolate, arista te; petals ciliate; lip about half as long as
the sepals B. meridense
Ib. All sepals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute to acuminate; petals not
ciliate; lip nearly as long as the sepals £?. incarum
Bulbophyllum incarum Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 86. 1905.
Plant large. Rhizome stout, long-creeping, branching, producing many roots.
Pseudobulbs ovoid, rugose-sulcate in the dried specimen, up to 2 cm. high, 2.5 cm.
or less distant, monophyllous at the apex. Leaf broadly oblong or elliptic-oblong
("ligulate"), obtuse and short-apiculate, sessile with a rounded-cuneate, complicate
base, up to 6 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide. Scape arising from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, tall; peduncle up to 24 cm. long, suberect, with about 6 remote, short, tubular
sheaths; raceme abruptly reflexed at the base, densely many- (about 20- or more-)
flowered, about 7 cm. long (including the upper flowers). Floral bracts large, ovate,
acute, about half as long as the flowers. Flowers white with rose-colored spots.
Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate ("acute"), about 1.5 cm. long.
Lateral sepals free, about equally long, linear-oblong, acute. Petals much smaller
than the sepals (about one fifth as long), triangular-linear, neither fimbriate nor
pilose. Lip about 1.3 cm. long, up to 4 mm. wide above, 3-lobed; lateral lobes
short, rounded, basal, setose without and on the margin; mid-lobe oblanceolate-
oblong, rounded at the apex, gradually much narrowed toward the base; disc sul-
568 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
cate and thickened between the lobes. Column very short, angled in the middle,
furnished above with a pair of linear arms.
Puno : Sandia, 2200 meters, Weberbauer 951 .
The description was prepared from an excellent photograph of the
type, supplemented by the type description.
Bulbophyllum (as Bolbophyllum) meridense Reichb. f. Lin-
naea 22: 836. 1849; Walp. Ann. 6: 251. 1861. Didaclyle meridensis
Lindl. Fol. Orch. Didactyle 3. 1852.
Plant large, epiphytic. Rhizome long-creeping, stout, producing numerous
roots. Pseudobulbs ovoid or pyriform (sometimes thick-cylindric), 4-cornered and
striate-sulcate in the dried specimen, up to 2.7 cm. high, unifoliate at the apex.
Leaf elliptic-oblong or broadly oblong, apiculate at the obtuse apex, cuneate at
the sessile, complicate base, up to 12 cm. long and 3.1 cm. wide, coriaceous. Scape
arising from the base of the pseudobulb, much surpassing the leaf; peduncle sub-
erect, up to 39 cm. high, provided with 6-9 remote, short, tubular-cylindric,
acute sheaths; raceme abruptly reflexed or sigmoid-arcuate, more or less densely
many-flowered, up to 15 cm. long. Floral bracts small, ovate, acute, equaling less
than half of the flower. Flower small, campanulate, reddish bordered with violet
or green, purple-mottled inside, with a purplish black lip. Dorsal sepal ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate with a caudate or aristate apex which is recurved in natural
position, concave below, about 1-1.2 cm. long. Lateral sepals very similar but
slightly larger, free, oblique, navicular. Petals much smaller (about a third as
long), ovate-oblong, subacuminate, shortly but densely ciliate. Lip slightly longer
than the petals, in natural position oblong-pandurate with erect basal auricles or
lateral lobes, rounded at the apex, very fleshy, entirely pubescent, almost 5 mm.
long; lateral lobes small, semiovate-rounded; mid-lobe much larger, slightly nar-
rowed toward the base, long-fimbriate; disc mostly occupied by a relatively large,
oblong-ellipsoid callus which is sulcate toward the base. Column stout, shorter
than the petals, produced into a subequally long foot, bearing at the apex a pair of
porrect, elongate-linear stelidia and below them a pair of short decurved horns.
Junin: East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters,
in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24009. Also Venezuela (type).
Bulbophyllum Weberbauerianum Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1:
85. 1905.
Plant small, growing on cliffs. Rhizome creeping, producing numerous roots.
Pseudobulbs apparently crowded, mostly suborbicular, laterally compressed, up
to 1.5 cm. high, rugose in the dried specimen, unifoliate at the apex. Leaf elliptic-
oblong ("lanceolate or oblong"), acute, cuneate at the sessile, complicate base, up
to 4 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, coriaceous. Scape arising from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, about twice as long as the leaf, slender, erect or arcuate, up to 10 cm. long,
adorned with a few close, tubular sheaths through the lower half, racemose above;
raceme up to 3.5 cm. long, loosely few- (up to 10-) flowered, with the flowers often
secund. Floral bracts small, ovate, acute, concave, scarious, slightly surpassing
the ovary. Flowers large for the plant, brownish yellow, with slightly spreading
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 569
sepals. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-linear from a somewhat broader base, obtuse, about
1.4 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar but somewhat larger, linear, entirely connate
up to the biapiculate tip. Petals much smaller than the sepals, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, up to 5 mm. long, sparingly long-fimbriate. Lip nearly as long as the
sepals, up to 1.3 cm. long including the very short claw and about 0.25 mm. wide
above, biauriculate at the base (lateral lobes reduced to minute rounded auricles),
with the anterior portion linear-narrowed and longitudinally keeled (triangular in
cross section) ; disc fimbriate near the base. Column with a pair of short median
arms and with 2 slender, linear, biapiculate stelidia.
Puno: Sandia, 2100-2300 meters, on cliffs, Weberbauer 540.
Description compiled from the original diagnosis supplemented
by a photograph of the type.
BUESIELLA C. Schweinf.
Small, inconspicuous epiphytes, at present recorded only from
Peru.
Plants slender, with a creeping rhizome and relatively stout roots. Pseudo-
bulbs approximate, very slender, unifoliate. Leaves very narrow. Inflorescences
lateral, basal, loosely racemose and few-flowered above. Sepals oblong or elliptic-
oblong, cymbiform. Petals oval-ovate. Lip not fleshy, simple, pandurate, rigidly
attached to the column, bicarinate in the middle. Column conspicuous, clavate,
not winged, footless. Anther incumbent, galeate, 1-celled. Pollinia 2.
Buesiella pusilla C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
15: 153, t. 48. 1952. Figure 111.
Plant small, slender, epiphytic, with an ascending, sheathed rhizome. Pseudo-
bulbs numerous, approximate, very slender, unifoliate, about 2-3.3 cm. long, sub-
parallel to the rhizome. Leaves narrowly linear, more or less conduplicate, acute
or subacute, gradually long-narrowed below, gently recurved in the dried specimen,
up to 19 cm. long and 4.5 mm. wide above the middle. Inflorescences lateral at
the base of the pseudobulbs, filiform, suberect, short, clothed with several imbri-
cating, foliaceous sheaths below, loosely few- (3-9-) flowered above. Flowers
minute, membranaceous, apparently campanulate. Sepals free, cymbiform, 1-nerved,
dorsally carinate. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong when expanded, subacute, about
3 mm. long and half as broad. Lateral sepals oblong, subacute, somewhat longer
and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals oval-ovate, acute, about equally long
with the sepals but broader. Lip subparallel to the column and adnate to it at
the base, longitudinally concave, simple, pandurate, with the anterior half trian-
gular-ovate and acute, and the slightly narrower lower portion rounded at the base,
about 2.7 mm. long and 1.4 mm. wide across the ovate portion; disc with a pair of
semirhombic keels in the middle. Column stout, clavate, wingless, footless, about
1.6 mm. high at the back.
Cuzco: Ccochapampa, summit of Ccochayoc, 100 meters, Bues s.n.
BUESIELIA
FIG. 111. Buesiella pusilla C. Schweinf. 1, plants; X %. 2, flower bud from
side; X 8. 3, flower, partially expanded, from side; X 6. 4, petal; X 6. 5, lip ex-
panded; X 12. 6, anther with pollinia, from below; X 20.
570
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 571
EULOPHIDIUM Pfitz.
A small group of terrestrial or epiphytic plants centering in trop-
ical Africa and represented in the New World by the single following
species.
Plants medium-sized to large. Stems reduced to ovoid or ovoid-oblong pseudo-
bulbs which are often numerous and densely congested, monophyllous (very rarely
diphyllous) at the apex, concealed by several large evanescent sheaths. Leaf large,
elongate, commonly oblong or oblong-elliptic, coriaceous. Scape lateral at the
base of the pseudobulb, erect, simple, longer than the leaf, loosely racemose above.
Racemes few- to many-flowered. Flowers small, pedicellate, with narrow, membra-
naceous floral bracts. Sepals subequal, free, with the lateral ones oblique and
adnate to the short column-foot. Petals similar to the sepals, but often broader.
Lip produced into a short spur at the base, distinctly 3-lobed in front, with the
lateral lobes erect in natural position and the mid-lobe truncate to bilobed; disc
commonly bilamellate. Column short, stout. Anther terminal, opercular, incum-
bent, usually 1-celled. Pollinia 2, unappendaged.
This generic description was prepared without reference to some
of the African species.
Eulophidium maculatum (Lindl.) Pfitz. Entwurf. Natiirl.
Anord. Orch. 88. 1887; Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenf. 2, 6: 188.
1888; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 105, t. 36. 1904. Angraecum
maculatum Lindl. Collect. Bot. t. 15. 1821; Bot. Reg. 8: t. 618. 1822.
Limodorum maculatum Lodd. Bot. Cab. 5: t. 496. 1822. Eulophia
maculata Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 647. 1863, in part.
Plant rather large, terrestrial or epiphytic, with robust, fibrous, verruculose
roots. Pseudobulbs (often congested) ovoid to ovoid-oblong or thick-cylindric,
up to 4 cm. long, unifoliate at the apex, concealed and surpassed by several large
imbricated, evanescent sheaths. Leaf large, narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic,
acute, long-narrowed to a complicate base, duplicative, coriaceous, up to 32 cm.
long and 5.5 cm. wide (usually about half as large or more), with darker green
transverse mottling. Scape lateral and arising from the base of the pseudobulb,
erect, surpassing the leaf, up to 50 cm. tall, racemose above; peduncle provided
with few remote, scarious, tubular, acute or acuminate sheaths: raceme (very rarely
with a short lateral branch) loosely few- to many-flowered. Flowers small, white,
pink and yellow, brownish, or wine-color, commonly with white markings, rather
membranaceous, in the axils of inconspicuous lanceolate bracts. Dorsal sepal
linear-oblong or linear-elliptic, acute, longitudinally concave and incurved in nat-
ural position, about 9-12 mm. long. Lateral sepals falcate, narrowly oblanceolate-
oblong, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely elliptic-oblong,
acute, distinctly broader than the sepals. Lip shorter but much broader than the
other segments, spurred; lamina deeply 3-lobed, with the lower sides incurved in
natural position, subquadrate in outline, about 8 mm. or less long and subequally
wide across the lateral lobes when expanded; lateral lobes semiobovate, with a
broadly rounded apex; mid-lobe larger, broadly obovate or reniform, with an
abrupt, short, broad basal portion or claw, lightly retuse or broadly truncate in
572 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
front; disc with a pair of approximate, obliquely semiobovate, spreading lamellae
at the base; spur short and stout, oblong-clavate, 3-4.5 mm. long, broadly and
rather abruptly rounded at the apex. Column short, stout, with a very oblique
base or short foot, 4-5 mm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc,
2200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Vargas 2525. Same locality as the
last, Potrero, Garabito, 1300 meters, in open shady woods, Vargas
7103. Also Brazil (type) and Paraguay.
EULOPHIA R. Br.
A large, cosmopolitan genus centering in the Old World (espe-
cially Africa and Asia) with very few species in the American tropics
and subtropics and but one in South America.
Plants terrestrial or rarely epiphytic, tall. Stems thickened below into a pseudo-
bulbous base, elongate and leafy above. Leaves several, distichous, imbricating
below, elongate, plicate-nerved. Scapes lateral at the base or lower part of the
pseudobulbous stems, elongate, several- to many-sheathed, racemose or less com-
monly loosely paniculate above, loosely several- to many-flowered. Flowers small
or medium-sized. Sepals free, subequal, the lateral ones lightly oblique and some-
times adnate to a short column-foot. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but sometimes
a little shorter and broader. Lip erect, shorter than the sepals, commonly 3-lobed,
concave, saccate or spurred at the base. Column rather short, bialate, often with
a short foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, bicornute or with 2 promi-
nent appendages, imperfectly 2-celled. Pollinia 4.
Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendl. Fl. Jam. 1: 112, t. 22,
figs. 4-8. 1910. Limodorum altum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 594. 1767.
Cyrtopodium Woodfordii Sims, Bot. Mag. 43: t. 1814. April, 1816.
Dendrobium longifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 360. August, 1816.
Cyrtopera Woodfordii Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 189. 1833. Govenia
barbata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 5, t. 107, figs. a-d. 1837-
38. Cyrtopera longifolia Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 668. 1863; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 354, t. 76. 1901. Eulophia Woodfordii
Rolfe, Thistleton-Dyer Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 68. 1897. Eulophia longi-
folia Schltr. Die Orchideen ed. 1: 347. 1914. Figure 112.
Plant tall, coarse, terrestrial or very rarely epiphytic, up to 1.7 meters high.
Stems leafy, arising from a pseudobulbous or corm-like base, above concealed by
the imbricating, long-sheathing base of the leaves. Leaves several, distichous,
elongate, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-linear, acuminate toward both ends, plicate,
up to 1.2 meters long and 10 cm. wide (often much less). Scape strict, much ex-
ceeding the leaves, up to 3 meters high (often much less), robust, provided below
with several remote, tubular, often evanescent sheaths, laxly racemose above;
raceme elongate, loosely or subdensely many-flowered. Floral bracts inconspicu-
J
FIG. 112. Eulophia alia (L.) Fawc. & Rendl. 1, plant; X Ve. 2, inflorescence;
X %. 3, lip and column from front, with lip spread out; X 1 %•
573
574 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
ous, linear-lanceolate. Flowers medium-sized, yellowish green to red-brown or
purplish. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, linear-oblong to oblanceolate-oblong, acute,
up to 20 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar but somewhat larger,
slightly oblique and decurrent on the short column-foot, acute. Petals oblong,
elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded (rarely acute), shorter and
broader than the sepals. Lip much broader than the other segments, deeply con-
cave near the base, lightly but distinctly 3-lobed above, about 18 (rarely 25) mm.
or less long and somewhat narrower when expanded; lateral lobes with short,
rounded free apex; mid-lobe semiorbicular or rounded-ovate with undulate, in-
curved margins; disc with a pair of short, fleshy keels near the middle and with
lines of scattered papillae on the mid-lobe. Column rather short, produced into a
short foot, lightly clavate, arcuate, bialate, terminating in an acute point, up to
10 mm. long. Anther with a conspicuous, abrupt, oblong, usually emarginate
appendage.
Eastern Peru: Near Tocache Mission, in low woods, Poeppig 2064
(type of Govenia barbata). — Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, "Agua-
jal," 100 meters, epiphyte in forest, flowers red-brown, Klug 1^3.
Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, terrestrial, "flowers brownish, green-
yellow, and garnet-violet," Klug 10091. A very widespread and
variable species extending from Florida and the West Indies (type
of Limodorum altum) through Mexico and Central America to most
of northern South America (type of Dendrobium longifolium) and
Brazil (type of Cyrtopodium Woodfordii) . Also in West Africa (per-
haps introduced).
CYRTOPODIUM R. Br.
Terrestrial or epiphytic plants confined to the American tropics,
extending from Florida (U.S.A.), Mexico and Central America
through the West Indies and South America to Argentina.
Stems commonly approximate, few- to several-leaved, developing into ovoid to
fusiform-cylindric, eventually naked pseud obulbs. Leaves commonly crowded,
distichous, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-linear, acuminate at both ends, plicate.
Scape lateral, arising from the base of the pseudobulbous stem, tall, distantly few-
sheathed below, either simply racemose or loosely and broadly paniculate above.
Floral bracts linear to broadly ovate or elliptic, often large, conspicuous, and undu-
late-crisped. Flowers small to medium-sized, often showy, with spreading seg-
ments. Floral segments free. Sepals similar, the lateral ones being lightly oblique
and adnate to the column-foot, often with the margins more or less undulate.
Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but often shorter and broader. Lip attached to
the column-foot, 3-lobed, commonly shorter but much broader than the sepals and
petals; lateral lobes erect or spreading; mid-lobe simple to bilobed; disc tubercu-
late, crested or callose in the middle or near the margin. Column stout, short or
somewhat elongate, lightly clavate, produced into a distinct foot. Anther termi-
nal, opercular, incumbent, imperfectly 2-celled, often with an abrupt horn on the
back. Pollinia 2 or 4.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 575
Al. Mid-lobe of the lip scarcely or not at all protruding beyond the lateral lobes,
strongly transverse (i.e., much broader than long), densely verruculose on the
anterior margins C. punctatum
A2. Mid-lobe of the lip much protruding beyond the lateral lobes, more or less
broader than long, not densely verruculose on the margin . . . . C. Buchtienii
Cyrtopodium Buchtienii Schltr. Fedde Repert. 27: 64. 1929.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, tall and stout, 1 meter or more high. Stems
short, stout, leafy, developing into a stout, oblong-ovoid pseudobulb which is
striate-rugose or deeply plurisulcate and concealed by the fibres of sheaths in
course of development, up to 20 cm. long. Leaves several, imbricated below, dis-
tichous, elliptic-linear or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate above, long-narrowed below
with a conduplicate base, up to about 79 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, plicate. Scape
lateral, arising from the base of the pseudobulbous stem, very stout and tall,
apparently much surpassing the leaves, about 1 cm. in diameter near the base,
provided with few, close, remote, tubular sheaths, loosely paniculate above; panicle
large, spreading, loosely branched. Bracts of the inflorescence large, conspicuous,
ovate or elliptic-ovate to broadly lanceolate, commonly undulate on the margins;
floral bracts similar, smaller, petaloid and maculate. Flowers medium-sized, with
spreading segments, yellow or cream-color, spotted with brown or purple. Dorsal
sepal oblong-elliptic ("suborbicular-oval"), acute or obtuse, strongly undulate on
the margins, 1.5-1.9 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar but slightly narrower, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lightly oblique. Petals distinctly shorter and a
little broader than the sepals, round-obovate or oval, broadly rounded (and some-
times apiculate) at the apex, lightly oblique. Lip erect and parallel to the column
in natural position with the lateral lobes incurved, long-clawed, up to about 1.3 cm.
long and equally wide or slightly wider across the lateral lobes when expanded;
claw cuneate-oblong, fleshy; lamina lightly cordate at the base; lateral lobes very
obliquely oblong-obovate, with the margins (except the anterior margin) minutely
undulate; mid-lobe broadly obovate or flabellate with an abrupt oblong-cuneate
base, more or less broader than long (sometimes nearly twice as broad), with a
very broadly rounded, minutely retuse anterior margin which is lightly undulate;
disc with a fleshy, suborbicular, plurisulcate callus between the lateral lobes.
Column small, clavate, about 6.5 mm. or less long.
Peru: Cuchiccha, Quebrada Versalles, Diehl 2416. — Cuzco: Valley
of the Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2400 meters, Herrera 3306. — San
Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, terrestrial
in mountain forest, "leaves absent at flowering time," Klug 3683.
Also Bolivia (type).
The type of Cyrtopodium Buchtienii, which came from Bolivia,
was described from a vegetatively incomplete specimen, and the
above description is therefore much more detailed than the original
diagnosis.
Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 188.
1833; Hook. Bot. Mag. 63: t. 3507. 1836; Ames, Orch. 1: 55, t. 15.
576 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
1905; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 358. 1901. Epidendrum
punctatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1246. 1760. Figure 113.
Plant large and stout, epiphytic or terrestrial. Pseudobulbs clustered, rigid,
elongate-fusiform, with numerous articulations, when young concealed by dis-
tichously imbricated sheaths, leafy above, rarely up to 10 dm. high. Leaves
crowded, distichous, linear to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate, long-
narrowed to a conduplicate base, plicate, erect-spreading, recurved above, up to
65 cm. long and 5.1 cm. wide. Scape lateral and arising from the base of the
pseudobulb, about equaling the leaves, paniculate above; peduncle stout, provided
with several large, loose, tubular, scarious sheaths which are imbricated at the base;
panicle ample, loose, many-flowered. Bracts subtending the branches and the
flowers large, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute to acumi-
nate, commonly with strongly undulate margins, up to 12 cm. long, the floral
bracts smaller, and spotted and colored like the flowers. Flowers loose, numerous,
variable, with spreading perianth-parts, greenish yellow with irregular brownish
spots. Sepals strongly undulate, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-elliptic
(rarely oval), acute, or obtuse and apiculate, up to 28 mm. long and 14 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals very similar but a little smaller. Petals elliptic-ovate to round-
obovate, broadly rounded above and sometimes minutely apiculate, commonly
shorter and less undulate than the sepals. Lip much shorter and broader than the
other segments, deeply 3-lobed, erect and parallel to the column, with inflexed
lateral lobes in natural position, cordate at the base, articulated to the free column-
foot by a narrow cuneate-oblong claw, about 14 mm. or less long and nearly twice
as wide across the expanded lateral lobes; lateral lobes suborbicular-oval or ali-
form-ovate, lightly falcate, broadly rounded above; mid-lobe scarcely or not at all
protuberant beyond the lateral lobes, broadly flabellate-reniform, with the broad
anterior margin strongly undulate and verrucose within near the margin; disc
between the lateral lobes with a large, fleshy, verruculose callus which passes into
the abrupt claw. Column short, stout, clavate, up to 7 mm. long with a sub-
equally long, mostly free claw.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Pavdn s.n., Haenke s.n. Source of
the Maranon River, Warscewicz s.n. — Cuzco: Prov. of Paruro, epi-
phyte on rocky slopes of Arabito on the right bank of the Apurimac
River, 2400 meters, Vargas 1$1. — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200
meters, Schunke 538. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 1200 meters,
Macbride 5668 (unusually broad sepals). — Loreto: Iquitos, about 100
meters, on palm tree in clearing in woods, Killip & Smith 29833
(fruit only). Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in clearing in
forest, Klug 766. A very widespread species extending from southern
Florida (U.S.A.) and Mexico, through most of Central America and
the West Indies (type of Epidendrum punctatum) and in South
America to Argentina.
WARREA Lindl.
A very small genus of terrestrial plants restricted to Central
America and northern South America.
FIG. 113. Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl. 1, plant X K- 2, inflorescence
X H- 3, lip and column spread out, X 1^- 4, column, front-side view, X 4.
5, pollinia, much enlarged.
577
578 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Stems short, leafy, at length thickened into short, ovoid or ellipsoid pseudo-
bulbs. Leaves few, distichous, approximate, elongate, commonly lanceolate-ellip-
tic, plicate. Scapes lateral, arising from the base of the immature pseudobulb,
tall, simple, with several remote sheaths, often surpassing the leaves, racemose
above; racemes more or less elongate, loosely few- to several-flowered. Flowers
rather large, showy. Sepals subequal, broad, concave, with the lateral sepals
lightly oblique below and adnate to the short column-foot. Petals similar to the
sepals, but a little smaller. Lip attached to the column-foot, simple or subtri-
lobed, concave, rounded or bilobed at the apex; disc provided below in the middle
with keels or fleshy elevated lines. Column rather long, stout, clavate, wingless.
Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 2-eelled. Pollinia 4.
Al. Flowers reddish purple; sepals oblong; disc of the lip with 2 very short keels
near the base W. Hookeriana
A2. Flowers white or yellowish white, with a large purple spot on the lip; sepals
broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate; disc of the lip with 3 fleshy- thickened median
lines below and verrucose lines in front.
W. Warreana (W. tricolor, W. speciosd)
Warrea Hookeriana (Reichb. f.) Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 18: 360. 1910.
Phajus Hookerianus Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 328. 1856.
Leaves oblong, acute. Scapes erect, racemose above. Bracts cymbiform.
Flowers subglobose, reddish purple. Sepals and petals oblong, obtusely acute.
Lip cuneate and subsaccate at the base, then quadrate with obtuse angles; disc
with 2 very short keels near the base.
Peru: Pangoa, in moist shade, Ma,ihews(1) 1021.
This description was compiled from the two sources cited above,
and without having seen any specimens referable to this species.
Warrea Warreana (Lodd. ex Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harvard Univ. 17: 55. 1955. Maxillaria Warreana Lodd. ex
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 148. 1832; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1884. 1833;
Hook. Bot. Mag. 72: t. 4235. 1846. Warrea tricolor Lindl. Bot. Reg.
29, Misc. 14. 1843; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 376, t. 81. 1901.
Warrea speciosa Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 98. 1921; Mansf.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 123, nr. 483. 1929.
Plant large, terrestrial, up to 1 meter high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems
short, leafy, at length enlarged to form an ovoid to ellipsoid pseudobulb which is
4-12 cm. long and at length naked. Leaves 3-5, distichous, approximate and im-
bricating below, lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate, long-narrowed below, up to 60 cm.
long and 10 cm. wide, plicate. Scape lateral, arising from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, erect, stout, longer than the leaves, up to 1 meter high, adorned below with
several remote, close, short, tubular sheaths, loosely racemose above; raceme 6- to
10-flowered, up to 15 cm. long. Flowers large, subglobose, fleshy, with concave
segments, white or yellowish white with a large purple spot on the lip. Dorsal
sepal broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse and apiculate, up to 3.5 cm.
long and 2.5 cm. wide (commonly smaller). Lateral sepals similar but very oblique
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 579
at the base. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but slightly smaller. Lip subsessile,
simple or nearly so, with incurved sides in natural position, broadly obovate-
rhombic to suborbicular when expanded, obtuse or lightly emarginate at the apex,
cuneate below, 2.2-3.5 cm. long and 1.8-3.2 cm. wide when expanded; disc with
3 fleshy- thickened, median lines (the middle one a little longer) through the basal
half, with verrucose lines in front. Column rather long, stout, subclavate, up to
2.5 cm. long, with a short, stout foot.
Loreto: South of Moyobamba, 800-900 meters, between clusters
of bushes on the mountains, Weberbauer 4676 (type of W. speciosa) .
—San Martin: San Roque, "Coto-Sisa," 1350-1500 meters, in forest,
Williams 7338. Also Brazil (type of Maxillaria Warreana and War-
rea tricolor) and Colombia.
GOVENIA Lindl.
A small genus of tropical American, terrestrial plants of most
perplexing similarity.
Rhizome abbreviated, often producing tuber-like pseudobulbs. Stems erect,
1- or 2-leaved, concealed by several imbricating sheaths, one of which is often
tubular-inflated. Leaves ample, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, acute or acuminate,
gradually narrowed to a petioled base, plicate. Inflorescence terminal, racemose
above; peduncle with one or several remote, close, tubular sheaths; raceme few-
to many-flowered, usually lax in course of development. Floral bracts small and
inconspicuous. Flowers medium-sized. Sepals free, subequal. Dorsal sepal erect-
incurved. Lateral sepals decurved-falcate, adnate to the column-foot, forming a
mentum. Petals similar to the lateral sepals but often broader. Lip much shorter
than the other flower-parts, attached to the column-foot, erect and recurved in
natural position, simple or nearly so. Column arcuate, bialate (especially above),
with a short foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 1-celled. Pollinia 4.
Govenia tingens Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 5, t. 107.
1837-38; Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 835. 1852; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 5: 380. 1901; Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 144: t. 8768. 1918.
Plant stout, up to about 90 cm. tall. Stem thickened at the base into a corm-
like pseudobulb, produced above into an elongate continuation which is enveloped
by a loose, tubular sheath, up to about 32 cm. long to the point where the leaves
are borne. Leaves usually 2, subopposite, oblong-elliptic to oval (rarely elliptic-
obovate), articulated, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed into a shortly peti-
oled base, up to 47 cm. long (including the petiole) and 10 cm. or more wide,
plicate. Inflorescence terminal, subequaling or longer than the spreading leaves,
up to 60 cm. long, loosely racemose above; peduncle with 1-3 remote, close, tubular
sheaths; raceme several- to many-flowered, loose in course of development. Flowers
medium-sized for the genus, membranaceous, whitish or cream-color to pale yellow
or rose-brownish, often with spots or transverse broken bars of reddish or purple.
Dorsal sepal oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, longitudinally concave,
15-19 mm. long. Lateral sepals much shorter, but slightly wider, strongly in-
580 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
curved-falcate, obovate-oblong or semielliptic, obtuse to acute. Petals obliquely
oblong-obovate, arcuate, subacute, shorter than the dorsal sepal but longer than
the lateral sepals, broader than either sepal. Lip much shorter than the sepals
and petals, arcuate-recurved with erect sides near the base in natural position,
very shortly clawed, simple, triangular-ovate or ovate-oblong when expanded,
rounded or subcordate at the base, abruptly acute or apiculate in front, up to
9 mm. long (including the abbreviated claw) and 5 mm. wide below; lamina often
with a pair of short longitudinal folds near the middle. Column short, arcuate,
bialate, about 7.7 mm. or less long at the back, extended into a short foot.
Peru: Habitat not cited, Pavdn s.n. — Amazonas: Near Chacha-
poyas, Mathews 3188. — Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, Hacienda Vilcabamba,
2600 meters, in humus on wooded slopes, Vargas 4000. Prov. of
Quispicanchis, Marcapata Valley near Chilechile, 2200-2300 meters,
"shrubwood in the shadow," Weberbauer 7855. Prov. of Quispi-
canchis, Hacienda Ttio, Marcapata, 2000 meters, in humid forest,
Vargas 8117. — Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero) and Pampayaco
(Pampayacu), in dense woods, Poeppig 1621 (type). — Junin: Chan-
chamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1686. Prov. of Litoral de
Moquegua, Churuhuasi, Soukup 479. The following collections,
which are in fruiting state, are doubtless referable to this species:
Huanuco: Muna, about 2100 meters, in dry rocky woods, Macbride
4042. — Junin: Huacapistana, 1800-2400 meters, terrestrial on open
hillside, Killip & Smith 24224. Perhaps Venezuela, Bolivia and
Argentina.
The original description of this concept (especially of the lip) is
faulty, but inasmuch as Cogniaux had seen the Poeppig type and
thus furnished an adequate diagnosis (I.e.), I have decided to recog-
nize this entity. It is my opinion, however, coinciding with that of
Dr. Correll (in Lloydia 10, no. 4 (1947) 228), that this concept may
be referable to the variable and widespread G. utriculata (Sw.) Lindl.
This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that the color in most
of the recent collections cited is given as white or reddish white or
rose-brownish, for Dr. Correll describes (in Lloydia 10, no. 4 (1947)
220) the flowers of G. utriculata as "basically white, light cream-color
or tinged with lavender."
It must be reiterated, as the incomparable Lindley stated (in Bot.
Reg. 31 (1845) t. 67), that "Among the genera of Orchids there is not
one whose species are so difficult to distinguish as those of Govenia;
a most natural group, with most of its members extremely similar in
habit. In a dried state they are so much alike, or they vary so much
in the appearance of their flowers, in consequence of the manner in
which they shrink, that it is hardly possible to recognise them."
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 581
MORMODES Lindl.
A genus of tropical American epiphytes extending from Mexico
through Central America to Brazil and Peru.
Rhizome abbreviated. Stems short, several-leaved, soon thickened into oblong-
ovoid, oblong-ellipsoid or fusiform pseudobulbs which are concealed by several
distichous, imbricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaves several to numerous, approx-
imate, distichous, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-linear, acute or acuminate, gradually
narrowed below, plicate. Scapes lateral, arising from the base or lower part of the
pseudobulbs, racemose above; peduncle with several short, remote, infundibuliform
sheaths; racemes loosely few- to many-flowered. Flowers more or less large with
spreading segments. Sepals free, subequal, commonly narrow, with the lateral
sepals lightly oblique. Petals similar to the sepals, often somewhat broader. Lip
adnate to the base of the column, arcuate-upcurved, commonly narrowed into a
more or less clawed base, reduplicate above or rarely concave, simple to distinctly
3-lobed. Column short, rather stout, obliquely twisted, footless. Anther terminal,
opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 2 and sulcate, or 4.
Al. Petals very broad, elliptic-oblong or orbicular-obovate; lip simple.
M. Rolfeanum
A2. Petals narrow, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; lip 3-lobed I
la. Sepals narrower than the petals; disc of the lip glabrous; lateral lobes of the
lip obtuse to rounded M. revolutum
Ib. Sepals slightly wider than the petals; disc of the lip sparingly pilose; lateral
lobes of the lip acute M. Wolterianum
Mormodes revolutum Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1909) 367; Rolfe, Bot.
Mag. 137: t. 8390. 1911.
Plant epiphytic, medium-sized, variable. Stems leafy, thickened into an ovoid
to ellipsoid or fusiform pseudobulb which is invested by several scarious, dis-
tichous, imbricating, mostly leaf-bearing sheaths, up to 13 cm. long (commonly
much smaller). Leaves several (up to 8), elliptic-lanceolate to linear-elliptic, acute
or acuminate, gradually narrowed to a subpetiolate, channelled base, plicate,
14-30 cm. long, up to 3.5 cm. wide. Scape issuing from the lower part of the
pseudobulb ("axillary"), variable, 3-17 cm. long, laxly racemose above, with a
4- to many-flowered raceme. Flowers rather large and showy, with spreading
segments, red to brown or buff-yellow with a cream-colored, yellow, pink or brown
lip. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, up to
1 cm. wide, with a lightly recurved apex and revolute margins. Lateral sepals
similar but slightly broader, lightly oblique, reflexed. Petals similar to the sepals,
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly wider than the lateral
sepals. Lip upcurved and arcuate in natural position, 3-lobed near or above the
middle, reduplicate with the lateral lobes and the apex recurved, gradually nar-
rowed below to a thickened claw, when expanded rhombic in outline and about
3.5 cm. or less long and 2 cm. or less wide, glabrous; lateral lobes small, with a short,
semiorbicular-ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, free portion; mid-lobe much larger,
triangular-ovate, with an abruptly reflexed, acute or mucronate tip. Column
small, incurved, once twisted, about 2 cm. or less long, terminating in an abrupt,
acute or acuminate point.
582 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in dense forest, column greenish white, Killip & Smith 22543.
— Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 1705. San
Ramon, 900-1300 meters, at edge of woods, column deep purple at
the base, greenish white at the apex, Killip & Smith 24886. — Loreto:
Moyobamba, Forget s.n. (type).
Mormodes Rolfeanum Linden, Lindenia 7: 5, t. 289. 1891;
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 121: t. 7438. 1895.
Plant showy. Pseudobulbs approximate, fusiform or ovoid-fusiform, up to
10.2 cm. long, invested by scarious evanescent sheaths, leafy toward the apex.
Leaves about 5, approximate, distichous, petioled; lamina lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate, up to 25.4 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, pale green speckled
with dark green beneath; petiole stout, up to 12.7 cm. long, channelled. Scape
lateral, arising from the lower part of the pseudobulb, stout, erect, racemose above,
about 15.2 cm. high; peduncle with 2 or 3 short, close, tubular sheaths; raceme
loosely few- (3- to 5-) flowered. Flowers large, erect, with reflexed sepals and erect
petals and lip, about 10 cm. long from the tip of the reflexed sepals to the tip of the
erect lip. Sepals, petals and back of the lip pale green or golden yellow streaked
with red or dark green. Sepals broadly ovate or lanceolate, acuminate to an obtuse
tip, up to 4.5 cm. long, the lateral ones lightly oblique. Petals orbicular-obovate
or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or apiculate, broader than the sepals. Lip about equal-
ing the sepals, simple, arcuate-incurved in natural position with revolute sides and
recurved apiculate or acute tip, broadly elliptic or obovate-oblong when spread out,
narrowed to a shortly clawed base, dark red-chestnut within. Column stout,
twisted, with an acuminate apex, white clouded with red, about 2.5 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat and collector not recorded, ex Hort. Linden.
No specimens of this species were available.
Mormodes Wolterianum Kranzl. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 48: 229.
1910.
Vegetative parts not described. Raceme 12 cm. long, up to 10-flowered. Ped-
icellate ovary 6-sulcate, up to 4 cm. long, about 4 times surpassing the small,
triangular bracts. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 3.3 cm. long and
1 cm. wide at the base, with revolute margins, orange-brown. Petals very sim-
ilar to the sepals but slightly longer and narrower. Lip rhombic in outline with a
cuneate or shortly clawed base and an acuminate apex, 3-lobed, up to 3 cm. long
and 2 cm. wide (the lip of the upper flowers much smaller); lateral lobes shorter
than the mid-lobe, triangular, acute; mid-lobe larger, acuminate; disc obtusely
keeled in the middle, very sparingly pilose. Column usually curved to the left,
densely velvety.
Peru: Habitat and collector not recorded, imp. P. Wolter, Magde-
burg (type).— Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 156. 1921.
This species, described only from the original citation, appears to
be closely allied to M. revolutum Rolfe, but differs in the details cited
in the key.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 583
CATASETUM L. C. Rich.
A large genus of American terrestrial or epiphytic orchids extend-
ing from Mexico through Central America to Brazil and Argentina.
Stems short, developing into slender-ovoid or fusiform pseudobulbs, concealed
when young by imbricating sheaths which are leaf-bearing above. Leaves several,
distichous, commonly elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, ample, plicate. Scape
arising from the base of the pseudobulb, erect or pendent, racemose above, few-
to many-flowered. Flowers monomorphic, dimorphic or trimorphic, monoecious,
dioecious or rarely perfect. Sepals and petals free, subequal or the petals broader,
subglobose-connivent or spreading. Lip pendent or uppermost, very diverse,
deeply saccate to almost flat, sessile, narrow or very broad, with entire, dentate, or
deeply fimbriate margins. Column erect, stout, footless; in the male flowers often
elongate, with a pair of reflexed antennae or tendrils surrounding the stigma;
in the female flowers often very short, without antennae. Anther terminal, oper-
cular, incumbent. Pollinia 4, or 2 and deeply sulcate.
Wherever a single type of flower is described in the following spe-
cies of Catasetum, it should be understood to represent the male form,
which is characterized by the presence of antennae (rarely reduced to
horns) on the column.
Al. Lip of the male flowers flat to more or less convex, commonly with a distinct,
usually small sac in the middle or near the base I
A2. Lip of the male flowers deeply saccate, saccate-conic or semiglobose 4
la. Margins of the lip deeply lacerate or fringed 1
Ib. Margins of the lip not lacerate nor fringed, at most dentate 2
la. Lamina of the lip narrow, linear in outline; antennae or setae of the column
symmetrical and parallel C. barbatum
Ib. Lamina of the lip broad, suborbicular-ovate to oboval; antennae or setae of
column asymmetrical.
C, saccatum var. incurvum (C. incurvum, C. stupendum)
2a. Sepals and petals elliptic-oblong; lip cordate-triangular, about equally long
and broad C. tenebrosum
2b. Sepals and petals narrowly oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; lip much
longer than broad 3
3a. Lip simple or subsimple, mostly flat, cordate at the base.
C. callosum var. carunculatum
3b. Lip distinctly 3-lobed, with erect, broadly rounded basal lobes.
C. violascens1
4a. Column without antennae or setae but shortly bicornute; leaves very narrow,
linear or oblanceolate-linear C. pusillum
4b. Column with a pair of antennae or setae; leaves broader 5
1 The scanty description and the analysis from the Reichenbach Herbarium
(in the Ames Herbarium) do not indicate the sex of the plant. In fact, the descrip-
tion is so incomplete that Mansfeld relegates the concept to the category of obscure
species in his monograph of Catasetum (Fedde Repert. 31: 122. 1932). However,
in view of the aforesaid record, the species appears to be distinct and to be worthy
of recognition.
584 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
5a. Lip abruptly 3-lobed; terminal lobe consisting of an oblong or finger-like
process; lateral lobes fimbriate C. naso Lindl. var. Charlesworthii
5b. Lip without an abrupt terminal lobe; sides not fimbriate 6
6a. Scape more than twice as long as the leaves; sepals widely spreading; inner
surface of the lip provided with numerous toothed crests . . . . C. microglossum
6b. Scape shorter than or a little exceeding the leaves; sepals connivent; inner
surface of the lip destitute of crests 7
7a. Lip saccate-conical; antennae of the column short, about reaching its base.
C. coniforme
7b. Lip rounded-saccate or semiglobose; antennae of the column elongate, extend-
ing well into the sac C. planiceps
Catasetum barbatum (Lindl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30, Misc. 38,
no. 26. 1844; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 425. 1902. Myanthus
barbatus Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1778. 1836.
Plant epiphytic, large, with 2 forms (male and female) known. Pseudobulbs
robust, fusiform or ovoid-fusiform, up to 13 cm. long, at first concealed by several
distichous, mostly leaf-bearing sheaths, finally naked. Leaves several, distichous,
elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, long-attenuate be-
low into a channelled base, up to 40 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, prominently 3-nerved.
Male and female inflorescences on the same or different plants. Male inflorescence
basal, stout, nodding (more or less arcuate), usually somewhat surpassing the
leaves, below adorned with few remote, small, tubular sheaths and above sub-
densely many-flowered. Flowers rather large, membranaceous, with spreading
segments, dark green barred with transverse brownish spots, with a rose-colored
lip. Dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, about 2.5 cm. or more
long and 6 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar but a little larger, somewhat oblique.
Petals narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, connivent with the dorsal sepal and
a little smaller. Lip distinctly shorter than the sepals, mostly flat, linear, about
1.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, near the middle abruptly inflexed with a conical
sac on the back, the margin lacerate or broken into very numerous, long, finger-
like appendages; disc provided at the base with a large, stout, conical (above subu-
late) tooth. Column rather long and stout, uncinate-rostrate at the apex, about
2 cm. or less long, with a pair of rather long, slender, parallel antennae. Female
flowers smaller, fleshy, green. Sepals and petals similar, reflexed, oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or short-acuminate, up to 2.4 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Lip deeply
saccate with a subrotund sac and a contracted mouth, abruptly acute, with revo-
lute margins, about 2 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide and deep. Column thickly
fleshy, acutely short-rostrate, without bristles, about 1.3 cm. long.
E. Peru: El Encanto,1 Fox 70 (fide Mansfeld). Also British
Guiana (type) and Brazil.
Catasetum callosum Lindl. var. carunculatum (Reichb. f. &
Warsc.) Mansf. Fedde Repert. 31: 114. 1932. Catasetum caruncu-
latum Reichb. f. & Warsc. Allg. Gartenz. 22: 274. 1854.
1 Dr. R. E. Schultes refers this locality to Colombia, Rfo Karaparana.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 585
Plant large, probably epiphytic. Pseudobulbs stout, oblong-cylindric, up to
8 cm. or more long, entirely concealed by broad, distichously imbricating, leaf-
bearing sheaths. Leaves several, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or
acuminate, 15-30 cm. long, up to 7.6 cm. wide. Scape basal, up to 30 cm. or more
long, pendent, loosely several- to many-flowered. Flowers rather large, with
spreading segments. Dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, brownish
red, nearly 4 cm. long. Lateral sepals very similar, slightly oblique. Petals applied
to the dorsal sepal and similar to it but slightly smaller. Lip distinctly shorter
and broader than the other segments, ovate-oblong, with a cordate base, more or
less contracted in the middle of each side, subacute, flat except for a small conical
spur near the base, up to 2.9 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide at the base, with crenate
or dentate margins, dark green through the lower half, yellow above; disc with a
prominent, orbicular, yellow callus at the base, and with numerous rounded
warts above. Column rather short and stout, about 1.5 cm. long, acuminate above,
with a pair of subparallel, deflexed antennae protruding over the base of the lip.
Peru: Without locality, (type of C. carunculatum) . Also British
Guiana, fide Mansf. Fedde Repert. 31: 114. 1932.
This description was compiled from a drawing of a flowering
raceme of C. carunculatum from the Reichenbach Herbarium, sup-
plemented by the original citation. Since neither of these records
includes a diagnosis of the vegetative portions, the above description
of the plant was supplied from a description of C. callosum (Hook, f .
Bot. Mag. 108: t. 6648. 1882) and of C. callosum var. grandiflorum
(Hook. Bot. Mag. 72: t. 4219. 1846).
The inflorescence and flower described are undoubtedly male or-
gans; the female organs, unknown for the species, are described for
certain concepts regarded as synonymous with C. callosum var. carun-
culatum; they are said to have a short, few-flowered raceme with
green, purple-spotted flowers, having oblong, acute sepals and petals
and a fleshy, hood-shaped lip.
Catasetum coniforme C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 12:
18, t. 1. 1943. Figure 114.
Plant epiphytic, stout. Stem thickened into an oblong-ovoid pseudobulb
about 9 cm. high, wholly concealed by distichous, broad, imbricating sheaths of
which the upper ones are leaf-bearing. Leaves 6, crowded, oblong-elliptic, acumi-
nate, gradually narrowed below into a subpetioled, conduplicate base, up to
33 cm. long and 6.6 cm. wide, plicate with 5 conspicuous nerves. Inflorescence
lateral, subbasal, diffuse-arcuate, considerably shorter than the leaves, racemose
above, about 25 cm. long; raceme subdensely about 15-flowered. Flowers rather
small for the genus, with subglobose-connivent segments, greenish gray tinged
with red-violet, the inner surface orange spotted with red-brown. Sepals concave
and incurved. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, acute to short-
acuminate, about 2.5 cm. long and 9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar but slightly
wider, elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat oblique. Petals lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate,
586 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
apiculate, a little broader than the sepals. Lip saccate-conical, with the deepest
part near the front, about 1.3 cm. long and subequally deep, triangular-acute
with a minute, recurved apex, broadly rounded below with erect, irregularly serrate
lateral margins; disc with a broad callose thickening at the base. Column about
as long as the lip, arcuate, uncinate-rostrate above, with a pair of short, appressed,
parallel, decurved antennae below the stigmatic cavity.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10096.
Catasetum microglossum Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 139: t. 8514. 1913;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. 31: 111. 1932.
Plant epiphytic, large. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid-fusiform, entirely concealed by
distichously imbricating sheaths when young, naked when old, leaf-bearing above,
up to 10 cm. long. Leaves 5-6, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acute or abruptly
acuminate, up to 28 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide, plicate. Inflorescence lateral,
subbasal, tall, arcuate, up to 65 cm. long, racemose above, the peduncle bearing
numerous tubular, spathaceous sheaths; raceme loosely many-flowered. Pedi-
cellate ovary slender, up to 3.5 cm. long, much exceeding the subtending bract.
Flowers medium-sized, with spreading segments, dull purple with a yellow lip.
Dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute, convex, up to 2.5 cm. long, about
6 mm. or more wide. Lateral sepals similar but apparently somewhat broader,
oblong-lanceolate. Petals erect and connivent with the dorsal sepal, similar to
the dorsal sepal but a little shorter, flat. Lip small, reflexed, saccate with erect
sides, 5-8 mm. long, subentire; disc covered with numerous lacerate crests. Column
clavate, apically rostrate, about 1.7 cm. long, with a pair of subparallel, incurved
antennae.
Peru: On Rio Igaraparana, tributary of Rio Putumayo, Fox s.n.
No example of this species was available.
Catasetum naso Lindl. var. Charlesworthii (Hort. ex Gard.
Chron.) Mansf. Fedde Repert. 31: 120. 1932. Catasetum Charles-
worthii Hort. ex Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 84: 358, 371, fig. 174. 1928,
nomen tantum.
Plant apparently large. Leaf elliptic-lanceolate. Scape densely several-
flowered above. Flowers rather large. Sepals and petals lanceolate-ovate, acumi-
nate, green with dark wine-purple flecks. Lip semiglobose, abruptly 3-lobed,
very dark wine-purple; lateral lobes "pointed"; mid-lobe long, narrow, with an
abrupt termination, provided at the base with a median crest and on each side
with a short, filiform tooth.
Peru: Without locality or collector. (Exhibited by Messrs.
Charlesworth & Co. in Roy. Hort. Soc. 1928.)
Description of the vegetative parts lacking, but the accompany-
ing diagnosis prepared from the sources mentioned above.
Catasetum planiceps Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: t. 9. 1843; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 400. 1902 (sub C. fuliginosum Lindl.);
CATA^E^TUM
\ A\\
comnorme
S V
FIG. 114. Catasetum coniforme C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, dorsal sepal;
X 1. 3, lateral sepal; X 1. 4, petal; X 1. 5, lip and column, from side; X 1. 6,
lip and column, from front; XI. 7, anther, from below; X 2J^. 8, pollinia and
stipe; X 2^.
587
588 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Mansf. Fedde Repert. 31: 102. 1932. Catasetum recurvatum Link,
Kl. & Otto. Icon. PL Rar. Hort. Berol. 2: 105, t. 42. 1844 (as Cata-
chaetum recurvatum). Catasetum chloranthum Cogn. Journ. Orch. 5:
251. 1894.
Plant large. Pseudobulbs oblong-ovoid or ovoid-cylindric to fusiform-cylin-
dric, entirely concealed by broad, distichously imbricating, evanescent sheaths
which are mostly leaf-bearing, naked in the course of development, up to 25 cm.
tall. Leaves 6-9, approximate, elliptic-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, long-
attenuate below into a sulcate base, up to 37.5 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, plicate
with 3 prominent nerves. Scape lateral, basal, much shorter than to somewhat
surpassing the leaves, robust, suberect, up to 45 cm. long, with few short, mostly
remote, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths; raceme up to 12.7 cm. long, rather loosely
several-flowered. Flowers medium-sized, with subglobose-connivent segments,
green becoming yellowish, sometimes with more or less conspicuous rose-colored
or brownish spots. Sepals ovate, acute, membranaceous, the lateral ones oblique
and slightly broader than the dorsal sepal, up to 3.6 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide.
Petals similar to the sepals but a little larger, abruptly acute. Lip fleshy, deeply
subglobose-saccate and not laterally compressed, somewhat shorter than the
sepals, with upright denticulate sides and a recurved, triangular-acute apex, green
or brown-orange. Column clavate, arcuate, apically rostrate with a blunt tip,
about 2.3 cm. long, with a pair of parallel elongate, decurved antennae having
an upcurved apex.
Peru: Habitat not recorded (type of C. chloranthum). Also Vene-
zuela (type of C. planiceps and C. recurvatum), British Guiana, Dutch
Guiana and Brazil.
This description was compiled from the several records cited
above, and from two Venezuelan collections.
Catasetum pusillum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 12: 100,
t. 4. 1943. Figure 115.
Plant slender for the genus, epiphytic. Stem consisting of a fusiform-cylindric
pseudobulb about 4 cm. long, entirely concealed by distichous, scarious sheaths.
Leaves congested on the upper half of the pseudobulb, about 7, oblanceolate-
linear, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed into a conduplicate, petiolate
base, up to 38.2 cm. long and 12.5 mm. wide, plicate with 3 conspicuous nerves.
Scape lateral, basal, much shorter than the leaves, arcuate, about 12 cm. long,
racemose above; peduncle about 4.5 cm. long, provided at the base with several
imbricating, tubular sheaths and above with 2 remote sheaths; raceme loosely
few- (about 7-) flowered. Pedicellate ovary filiform, up to 2 cm. long, much sur-
passing the floral bracts. Flowers very small for the genus, "cream and flesh red."
Sepals strongly concave. Dorsal sepal oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute, about
11 mm. long and 4 mm. wide, membranaceous. Lateral sepals similar, slightly
oblique, obtuse to acute, dorsally mucronate at the apex. Petals elliptic-lanceolate,
acute, oblique, a little larger than the sepals, membranaceous. Lip subfleshy,
much broader than the other segments, laterally compressed, almost hemispherical,
about 12.5 mm. long and subequally deep when expanded, broadly triangular-
acute at the recurved apex, broadly rounded below with recurved, irregularly
CATASETTUM
FIG. 115. Catasetum pusillum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, from side;
X 1%. 3, column and lip, from front; X IK- 4, dorsal sepal; X 2. 5, petal;
X 2. 6, lateral sepal; X 2. 7, anther, from below; X 3. 8, pollinia and stipe; X 3.
589
590 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
crenate-serrate outer margins. Column short, stout, about 6.9 mm. long to the
tip of the broadly ovate, incurved apex, without antennae but with the fleshy-
thickened sides extended in front into a pair of short horns surrounding a concave,
semiorbicular membrane with a fold on each side.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on a living tree in dense
forest, King 10015.
Catasetum saccatum Lindl. var. incurvum (Kl.) Mansf. Fedde
Repert. 30: 272. 1932. Catasetum incurvum Kl. Allg. Gartenz. 22:
178. 1854; Gard. Chron. (1854) 4 and fig. Catasetum stupendum
Cogn. Journ. Orch. 6: 13. 1895; Lindenia 11: t. 487. 1895. Cata-
setum cruciatum Schltr. Orchis 9: 29. 1915; 10: 183, fig. 43, 1-7. 1916.
Plant large, variable, epiphytic. Pseudobulbs fusiform or ovoid-fusiform, at
first altogether concealed by distichously imbricating, mostly leaf-bearing sheaths,
later naked, 5-25 cm. long, with 5-10 articulations. Leaves 4-6, on the upper
part of the pseudobulb, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate or acute,
gradually narrowed below into a petioled base, up to 46 cm. long and 8.4 cm. wide,
plicate. Scape lateral, basal, erect or spreading, racemose above, up to 40 cm. high;
peduncle with a few remote, close sheaths; raceme loosely few- to many-flowered.
Male flowers large, with widely spreading segments, dull green spotted and
suffused with purplish brown. Sepals narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
concave, 4.5-6.3 cm. long, up to 9 mm. wide, the lateral ones slightly oblique.
Petals similar but a little smaller, oblique, connivent with the dorsal sepal. Lip
variable, oval or ovate to suborbicular (rarely oboval-rounded), not distinctly
lobed in the middle, but with a more or less distinct, apical, ovate-quadrate or
oblong lobule, with the margins long-lacerate-fimbriate, distinctly shorter than
the other segments; disc convex, below the middle with a small or medium-sized
conical sac having a reniform, callus-bordered mouth. Column stout, subclavate,
long-rostrate at the apex, 4-5.5 cm. long, with a pair of long, decurved, asym-
metrical antennae below.
Female flowers yellow-green, sometimes dotted with brown-red. Sepals and
petals much smaller than in the male flower, but the lip often much enlarged in
the course of development. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, acute, about 2.9 cm.
long and 7.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, oblong-lanceolate, oblique, acute
and dorsally mucronate. Petals equally long but distinctly broader than the dorsal
sepal, obliquely lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate. Lip deeply saccate, about as
long as the sepals, somewhat laterally compressed, when seen from the side ob-
liquely ovoid, with a decurved fimbriate margin which appears to be mostly
evanescent in the course of development. Column short and very stout, rostrate
at the apex, commonly without antennae, about 1 cm. long (exclusive of the
abruptly rostrate apex).
Peru: Without locality or collector (C. cruciatum, C. incurvum
and C. stupendum). — Amazonas: La Peca, northeast of Jaen, 1000
meters, on tree in forest, Woytkowski 37022. — Junin: Chanchamayo
Valley, 1000 meters, Schunke s.n. (male flowers). Same locality,
1200 meters, Schunke 1688 (male flowers). Schunke Hacienda, above
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 591
San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A 62 (male
flowers) . — Loreto : Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte in
forest, King 1114 (male flowers). Same locality, King 1283, 1476
(female flowers) . Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on a dead tree in
clearing, King 10001 (male flowers), 10066 (male and female flowers).
Same locality, on a living tree in dense forest, Klug 10067 (male and
female flowers). Same locality, on a living tree in clearing, Klug
10074 (female flowers). Same locality, Klug 10080, 10081 (male
flowers) .
Catasetum tenebrosum Kranzl. Card. Chron. ser. 3, 48: 229.
1910; Stapf, Bot. Mag. 151: t. 9086. 1925; Mansf. Fedde Repert. 31:
113. 1932.
Plant epiphytic, medium-sized to large. Stems when young entirely invested
by distichously imbricating, scarious sheaths which are leaf-bearing above, at
length thickened into an oblong-ovoid pseudobulb up to 12 cm. long. Leaves
6-8, congested, oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, acute, often cuspidate, gradually
narrowed below, up to 23.5 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide, plicate. Scape lateral,
basal, up to 28 cm. long but often shorter than the leaves, racemose above, erect-
spreading or arcuate; peduncle up to 12 cm. long, stout, with 3-6 short, close,
tubular-infundibuliform sheaths; raceme 6-15 cm. long, loosely several- (up to
12-) flowered. Flowers small for the genus, with spreading segments, chocolate-
color to dark brownish purple with a honey-colored, greenish-tinged lip. Dorsal
sepal elliptic-oblong, acute or short-acuminate, 3-3.5 cm. long, up to 1.4 cm. wide
(sometimes much smaller). Lateral sepals similar, slightly oblique. Petals very
similar to the dorsal sepal and connivent with it, obliquely oblong-elliptic. Lip
flat, broadly triangular-ovate, entire, obtuse, lightly cordate at the base, fleshy,
about 2.2 cm. long and broad at the base, with the margins crenulate to dentate;
disc lightly convex, with a conspicuous knob-like thickening in the center of the
base and at the obtuse apex. Column stout, abruptly incurved-rostrate at the
apex, up to 2 cm. long, with a pair of small, decurved, parallel antennae below
the stigmatic orifice.
Peru: Habitat not recorded (plant introduced by P. Wolter of
Magdeburg; type). — Arequipa?, fide Stapf (I.e.). — Junin: Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 548. Same locality, 1200 meters,
Schunke 1121. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about 1200 meters,
on coffee bush, Macbride 5659.
Catasetum violascens Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 97. 1854.
Plant apparently small, allied to C. Russellianum Hook. Stems clustered,
entirely invested by distichously imbricating sheaths, in the course of development
produced into a cylindric-ovoid pseudobulb. Raceme secund, arcuate, loosely
few- (7-9-) flowered. Flowers light violet or lilac, the lip yellow within. Sepals
and petals similar, oblong-lanceolate, acute, subparallel. Lip longer than broad,
3-lobed, with a prominent conic-ovoid sac at the base, a little shorter than the
592 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
other segments, with the total margin serrate or "denticulate"; lateral lobes
basal, broadly rounded or semiorbicular, erect; mid-lobe larger, apparently oblong-
ovate or"ligulate" with upcurved sides, acute or acuminate.
Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 157. 1921.—
Piura: Near Huancabamba, Cordillera, Warscewicz s.n. (type).
This diagnosis was compiled from the original description, am-
plified by a drawing with an enlarged flower from the Reichenbach
Herbarium.
CYGNOGHES Lindl.
A small, but little understood genus of tropical American epi-
phytes extending from Mexico through Central America and northern
South America to Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
Stems concealed by several distichously imbricating, leaf-bearing sheaths,
at length thickened into oblong-cylindric or subfusiform pseudobulbs. Leaves
several, ample, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblanceolate, plicate. Scape lateral,
in the axil of sheaths, erect to nodding, simple, racemose above, several- to many-
flowered. Flowers medium-sized to large and showy, of two forms, unisexual.
Sepals subequal, free, spreading or recurved, fleshy or membranaceous. Petals
similar to the sepals or somewhat broader. Lip continuous with the base of the
column, fleshy or subfleshy, at the base sessile or more or less contracted into a
prominent claw, above lanceolate to elliptic or orbicular, entire or variously lobed,
crested or fimbriate. Column of the male flowers slender, elongate, arcuate, wing-
less, clavate above; column of the female flowers short, stout, arcuate, with
fleshy, deflexed, ovate-triangular wings. Anther (of the male flowers) terminal,
opercular, incumbent, 1-celled. Pollinia 2, ovoid to globose, sulcate.
Al. Lip sessile, simple, bituberculate near the base or the middle C. Haagii
A2. Lip prominently long-clawed, either 5-lobed or with the margin produced
into finger-like processes I
la. Pseudobulb about 30 cm. long; flowers relatively large, with the sepals 3.5-
4 cm. long; lip 5-lobed C. Cooperi
Ib. Pseudobulb 15 cm. or less long; flowers relatively small, with the sepals about
2.5 cm. long; lip with 9 or more linear-clavate marginal processes.
C. peruviana
Cycnoches Cooperi Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1913) 143.
Plant large. Pseudobulbs oblong-fusiform, leafy, about 30 cm. long. Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, short-acuminate, 20-35 cm. long, up to 7 cm. wide, plicate,
arcuate in natural position. Racemes arcuate, 15-20 cm. long, densely many-
flowered, provided at the base with spathaceous sheaths. Pedicellate ovary 4 cm.
long, about twice as long as the lanceolate, concave bracts. Flowers (male only)
rather large, showy, fragrant, light mahogany-brown with whitish lateral lobes
of the lip and a dull purple column. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, subacute,
concave, incurved, 4 cm. long. Lateral sepals subfalcate-oblong, acute, distinctly
shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals falcate-oblong, acute, equally long with
the lateral sepals. Lip clawed; claw 1.5 cm. long, provided below the middle with
an oblong incurved tooth; lamina equally long with the claw, 1 cm. wide, 5-lobed,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 593
concave at the base; basal lobes rounded-oblong, obtuse, with an obliquely in-
curved tip; intermediate lobes very short, linear, acute, incurved, 2 mm. long;
mid-lobe lanceolate-linear, acuminate, about 1 cm. long. Column slender, arcuate,
clavate above, 3.5 cm. long.
S. Peru: Without locality, Forget s.n. (type). Loreto, fide Schlech-
ter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 157. 1921.
No specimen seen; description from the type diagnosis.
Gycnoches Haagii Barb. Rodr. Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 221.
1882; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 122: t. 7502. 1896; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 5:450, t. 91. 1902.
Plant large, stout. Pseudobulb fusiform-cylindric or narrowly oblong-conic,
many-jointed, 11-40 cm. long, at first mostly concealed by broad, distichous,
commonly leaf-bearing sheaths, later naked. Leaves several, distichous, narrowly
to broadly elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, gradually nar-
rowed into a channelled, subpetiolate base, up to 35 cm. long and 8 cm. wide,
plicate, recurved in natural position. Inflorescence lateral in axils of the leaf-
sheaths, stout or slender, erect to subnodding, up to 18 cm. or more long, com-
monly shorter than the leaves, racemose above; peduncle short, provided with
several remote, short, tubular, membranaceous sheaths; raceme mostly loosely
several- to many-flowered. Pedicellate ovary up to 2.5 cm. long, much sur-
passing the short concave bracts. Flowers medium-sized, rather fleshy, with
widely spreading segments, dull yellowish green with a white lip having minute
brown or orange spots. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse
to short-acuminate, concave, up to 3 cm. long and 9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals
similar but a little broader, oblique, decurved. Petals oblong-obovate or sub-
elliptic, acute, oblique, as long as the sepals but broader than even the lateral
sepals. Lip distinctly shorter than the other segments, simple, sessile, round-
ovate or elliptic-ovate, subacute or abruptly short-acuminate, broadly cuneate
or cordate at the base, up to 2.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, thickly fleshy, convex,
with a shallow sac near the base or middle surrounded by a pair of short, connivent
tubercles. Column rather short, very slender, strongly arcuate, clavate above,
up to 2 cm. long.
Loreto : Near Iquitos, lower Itaya River, about 100 meters, Tess-
mann 3653. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on a dead tree in old
clearing, Klug 10041- Also Brazil (type).
Cycnoches peruviana (as C. peruvianum) Rolfe, Lindenia 7: t.
301. 1891.
Plant large. Pseudobulbs fusiform, entirely concealed by broad, distichous,
leaf -bearing sheaths, up to 15 cm. long. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, gradually
narrowed below, up to 17.5 cm. long and more than 2 cm. wide, plicate, recurved
in natural position. Inflorescence lateral in the axil of a leaf-sheath, racemose,
pendent, laxly many-flowered, about 22.8 cm. long, slender with a reddish rachis.
Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, up to 2.5 cm. long, equaling or slightly surpassing
the pedicellate ovary. Flowers medium-sized, with widely spreading and recurved
594 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
segments. Sepals and petals bright green thickly spotted with brown. Sepals
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, about 2.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Petals
similar to the sepals but slightly shorter and broader, lightly falcate. Lip white,
long-clawed; claw about 6 mm. long; lamina orbicular, with the margin bearing
9 or more slender, clavate processes about 5 mm. long; disc at the base with a
pair of rather shorter, linear-oblong processes. Column very slender, strongly
arcuate, about 2.5 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat not recorded (introduced by Mm. Linden) (type).
— Loreto, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 157. 1921.
No specimens of this concept were seen.
LUEDDEMANNIA Lindl. & Reichb. f.
Large stout plants of the American tropics, apparently confined
to Colombia and Peru.
Pseudobulbs ovoid or ovoid-oblong, leaf-bearing at the summit. Leaves
lanceolate to elliptic, large, plicate. Scape lateral, basal, pendent, many-flowered
above. Flowers commonly rather large, with spreading or subspreading floral
parts. Sepals oblong or oblong-elliptic, the lateral sepals usually a little broader
and more or less oblique. Petals oblanceolate or spatulate-elliptic to spatulate-
obovate. Lip 3-lobed above the middle, with erect lateral lobes and a triangular
mid-lobe; disc crested or provided with tubercles in the center. Column shorter
than the sepals, clavate, arcuate, rather slender. Pollinia 2.
Al. Flowers relatively small, sepals 2.1 cm. or less long; lateral lobes of the lip
rounded, obtuse L. triloba
A2. Flowers relatively large, sepals about 2.7 cm. long; lateral lobes of the lip
obliquely triangular, acute L. Vyvereana
Lueddemannia triloba Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1895) 283; Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, 18: 713, t. 118. 1895.
Pseudobulbs oblong-ovoid, about 6.4 cm. long. Leaves lanceolate, acute,
about 30 cm. long. Scapes pendent, short, up to 18 (rarely 30) cm. long, racemose
above, black-puberulent; peduncle provided with several short, loose, infundibuli-
form sheaths; raceme subdensely many-flowered. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic,
concave, obtuse, up to 2.1 cm. long, light yellow suffused with madder-brown.
Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, about as long as the
dorsal sepal but slightly wider. Petals oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, sub-
obtuse, about as long as the sepals but narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip 3-lobed
above, with a cuneate, concave base, about 2.1 cm. long and 1.9 cm. wide, orange-
yellow with a few madder-brown marks at the base; lateral lobes rounded, obtuse;
mid-lobe triangular, acute; disc unidentate at the base and in the middle. Column
arcuate, slender-clavate, with small, rounded, fleshy wings above, about 1.9 cm.
long.
"Peru," fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 157. 1921. Andes
of South America, habitat and collector not recorded (type).
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 595
This description was prepared from the original diagnosis, supple-
mented by a photograph of the type specimen (consisting of two
inflorescences) .
Lueddemannia Vyvereana Schltr. Orchis 6: 113, t. 25, figs. 7-
13. 1912.
Plant stout, erect. Pseudobulbs ovoid, large. Leaves elliptic, large, erect-
spreading. Scape pendent, racemose above, up to 50 cm. long, with a sublax,
about 30-flowered raceme. Flowers rather large, with lightly spreading segments,
sparingly scaly-puberulent without. Sepals "oblong" or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
about 2.7 cm. long, lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals narrowly "elliptic-
spatulate" or lanceolate-elliptic, acute, with irregular margins, about as long as
the sepals but narrower. Lip from a narrowly cuneate claw, obovate in outline, 3-
lobed in front, about 2.6 cm. long and nearly 1.1 cm. wide when expanded; lateral
lobes erect in natural position, obliquely "triangular" or ovate-triangular, subacute;
mid-lobe lanceolate-triangular, obtusely acuminate, distinctly longer than the
lateral lobes; disc at the base on the claw with a small, conical, laterally compressed
callus and with an obscure, oblong, sulcate thickening^in the middle; column
arcuate, clavate, about 1.9 cm. long, glabrous.
Peru: Habitat and collector not recorded (imported by F. Sander
& Sons).
Description compiled from the original diagnosis, together with
the accompanying figures.
ERIOPSIS Lindl.
A small group of tropical American epiphytes, extending from
Costa Rica and northern South America to Brazil and Peru.
Stems congested, at first concealed by imbricating sheaths which are leaf-
bearing in the upper part, at length produced into more or less elongate, conical
or cylindric pseudobulbs. Leaves 2 or 3, oblong-elliptic to oblong, plicate- veined.
Scapes lateral, basal, distantly few-sheathed below, racemose and loosely or sub-
densely several- to many-flowered above, commonly exceeding the leaves. Flowers
medium-sized, showy, with spreading segments, slender-pedicelled. Sepals sub-
equal, the lateral ones lightly oblique. Petals similar to the sepals but slightly
smaller, sometimes much narrower. Lip distinctly 3-lobed, a little shorter but
much broader than the other segments; lateral lobes large, erect or incurved; mid-
lobe commonly small, entire or bilobed; disc longitudinally lamellate with toothed
or entire crests, or with a pair of flattened, horn-like calli. Column arcuate, sub-
clavate above, with a short foot. Anther opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 2
bipartite, or 4.
Al. Calli on the lip consisting of a pair of divaricate, flattened, triangular or
horn-like lamellae E. sceptrum (E. Helenae)
A2. Calli on the lip consisting of a pair of broad, undulate or serrate lamellae,
with a pair of more or less separate, small, anterior teeth in front I
596 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
la. Leaves oblong-ligulate to elliptic-oblong; mid-lobe of the lip retuse or bilobed.
E. biloba (E. Wercklei)
Ib. Leaves elliptic; mid-lobe of the lip neither retuse nor bilobed, either truncate
or bluntly subacute E. colombiana
Eriopsis biloba Lindl. Bot. Reg. 33: sub t. 9 & 1. 18. 1847; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 588. 1902. Pseuderiopsis Schomburgkii
Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 853. 1849. Eriopsis Schomburgkii Reichb. f.
Bonpl. 3: 67. 1855. Eriopsis Wercklei Schltr. Fedde Repert. 16: 447.
1920.
Pseudobulbs congested, robust, oblong-conic, 5-16 cm. high, 2- to 3-leaved
near the apex. Leaves oblong-ligulate to elliptic-oblong, acute, long-attenuate
below, coriaceous, plicate, up to 48 cm. long and 7.6 cm. wide. Scape lateral
from the base of the pseudobulb, erect or nearly so, shorter than or more com-
monly exceeding the leaves, up to 60 cm. long; peduncle provided with several
remote, short, close sheaths; raceme up to 30 cm. long, rather loosely or sub-
densely many-flowered. Flowers medium-sized, with spreading segments, on
slender pedicels, yellow or orange with brownish- or purplish-margined sepals
and petals. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, concave, obtuse, about
1.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar to the dorsal sepal but a
little shorter and broader, ovate-oblong, slightly oblique. Petals similar to the
dorsal sepal but slightly smaller, oblong, oblique. Lip suborbicular-ovate or
reniform-ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed near the apex, concave, about 1.2 cm.
long and 1.6 cm. wide near the base when expanded, subcordate-truncate at the
nearly sessile base; lateral lobes ample, broadly semiovate; mid-lobe very small,
reniform, retuse or bilobed; disc at the base provided with a large callus con-
sisting of a pair of extrorse, broad, semirhombic lamellae within which is a pair of
narrow, fleshy, serrulate lamellae and with a pair of more or less separate, smaller,
verrucose-dentiform calli in front. Column arcuate, clavate, about 9 mm. or less
long, extended into a short foot.
San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters,
epiphyte in mountain forest, Klug 3678. Also British Guiana (type
of Pseuderiopsis Schomburgkii}, Venezuela, and Costa Rica (type of
E. Wercklei}.
Eriopsis colombiana Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 27: 172. 1924.
Plant stout, epiphytic. Pseudobulbs congested, cylindric or cylindric-ovoid,
2- to 3-leaved near the apex, up to 8 cm. high. Leaves elliptical, acute or short-
acuminate, narrowed below to a subpetiolate, channelled base, 30 cm. or less long,
up to 6.6 cm. wide, thickly coriaceous, plicate. Scape lateral, arising from the
base of the pseudobulb, slightly exceeding the leaves, about 50 cm. or less high,
racemose above; peduncle stout, about 24 cm. long, provided with several sheaths
which are broad and loose below and very narrow above; rachis about 15 cm. long,
rather loosely several- to many- (about 20-) flowered. Flowers rather fleshy,
with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, obtuse, concave, 1.8-2 cm.
long, about 9.5 mm. wide when expanded. Lateral sepals similar, ovate-oblong,
as long as the dorsal sepal and a little wider, subacute, lightly oblique, somewhat
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 597
concave. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but somewhat smaller, broadly obtuse
or rounded at the apex. Lip suborbicular-ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed near
the apex, concave, subsessile at the broad, subtruncate-cordate base, about 1.5
cm. long and subequally wide near the base; lateral lobes ample, subquadrate-
semiorbicular; mid-lobe very small, from a very short, broad claw abruptly
dilated into a transversely elliptic-oblong lamina which is truncate in front
with a more or less noticeable blunt apicule; disc with a pair of extrorse,
sinuate-semiquadrate lamellae at the base surrounding a pair of narrow, serrulate
calli and with a pair of small verrucose, dentiform calli in front of these. Column
lightly arcuate, clavate, 9-11 mm. high, produced into a short foot.
Libertad: Prov. of Pataz, valley of Rio Mixiollo, 1800-2000 me-
ters, Weberbauer 7050. Also Colombia (type).
Eriopsis sceptrum Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 98. 1854; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 588. 1902. Eriopsis Helenae Kranzl.
Card. Chron. ser. 3, 22: 98. 1897; Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 138: t. 8462. 1912.
Plant large, epiphytic, variable, up to 60 cm. or more tall. Stems entirely
enveloped by imbricating sheaths, later developing into elongate, conic-cylindric
pseudobulbs up to 25 cm. long, bearing 2-4 leaves near the apex. Leaves elliptic-
oblong to elongate-oblong, acute, slightly narrowed below, up to 55 cm. long and
6 cm. wide. Scape lateral, arising from the base of the pseudobulb, with a relatively
short, distantly few-sheathed peduncle and an elongate, loosely several- to many-
flowered raceme, about 60 cm. or more long. Flowers medium-sized, with spreading
segments. Sepals dull yellow with brown or purplish margins. Dorsal sepal
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 1.5-2 cm. long, up to 8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar,
ovate-oblong, oblique, a little shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals
similar to the dorsal sepal but a little smaller, oblique. Lip very shortly clawed,
broadly triangular-ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed, 1-1.5 cm. long, slightly wider
near the cordate-subtruncate base; lateral lobes ample, broadly semiovate or sub-
quadrate; mid-lobe smaller, from a more or less distinct claw obovate or trans-
versely elliptic, broadly obtuse to distinctly retuse at the apex; disc near the
base with a pair of divaricate, triangular lamellae which are sometimes some-
what recurved. Column arcuate, lightly clavate, about 1 cm. long, produced
into a short foot.
Peru : Habitat not recorded ; introduced by F. Sander & Sons (type
of E. Helenae). Eastern Peru: Near the source of the Rio Maranon,
Warscewicz s.n. (type of E. sceptrum). — Cuzco: Prov. of Convention,
Valle Lucumayo, Amaibamba, on open slope, 1700 meters, Vargas
4200. — Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug
1351.
Eriopsis Sprucei Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 663. 1863: Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 587, t. 109. 1902.
This species has been recorded from Peru by Hoehne (Fl. Brasil.
12, pt. 7: 68. 1953) without citation of specimens, and I have seen
598 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
no Peruvian collection referable to it. It appears that the concept
differs from E. sceptrum chiefly in having a sessile or very shortly
clawed mid-lobe of the lip, instead of a distinctly clawed mid-lobe.
Consequently, its specific status appears to be questionable, and I
have omitted it in the. key.
SIEVEKINGIA Reichb. f.
A small genus of tropical American epiphytes, extending from
Costa Rica and Panama through British Guiana to Colombia,
Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru.
Plant small to medium-sized, with commonly clustered, ovoid or subcylindric
pseudobulbs which are unifoliate (rarely bifoliate) at the apex. Leaf elliptic or
lanceolate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, more or less long-petioled, plicate. Scapes
lateral at the base of the pseudobulb, short, racemose, commonly pendent, few-
to several-flowered. Flowers often congested, medium-sized, commonly mem-
branaceous. Sepals free, similar, the lateral ones often broader and lightly oblique.
Petals similar to the sepals or narrower, often fimbriate. Lip simple or three-
lobed, more or less concave, commonly sessile and rigidly attached to the column;
disc with calli, teeth, or lamellae. Column rather large, bialate above. Anther
terminal, opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 2.
Sievekingia peruviana Rolfe ex C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc.
Bull. 12: 176, t., 1943. Sievkingia peruviana Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 19:
310. 1911, nomen nudum. Figure 116.
Plant medium-sized. Pseudobulbs ovoid, up to 3.5 cm. high, unifoliate at
the apex. Leaf erect, long-petioled; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acute,
broadly cuneate at the base, 12-21 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, plicate; petiole slender,
channelled, up to 6 cm. long. Scape lateral, pendent from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, about 4.5 cm. or less long; peduncle with several loose, broadly ovate, con-
cave sheaths; raceme congested, abbreviated, several-flowered. Flowers rather
small, campanulate, membranaceous, long-pedicelled. Sepals lepidote. Dorsal
sepal oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate, about 2 cm. long and 4.7 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals elliptic-lanceolate, slightly oblique, a little shorter and much wider
than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, acute, about
as long as the lateral sepals and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip simple, sessile,
concave, ovate-triangular, sharply acute, with a sub truncate base and rounded,
lightly retuse basal (outer) angles, about 1.4 cm. long and broad when expanded;
disc with a row of about 8 slender, linear-triangular teeth at the base and in the
middle a large adnate, flat plate which is sharply bidentate at the free apical
part. Column prominent, with a pair of semirhombic wings above, about 1.2 cm.
long.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 554 (type).
Same locality, 1500 meters, Schunke 1235.
3IEVBKINGIA
erui)iana
o
Ro djt
e eoc
<3c A
use n
FIG. 116. Sievekingia peruviana Rolfe. 1, plant; X Vs. 2, flower, expanded;
X 1J^. 3, column and lip, from side; X 3. 4, lip, spread out; X 3.
599
600 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
LYCOMORMIUM Reichb. f.
A very small genus of coarse epiphytes, apparently confined to
Peru and Brazil.
Stems short, clustered, soon developing into a fleshy, few-leaved pseudobulb.
Leaves ample, plicate, commonly elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, gradually
narrowed to a petioled base. Scape lateral, springing from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, commonly recurved or pendulous at least above, loosely and remotely
several-sheathed below, with a subdensely several-flowered raceme above. Flowers
rather large, fleshy, with subconnivent floral segments. Dorsal sepal free or
very shortly connate with the lateral sepals. Lateral sepals much broader than the
dorsal sepal, strongly connate below, forming a saccate mentum with the column-
foot. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but narrower. Lip erect and rigidly
attached to the column-foot, concave, simple or 3-lobed with erect lateral lobes.
Column very short, fleshy, produced into a long foot. Anther opercular, incum-
bent, 2-celled. Pollinia 2, sulcate.
Al. Roots glabrous; leaves about 17-20 cm. long; lateral lobes of the lip ovate-
triangular L. squalidum
A2. Roots densely tomentose; leaves 65-117 cm. long; lateral lobes of the lip
ovate-subquadrate L. elatum
Lycomormium elatum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 12:
134, t., 1943. Figure 117.
Plant large and stout. Roots fibrous, densely tomentose. Stems when im-
mature enveloped by distichous, imbricating sheaths, developing into an elongate,
conic-subcylindric pseudobulb about 10.5 cm. high, 3-foliate at the apex. Leaves
elliptic-oblanceolate, short-acuminate, gradually narrowed below into an elongate,
channelled petiole, 65-117 cm. long, up to 13.5 cm. wide, plicate, prominently
5-nerved. Scape lateral from the base of the pseudobulb, about 55 cm. long;
peduncle suberect, about 36 cm. long, provided with about 10 ventricose, in-
fundibuliform, subremote sheaths; raceme apparently nodding, subdensely 12-
flowered. Flowers rather large, with subconnivent fleshy segments. Sepals
connate at the base, with a recurved apex. Dorsal sepal (free portion) ovate or
elliptic-ovate, subacute, concave, about 3.2 cm. long and 2.2 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals (free portion) much shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, suborbicular-
ovate, obtuse, lightly oblique, long-connate in front and decurrent along the
column-foot. Petals obliquely oblong-obovate, abruptly acute at the fleshy-
thickened apex, much smaller than the sepals. Lip about equaling the lateral
sepals and enclosed by them, deeply saccate, erect and parallel to the column-foot,
sharply 3-lobed in front; lateral lobes erect, porrect, with an ovate-subquadrate
free portion which is obliquely rounded-truncate at the apex; mid-lobe much
smaller, very fleshy, trilobulate with a recurved terminal lobule; disc of the mid-
lobe with a pair of relatively high keels extending inward from the lateral lobules
and with a short, low central keel. Column very short and stout, about 9 mm.
long, concave in front, extended into a prominent, concave-sulcate foot.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, 1100-1200 meters, Weberbauer
6808.
LYCOMORJMIUM
efatum C/. QcAureinfi.
FIG. 117. Lycomormium datum C. Schweinf . 1, plant; X J4- 2, flower, natural
position; X 1. 3, dorsal sepal; X 1. 4, petal; X 1. 5, lateral sepal; X 1. 6, lip
and column from side, natural position; XI. 7, lip from front, natural position;
X 1.
601
602 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Lycomormium squalidum (Poepp. & Endl.) Reichb. f. Bot.
Zeit. 10: 833. 1852; Xen. Orch. 1: 181, t. 64. 1856; Cogn. Martius
Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 506. 1902. Anguloa squalida Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. 1 : 43, t. 74. 1836. Peristeria fuscata Hort. ex Reichb. f .
Xen. Orch. 1: 181. 1856.
Plant large, epiphytic. Roots slender, glabrous. Pseudobulb subglobose to
ovoid, up to 7 cm. long, 1- or more-leaved at the summit. Leaves oblong or
elliptic-oblong, subacute, long-attenuate to a subpetiolate base, plicate, up to
20 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, 7-nerved. Scape suberect or deflexed, subequaling
the leaves or longer, racemose above, up to 30 cm. long; peduncle provided with
several short, loose, remote sheaths; raceme rather densely several- (up to 13-)
flowered. Flowers rather large, fleshy, with subconnivent segments, dull rose and
spotted within. Sepals more or less connate at the base. Dorsal sepal broadly
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, deeply concave, up to 2.5 cm. long and 1.4 cm. wide.
Lateral sepals broadly ovate-subrotund, obtuse, oblique, deeply connate at the
base, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals obliquely
elliptic-oblong, subobtuse, rather shorter than the sepals and much narrower than
the lateral sepals. Lip erect and rigidly attached to the column-foot, deeply
saccate, 3-lobed in front, somewhat shorter than the lateral sepals; lateral lobes
erect, porrect, ovate-triangular, obtuse; mid-lobe minute, very fleshy, trilobulate,
with the terminal lobule recurved; disc of the mid-lobe with 3 keels, of which
the lateral ones are the larger. Column very short and stout, about 8 mm. long,
deeply concave in front, extended into a long foot.
Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero) and Pampayaco (Pampaya-
cu), on trees, Poeppig 1346 (type of Anguloa squalida). — Loreto(?):
Source of the Maranon River, Warscewicz s.n.
No specimen of this species was available.
PERISTERIA Hook.
Large epiphytic plants confined to the American tropics from
Panama to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and Brazil, with an
outlying occurrence in Peru.
Stems short and enveloped by imbricating sheaths, produced into fleshy
pseudobulbs which bear one or several leaves at the summit. Leaves ample,
often very long, contracted into a petiole, plicate. Scape lateral, basal, racemose
above, erect or nodding; racemes short or elongate. Flowers showy. Sepals
connivent into a sphere, broad, subequally long and broad. Dorsal sepal free.
Lateral sepals broader than the dorsal sepal, connate near the base. Petals similar
to the sepals but smaller. Lip rather fleshy, 3-lobed, continuous with the column;
lateral lobes erect and often surrounding the column; mid-lobe continuous or
articulated, simple; disc often callose. Column very short and stout, footless or
nearly so, 2-auricled in front near the apex, or naked. Anther terminal, opercular,
incumbent. Pollinia 2, often sulcate or subdivided.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 603
Peristeria pendula Hook. Bot. Mag. 63: t. 3479. 1836; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 500. 1902. Peristeria maculata Hort.
ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29, Misc. 67. 1843, in synon.
Plant large, epiphytic, with tomentose roots. Stems or pseudobulbs promi-
nent, approximate, ovoid-conic to oblong-subconic, narrowed above, rather deeply
many-sulcate, 3- to 4-leaved at the summit, 8-15 cm. long. Leaves ample, lanceo-
late-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed to a
long, slender, channelled petiole, plicate, up to 79 cm. long (including the petiole)
and 12 cm. wide, lighter beneath. Scape short, pendent, a little longer than the
pseudobulb, up to 18 cm. long; peduncle provided with several short, remote, in-
fundibuliform sheaths; raceme rather densely 4- to 8-flowered. Flowers rather
large, subglobose, long-pedicelled, fleshy, whitish green without and reddish or
purple within spotted with purple and with a yellowish, dark-spotted lip. Dorsal
sepal ovate-subrounded, deeply concave, very broadly obtuse, 2.8-3.5 cm. long
when expanded, 1.5-2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals a little shorter and wider, deeply
connate below. Petals very similar to the dorsal sepal but a little shorter and
narrower, lightly oblique. Lip enclosed by the lateral sepals and shorter than they,
continuous with the abbreviated column-foot, deeply 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect,
basal, obliquely oblong-ovate or rounded-quadrate, separated by a lunate or
deeply sulcate callus; hypochile oblong, attenuated above, upcurved; epi chile
ovate-rhombic or ovate-lingulate, often broader than long, obtuse, traversed by a
large V-shaped, sulcate callus, recurved when viewed from the side. Column short
and stout, with a pair of relatively large, porrect, oblong auricles near the
summit.
San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, epi-
phyte in mountain forest, Klug 3549. Also Venezuela, British Guiana
(type) and Surinam.
HOULLETIA A. Brongn.
A small genus of large, stout epiphytes extending from Costa Rica
to Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
Stems very short, concealed by imbricating sheaths, soon developed into a
fleshy pseudobulb. Pseudobulb ovoid to narrowly ovoid, generally 1-leaved at
the summit. Leaf ample, elliptic to lanceolate, prominently petioled, plicate.
Scape erect or pendent, simple, the peduncle provided with several short sheaths,
racemose above. Raceme loose, 1- to 12-flowered. Flowers rather large. Sepals
subequal, spreading, free or with the lateral sepals somewhat connate. Petals
about as long as the sepals, but often narrower, sometimes much narrowed toward
the base. Lip narrow or broad, continuous with the base of the column, 3-lobed;
lateral lobes on the basal half of the lip very narrowly lanceolate-falcate or broad;
mid-lobe jointed, often separated from the basal part by an oblong portion or
mesochile, simple or subsimple, ovate, oblong-obovate or ligulate, commonly with
a truncate, hastate-auriculate base. Column arcuate, rather stout, clavate,
footless or produced into a very short foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent,
1-celled. Pollinia 2, oblong-cylindric.
604 FIELDIANA:1BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Al. Lateral lobes of the lip narrowly lanceolate-falcate; mid-lobe of the lip ovate
in outline, verrucose within; petals oblong-obovate or spatulate.
H. odoratissima
A2. Lateral lobes of the lip round-obovate or obovate-spatulate; mid-lobe of the
lip oblong or oblong-obovate, smooth within; petals suborbicular . . H. Sanderi
Houlletia odoratissima Lind. ex Lindl. & Paxt. Flow. Gard. 3:
172. 1852-53; Rolfe, Lindenia 7: t. 324. 1892; Cogn. & Goos. Diet.
Icon, des Orch. Houlletia 1. 1 (1903) ; Schltr. Orchis 9: 128, t. 8 (in part).
1915; E. Cooper, Orch. Rev. 39: 14. 1931.
Plant variable. Pseudobulb oval to ovoid-oblong, 6-8 cm. long, bearing one
leaf at the summit. Leaf long-petioled; lamina lanceolate-elliptic, acute or acumi-
nate, up to 60 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, plicate; petiole narrow, channelled, up
to 20 cm. or more long. Scape lateral, basal, erect, up to 94 cm. high, below pro-
vided with short, close, remote, tubular sheaths, above loosely racemose and 5-
to 16-flowered. Flowers large, with wide-spreading segments. Dorsal sepal ovate-
oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse to acute, purple-green, reddish flesh-color or
brown without and reddish within, about 4 cm. long and 1.3 cm. or more wide.
Lateral sepals similar but slightly broader, connate through the lower half. Petals
cuneate-spatulate, shorter and much narrower than the sepals. Lip narrow,
3-lobed, nearly as long as the petals, white often marked with red or yellow;
hypochile oblong with a pair of narrowly lanceolate-falcate lateral lobes; epichile
or mid-lobe jointed, clawed, hastate-ovate in outline, abruptly acute, with
prominent triangular-lanceolate basal angles or auricles, finely verrucose within.
Column lightly arcuate, clavate, rather slender, about 2.5 cm. long, greenish.
Junin : East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters,
epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 23849. Prov. of Tarma,
Agua Dulce, 1900 meters, in humus, on steep eastern slope of hill,
Woytkowski 35418. Also Colombia (type) and Venezuela.
Houlletia Sanderi Rolfe, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 47: 206. 1910, and
Bot. Mag. 136: t. 8346. 1910; Schltr. Orchis 9: 133, t. 8 (in part). 1915.
Plant stout, epiphytic. Pseudobulbs crowded, oblong-ovoid to slender-
pyriform, sulcate, unifoliate at the summit, 5-7 cm. long. Leaf "oblong-lanceolate"
or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed to a more or less distinct petiole,
subplicate, up to 30 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide. Scape lateral, basal, erect, below
provided with several remote, short, acute sheaths, above loosely 2- to 4-flowered,
up to 30 cm. high. Floral bracts and pedicels black-punctate. Flowers large,
creamy white to bright yellow, with subconnivent segments. Sepals strongly con-
cave, apiculate. Dorsal sepal oval, about 3 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals round-ovate, connate near the base, slightly longer and broader than the
dorsal sepal. Petals "suborbicular" or very broadly obovate, acute, shorter than
the sepals. Lip deeply 3-lobed, nearly 3 cm. long when expanded; lateral lobes
near the base, "broadly falcate-oblong" to obovate-spatulate or very broadly and
obliquely obovate, having broadly rounded and irregular apical margins, with an
obtuse tooth in front; mesochile ovate-oblong, truncate-obtuse, fleshy; mid-lobe
or epichile " obovate-oblong" or subquadrate-oblong, coarsely denticulate at the
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 605
truncate apex, membranaceous, about 1.7 cm. long. Column stout, arcuate,
lightly clavate, about 1.8 cm. or more long, produced into a short foot.
Peru: Habitat and collector unrecorded (imported by Messrs.
Sander & Sons, Bruges) (type). Also Bolivia.
This description was compiled from the above-cited diagnoses,
supplemented by a flower of apparently authentic material from the
Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, together with a single Bolivian col-
lection.
POLYGYCNIS Reichb. f.
A small genus of American epiphytes extending from Costa Rica
to Colombia, British Guiana and Peru.
Stems very short, sheathed, unifoliate, soon developed into a fleshy pseudo-
bulb. Leaf ample, lanceolate-elliptic, contracted into a channelled petiole, plicate.
Scape lateral, basal, erect, distantly few-sheathed below, loosely racemose and
several- to many-flowered above. Flowers rather large. Sepals subequal, free,
spreading. Petals similar to the sepals but rather smaller. Lip affixed to the
base of the column, spreading, 3-lobed; lateral lobes narrow; mid-lobe rhombic-
ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or almost 3-lobed. Column elon-
gate, slender, arcuate, somewhat clavate above, footless. Anther terminal, oper-
cular, incumbent, 1-celled. Pollinia 2, cylindric.
Al. Peduncle, rachis, pedicels, and back of sepals dark-pubescent; lateral lobes
of the lip triangular or lanceolate, erect; mid-lobe or epi chile of the lip
bearded P. muscifera
A2. Peduncle, rachis, and back of sepals glabrous; lateral lobes of the lip ovate-
oblong, cucullate and incurved; mid-lobe of the lip smooth P. vittata
Polycycnis muscifera (Lindl. & Paxt.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 218.
1855; Walp. Ann. 6: 618. 1863; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har-
vard Univ. 11: 192. 1944. Cycnoches muscifera (as C. musciferum)
Lindl. & Paxt. Paxton's Flow. Gard. 3: 28, fig. 248. 1852-53.
Plant rather large. Pseudobulbs pyriform-cylindric, unifoliate at the apex,
clothed with evanescent sheaths, densely rugose when dry, 5 to over 6 cm. long.
Leaf distinctly petioled; lamina elliptic, acute, cuneate below, up to 37 cm. long
and 12 cm. wide, plicate; petiole up to 11.5 cm. long, slender, channelled. Scape
lateral, basal, suberect to arcuate, sublaxly to densely racemose above; peduncle
provided with several remote, close, short sheaths, densely pubescent, up to 28.2
cm. long; raceme many-flowered, straight or more commonly arcuate or flexuous,
rachis 34 cm. or less long. Flowers rather small for the genus, with spreading or
reflexed, membranaceous segments, pale bistre thickly spotted with brown flecks.
Sepals pubescent without. Dorsal sepal refracted, deeply cucullate, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, up to 2 cm. long and 5 mm. wide when expanded. Lateral
sepals broadly oblong-lanceolate, oblique, complicate-acute, a little shorter and
broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblanceolate-linear, somewhat sigmoid,
acute, slightly longer than the dorsal sepal but much narrower. Lip up to 1.7 cm.
long, deeply 3-lobed, sharply divided into a hypochile and epichile; hypochile
606 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
with a pair of linear-falcate, erect-spreading horns at the base, above rather
abruptly dilated into a pair of erect, obliquely lanceolate or lanceolate-triangular,
acuminate lateral lobes, pubescent through the middle where dilated above into
a relatively high, fleshy, pubescent, semielliptic keel; mid-lobe or epichile relatively
large, hastate-ovate or triangular-ovate, simple or subtrilobed with more or less
conspicuous, rounded subbasal angles, acuminate to a complicate-acute apex,
densely bearded except near the apex. Column very slender, arcuate, abruptly
bialate at the apex, about 2 cm. or less long.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1122, 1290.
Same locality, 1200 meters, Schunke s.n. Schunke Hacienda, above
San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A 69. Also
Colombia (type of Cycnoches muscifera).
Polycycnis vittata (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 618. 1863;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 539. 1902. Houlletia vittata Lindl.
Bot. Reg. 27, Misc. 47, no. 100: t. 69. 1841.
Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic to subcylindric, clothed with evanescent sheaths,
up to 7 cm. long, 1-leaved at the apex. Leaf petioled; lamina oblong-lanceolate
to elliptic, acute, cuneate below, plicate, up to 54 cm. long and 15 cm. wide;
petiole 9 cm. or less long, slender, channelled. Scape lateral, basal, erect or
ascending, racemose above; peduncle about 10 cm. or more long, glabrous, pro-
vided with a few short sheaths which are imbricating at the base and remote
above; raceme loosely many-flowered, 14-26.5 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized,
with spreading segments, glabrous, yellow or whitish with deep red or brown
stripes. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, up to 3 cm. long and
5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, a little shorter and
broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, twisted at
the base, shorter and narrower than both sepals. Lip complex, clawed, up to
1.8 cm. long, 3-lobed; claw linear, with a small porrect, linear-oblong, pubescent
horn at the base and with a high fleshy keel terminating in an upcurved horn
between the lateral lobes; lateral lobes short, cucullate, ovate-oblong, porrect,
obtuse or truncate at the apex; mid-lobe flat, short-clawed, rhombic-ovate, acute
to subobtuse, with a triangular spreading auricle or lobule in the middle of each
side, glabrous, traversed through the center by a low, fleshy, sulcate keel. Column
slender, arcuate, lightly clavate, about 1.5 cm. long.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 529.
Same data, "odor of vanilla," Klug 10045. Same data, Killip & Smith
29982. La Victoria, on the Amazon River, Williams 301 9. Also Vene-
zuela, British Guiana (type of Houlletia vittata) and French Guiana.
STANHOPEA Frost ex Hook.
A striking genus of American epiphytes extending from Mexico
through Central America to Brazil and Bolivia.
Stems very short, thickened into a fleshy pseudobulb which is unifoliate at the
apex and clothed with evanescent sheaths at the base. Leaf ample, plicate-veined,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 607
contracted into a petiole; lamina more or less elliptic. Scapes deflexed or pendent
from the base of the pseudobulbs, simple, commonly short, clothed with loose, spa-
thaceous sheaths below, loosely few-flowered above. Flowers commonly large and
showy, the pedicels more or less concealed by the large, spathaceous floral bracts.
Parts of the perianth free, spreading. Dorsal sepal oblong or ovate-oblong, fleshy.
Lateral sepals similar but usually larger, oblique. Petals narrower and thinner
than the sepals, often undulate on the margins. Lip adnate to or continuous with
the base of the column, thickly fleshy, more or less complex, commonly divided
into a subglobose or calceiform hypochile and a commonly flat, simple or 3-lobulate
epichile, the two members often separated by a short mesochile usually adorned
with a pair of narrow, arcuate, fleshy horns. Column elongate, erect or arcuate,
clavate and more or less bialate above, footless. Anther terminal, opercular, incum-
bent, 1-celled. Pollinia 2.
Al. Mesochile or middle portion of the lip entirely without horns; hypochile with
a pair of small, porrect or uncinate horns at the base; epichile convex.
S. Randii
A2. Mesochile or middle portion of the lip with a pair of conspicuous horns;
hypochile without horns I
la. Epichile of the lip oblong or linear-oblong, broadly obtuse to truncate, con-
cave; petals ovate or rhombic S. tricornis (S. convoluta)
Ib. Epichile of the lip broadly ovate or suborbicular to rhombic, not conspicu-
ously concave; petals commonly oblong 1
la. Hypochile of the lip very short, apparently distinctly shorter than the
epichile 2
Ib. Hypochile of the lip not noticeably short, nearly equal to the epichile in
length or longer 3
2a. Side view of the hypochile subtriangular; epichile with a swelling at the base
and a prominent apicule at the apex; column bialate above the middle.
S. xytriophora
2b. Side view of the hypochile saccate-semiglobose; epichile acute; column
wingless S. connata
3a. Flowers very large, sepals 7 cm. or more long 4
3b. Flowers medium-sized, sepals 6.5 cm. or less long 5
4a. Mesochile with a clawed base; lower part of the lip therefore sigmoid-flexuous
when viewed from the side; anterior part of the hypochile fimbriate or papil-
lose within S. Haseloviana
4b. Mesochile without a clawed base; lower part of the lip not sigmoid-flexuous.
S. Moliana
5a. Hypochile of the lip with a very narrow channel between the apical teeth,
basal portion commonly angled or prominently rounded on each side above.
S. Wardii (S. anfracta, S. peruviana)
5b. Hypochile of the lip with a broad channel or opening between the apical
teeth, basal portion not angled nor prominently rounded on each side above.
S. graveolens
Stanhopea connata Kl. Allg. Gartenz. 22: 226. 1854; Reichb. f.
Xen. Orch. 1: 118. 1855; Kranzl. Xen. Orch. 3: 136, t. 277. 1894.
Stanhopea graveolens Kl. ex Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 118. 1855, non
Lindl.
608 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Pseudobulb globose-ovoid, lightly striate, unifoliate, about 5 cm. long. Leaf
petioled; lamina oval, acute, very shortly recurved, about 20.4 cm. long and
12.8 cm. wide; petiole semisulcate, shorter than the blade, about 15 cm. long.
Inflorescence short, 1- or 2-flowered above, entirely concealed by distichous, imbri-
cating sheaths below. Bracts loose, about half as long as the ovary which is 10 cm.
long. Flowers apparently rather large (about 10 cm. across), yellowish, purple-
spotted, with recurved margins, lip deep yellow or orange, with purple spots and
streaks. Sepals and petals reflexed. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, acute, about
6.4 cm. long. Lateral sepals about as long but wider, very broadly ovate, acute,
oblique, connate at the base and about 5 cm. wide. Petals shorter than the sepals,
broadly oblong, acute, undulate-plicate at the tip, purple and orange at the base.
Lip adnate to the column, shorter than the sepals, about 3.8 cm. long, divided in-
to a hypochile, mesochile, and epichile; hypochile very short, broad, semiglobose,
bicarinate on each side (with the keels converging toward the base); mesochile
abbreviated, with a pair of broad, falcate-lanceolate, acuminate, porrect horns;
epichile very broadly rhombic-ovate, acute or retuse and apiculate, recurved,
about equally long with the horns. Column short, stout, white, wingless but
terminated by a pair of large, falcate-incurved teeth.
Northern Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. (type).—
Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 158. 1921. Also
Ecuador.
No example of this species was available.
Stanhopea graveolens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26, Misc. 59, no. 125.
1840; Lem. Fl. des Serres 2, Livr. 8: t. 1-2. 1846; Lindl. Fol. Orch.
Stanhopea 4, no. 8, 1852; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 531. 1902.
Stanhopea aurata Beer, Prakt. Stud. Orch. 310. 1854. Stanhopea
inodora Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 2: 157, t. 165. 1870, non Lodd.
Plant large. Pseudobulbs aggregated, ovoid-conic or pyriform, longitudinally
plurisulcate, clothed with several large evanescent sheaths, up to 8 cm. long, uni-
foliate at the apex. Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acute, cuneate
at the base, up to 50 cm. long and 10.6 cm. wide, plicate-nerved; petiole stout,
channelled, up to 15 cm. long. Inflorescence lateral, basal, straight, ascending or
pendulous, below entirely invested by several loosely imbricating, distichous,
scarious sheaths (successively larger upward) and above loosely racemose, the
peduncle and rachis up to 25 cm. long. Raceme laxly 2- to 6-flowered. Pedicel-
late ovary slender, spreading or ascending, commonly shorter than the large, loose
bract, up to 10 cm. long. Flowers large, greenish-white to straw-color with orange
at the base of the segments and often purple-spotted (sometimes apricot-colored
throughout), very fragrant. Sepals and petals spreading-reflexed. Dorsal sepal
oblong or elliptic-oblong, abruptly acute or apiculate, up to 6 cm. long and 2.2 cm.
or more wide. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-ovate, subacute, slightly longer and
much wider than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute or short-
acuminate, finely crisped-undulate on the margins, considerably shorter and slightly
narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip fleshy, about 5 cm. long when expanded,
divided into a hypochile, mesochile, and epichile; hypochile semilunate when
viewed from the side, laterally compressed, lacking a basal angle, with 1 curved
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 609
keel on each side without, bidentate in front; mesochile abbreviated, with a pair
of prominent, linear, incurved horns; epichile suborbicular-elliptic, abruptly acute.
Column slender, arcuate, prominently bialate above to near the middle with semi-
elliptic wings, about 5 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded (imported by Mr. Tate) (type). — Cuzco:
Prov. of Quispicanchis, Marcapata Valley, 1700-1800 meters, "ever-
green hard-leafed bush wood consisting of shrubs and trees," Weber-
bauer 7841- — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke
1278. Also Brazil.
Stanhopea Haseloviana Reichb. f. Allg. Gartenz. 23: 322. 1855,
(as "Haseloffiana"); Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 123, 196, t. 72. 1856.
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 122: t. 7452. 1896.
Plant large, epiphytic. Pseudobulbs ovoid or flask-shaped, plurisulcate, uni-
foliate at the apex, surrounded by the fibres of evanescent sheaths, up to 6.4 cm.
high. Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong to elliptic, acuminate, cuneate below,
plicate, prominently 5- to 7-ribbed, up to 50 cm. long and 12 cm. wide; petiole
stout, channelled, up to 17.4 cm. long. Inflorescence lateral, basal, about 12 cm.
long, apparently pendulous, below entirely invested by several (about 10) distich-
ously imbricating, loose, scarious, evanescent sheaths (progressively larger up-
ward) and above loosely 2- to 5-flowered. Sheaths, bracts, pedicellate ovary, and
back of sepals covered with minute black dots. Pedicellate ovary slender, about
9 cm. long, commonly exceeding the large, loose bract. Flowers very large, with
reflexed sepals and petals, white or pale gray (yellowish within) with pale and deep
red-violet rings or spots. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate ("oblong-lanceolate"),
subacute, concave, membranaceous, nearly 8 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals obliquely elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, slightly longer and considerably
wider than the dorsal sepal, acute. Petals oblong-lanceolate ("broadly ligulate"),
sometimes obovate-oblong, short-acuminate, a little shorter and much narrower
than the dorsal sepal, undulate on the margins. Lip fleshy, nearly 8 cm. long when
expanded, divided into a hypochile, mesochile, and epichile; hypochile sessile,
broadly semilunate when viewed from the side, complanate, with one long and one
short keel on each side without, fimbriate or papillose within; mesochile short but
with a distinct claw, provided above with a pair of conspicuous, incurved, fleshy,
linear or linear-semielliptic horns; epichile oval-ovate, subacute to acuminate,
about 3.5 cm. long. Column stout, arcuate, prominently bialate above the middle,
7-8 cm. long, bidentate at the apex.
North Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. (type).—
Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 158. 1921.—
San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1100-1200 meters, in for-
est, Klug 0.23.
Stanhopea Moliana Rolfe, Lindenia 7: t. 331. 1892.
Plant large. Pseudobulbs ovoid, aggregated, surrounded by sheaths, unifoli-
ate at the apex. Leaf long-petioled ; lamina lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate, plicate,
with 5 or more conspicuous nerves. Inflorescence lateral, basal, pendulous, below
610 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
few-sheathed, above loosely racemose with about 4 flowers. Bracts and the slender
pedicellate ovary minutely punctate. Pedicellate ovary 7 cm. long, much surpass-
ing the bracts. Flowers very large, fragrant, with spreading-reflexed sepals and
petals. Sepals cream-color, irregularly spotted with reddish purple; petals white
with larger and more deeply colored spots; lip white with a mass of tiny red-purple
spots. Dorsal sepal "oblong" or ovate-oblong, obtuse, about 7 cm. long and 4 cm.
wide. Lateral sepals "ovate" or oblong-ovate, oblique, about as long as the dorsal
sepal but broader. Petals "narrowly oblong" or oblong-lanceolate, gradually nar-
rowed above to a subobtuse tip, undulate on the margins, shorter and much nar-
rower than the sepals. Lip fleshy, about 6 cm. long, divided into a hypochile, meso-
chile, and epichile; hypochile sessile, deeply saccate, obovate-oblong in outline,
unicarinate on each side without, rounded and not angled at the base; mesochile
short, sessile, with a pair of conspicuous, stout, linear, incurved horns; epichile
very broadly ovate, acute. Column stout, arcuate, broadly bialate above the
middle, about equaling the sepals.
Peru: Habitat and collector not recorded (introduced by Horti-
culture Internationale).
No specimen was available.
Stanhopea Randii Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1894) 363.
Plant epiphytic, variable in size. Pseudobulb ovoid-conic, more or less tetrag-
onous, plurisulcate, unifoliate at the apex, clothed with several large evanescent
sheaths, up to 5 cm. long. Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acute or
short-acuminate, cuneate below, 21.5-38 cm. long, up to 9 cm. wide, conspicuously
5- to 7-nerved; petiole stout, channelled, 2-11 cm. long. Inflorescence short, lat-
eral and basal, spreading or pendulous, stout, the peduncle more or less concealed
by several (up to 7) distichous, loosely spreading, scarious sheaths, loosely few-
(2- to 4-) flowered above, the rachis being 5 cm. or less long. Floral bracts similar
to the upper sheaths but larger, much shorter than the slender pedicellate ovaries
which reach a length of 10.5 cm. Flowers variable in size, snow-white to ivory-
white or yellowish, with the lip more or less purple-spotted, very fragrant, with
spreading or reflexed segments. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, com-
plicate-acute, concave, membranaceous, about 4-4.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide
when expanded. Lateral sepals oval-ovate, complicate-acute, oblique, concave,
usually a little longer and markedly broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals elliptic-
ovate to lanceolate-oblong, oblique, acute or short-acuminate, a little shorter than
the dorsal sepal but sometimes nearly as wide. Lip commonly shorter than the
other segments, fleshy, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 3-4 cm. long,
divided into a hypochile, mesochile, and epichile; hypochile ovate, deeply concave,
with a pair of porrect or uncinate, short, stout, marginal horns near the base, sur-
rounding a minute transverse cavity, the sides extended in front into a pair of
fleshy, approximate teeth; mesochile abbreviated, very fleshy, without horns, trun-
cate or broadly retuse at the apex; epichile triangular, lightly convex, acuminate.
Column slender, arcuate, with a pair of semioblanceolate wings above, about
4-4.5 cm. long.
Huanuco: Tingo Maria, 670 meters, Carpenter 122. — Loreto: San
Isidro, at mouth of the Pastazza River, 135 meters, epiphyte in rain-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 611
forest, Tessmann 4984- Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10034,
10084, 10110. — San Martin: Near Huallaga River near Tingo Maria,
625-1100 meters, Attar d 22256d. Brazil (type).
Stanhopea tricornis Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. 4: 263. 1849;
Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 117. 1855; Kranzl. Xen. Orch. 3: 140, tt. 275,
fig. IV, 280. 1894. Stanhopea convoluta Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1909) 366;
Bot. Mag. 139: t. 8507. 1913.
Plant epiphytic, large. Pseudobulbs aggregated, ovoid or elongate-ovoid, ob-
scurely 5-angled, about 5 cm. high, unifoliate at the summit. Leaf petioled; lamina
elliptic or oblong-elliptic, shortly and abruptly acuminate, plicate with 5 to 7 con-
spicuous nerves, up to 35 cm. long and 14 cm. wide; petiole stout, about 8 cm. long.
Inflorescences short, lateral, basal, below provided with several ovate, imbricated
sheaths, above 2-flowered. Pedicels about 7 cm. long, exceeding the loose, scari-
ous, convolute bracts. Flowers large, with spreading sepals; sepals white or cream-
colored; petals similar with buff or orange tips, or pinkish; lip buff -yellow with the
interior of the sac orange. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, concave,
subacute at the recurved apex, about 6.5 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide. Lateral sepals
similar to the dorsal sepal but markedly larger, oblique. Petals connivent over the
column, obliquely ovate, more or less fleshy, concave, abruptly subacute, slightly
smaller than the dorsal sepal. Lip very fleshy, about 4 cm. long, divided into a
hypochile, an indistinct mesochile, and an epi chile; hypochile subglobose, with an
erect angle on each side near the base, about 2.2 cm. long; mesochile scarcely dis-
tinct, provided with a pair of prominent, short, obliquely oblong, incurved horns
and with a small porrect horn in the middle; epichile oblong, concave, subtrilob-
ulate at the truncate, inflexed apex, about 2 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Column
arcuate, abruptly bialate above the middle, 4 cm. long.
Western (coastal) Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n.
(type of S. tricornis). Also Colombia (type of S. convoluta) and
Ecuador.
No example of this concept was accessible.
Stanhopea Wardii Lodd. ex Lindl. Sert. Orch. t. 20. 1838.
Stanhopea Wardii Lodd. ex Lindl. var. venusta Rolfe, Lindenia 7:
t. 315. 1892. Stanhopea anfracta Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 12: 357. 1904.
Stanhopea peruviana Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 138 : t. 8417. 1912. Figure 118;
Figure 160 (seep. 786).
Plant large, variable. Pseudobulbs aggregated, ovoid-conical, longitudinally
sulcate, unifoliate, surrounded by fibrous evanescent sheaths, up to 7 cm. high.
Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic-lanceolate to broadly elliptic or obovate-elliptic,
obtuse to abruptly acute, up to 50 cm. long and 17 cm. wide; petiole relatively
slender, sulcate, up to 15 cm. long. Inflorescence lateral, basal, pendent, below
invested by several inflated, scarious, mostly imbricating sheaths, above loosely
3- to 9-flowered. Pedicellate ovaries rather stout, about twice as long as the con-
volute, scarious floral bracts. Flowers large, fragrant, greenish white to yellow,
more or less marked with reddish purple dots. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, rounded
612 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
and somewhat apiculate at the apex, about 4.4-6.3 cm. long, up to 3.5 cm. wide.
Lateral sepals broadly oblong-ovate, oblique, obtuse to acute, rather larger than
the dorsal sepal, reflexed. Petals elliptic-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acu-
minate, recurved, with the margins crisped-undulate, shorter and much narrower
than the sepals. Lip fleshy, 3.7-5 cm. long, divided into a hypochile, mesochile
and epichile; hypochile deeply saccate and semiglobose, somewhat semilunate when
viewed from the side, with a curved keel on each side without, more or less angled
on the upper edge near the base, up to 2.3 cm. long, with a more or less conspicuous
purple blotch on each side; mesochile short, with a pair of erect, arcuate, linear or
semielliptic, acuminate horns up to 3.5 cm. long; epichile rounded-ovate, abruptly
acute and reflexed at the tip, up to 3.3 cm. long. Column slender, arcuate, broadly
winged above, up to 5 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat not recorded (perhaps north Peru, collected by
Hennis), (type of S. anfracta). Peru: Habitat not recorded, Forget
s.n. (type of S. peruviana). — San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyo-
bamba, about 1100 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3617, 3684-
Also Mexico through Central America to Panama, Venezuela (type
of S. Wardii) and perhaps Ecuador.
Stanhopea xytriophora Reichb. f. Card. Chron. (1868) 842.
Vegetative portions and all floral parts except the lip apparently lacking. Lip
divided into a hypochile, mesochile, and epichile, probably pale straw-color with
purple on the base of the lip and purplish dots on the epichile; hypochile very
short, angulate-saccate, subtriangular when viewed laterally, with 2 keels on each
side, one a half as long as the other; mesochile provided with a pair of falcate horns;
epichile rhombic-ovate, obtuse-angled, prominently apiculate, with a swelling or
tumor at the base. Column winged above the middle.
Peru: Habitat not recorded (imported by Veitch & Sons).
No specimen of this species was seen.
GONGORA Ruiz & Pavon
A rather small but very perplexing genus of American epiphytes
extending from Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil and Peru.
Stems very short, sheathed at the base, soon developing into a fleshy pseudo-
bulb which is leaf-bearing at the summit. Leaves commonly two, elliptic or elliptic-
oblong to broadly obovate, acute or acuminate, contracted below, ample, plicate.
Scapes lateral, basal, simple, usually arcuate or reflexed, with a loose, commonly
elongate raceme. Flowers medium-sized to large, long-pedi celled. Dorsal sepal
more or less adnate to the column, erect-spreading. Lateral sepals broader, oblique,
spreading or reflexed, with the base adnate to the column-foot. Petals much
smaller than the sepals, oblique, strongly adnate to the column. Lip continuous
with the column-foot, spreading or ascending, narrow, fleshy, complex, 3-lobed;
lateral lobes (forming the hypochile) erect, bearing horns or bristles; mid-lobe
(epichile) complicate-saccate or laterally compressed. Column slender, erect or
•STANHOPEA
FIG. 118. Stanhopea Wardii Lodd. In background, flowering plant; X
Inflorescence; about X 1.
613
614 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
ascending, more or less clavate above, produced into a foot at the base. Anther
terminal, opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 2.
Al. Petals linear or oblong, elongate I
A2. Petals very short 3
la. Lateral sepals equally long and wide; hypochile of the lip with a pair of
abrupt, quadrate, erect lobes on the anterior half G. Sanderiana
Ib. Lateral sepals distinctly longer than wide; hypochile of the lip without
abrupt, quadrate lobes on the anterior half 1
la. Hypochile of the lip with a pair of large, straight, erect horns about 5 mm.
long which protrude far above the hypochile G. nigropunctata
Ib. Hypochile of the lip without a pair of large straight horns much exceeding
the hypochile 2
2a. Horns of the hypochile narrow and distinct.
G. maculata (?G. quinquenervis, G. tricolor)
2b. Horns of the hypochile absent or at most developed into conical protuber-
ances G. maculata var. leucochila
3a. Hypochile of the lip with a pair of elongate, ligulate or oblong lobules at the
base; petals angled in the middle of the upper side G. scaphephorus
3b. Hypochile of the lip without narrow auricles or lobules at the base but with
a pair of prominent setae in front; petals not angled on the upper side. . . .4
4a. Pseudobulb unifoliate; lateral sepals obliquely ovate; epichile of the lip lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, about 7 mm. long G. longipes
4b. Pseudobulb bifoliate; lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate; epichile of the lip ovate, subobtuse, about 4 mm. long.
G. Tracyana
Gongora longipes Schltr. Orchis 8: 134, t. 4, figs. 1-7. 1914.
Pseudobulb ovoid, unifoliate, 4-5 cm. high. Leaf elliptic, acuminate, gradually
contracted below into a short petiole, up to 20 cm. long (including the petiole) and
5 cm. wide. Scape pendulous, loosely racemose. Flowers medium-sized, pale yel-
low-brown with a whitish lip, long-pedicelled. Dorsal sepal ovate, short-acuminate,
about 1.3 cm. long, strongly adnate to the column. Lateral sepals very obliquely
ovate, somewhat longer and broader than the dorsal sepal, reflexed. Petals very
small, adnate to and appressed to the lower half of the column, obliquely trian-
gular-lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the column. Lip slenderly clawed,
sharply divided into a hypochile and epichile, 3-lobed, about as long as the dorsal
sepal; hypochile consisting of a pair of erect, obliquely rhombic or subquadrate
lobes, broadly obtuse at the base, produced in front into a subulate, very acuminate
process about 6 mm. high; epichile or mid-lobe lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
ancipitous, provided with a high keel, about 7 mm. long. Column slender, alate-
dilated above, with a pair of deflexed teeth near the stigma, about 1.2 cm. long.
Peru(?): Habitat unknown (sent by Sir F. W. Moore).
Description from the original diagnosis.
Gongora maculata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1616. 1833; Hook.
Bot. Mag. 65: t. 3687. 1839. ?Gongora quinquenervis Ruiz & Pav.
Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1: 227. 1798; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 615
3, pt. 5: 544. 1902. Gongora fulva Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25: t. 51. 1839.
Gongora fulva var. vitellina Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27, Misc. 1, no. 4. 1841.
Gongora maculata var. tricolor Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30, Misc. 26, no. 30.
1844; Bot. Reg. 33: t. 69. 1847. Gongora leucochila Lem. Fl. des
Serres 1: 87, t. 37. 1845. Gongora retrorsa Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 19.
1854; Xen. Orch. 1: t. 20, fig. 3. 1854. Gongora histrionica Reichb. f.
Bonpl. 2: 92. 1854; Xen. Orch. 1: 53. 1854. Gongora tricolor Reichb.
f. Bonpl. 2: 93. 1854; Xen. Orch. 1: 53. 1854. Gongora quinquevul-
neris Beer, Prakt. Stud. Orch. 252. 1854. Figure 119.
Plant epiphytic, very variable. Pseudobulbs aggregated, oblong-ovoid, pluri-
sulcate, at first clothed with large membranaceous sheaths, later naked, bifoliate
at the apex, up to 12 cm. long. Leaves large, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong
to elliptic or oblanceolate, acute to acuminate, gradually narrowed below to a more
or less distinct, channelled petiole, up to 60 cm. long (including the petiole) and
15 cm. wide, plicate. Scape lateral, basal, arcuate or pendulous, shorter or longer
than the leaves, slender, provided with several short, remote sheaths below the
middle, loosely racemose above, several- to many-flowered, up to 90 cm. long.
Flowers medium-sized, long-pedicelled, commonly yellow to greenish spotted with
dark brown (rarely red- violet or brown and yellow). Dorsal sepal strongly adnate
to the column, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, concave, up to
24 mm. long and 9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, oblique, acuminate, adnate to the column-foot, reflexed, convex, longer and
much broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals much smaller than the sepals, adnate
to the lower half of the column, abruptly long-decurrent, the free part linear, sig-
moid-flexuous, aristate-acuminate, up to 9 mm. long. Lip fleshy, rigid, subsessile
to short-clawed, sharply divided into a hypochile and epichile, up to 30 mm. long;
hypochile consisting of a pair of erect, obliquely subquadrate lobes which are
slightly broader at the angled front, provided near the middle on the lower edge
with a pair of more or less prominent (often clavate) tubercles which are erect or
spreading and in front (separated by a deep cleft) with a pair of conspicuous, erect,
subulate antennae; epichile triangular-lanceolate, ancipitous, long-acuminate and
decurved at the apex, with a short high keel at the base. Column slender, arcuate,
subclavate, up to 17 mm. long, produced into a distinct foot.
Huanuco : Pozuzo, in woods, on trees, Pavdn s.n. (type of G. quin-
quenervis). Tingo Maria, along Huallaga River, 5 miles southeast
of Tingo Maria, 670 meters, on Pithecellobium, Seibert 1824- — Junin:
Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 557. — Loreto: Near Tara-
poto and on Rio Tocache, Spruce s.n. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 me-
ters, in dense forest or clearing, King 10009, 10010, 10016, 10019,
10042, 10048, 10054, 10055, 10057. —San Martin: Juan Jui, Alto Rio
Huallaga, 400-800 meters, King 4225.
Also from Mexico (type of G. fulva var. vitellina), British Hon-
duras and Guatemala (type of G. leucochila) to Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela (type of G. retrorsa), the Guianas, Brazil and Peru (type
of G. quinquenervis and G. quinquevulneris) .
FIG. 119. Gongora maculaia Lindl. Plant; about X
616
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 617
Gongora macula ta Lindl. var. leucochila (Lindl.) C. Schweinf.
comb. nov. Gongora bufonia Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27: t. 2. 1841; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 542. 1902. Gongora bufonia Lindl. var.
leucochila Lindl. Bot. Reg. 33: t. 17. 1847. Gongora maculata var.
bufonia (Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11:
193. 1944.
This variant differs from G. maculata in lacking the prominent basal horns on
the hypochile or in having them represented only by conical swellings or protuber-
ances. Often the flowers are somewhat larger than in the type, with duller red-
dish-purple segments sometimes suffused with whitish.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, in clearing or dense forest,
King 10008, 10032, 10053, 10056, 10062, 10063, 1 0064.— San Mar-
tin: Juan Jui, Alto Rio Huallaga, about 400 meters, Klug 3860.
Also Brazil (type of G. bufonia).
Gongora nigropunctata Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 99.
1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 123, nr. 484. 1929.
Pseudobulbs and leaves not yet seen. Inflorescence arcuate-pendulous, loosely
15- to 20-flowered, about 30 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, dark purple or dark
violet with black spots. Dorsal sepal broadly "elliptic" or elliptic-lanceolate, short-
acuminate, concave, strongly adnate to the column, about 2 cm. long and nearly
1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly ovate, short-acuminate, somewhat longer and
wider than the dorsal sepal, lightly oblique. Petals much smaller than the sepals,
sigmoid-ligulate, aristate-acuminate, strongly adnate to and decurrent on the col-
umn, about 1.5 cm. long. Lip shortly clawed, about 2.6 cm. long, sharply divided
into a hypochile and epichile; hypochile oblong-quadrate in outline, deeply saccate,
cuneate-narrowed below, provided near the base with a pair of large, straight, sub-
terete, obtuse horns about 5 mm. long (protruding far above the hypochile),
terminating in front in a pair of suberect, triangular-setaceous bristles about 9 mm.
high; epichile triangular-lanceolate, ancipitous, acuminate, with a short high keel
at the base, about 1 cm. long. Column arcuate, subclavate, about 2.3 cm. long,
with a foot about 6 mm. long.
Loreto: Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n.
Description compiled from the original diagnosis, supplemented
by the analysis of the flower cited.
Gongora Sanderiana Kranzl. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 20: 456. 1896.
Pseudobulbs large, narrowly conical or pyriform-cylindric, up to 12 cm. high,
bifoliate at the apex. Leaves abruptly narrowed to a short petiole; lamina oblong-
elliptic ("broadly oblong"), acute, plicate, 5-nerved, about 25 cm. long (including
the petiole) and 11 cm. wide; petiole slender, channelled, about 6 cm. long. Inflo-
rescences usually 5 or 6, long, pendulous, exceeding 30 cm. in length, loosely race-
mose and few-flowered above. Flowers medium-sized, yellowish or brownish with
whitish yellow petals and column, having numerous rose-colored spots. Dorsal
sepal "broadly ovate" or ovate-elliptic, acute, concave, about 2.2 cm. long. Lateral
618 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
sepals larger, very broadly ovate, equally long and broad, acute, oblique, sinuate
above. Petals linear, aristate at the apex, fleshy. Lip clawed, sharply divided
into a hypochile and epichile; hypochile (? "mesochile") linear, straight, low be-
low, with infolded contiguous margins, then dilated into a pair of erect, quad-
rate lobes of which the posterior angle (toward the base) is produced into a long
tendril circinate at the apex, with a fleshy tubercle in the crack between the lobes;
epichile linear, half as long, very thin. Column clavate, shorter than the dorsal
sepal, produced into a foot.
Peru: Without locality, (introduced by F. Sander, St. Albans).
This description was prepared from the original diagnosis, supple-
mented by a photograph of the type collection. The Latin descrip-
tion of the lip appears to be somewhat obscure.
Gongora scaphephorus Reichb. f. & Warscz. Bonpl. 2: 98. 1854;
Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 52. 1854; Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 218. 1855.
Gongora Incarum Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 388. 1906.
Pseudobulbs large, subcylindric or ovoid, lightly 4-angled, shining, up to 10 cm.
long. Leaves petioled; lamina broadly oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute, gradually
narrowed below, plicate, 5-nerved, up to 45 cm. long and 10 cm. wide; petiole stout,
sulcate, up to 13 cm. long. Inflorescences pendulous, very long, loosely many-
flowered, more than 70 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, yellowish white, yellow
or reddish brown, marked with dull purple spots. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate to
"oblong," acute, concave, adnate to the middle of the back of the column, about
1.5 cm. long, scarcely 1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals much larger, semiorbicular, ob-
tusely acute, concave, about 2 cm. long. Petals dwarf, adnate to the column below
the dorsal sepal, long-decurrent on the column, obliquely triangular, acute or unci-
nate-setaceous, angled on the dorsal margin. Lip incurved, slender-clawed, sharply
divided into a hypochile and epichile, about 2.5 cm. long; hypochile strongly com-
planate, about 1.5 cm. long, almost semiorbicular when viewed from the side,
extended at the base above into a pair of oblong, erect lobules which are rounded
at the apex, in front with a pair of low, semiovate lobules terminating in a short
seta; epichile complicate-ovate or navicular, acuminate, about 1 cm. long, with a
quadrate, erect keel at the base. Column arcuate, winged above as in Stanhopea,
together with the foot about 1.5 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat unknown, Warscewicz s.n. (type of G. scaphephorus).
— Loreto: Mountains north of Moyobamba, 900-1000 meters, in
woods with scattered bushes, Weberbauer 4626 (type of G. Incarum).
No material of this species was available, the description being
amplified by sketches of the flowers from the Reichenbach Herbarium.
Gongora Tracyana Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1912) 133; Schltr. Orchis
9:8, t. 2, figs. 8-13. 1915.
Pseudobulbs ovoid, angled or sulcate, clothed with ample, ovate sheaths, bifoli-
ate at the apex, up to 5 cm. long. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, attenuate
below into a short petiole, plicate, 3-nerved, subcoriaceous and shining, up to 25 cm.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 619
long and 6 cm. wide. Scapes pendulous, slender, up to 45 cm. long; racemes
35 cm. long, laxly many-flowered. Pedicels elongate, up to 3.5 cm. long. Flowers
small for the genus, greenish-yellow barred with red-brown, lip ivory-white with a
few brown lines on the basal half. Dorsal sepal "lanceolate" or elliptic-lanceolate,
acute, concave, about 1.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely "oblong-lanceolate"
or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, reflexed, a little larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals
dwarf, obliquely triangular-oblong, adnate to and decurrent on the lower part of
the column, acute, about 2 mm. long. Lip incurved, clawed, 3-lobed, divided into
a hypochile and epichile, about 9 mm. long; hypochile or lateral lobes erect, broad
and subquadrate below, in front bearing a falcate seta about 4 mm. long; epichile
or mid-lobe complanate-ovate, subobtuse, about 4 mm. long, with an obovate-
oblong, truncate, compressed callus. Column clavate, about 1 cm. long, produced
into a foot.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Kromer s.n. (introduced by Mr. H. A.
Tracy, of Twickenham).
No material of this species was seen.
CORYANTHES Hook.
A small genus of showy epiphytes of the American tropics extend-
ing from British Honduras and Guatemala through Central America
to Brazil and Peru.
Stems abbreviated, thickened into fleshy pseudobulbs bearing commonly 2
leaves at the summit. Leaves ample, plicate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into
a more or less distinct petiole. Inflorescence lateral, basal, simple, spreading to
pendent, loosely racemose above, 1- to few-flowered. Flowers medium-sized to
very large, with spreading or reflexed segments. Sepals free or adnate to the col-
umn, membranaceous, more or less undulate. Dorsal sepal relatively small. Lat-
eral sepals much larger, very oblique, commonly semilunate-ovate. Petals much
narrower than the sepals, commonly longer than the dorsal sepal but shorter than
the lateral sepals. Lip mostly fleshy, divided into a very short- or long-clawed
hypochile, which is commonly deeply concave and more or less semiglobose, a rela-
tively narrow, semicylindric mesochile, and a much larger, galeate epichile which
is commonly abruptly 3-lobulate in front. Column dilated upward, abruptly re-
flexed near the apex, with a pair of more or less fleshy horns, auricles or glands at
the base. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 2.
Al. Outer surface of the mesochile smooth, without transverse lamellae I
A2. Outer surface of the mesochile corrugated or provided with transverse la-
mellae 2
la. Hypochile conic-subglobose; mesochile stout, short, 2 cm. or less long.
C. punctata
Ib. Hypochile not conic-subglobose; mesochile slender, elongate, about 4 cm. or
more long 1
la. Dorsal sepal oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; petals short-acuminate;
column about 4.7 cm. long C. bicalcarata
Ib. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-oval, acute or subacute; petals obtuse or subacute;
column about 5.2 cm. or more long C. macrocorys
620 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
2a. Flowers large, dorsal sepal 4 cm. or more long, lateral sepals 8-10 cm. long . . 3
2b. Flowers relatively small, dorsal sepal 2.4 cm. or less long, lateral sepals about
5.7 cm. or less long 4
3a. Mesochile short, concealed by the white hypochile C. leucocorys
3b. Mesochile distinctly protuberant between the hypochile and epichile; hypo-
chile commonly orange-red, usually spotted C. macrantha
4a. Pseudobulb 3-leaved; hypochile semiglobose or conic-semiglobose; mesochile
short, free portion about 8 mm. long, concealed by 2 conspicuous, decurved,
transverse lamellae C. trifoliate
4b. Pseudobulb 2-leaved; hypochile shallowly concave (semiovoid when viewed
from the side); mesochile prominent, free portion about 1.5 cm. long.
C. alborosea
Coryanthes alborosea C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 12:
242, t., 1943. Figure 120.
Plant epiphytic, rather small for the genus. Pseudobulbs narrowly ovoid or
cylindric-pyriform, bifoliate at the apex, deeply channelled in the dried specimen,
up to 6.7 cm. long. Leaves about 22 cm. long including the short, sulcate petiole;
lamina oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate, cuneate-narrowed below, about 3.5 cm.
wide, plicate, chartaceous. Inflorescence lateral (broken off in the type specimen),
loosely 2-flowered at the apex; peduncle slender, about 17 cm. long, with 3 or more
short, remote, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths. Pedicellate ovary elongate, slen-
der, up to 7.5 cm. long, nearly three times as long as the concave subtending bract.
Flowers small for the genus, "white, light and dark lilac-rose, black violet." Dorsal
sepal suborbicular-ovate, obtuse, adnate to the column, about 2.4 cm. long and
2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-ovate, semilunate, acute, about 5.5 cm.
long from the apex to the tip of the anterior dilated portion and somewhat broader
than the dorsal sepal. Petals narrowly oblong, falcate, more or less lobulate-dilated
near the subtruncate apex and similarly broadened near the base, slightly longer
than the dorsal sepal. Lip divided, as in the genus, into a clawed, concave hypo-
chile, a relatively narrow mesochile, and a much larger, bucket-like epichile; claw
short, narrow, sulcate, about 7 mm. long; hypochile shallowly concave, semiovoid
when viewed from the side, about 2.2 cm. long to the rounded and recurved apex,
densely bearded on the apical portion on both inner and outer surfaces; mesochile
(free portion) about 1.5 cm. long, semitubular in cross section, with 3 or 4 small
lobulate, transverse ridges on the outer surface; epichile much larger, abrupt, ap-
parently rhombic-quadrate and strongly complanate when viewed from the side,
about 3.6 cm. long from the base to the apex and 2.5 cm. deep, abruptly 3-lobulate
in front, the lateral lobules ovate-triangular and uncinate, the middle lobule
broadly oblong, straight, concave, with a broadly rounded, fleshy tip. Column
gradually dilated upward, abruptly recurved near the apex, bialate, about 1.4 cm.
long, provided at the base with a pair of short, ovate-uncinate glands or horns.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10092.
Coryanthes bicalcarata Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 99. 1921 ;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 124, nr. 485. 1929.
Plant epiphytic, erect. Pseudobulbs and leaves lacking. Inflorescence appar-
ently spreading, 2-flowered above; peduncle few-sheathed, about 15-18 cm. long.
CORYANTHEXS
FIG. 120. Coryanthes alborosea C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, column and
lip from side; XI. 3, dorsal sepal, spread out; XI. 4, petal, spread out; X 1.
621
622 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Pedicellate ovary slender, up to 7.5 cm. long, 4 or 5 times longer than the subtend-
ing bract. Flower rather large. Dorsal sepal oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, about 5.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals reflexed, very obliquely ovate with the
anterior margin much dilated near the base, long-acuminate, longer and much wider
than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely oblong-ligulate, slightly broader above,
abruptly short-acuminate, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip divided, as
in the genus, into a concave, clawed hypochile, a narrow, semitubular mesochile
and a large, bucket-like epichile; claw short, small; hypochile oblong in outline,
deeply galeate, truncate in front, recurved toward the ovary, about 2.5 cm. long
and 8 mm. wide, glabrous; mesochile slender-subcylindric, elongate, deeply chan-
nelled, smooth, 4.5 cm. long; epichile much larger, subglobose, abruptly 3-lobulate
in front, about 3.2 cm. long and 3.5 cm. deep, with the sides of the basal portion
erect and obliquely semioval, the lateral lobules at the apex small, erect, obliquely
ovate-oblong ("semi-oblong") and falcate; middle lobule incurved, slightly longer
than the lateral lobules, narrowly oblong ("semi-oblong") with an obtuse tip.
Column of the genus, slender, slightly dilated upward, abruptly recurved at the
apex, 4.7 cm. long, at the base with a pair of linear-oblong, fleshy, falcate glands or
horns about 2.2 cm. long, which about equal the hypochile and have a dilated base
and an oblique apex.
Loreto: Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n.
No example of this species was available.
Coryanthes leucocorys Rolfe, Lindenia 7: 13, t. 293. 1891;
Schltr. Orchis 10: 76, fig. 17. 1916.
Pseudobulbs aggregated, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, deeply channelled, bifoliate at
the apex, up to 6.5 cm. tall. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, acute, cuneate-narrowed
to an indistinct petiole, about 25 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, plicate, with 3 to 5 con-
spicuous nerves beneath. Inflorescence lateral, 1- or very loosely 2-flowered above.
Pedicellate ovary about 11 cm. long, slender, nearly 3 times as long as the broadly
ovate, concave subtending bract. Flowers large. Sepals yellowish-green, spotted
or streaked with brown-purple. Dorsal sepal suborbicular, about 4.4 cm. long and
subequally wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-oblong, falcate, subobtuse, about
10 cm. long and slightly wider than the dorsal sepal, twisted. Petals linear-oblong,
falcate, obtuse, much longer than the dorsal sepal but much shorter than the lat-
eral sepals, white. Lip divided, as in the genus, into a clawed hypochile, a slender,
channelled mesochile, and a much larger, abrupt, bucket-like epichile; claw stout,
arcuate, about 4 cm. long; hypochile subglobose, ivory-white, about 4.4 cm. long
and little narrower, with a V-shaped, satiny-pubescent band without; mesochile
short and entirely concealed by the hypochile, deeply channelled, about 2 cm. long,
the outer surface on each side transversely corrugated or with 3 transverse folds,
ivory-white; epichile quadra te-subglobose, 3-lobulate in front, rose-purple, about
5 cm. long and nearly as deep, the lateral lobules ovate-triangular, falcate,
and acute, the middle lobule broadly oblong and obtuse. Column of the genus,
whitish-green, 5 cm. long, with a pair of uncinate glands or horns at the base.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, introduced by Mm. Linden, Brussels
(type).— Loreto, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 159. 1921.
No material of this species was available.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 623
Coryanthes macrantha (Hook.) Hook. Bot. Mag. 58: sub t. 3102.
1831; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22: t. 1841. 1836; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 126:
t. 7692. 1900; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 514. 1902. Gongora
macrantha Hook. Bot. Misc. 2: 151, t. 80. 1831.
Plant epiphytic. Pseudobulbs more or less approximate, narrowly ovoid to
pyriform-cylindric, bifoliate at the apex, deeply plurisulcate in the dried specimen,
up to 9 cm. or more tall. Leaves erect-spreading, with a more or less distinct chan-
nelled petiole, up to 43 cm. long including the petioled base; lamina elliptic to
oblong-elliptic, gradually narrowed toward both ends, up to 8 cm. wide, plicate,
chartaceous, with 3-5 prominent nerves beneath. Inflorescence lateral, basal,
spreading or pendent, shorter or longer than the leaves, 1- to 3- (commonly 2-)
flowered above; peduncle about 23 cm. or less long, with few (up to 7), mostly
remote, infundibuliform sheaths; raceme very loose, with remote flowers on diver-
gent pedicels. Floral bracts large, concave, scarious. Pedicellate ovary very slen-
der, twice or more longer than the subtending bract, up to 15 cm. long. Flowers
large, yellow to orange or red (rarely cream-rose) with red-violet spots on the sepals,
petals, and epichile of the lip (very rarely unspotted according to the collector's
notes). Sepals and petals thinly membranaceous. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, up to 5 cm. long and often nearly as wide. Lateral sepals
reflexed, obliquely ovate-semilunate, acute or short-acuminate, up to 10 cm. or
more long from the tip to the anterior dilated portion and 5 cm. wide where
broadest. Petals linear-oblong, falcate, twisted, obtuse or acute, slightly exceeding
the dorsal sepal. Lip divided, as in the genus, into a clawed, concave hypochile,
a semitubular mesochile, and a large, bucket-like epichile; claw stout or slender,
channelled, up to 2.5 cm. long; hypochile semiglobose, 2.5-3.8 cm. wide and nearly
as deep, pubescent in front, commonly orange-red: mesochile stout, semicylindric,
protuberant between the hypochile and epichile, with 3-6 transverse, lobulate,
fleshy lamellae without (occasionally these are obscure in dried specimens), the
free portion about 2.5 cm. long; epichile much larger, abrupt, subglobose-quadrate,
more or less laterally complanate, about 5 cm. long and subequally deep, abruptly
3-lobulate in front with a pair of semiorbicular lobes posteriorly, the lateral lobules
ovate-triangular and uncinate above, the middle lobule triangular-ovate with a
broadly rounded apex. Column stout, about 4.5 cm. long, dilated upward espe-
cially at the apex, abruptly reflexed near the summit, bialate, with a pair of por-
rect, short, obliquely ovate-triangular glands or horns at the base.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, in dense forest, Klug
10035, 10036, 10040, 10046, 10058, 10071, 10079, 10093, 10127.
Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1048. Also
British Guiana and Venezuela (type).
Coryanthes macrocorys Rolfe, Lindenia 8: 15, t. 342. 1892;
Schltr. Orchis 10: 72, fig. 15. 1916.
Plant epiphytic, rather large. Pseudobulbs approximate, oblong-ovoid, 6-10
cm. long, bifoliate at the apex, deeply plurisulcate in the dried specimen. Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, long-narrowed to a more or less distinct,
channelled petiole, up to 53 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, plicate, chartaceous, with
3-5 prominent nerves beneath. Inflorescence lateral, basal, spreading or pendent,
624 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
very loosely 2-flowered at the summit; peduncle stout, shorter than the leaves,
about 26 cm. long, bearing several short, mostly remote, tubular sheaths; rachis
strongly fractiflex. Floral bracts deeply concave, scarious, up to 4 cm. long, about
half as long as the pedicellate ovary. Flowers large, greenish yellow copiously
dotted with reddish brown or "cream-green, flesh-rose, light brown dotted with
red-violet spots." Sepals and petals membranaceous. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-
oval, acute or subacute, adnate to the column with the sides decurrent at the base,
about 3.5 cm. long and slightly narrower. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-ovate,
lightly falcate or semilunate, long-adnate to the column, acute, about 8.7 cm. long
from the apex to the tip of the anterior dilated portion and 4 cm. broad. Petals
obliquely adnate to the column, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, falcate, obtuse or sub-
acute, slightly longer than the dorsal sepal. Lip divided, as in the genus, into a
clawed hypochile, a narrow, semitubular mesochile, and a much larger, abrupt
epichile; claw very short, stout, lightly dilated upward, about 5 mm. long; hypo-
chile very fleshy, elongate, oblong or ovate-oblong in outline, concave-sulcate in
the center of the lower half, rounded-truncate at the apex, about 2.7 cm. long and
1.4 cm. wide near the base; mesochile very slender, elongate, recurved, semicylin-
dric in cross section, smooth, about 4 cm. long; epichile much larger, subglobose in
outline, more or less complanate, broadly rounded with somewhat spreading sides
below, about 3.5 cm. long and subequally deep, abruptly 3-lobulate above, with the
lateral lobules triangular-ovate and uncinate and the middle lobule slightly longer,
oblong, straight, with an incurved, broadly rounded or truncate apex. Column
slender, about 5.2 cm. or more long, with an abruptly recurved apex, thinly bialate,
provided at the base with a pair of linear-falcate, fleshy glands or horns, which
have an enlarged base and are about 2 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat not recorded (type). — Loreto, fide Schlechter,
Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 159. 1921.— San Martin: Moyobamba, 1100-
1600 meters, in forest, King 10098.
Coryanthes punctata Beer, Prakt. Stud. Orch. 222. 1854;
Schltr. Orchis 10: 72, fig. 14C. 1916; Hoehne, Fl. Brasil. 12, no. 6:
178, t. 123. 1942. C. maculata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1793. 1835,
non Hook. C. maculata Hook. var. punctata Lindl. Fol. Orch. Cory-
anthes 2. 1852; Warner & Williams, Orch. Alb. 3: t. 98. 1884.
Plant epiphytic, rather large. Pseudobulbs aggregated, narrowly pyriform-
cylindric and deeply plurisulcate in the dried specimen, bifoliate at the apex, up
to 11 (rarely 15) cm. long. Leaves petioled; lamina oblong-elliptic to narrowly
lanceolate-elliptic, up to 40 cm. or more long, 3.3-5 cm. wide, acuminate, more or
less long-narrowed below, plicate, membranaceous, with 3 conspicuous nerves;
petiole about 7 cm. or less long. Inflorescence lateral, basal, pendent or recurved,
apically racemose, up to 51 cm. long including the rachis; peduncle with 6-7 small,
loose, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths which are remote except at the base. Ra-
ceme very loosely 1- to 6-flowered, with a more or less fractiflex rachis. Pedicellate
ovary slender, arcuate, about twice as long as the clasping floral bract. Flowers
medium-sized for the genus, cream- to bright-yellow (rarely grayish-white) spotted
with rose or dark garnet. Sepals and petals membranaceous. Dorsal sepal broadly
ovate or rhomboid-elliptic, adnate to the column, subacute, 2.8-3.5 cm. long and
3.8 cm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely semilunate-ovate, acute or short-acuminate,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 625
up to 7.5 cm. long from the tip to the anterior dilated portion and 4 cm. wide where
broadest. Petals narrowly falcate-oblong, adnate to the column, obtuse, about
3 cm. long. Lip, as in the genus, divided into a clawed hypochile, a semitubular
mesochile, and an abrupt, bucket-like epichile; claw slender, fleshy, about 1.2 cm.
long; hypochile conic-subglobose, about 2.5 cm. deep; mesochile stout, laterally
complanate, smooth, the free (exposed) portion about 1.8 cm. long; epichile com-
planate-suborbicular, about 3.5 cm. long and almost as deep, contracted near the
apex with 3 small lobules of which the lateral ones are uncinate and the larger
middle one is ovate-oblong, straight, with an incurved, obtuse apex. Column stout,
dilated upward, with an abruptly recurved apical portion, bialate, about 2.5 cm.
long, extended at the base into a pair of short, porrect, oblong-obovate glands
or horns.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on living tree in dense
forest, Klug 10052, 10094- At junction of "Rio Napo and Ama-
zonas," 100 meters, Klug 10099. Also British Guiana (type) and
Brazil.
Coryanthes trifoliata C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 12:
276, t., 1944. Figure 121.
Plant epiphytic, medium-sized for the genus. Pseudobulb narrowly pyriform-
cylindric, trifoliate at the apex, deeply plurisulcate in the dried specimen, about 6.5
cm. long. Leaves spreading, up to 42 cm. long including the long, slender, channelled
petiole; lamina narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually narrowed be-
low, up to 32.3 cm. long, about 4.4 cm. wide, plicate, thinly chartaceous. Inflores-
cence (broken off in the type specimen) lightly arcuate, very loosely 2-flowered at
the apex; peduncle about 33 cm. long, with 6 small, tubular, mostly remote sheaths;
rachis fractiflex, about 3 cm. long. Floral bracts concave, surrounding the pedicel,
up to 3 cm. long. Pedicellate ovary slender, arcuate, about 3 times as long as the
subtending bract. Flowers small for the genus, "gray-rose, red-violet, canary-
yellow, with a black-violet round spot." Dorsal sepal rhombic-suborbicular, about
2.3 cm. long and slightly wider, bluntly mucronate at the rounded apex. Lateral
sepals obliquely semilunate-ovate, acute or short-acuminate, larger than the dorsal
sepal, about 5.7 cm. long and 3.4 cm. wide. Petals linear, falcate, longer than the
dorsal sepal but much shorter than the lateral sepals. Lip divided, as in the genus,
into a clawed hypochile, a narrow mesochile, and a much larger, bucket-like epi-
chile; claw slender, fleshy, about 1.3 cm. long; hypochile semiglobose, fleshy, about
1 cm. long and almost as deep, finely cellular-pubescent in front; mesochile short,
semicylindric in section, about 8 mm. long (free portion), outer surface concealed
by 2 fleshy, bilobed, transverse plates, of which the upper one is much smaller with
an apicule in the sinus between the lobules; epichile much larger than the other
parts, abrupt, complanate-subglobose or broadly subconic (in the fresh plant),
abruptly 3-lobulate in front, the lateral lobules obliquely ovate-uncinate and
the middle lobule longer, ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, incurved above, with
a small tooth on each side of the middle. Column stout, dilated upward, abruptly
recurved near the apex, about 2.4 cm. long, bialate, with a pair of small, obliquely
round-ovate, porrect glands or horns at the base.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10097.
GORYANTHE.S
riflotiaia & OcAweinA.
FIG. 121. Coryanthes trifoliata C. Schweinf. 1, plant with inflorescence; X %.
2, column and lip, from side; X 1. 3, dorsal sepal, spread out; X 1. 4, petal,
spread out; X 1.
626
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 627
XYLOBIUM Lindl.
A rather small but perplexing genus of tropical American epi-
phytes (rarely terrestrials), extending from Mexico through Central
America to Panama, in the West Indies, and in South America to
Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. It differs from the closely allied genus
Maxillaria in having plicate leaves and several-flowered inflores-
cences.
Plants small to rather large. Stems short, entirely enclosed by sheaths, devel-
oped into pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs commonly fleshy, ovoid to oblong-pyriform
or more rarely stem-like and narrowly cylindric, bearing 1-3 leaves at the summit.
Leaves short- or long-petioled; lamina lanceolate-oblong to elliptic (sometimes
broader above the middle), acute or acuminate, cuneate below, plicate with 3 to 5
conspicuous nerves beneath. Scapes lateral, basal, simple, below entirely or par-
tially concealed by several more or less loose sheaths, above racemose, with the
raceme loosely or densely several- to many-flowered. Flowers small or medium-
sized, subtended by floral bracts which generally more or less exceed the ovary.
Sepals subequally long, the lateral sepals oblique, much wider than the dorsal sepal
and decurrent on the column-foot to form a conspicuous mentum. Petals similar
to the dorsal sepal but more or less smaller, generally slightly oblique. Lip simple
or usually 3-lobed, erect, with incurved sides; lateral lobes (free part) small; mid-
lobe broad, spreading; disc with a central, more or less elongate callus or thicken-
ing and often with numerous, fleshy papillae or verrucose lines. Column short,
concave in front, extended into a conspicuous foot. Anther terminal, opercular,
incumbent, 1-celled. Pollinia 4, unappendaged, often with each pair more or less
connate.
Al. Pseudobulbs elongate-cylindric or stem-like, many times longer than broad . . I
A2. Pseudobulbs ovoid to oblong-pyriform or rarely short-cylindric, not many
times longer than broad 1
la. Leaves solitary; mid-lobe of the lip (if present) short, broad, flat, submem-
branaceous X, pallidiflorum (X. latifolium)
Ib. Leaves in pairs; mid-lobe of the lip more or less elongate, very thick and
fleshy, densely studded with minute warts X. elongatum
la. Lip subentire or obscurely 3-lobulate near the apex; floral bracts elongate.
X. subintegrum
Ib. Lip distinctly 3-lobed 2
2a. Surface of the lip without any warts, tubercles or strongly verrucose lines . . 3
2b. Surface of the lip with numerous warts, tubercles or strongly verrucose lines . . 4
3a. Flowers small, sepals 14 mm. or less long; mid-lobe of the lip with a conspic-
uous, fleshy thickening beneath; disc of the lip with 3 or 5 glabrous lines
(rarely a plurisulcate callus).
X. foveatum (X. concavum; X. stachyobiorum; X. Filomenoi)
3b. Flowers relatively large, sepals 19-25 mm. long; mid-lobe of the lip without
a conspicuous thickening beneath; disc of the lip with a single, longitudinal,
pubescent callus below the middle X. ornatum
4a. Scape much shorter than the leaves 5
4b. Scape much longer than the leaves; almost the entire surface of the lip cov-
ered with tubercular papillae or verrucose lines 6
628 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
oa. Lip when expanded much longer than broad, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong
in outline X. squalens (X, scabrilingue)
5b. Lip when expanded about equally long and broad, or broader than long, sub-
orbicular in outline X. latilabium
6a. Leaf 8-10 cm. wide, petiole 20 cm. long; scape about 90 cm. high, raceme
many-flowered; floral bracts about equaling the pedicellate ovary. .X. elatum
6b. Leaf up to nearly 6 cm. wide, petiole short and indistinct; scape about 45 cm.
long, raceme few- (5- to 7-) flowered, very loose; floral bracts surpassing the
flower X. bractescens
Xylobium bractescens (Lindl.) Kranzl. Orchis 7: 22. 1913.
Maxillaria bractescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 84, no. 92. 1842.
Plant large. Pseudobulb oblong-conical, about 3.3 cm. long, apparently 1-
leaved at the apex, concealed by sheaths. Leaf with an indistinct petiole; lamina
oblong-elliptic, acute, gradually narrowed below, about 27 cm. long and 5.7 cm.
wide, plicate, with 3 conspicuous nerves beneath. Scape elongate and exceeding
the leaf in length, stout, about 45 cm. long, arcuate-flexuous; peduncle with 3 close,
remote, tubular sheaths; raceme (rachis) about 11 cm. long, very loosely 5- to 7-
flowered. Pedicellate ovary short. Floral bracts elongate, linear, acuminate, scari-
ous, exceeding the flower. Flowers rather large for the genus, dull yellow with a
reddish brown lip. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute, with revolute margins,
about 2 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, falcate,
adnate to the column-foot forming a short, rounded mentum, about as long as the
dorsal sepal but twice as broad at the base. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but
smaller. Lip oblong-elliptic in outline, sharply 3-lobed above the middle, recurved
at the obtuse apex, apparently about as long as the petals when expanded; lateral
lobes with a short, triangular-ovate, recurved free portion; mid-lobe much larger,
ovate; disc with a stout, median, oblong callus (subtrilobed at the apex) through
the lower half and otherwise covered with verrucose or "sinuate-rugose elevated"
lines over the veins. Column very short and stout, concave in front, extended
into a slightly longer foot.
Amazonas, Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert Beih. 9: 160.
1921. Also Ecuador (type).
The above description was amplified by a photograph of the type.
Xylobium elatum Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1913) 341.
Pseudobulbs oblong-ovoid, 5-7.5 cm. long, bifoliate. Leaves long-petioled ;
lamina lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, up to 50 cm. long and 10 cm. wide,
plicate; petiole 20 cm. long. Scape about 90 cm. high, concealed below by a few
spathaceous sheaths; raceme many-flowered, about 18 cm. long. Floral bracts
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 2 cm. long, equaling or almost equaling the
pedicellate ovary. Flowers dull pale green, heavily mottled with brown on the
back. Dorsal sepal oblong, subobtuse or apiculate, up to 1.8 cm. long. Lateral
sepals similar, subfalcate, forming with the column-foot an obtuse mentum which
is 3-4 mm. long. Petals oblong, subobtuse, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip
3-lobed, almost entirely conspicuously tubercular-papillose, about 1.2 cm. wide
("latum"); lateral lobes erect, obtuse or truncate; mid-lobe elliptic-oblong, very
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 629
fleshy, obtuse; disc provided with a smooth, oblong callus. Column broad, 6-7 mm.
long, with angled margins.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Forget s.n. (introduced by Messrs.
Sander & Sons from Belgium) (type) . — Junin, Loreto, fide Schlechter,
Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 160. 1921.
No example of this species was seen.
Xylobium elongatum (Lindl. & Paxt.) Hemsl. Godm. & Salv.
Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 252. 1883. Maxillaria elongata Lindl. & Paxt.
Paxt. Fl. Gard. 3: 69. 1852-53. Figure 122.
Plant large, epiphytic or terrestrial. Stems short, concealed by imbricating
sheaths, developing into an elongate pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs often clustered,
fleshy-cylindric or stem-like in the dried specimen, 2-leaved at the apex, up to
27 cm. high. Leaves short- or long-petioled ; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong
(often slightly broader above the middle), acute or acuminate, cuneate below, up
to 40 cm. long and 10.3 cm. wide, plicate, with 3 to 5 conspicuous nerves beneath;
petiole channelled, about 7 cm. or less long. Scape variable in length, much shorter
or somewhat longer than the pseudobulb, racemose above; peduncle up to 20 cm.
long, provided with 3-6 loose, often imbricating sheaths; raceme (rachis) up to
10 cm. long, loose or dense, several- to many-flowered. Floral bracts narrow, com-
monly more or less exceeding the pedicellate ovary. Flowers large for the genus,
rather fleshy, whitish to yellow or pinkish marked with dull red, brown, or violet.
Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 2.5 cm. long and 6 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals falcate-lanceolate, prominently keeled especially toward the apex,
adnate to the column-foot forming a prominent, conical, obtuse mentum, almost
as long as the dorsal sepal but about twice as wide below. Petals oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate with involute margins, slightly oblique, smaller than the dorsal sepal.
Lip erect and arcuate-recurved with upcurved lower sides in natural position, ovate-
lanceolate when expanded, 3-lobed just above the middle, up to 1.9 cm. long and
9.2 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes erect, with a small triangular-
ovate free portion; mid-lobe much larger, lanceolate, obtuse, very fleshy with up-
curved sides; disc almost entirely covered with papillose ridges above the veins,
the lower median portion with an oblong, 3-carinate ridge, the mid-lobe above and
beneath thickly studded with papillae or short tubercles. Column very short and
stout, concave in front, about 3.5 mm. high, extended into a long, broad foot which
is about twice as long.
Junin (?) ex Kranzlin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 160.
1921. Chiefly in Central America (Guatemala [type], Costa Rica,
and Panama).
Xylobium foveatum (Lindl.) Nichols. Diet. Gard. 4: 225. 1887;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 469. 1902. Maxillaria foveata Lindl.
Bot. Reg. 25, Misc. 2, no. 2. 1839. Maxillaria concava Lindl. Bot.
Reg. 30, Misc. 4, no. 12. 1844. Maxillaria Stachyobiorum Reichb. f.
Bot. Zeit. 10: 735. 1852. Xylobium concavum Hemsl. Godm. & Salv.
FIG. 122. Xylobium elongatum (Lindl. & Paxt.) Hemsl. Plant; X
630
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 631
Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 252. 1883. Xylobium stachyobiorum Hemsl.
Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 252. 1883. Xylobium Filomenoi
Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 100. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih.
57: t. 124, nr. 487. 1929.
Plant epiphytic, variable, medium-sized to large. Pseudobulbs ovoid to nar-
rowly pyriform, 2- or 3-leaved at the apex, up to 9 cm. high, often clustered. Leaves
petioled; lamina elliptic or elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong (rarely oblong), acute
or acuminate, cuneate below, up to 38 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, plicate, with 3 con-
spicuous nerves beneath; petiole sulcate, up to 15 cm. long. Scape short or elon-
gate, 15-32 cm. high, suberect to arcuate; peduncle provided with several (up to 6)
loose, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths; raceme about 15 cm. or less long, usually
subdensely many-flowered. Floral bracts linear-setaceous, shorter than or sur-
passing the pedicellate ovary. Flowers rather small, yellowish (rarely white),
sometimes with a white lip which is rarely red-striped. Dorsal sepal oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, up to 1.4 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals falcate-
lanceolate, prominently keeled especially above the middle, adnate to the column-
foot to form a conspicuous conical mentum, about as long as the dorsal sepal but
much broader near the base. Petals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, similar to the
dorsal sepal but more or less smaller, slightly oblique. Lip erect with upcurved
lower sides in natural position, 3-lobed near the apex, when expanded obovate-
oblong, elliptic-obovate or oval in outline and up to 1.2 cm. long and 8 mm. wide;
lateral lobes erect, with short, rounded or truncate, irregular free portion; mid-lobe
semiorbicular-quadrate, retuse, with a conspicuous conical thickening beneath;
disc with 3 or 5 thickened median lines which are generally confluent and more
conspicuous in the middle. Column very short and stout, concave in front, about
4 mm. or less high, extending into a foot which is nearly twice as long.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke s.n. East of
Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters, in dense forest,
Killip & Smith 23869. — San Martin: Near Moyobamba, Mathews
1874, Filomeno s.n. (type of X. Filomenoi). Moyobamba, 1100-
1600 meters, in forest, Klug 10113. Also from Mexico, Guatemala
(type of Maxillaria concava) to Panama (type of Maxillaria Stachyo-
biorum) and in South America from British Guiana (type of Maxil-
laria foveata) to Venezuela and Colombia.
Xylobium latilabium C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 15: 155, t. 49. 1952. Figure 123.
Plant large, apparently epiphytic. Pseudobulb oblong-pyriform or cylindric,
unifoliate, about 6.5 cm. high, striate-sulcate in the dried specimen. Leaf conspic-
uously petioled; lamina oblanceolate-oblong, rather abruptly acute, long-cuneate
below, with 3 nerves very prominent beneath, about 43 cm. long and 7.8 cm. wide
above the middle; petiole slender, deeply channelled, subterete below, about 10 cm.
long. Scape short, stout, erect, about 15 cm. high (separated and incomplete in
the type collection) ; peduncle mostly concealed by 3 or more imbricating sheaths
which are loose, scarious and finely maculate; raceme rather densely many- (20-)
flowered, about 8.5 cm. long. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, scarious, about
632 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
equaling the pedicellate ovary. Flowers vivid yellow, waxy, with spreading seg-
ments, rather large for the genus. Sepals with revolute margins. Dorsal sepal
narrowly lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, about 1.9 cm. long and 6 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals much wider than the dorsal sepal, very obliquely triangular-ovate
and falcate-decurved, acute, forming a prominent mentum with the column-foot,
dorsally carinate above the middle. Petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly
acute, lightly oblique, somewhat shorter and much narrower than the sepals. Lip
attached to the column-foot near its apex, 3-lobed near the front, tubular-concave
with erect-incurved lateral lobes in natural position, suborbicular in outline when
expanded, about 1.8 cm. long in the middle and subequally wide or wider; lateral
lobes semiobovate (including the basal portion), terminating in a truncate, crenu-
late apex (without a free portion); mid-lobe porrect, subquadrate or ovate-sub-
quadrate, broader than long, retuse to rounded in front, about 5 mm. long and
8 mm. wide; disc adorned with a broad, central, oblong, apically lobulate callus
and with numerous, verrucose, fleshy lines above the nerves. Column very short
and stout, about 6 mm. high, produced into an elongate foot about 1 cm. or more
in length.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Vitoc, "eyebrow of the jungle," 1800
meters, lip within bearing 8 purple lines on each side, Woytkowski
10 (type). — East Peru: Region of the Rio Maranon from Iquitos to
the mouth of the Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4516. This
latter collection, which is represented by a photograph of a flowering
specimen accompanied by floral notes and drawings, appears to be
referable to this species.
Xylobium ornatum (Kl.) Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 20: 43. 1912. Max-
illaria ornata Kl. Allg. Gartenz. 23: 257. 1855.
Plant apparently large. Pseudobulbs oblong-ovoid, with 5-8 grooves, 1- or
rarely 2-leaved at the apex. Leaves petioled; lamina oblong, acute, gradually
cuneate below, plicate with 3 conspicuous nerves beneath, up to 42.5 cm. long and
7 cm. wide; petiole about 5 cm. long, sulcate. Scape erect, robust, about 15 cm.
high, terminated by a densely 20- to 24-flowered raceme. Floral bracts lanceolate,
long-acuminate, black-punctate. Flowers rather large for the genus, pale sulphur-
yellow. Dorsal sepal spatulate, obtusely apiculate, about 19 mm. long and 6 mm.
wide. Lateral sepals falcate, produced at the base into an emarginate lamina,
short-cuspidate, markedly longer than the dorsal sepal and twice as wide at the
base. Petals oblong, obtuse, with a subdeflexed apex, shorter and narrower than
the dorsal sepal. Lip 3-lobed above the middle, yellow with purple lines, about
19 mm. long; lateral lobes erect, rather short, with a truncate apex; mid-lobe semi-
orbicular, emarginate, obscurely crenulate; disc with a median, oblong, pubescent
callus extending to slightly above the middle. Column arcuate, smooth, about
19 mm. long including the foot.
Peru: Habitat and collector not recorded.
Description compiled from the diagnosis of the type; no example
was seen.
XYLOBIUM
latilabium
FIG. 123. Xylobium latilabium C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X K- 2, inflorescence;
X Yi. 3, flower, expanded; X 1.
633
634 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Xylobium pallidiflorum (Hook.) Nichols. Diet. Gard. 4: 225.
1887; Cogn. Urb. Symb. Antill. 6: 588. 1910. Maxillaria pallidiflora
Hook. Bot. Mag. 55: t. 2806. 1828. Maxillaria stenobulbon Kl. Ind.
Sem. Hort. Berol. Appendix Spec. Nov. (1853) 1. Xylobium lati-
folium Schltr. Fedde Repert. 27: 66. 1929.
Plant rather large, variable, epiphytic or terrestrial. Pseudobulbs clustered,
elongate-cylindrical or stem-like, bearing 1 leaf (very rarely a second small leaf)
at the summit, up to 18.5 cm. long, 5 mm. or less in diameter in the dried state.
Leaf prominently petioled; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acute
or short-acuminate, cuneate below, 10-31 cm. long, 3.6-8.4 cm. wide, plicate with
3 conspicuous nerves beneath; petiole 2-10 cm. long, slender, channelled. Scapes
erect to arcuate, stout or slender, 10-18.5 cm. long; peduncle provided with few
(3 to 5) loose, tubular, evanescent sheaths; raceme loosely few- (3- to 9-) flowered.
Floral bracts slender, nearly equal to the pedicellate ovary. Flowers rather small,
white, yellowish green and orange, or yellow. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate,
acute, about 16 mm. or less long and 5.6 mm. wide. Lateral sepals falcate-lanceo-
late, acute or subacute, more or less keeled near the apex, adnate to the column-
foot forming a conical, obtuse mentum, as long as the dorsal sepal but about twice
as wide at the base. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but markedly smaller, sub-
acute to obtuse. Lip erect, arcuate-recurved and with erect lower sides in natural
position, when expanded oval or oblong-elliptic in outline, cuneate below, broadly
rounded in front, lightly constricted or lobulate on each side two-thirds the dis-
tance from the base, about 13.5 mm. or less long, 7 mm. or less wide near the
middle; disc with 3 (rarely 5) approximate, median, thickened lines (prominent in
the middle) and with the flat anterior portion marked with warts or verrucose
ridges. Column very short and stout, concave in front, up to 4 mm. long, extended
into a foot which is about twice as long.
San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters,
terrestrial in mountain forest, King 3619. The following two collec-
tions, bearing only floral remnants on the summit of enlarged fruits,
doubtless belong to this species. The data are: Huanuco: Muiia,
about 2100 meters, epiphyte, Macbride 4047. — Junin: Pichis Trail,
Enefias, 1600-1900 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith
25664- Also West Indies (type of Maxillaria pallidiflora'), Venezuela,
Ecuador probably, and Bolivia (type of Xylobium latifolium) .
Xylobium squalens (Lindl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 11: sub t. 897.
1825; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 468. 1902. Dendrobium
squalens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 9: t. 732. 1823. Maxillaria squalens
Hook. Bot. Mag. 56: t. 2955. 1829. Dendrobium carnosum Presl,
Symb. Bot. 35: t. 24. 1832. Cyrtopera scabrilinguis Lindl. Gen. &
Sp. Orch. 189. 1833. Maxillaria supina Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen.
ac Sp. 1: 39, t. 67. 1836. Xylobium Houtei Makoi ex Mutel, Me"m.
sur Plus. Orch. (Me"m. Strasb. Soc. Hist. Nat. 3) 1: 16. 1840. Max-
illaria scabrilinguis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30, Misc. 71, no. 66. 1844.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 635
Xylobium scabrilingue Schltr. Orchis 7: 23. 1913. Xylobium supinum
Schltr. Orchis 7: 24. 1913. Xylobium carnosum Schltr. Fedde Repert.
Beih. 9: 160. 1921.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, large, variable. Pseudobulbs ovoid to pyriform-
cylindric, 2- to 3-leaved at the summit, concealed by evanescent sheaths, up to
9 cm. long, often clustered. Leaves commonly long-petioled; lamina lanceolate-
oblong or oblong-oblanceolate to (rarely) elliptic-oblong, acute, long-attenuate
below, up to 69 cm. long and 9.9 cm. wide, plicate, conspicuously 5-nerved beneath;
petiole slender, sulcate, up to 25 cm. long. Scape erect or arcuate, slender or stout,
usually much shorter than the leaves, commonly up to 20 cm. long (rarely reach-
ing 34 cm. or more in length) ; peduncle more or less concealed by several loose or
ventricose sheaths; raceme rather loose to dense, 7- to many-flowered, 6-15 cm.
long. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, variable, a little
shorter than the pedicellate ovary to longer than the flower. Flowers medium-
sized to rather large, more or less fleshy, white to pale yellowish or flesh-color,
more or less striped with dull purple and the lip dark violet-tipped. Dorsal sepal
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave, about 1.8 to 2.2 cm. long and
8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely triangular-ovate to lanceolate, sharply acute
to acuminate, keeled toward the apex, adnate to the column-foot forming a con-
spicuous, rounded-conical mentum, about as long as the dorsal sepal but markedly
wider (sometimes nearly twice as wide) at the base. Petals obliquely lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, slightly shorter and commonly narrower
than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect and arcuate-recurved with the lower sides up-
curved in natural position, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong when expanded, sharply
3-lobed about two-thirds the distance from the base, 1.1-1.9 cm. long, 4-11 mm.
wide when expanded; lateral lobes erect, semielliptic or semiobovate, with a more
or less distinct, rounded apex; mid-lobe broadly ovate to suborbicular or round -
obovate, very fleshy, densely covered with warts or verrucose lines on both sur-
faces (especially on the inner surface); disc with a median oblong, more or less
distinctly 3-carinate callus and with carinate-thickened veins. Column very short
and stout, concave in front, up to 4.5 mm. long, produced into a foot which is
about twice as long.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Ruiz & Pavdn s.n. (type of Cyrtopera
scabrilinguis) . — Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apuri-
mac, 750-1000 meters, terrestrial in open woods, Killip & Smith
22591, 23165. — Cajamarca, ex Kranzl. fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert.
Beih. 9: 160. 1921. — Huanuco: On mountains, Haenke s.n. (type of
Dendrobium carnosum) . Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, on gravelly
bank of Rio Huallaga, Asplund 12355. Same locality, in forest,
Asplund 12649. Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Poeppig s.n. (type of
Maxillaria supina). — Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
160. 1921. — Loreto: Mouth of Santiago River on the Maranon River,
about 160 meters, epiphyte in rain-forest, Tessmann 4206, 4388.—
Puno: Prov. of Carabaya, near Ollachea, 3100 meters, in the shade,
Vargas 6989. — San Martin: San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, Williams
636 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
7399. Moyobamba, 1100-1600 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug
10123. Tingo Maria, 625-1100 meters, Allard 22588. Zepelacio,
near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, epiphyte in mountain forest,
Klug 0.21. Also Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil
(type of Dendrobium squalens), as well as Costa Rica.
Xylobium subintegrum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 12:
350, t., 1944. Figure 124.
Plant very variable, inconspicuous. Pseudobulbs short-cylindric to oblong-
pyriform, unifoliate at the apex, up to 4.6 cm. long, often clustered. Leaf erect,
petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong to oblong, acute or short-acuminate, cuneate-
narrowed below, up to 35 cm. long and 4.4 cm. wide, plicate, with 3 conspicuous
nerves beneath; petiole short or long, 2-25 A cm. long. Scape lateral, much shorter
than the mature leaf, 11-26 cm. long, stout or slender, racemose above; peduncle
about 22 cm. or less long, with 4-6 loose, tubular sheaths which are imbricating
below; raceme short, loosely 3- to 7-flowered, the rachis 3-6.5 cm. long. Floral
bracts conspicuous, lanceolate-linear, the basal ones slightly exceeding the flowers,
up to 3 cm. long. Flowers rather small, submembranaceous, white and purple or
pale greenish yellow with a white and purple lip. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong,
acute, about 1.3 cm. long and 4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely triangular-
lanceolate, commonly lightly falcate, acute, dorsally keeled toward the apex, adnate
to the column-foot forming a conspicuous, spur-like men turn, a little longer than
the dorsal sepal and about twice as wide at the base. Petals oblong-lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, acute or subacute, slightly shorter and narrower than the dorsal
sepal. Lip in natural position erect and gently recurved with incurved sides, when
expanded elliptic-oblong, subentire to very lightly 3-lobulate near the apex, broadly
rounded or subtruncate, crenulate and often lightly retuse in front, about 1.38-
1.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; disc with a longitudinal thickening which is more
prominent above and terminates in a semiorbicular, 5-lobulate apex, the anterior
part of the disc marked with verrucose ridges above the veins. Column short,
stout, incurved, nearly 5 mm. long at the back, produced into a foot which is about
twice as long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Hda. Ttio, Marcapata, about
2000 meters, in humid dark places in forest, Vargas 3120 (type). —
Huanuco: Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Kanehira 310. — Junin: Chan-
chamayo Valley, 1200-1500 meters, Schunke 525, 1089, 1302. Prov.
of Tarma, Utcuyacu, 1900 meters, on tree in forest, Woytkowski
35380.
Xylobium undulatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 20: 43.
1912. Maxillaria undulata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 221. 1798. Dendrobium undulatum Pers. Syn. PI. 524. 1807.
Huanuco: Near Chinchao and Muna, on trees and rocks in woods,
Pavon s.n.
FIG. 124. Xylobium subinlegrum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X H- 2, flower,
natural position; X 1M- 3, flower from above, spread out; X 1. 4, lip, spread
out; X 2H-
637
638 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
This is an obscure species, which, judged from the photographic
record of the type in the Ames Herbarium, suggests X. squalens
(Lindl.) Lindl.
BIFRENARIA Lindl. (including Lwd%eKo Schltr.)
A polymorphic genus of terrestrial or epiphytic orchids extending
from Panama through South America to Brazil, and only recently
recorded from Peru.
Primary stems or rhizomes often elongate. Secondary stems very short, soon
developing into fleshy pseudobulbs which bear 1 or 2 leaves at the summit. Leaves
oblong-elliptic (rarely oblanceolate or obovate), acute or acuminate, cuneate below,
plicate, with a more or less elongate, sulcate petiole. Inflorescence lateral, basal,
more or less erect to arcuate, 1- to many-flowered. Flowers small to rather large,
membranaceous to subfleshy, in a loose terminal raceme. Sepals subequal, spread-
ing, the lateral ones slightly oblique and adnate to the column-foot forming a short
to elongate and spur-like mentum. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but commonly
smaller. Lip joined to the column-foot, with a short or elongate and narrow claw,
more or less deeply 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, abrupt to cuneate at the base; mid-
lobe spreading, often much larger, entire to retuse or bifid. Column stout, arcuate,
wingless, produced into a prominent foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent.
Pollinia 4, or 2 and sulcate, on 2 very short or elongate, separate stipes.
Al. Pseudobulbs oblong-cylindric to very narrowly ellipsoid or pyriform; flowers
with a conspicuous, elongate, narrow and spur-like mentum; lip with a long,
slender claw B. longicornis (B. sabulosa)
A2. Pseudobulbs more or less broadly ovoid; flowers with a short, broad mentum;
lip with a very short claw B. saxicola
Bifrenaria longicornis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24, Misc. 93, no. 177.
1838; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 492. 1902. Bifrenaria sabulosa
Barb. Rodr. Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 1: 111. 1877; Cogn. Martius Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 5: 491, t. 95. 1902. Stenocoryne longicornis Lindl. Bot.
Reg. 29, Misc. 53, no. 68. 1843; Hoehne, Fl. Brasil. 12, pt. 7: 14. 1953.
Plant epiphytic. Primary stem or rhizome elongate, provided with short,
close, tubular, remote to imbricating sheaths. Secondary stems very short, con-
cealed by imbricating sheaths, developing into fleshy pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs
remote, oblong-cylindric to narrowly ellipsoid or pyriform, obtusely 4-angled,
1-leaved at the summit, up to 8 cm. long, when young concealed by close, scari-
ous sheaths. Leaf shortly or very shortly petioled; lamina narrowly elliptic-oblong
to elliptic, up to 24 cm. long and nearly 7 cm. wide, acute, shortly cuneate below,
plicate; petiole obscure, up to 2.5 cm. long, channelled. Inflorescence relatively
short, suberect to arcuate, up to 19 cm. long, slender, with a few remote, tubular-
infundibuliform sheaths below, terminating in a rather loosely several- to many-
flowered raceme. Flowers small, cream-color to yellow, usually spotted with red-
violet. Dorsal sepal oblong to elliptic-oblong, sharply acute, about 10.2 mm. long
and 4.2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals long-adnate to the column-foot, forming a spur-
like, obtuse mentum about 9.2-10 mm. long; free portion ovate-oblong, sharply
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 639
acute and dorsally keeled at the tip, slightly exceeding the dorsal sepal in size.
Petals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, acute, somewhat smaller than the dorsal sepal.
Lip slightly longer than the lateral sepals, white with purple lines, about 16-19 mm.
long from the articulation with the tip of the column-foot to the apex, from a long
slender claw (which is cuneate-dilated above) abruptly expanded into a 3-lobed
lamina which is semiorbicular-ovate in outline and about 11 mm. wide when ex-
panded; lateral lobes erect, semiorbicular; mid-lobe larger, subquadrate, sub trun-
cate to lightly retuse in front; disc with an ovate, fleshy callus between the lateral
lobes. Column short, lightly arcuate, about 5.5 mm. long at the back, extended
into a foot which is nearly twice as long.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, King 10125. Also British
Guiana (type of B. longicornis) , Colombia and Brazil (type of B.
sabulosa).
Bifrenaria saxicola (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har-
vard Univ. 11: 246. 1944. Lindleyella saxicola Schltr. Fedde Repert.
Beih. 27: 143. 1924.
Plant rather large, either growing on rocks or epiphytic, vegetatively variable.
Pseudobulbs ovoid or broadly ovoid, said to be approximate, 1-leaved at the apex,
somewhat oblique, 2-4.5 cm. long, plurisulcate in the dried specimen. Leaf peti-
oled; lamina oblong-elliptic to elliptic, often slightly broader above the middle,
15-31 cm. long, up to 6.6 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, cuneate below, plicate,
coriaceous; petiole sulcate, 3-17 cm. long. Inflorescence lateral, basal, spreading
and commonly arcuate above, 30-58 cm. or less long; peduncle provided with a
few (4 or 5) short, remote, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths; raceme up to 23 cm.
long, loosely 8- to 26-flowered. Flowers rather small, spreading, sulphur-colored
or yellow green, spotted with brown. Dorsal sepal oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse
to acute, 16-19 mm. long, 7-8.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-elliptic,
acute, a little wider than the dorsal sepal, forming a short mentum. Petals oblong-
elliptic or "elliptic-subspatulate," rounded to subacute, shorter than the dorsal
sepal. Lip a little shorter than the lateral sepals, up to 14 mm. long and nearly
as wide when expanded, suborbicular in outline, deeply 3-lobed near the middle,
from a very short, linear claw abruptly cuneate-dilated at the base; lateral lobes
relatively small, retrorse, oblong-obovate, with irregularly erose to dentate outer
margins; mid-lobe relatively large, semiorbicular, retuse, with crenate-dentate,
undulate margins; disc at the base (just in front of the claw) with an ellipsoid,
verrucose callus often surrounded by smaller warts and in front of this callus (near
the middle) with a high, subquadrate, retuse callus. Column short, stout, lightly
arcuate, about 9 mm. or less long, extended into a short foot.
Loreto: Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-
1200 meters, epiphyte in forest, King 0.3. Also Colombia (type).
LYCASTE Lindl.
Terrestrial or epiphytic, more or less showy orchids of the
American tropics, extending from Mexico to Bolivia.
640 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Stems short, sheathed, developing into conspicuous, more or less flattened
pseudobulbs which bear 1 to 3 leaves at the summit. Leaves ample, more or less
distinctly petioled; lamina lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, acute or acuminate, pli-
cate. Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered at the apex, the peduncle provided with few
to several, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths. Flowers commonly large and showy,
often nodding. Sepals subequal, the lateral sepals oblique, often falcate-decurved
and forming a more or less conspicuous, conical mentum with the column-
foot. Petals usually shorter and narrower than the sepals, oblique. Lip more or
less shorter than the sepals, sessile or clawed, recurved, tubular-concave through
the lower half, commonly distinctly 3-lobed; lateral lobes incurved, with a small
free portion; mid-lobe larger, entire to fimbriate; disc through the center below
with one to several thickened ribs or calli and often with a central, transverse plate
above. Column stout, arcuate, wingless or biauriculate above, extended into a
stout foot. Anther terminal, incumbent, opercular, 1-celled. Pollinia 4.
Al. Disc of the lip with 5 subequal lines or fleshy ribs through the lower portion . . I
A2. Disc of the lip without 5 lines or fleshy ribs 4
la. Petals ovate; lip multilobulate in front L. Reichenbachii
Ib. Petals not ovate; lip at most 3-lobed 1
la. Flower very large, dorsal sepal about 10 cm. long; lip fimbriate at the base;
column with a pair of falcate auricles at the apex L. barbifrons
Ib. Flowers smaller, dorsal sepal 7.5 cm. or less long; lip not fimbriate at the
base 2
2a. Scapes elongate, 13 cm. or more long; dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or ellip-
tic-oblong; lip distinctly 3-lobed 3
2b. Scapes short, about 3 cm. long; dorsal sepal obovate-oblong; lip obscurely
3-lobed L. lata
3a. Leaves with 5 to 7 conspicuous nerves beneath; flowers white to cream-color
or pale greenish L. fimbriata (L. lanipes, L. costata)
3b. Leaves with 3 conspicuous nerves beneath; flowers with light tawny-brown
sepals and petals L. fimbriata var. peruviana (L. peruviana)
4a. Petals broadly obovate or rhombic; disc of the lip with 3 parallel, elevated
lines below, and a very broad, transverse callus in front L. linguella
4b. Petals not broadly obovate nor rhombic, at most oblanceolate or oblong-
elliptic; disc of the lip without 3 parallel lines below 5
5a. Sepals more than twice as long as the petals; lip with a central ridge through
the basal part and a short, oblong-ovate callus in front L. longisepala
5b. Sepals only a little longer than the petals 6
6a. Disc of the lip with one central callus 7
6b. Disc of the lip with a pair of elevated, sometimes bicarinate ridges 8
7a. Lip obscurely 3-lobed; disc of the lip with a large, obovate, truncate callus;
sepals cream-colored or greenish yellow L. cinnabarina
7b. Lip sharply 3-lobed; disc of the lip with a linear-oblong callus rounded in
front; sepals commonly brownish green without and purplish within.
L. macrophylla (L. plana, L. Filomenoi)
8a. Flower very large, dorsal sepal 9-11 cm. long; lip red, brown or purple.
L. gigantea
8b. Flower relatively small, dorsal sepal 5 cm. or less long; lip green, often with
a white margin 9
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 641
9a. Plant pendent; pseudobulbs orbicular-ovoid, about 38 cm Jong; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, glaucous; lateral lobes of the lip rounded at the ^Pe* ^.^
9b Plant apparently erect; pseudobulbs ovoid or oblong-ovoid to ellipsoid, 6-10
c^longneaves oblong-elliptic, not glaucous; lateral lobes of the lip acute
to obtuse
Lycaste barbifrons Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 15: 383. 1845.
Pseudobulbs and number of leaves not recorded. Leaf abruptly long-petioled ;
lamina elliptic-oblong, acute, cuneate at the base, about 29 cm long, nearly ^6 cm.
wide plicate, with 3 to 5 nerves conspicuous beneath; petiole slender, channelled,
about 13 cm. long. Scape elongate, stout, 1 -flowered above; peduncle 28.5 cm or
more long, with several remote, tubular-infundibuhform sheaths; floral bract
slightly surpassing the ovary. Flower large. Dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic-
lanceolate, about 10 cm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, acute. Lateral sepals lanceo-
late-elliptic, falcate-decurved, apparently nearly as long as the dorsal sepal but
twice as broad, forming a conical mentum with the column-foot. Petals obliquely
lanceolate-elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic, acute, shorter than the sepals but other-
wise similar to the lateral sepals. Lip about half as long as the petals, oblong,
rounded at the apex, 3-lobed, fimbriate at the base; lateral lobes rounded; disc
5-lined at the concave base, with a broad emarginate appendage. Column arcuate,
about 3 cm. long, very villous in front, with a pair of falcate auricles at the apex,
extended into a prominent foot.
Peru- Habitat not recorded, Hartweg s.n. (type) .— Cajamarca,
fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 159. 1921. Also Ecuador,
fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 8: 145. 1921.
Description from the original diagnosis and a photograph of the
type.
Lycaste cinnabarina Rolfe, Lindenia 9: 23, t. 394. 1893; Orch.
Rev. 1: 303. 1893; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 458. 1902. Max-
illaria cinnabarina Lindl. ex Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 1: 303. 1893.
Pseudobulbs ovoid to oblong-ovoid, approximate, rather compressed, up to
9 cm. long, diphyllous at the apex. Leaves spreading, lanceolate-oblong to oblong-
elliptic, subacute, attenuate at the base, about 70 cm. long 13 cm wide plicate,
with several conspicuous nerves beneath. Scapes lateral, basal, relatively short,
stout up to 16 cm. long, provided with several remote, tubular-infundibuhform
sheaths, 1-flowered at the apex. Flower large, with spreading segments. Sepals
and petals cream-color or greenish yellow, lip deep apricot or orange Dorsal sepal
broadly lanceolate-oblong, subobtuse, 6-8 cm. long, 2 cm wide Lateral sepals
falcate-decurved, similar to the dorsal sepal, forming with the column-foot an ob-
tuse mentum about 1 cm. long. Petals obliquely elliptic-oblong or elliptic-oblance-
olate, subobtuse, attenuate below, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip broadly
elliptic-oblong, 4 cm. long, obscurely 3-lobed just above the middle, narrowed at
the base; lateral lobes small, rounded, obtuse; mid-lobe suborbicular-ovate ( orbic-
ular-oblong"), obtuse or emarginate at the recurved apex, irregularly denticulate;
disc between the lateral lobes with a large, fleshy, obovate, unicostate callus whicl
is truncate in front. Column arcuate, clavate, 2-2.5 cm. long.
642 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Peru: Sources of the Maranon River, Warscewicz s.n. (type of
Maxillaria cinnabarina) . — Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert.
Beih. 9: 159. 1921.
No material of this species was available.
Lycaste Dyeriana Sander ex Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1898) 195; Rolfe,
Bot. Mag. 132: t. 8103. 1906.
Plant epiphytic, pendent. Pseudobulbs orbicular-ovoid, sub compressed, ob-
scurely angled, aggregated, about 3.8 cm. long and wide, bifoliate at the apex.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the base, glaucous, up to 28 cm.
long and 3.8 cm. wide. Scapes lateral, basal, pendent, 7.6-12.7 cm. long; peduncle
provided at the base and in the middle with a spathaceous, infundibuliform sheath.
Floral bract similar to the sheaths, slightly surpassing the ovary. Flower rather
large, pale green. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong, subobtuse, up to 5 cm. long and
1.9 cm. wide, concave. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sub-
obtuse, about as long as the dorsal sepal but slightly broader, forming with the
column-foot a broadly conical mentum 9 mm. long. Petals oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate, subobtuse, distinctly smaller than the sepals. Lip up to 3.2 cm. long,
recurved, obscurely 3-lobed; lateral lobes semiobovate from a narrow base, broadly
obtuse; mid-lobe ovate-elliptic, dentate, obtuse, convex, with a reflexed apex; disc
channelled below, with an oblong sulcate callus which is apically bilobed on each
side. Column arcuate, clavate, 1.7 cm. long, with a pair of porrect auricles.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, (introduced by Messrs. Sander &
Sons, St. Albans).
No example of this species was available.
Lycaste fimbriata (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 5 : 455. 1902. ? Maxillaria ciliata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv.
et Chil. 1: 221. 1798. Maxillaria fimbriata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen.
ac Sp. 1: 38, t. 62, fig. 3. 1836. Maxillaria costata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24,
Misc. 93, no. 175. 1838. Lycaste lanipes Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29, Misc.
15, no. 4. 1843. Lycaste costata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29, Misc. 15, no.
3, 1843; Regel Gartenfl. 18: 195, t. 620. 1869; Cogn. and Goos. Diet.
Ic. Orch. Lycaste 1. 10. 1905. Lycaste mesochlaena Reichb. f. Bonpl.
2: 98. 1854. Lycaste Barringtoniae Lindl. var. grandiflora Hook. f.
Bot. Mag. 94: t. 5706. 1868. Lycaste Cobbiana Hort. ex Veitch Man.
Orch. PI. 9: 89. 1893, in synon. (sub L. lanipes}; Williams, Orch.
Grow. Man. ed. 7: 472. 1894 (sub L. costata).
Plant large and stout, terrestrial, variable. Stem short, concealed by several
imbricating, evanescent sheaths, developing into an oblong-ovoid or oblong-cylin-
dric, complanate pseudobulb which is more or less furrowed, 2- to 3-leaved at the
summit, 15 cm. or less long. Leaves spreading, petioled at maturity; lamina oblong-
elliptic, acute or acuminate, cuneate toward the base, up to 70 cm. long and
13.5 cm. wide, plicate, with 5-7 conspicuous nerves beneath; petiole channelled,
up to 25 cm. long. Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered; peduncle up to 25 cm. long,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 643
provided with several remote to approximate sheaths. Floral bract more or less
surpassing the ovary. Flower rather large, with spreading segments, white, cream-
colored or pale greenish throughout, subcoriaceous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate
or oblong-elliptic, obtuse to acute, 4.6-7.5 cm. long, up to 2 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals falcate-decurved, oblong-lanceolate, acute to obtuse, a little shorter and
broader than the dorsal sepal, forming with the column-foot a narrow, conical
mentum nearly or quite equaling the ovary. Petals oblanceolate to elliptic-oblan-
ceolate, acute to obtuse, oblique, distinctly shorter and a little narrower than the
dorsal sepal. Lip recurved, distinctly 3-lobed at about the middle, elliptic-obovate
in outline, long-cuneate below, broadly rounded (sometimes retuse and apiculate)
in front, up to 4.6 cm. long when extended; lateral lobes semiobovate, obtuse to
minutely fimbriate in front; mid-lobe much larger, oblong-ovate, denticulate to
fimbriate; disc with 5 approximate central lines or keels extending into a broad,
retuse, adnate callus in the middle. Column arcuate, up to 2.5 cm. long, produced
into a subequally long, more or less lanate foot.
Peru: Andes, Mathews 1026. Source of the Maranon River,
Warscewicz s.n. — Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Ttio to Murayaca-
Marcapata, 2000 meters, on open rocks and in forest, Vargas 3133.
Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2040 meters, on rocks, Vargas
3300. — Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co-
chero), terrestrial in woods, Poeppig 1732 (type of Maxillaria fimbri-
ata). — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500-1600 meters, Schunkel280,
1329. — San Martin: Zepelacio near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters,
terrestrial in mountain forest, Klug 3621 . Also Ecuador (type of L.
lanipes), and Bolivia fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 10: 74.
1922.
Lycaste fimbriata (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn. var. peruviana
(Rolfe) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 199. 1944.
Lycaste peruviana Rolfe, Kew Bull (1910) 160.
Differs from the type in smaller, 3-nerved leaves (about 23 cm. long and 7 cm.
wide) and somewhat smaller, less fleshy flowers with light tawny brown sepals and
petals. Sepals and petals with a more distinctly narrowed apex. Sepals 4.4 cm.
or more long. Lip similar to that of the type but smaller, about 2.5 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Forget s.n. (introduced by Messrs.
Sander & Sons, St. Albans) .
Lycaste gigantea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29, Misc. 15, no. 5. 1843;
Benth. PI. Hartw. 153. 1845; Bot. Reg. 31: t. 34. 1845; J. B. Bot.
Mag. 92: t. 5616. 1866; Cogn. and Goos. Diet. Ic. Orch. Lycaste t. 7.
1899.
Plant very large and showy, terrestrial, variable. Stems short, concealed by
imbricating, evanescent sheaths, developing into a conspicuous pseudobulb. Pseudo-
bulbs large, oblong-ovoid to broadly cylindric, complanate, 2- to 3-leaved at the
summit, plurisulcate or rugose in the dried specimen, 7-15 cm. long. Leaves long-
644 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute to long-acumi-
nate, gradually narrowed below, up to 80 cm. long and 9.5 cm. wide, plicate, with
about 5 conspicuous nerves beneath; petiole channelled, commonly stout, up to
25 cm. long. Scape lateral, basal, robust, 1-flowered above; peduncle up to 60 cm.
or more long, adorned with several large, loose, tubular-infundibuliform, remote
sheaths. Floral bract similar to the cauline sheaths, more or less surpassing the
ovary. Flower very large, with spreading segments, fleshy. Sepals and petals
yellowish or greenish, more or less tinted with brown or pink; lip red, brown, or
purple. Dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute to obtuse,
about 10 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm. wide. Lateral sepals falcate-decurved, slightly
shorter and wider than the dorsal sepal, oblong-lanceolate, forming with the col-
umn-foot a narrowly conical mentum about 1.6 cm. long. Petals obliquely elliptic-
oblong, distinctly shorter than the sepals. Lip about half as long as the sepals,
recurved with a sharply reflexed apex, cuneate below, broadly rounded in front,
elliptic-obovate in outline and about 5.5 cm. long when expanded, sharply 3-lobed
near the middle; lateral lobes small, semiobovate, subacute to obtuse; mid-lobe
much larger, oblong-ovate, with the margins irregularly denticulate or fringed;
disc through the lower half with a pair of fleshy lines which merge into a broad,
retuse plate. Column stout, arcuate, whitish, about 2.5 cm. long, long-pilose below,
extended into a stout foot.
Ayacucho: Ccarrapa, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1200
meters, terrestrial on wooded hillside, Killip & Smith 23235.—
Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, Lares Valley above Huallhuayoj, 2200-2300
meters, Weberbauer 7911. Lares Valley above Mantoc, 2600 meters,
on rocks, Weberbauer 7 911 a. — Huanuco: Yanano, about 1800 meters,
"floor of dense montana," Macbride 3836. Also Ecuador (type),
Colombia, and Venezuela.
Lycaste lata Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1910) 370.
Pseudobulbs oblong-ellipsoid, slightly compressed, 6-angled, 2-leaved, about
6.5 cm. long. Leaves petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, about 21 cm.
long, 6 cm. wide, plicate, conspicuously 3-nerved; petiole channelled, about 6 cm.
long. Scape short, about 3 cm. long, provided at the base with membranaceous
sheaths. Floral bract ovate, acuminate, 3.5 cm. long, surpassing the pedicellate
ovary. Flower rather large, with the sepals and apex of the petals green but other-
wise white. Dorsal sepal obovate-oblong, subobtuse, incurved, 4 cm. long, nearly
2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals subfalcate, elliptic-oblong, subobtuse, rather shorter
than the dorsal sepal, forming with the column-foot a conical mentum about
1.5 cm. long. Petals subspatulate, with a suborbicular-ovate limb from a cuneate
base, subobtuse, distinctly shorter than the sepals but about equally broad. Lip
recurved, obscurely 3-lobed, when expanded elliptic-oblong, 4 cm. long and 1.5 cm.
wide, long-fimbriate above; disc with a callus which is obovate-oblong, truncate
and 5-keeled. Column arcuate, about 2 cm. long, terminating in a pair of shortly
triangular, subacute wings, extended at the base into a prominent foot.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Forget s.n. (flowered with Messrs.
Sander & Sons, St. Albans).
No material of this species was accessible.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 645
Lycaste linguella Reichb. f. Card. Chron. (1871) 738; Hook f.
Bot. Mag. 103: t. 6303. 1877.
Plant large. Pseudobulbs aggregated, narrowly ovoid or flask-shaped, com-
pressed, 2- or 3-leaved at the apex, deeply sulcate, about 7.6 cm. long. Leaves
spreading, lanceolate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed below, up
to 35 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, plicate. Scapes lateral, basal, strict, 1-flowered
above, up to 10 cm. long, provided below with several approximate, tubular-
infundibuliform sheaths which are larger upward. Floral bract exceeding the
ovary. Flower large, pale yellowish green with a nearly white lip. Dorsal sepal
obovate-oblong, acute or apiculate, about 5 cm. long and nearly 2.5 cm. wide.
Lateral sepals falcate-decurved, similar to the dorsal sepal but larger, forming
with the column-foot a narrowly conical mentum. Petals smaller than the sepals,
broadly obovate or rhombic. Lip much smaller than the sepals, deeply 3-lobed
above the middle, with the lower half tubular-concave, cuneate below; lateral
lobes small, with a round-ovate free portion; mid-lobe much larger, reflexed,
broadly ovate, obtuse, erose-dentate; disc between the lateral lobes with a broad,
fleshy, truncate or retuse, protruding callus and with 3 elevated lines below. Col-
umn stout, lightly arcuate, wingless, extended into a subequally long, pubescent foot.
Peru (probably): Habitat unrecorded, (furnished by Messrs.
Veitch).
No example of this species was available.
Lycaste locusta Reichb. f. Card. Chron. n. ser. 11: 524. 1879;
Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 131: t. 8020. 1905. Lycaste locusta Sanders var.
Cooper, Orch. Rev. 38: 168. 1930.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, apparently variable. Pseudobulbs aggregated,
ovoid or oblong-ovoid to ellipsoid, complanate, deeply plurisulcate when dry, 1- to
3-leaved at the summit, 6-10 cm. long. Leaves spreading, more or less distinctly
petioled; lamina oblong-elliptic (often narrowly so), acuminate, cuneate below, up
to 55 cm. long and 6.6 cm. wide, plicate, with 3 to 7 conspicuous nerves beneath;
petiole channelled, up to 8 cm. long. Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered above, up to
29 cm. long, provided with several (up to 7) mostly remote, tubular-infundibuli-
form sheaths. Floral bract similar to the cauline sheaths, surpassing the ovary.
Flowers rather fleshy, green often with a white column and margin to the mid-lobe
of the lip. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, acute, concave, up to
5 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate or ovate-oblong, acute,
about equaling the dorsal sepal, forming with the column-foot a narrowly conical
mentum about 1.6 cm. long. Petals obliquely oblong-oblanceolate or elliptic-ob-
lanceolate, acute or subacute, shorter and much narrower than the sepals. Lip re-
curved, sharply 3-lobed above the middle, with the lower portion tubular-concave,
cuneate below, when expanded elliptic-obovate in outline, up to 5 cm. long and
2.2 cm. wide; lateral lobes (free portion) small, obliquely ovate, acute or obtuse;
mid-lobe much larger, oblong-ovate, rounded to truncate and minutely retuse in
front, fimbriate; disc with a pair of fleshy lines extending from the base to about
the middle, where they merge into a broad, retuse callus between the lateral lobes.
Column stout, arcuate, about 2 cm. long, more or less pilose in front (especially be-
low), with a pair of porrect, apical auricles, extending into a subequally long foot.
646 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Davis s.n. (type). — Apurimac: Prov.
of Abancay, "quebrada Matara," 2600 meters, petals yellow-brown-
ish, Vargas 2810. Apurimac Valley, near Mollepata, "cana-cana,"
2750 meters, Hen era 1455. — Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Santa Rita,
along road on open dry rocks, 2000 meters, Vargas 2945. Two km.
below Santa Rita, 3000 meters, upon rock wall in full sun, Metcalf
30778.— Huanuco: Muna, about 2100 meters, Macbride 4342 —
Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 159. 1921.
Lycaste longisepala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harvard
Univ. 15: 157, t. 50. 1952. Figure 125.
Plant large, with a creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs closely approximate, ob-
long-ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 3- or 4-leaved at the apex, longitudinally sulcate
in age, up to 10.8 cm. long. Leaves elliptic to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, acute to
acuminate, gradually narrowed into an indistinct, deeply channelled petiole (up to
7.6 cm. long), plicate, up to about 46.3 cm. long including the petiole and 8.9 cm.
wide. Scape lateral, basal, erect, 1-flowered, clothed with 3 remote, tubular sheaths,
about 20.6 cm. high. Pedicellate ovary plurisulcate, shorter than the erect, tubular-
infundibuliform bract which is similar to the upper sheath. Flower very large,
with spreading segments. Sepals "bronze-tan" on the inner surface. Dorsal sepal
elliptic-lanceolate, subacuminate, about 9-10 cm. long and 2.15 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals similar, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the
base where forming a spur-like mentum with the column-foot, about as large as
the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the sepals, elliptic-oblong, acute, pale
cream-yellow shading to white at the apex, slightly narrower than the sepals. Lip
gently recurved with the sides of the lower half incurved in natural position, golden-
yellow at the base shading to maroon with a white tip; lamina when expanded
oblong-elliptic, sharply but not deeply 3-lobed in the middle, cuneate below, about
4.6-5 cm. long and 1.9 cm. wide; lateral lobes narrowly semiobovate, with a short
rounded and crenulate free apex; mid-lobe round-ovate to oblong-ovate, rounded
in front, with erose-crenulate margins, about 2.1-2.4 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide;
disc with a narrow, central callose line below and with a broad, oblong-ovate callus
between the lateral lobes. Column slender, finely velutinous, about 1.8 cm. high,
produced into a short, somewhat broader foot.
Peru: Sariapampa(?), Woytkowski 289.
Lycaste macrophylla (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29,
Misc. 14, no. 1. 1843; Ch. Morren, Ann. Soc. Bot. Gand. 4: 373,
t. 221. 1848; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 457. 1902. Maxillaria
macrophylla Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 37, t. 64. 1836.
Lycaste plana Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 85, no. 96. 1842; Bot. Reg.
29: t. 35. 1843. Lycaste Filomenoi Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
100. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 124, nr. 486. 1929.
Plant large and stout, variable, terrestrial or epiphytic. Stems short, concealed
by imbricating sheaths, developing into a pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs large, com-
LYCASTE
lonaisevala
FIG. 125. Lycaste longisepala C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 2A- 2, flower, partially
expanded; X J^. 3, lateral sepal, expanded; X 1A-
647
648 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
planate, ovoid (rarely subglobose) to oblong-cylindric, 2- to 3-leaved at the apex,
more or less plurisulcate in the dried specimen, up to 10 cm. long. Leaves large,
spreading, plicate, oval or elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, gradually tapering below into a stout petiole, up to 80 cm. long and 22.5 cm.
wide, with 5 to 9 conspicuous nerves beneath. Scapes lateral, basal, stout, 1-flow-
ered at the apex; peduncles up to 45 cm. long, provided with several (up to 6)
remote, loose, tubular-infundibulif orm sheaths. Floral bract similar to the sheaths,
commonly longer than the ovary. Flowers medium-sized to large, variable in color
but commonly with the outer surface of the sepals brownish green and the inner
surface brownish purple, with the white or cream-colored petals and lip more or
less dotted with rose-color. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate,
acute, 4.5 to almost 7 cm. long, about 1.9 cm. or less wide. Lateral sepals similar
but a little larger, oblique, forming with the column-foot a narrowly conical men-
turn about 1.3 cm. long. Petals elliptic-oblong, narrowed below, obtuse to acute,
distinctly shorter and often wider than the sepals. Lip elliptic-oblong in outline
when expanded, 3.1-5 cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. wide, sharply 3-lobed above the middle,
cuneate at the base, broadly rounded at the apex ; lateral lobes semiobovate with a
rounded to triangular-ovate free part; mid-lobe much larger, suborbicular to oblong-
ovate, crenulate; disc with a central, linear-oblong, concave callus rounded in front
and terminating between the lateral lobes. Column erect and slightly incurved,
up to 2.5 cm. long, densely puberulent, extended into a prominent, dilated
foot.
Amazonas: Near Chachapoyas, Mathews 3190. — Cuzco: Prov. of
Convention, Idma, 1400-1600 meters, on rocks, Vargas 8536. Prov.
of Quispicanchis, Marcapata Valley between Chaupichaca and Ttio,
1700 meters, on "evergreen sub-xerophilous bushwood, trees, and
shrubs," Weberbauer 7844- Province of Quispicanchis, Marcapata
Valley, near Chilechile, 2300-2400 meters, "grass steppe with shrubs
and shrubwoods," Weberbauer 7844®- Marcapata, Hda. Ttio, 2000
meters, in sunny, rocky, and humid dark places, Vargas 3119 —
Hudnuco: Chihuamccala near Cuchero (Cochero), in rather dry
thickets, Poeppig 1590 (type of Maxillaria macrophylla). Prov.
of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, epiphyte in forest, Asplund 12128.
— Loreto: Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n. (type of L. Filomenoi).
—San Martin: Near Tingo Maria, 625-1100 meters, Allard 21683,
21684- Also Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia (type of L. piano) and
Central America.
Lycaste Reichenbachii Gireoud ex Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 324.
1856.
Plant said to be allied to L. gigantea Lindl.
Vegetative parts not described. Flowers olive-green with a yellow-brown lip.
Sepals shorter than those of L. gigantea. Petals ovate, acute. Lip from a ligulate
claw, rhombic, retuse, many-lobulate in front with the lobules bearded; disc with
a 5-ribbed callus above the claw terminating in an emarginate plate.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 649
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n.
There were no available examples of this concept.
ANGULOA Ruiz & Pav.
Epiphytic or terrestrial plants forming a small genus of showy,
tropical American orchids. It is apparently confined to Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, which latter country has but one
species, the type of the genus.
Stems short, sheathed at the base, few-leaved above, developing into fleshy
pseudobulbs. Leaves few, imbricated, ample, plicate. Scapes lateral, basal, erect,
1-flowered, clothed with several loose sheaths. Flower large, rather fleshy, often
nodding. Sepals imbricated in the bud, broad, subequal, more or less globose-
connivent, the lateral sepals oblique and cucullate-rounded near the base. Petals
similar to the dorsal sepal but often smaller. Lip 3-lobed, erect and parallel with
the column, concave with the sides involute; lateral lobes relatively large, often
rounded in front; mid-lobe small, narrowly lanceolate to rounded in outline; disc
with a central, longitudinal callus. Column erect, stout, wingless, produced into
a stout foot; clinandrium truncate or with a pair of triangular-lanceolate append-
ages in front. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 4.
Anguloa uniflora Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
228. 1798; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30: t. 60. 1844; Hook. Bot. Mag. 80:
t. 4807. 1854; Schltr. Orchis 10: 126, fig. 29. 1916. Anguloa eburnea
B. S. Will. Orch. Grow. Man. ed. 3: 67. 1868, nomen tantum; Warn.
& Will. Orch. Alb. 3: t. 133. 1884. Anguloa virginalis Lindl. Gard.
Chron. (1851) 392, nomen; Schltr. Orchideen ed. 1: 404. 1914; Orchis
10: 128, fig. 30. 1916.
Plant epiphytic, rather variable in contour and color of the flower and in the
shape of the mid-lobe of the lip. Stem short, concealed below by several distichous,
imbricated sheaths, leafy above, soon thickened into a stout pseudobulb which is
oblong-ovoid, up to 18 cm. long, leaf-bearing at the summit, leafless and furrowed
in age. Leaves 2-4, imbricating, broadly elliptic, narrowed above to an acute or
acuminate apex and below to a cuneate base, up to 50 cm. long and 15 cm. wide,
plicate, convolute. Scapes stout, lateral, basal, up to 30 cm. tall, distinctly shorter
than the leaves or nearly as long, 1-flowered at the apex, mostly concealed by sev-
eral (up to 5) loose, imbricating, concave sheaths. Flower large, showy, rather
fleshy, with more or less globular-connivent segments, ivory-white, often more or
less flushed with pink outside, sometimes spotted with red and often marked with
yellow inside. Dorsal sepal oval-ovate, acute, deeply concave, recurved at the tip,
5.5-7.5 cm. long, up to 4 cm. wide. Lateral sepals similarly large, very broadly
ovate, lightly oblique and long-adnate to the column-foot, deeply concave, with a
recurved, acute apex. Petals broadly oblong-obovate or elliptic-rhombic, acute,
concave, shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip erect and parallel to the col-
umn, tubular-concave, 3-lobed near the apex, about 3.5 cm. long, about equally
wide above the middle when expanded; lateral lobes semiobovate with a broadly
650 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
rounded, recurved apex; mid-lobe much smaller, triangular to narrowly lanceolate,
recurved; disc with a stout, callose band extending from the base of the lip to the
base of the mid-lobe. Column stout, clavate, about as long as the lip, produced
into a stout, upcurved foot; clinandrium with a pair of triangular-lanceolate de-
curved teeth.
Huanuco: Mufia and Chinchao, in clearings, Pav6n s.n. (type).—
Junin: Tarma, abundant in open woods, brought to Huayabal,
Chanchamayo and Siusa, Pavdn s.n. — Loreto, fide Schlechter, Fedde
Repert. Beih. 9: 159. 1921. Also Colombia (type of A. eburnea and
A. mrginalis).
KOELLENSTEINIA Reichb. f.
A small group of terrestrial or epiphytic orchids, widespread in
South America from Colombia, Venezuela and British Guiana south
to Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
Rhizome commonly abbreviated. Stems short, leafy, often thickened in ma-
turity into more or less conspicuous pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs if present 1- to
3-leaved at the summit, sometimes with a long, caulescent neck. Leaves linear to
oblong-elliptic, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a more or less distinct petiole,
plicate. Scapes lateral, erect or spreading, distantly few-sheathed below, racemose
or slightly paniculate above. Flowers small to medium-sized, with spreading seg-
ments. Sepals subequal, free, the lateral ones slightly oblique. Petals similar to
the sepals and often smaller. Lip articulated to the column-foot, distinctly 3-lobed;
lateral lobes erect or spreading, broad or narrow, rounded at the apex, mid-lobe
commonly larger, broad, entire and broadly rounded or retuse to bilobed in front.
Column very short, often wing-dilated upward, usually produced into a conspicuous
foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 1-celled. Pollinia 2, deeply bilobed.
Al. Leaves linear or lanceolate-linear; scapes slender, lax, few-flowered, com-
monly much shorter than the leaves; petals markedly narrower than the
sepals K. graminea
A2. Leaves linear-elliptic to oblong-elliptic; scapes relatively stout, erect or sub-
erect, several- to many-flowered, more or less surpassing the leaves I
la. Flowers nodding; sepals and petals violet with white or yellow tips.
K. ionoptera
Ib. Flowers erect or erect-spreading, white or lilac. . .K. eburnea (K. peruviana)1
Koellensteinia eburnea (Barb. Rodr.) Schltr. Orchis 12: 28.
1918. Cyrtopodium eburneum Barb. Rodr. Rev. de Engen. 3: 74.
1881 & Gen. & Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 182. 1882; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 5: 374, t. 79. 1901. Koellensteinia peruviana Schltr. Orchis
12: 28. 1918.
Plant rather large for the genus, terrestrial, up to 45 cm. or more high. Rhi-
zome abbreviated or rather elongate. Pseudobulbs aggregated to 4 cm. distant,
1 This concept may prove to be referable to K. ionoptera Linden & Reichb.
f., but at present the material at hand is insufficient to form a definite conclusion.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 651
narrowly ovoid to oblong-cylindric, bearing 1 or 2 leaves at the apex, about 1-4 cm.
high, produced into a long slender beak or neck up to 13.5 cm. long, concealed
(together with the base of the leaves) by several imbricating, evanescent sheaths.
Leaves erect, linear-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acute or acumi-
nate, gradually narrowed below to a conduplicate, more or less petioled base, up to
45 cm. long, 1.4-6.5 cm. wide, with 3-5 conspicuous nerves beneath. Scapes lateral,
basal, erect or suberect, stout or slender, more or less exceeding the leaves, up to
67 cm. or more tall, racemose above; peduncle elongate, adorned with several re-
mote, short, close, tubular sheaths; raceme loosely 7- to many-flowered, up to
18.5 cm. long. Floral bracts small and inconspicuous, much shorter than the pedi-
cellate ovary. Flowers erect or spreading, rather small, with spreading segments,
ivory-white to lilac. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute to obtuse,
up to 1.4 cm. long, 4.7-7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals ovate to ovate-elliptic, lightly
oblique, about as long as the dorsal sepal but wider. Petals variable, obovate-
oblong to elliptic or ovate-elliptic, obtuse or acute, lightly oblique, a little shorter
than the sepals. Lip much shorter and broader than the other segments, sessile or
subsessile, articulated to the free portion of the column-foot, deeply 3-lobed, lightly
cordate at the base, up to 7 mm. long and 10 mm. wide; lateral lobes erect, broadly
semiovate or suborbicular-ovate, lightly oblique, rounded at the apex; mid-lobe
much larger, sessile, transversely flabellate-semiorbicular, very broadly rounded
and sometimes lightly retuse in front; disc between the lateral lobes with a fleshy,
retrorse, bilobed callus. Column very short and stout, clavate or wing-dilated
upward, about 4 mm. long, with a subequally long foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Sahuayaco, 1450 meters, on slope
and grassland in straw, Vargas 6294- Same province, Choquello-
huanca, Lucumayo, 1800 meters, Vargas 7567. — Huanuco: Pam-
payaco (Pampayacu), Kanehira 324- — Loreto: Canela Usiah, 1000
meters, Ule 6691 (type of K. peruviana). — Puno: Prov. of Sandia,
Sto. Domingo area, 1550 meters, McCarroll 84- — San Martin: Zepe-
lacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, in mountain forest, "fls.
pale lilac and dark lilac," Klug 3397. Also Brazil (type of Cyrtopo-
dium eburneum), British Guiana and Venezuela.
Koellensteinia graminea (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 323.
1856; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 104: t. 6338. 1878; Cogn. Martius Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 5: 558, t. 103, fig. 2. 1902; Schltr. Orchis 12: 26. 1918.
Maxillaria graminea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: sub t. 1802. 1836. Pro-
menaea graminea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29, Misc. 13. 1843. Aganisia
graminea Benth. ex Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 118: sub t. 7270. 1892.
Plant rather small to medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, slender, bearing numer-
ous roots. Stems very short, more or less approximate, non-pseudobulbous, con-
cealed by several distichous, imbricating sheaths which are leaf-bearing above.
Leaves spreading and more or less recurved, narrowly linear to lanceolate-linear,
acute or short-acuminate, gradually narrowed below, up to 26 cm. long and 9 mm.
wide (commonly much shorter and narrower), with 3 conspicuous nerves beneath.
Scapes lateral, axillary, very slender, more or less shorter than the longer leaves,
652 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
lax (rarely suberect), above racemose or loosely paniculate with several strict,
commonly short branches, 6-25 cm. long, the peduncle bearing 1 to several small,
remote, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths; raceme or panicle very loosely 1- to sev-
eral-flowered. Floral bracts very small, spreading, ovate or oblong-ovate, much
shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers rather small, with spreading segments,
cream-color and rose, white or greenish white and violet, or white and red-brown.
Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or subacute, up to 10.4 mm. long
and 5.8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute, slightly oblique,
often dorsally carinate above, slightly wider than the dorsal sepal and often shorter
also. Petals oblong-lanceolate, subacute or obtuse, a little shorter and much nar-
rower than the sepals, more or less oblique. Lip shorter and much wider than the
other segments, deeply concave, sharply 3-lobed, subcordate-truncate at the base,
articulated to the free, subquadrate portion of the column-foot, up to 4.9 mm. long
and often nearly twice as wide across the base when expanded; lateral lobes erect
in natural position, obliquely ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse to broadly rounded
above; mid-lobe much wider, broadly flabellate-reniform (rarely flabellate-obo-
vate), in front retuse and usually with a minute apicule; disc with a fleshy, sub-
quadrate, retrorse callus which is divaricately bilobed above. Column very short
and stout, wing-dilated above, up to 2.8 mm. long, extended into a much longer foot.
Loreto: Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125 meters, on river
bank, Schunke 145. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte
in forest, Klug 1193. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte by
river, Klug 10085. — San Martin: Boqueron Pass, 92 km. from Tingo
Maria on highway to Pucallpa, about 400 meters, on wet rocks,
Allard 22076. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters,
epiphyte in mountain forest, Klug 3622. Also British Guiana (type
of Maxillaria graminea), French Guiana, Brazil, Venezuela and
Trinidad.
Koellensteinia ionoptera Linden & Reichb. f. Gard. Chron.
(1871) 1451; Schltr. Orchis 12: 26. 1918. Aganisia ionoptera Nichols.
Diet. Gard. 1: 35. 1885; Rolfe, Lindenia 6: 97, t. 287. 1891; Hook. f.
Bot. Mag. 118: t. 7270. 1892.
Plant rather large. Rhizome apparently abbreviated. Stems short, leafy, at
length thickened into a pseudobulb. Pseudobulbs narrowly ovoid, 2-3.5 cm. high,
prolonged into a slender, cauliform neck which is monophyllous at the apex. Leaf
lanceolate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, narrowed below, up to 25 cm. long, 2-3 cm.
wide, with 3 conspicuous nerves beneath. Scape lateral, basal, erect, relatively
stout, up to 45 cm. high, racemose above; peduncle with few, remote, small, close,
tubular sheaths; raceme loosely 9- to 15-flowered. Floral bracts small and in-
conspicuous, much shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers medium-sized,
nodding, with widely spreading segments, yellowish without, bright violet with
whitish or yellowish tips to the sepals and petals and a whitish or yellowish, red-
streaked lip. Sepals subequal, ovate to oblong-elliptic or "oblong," subacute, the
lateral sepals somewhat oblique, about 1.4 cm. long. Petals very similar but
smaller. Lip much shorter and broader than the other segments, sharply 3-lobed,
sessile and articulated to the column-foot, about 1 cm. long; lateral lobes erect
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 653
in natural position, auriculiform or obliquely round-ovate; mid-lobe sessile, trans-
versely oblong or reniform, rounded or retuse at the apex; disc between the lateral
lobes with a fleshy retrorse callus divided into 2 divergent lobes or horns. Column
very short and stout, wing-dilated upward, extended into a subequally long foot.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Wallis s.n. (introduced by Mm.
Linden).
No specimen of this species was available.
AGANISIA Lindl. (including Acacallis Lindl.)
A small group of American epiphytes or terrestrials apparently
limited to Trinidad and the northern half of South America.
Primary stems or rhizomes long-creeping, jointed, sheathed. Pseudobulbs
distant, slender, sheathed, cylindric-ellipsoid or fusiform, 1- to (rarely) 3-leaved
at the summit. Leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petioled,
plicate. Scapes lateral, arising from the base of the pseudobulb, distantly few-
sheathed below, loosely racemose and few-flowered above. Parts of the perianth
spreading. Sepals free, subequal. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip with a short
or rather long claw, 3-lobed or sometimes simple; lateral lobes very small, broadly
triangular to dentiform; mid-lobe large, ovate to semiorbicular, deeply concave
or saccate, subentire to deeply fimbriate; disc with a lobulate callus between the
lateral lobes. Column rather short, broadly winged, biauriculate at the apex.
Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 1-celled. Pollinia 4, complanate-obovoid.
Aganisia fimbriata Reichb. f. Card. Chron. n. ser. 2: 452. 1874.
Aganisia coerulea Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 6: 226. 1876; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 522. 1902. Acacallis coerulea Schltr.
Orchis 12: 14. 1918.
Primary stem or rhizome long-creeping, jointed, concealed by distichous,
imbricating, evanescent sheaths. Pseudobulbs distant, slender, fusiform or
ellipsoid-cylindric, extended into a slender beak, unifoliate at the apex, about 7
cm. or less long, concealed by elongate, membranaceous sheaths. Leaf prominently
petioled; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong, sharply acute to acuminate, cuneate
below, plicate, with 5 to 7 prominent nerves beneath, 18-29.5 cm. long, up to 7.3
cm. wide; petiole channelled, 2-8 cm. long. Inflorescence lateral, basal, lax,
equaling about one half of the lamina of the leaf or less, up to 22 cm. long (excluding
the terminal flowers). Raceme loosely few- (2- to 9-) flowered, often secund.
Flowers medium-sized, with spreading segments, blue or lilac usually with darker
markings, rarely white and violet. Dorsal sepal elliptic or oval ("cuneate-oblong"),
subacute, cuneate at the base, up to 2.3 cm. long and 1.4 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals similar, lightly oblique. Petals obovate or suborbicular-obovate, subacute
to broadly rounded at the apex, commonly slightly smaller than the sepals but
sometimes broader. Lip 3-lobed, clawed, up to about 1.6 cm. long; claw oblong,
concave in front; lateral lobes relatively minute, triangular-dentiform, obtuse or
subacute, erect-spreading; mid-lobe much larger, deeply concave or saccate, trans-
versely semiorbicular or muscle-shaped when expanded, subtruncate near the
654 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
base, very lightly retuse in front, with the sides deeply fimbriate, up to nearly 2
cm. wide when expanded; disc with a fleshy, triangular-subquadrate, high, lobulate
callus between the lateral lobes. Column very short and stout, 5-7 mm. high,
broadly winged with the wing abruptly dilated above into a pair of spreading,
triangular or triangular-oblong, apically rounded auricles.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug
530, 1239, 1257. Same locality and altitude, epiphyte in dense for-
est, Killip & Smith 29984- Near Iquitos, 100 meters, in virgin
forest, Tessmann 5156. — San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, about
260 meters, in forest, Klug 3985. Also Brazil (type of Aganisia
coerulea), Colombia and British Guiana (type of Aganisia fimbriata).
The type of Aganisia fimbriata, borrowed from Vienna, consists
only of a single, few-flowered scape, accompanied by floral sketches.
An examination of a flower from this collection proves conclusively
that the concept is identical with the well-known Aganisia coerulea.
This flower shows insignificant differences from the usual form of
A. coerulea in its somewhat smaller size and more saccate lip with
slightly larger lateral lobes.
ZYGOPETALUM Hook, (including Warscewiczella Reichb. f.)
A large and variable genus of American epiphytic or terrestrial
orchids occurring from Mexico through Central America to Panama
and the West Indies, but centered in South America, where extend-
ing southward to Brazil and Argentina.
Stems short, leafy, either without pseudobulbs or developing into fleshy
pseudobulbs which bear 2 to several leaves at the apex. Leaves more or less
elongate, plicate or subplicate, with elevated nerves beneath. Scapes lateral,
basal, leafless; 1-flowered or racemose above, with a peduncle bearing few or
several sheaths. Flowers mostly large and showy, with spreading segments. Sepals
subequal, the lateral sepals being more or less oblique and adnate to the short
column-foot. Petals similar to the sepals but often smaller. Lip simple, pandurate
or usually 3- or more-lobed; lateral lobes spreading or incurved, often small;
mid-lobe usually broad and spreading, entire or bilobed; disc at the base with a
polymorphic, simple, lobed or toothed, commonly transverse callus. Column
stout, usually short, incurved, wingless or bialate, produced into a short or very
short foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs.
Al. Scapes several-flowered, racemose; complete mature plant producing pseudo-
bulbs I
A2. Scapes 1-flowered; plant entirely without pseudobulbs (§. Warscewiczella) . .2
la. Terminal portion of the lip emarginate, very large.
Z. intermedium (Z. bolivianum)
Ib. Terminal portion of the lip subacute to acuminate 1
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 655
la. Sepals subacute, dusky brown, about 2.5 cm. long; basal callus of the lip
multidentate and plurituberculate Z. Prainianum
Ib. Sepals acuminate, not dusky, about 3.5 cm. long; basal callus of the lip
3-divided Z. acuminatum
2a. Lip much larger than the sepals and petals, prominently retuse or bilobed in
front Z. amazonicum
2b. Lip subequal to the sepals or shorter, sharply acute to acuminate in front ... 3
3a. Basal portion of the lip plurilamellate, minutely lobulate but not fimbriate;
mid-lobe of the lip broad, rhombic-ovate Z. rhombilabium
3b. Basal portion of the lip smooth and not plurilamellate, fimbriate; mid-lobe
of the lip narrow, elliptic-lanceolate Z. Klugii
Zygopetalum acuminatum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.
12: 314, t., 1944. Figure 126.
Plant large, terrestrial or epiphytic, variable. Pseudobulb not seen, but noted
as present by the collector. Leaves 2 or 3, on a short leafy shoot; lamina oblanceo-
late to cuneate-obovate, acute, narrowed to a more or less distinct petiole, up to
28 cm. long, 4.4-6.9 cm. wide, plicate, with about 5 conspicuous nerves beneath;
petiole conduplicate, up to 4.5 cm. long. Scapes suberect, slightly shorter than
the leaves, up to 33 cm. long; peduncle stout, with 2 remote, close sheaths; raceme
very loosely 4- to 6-flowered. Floral bracts conspicuous, ovate, deeply concave,
more than half as long as the pedicellate ovary. Flowers large, with spreading
segments, either pink and yellow or green and reddish green. Dorsal sepal lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3.4-3.7 cm. long, 1.1-1.4 cm. wide. Lateral sepals very obliquely
lanceolate, long-acuminate, as long as the dorsal sepal but slightly wider. Petals
oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, shorter and narrower than the sepals.
Lip shorter than the sepals, fleshy, clawed, 3-lobed with a reflexed anterior part in
natural position; lateral lobes relatively small, erect, oblong, nearly obscured by
the prominent basal callus; mid-lobe rhombic-oval when expanded, cuneate below,
abruptly short-acuminate or sharply acute, about 2 cm. long and 1.7 cm. wide;
disc at the base with a deeply concave, 3-lobed callus, the lateral lobules broad
and truncate at the undulate apex and the middle lobule strongly compressed,
narrowly nasiform and porrect. Column short and stout, with a pair of porrect,
oblong-ovate wings, about 1.1 cm. long at the back, produced below into a foot
which is longer than the column and terminates in a stout, fleshy horn.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc,
2200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Vargas 2550. Prov. of Convention,
"alturas de Pintollamba [?Pintobamba] en humus tenia," 2400
meters, Vargas 3285 (type).
Zygopetalum amazonicum (Reichb. f. & Warsc.) Reichb. f.
Walp. Ann. 6: 655. 1863. Warscewiczella amazonica Reichb. f. &
Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 97. 1854; Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 222, t. 93, fig. II,
8-9. 1858; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 474. 1906. Zygopetalum
Lindenii Rolfe, Lindenia 8: 5, t. 337. 1892.
Plant rather large, caespitose, without pseudobulbs. Leaves several, approxi-
mate, spreading, distichous, articulated to long, conduplicate sheaths; lamina
656 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
oblong-obovate to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, long-
narrowed below, plicate or subconduplicate, with several conspicuous nerves
beneath, up to 32 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, the outer blades successively shorter;
sheaths up to 6 cm. long. Scape lateral, slender, much shorter than the leaves,
1-flowered at the apex; peduncle about 11.5 cm. or less long, provided below the
middle and at the base with several close, tubular sheaths which are imbricating
near the base. Flower large for the genus, with spreading segments, snow-white
with red or purplish veins on the lip. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
3-3.5 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, a little
longer than the dorsal sepal, lightly oblique. Petals elliptic-oblong or lanceolate,
similar to the dorsal sepal but slightly wider. Lip much larger, very shortly clawed,
lightly 3-lobulate near the base with incurved lateral lobes, obcordate in outline,
conspicuously emarginate or 3-lobed in front, 5.5 cm. or less long on either side
of the middle and about 4.5 cm. wide; lateral lobules broadly triangular and
obtuse; mid-lobe much larger, reniform-semiorbicular; disc at the base with a
broad, transversely subrhombic callus which is 3- to 7-toothed at the truncate apex.
Column small, clavate, alate-dilated above, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, with a very short
foot.
Peru: Upper Amazon River, Warscewicz 15 (type of Warscewic-
zella amazonica) . Near source of Maranon River, Warscewicz s.n. —
Loreto: Along Rio Itaya, in forest, Williams 228. Also Brazil.
Zygopetalum intermedium Lodd. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30,
Misc. 9, no. 2. 1844; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 566. 1902.
Eulophia Mackaiana Lindl. Bot. Reg. 17: t. 1433. 1831, excl. synon.
Zygopetalon Mackaii Paxt. Mag. Bot. 3: 97, cum ic. 1836, non Hook.
Zygopetalum Mackayi Paxt. var. intermedium Mutel. Me'm. Plus.
Orch. Nouv. pt. 2: 9. 1842. Zygopetalum intermedium Lodd. ex
Lindl. var. peruvianum Rolfe, Lindenia 9: 71, t. 418. 1893. Zygo-
petalum bolivianum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 10: 50. 1922; Mansf.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 140, nr. 549. 1929.
Plant large, terrestrial. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conic or globose-ovoid (not noted
in var. peruvianum), 3- to 5-leaved at the apex, 4-8 cm. long, commonly aggregated.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, acute to acuminate, narrowed to
the base, plicate, with 5 to 9 prominent nerves beneath, 17-50 cm. long, 2-6 cm.
wide. Scapes lateral, stout, racemose above, exceeding the leaves, up to 40 cm.
long; peduncle 29 cm. or more long, with a few remote, tubular-infundibuliform
sheaths; raceme very loosely 3- to 5-flowered, with the rachis 13.5-21.5 cm. long.
Floral bracts prominent, subequaling the pedicellate ovary. Flowers large,
variable, with widely spreading segments. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acute to subobtuse, 3-3.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, green, heavily
blotched with crimson. Lateral sepals similar, oblique, short-acuminate. Petals
similar to the dorsal sepal, acute. Lip slightly longer and much broader than
the sepals, white heavily lined with purple, broadly obovate in outline, 3-lobed
at the base, about 3.5 cm. long and 3 cm. or more wide above; lateral lobes very
small, auriculate; mid-lobe relatively large, cuneate-obovate, flabellate or ob-
cordate, broadly rounded in front, retuse at the apex, with strongly undulate
ZYGOPETTALJUM
FIG. 126. Zygopetalum acuminatum C. Schweinf. 1, basal portion of plant,
and inflorescence; X %. 2, plant; X I/B. 3, column and lip, somewhat spread out,
from above; XI. 4, column and lip from side, natural position; XI. 5, pollinia
and stipe; X 4.
657
658 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
margins; disc at the base with a fleshy, bilobed, plurisulcate callus. Column
short and stout, alate-dilated above, about 1.3 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1896 (var. peruvianum,
with smaller flowers than type). — Puno, fide Schlechter, Fedde
Repert. Beih. 9: 161. 1921. Also Brazil (type of Z. intermedium,
Eulophia Mackaiana and Z. Mackaii) and Bolivia (type of Z.
bolivianum).
Zygopetalum Klugii C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 15: 159, t. 51. 1952. Figure 127.
Plant epiphytic, medium-sized for the genus, without pseudobulbs or apparent
stems. Leaves several, in a flabelliform cluster, articulated to conduplicate,
basally imbricating sheaths of which the outer members are much smaller and
with or without abbreviated blades; lamina oblong-obovate to oblong-oblanceolate,
abruptly acute, long-narrowed below, membranaceous, with 3-7 conspicuous
nerves beneath, up to 26 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide (the uppermost and innermost
blade longest and narrowest). Inflorescences several, lateral in the axil of sheaths,
relatively short, 1-flowered; peduncles filiform, with several loose, scarious sheaths
below, up to 5.5 cm. long. Flower rather small for the genus, with spreading
segments, white or whitish green. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
about 2.24 cm. long and 7.6 mm. wide. Lateral sepals very obliquely lanceolate
with the dorsal margin nearly straight and the anterior margin broadly rounded,
acuminate, larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, lightly oblique,
acuminate, slightly smaller than the dorsal sepal. Lip shortly clawed, about
2.4 cm. long in natural position, sharply divided into a hypochile and epichile;
claw short, broad, sulcate, about 2 mm. long; hypochile conduplicate-concave,
with the broadly rounded anterior margin irregularly digitiform-fimbriate, the
center having a low fleshy keel within; epichile attached to the back of the hypochile
in the middle, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate with a complicate apex, lightly con-
cave, about 1.8 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Column conspicuous, about 1.6 cm.
long, broadly winged on each side through the lower half, extended into a broad,
indistinct fleshy foot.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10109.
Zygopetalum Prainianum Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1914) 376; Bot.
Mag. 141 :t. 8610. 1915.
Plant large, terrestrial. Pseudobulbs clustered, oblong-cylindrical, slightly
thickened below, longitudinally sulcate, 2- to 3-leaved at the apex, 3-10 cm. long.
Leaves elongate, oblong-lanceolate or linear-elliptic, acute to subobtuse, narrowed
below, 25-35 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, plicate, with prominent nerves beneath.
Scapes lateral, erect, about 60 cm. long, racemose above; peduncle with several
remote, close, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths; raceme loosely 4- to 5-flowered.
Floral bracts close, concave, about half as long as the pedicellate ovary. Flowers
rather large, showy, with widely spreading or reflexed segments. Dorsal sepal
lanceolate-oblong, subacute, about 2.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, dusky brown
with a green margin. Lateral sepals similar, lightly oblique. Petals similar to
ZYGOPETALUM
FIG. 127. Zygopetalum Klugii C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1A. 2, flower ex-
panded; XI. 3, column and lip from side; X 1.
659
660 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
the sepals, acute or apiculate, dusky brown with obscure green stripes. Lip oblong-
pandurate, subacute, about 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, white; basal portion
with spreading, semiorbicular sides; anterior portion larger, apparently sub-
orbicular-ovate with incurved and crenulate sides; disc at the base with a fleshy
multidentate callus having rose-purple teeth. Column arcuate, stout, clavate,
with a pair of conspicuous, triangular-oblong, porrect teeth above, about 1.5
cm. long.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded, Forget s.n. (imported by Messrs.
Sander & Sons, St. Albans).
The above diagnosis was based on the descriptions and plate
cited.
Zygopetalum rhombilabium C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc.
Bull. 12: 422, t., 1944. Figure 128.
Plant rather large, epiphytic, caespitose, without pseudobulbs, variable.
Leaves several, approximate, distichous, spreading, articulated to elongate, con-
duplicate sheaths; lamina oblanceolate or oblan ceo late-oblong, sharply acute or
short-acuminate, gradually narrowed below, plicate, with 3 to 5 conspicuous
nerves beneath, up to 44 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide, the outer leaves much smaller.
Scapes lateral, basal, several, in the axil of conduplicate sheaths, slender, 1-flowered
at the apex; peduncle 7-13 cm. long, with several tubular-infundibuliform sheaths
which are imbricating below. Flower rather large, with widely spreading segments.
Dorsal sepal lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 2.7-3.9 cm. long, 8-9 mm.
wide. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about
as large as the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, oblique
and more or less incurved, acuminate, smaller (especially shorter) than the sepals.
Lip subsessile, 3-lobed, about 2.2-2.4 cm. long and 1.35-1.5 cm. wide across the
mid-lobe; lateral lobes small, erect in natural position, lanceolate-triangular,
horizontally spreading when expanded, almost entirely concealed by the basal
callus; mid-lobe relatively large, rhombic-ovate, acuminate (often abruptly so)
with an inflexed tip, about 1.6 cm. long; disc below with a concave, semiorbicular,
plurilamellate callus. Column relatively short and stout, with a pair of porrect,
semiorbicular wings, densely tomentose in front, up to 1.3 cm. long, extended
into a short foot about half as long.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200-1500 meters, Schunke s.n.,
1189. — San Martin: Near Tingo Maria, 625-1100 meters, Allard
21985. San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, in forest, Williams 7796
(type).
On the basis of the illustration (I.e.), this species was considered
by Dr. F. C. Hoehne (Arquiv. Bot. Estad. S. Paulo, Nov. Ser. Form.
Maior 2, Fasc. 6: 126. 1952) to be synonymous with his Warscewic-
zella heteroclita, based on Maxillaria heteroclita Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. 1: 37, t. 63. 1836. However, as pointed out (C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harvard Univ. 11: 276. 1945), the Poeppig &
Endlicher drawing, which was said to have been made from the
Z^YG OPETFALUM
^*^ ^\ ^ \
i Co. 6- ium O. Soft we i n
FIG. 128. Zygopetalum rhombilabium C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, flower,
expanded; X 1. 3, lip, spread out; X 2. 4, column and lip from side, natural
position; X 2. 5, anther from above; X 4. 6, anther from below; X 4. 7, pollinia,
showing two unequal pairs; X 6.
661
662 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
living plant, shows an orchid bearing a pseudobulb and thus it
appears to be very different from our plant. The two flowers illus-
trated, however, are very similar to those of Zygopetalum rhombilabium.
After considering the evidence, the concept, Maxillaria heteroclita,
with the habit of a Maxillaria and the flower of a Zygopetalum, was
regarded as a nomen confusum and was not considered as potentially
a name-bringing synonym.
BATEMANNIA Lindl.
A small genus of epiphytic orchids extending throughout most
of northern South America.
Stems abbreviated, concealed by several imbricating leaves, developing into
pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs fleshy, often 4-angled, ovoid to oblong-cylindric, 1-
to 3-leaved at the apex. Leaves ample, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a
more or less distinctly petioled base, plicate. Inflorescence lateral, basal, shorter
than the leaves, 1- to few-flowered, erect or more often deflexed; raceme loose.
Dorsal sepal free, erect, concave, oblong or elliptic-oblong. Lateral sepals spread-
ing, commonly longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals long-adnate to
the column-foot at the base, commonly distinctly wider than the sepals. Lip
concave-involute through the basal portion, 3-lobed above the middle; lateral
lobes erect with a small, ovate or rounded free portion; mid-lobe often much
larger, spreading, commonly obovate to oblong or ovate-oblong; disc often with a
transverse or more or less elongate, central callus which is toothed above. Column
rather long, stout, wingless, produced into a conspicuous foot. Anther opercular,
incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 2, sulcate or bilobed.
Al. Scape deflexed or nodding; mid-lobe of the lip obovate or obovate-oblong,
apiculate, 2 or 3 times longer than the lateral lobes.
B. Colleyi (B. peruviana)
A2. Scape suberect; mid-lobe of the lip oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5 or 6
times longer than the lateral lobes B. Wolteriana
Batemannia Colleyi Lindl. Bot. Reg. 20: t. 1714. 1835; Hook.
Bot. Mag. 67: t. 3818. 1841; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 473,
t. 94, fig. 1. 1902. Batemania peruviana Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1895)
193.
Plant medium-sized, epiphytic, very variable. Pseudobulbs commonly aggre-
gated, oblong-ovoid to oblong-cylindric, 1- or 2- (rarely 3-) leaved at the apex,
more or less markedly 4-angled in section, 3-7 cm. high, shining. Leaves oblanceo-
late to narrowly obovate-elliptic, sharply acute, narrowed below into a more or
less distinct petiole, up to 25 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, plicate, with 5 to 7 conspicu-
ous nerves beneath. Inflorescence lateral, basal, short, lax or nodding, loosely
2- to 3- (rarely 5- or more-) flowered, with a fractiflex rachis. Floral bracts broad,
concave, much exceeded by the slender, pedicellate ovary. Flowers medium-
sized, red-brown or dark red (rarely green) with more or less prominent green
markings or tips to the sepals and petals, commonly with a white or green lip
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 663
and column. Dorsal sepal oblong or elliptic-oblong, concave, up to 26 mm. long
and 12.5 mm. wide, rounded at the apex and often with a minute apicule. Lateral
sepals oblong, with a more or less concave base and subconduplicate lower sides
(producing an oblong-spatulate appearance), longer and somewhat narrower than
the dorsal sepal. Petals long-adnate to the column-foot at the base, obliquely
ovate to ovate-oblong, rounded above with a minute apicule, shorter and broader
than the sepals. Lip strongly concave-involute through the lower two-thirds or
more, with erect sides and a recurved apical portion, sharply 3-lobed above,
elliptic or oblong-elliptic when flattened out and about as long as the lateral sepals,
17.5-30 mm. long, up to 16.5 mm. wide when expanded; lateral lobes semiobovate,
with a small, triangular-ovate or oblong-ovate, denticulate free portion; mid-lobe
twice or more exceeding the lateral lobes, broadly obovate or oblong-obovate,
broadly rounded and apiculate above; disc with a short, transverse, denticulate
callus (more or less prominently bilobed) in the middle between the lateral lobes.
Column stout, arcuate, with a denticulate or crenulate apex, up to 18 mm. long,
extended into a subequally long foot.
Peru: Habitat not recorded (introduced by Messrs. F. Sander
& Co.) (type of B. peruviana). — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500
meters, Schunke s.n. East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-
1300 meters, in dense forest, Killip & Smith 23840. — Loreto: Mish-
uyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1441- Vicinity of
Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10116. Also British Guiana (type of
B. Colleyi), Trinidad, Colombia and Brazil.
Batemannia Wolteriana Schltr. Orchis 9: 52, t. 5, figs. 7-14.
1915.
Plant epiphytic, with an abbreviated rhizome. Pseudobulbs ovoid, more or
less tetragonous, 2-leaved at the apex, 5-6 cm. high. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic,
acute or short-acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole at the base, about 20 cm.
long and 4 cm. wide, erect-spreading. Inflorescence suberect, 1- to probably few-
flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers rather large for the genus, glabrous.
Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong ("narrowly oblong"), subobtuse, about 2.5 cm. long.
Lateral sepals deflexed, obliquely oblong-ligulate, acute, considerably longer and
narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong-ovate, falcate, a little longer and
much wider than the dorsal sepal, decurrent on the column-foot at the base.
Lip narrowly elliptic in outline, sharply 3-lobed above the middle, cuneate at
the base, about 3 cm. long, almost 1.3 cm. wide in the middle; lateral lobes semi-
obovate with a short, obliquely triangular, acute free apex; mid-lobe oblong, sub-
obtuse, about 6 times longer than the free apex of the lateral lobes; disc from
the base to the middle with a linear callus which is dilated and tridentate at the
free apex. Column short, stout, about 1.75 cm. high, produced into a subequally
long foot; clinandrium dilated, 3-lobed, with the mid-lobe bilobed.
Peru(?): Brought in by P. Wolter in Magdeburg- West (type).—
Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 160. 1921.
No example of this species was accessible.
664 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
STENIA Lindl.
A very small genus of epiphytes occurring in Trinidad and nor-
thern South America.
Plants epiphytic, with abbreviated, crowded stems or pseudobulbs which
bear 1 to 3 leaves. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong, with a prominent central
vein. Scapes lateral, basal in the axil of the sheaths, very short, recurved, 1-
flowered. Flower rather large. Sepals free, spreading, about equally long,
the lateral sepals somewhat broader below, oblique, with the base adnate to the
column-foot. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal. Lip continuous with the column-
foot, deeply concave or saccate, fleshy, more or less distinctly 3-lobed; lateral lobes
small, obtuse-angled or semiorbicular; mid-lobe often much larger and undivided;
disc with a transverse, multidentate crest. Column stout, arcuate-erect, pro-
duced into a short but conspicuous foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent,
convex, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs.
Stenia guttata Reichb. f. Card. Chron. n. ser. 14: 134. 1880.
Pseudobulbs minute, crowded, apparently 1- to 3-leaved at the apex, clothed
with spathaceous sheaths. Leaves obovate to oblong or elliptic, acute, cuneate
below, with 5 to 7 nerves, of which the middle one is more prominent, reaching
about 13 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide. Scapes lateral, at the base of the abbreviated
stems, very short, recurved or prostrate, 1-flowered. Flower rather large, mem-
branaceous, straw-colored with Indian-purple spots. Sepals shorter and blunter
than in S. pallida Lindl. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, subacute (not acute or
acuminate), about 20-26 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate-ovate,
subacute, somewhat larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal.
Lip deeply concave or saccate (especially at the base), fleshy, lightly 3-lobed;
lateral lobes indistinct, shallowly semiorbicular; mid-lobe larger, ovate-triangular;
disc with a transverse crest consisting of but 7 teeth. Column obscurely angled
on each side. Pollinia depressed-pyriform (not linear-cylindric as in S. pallida
Lindl.).
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Davis s.n.
It was impossible to secure any record of the type from the Reich-
enbach Herbarium in Vienna. However, since the very brief de-
scription (I.e.) states that this species is closely allied to S. pallida
Lindl., I have taken over the vegetative description of the latter
species and made the description of the flower fit the characteristics
which are cited to distinguish this concept from S. pallida.
CHONDRORHYNCHA Lindl.
A genus of small to medium-sized epiphytes (including the con-
cept Kefersteinia) extending from Mexico through Central America
to Panama, and widespread in South America as far as Peru and
Bolivia.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 665
Stems very short, caespitose, without pseudobulbs, but with distichous,
narrow leaves articulated to conduplicate, imbricating leaf-sheaths; blades oblong
or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed to a more or less distinct petiole,
plicate, spreading. Scapes lateral, axillary, 1-flowered, more or less shorter than
the leaves. Flowers small to rather large, with spreading segments. Sepals
subequal, the lateral ones oblique, often with a concave base, commonly a little
longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals usually broader than the sepals, very oblique
at the base. Lip sessile or subsessile, simple or subsimple, bilobed to broadly
rounded in front; disc at the base with a prominent, simple or lobulate callus.
Column more or less dilated near the apex, produced into a very short foot. Anther
terminal, opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs of unequal masses.
Al. Flower large, sepals and petals about 3.5 cm. or more long; lip fimbriate, with
a double callus at the base C. fimbriata
A2. Flowers small, sepals and petals about 1.6 cm. or less long; lip crenate-dentate
to erose-denticulate, with a single callus at the base I
la. Lip rhombic-ovate, bilobed in front; column abruptly dilated near the middle.
C. lojae
Ib. Lip suborbicular-ovate, broadly rounded in front; column very slightly dilated
above C. pusilla
Chondrorhyncha fimbriata (Linden & Reichb. f.) Reichb. f.
Saund. Refug. Bot. 2: 1. 107. 1878. Stenia fimbriata Linden & Reichb.
f. Gard. Chron. (1868) 1313.
Plant medium-sized, without pseudobulbs, caespitose. Stems very short,
approximate, concealed by several distichous, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves
several, erect-spreading, articulated to prominent, conduplicate sheaths; blades
oblanceolate, acute, apparently about 15 cm. or less long and 2.8 cm. or less wide,
conduplicate below. Scapes much shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered, more or
less erect, about 5.5 cm. long, with 3 remote, small sheaths. Flower large, pale
yellowish green or sulphur-colored, with widely spreading, membranaceous seg-
ments. Dorsal sepal oblong or "ligulate," acute or "acuminate," recurved,
about 4.5 cm. long and 10 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, slightly oblique, a
little longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals broadly oblong, con-
spicuously apiculate, apparently much wider and a little shorter than the sepals,
undulate, with denticulate margins. Lip much larger than the other segments,
triangular-ovate with a prominent cuneate base having incurved margins, deeply
bilobed in front, with undulate-lobulate and fimbriate margins; disc at the base
with an oblong, median callus surrounded by a lobulate, apically retuse callose
wall and an outer ring of numerous calli. Column stout, clavate, about half as
long as the lip.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded (sent by Mm. Linden of Brussels),
fide Reichenbach f. (I.e.). Colombia (type).
Chondrorhyncha lojae (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 216. 1944. Kefersteinia lojae Schltr. Fedde Re-
666 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
pert. Beih. 8: 93. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 95, nr. 373.
1929.
Plant small, epiphytic, 25 cm. or less tall, caespitose. Stems abbreviated,
approximate, clothed with 4 or 5 imbricating, distichous leaf-sheaths. Leaves
articulated to conduplicate sheaths, oblanceolate or oblanceolate-linear ("lanceo-
late-ligulate"), subacute, gradually narrowed below, 20 cm. or much less in length,
8-20 mm. wide. Scapes 2 or 3 to a plant, lateral, basal (or axillary), very short,
1-flowered, spreading or ascending, the filiform peduncle with 3 sheaths in the
lower half, 4-5 cm. high. Flower small or medium-sized, with spreading, mem-
branaceous segments. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate or "oblong," acute, about
1.4 cm. long and 5.6 mm. wide, adnate to the column at the base. Lateral
sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, subacute, a little longer than the dorsal sepal,
concave at the base. Petals slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal but broader,
very oblique at the base, subacute or apiculate, slightly crenulate. Lip simple,
very shortly clawed, rhombic-ovate, lightly retuse or bilobed at the apex, cuneate
at the base, denticulate-erose or "crenate-dentate," about 1.35 cm. long and
nearly 1.2 cm. wide; disc at the base with a suborbicular-rhombic, deeply bilobed
callus. Column very short and stout, extended into a short foot below, abruptly
wing-dilated on each side near the middle.
Junin: La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about 1200 meters,
"flowers white except for densely red-dotted central part," Macbride
5782. Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 528 (vegetatively
very small). Also Ecuador (type).
Chondrorhyncha pusilla C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.
12: 384, t., 1944. Figure 129.
Plant small, caespitose, without pseudobulbs. Stems very short, bearing a
few distichous, imbricating leaf-sheaths. Leaves few, oblong-elliptic to narrowly
oblanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, narrowed below, up to 7.3 cm. long
and 1.2 cm. wide, subplicate. Scapes 1-flowered, lateral, axillary, short but con-
spicuously exceeding the leaf-sheaths, about 2 cm. long, the peduncle with 2-3
loose, tubular sheaths which are approximate below. Flower small with spreading,
membranaceous segments. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, complicate-acute,
about 1.27 cm. long and 4.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, dorsally keeled near the apex, a little longer and narrower than the
dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, very
oblique at the base, somewhat shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Lip
simple, subsessile, round-ovate, slightly constricted on each side near the concave
base, broadly rounded in front with a minute apicule, about 1.1 cm. long and
nearly 1 cm. wide, denticulate-erose with the anterior margins plicate-undulate;
disc at the base with a fleshy, transversely rhombic-ovate callus which is abruptly
bidentate in front. Column lightly clavate, without noticeable wing-dilation,
about 8.5 mm. long, produced into a short foot.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke s.n. (type in
Herb. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. 571649) . Same locality, 1500 meters,
Schunke 1251 (flower imperfect).
CHONDEORHYNCHA
JOUSl
& CJcA are in ft.
FIG. 129. Chondrorhyncha pusilla C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, ex-
panded; X 2. 3, lip, expanded; X 3. 4, anther from above; X 6. 5, anther from
below; X 6. 6, pollinia; X 10.
667
668 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
MAXILLARIA Ruiz & Pav.
(including Camaridium Lindl. and Ornithidium Salisb.)
A large and extremely variable genus of American orchids which
are usually epiphytic and extend from Florida, U.S.A. (one species),
and Mexico through Central America, the West Indies and South
America to Brazil and Argentina.
Plants very small to large, either bearing pseudobulbs or destitute of pseudo-
bulbs and stem-like (when distichously leafy and simple or branched). Pseudo-
bulbs when present 1- to rarely 4-leaved at the apex. Leaves more or less narrow,
rarely subulate, subcoriaceous to fleshy, duplicative. Inflorescences lateral, either
basal or axillary, single to numerous, always 1-flowered. Flowers small to very
large. Sepals similar, free, the lateral ones more or less oblique and adnate to
a column-foot which is usually well developed. Petals similar to the sepals
but commonly smaller. Lip erect, concave, subentire to deeply 3-lobed with the
lateral lobes erect-incurved, more or less shorter than the rest of the perianth;
disc usually with a central callus and sometimes with additional tubercles. Column
short or elongate, wingless but sometimes auricled at the summit, more or less
arcuate, produced into a short or long foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incum-
bent, conical or subglobose. Pollinia 4, complanate-ovoid, with a short, often
semilunate, viscid disc.
Al. Pseudobulbs entirely absent (cf. M. meridensis) I
A2. Pseudobulbs present 18
la. Leaves congested, with numerous blades in dense clusters at flowering time . . 1
Ib. Leaves more or less distributed along the stem or branches, with distinct
internodes 2
la. Plant apparently stemless and entirely without noticeable rhizome; column
relatively stout and elongate . . . M . caespitosa (Ornithidium dolichophyllum)
Ib. Plant with an elongate stem, the leaves at flowering time mostly restricted
to remote, dense clusters; column very short.
M . nubigena (Ornithidium nubigenum)
2a. Leaf-blades equitant, commonly falcate-recurved in the dried specimen.
M . vandiformis (Camaridium vandiforme)
2b. Leaf-blades not equitant, flat, though often conduplicate below 3
3a. Lip deeply 3-lobed near the apex with sharply re-entrant angles 4
3b. Lip entire to lightly 3-lobed in the middle or a little above the middle, with
shallow sinuses 7
4a. Plant stout, stems (sheathed) 1-2 cm. in diameter; leaf-sheaths smooth or
striate; flowers small, sepals 8-9 mm. long. .M. aurea (Ornithidium aureum)
4b. Plant slender, stems (sheathed) 0.85 mm. or less in diameter; leaf-sheaths
densely verrucose or pustulose; flowers relatively large, sepals 1.5 cm. or
more long 5
5a. Inflorescences few, solitary in a leaf-axil; mid-lobe of the lip much surpass-
ing the lateral lobes M. meridensis1
5b. Inflorescences numerous, apparently 2 or more in a leaf-axil; mid-lobe of the
lip only slightly surpassing the lateral lobes 6
1 In M. meridensis there are frequently present very inconspicuous, linear-
cylindric, unifoliate pseudobulbs.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 669
6a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-1.8 cm. wide; flowers rela-
tively small; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually about 1.7 cm. or
less long; lip about 1.3 cm. long M. exaltata (Camaridium exaltatum)
6b. Leaves narrowly linear, about 5 mm. wide; flowers relatively large; sepals
linear, about 2.6 cm. long; lip short, about 1 cm. long M. linearis
la. Apex of the leaves prominently bilobed 8
7b. Apex of the leaves obtuse to acuminate (rarely obscurely emarginate). . .10
8a. Column relatively elongate, almost equaling the dorsal sepal; petals broader
than the sepals; lip apparently ecallose, with a blood-red spot.
M. sanguineomaculata (Dichaea arbuscula)
8b. Column distinctly shorter than the dorsal sepal; petals nearly as broad as
the sepals; lip with a more or less prominent median callus 9
9a. Leaves elliptic-oblong to oblong, 7-12 mm. wide; lip subrounded at the base;
column very short and stout M. infausta
9b. Leaves linear or oblong-linear, 6 mm. or less wide; lip cuneate at the base;
column relatively elongate, marginate and ciliolate at the apex.
M. arbuscula
lOa. Lip with a definite callus below the middle (though sometimes the callus is
deciduous or the whole axis of the lip is described as thickened) 11
lOb. Lip without a definite callus below the middle (though sometimes the entire
axis of the lip is described as thickened); leaf-bearing stems commonly
robust 15
lla. Stems (sheathed) very stout, about 2 cm. wide; leaves 10-40 (usually 25) cm.
long M. densifolia (Camaridium densifolium)
lib. Stems (sheathed) slender, 8 mm. or less wide; leaves about 9 cm. or less
long 12
12a. Flowers relatively small, sepals about 8.2 mm. or less long, long-acuminate.
M. graminifolia (Camaridium graminifolium)
12b. Flowers relatively large, sepals 1.2 cm. or more (rarely about 1 cm.) long,
acute to long-acuminate 13
13a. Leaves broadly oblong, elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly 1.2-2 cm.
wide; upper bract subequaling the pedicellate ovary.
M. longibracteata (Camaridium longibracteatum)
13b. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, commonly 9 mm. or
less wide 14
14a. Upper bract much shorter than the pedicellate ovary; petals a little shorter
than the sepals M. longibracteata var. luteorubra
(Camaridium luteorubrum, Maxillaria luteorubra)
14b. Upper bract extending to one-half of the dorsal sepal; petals about half as
long as the sepals M. longibracteata var. grandiflora1
(Isochilus grandiflorus, Camaridium grandiflorum)
15a. Rhizome elongate, with distinct, short (rarely elongate) branches.
M. disticha (Ornithidium distichum)
15b. Rhizome apparently absent or abbreviated, stems elongate, erect 16
1 The disc of the lip of Isochilus grandiflorus (as I. grandiflorum) is described
as naked; but since Reichenbach, after examining the type, referred this concept
to Maxillaria luteorubra (which is distinctly callose through the lower half), it is
reasonable to assume either that Isochilus grandiflorus bears a similar callus which
was overlooked by Lindley or that it was caducous, as sometimes happens in lips
of this group.
670 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
16a. Stems branching; ovary triquetrous; lip strongly sigmoid when viewed from
the side M. alticola (Ornithidium serrulatum)
16b. Stems simple; ovary not triquetrous 17
17a. Leaves rather short, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, up to 8 cm. long;
flowers blue M. crassicaulis (Ornithidium Weberbauerianum)
17b. Leaves elongate, narrowly oblong to ligulate, 10 cm. or more long; flowers
yellow or greenish yellow. . .M. aurea var. giganiea (Ornithidium giganteum)
18a. Pseudobulbs (sometimes obscure) at more or less remote intervals 19
18b. Pseudobulbs approximate or apparently approximate (sometimes but one
pseudobulb is present in the dried specimen) 52
19a. Apex of the pseudobulbs bearing 2 leaves 20
19b. Apex of the pseudobulbs bearing 1 leaf 32
20a. Lip distinctly 3-lobed 21
20b. Lip entire or obscurely 3-lobed or minutely auricled at the base 23
21a. Flowers relatively large, sepals and petals 1.6 cm. or more long 22
21b. Flowers very small, sepals about 4 mm. long; disc of the lip naked below.
M . purpurea var. parviflora (Ornithidium parviflorum)
22a. Disc of the lip adorned with numerous tuberculate papillae near the base.
M. Camaridii (Camaridium ochroleucum)
22b. Disc of the lip without numerous tuberculate papillae M. nanegalensis
23a. Lamina of the lip cucullate throughout, with upcurved sides and more or less
developed, dentiform auricles at the base 24
23b. Lamina of the lip not cucullate throughout, flat above 25
24a. Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 6-9 mm. wide: flowers golden to orange-
yellow; column about 2.7 mm. long at the back M. huancabambae
24b. Leaves linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic-oblong, 4-5 mm. wide; flowers
white; column minute, about 1.5 mm. long at the back.
M. huancabambae var. cuzcoensis
25a. Sepals obovate M. xanthorhoda
25b. Sepals not obovate 26
26a. Petals narrow, about half as wide as the sepals or less; lip prominently
clawed; scapes conspicuously exserted 27
26b. Petals relatively broad, nearly as wide as the sepals or wider; lip apparently
sessile or subsessile 29
27a. Lip broad above, with a rounded and lightly retuse apex . . M. ramosissima
27b. Lip narrowed above, with an obtuse or acuminate apex 28
28a. Flowers small, lateral sepals 1.5 cm. (rarely) or less long; lip lanceolate or
ovate-triangular, subcordate at the base M. divaricata (M. nervosa)
28b. Flowers relatively large, lateral sepals about 1.6 cm. or more long; lip elliptic-
oblong or subpandurate-oblong, cuneate at the base M. acuminata
29a. Leaves narrowly linear or subterete, about 6 mm. or less wide; petals retuse
and apiculate; lip long-cuneate toward the base M. christobalensis
29b. Leaves narrowly ligulate to oblong-elliptic; petals not retuse; lip not cuneate
below 30
30a. Leaf -blades 2.3 cm. or more wide; petals abruptly rounded above, slightly
narrower than the sepals M. funicaulis
30b. Leaf-blades about 1.3 cm. or less wide; petals not abruptly rounded above,
usually a little wider than the sepals 31
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 671
Leaves (except at the apex of the stems) mostly 10 cm. or more long; petals
sharply acute; lip oblong-subquadrate or ligulate M. saxatilis
Leaves 7.2 cm. or less long; petals obtuse to rounded at the apex; lip broadly
ovate-oblong M. infausta
Flowers large, sepals about 3.5 cm. (rarely) or more long; disc of the lip never
with a band of tubercles 33
Flowers relatively mostly small, sepals 3.5 cm. or less long; disc of the lip
sometimes with a band of tubercles 35
Petals spatulate-oblong, much shorter than the sepals; sepals oblong or
oblong-lanceolate M. brachypetala
Petals linear or linear-lanceolate, narrower above, a little shorter than the
sepals; sepals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong 34
Leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong, 8.5-20 cm. long and 2.5-4 cm. wide; flower
large, sepals 6.4-7.5 cm. long M. floribunda
Leaves ligulate, 5-7 cm. long and 1.4-1.7 cm. wide; flower smaller, sepals
about 4 cm. long M. platyloba
Disc of the lip ecallose on the upper surface 36
Disc of the lip with a median callus or carinate lines (sometimes consisting
of numerous tubercles) on the upper surface, not sharply reflexed in the
middle, but sometimes strongly recurved above 37
Lip entire, sharply reflexed in the middle.
M. multicaulis (Ornithidium multicaule)
Lip sharply 3-lobed near the apex M. crocea
Base of the lip with a band of setose tubercles or papillae.
M. Camaridii (Camaridium ochroleucum)
Base of the lip without tubercles or papillae 38
Dorsal sepal strongly carinate on the back, especially above; ovary sharply
trigonous 39
Dorsal sepal ecarinate or chiefly so; ovary not sharply trigonous 41
Pseudobulbs slender, cylindric, ascending and subparallel to the rhizome;
lip sharply 3-lobed near the apex M. unicarinata
Pseudobulbs pyriform, spreading; lip lightly or obscurely 3-lobed near the
middle 40
Lip distinctly 3-lobed with the shallow lateral lobes having an abbreviated
free apex; disc with a tricarinate callus below. .M. xantholeuca var. peruviana
Lip subtrilobed, without distinct lobes; disc with a sulcate or bicarinate
callus below M. trigona1
Lip simple or obscurely 3-lobed 42
Lip commonly distinctly or sharply 3-lobed 44
Leaves narrowly linear, commonly subterete and channelled ; column at the
apex with a pair of abrupt, uncinate auricles M. uncata (M. Macleei)
Leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong, flat; column without terminal
auricles 43
Pseudobulbs oval-ovoid; peduncles abbreviated or none; flowers white.
M. pendula (Ornithidium pendulum)
Pseudobulbs very narrowly cylindric; peduncles conspicuous and relatively
elongate; flowers yellow M. angustibulbosa
1 When more material of this concept is available, it may prove to be only
another variety of M. xantholeuca Schltr.
672 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
44a. Peduncles indistinct, abbreviated; sepals small, about 11 mm. or less long;
rhizome well developed, elongate, stem-like, more or less branched 45
44b. Peduncles distinct, often elongate; sepals relatively large, 12-22 (rarely 9)
mm. long; rhizome usually simple, often very short 49
45a. Lateral lobes of the lip erect-spreading, not overlapping the mid-lobe; mid-
lobe obtuse to acuminate 46
45b. Lateral lobes of the lip porrect, more or less overlapping the mid-lobe; mid-
lobe retuse or bilobulate 47
46a. Pseudobulbs unifoliate; mid-lobe of the lip ovate or triangular-ovate, dis-
tinctly larger than the lateral lobes.
M. purpurea (Ornithidium vestitum, in part)
46b. Pseudobulbs more commonly bifoliate; mid-lobe of the lip oblong, smaller
than the lateral lobes.
M. purpurea var. parviflora (Ornithidium vestitum, in part)
47a. Sepals acuminate, about 8.8 mm. or more long; mid-lobe of the lip cuneate
at the base M. spathulata
47b. Sepals obtuse to acute, about 6 mm. or less long 48
48a. Petals markedly narrower than the sepals; leaves mostly elliptic-oblong.
M. Tafallae (Ornithidium Tafallae, O. dichotomum)
48b. Petals slightly broader than the sepals; leaves narrowly linear . M. fasciculate,
49a. Lateral sepals ovate- triangular; lip lightly 3-lobed M. angustibulbosa
49b. Lateral sepals elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, broadly ligulate or triangular-
lanceolate; lip sharply 3-lobed 50
50a. Lip 3-lobed near the middle; mid-lobe oblong-subquadrate or subquadrate-
ovate M. rufescens
50b. Lip 3-lobed at or near the apex 51
51a. Petals narrowly obovate, obtuse to rounded at the apex; mid-lobe of the lip
much larger than the lateral lobes M. crocea1
51b. Petals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, acute; mid-lobe of the lip
relatively small M. meridensis
52a. Leaves acicular or filiform to very narrowly linear and channelled 53
52b. Leaves neither acicular nor filiform, flat even if very narrow 54
53a. Pseudobulbs bearing 3 to 4 leaves at the apex; men turn short; apical column-
wings spreading and rounded M. nardoides
53b. Pseudobulbs bearing 1 leaf at the apex; men turn elongate; apical column-
wings uncinate-decurved M. uncata (M. Macleei)
54a. Leaf-blade 9 cm. wide; scape about 35 cm. long M. insignis
54b. Leaf-blade 6.8 cm. or less wide; scape usually much shorter than above. . . 55
55a. Pseudobulbs 2-leaved at the apex 56
55b. Pseudobulbs 1-leaved at the apex 57
56a. Leaf-blades about 35 cm. long; scapes 12 cm. or less long; petals much
shorter than the sepals; disc of the lip with an oblong callus. .M. parviloba
56b. Leaf-blades 50-70 cm. long; scapes 15 cm. or more long; petals little shorter
than the sepals; disc of the lip naked M. Batemanii
1 Although there is no mention of a basal callus in the original description of
this concept, it is entirely reasonable to assume the presence of this feature; and,
furthermore, it appears to be quite probable that this species is referable to the
variable M . rufescens Lindl.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 673
57a. Rhizome well developed and elongate, with usually a well-marked axis; petals
linear, much shorter than the sepals; lip oval, sharply 3-lobed near the apex;
ovary conspicuously trigonous M. unicarinata
57b. Rhizome abbreviated, or at least not shown in the dried specimens; some-
times a creeping rhizome is present but is concealed by the approximate
pseudobulbs (cf. M. cornuta C. Schweinf. & M . Weberbaueri Schltr.) .... 58
58a. Lip simple or obscurely or lightly 3-lobed 59
58b. Lip prominently 3-lobed 72
59a. Flowers relatively small, sepals 2.8 cm. (rarely) or less long 60
59b. Flowers relatively large, sepals commonly about 3 cm. or more long. . . .65
60a. Leaves sharply acute or acuminate, with relatively slender, subterete peti-
oles; sepals submembranaceous 61
60b. Leaves obtuse, obliquely bilobed, with broad (often indistinct), ancipitous
petioles; sepals more or less fleshy 64
61a. Pseudobulbs minute, 1 cm. or less long 62
61b. Pseudobulbs larger, 2.5-5 cm. long 63
62a. Flower relatively small, sepals about 14 mm. or less long, obtuse; mid-lobe
of the lip ovate-semiorbicular, denticulate M. breviscapa
62b. Flower relatively large, sepals 18-26 mm. long, long-acuminate; mid-lobe of
the lip triangular-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate.
M. attenuata
63a. Dorsal sepal narrow, up to 3 mm. wide; lateral sepals nearly twice as wide;
lip entire, emarginate, ecallose M. argyrophylla
63b. Dorsal sepal about 8 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly narrower; lip lightly
but distinctly 3-lobed, rounded at the apex, with a prominent median callus.
M. Woytkowskii
64a. Petals linear; callus of the lip smooth M. longifolia
64b. Petals elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate; callus of the lip pubescent.
M. villosa
65a. Lateral sepals lanceolate or broadly oblong-lanceolate when expanded; men-
turn relatively short, 1.5 cm. or less long 66
65b. Lateral sepals triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; mentum conspicuous,
commonly 1.8 cm. or more long 67
66a. Leaves lorate, obtuse or very abruptly acute with a bilobed tip; sepals nar-
row, acuminate, about 1 cm. wide M. nasuta
66b. Leaves elliptic-oblong or broadly oblong, acute and not bilobed at the apex;
sepals broad, acute or rarely obtuse M. elegantula
67a. Lip with entire lateral margins, emarginate on each side 68
67b. Lip with prominently undulate-crenulate or crispate margins (at least
above) 69
68a. Peduncle about 30 cm. long; sepals about 3 cm. long; disc of the lip with an
emarginate tubercle M. nutans1
68b. Peduncle about 50 cm. long; sepals about 5 cm. long; disc of the lip with a
ligulate, obtuse tubercle M. macropoda
69a. Sepals greenish to yellow closely striped with red; lateral sepals gradually
narrowed above M. striata
69b. Sepals white or milk-white, often with purple lines or blotches; lateral sepals
obtuse or acute 70
1 The brief description of this species fails to specify whether the margins of the
lip are entire; but there is no contrary indication, and the emarginate tubercle on
the disc is diagnostic of this concept.
674 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
70a. Sepals white and unmarked, 4.5 cm. or less long; disc of the lip 3-callose
below M. grandiflora
70b. Sepals white or yellowish- white lined or blotched with purple or dark brown;
disc of the lip unicallose 71
71a. Scapes elongate, about equaling the leaves; sepals 4.5 cm. or less long, lined
with purple M. Fletcheriana
71b. Scapes relatively short, much shorter than the leaves; sepals 6 cm. or more
long, blotched with purple or dark brown M. Sanderiana
72a. Mid-lobe of the lip triangular or triangular-ovate, commonly strongly acu-
minate 73
72b. Mid-lobe of the lip not triangular nor strongly acuminate when expanded . . 76
73a. Leaves acute 74
73b. Leaves obtuse, or rounded and bilobed at the apex; sepals ligulate, oblong or
triangular, 6-12 mm. wide 75
74a. Leaf-blade linear, 8 mm. or less wide; lip short, about 9.5 mm. long.
M. tennis
74b. Leaf-blade elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 11 mm. or more wide; lip longer than
above, about 15 mm. or more long M. attenuate
75a. Lamina of the leaf short, 8 cm. or less long; lateral sepals triangular.
M . Johniana
75b. Lamina of the leaf elongate, 41 cm. or more long to the obliquely bilobed tip;
lateral sepals oblong M. violaceo punctata
76a. Sepals and petals of the large flowers semicircular-recurved and subparallel. . 77
76b. Sepals and petals not semicircular-recurved and subparallel 78
77a. Disc of the lip with an abrupt, semiquadrate callus below the mid-lobe;
flowers yellow with purple spots on the lip M . colorata1
77b. Disc of the lip with a broad, central groove which appears to be pluri-
sulcate M. longipes
78a. Lip when viewed from the side strongly sigmoid with a concave basal por-
tion; disc with the fleshy central callus flanked on each side by a thickened
line M. cuzcoensis
78b. Lip when viewed from the side not strongly sigmoid; disc unicallose or naked,
without thickened lateral lines 79
79a. Dorsal sepal conspicuously carinate 80
79b. Dorsal sepal not conspicuously carinate 82
80a. Leaf about 30 cm. long and 4 cm. wide; sepals 4 cm. long; mid-lobe of the
lip narrow, oblong M. Fuerstenbergiana
80b. Leaf 11.6 cm. or less long and 1.8 cm. or less wide; sepals about 2.5 cm. or
less long; mid-lobe of the lip broad 81
81a. Mentum formed by the lateral sepals short, about 3 mm. long; petals not
constricted on each side near the apex M . Koehleri
81b. Mentum formed by the lateral sepals prominent, about 9 mm. long; petals
lightly constricted on each side near the apex M. cornuta
82a. Mid-lobe of the lip more or less retuse at the tip, subquadrate or subquadrate-
ovate in outline; lateral lobes small, dentiform, median M. rufescens
82b. Mid-lobe of the lip not prominently retuse, varying from rounded or ovate
to linear-oblong in outline 83
1 The only definite character which separates this concept from M. longipes
is apparently the callus on the disc of the lip. Otherwise, judged from records of
the types of both concepts, they appear to be synonymous.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 675
Leaves linear, up to 6 mm. wide; plant relatively small M. xylobii flora
Leaves broader, elliptic-oblong to lorate, those on the pseudobulb 1 cm. or
more wide 84
Leaf sessile; disc of the lip smooth; scapes subequaling the leaf.
M. laevilabris
Leaf petioled or with a petiole-like base in the dried specimen; disc of the lip
(except in M. Batemanii) unicallose; scapes commonly shorter than the
leaf 85
Lateral lobes of the lip, if distinct, separated from the mid-lobe by shallow
or rounded sinuses; petioles very stout, conduplicate; flowers commonly
fleshy 86
Lateral lobes of the lip very distinct, separated from the mid-lobe by a
re-entrant angle; petioles commonly relatively slender and more or less
semiterete in cross section; flowers membranaceous (rarely subfleshy) .... 87
Flower relatively large, sepals 3.5 cm. or more long, acuminate. .M. nasuta
Flower notably smaller, sepals 1.9 cm. or less long, abruptly acute.
M. villosa
Lateral sepals noticeably broadest near the middle and narrowed below and
above (i.e., elliptic-lanceolate) M. calantha
Lateral sepals not noticeably broader near the middle; leaves commonly
oblong or lorate 88
Mid-lobe of the lip semiorbicular or suborbicular to rotundate-obovate ... 89
Mid-lobe of the lip ovate to narrowly oblong or linear-lanceolate (if sub-
orbicular-ovate, very small) 91
Lip short (about half as long as the sepals), about 1 cm. long, 3-lobed in
the middle M. rotnudilabia
Lip relatively large (somewhat shorter than the sepals), about 1.9 cm. or
more long, 3-lobed above the middle 90
Lamina of the leaf narrow, 3.2 cm. or less wide; petals lanceolate or nar-
rowly lanceolate, acuminate M. loretoensis
Lamina of the leaf broader, about 5.8 cm. wide; petals oblong-obovate,
abruptly subacute M. verrucifera
Sepals broad, lateral ones 1.4-1.5 cm. wide at the base; disc of the lip naked.
M . Batemanii
Sepals narrower, lateral ones 1 cm. or less wide at the base; disc unicallose
below or in the middle 92
Petals broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; flower small, sepals 1.7 cm.
or less long M . grandimentum
Petals oblong to linear-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate; flower larger
(often much so), sepals 1.8 cm. or much longer; plant commonly large. . .93
Mid-lobe of the lip about equally long and wide, little exceeding the apex
of the lateral lobes M. ringens
Mid-lobe of the lip ovate to linear, distinctly longer than wide, much exceed-
ing the lateral lobes 94
Mentum formed by the lateral sepals conspicuous, conical, about 10 mm.
long; pseudobulbs small, about 2 cm. or less long M. parvibulbosa
Mentum formed by the lateral sepals short, more or less rounded, about
6.5 mm. or less long; pseudobulbs generally much larger than above. . . .95
676 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
95a. Leaves sharply acute at the entire apex; sheaths surrounding the pseudobulb
non-leaf-bearing: mid-lobe of the lip linear-lanceolate M. Weberbaueri
95b. Leaves (when well developed) subacute to obtuse at the unequally bilobed
apex; sheaths surrounding the pseudobulbs leaf -bearing 96
96a. Lateral lobes of the lip semiobovate; mid-lobe linear-oblong; disc callose in
the middle M. Klugii
96b. Lateral lobes of the lip semielliptic (at most very slightly narrowed below);
mid-lobe ovate; disc callose through the lower half 97
97a. Flowers large, sepals 3.5 (rarely) -7.3 cm. long; clinandrium ciliate or cilio-
late M . splendens
97b. Flowers relatively small, sepals 2.6 cm. or less long M. Mathewsii
Maxillaria acuminata Lindl. Benth. PL Hartw. 155. 1845.
Lycaste acuminata Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 216. 1855.
Plant small, with a stout, creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid to slenderly
ovoid or cylindric, diphyllous at the apex, about 3 cm. or less long, 3-6 cm. distant.
Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, minutely bilobed at the rounded apex, gradually
narrowed to a rather short petiole, up to 10 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Scapes
lateral, 2 to 5 at the base of the pseudobulbs, slender, 1-flowered, a little shorter
than the leaves to distinctly surpassing them, flexuous, entirely concealed by
several small, tubular sheaths. Flower rather small but large for the plant.
Sepals ringent, nervose. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about 1.8-2.3
cm. long and 3.8 mm. wide, navicular. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, a little shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals
obliquely elliptic-linear, acute or short-acuminate, distinctly shorter than the
sepals and about half as wide. Lip erect and parallel to the column in natural
position, simple, fleshy, elliptic-oblong or subpandurate-oblong from a distinct
cuneate claw, acute or obtuse, with the sides near the base erect, about 10.7 mm.
long and 3.9 mm. wide above the middle; disc near the base with a prominent,
ovate, sulcate or bilobed callus. Column much shorter than the lip, about 6 mm.
long at the back, arcuate, abruptly clavate near the apex when viewed from the
side, with a fimbriate clinandrium.
Amazonas, Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
161. 1921. — Junin: Palca, 2700 meters, flower imperfect, Soukup
3501 a. Ecuador (type).
Maxillaria alata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
223. 1798. Dendrobium alatum Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807.= obscure
species, probably Xylobium sp.
Junin: Near Huassa-huassi, in steep and very hot places, on
rocks, Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria alticola C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
11: 261. 1945. Ornithidium serrulatum Lindl. Bentham PL Hartw.
153. 1845, not Maxillaria serrulata Ames & Correll.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 677
Plant stout but small for its alliance, caulescent. Stem robust, up to 47 cm.
high, loosely forked with erect-ascending branches, entirely concealed by distich-
ous, imbricating sheaths of which the upper ones on each branch are leaf-bearing.
Leaves elliptic-oblong to narrowly oblong (rarely oblong-ovate), acute to subacute,
amplexicaul at the slightly narrowed base, up to 12 cm. long and 2.2 cm. wide (but
commonly smaller), with the upper margins minutely serrulate. Inflorescences
abbreviated, numerous, 1-flowered. Flowers small, axillary, cupuliform, deep
yellow. Sepals connate near the base. Dorsal sepal ovate, acute, concave,
about 9 mm. long and 5.8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-ovate, very slightly
oblique, a little longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblanceolate-
oblong to cuneate-elliptic, abruptly acute or apiculate, distinctly shorter and
narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip sigmoid when viewed from the side, fleshy,
distinctly shorter than the sepals; lower portion broadly cuneate, concave; median
portion consisting of a pair of erect semiorbicular lobes separated by a fleshy
callus; anterior portion subquadrate-ovate, apparently retuse, with a short,
prominent, conical boss beneath. Column small, incurved and dilated above,
with a short foot. Ovary trigonous.
Huanuco: Between Huanuco and Pampayaco (Pampayacu),
Kanehira 317 a, 332. Playapampa, about 2700 meters, "wet rocky
mon tafia edge," Macbride 4886. Same locality and altitude as the
last, "sphagnum bank," Macbride 4896. Also Ecuador (type) and
Venezuela.
Maxillaria angustibulbosa C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har-
vard Univ. 15: 161, t. 52. 1952. Figure 130.
Plant medium-sized, epiphytic, with an ascending, creeping rhizome. Rhi-
zome entirely invested by close, imbricating, scarious sheaths. Pseudobulbs
obliquely inserted on the rhizome and subparallel to it, apparently about 4 cm.
apart, linear-cylindric, strongly complanate, unifoliate at the apex, about 4 cm.
long, the lower part on each side concealed by 1 or 2 conduplicate, leaf-bearing
sheaths. Leaves more or less petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong to narrowly lanceo-
late-oblong, acute, cuneate-narrowed at the base, up to 16 cm. long and 1.8 cm.
wide, the blade on the pseudobulb longer and narrower than those on the sur-
rounding sheaths; petiole slender, channelled, up to 2.2 cm. long. Inflorescences
solitary, lateral, at the base of a leaf-bearing sheath below the pseudobulb, ascend-
ing, 1-flowered, more or less shorter than the leaf, almost wholly concealed by
several, ventricose, imbricating sheaths. Flower rather small, yellow, with slightly
spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, strongly concave, acute and
complicate-mucronate at the apex, about 1.3 cm. long and 6.4 mm. wide. Lateral
sepals very obliquely ovate-triangular, acute and dorsally carinate at the apex,
about as long as the dorsal sepal, with the basilar portion forming a conspicuous
mentum with the column-foot about 8.6 mm. long. Petals similar to the dorsal
sepal but somewhat smaller, oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate, long adherent to
the column at the oblique base. Lip erect, parallel to the column and lightly
recurved in natural position, oblong-elliptic when expanded, more or less 3-
lobulate above the middle, about 1.1 cm. long and 4.6 mm. wide; lateral lobes
erect, narrow, broadly rounded above; mid-lobe oblong-ovate, broadly obtuse,
fleshy-thickened with the mid-nerve carinate beneath, about 3 mm. long and
678 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
equally wide; disc with a central longitudinal thickening which passes into a
prominent, linear-oblong, sulcate callus. Column short, stout, clavate, sulcate
in front, about 5 mm. high at the back, extended into a much longer, apically
upcurved foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Sta. Isabel, Cosfiipata, 1800
meters, Vargas 5533.
Maxillaria arbuscula Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 213. 1856; C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 262. 1945. Fernandezia punctata
Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1: 239. 1798.
Plant apparently tall, slender, loosely branching above. Stem up to 60 cm.
tall, entirely destitute of pseudobulbs, wholly concealed by leaf-bearing sheaths.
Leaves numerous, distichous, rather dense, linear or oblong-linear, unequally
bilobed at the abruptly rounded apex, slightly narrowed at the sessile base, widely
spreading, caducous below, 7.6 cm. or less long, 6 mm. or less wide. Inflorescences
abbreviated, axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers small, campanulate. Dorsal sepal
broadly oblong ("ligulate")» broadly rounded at the apex, concave, about 11 mm.
long and 4.8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely elliptic-oblong, a little
shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals similar to the sepals but slightly
smaller, oblong, somewhat oblique, acute at the rounded apex. Lip erect and
parallel to the column in natural position with upcurved sides below, elliptic-
obovate in outline, broadly rounded and lightly retuse at the apex, cuneate below,
sessile, lightly constricted on each side near the apex, about 8.8 mm. long and
5 mm. wide when expanded; disc with an oblong callus (rounded and fleshy in
front) through the lower half. Column arcuate, about 7 mm. long at the back,
extended into a prominent foot; clinandrium ciliolate.
Amazonas, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 162. 1921 —
Huanuco: Muna, on trees and rocks, (type of Fernandezia punctata).
This description was chiefly based on a specimen of the type of
Fernandezia punctata.
Maxillaria argyrophylla Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1:
36. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 30. 1904.
Plant small to medium-sized, caespitose. Pseudobulbs crowded, polymorphic
according to age, varying from oblong-cylindric in youth to rounded, strongly
compressed, unifoliate at the emarginate apex, 3-5 cm. long. Leaf erect, petioled;
lamina elliptic-oblong or narrowly oblong, acute or short-acuminate, cuneate
below, 12-20 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide; petiole rather long, semiterete, channelled,
3-6 cm. long. Scapes rather numerous, erect, nearly five times shorter than the
leaves, 1-flowered, up to 5 cm. high, the peduncles provided with several loose,
tubular, acute sheaths. Flower white. Sepals submembranaceous, rigid-nervose.
Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate, acute, 18-20 mm. long, up to 3 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals as long as the dorsal sepal but nearly twice as wide, triangular-
lanceolate, spreading-reflexed, forming a long, acute mentum. Petals linear-
lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the dorsal sepal but commonly narrower.
Lip erect, recurved and strongly concave in natural position, purple, distinctly
100*
MAXILLARIA
anaustibulbosa
C.Schweinf:
j
FIG. 130. Maxillaria angustibulbosa C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X l/2- 2, flower,
expanded; X 1.
679
680 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
shorter than the other segments, oblong, entire, narrowed on each side near the
apex, with a subquadrate, emarginate tip, up to 15 mm. long and 6 mm. wide;
disc ecallose, but with a dense mealy pubescence within. Column long, slender,
lightly arcuate, up to 11 mm. long.
Huanuco: Cuchero (Cochero), epiphyte in forest, Poeppig 1672.
No examples of this concept were available.
Maxillaria attenuata A. & S. Sched. Orch. 10: 89. 1930; C.
Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 17: 55. 1955.
Plant small, caespitose, up to 10 cm. high. Pseudobulbs ovoid, ellipsoid or
cylindric, complanate, about 1 cm. or less high, unifoliate at the apex, clothed
at the base by usually 2 pairs of sheaths, the upper being larger and leaf-bearing.
Leaves with more or less conspicuous petioles, up to 9.4 cm. long; lamina elliptic
to oblong, acute, cuneate below, up to 8 cm. long and 1.4 cm. wide; petiole
deeply channelled or conduplicate, up to 1.4 cm. long. Inflorescence subequaling
or surpassing the leaves, issuing from the base of the pseud obulb, spreading, 1-
flowered; peduncle mostly concealed by several loose, tubular sheaths of which
the lower are successively smaller and imbricated. Flower large for the plant,
membranaceous and nervose. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate or linear-triangular,
long-acuminate, 1.8-2.6 cm. long, 4-4.6 mm. wide across the concave base.
Lateral sepals linear-triangular to narrowly triangular-lanceolate, strongly oblique
or subfalcate, slightly longer and noticeably wider than the dorsal sepal, forming
a conspicuous mentum at the base. Petals very similar to the lateral sepals but
markedly smaller. Lip erect, parallel to the column and lightly recurved in
natural position with the sides of the basal half incurved, more or less 3-lobed
near the middle, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate when expanded, about
1.5-1.8 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide; mid-lobe triangular-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, dorsally keeled and mucronate at the apex; disc with a more or
less pronounced median, longitudinal callus. Column short and stout, 4-5 mm.
high at the back, produced into a slightly longer foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Sta. Isabel to Asuncion, 1800
meters, epiphyte, Vargas 5536. Also Costa Rica (type), Venezuela
and Ecuador.
Maxillaria aurea (Poepp. & Endl.) L. 0. Wms. Caldasia, no. 3
(1941) 14. Ornithidium aureum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1:
57, t. 96. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 89. 1904. Cama-
ridium aureum Hoehne, Arquiv. Bot. Estad. S. Paulo n.s. 2, pt. 6:
127. 1952.
Plant very robust. Stems very long, stout, simple, decumbent at the base,
ascending above, up to 15 dm. long, destitute of pseudobulbs, entirely concealed
by numerous, distichous, imbricated leaf-sheaths that waste into fibres below.
Leaves numerous, distichous, oblong-linear or linear-ligulate, acute or acuminate,
sessile at the slightly narrower, concave or conduplicate base, up to 35 cm. long
and 2.5 cm. wide, erect or spreading, more or less shining. Peduncles numerous,
clustered in the axils of the leaves, 1-flowered, spreading, 5-9 cm. long, with 2-3
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 681
small, remote sheaths. Flowers small, fleshy, globose-campanulate, golden yellow.
Dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse, minutely apiculate, strongly concave, 8-9 mm. long,
about 5-5.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, lightly oblique, forming a short,
rounded mentum. Petals obovate or oblong-obovate, rounded and minutely
apiculate at the apex, nearly as long and broad as the sepals. Lip fleshy, deeply
concave, equally long with the sepals when spread out, from a long, broad claw
expanded into a triangular-ovate, deeply 3-lobed lamina; lateral lobes relatively
large, semioval, entire; mid-lobe relatively small, round-ovate, obscurely apiculate;
disc callose-thickened in the middle and near the apex. Column short, stout,
recurved above, about 5 mm. long, bialate in front at the apex with triangular,
acute wings.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1870. — Huanuco: Near
Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Cochero), epiphyte in
mountain woods, Poeppig 1 742 (type of Ornithidium aureum) .
No specimens of this species were seen.
Maxillaria aurea (Poepp. & Endl.) L. 0. Wms. var. gigantea
(Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 263. 1945.
Ornithidium giganteum Lindl. Benth. PL Hartw. 153. 1845. Orni-
thidium bolivianum Schltr. Fedde Repert. 27: 78. 1929. Camaridium
aureum Hoehne var. giganteum Hoehne, Arquiv. Bot. Estad. S.
Paulo n.s. 2, pt. 6: 127. 1952.
This variety is apparently the common form in Peru. It differs from the
species chiefly in having the lip only obscurely (not deeply) 3-lobed, with the
lobules not entire but consistently more or less markedly erose-denticulate. The
apical portion of the lip varies from being relatively small (as in Ornithidium
aureum) to being subequal to the lateral lobules.
In one collection referable to this variety, the leaves are short, broad and
mostly conduplicate, being up to 19.8 cm. long and 3.4 cm. wide. Another collec-
tion has a leaf up to 39 cm. long; and the petals are sometimes oblong-elliptic.
Still another collection has leaves up to 45 cm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, Lares Valley between Huallhuayoj and
Calca, 1900 meters, "shrubwood," Weberbauer 7923. Prov. of Con-
vention, "alturas de Pintobamba," 2650 meters, Vargas 3273. "Pill-
ahuata," Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 3000-3300 meters, epiphyte in thicket
in valley of paramo, Pennell 14119. — Huanuco: Pampayaco (Pam-
payacu), Kanehira 302. — Junin: La Merced, Hacienda Schunke,
about 1200 meters, common terrestrial, Macbride 5751 . Pichis Trail,
Enefias, 1700 meters, terrestrial in open sphagnum swamp, Killip &
Smith 25667. Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 1900 meters, in thick
patches in low highland forest, Woytkowski 35440. — Puno: Prov. of
Sandia, Sto. Domingo area, 1550 meters, McCarroll 101. Also
Colombia, Ecuador (type of Ornithidium giganteum) and Bolivia
(type of Ornithidium bolivianum).
682 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
M ax i liar ia Batemanii Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 38,
t. 65. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 20. 1904.
Plant large, stout. Pseudobulbs aggregated, oblong-ovoid, unifoliate (rarely
bifoliate) at the apex, 5-6 cm. long, at first surrounded by triangular, acute, imbri-
cated sheaths. Leaves elongate-ligulate or lorate, long-petioled; lamina subobtuse
and commonly obliquely bilobulate at the apex, gradually narrowed below, 50-
70 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; petiole stout, semicylindric and channelled, 5-25 cm.
long. Peduncles few to several, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, stout, up to 20 cm. long,
concealed by numerous ventricose, imbricating, membranaceous sheaths. Flowers
large, sulphur-yellow. Sepals subfleshy, equally long, with revolute margins.
Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, rather abruptly acute, up to 6 cm. long and 1 cm.
wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong or oblong-ligulate, distinctly broader than
the dorsal sepal, forming a short, rounded mentum. Petals ligulate-lanceolate,
acute, a little shorter and much narrower than the sepals. Lip erect, strongly con-
cave and somewhat recurved in natural position, much shorter than the sepals,
about 2 cm. long and 1.3 cm. or less wide, thickly fleshy, ovate-subquadrate in out-
line, deeply 3-lobed in front; lateral lobes rather large, round-ovate, erect, entire;
mid-lobe somewhat larger and slightly exserted, ovate, subacute, undulate-dentic-
ulate; disc naked. Column rather large, arcuate, clavate, 2 cm. long, produced into
a prominent foot.
Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co-
chero), on tree trunks, Poeppig 1516 (type). Also Ecuador.
No examples of this species were seen.
Maxillaria bicolor Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
224. 1798. Dendrobium bicolor Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807. Dicrypta
bicolor Batem. ex Loud. Hort. Brit. Suppl. 2: 630. 1839.= obscure
species, probably Xylobium.
Junin: Huassa-huassi, in rocky places, Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria brachypetala Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 102.
1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 125, nr. 489. 1929; C.
Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 264. 1945.
Plant robust, epiphytic, with a stout, compressed, creeping rhizome that is
often branching, and provided with short, separated, infundibuliform sheaths.
Pseudobulbs remote, suborbicular to oval, strongly compressed, 2.5 cm. or less
long, unifoliate at the tip. Leaf apparently sessile, ligulate to elliptic-oblong, sub-
obtuse, gradually narrowed below, 28 cm. or less long, 4.5 cm. or less wide, coria-
ceous. Scapes short, solitary, lateral at the base of the pseudobulb or from the
axil of a sheath on the rhizome, 1-flowered, about 7.5 cm. or less long, more or less
concealed by several short, ventricose, infundibuliform sheaths. Flower rather
large, yellowish brown. Dorsal sepal oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute, dorsally
keeled near the apex, about 3.7 cm. long and 9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly
and obliquely oblong-lanceolate, lightly falcate, acute, slightly shorter than the
dorsal sepal, forming a short conical mentum. Petals obliquely and narrowly
spatulate ("ligulate")i rounded at the apex, about 2.3 cm. long and half as wide
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 683
as the sepals. Lip erect, strongly recurved and deeply concave in natural position,
3-lobed in the middle, 2-2.3 cm. long, ovate-oblong when expanded, cuneate be-
low; lateral lobes erect, semiovate, with lightly carinate veins above, the forward
margin broadly rounded and denticulate; mid-lobe much exserted, ovate-oblong,
broadly rounded and retuse above, erose; disc through the lower part with a
median, tricarinate callus. Column stout, clavate, about 1.4 cm. or less long at the
back, produced into a prominent foot about 6 mm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Amaibamba, 2000 meters,
epiphyte, Vargas 3418. Prov. of Convention, Sahuayaco, 1600
meters, Vargas 6300. — Junin: On the mountains west of Huacap-
istana, 2000 meters, Weberbauer 2160 (type).
Maxillaria breviscapa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1 : 36,
t. 62, fig. I. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 11. 1904.
Plant small, epiphytic, with a short creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs numerous,
crowded, minute, ovoid or oblong-cylindric, 6-10 mm. long, unifoliate at the apex,
at first surrounded by several short, acute sheaths, later naked. Leaf rather small,
long-petioled ; lamina narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or "linear-lanceolate," acute,
long-cuneate below, 4-7 cm. long, up to 1 cm. wide, fleshy-coriaceous, shining;
petiole slender, subterete in section, 4 cm. or less long. Peduncle much surpass-
ing the pseudobulbs, lateral, basal, solitary, 1-flowered, slender, densely clothed
with small, ventricose, imbricated sheaths, up to 4 cm. high. Flower small, pale
saffron-yellow. Sepals about equally long, obtuse, submembranaceous. Dorsal
sepal linear-oblong or oblong-ligulate, about 14 mm. or less long, 3 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals obliquely triangular-oblong, forming a prominent obtuse mentum,
noticeably wider than the dorsal sepal at the base. Petals triangular-linear or
linear-ligulate, subacute, nearly as large as the dorsal sepal. Lip erect, strongly
concave and apically recurved in natural position, rather fleshy, broadly oblong
from a prominent cuneate claw, broadly rounded in front, very lightly 3-lobed near
the apex, about 11 mm. long and 4 mm. wide; lateral lobules erect, oblong, rounded
at the apex, entire; mid-lobe ovate-semiorbicular, denticulate; disc through the
lower half with an elevated crest concealed by small dense hairs. Column rather
long and slender, clavate, arcuate, 7 mm. or less long.
Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co-
chero), frequent in high places, Poeppig 1517 (type). Near Cassapi,
Mathews 1908. Also Ecuador.
No authentic collections of this species were available.
Maxillaria caespitosa C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 11: 264. 1945. Ornithidium dolichophyllum Schltr. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 9: 106. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 126,
nr. 495. 1929, not Maxillaria dolichophylla Schltr. 1912.
Plant large, caespitose, without apparent pseudobulbs. Leaves congested,
numerous, distichous, forming flabelliform clusters, articulated to equitant, scari-
ous-margined sheaths which are 5-8 cm. long; lamina linear, acute or short-
acuminate, conduplicate below, up to 46.2 ("60") cm. long and 1.7 cm. wide,
684 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
rather thin in texture. Inflorescences relatively short, issuing from the axils of
the leaves, 1-flowered, very slender, the peduncle with the pedicellate ovary about
8 cm. or less long and concealed below by several loose, imbricating sheaths.
Flowers small, brownish-red or purple, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-
lanceolate, sharply acute or mucronate, about 13 mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals similar, complicate-acute and mucronate, lightly oblique, forming
a short, rounded mentum. Petals broadly oblong, acute, distinctly smaller than
the sepals. Lip erect and parallel to the column with the sides of the lower portion
erect in natural position, ovate-oblong in outline, lightly constricted on each side
near the apex, very broadly rounded or subtruncate and lightly retuse in front,
about 9 mm. long and 5 mm. wide; disc with a linear, fleshy callus extending from
the base to above the middle, callose-thickened in front. Column rather stout,
lightly arcuate, subclavate, concave in front, about 7.5 mm. long at the back,
extended into a short foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Cosfiipata, 700-800 meters, Weber-
bauer 6950 (type of Ornithidium dolichophyllum Schltr.). — Huanuco:
6 km. south of Tingo Maria, about 1600 meters, epiphytic in moist,
shaded forest near highway, Seibert 2260.
Maxillaria calantha Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 102. 1921;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 125, nr. 490. 1929; C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 265. 1945.
Plant large, robust, epiphytic, with an apparently abbreviated, woody rhizome.
Pseudobulbs approximate (often appearing solitary in the specimen), thick-cylin-
dric to ovoid in the dried plant, unifoliate at the apex, 5-6 cm. tall. Leaf promi-
nently petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong to narrowly elliptic, subacute to broadly
obtuse, broadly cuneate to subrounded at the base, thickly coriaceous, up to 26 cm.
long and 6.8 cm. wide; petiole more or less stout, channelled, up to 8.5 cm. long.
Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered, several, erect to arcuate-ascending, mostly con-
cealed by several loose, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths, up to 23 cm. long to
the base of the flower. Flower large, purple-brown, with the segments ringent.
Dorsal sepal oblong, complicate-acute, navicular below, up to 6 cm. long and
about 1.3 cm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, lightly falcate,
subacute, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal but almost as wide, forming a short
mentum. Petals obliquely linear-lanceolate, subacute, subfalcate, markedly shorter
than the sepals and about half as wide. Lip much smaller than the other segments,
erect, parallel to the column and tubular-concave in natural position, lightly re-
curved above, about 1.5 cm. long, deeply 3-lobed near the apex; lateral lobes erect,
narrowly oblong, with a broadly rounded free apex; mid-lobe ovate, very fleshy,
obtuse, navicular; disc in the middle with a triangular callus. Column very short
and stout, clavate, about 8.5 mm. long at the back, produced into a short foot.
Junin: Prov. of Huancayo, Pariahuanca, between Panti and
Rocchac, 2500 meters, Weberbauer 6588.
Maxillaria Camaridii Reichb. f. Hamb. Gartenz. 19: 547. 1863;
Ames, Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 9: 305, t. 11. 1941. Camaridium ochro-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 685
leucum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 844. 1824, not Maxillaria ochroleuca
Lodd. ex Lindl. 1832. Cymbidium ochroleucum Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orch. 168. 1833; Hook. Bot. Mag. 71: t. 4141. 1845. Ornithidium
album Hook. Bot. Mag. 61: t. 3306. 1834, not Maxillaria alba (Hook.)
Lindl. 1832. Camaridium affine Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 17: 72.
1922. Figure 131.
Plant medium-sized to large, caulescent, epiphytic. Stems ascending or arcu-
ate, loosely more or less branched, clothed with distichous, densely imbricating and
evanescent leaf-sheaths from which the lower leaves have mostly fallen, provided
with more or less remote pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid to oblong-cylindric,
more or less strongly compressed, bearing 1 or 2 leaves at the summit, 3-7 cm. long.
Leaves sessile, very variable in size, the younger (small) blades elliptic-oblong, the
adult (larger) blades linear-ligulate, 10-40 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, unequally
bilobed at the obtuse or abruptly rounded apex, conduplicate at the base. Flowers
more or less numerous, solitary in the axils of young leaves, on short, bracted
peduncles, yellowish white or white with a yellow lip which is sometimes barred
with lilac. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, acute, up to 3.5 cm. long and 9.5 mm.
wide (but usually smaller). Lateral sepals similar, obliquely elliptic-lanceolate,
acute, slightly shorter and wider than the dorsal sepal, forming a short mentum.
Petals obliquely oblanceolate-oblong, acute, a little smaller than the sepals. Lip
distinctly shorter than the other segments, erect and parallel to the column in
natural position, suborbicular in outline, deeply 3-lobed near the middle, up to
1.8 cm. long and about equally broad when expanded; lateral lobes erect, semi-
obovate with a rounded or obliquely obtuse free portion; mid-lobe suborbicular
to obovate-semiorbicular, broadly rounded in front; disc with a central band of
dense, tuberculate papillae through the lower half, terminating in a transverse,
plurilobulate callus. Column small, lightly arcuate, subclavate, up to 1.2 cm. long
at the back, produced into a very short foot.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, on river side,
Klug 1407. Pebas on the Amazon River, Williams 1953 (sterile).
Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, in old clearing, Klug 10017. Same
locality as the last, in dense forest, Klug 10073. Also Guatemala
to Panama (type of Camaridium affine), the West Indies (type of
Camaridium ochroleucum and Ornithidium album), Venezuela, British
Guiana, Surinam and Brazil.
Maxillaria christobalensis Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 857. 1852;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 75. 1904.
Stems stout, with a strict branch below, entirely concealed by distichous,
closely imbricating leaf-sheaths, from which all but the upper leaves have fallen.
Pseudobulbs remote, sessile, apparently narrowly ellipsoid, about 3 cm. long, bi-
foliate at the apex. Leaves narrowly linear, semiterete, with an oblique, obtuse
apex, ascending, apparently 3.5-6.5 cm. long and 1-2 mm. wide in a drawing of
the type. Inflorescence solitary in some of the upper leaf -axils; peduncle bearing
1 or 2 sheaths below, and, inclusive of the pedicelled ovary, about 3.5 cm. long.
Flower rather small, apparently brown. Dorsal sepal oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
FIG. 131. Maxillaria Camaridii Reichb. f.
686
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 687
acute, about 1 cm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide, concave. Lateral sepals similar to the
dorsal sepal, obliquely oblong-lanceolate, acute, forming a conic-rounded mentum.
Petals oblong or ligulate, abruptly acute or truncate-re tuse and apiculate at the
apex, slightly shorter but scarcely narrower than the sepals. Lip narrowly obo-
vate-pandurate in outline, more or less obscurely 3-lobulate above the middle,
abruptly truncate-retuse at the apex, long-cuneate at the base, about 8 mm. long
and 4 mm. wide; disc with an oblong callus between the lateral lobules. Column
rather short and slender, clavate, about 6 mm. long, with the clinandrium ciliolate-
denticulate at the back.
Huanuco: Cerro de San Cristobal near Cuchero (Cochero), Poep-
pig 1359.
No example of this concept was available, and the description
was made partly from a drawing of the type in the Ames Herbarium.
Maxillaria colorata Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 523. 1863.
Plant caespitose. Pseudobulbs crowded, rounded, apparently unifoliate at the
apex. Leaf petioled, "oblong" or (judged from a drawing of the type) narrowly
elliptic and obtuse. Peduncles several, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, provided with
several separated, close, subacute sheaths. Flower rather large, yellow tinged with
vermilion outside. Sepals and petals strongly arcuate-recurved and subparallel.
Dorsal sepal ligulate, acute, apparently about 5.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Lat-
eral sepals subequal, acute, oblique, forming a small rounded mentum. Petals
linear-ligulate, acute, shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip very short, oblong
in outline, 3-lobed near the apex, vermilion spotted and bordered with purple;
lateral lobes obtusely angled, erect; mid-lobe fleshy, papillose, obtuse; disc with
an abrupt, semiquadrate callus on the anterior portion in front of the mid-lobe.
Column a little shorter [? than the lip]. Anther keeled on the back.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n.
No specimens referable to this species have been seen, but there
is available a colored drawing of this concept from the Reichenbach
Herbarium.
Maxillaria cornuta C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 11: 265, t. 14. 1945. Figure 132.
Plant small but with relatively large flowers. Rhizome creeping, slender, with
more or less crowded pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs complanate-ovoid, unifoliate at
the summit, up to 1.2 cm. long. Leaves variable, oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceo-
late-linear, rounded at the apex with a somewhat unequally bilobed tip, gradually
narrowed to a conduplicate, scarcely petioled base, coriaceous, up to 11.6 cm. long
and 1.4 cm. wide, prominently sulcate above. Scapes 1-flowered, lateral, basal,
short, much shorter than the mature leaves, the peduncles entirely concealed by
several imbricating, ventricose sheaths which are keeled on the back. Sepals and
petals spreading, fleshy-thickened above. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute
and apiculate, navicular, dorsally keeled, about 1.85 cm. long and 6 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, acute, ecarinate, lightly decurved, tri-
688 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
angular-dilated at the base forming a conspicuous cornute mentum, slightly shorter
than the dorsal sepal, but markedly wider. Petals linear-lanceolate, broadly obtuse
and minutely apiculate, lightly constricted on each side near the thickened apex,
markedly shorter than the dorsal sepal and about half as wide. Lip erect, recurved
and about equaling the lateral sepals in natural position, conspicuously 3-lobed
above the middle; lateral lobes erect, semiobovate with a minute, broadly rounded,
denticulate free portion; mid-lobe subquadrate, subtruncate and lightly retuse in
front, about 7.5 mm. long and 6 mm. wide; disc through the lower half with an
oblong-linear, tricarinate callus. Column lightly arcuate, abruptly clavate above,
about 1 cm. long at the back, extended into a long foot.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke s.n. (type). Same locality
as the last, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n., 558. Schunke Hacienda,
above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A 70.
Maxillaria crassicaulis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 11: 267. 1945. Ornithidium Weberbauerianum Kranzl. Fedde
Repert. 1: 91. 1905, not Maxillaria Weberbaueri Schltr. 1921.
Plant robust. Stems very stout, 8 mm. or more in diameter, up to 35 cm. tall,
straight or somewhat arcuate, simple, entirely concealed by distichous, closely
imbricating leaf-sheaths from which the lower leaf-blades (and sometimes all the
blades in the dried specimen) have fallen. Leaves distichous, numerous, widely
spreading, rather short, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (more rarely oblong-
ovate), acute, clasping at the base, coriaceous, up to 8 cm. long and 2.6 cm. wide.
Inflorescences numerous, arising from all but the upper leaf-axils, 1-flowered, very
short; peduncles filiform and abbreviated; pedicellate ovary much exserted, about
1.5 cm. long. Flowers small, lavender-blue, with ringent, fleshy segments. Dorsal
sepal lanceolate, acuminate, concave, up to 1.4 cm. long and 4.4 mm. wide. Lateral
sepals similar, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer and somewhat nar-
rower than the dorsal sepal, lightly oblique, forming a very short mentum. Petals
obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, sharply acute or apiculate, distinctly smaller than the
sepals. Lip erect and strongly recurved with erect sides in natural position, much
shorter than the sepals, from a short, cuneate claw gradually dilated into an ovate-
pandurate lamina (thus subtrilobed when expanded), broadly truncate above, with
the short dorsal, subapical keel forming a stout mucro, margins more or less undu-
late, denticulate above; disc with a prominent, transverse thickening in the broadest
part just above the middle. Column short, stout, arcuate, lightly clavate, about
5 mm. long at the back, produced into a scarcely distinct foot.
Cuzco: Habitat not recorded, Herrera 2166 (Bues coll.). Valle de
la Convention, "alturas del Chaco," Herrera 2111 (Bues coll.). Prov.
of Paucartambo, above Cosnipata, "between the tambos Tres Cruces
and Tambomayo," 3200-3300 meters, epiphytic, Weberbauer 6936.—
Huanuco: Between Huanuco and Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Kane-
hira 317. — Junin: Prov. of Tacna, mountains west of Huacapistana,
2600-3000 meters, in open damp woods mingled with shrubs, Weber-
bauer 2056 (type of Ornithidium Weberbauerianum).
FIG. 132. Maxillaria cornuta C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, without
lip, expanded; X 2. 3, lip from above, natural position; X 2. 4, lip and column
from side, natural position; X 3.
689
690 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Maxillaria crocea Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 37, t. 62,
fig. 2. 1836. Maxillaria Poeppigiana Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2,
2: 107. 1841; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 54. 1904.
Plant rather large, epiphytic. Rhizome elongate, creeping, dilated at the nodes.
Pseudobulbs remote, narrowly angled-cylindric, compressed, 3-5 cm. long, unifoli-
ate at the apex, at first clothed with few, rather large, triangular sheaths, finally
naked. Leaves large, petioled; lamina linear-oblong or ligulate, acute or subacute,
cuneate below, thinly chartaceous, up to 30 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide; petiole
stout, channelled, up to 2.5 cm. long. Scapes 1 or 2, lateral, basal, 1-flowered,
up to 9 cm. long, ascending, the peduncle partially concealed by a few remote,
lightly ventricose sheaths. Flower rather small, saffron-yellow, with ringent seg-
ments. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, subacute, concave, membranaceous, about
21.5 mm. long and 9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals ovate-oblong, subacute, lightly
oblique, forming a very short, broadly rounded mentum, about equaling the dorsal
sepal. Petals narrowly obovate, rounded at the apex, lightly oblique, nearly as
large as the sepals. Lip erect and parallel to the column with erect sides in natural
position, rather fleshy, sharply 3-lobed near the apex, obovate-oblong in outline,
shortly and narrowly clawed, up to 15 mm. long and 7 mm. wide; lateral lobes
small, erect, triangular-dentiform, acute; mid-lobe much larger but slightly pro-
duced, quadrate, truncate and lightly undulate in front; disc naked. Column
slender, arcuate, clavate, about 10 mm. long.
Huanuco: Toward Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co-
chero), Poeppig 1606.
No specimen of this species was available.
Maxillaria cuneiformis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 223. 1798.= obscure species, perhaps Xylobium.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, toward the villages of Acobamba and
Picoy, in steep places, Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria cuzcoensis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harvard
Univ. 11: 268, t. 15. 1945. Figure 133.
Plant variable, medium-sized to large. Rhizome apparently abbreviated.
Pseudobulbs approximate, cylindric, strongly complanate, unifoliate at the very
oblique apex, up to 6.4 cm. high, surrounded and (in youth) entirely concealed
by several distichous, imbricating sheaths of which the apical pair is often leaf-
bearing. Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong to narrowly lanceolate-oblong, acute,
cuneate below, 10 to over 32 cm. long, 1.6-4.1 cm. wide; petiole conduplicate, about
1.7 cm. long. Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered, numerous, usually much shorter
than the leaves, suberect to lax; peduncle filiform, about 18.5 cm. or less long,
mostly concealed by several ventricose, tubular sheaths. Flower medium-sized,
white, often with rose or violet at the base of the lip. Dorsal sepal narrowly lan-
ceolate-oblong, acute, concave at the base, dorsally keeled above the middle, up to
2.7 cm. long and 8 mm. wide below. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate or
triangular-oblong, acute or apiculate, dorsally keeled near the apex, subequally
AXILUARIA
FIG. 133. Maxillaria cuzcoensis C. Schweinf . 1, plant;
lip, expanded; X 1H- 3, lip from side, natural position; X
natural position; X 2.
i. 2, flower without
. 4, lip from above,
691
692 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
long with the dorsal sepal but wider at the base, forming a prominent mentum.
Petals similar to the lateral sepals but markedly smaller, obliquely oblong-lanceo-
late, acute. Lip erect and parallel to the column in natural position, up to 1.4 cm.
long, lightly sigmoid when viewed from the side, 3-lobed above the middle; lower
portion deeply concave with erect sides, about 1 cm. long; terminal portion or mid-
lobe much smaller, very fleshy, ovate to oblong, acute, more or less sulcate above
and carinate beneath; disc with a short, median, oblong callus flanked on each side
by a thickened line, pubescent at the base. Column short and stout, lightly arcu-
ate, subclavate, 6.5 mm. or less long at the back; clinandrium erose-margined,
3-dentate at its apex.
Cuzco: Habitat not recorded, Bues s.n. Prov. of Quispicanchis,
Chaupichaca, Marcapata Valley, 1800-1900 meters, "mixed forma-
tion of shrub woods and grass steppe on stony places," Weberbauer
7834 (type). Hda. Ttio, Marcapata, 2000 meters, in open rocky
places, Vargas 3126. Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-
Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphyte in deep forest, Vargas 2527.
Maxillaria densifolia (Poepp. & Endl.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 16.
1854. Dicrypta densifolia Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 39,
t. 68. 1836. Camaridium densifolium Benth. Benth. & Hook. f. Gen.
PI. 3: 556. 1883; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 86. 1904.
Plant large, stout, epiphytic. Stems caespitose, very robust, simple or rarely
forking near the base, elongate, wholly destitute of pseudobulbs, entirely concealed
by distichous, closely imbricating leaf-sheaths, subcompressed and densely many-
leaved above, up to 90 cm. long, ascending to arcuate. Leaves distichous, erect-
spreading, narrowly ligulate, obtuse to rounded, apiculate and sometimes obliquely
emarginate at the tip, lightly narrowed to a conduplicate base, 10-40 cm. long,
up to 3.5 cm. wide (sometimes much larger), subcoriaceous. Peduncles axillary,
solitary, erect, a little shorter or longer than the leaf-sheaths, 1-flowered, clothed
with several, laxly imbricating, acuminate sheaths, up to 8 cm. long. Flower
medium-sized, dull saffron-yellow or yellow-green, subcoriaceous to fleshy. Ovary
slenderly clavate-cylindric, obtusely trigonous, up to 5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal
oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate, 17-20 mm. long, up to 10 mm. wide, lightly
keeled without. Lateral sepals similar but a little wider below, lightly oblique,
forming a short, obtuse mentum. Petals oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute, sub-
oblique, somewhat shorter than the dorsal sepal but nearly as broad. Lip ascend-
ing, longitudinally concave, recurved near the apex in natural position, shorter
than the lateral sepals, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, abruptly subacute, cuneate at
the base, lightly constricted on each side above the middle, up to 14.2 mm. long
and 7.2 mm. wide; disc through the lower half with a linear, obtuse, fleshy callus.
Column short, stout, clavate, lightly arcuate, 9-10 mm. long, produced into a
short foot.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Haenke s.n. — Huanuco: Near Cu-
chero (Cochero), on trees, Poeppig 1725 (type of Dicrypta densifolia).
Tingo Maria, 670 meters, on trees, Carpenter 107.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 693
Maxillaria disticha (Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har-
vard Univ. 11: 270. 1945. Ornithidium distichum Lindl. Benth. PL
Hartw. 153. 1845.
Plant more or less stout, epiphytic. Rhizome elongate, relatively slender,
sparingly branched, bearing stems at intervals of 6-13 cm. Stems stout or slen-
der, simple, suberect to arcuate, wholly destitute of pseudobulbs, entirely concealed
by distichous, densely imbricating leaf -sheaths (the blades deciduous below), up
to 22 cm. long. Leaves distichous, spreading, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate-oblong
("linear-oblong"), obtuse to subacute, sessile at the conduplicate base, fleshy, up
to 5 cm. long and 10 mm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, axillary, 1-flowered.
Flowers very small, whitish-rose. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, con-
cave, up to 12.8 mm. long and 3.8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals apparently subequally
large, oblong-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, oblique, forming a short, rounded
mentum. Petals (not described in the type) linear-lanceolate, complicate-acute,
similar to the dorsal sepal but smaller. Lip about 5 mm. long, sharply divided
near the middle into a hypochile and epichile ("clawed"); hypochile suborbicular-
ovate, concave; epichile reflexed, subquadrate, retuse and apiculate, undulate-
denticulate on each side. Column small, slender, arcuate, clavate, produced into
a short foot.
Peru(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 166. 1921.— Cuz-
co Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata to Tambomayo, 2000 meters,
Vargas 5113. Also Ecuador (type of Ornithidium distichum).
Maxillaria divaricata (Barb. Rodr.) Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 6: 49, t. 4, fig. 1. 1904. Ornithidium divaricatum Barb. Rodr. Gen.
et Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 209. 1882. Maxillaria nervosa Rolfe, Mem.
Torr. Bot. Club 4: 263. 1895. Maxillaria fallax Schltr. Fedde Re-
pert. 27: 70. 1929.
Plant small, rhizomatose, epiphytic. Rhizome elongate, commonly freely
branching, closely invested by distichous, imbricating sheaths, bearing numerous
pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs 1-2.5 cm. distant, cylindric to narrowly ellipsoid,
lightly compressed, up to 2.7 cm. long (rarely), bifoliate at the apex, when young
invested below by several pairs of distichous, imbricating sheaths. Leaves spread-
ing, linear to linear-oblong, abruptly rounded with a bilobed tip, commonly grad-
ually narrowed to a conduplicate base, up to 8.8 cm. long and 7 (rarely 11) mm.
wide. Inflorescences 1-2, lateral at the base of the pseudobulb, 1-flowered, sur-
passing the pseudobulb but shorter than the leaves; peduncle 3-6 cm. long, entirely
concealed by several distichous, imbricating, tubular sheaths. Flowers small, with
ringent segments, yellowish green, light green or dark brown, sometimes with a white
lip. Dorsal sepal deeply concave or navicular, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucro-
nate, 11.5-15 mm. long, up to 4.8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely
lanceolate-oblong, acute, mucronate, as long as the dorsal sepal but narrower,
forming a short mentum at the base. Petals variable, obliquely lanceolate, elliptic-
lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate and mucronate, distinctly shorter
than the dorsal sepal and about half as wide. Lip shorter than the other segments,
suberect at the base, abruptly geniculate below the middle and up to 9.5 mm. long
in natural position; claw short but conspicuous, cuneate-subquadrate; lamina cor-
694 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
date or subcordate at the base, with erect semiorbicular lobules (thus obscurely
3-lobulate), then reflexed with an ovate-triangular or lanceolate-triangular ante-
rior portion, acute or obtuse; disc between the erect lateral lobules with a fleshy
suborbicular or round-ovate callus. Column small, arcuate, abruptly clavate above,
about 7.3 mm. or less long, extended into a short foot.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Killip & Smith 23153, 22610 (this collection
lacks a lip). — Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, from Sta. Isabel to
Asuncion, 1800 meters, Vargas 5540. Prov. of Quispicanchis, Hda.
Ttio, Marcapata, in open rocky places, 2000 meters, Vargas 3123.
Also Brazil (type of Ornithidium divaricatum) , Venezuela, Colombia,
and Bolivia (type of M. nervosa and M. fallax) .
Maxillaria elegantula Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1898) 196; C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 271. 1945. Maxillaria dichroma
Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1898) 197.
Plant rather large, with a stout, creeping rhizome (often not seen in the speci-
mens). Pseudobulbs narrowly complanate-ellipsoid, sometimes with an abruptly
narrowed neck above (in the dried specimen), up to 5.7 cm. long, unifoliate at the
apex, partially concealed and surpassed by several large, distichous, conduplicate,
imbricating sheaths of which the upper sheath is often broadly scarious-margined
and leaf -bearing. Leaves petioled, the largest being on the pseudobulb; lamina
oblong-elliptic or "oblong-lanceolate," acute, cuneate below, up to 30 cm. long and
5.6 cm. wide, chartaceous; petiole laterally compressed, channelled, up to 20 cm.
long. Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered, erect or suberect; peduncles up to 25 cm.
long (often much shorter), more or less concealed by several (up to 9) tubular
sheaths. Flower large and showy, white, more or less suffused with brownish
purple or dark blue. Segments spreading, with revolute margins. Dorsal sepal
elliptic-oblong, concave, subacute, 2.5-4.1 cm. long, up to 1.6 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, forming a prominent, conical mentum at the
base, a little longer than the dorsal sepal and equally wide. Petals obliquely lan-
ceolate, acute or short-acuminate, shorter than the dorsal sepal and slightly nar-
rower. Lip short, arcuate-recurved with the lower sides erect in natural position,
oval in outline when expanded, obtuse at the recurved tip, lobulate-denticulate in
front, about 1.7 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide; disc centrally thickened below, the
thickening terminating abruptly above the middle. Column very short and stout,
arcuate, about 1 cm. long at the back, with the clinandrium short-fimbriate, pro-
duced into a foot about 1.2-1.7 cm. long.
Peru or Ecuador (introduced by Messrs. F. Sander & Co.) (type
of M. dichroma and M. elegantula) . — Ayacucho: Aina, between
Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, epiphyte in open
woods, Killip & Smith 22586, 22588 (flower withered and smaller
than typical). — Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, "alturas de Pinto-
bamba," 2400 meters, in humus of open forest, Vargas 3287. Prov.
of Paucartambo, Sta. Isabel, 1320 meters, Vargas 6760. Valle Mar-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 695
capata, "Camino Hacienda Cadena a Quincimil," about 1100 meters,
Scolnick 941.
Maxillaria exaltata (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 272. 1945. Camaridium exaltatum Kranzl. Engler
Bot. Jahrb. 37: 386. 1906.
Plant medium-sized to large, caulescent, destitute of pseudobulbs. Stems up
to 2 meters high, with a few strict branches, entirely concealed by close, tubular,
imbricating leaf-sheaths which bear leaves except at the base of the stem and
branches and are closely pustulose or rugulose on their upper portions. Leaves
numerous, distichous, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, much smaller and de-
ciduous on the lower part of the stem, abruptly acute and mucronate, about 13 cm.
or less long, 1.8 cm. or less wide, sessile at the slightly narrower, clasping base,
spreading. Inflorescences numerous, fascicled in the upper leaf-axils, 1-flowered,
much shorter than the leaves; peduncles filiform, arcuate or flexuous, entirely con-
cealed by several loose, imbricating, tubular, membranaceous sheaths. Flowers
small, yellowish white, the lip purple- or red-tinged. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-
oblong, abruptly acute, concave, 15-17 mm. long, up to 5.5 mm. wide. Lateral
sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the dorsal sepal, form-
ing a conspicuous mentum about 7 mm. long. Petals very obliquely lanceolate,
subacute, markedly shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect, parallel
to the column and tubular-concave in natural position with the apical portion
lightly recurved, about 12.5 mm. long and 6.8 mm. wide when expanded, 3-lobed
near the apex; lateral lobes erect, semioblong-obovate, with a short, rounded, irreg-
ular free portion; mid-lobe broadly ovate or ovate-triangular, obtuse, very fleshy;
disc with an oblong, sulcate callus near the base of the mid-lobe. Column short,
stout, lightly arcuate, clavate, about 4.6 mm. long at the back, produced into a
foot about 8 mm. long.
Loreto: Mountains east of Moyobamba, 1100 meters, in open
savanna woods, Weberbauer 4620 (type of Camaridium exaltatum).—
Puno: Prov. of Sandia, Sto. Domingo area, 1550 meters, McCarroll
123.
Maxillaria fasciculata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 15: 162, t. 53. 1952. Figure 134.
Plant epiphytic, sprawling. Stems slender, terete, arcuate, consisting of dis-
tinct segments separated by pseudobulbs (each segment about 5.5 cm. long), with
6-7 internodes concealed by evanescent sheaths. Pseudobulbs narrowly ellipsoid ,
subtetragonous in cross section, unifoliate at the apex, about 2.8 cm. long, remote,
concealed below by about 2 pairs of distichous, imbricating, evanescent, leaf-bear-
ing sheaths, with a young shoot (about 3.5 cm. high) issuing from the base of the
pseudobulb. Leaves very fleshy in the living plant, linear, more or less condupli-
cate (especially below), subacute to rounded at the somewhat unequally bilobed
apex, up to 9.3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide when expanded. Flowers very small,
apparently emerging in pairs from the axils of the sheaths on the young shoot,
with the sepals and the anterior half of the lip recurved. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-
696 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
oblong, acute, about 5.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-
lanceolate, slightly larger than the dorsal sepal, with a very oblique, saccate and
dilated base. Petals elliptic-oblong, subacute, slightly shorter than the dorsal
sepal and as wide as the basal part of the lateral sepals. Lip strongly arcuate-
recurved in natural position with the lower half erect and parallel to the column,
sharply 3-lobed near the middle, nearly 7.2 mm. long when expanded; lateral lobes
small, triangular-dentiform, obtuse or acute; mid-lobe much larger, subquadrate,
bilobed in front; disc much thickened below, the thickening developed into a trans-
verse, lobulate callus between the lateral lobes. Column rather slender, dilated
above, about 3 mm. high at the back, produced into a subequally long foot.
Junin : Prov. of Tarma, Utcuyacu, Woytkowski 21 (culture no. of
liquid material 50.1844).
Maxillaria Fletcheriana Rolfe, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 53: 258.
1913 and Kew Bull. (1914) 213; 0. Stapf, Bot. Mag. 148: t. 8949.
1922.
Plant large, robust, with a stout rhizome. Pseudobulbs oblong-ovoid, sub-
compressed, unifoliate at the apex, 3-5 cm. long, nearly approximate, surrounded
by a pair of distichous, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves variable, more or less peti-
oled; lamina oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute or subacute, 15-24 cm. long, up to
5.5 cm. wide, coriaceous, cuneate below; petiole stout, channelled, 5-12 cm. long.
Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered, robust, erect, 25-35 cm. high; peduncle more or
less concealed by several loose, conduplicate, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths.
Flower showy, sepals white or yellow, purple-lined, recurved-sp reading. Dorsal
sepal ovate, acute or subacute, up to 4.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, concave.
Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-triangular, subacute, about as long as the dorsal
sepal, forming a prominent conical mentum about 3 cm. or more long. Petals
obliquely elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-acuminate, porrect and forming
a galea, markedly shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect, parallel
to the column, strongly recurved and tubular-concave in natural position, elliptic-
obovate or oblong-obovate in outline when expanded, lightly or indistinctly 3-lobed
in front, up to 5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide; lateral lobes erect, semiobovate, with a
short, crisped-undulate free part; mid-lobe suborbicular or broadly cordate, obtuse,
undulate, trilobulate; disc with an obovate-oblong, fleshy callus above the middle.
Column short, very stout, arcuate, subclavate, about 1.5 cm. long, extended into
a prominent foot about 4 cm. long.
S. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Forget s.n. (introduced by Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans).
No specimens of this species were available.
Maxillaria floribunda Lindl. Benth. PI. Hartw. 154. 1845;
C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 273. 1945.
Plant large, epiphytic. Stems robust, entirely enveloped by closely imbricating
sheaths of which the upper ones bear leaves, more or less loosely branching, pro-
ducing distant pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid, complanate, about 3.5 cm.
long, unifoliate at the apex, remote, surrounded by several distichous, conduplicate,
fasclculaia
MAXILLARIA
C- Schvdein-fi
A
FIG. 134. Maxillaria fasciculata C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Vs. 2, lateral sepal;
X 5. 3, petal; X 5. 4, dorsal sepal; X 5. 5, column and lip, three quarters view;
X 5. 6, flower, natural position; X 5.
697
698 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves variable, more or less petioled; lamina elliptic to
oblong, sharply acute or cuspidate, broadly cuneate below, about 20 cm. or less
long, 4 cm. or less wide, coriaceous; petiole conduplicate, up to nearly half as long
as the lamina. Scapes several, lateral, apparently clustered near or around the
pseudobulb, 1-flowered; peduncle suberect, about 19.5 cm. or less long, entirely or
nearly concealed by 5 to 8 close, tubular sheaths. Flower large, white. Sepals
and petals with revolute margins, all more or less decurved in the dried specimen.
Dorsal sepal linear-oblong, short-acuminate, about 6.4 cm. long and 8 mm. wide,
concave at the base, curved forward. Lateral sepals obliquely linear-lanceolate,
short-acuminate, forming a short, broad mentum at the base, slightly longer and
broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear-lanceolate, oblique, much smaller than
the sepals. Lip relatively small, sessile, subquadrate-oval in outline ("oblong"),
3-lobed near the apex, about 1.4 cm. long; lateral lobes erect, semiovate with a
short, rounded-triangular free portion; mid-lobe short, apparently transversely
broad-oblong or reniform, lightly retuse, much thickened through the middle; disc
thickened below in the center, the thickening extending from the base into an
oblong, sulcate callus in the middle. Column short, stout, lightly clavate, about
7 mm. long at the back, produced into a short, bisulcate foot.
Peru: Chuquirabamba (? Chuquibamba), on mountains, Hartweg
851 (type). — Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
162. 1921.— Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata-Santa Rita, 2800
meters, epiphyte in forest, Vargas 2650.
Maxillaria Fuerstenbergiana Schltr. Orchis 6: 116, t. 26,
figs. 1-9. 1912.
Plant large, epiphytic, caespitose, up to 40 cm. high, with an abbreviated rhi-
zome. Pseudobulbs complanate-subglobose, unifoliate, 3-4 cm. tall. Leaf lorate-
ligulate, subobtuse and unequally bilobulate, more or less erect, about 30 cm. long,
nearly 4 cm. wide, coriaceous. Inflorescences 4-5, lateral, basal, short, 1-flowered,
nearly equaling the pseudobulb. Peduncles concealed by 2-3 clasping sheaths.
Flowers rather large, showy, with subparallel segments. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong
("ligulate"), acute and apiculate, dorsally carinate, about 4 cm. long and 7.7 mm.
wide. Lateral sepals similar, oblique, dilated at the base and forming a short,
obtuse mentum. Petals obliquely lanceolate-linear ("ligulate-lanceolate"), short-
acuminate or "acute," a little shorter than the sepals. Lip erect, parallel to the
column and arcuate-recurved with erect sides in natural position, deeply 3-lobed
above the middle, narrowly elliptic ("oblong") in outline, about 1.5 cm. long and
nearly 6 mm. wide when expanded, cuneate below; lateral lobes narrowly semi-
obovate, with a short, porrect, ovate free portion; mid-lobe larger, ovate-oblong,
obtuse, with undulate margins, thickened through the middle; disc with a linear-
oblong, obtuse callus extending from the base to above the middle. Column semi-
terete, arcuate, about 1 cm. high, with an apiculate and denticulate clinandrium,
produced into a short foot.
Peru(?): Imported by Herr K. John of Andernach, Germany,
and bloomed in the collection of Baron von Fuerstenberg.
No example of this species was available.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 699
Maxillaria funicaulis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 11: 273, t. 16. 1945. Figure 135.
Plant large, growing on rocks, caulescent, bearing distant pseudobulbs. Stems
entirely concealed by a series of distichous, densely imbricated, conduplicate sheaths
which become gradually larger and articulated above to small, immature leaf-
blades. Pseudobulbs complanate-cylindric, somewhat clavate in the dried speci-
men, bifoliate at the apex, about 6 cm. long, partially concealed on each side by
1 or more conduplicate sheaths of which the uppermost bear conduplicate blades.
Leaves oblong to ligulate, the larger ones sessile to short-petioled; lamina obtuse
to rounded and more or less unequally bilobed at the apex, somewhat narrowed
below, up to 26 cm. long and 2.9 cm. wide, subcoriaceous; petiole (if present) up
to 3.4 cm. long, channelled. Inflorescences numerous, short, erect, in the axils of
the cauline sheaths, 1-flowered; peduncle appressed, entirely concealed by several
scarious, imbricating sheaths; pedicellate ovary conspicuously exserted, slender-
cylindric, about 3.5 cm. long. Flower small, yellow, campanulate. Dorsal sepal
ovate-oblong, concave, subacute with incurved apical margins, about 14 mm. long
and 6.4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly oblique,
a little smaller than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely ovate-oblong, abruptly
rounded with a minute, conical, dorsal thickening in the center of the apex, dis-
tinctly smaller than the sepals. Lip erect, arcuate-recurved with the sides of the
lower part erect in natural position, simple, ovate-oblong, lightly narrowed on
each side above the middle, broadly rounded in front, rounded at the base, about
8.7 mm. long and 4 mm. wide when expanded; disc through the lower half with an
obscure central thickening which terminates in a prominent, rounded callus in the
center. Column very short and stout, clavate, about 6 mm. high at the back,
extending into a conspicuous foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Marcapata, Ttio to Murayaca,
1960 meters, Vargas 3137.
Maxillaria graminifolia (HBK.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 538.
1863; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 275. 1945.
Isochilus graminifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 340, t. 78. 1816;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27: sub 1. 1. 1841, as I. graminifolium. Camaridium
graminifolium Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 857. 1849. Maxillaria Matthewsii
Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 539. 1863, not Lindl. 1845.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, medium-sized to large, about 60 cm. or less tall.
Stems slender, usually more or less branched and often bushy, destitute of pseudo-
bulbs, entirely concealed by close, densely imbricating sheaths of which those on
the lowermost portions waste into fibres. Leaves very numerous, distichous, widely
spreading, linear, oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, apiculate, about 6.8 cm.
or less long, up to 6 mm. wide, with more or less revolute margins when dry, de-
ciduous on the lower portions of the stem. Inflorescences numerous, axillary, short,
1-flowered; peduncle slender, strict, clothed by about 2 imbricating sheaths and
concealed by the close cauline sheaths; pedicellate ovary more or less exserted.
Flowers small, white to yellowish tinged with brownish, dark purple or black; seg-
ments spreading. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, long-acuminate
with involute margins, concave below, up to 8.1 mm. long and 2.4 mm. wide.
700 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Lateral sepals similar, apparently slightly longer and narrower than the dorsal
sepal, very slightly oblique, forming a very short mentum at the base. Petals
much smaller than the sepals, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate. Lip variable, short, up to 5.2 mm. long, broadly oblong or oblong-oval in
outline, with the sides of the lower half upcurved, more or less deeply narrowed
or constricted in the middle of each side, triangular-acute to rounded at the apex,
about 3.5 mm. or less wide when expanded; disc with a stout, fleshy, oblong callus
through the middle of the lower half, the callus apparently easily detached and
often apparently absent. Column very short and stout, up to 2.2 mm. long at the
back, produced into an abbreviated foot.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded, Mathews 1064- — Ayacucho: Ccarrapa,
between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1500 meters, terrestrial on
wooded hillside, Killip & Smith 22367 (this collection bears only
mature fruit). — Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Hda. Ttio, Marca-
pata, 2000 meters, in rocky places, Vargas 3118. — Huanuco: Vil-
cabamba, Hacienda on Rio Chinchao, about 1800 meters, epiphyte
in "mon tafia," Macbride 5181. Yanano, about 1800 meters, on
mossy tree, Macbride 3846. — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800
meters, Schunke 517, 519. Pichis Trail, Enefias, 1700 meters, terres-
trial in open sphagnum swamp, Killip & Smith 25691. Schunke
Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest,
Schunke A 54- Also Colombia (type of Isochilus graminifolius) ,
Venezuela and Ecuador.
Maxillaria grandiflora (HBK.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 147.
1832; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 28. 1904. Dendrobium grandi-
florum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 359, t. 88. 1816. Broughtonia
grandiflora Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 735. 1826. Lycaste grandiflora Beer,
Prakt. Stud. Orch. 265. 1854. Maxillaria eburnea Lindl. Sert. Orch.
t. 40, no. 2. 1840. Maxillaria Lehmannii Reichb. f. Gard. Chron.
n.s. 25: 648. 1886.
Plant large and showy. Pseudobulbs approximate, oblong-ovoid, strongly
compressed, up to 6 cm. high, unifoliate at the apex, at first clasped by several
distichous, imbricating sheaths of which the inner are leaf-bearing, at length naked.
Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong to ligulate, acute, cuneate below, 11-28 cm.
long, up to 5 cm. wide, coriaceous; petiole stout, strongly laterally compressed,
3-10 cm. long. Scapes 1 or 2, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, stout, with the peduncles
12-25 cm. long, clothed with several separated, loose, tubular sheaths. Flower
large, showy, fleshy, milk-white. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, concave, acute, 3.5-
FIG. 135. Maxillaria funicaulis C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Y^. 2, flower from
side, natural position; X 2J^. 3, dorsal sepal, expanded; X 2. 4, petal; X 2. 5,
lateral sepal; X 2. 6, column and lip from side, natural position; X 2J^. 7, lip
from above, partially expanded; X 4.
A unicaufis
OcAurein/.
701
702 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
4.5 cm. long, up to 2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals triangular-ovate, acute, oblique,
widely spreading, a little longer and broader than the dorsal sepal, forming a prom-
inent conical men turn. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, lightly oblique, shorter
and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect, parallel to the column and lightly
recurved with the sides erect in natural position, relatively short, about 2.5 cm.
long and 1.5 cm. wide when expanded, ovate, obtuse, with the lower margins entire
and the upper ones lightly undulate-crenulate and obscurely 3-lobed ; disc densely
furfuraceous, adorned in the middle with 3 calli of which the central one is broadly
ligulate and conspicuous and the lateral ones are small and obscure below. Column
short and stout, arcuate, lightly clavate, 12-13 mm. long, extended into an elon-
gate foot.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded, Pavdn s.n., 1700-2200 meters, Wallis
s.n. Also Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Ecuador and prob-
ably Bolivia.
Maxillaria grandimentum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.
13:22, t., 1944. Figure 136.
Plant small, about 13 cm. tall, apparently caespitose. Pseudobulb ovoid-
cylindric, compressed, unifoliate at the apex, about 1.7 cm. high, surrounded and
surpassed by a pair of distichous, oblong-triangular sheaths. Leaf petioled; lamina
elliptic-oblong, acute or short-acuminate, cuneate below, about 9.7 cm. long and
1.8 cm. wide, coriaceous; petiole short, conduplicate, about 1.5 cm. long. Scape
abbreviated, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, wide-spreading, about 1.5 cm. long, con-
cealed by 4-5 ventricose, imbricating sheaths. Flower rather small, subfleshy.
Dorsal sepal broadly oblong, navicular, subacute, about 1.6 cm. long and 6 mm.
wide when expanded. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute
and apiculate, forming a prominent mentum at the base, a little longer and con-
siderably broader below than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely lanceolate, short-
acuminate, a little smaller than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect, parallel to the column,
arcuate-recurved and about 1.4 cm. long in natural position, oblong-obovate in
outline when expanded; lateral lobes erect, narrowly semiobovate, with a short,
rounded free apex; mid-lobe relatively small, narrowly subquadrate-oblong, very
fleshy through the middle, sub truncate and recurved in front; disc in the middle
of the lower half with a linear-oblong, fleshy callus. Column small, stout, clavate
and lightly arcuate when viewed from the side, about 7.2 mm. long at the back,
produced into a long foot.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke 563.
Maxillaria hastata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
222. 1798. Dendrobium hastatum Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807.= obscure
species, perhaps Oncidium.
Peru: Pillao, on rocks in woods, Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria heteroclita Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 37,
t. 63. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 27. 1904; C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 276. 1945.
ran J im&n ium
FIG. 136. Maxillaria grandimentum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower,
spread out; X 2. 3, lip and column from side; X 3. 4, lip, spread out, from
above; X 3.
703
704 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
This is an extraordinary concept, described without habitat;
it cannot, therefore, be definitely attributed to Peru. A real doubt
as to the status of this name is posed by the apparently nearly
identical agreement of its flower with that of the recently described
Zygopetalum rhombilabium C. Schweinf. (cf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 12:
422, t., 1944), a concept which lacks the pseudobulbs of Maxillaria
heteroclita and appears to belong unquestionably to the section
Warscewiczella of the variable genus Zygopetalum.
Maxillaria huancabambae (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 277. 1945. Ornithidium Huancabambae
Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 29. 1916.
Plant small. Rhizome stout, arcuate or flexuous, commonly loosely branched,
entirely concealed by close, imbricating, distichous sheaths, bearing remote pseudo-
bulbs (about 2 cm. apart). Pseudobulbs pyriform-cylindric, usually obliquely
curved and plurisulcate in the dried specimen, closely invested and surpassed by
a membranaceous sheath, about 2 cm. or less long, bifoliate (rarely trifoliate) at
the apex, with the lower part concealed by a few distichous sheaths. Leaves small,
elliptic to elliptic-oblong, complicate-acute and mucronate, cuneate below, sessile
or nearly so, apparently fleshy, commonly navicular or conduplicate in the dried
specimen, about 3 cm. or less long and 9 mm. or less wide. Peduncles short,
1-flowered, concealed by several imbricating sheaths, in the axils of, and hidden by,
the upper sheaths of the rhizome. Pedicellate ovary conspicuously exserted.
Flower small, yellow, campanulate. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, concave,
about 7.9 mm. long and 4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals very similar, equally long
but slightly wider, oblique. Petals oblong or linear-oblong, abruptly acute, dis-
tinctly shorter than the sepals and about half as wide as the dorsal sepal. Lip
strongly concave, ovate-elliptic, complicate-acute, with a pair of horizontally
spreading, small, triangular-ovate auricles (near the base) which are held erect
by a transverse callus, about 6 mm. long and 4 mm. wide when expanded. Col-
umn very short, strongly wing-dilated on each side above, about 2.7 mm. long at
the back.
Cajamarca: Prov. of Jaen, on the east side of the Cordillera, east
of Huancabamba (5° 10' - 5° 20' S. Br.), 2600-2700 meters, in
sclerophyllous vegetation consisting of shrubs and occasional small
trees, Weberbauer 6098.
Maxillaria huancabambae (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. var. cuzco-
ensis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 278. 1945.
This variety differs from the species in having relatively slender leaves which
are linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic-oblong, up to 3.8 cm. long and 4-5 mm. wide;
white flowers; rather narrower sepals; lip with indistinct dilations near the base
(rather than distinct, triangular-ovate auricles); and a very short column, about
1.5 mm. long at the back.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 705
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc,
epiphyte in dense forest, Vargas 2553.
Maxillaria infausta Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 216. 1855.
Plant medium-sized, caulescent. Stem rather slender, loosely branched, en-
tirely concealed by loose, distichous, leaf-bearing and rugose sheaths. Pseudobulbs
absent or scattering, oblong-ellipsoid, bifoliate, up to 3 cm. long. Leaves numer-
ous distichous, spreading-ascending, oblong to elliptic-oblong, obliquely bilobed
at the rounded apex, slightly narrowed at the sessile or subsessile base, up to 7.2 cm
long and 12 mm. wide. Inflorescences solitary in the upper (but not uppermost)
axils strict 1-flowered, with a very short peduncle and a long-exserted, slender,
pedicellate ovary. Flower small. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong to elliptic-ovate,
abruptly acute or apiculate at the rounded apex, up to 9.2 mm. long and 4.2 mm.
wide Lateral sepals similar, obliquely ovate-oblong, complicate-acute and apicu-
late very slightly shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals broadly
oblong or ovate-elliptic, obtuse, distinctly shorter than the sepals but subequally
wide Lip ovate-oblong in outline, constricted above the middle on each side
(and thus tabulate) , rounded-truncate or lightly retuse in front, cuneate-rounded
below about 7 mm. or less long and 4.4 mm. wide below the middle; disc with a
small "tricarinate" (often obscure) callus in the middle just below the sinus.
Column very short and stout, about 2.8 mm. long at the back, produced into a
very short foot.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews 1862 (type) .— Puno : Prov. of
Carabaya, below Ollachea, 2500 meters, on rocks Vargas 69U-
Maxillaria insignis Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1922) 25.
Plant large and showy. Pseudobulbs oblong-cylindric, compressed, about
9 cm long Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong, subobtuse, about 30 cm. long,
9 cm wide- petiole conduplicate, about 12 cm. long. Peduncles 1-flowered, about
35 cm long, with many conduplicate, subimbricated sheaths. Pedicellate ovary
6cm long, somewhat exceeding the subtending bract. Flower large. Dorsal sepal
elliptic-ovate, acute, concave, 4.5 cm. long, ivory-white striped with red-purple.
Lateral sepals obliquely triangular-ovate, acute, 3 cm. wide, forming an oblong
mentum about 3.5 cm. long. Petals narrowly ovate, acute, distinctly shorter than
the dorsal sepal, more strongly purple-lined. Lip obovate in outline, yellow with
brown markings, obscurely 3-lobed, 4 cm. long; lateral lobes obtuse; mid-lobe semi-
orbicular, 1.7 cm. wide, crenulate and cnsped-undulate; disc with an oblong,
yellow callus 1.4 [?] cm. wide. Column stout, 1.5 cm. long.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded, Forget s.n.
No specimen of this species was available.
Maxillaria Johniana Kranzl. Card. Chron. ser. 3, 47: 66. 1910;
Fedde, Fedde Repert. 11: 97. 1912.
Plant medium-sized. Pseudobulbs small, oblong-cylindric, unifoliate at the
oblique apex, surrounded by 1 or 2 sheaths that bear a sessile leaf. Leaf (of the
pseudobulb) petioled; lamina oblong, obtuse, compressed below, 5.5-8 cm. long,
706 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
up to 2.8 cm. wide. Scape 1-flowered, 4-4.5 cm. high, provided with 2 or 3 sep-
arated sheaths. Flowers ringent, up to 3 cm. long. Sepals and petals white tinged
above with lilac, lip yellow with a broad lilac margin. Dorsal sepal ligulate, acumi-
nate, with lightly revolute margins, about 2 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide. Lateral
sepals triangular, acuminate, distinctly longer and slightly wider than the dorsal
sepal, forming a prominent obtuse mentum about 1.2 cm. long. Petals lanceolate,
acuminate, oblique at the base, as long as the dorsal sepal but about half as wide.
Lip lightly recurved, oblong in outline, 3-lobed in front; lateral lobes small, rounded;
mid-lobe triangular, obtuse, with undulate margins; disc provided throughout with
a white mealiness and with an indistinct retuse callus at the base of the mid-lobe.
Column slender, with a white carinate anther.
Hudnuco: Andes near Pozuzo (introduced by K. W. John of
Andernach on the Rhine).
No example of this species was seen.
Maxillaria Khigii C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13: 130,
t., 1944. Figure 137.
Plant medium-sized to large, caespitose, with an apparently abbreviated rhi-
zome. Pseudobulb obovoid-cylindric, strongly complanate above, unifoliate at
the apex, 4-5 cm. long, surrounded (and concealed in youth) by 3 or 4 pairs of
distichous, commonly imbricating sheaths which are successively larger and leaf-
bearing upward. Leaves variable, all but the smallest petioled; lamina linear-
oblong, up to over 28 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, acute to obtuse at the obliquely
bilobed apex, cuneate at the base; petiole slender, channelled, up to 12 cm. long.
Scapes rather short, commonly numerous, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, slender, en-
tirely invested by several tubular, imbricating sheaths, about 12 cm. or less high
(including the pedicellate ovary). Flower rather large, brown-red. Dorsal sepal
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, concave-involute, about 3.2 cm. long and 7 mm. wide
when expanded. Lateral sepals obliquely linear-lanceolate, acuminate, equally
long with the dorsal sepal but somewhat narrower, forming a short mentum at the
base. Petals similar to the lateral sepals, but somewhat smaller. Lip erect, parallel
to the column, recurved and about 1.4 cm. long in natural position, deeply 3-lobed
near the middle, cuneate below; lateral lobes erect, semiobovate, with a short,
broadly rounded free portion; mid-lobe oblong-linear, very fleshy beyond the base,
obtuse at the recurved apex; disc with a small, oblong, fleshy callus in the middle.
Column small, lightly arcuate, about 9 mm. high at the back, extended below into
a short, sulcate foot. •
San Martin: Zepelacio near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, in
mountain forest, Klug 3413.
Maxillaria Koehleri Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 103. 1921;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 125, nr. 491. 1929.
Plant epiphytic, rather small, 13-15 cm. tall, the short thickish rhizome con-
cealed by imbricating sheaths. Pseudobulbs approximate, suborbicular-quadrate,
ancipitous, unifoliate at the apex, 1.5-2 cm. long. Leaf sessile, ligulate, obtuse,
erect or spreading, up to 11 cm. long, nearly 1.8 cm. wide in the middle. Scapes
MA.XIL1^VR,IA
/ i &. Ocfa ure inA.
FIG. 137. Maxillaria Klugii C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, flower, expanded;
X 1. 3, lip and column from side; X 2. 4, lip, spread out, from above; X 2.
707
708 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
3-5, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, erect or ascending, up to 7.5 cm. long, the peduncle
entirely concealed by 8-9 dorsally carinate sheaths. Flowers medium-sized, rather
fleshy. Dorsal sepal oblong or ligulate, acute and apiculate, sharply carinate dor-
sally, 2.5 cm. long and 0.54 cm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate-oblong,
acute or subacute, slightly longer than the dorsal sepal and wider below, forming
a short, obtuse mentum about 3 mm. long. Petals obliquely linear ("linear-
ligulate"), subobtuse, distinctly shorter than the dorsal sepal and about half as
wide. Lip oblong-oval in outline, sharply 3-lobed just below the middle, broadly
obtuse, about 2 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide when expanded; lateral lobes semielliptic
with a short, falcate-triangular, obtuse free portion; mid-lobe obovate-oblong,
about 1 cm. long and 7 mm. wide; disc with an obscure linear band extending
through the lower third, and above with scattering sessile glands. Column arcuate,
lightly clavate, about 1.4 cm. long, extended into a short foot. Ovary triquetrous.
Junin: Near La Merced in the Chanchamayo Valley, A. & C.
Kohler s.n.
No specimen of this species was available.
Maxillaria laevilabris Lindl. Benth. PI. Hartw. 155. 1845, in
note; Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 213. 1856.
Plant rather small, with a short, creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs ovoid, ap-
proximate, compressed, unifoliate at the apex. Leaf elliptic-oblong or ligulate,
subacute or mucronulate, cuneate at the sessile base. Scapes numerous, lateral,
basal, 1-flowered, flexuous, about 12.7 cm. long, equaling or shorter than the leaves;
peduncle concealed by several loose, imbricating, carinate sheaths. Dorsal sepal
ovate-lanceolate ("ligulate"), acute. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate,
acute. Petals linear or oblanceolate-linear, acute, conspicuously smaller than the
sepals. Lip suborbicular-oval in outline when expanded, sharply 3-lobed near the
middle; lateral lobes semiobovate with a short, obliquely triangular, acute free
apex; mid-lobe ovate-suborbicular, rounded and subemarginate in front; disc ap-
parently smooth. Column clavate.
"Peru": Habitat unrecorded (type) .— "Vitoc 94," fide Reichb. f.
Bonpl. 4: 213. 1856.
Description made by examining a drawing of the type from the
Lindley Herbarium.
Maxillaria ligulata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
222: 1798. Dendrobium ligulatum Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807.=
obscure species, probably Oncidium.
Huanuco: Near Pillao and Acomayo, in open woods, Pavon s.n.
Maxillaria Lindeniae Cogn. Journ. Orch. 4: 362. 1894.
Vegetative portions not described and thus presumably lacking. Flowers very
large. Sepals milk-white, subfleshy. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acuminate, 7 cm.
long. Lateral sepals equally long, narrowly triangular. Petals triangular-lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, shorter than the sepals, milk-white with 2 or 3 pale rose-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 709
colored lines. Lip much shorter than the other segments, about 3 cm. long, oboval
in outline, fleshy, strongly concave, lightly plicate and crisped near the rounded
apex, very pale yellow with 5 or 6 reddish stripes on the lateral lobes and lemon-
yellow through the center; disc with a thickened, central, tomentose band in the
lower half, which terminates, a little above the middle, in a broadly rounded,
fleshy tongue.
"Peru," fide Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 163. 1921.
This species, of which no example was seen, was too inadequately
described to place in the key.
Maxillaria linearis C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13: 60,
t, 1944. Figure 138.
Plant tall, slender, only the upper portion available. Stem terete, entirely
concealed by close, tubular, imbricating, verruculose sheaths, about 5 mm. in
diameter, bearing at remote intervals short, appressed, leaf-concealed branches.
Leaves apparently 4-6 in a group, subapproximate at the apex of the stem and on
the branches, articulated to imbricating sheaths; lamina grass-like, narrowly lin-
ear, acuminate, slightly narrowed to a conduplicate base, 13.5-40 cm. long, about
5 mm. wide, the margins revolute in the dried specimen. Inflorescences numerous,
short, from the axils of leaf-bearing sheaths near the summit of the stem and on
the branches; peduncles lax, spreading, filiform, about 7 cm. long including the
pedicellate ovary, more or less concealed by elongate, tubular sheaths. Flowers
medium-sized, with spreading, nervose segments. Dorsal sepal linear, sharply
acute and mucronate, about 2.6 cm. long and 3.5 mm. wide near the base. Lateral
sepals obliquely linear, falcate, complicate-acute, about as long as the dorsal sepal
but somewhat wider, forming a short but conspicuous mentum with the column-
foot. Petals similar to the lateral sepals but markedly smaller, narrowly linear,
lightly falcate, acute. Lip very short, erect, parallel to the column, gently arcuate-
recurved and about 1 cm. long in natural position, oblong-elliptic when expanded,
deeply 3-lobed at the apex, sessile with a minutely auriculate base; lateral lobes
erect, narrowly semielliptic with a short, rounded free portion; mid-lobe very
small, narrowly triangular, very thick and fleshy, about 2 mm. long, only slightly
surpassing the apices of the lateral lobes; disc through the lower two-thirds with a
linear thickening that merges into a prominent, sulcate callus. Column small,
abruptly clavate when viewed from the side, about 5 mm. long at the back, pro-
duced into a subequally long, sulcate foot.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke 519.
Maxillaria longibracteata (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6:
540. 1863. Camaridium longibracteatum Lindl. Benth. PI. Hartw.
154. 1845.
Plant tall, stout, epiphytic or terrestrial, caulescent. Stems entirely destitute
of pseudobulbs, simple or more or less forking with strongly ascending branches,
entirely concealed by densely imbricating leaf-sheaths which are evanescent on the
lower portions, up to 110 cm. or more long, more or less arcuate to flexuous. Leaves
numerous, distichous, widely spreading, broadly oblong, ovate-oblong, elliptic-
710 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
oblong or lanceolate-oblong, apiculate at the abruptly acute apex, sessile, clasping
at the base, up to 7.6 cm. long and 2 cm. wide (smaller on the specimens seen),
deciduous on the lower portions of the plant. Inflorescences numerous, short, soli-
tary in the upper (but not uppermost) leaf-axils, 1-flowered, strictly ascending,
about 4 cm. long including the long, slender, pedicellate ovary, concealed by sev-
eral loose, tubular-infundibuliform sheaths; pedicellate ovary exserted, about 2.5 cm.
long, about equaling the long-acuminate, slender bract. Flowers small, with spread-
ing segments, yellow with a brownish or purplish lip. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate, the involute margins forming an aristate tip,
about 1.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, concave. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate,
aristate-acuminate, oblique, about as large as the dorsal sepal, forming a short but
prominent mentum at the base. Petals lanceolate, acuminate, lightly oblique, dis-
tinctly shorter and narrower than the sepals, recurved above. Lip shorter than
the sepals and petals, erect, parallel to the column and lightly recurved in natural
position, broadly pandurate-oblong, about 9-12 mm. long and 5 mm. wide near
the middle when expanded, shallowly constricted slightly above the middle, sessile,
broadly rounded and minutely retuse in front, with the sides (or lateral lobules)
of the basal half erect and the flat anterior portion rotund-obovate; disc through
the lower half with a stout, linear-oblong callus. Column short and stout, arcuate,
clavate when viewed from the side, about 5-7 mm. long at the back, produced
into a subequally long foot.
Ayacucho: Ccarrapa, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1500
meters, terrestrial on wooded hillside, Killip & Smith 22366 (fls.
very old) .— Cajamarca, fide Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 165. 1921,
sub Camaridium longibracteatum. — Junin: Huacapistana, 1800-2400
meters, epiphyte in thickets and open woods, Killip & Smith 24313
(fls. very old). — Puno: Prov. of Sandia, Sto. Domingo area, 1550
meters, McCarroll 114- Also Ecuador (type of Camaridium longi-
bracteatum).
Maxillaria longibracteata (Lindl.) Reichb. f. var. grandiflora
(Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 279. 1945.
Isochilus grandiflorum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27: sub t. 1. 1841. Cama-
ridium grandiflorum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 165. 1921.
Differs from M. longibracteata in having narrower, linear-lanceolate leaves,
longer floral bract (reaching to one half of the dorsal sepal) and petals only half
as long as the sepals. The base of the lip is noted as naked, but the callus in species
of this group appears to be easily detached and thus deciduous.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Haenke s.n. (type of Isochilus grandi-
florum).— Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 165. 1921
(sub Camaridium grandiflorum).
No example of this concept was seen.
Maxillaria longibracteata (Lindl.) Reichb. f. var. luteorubra
(Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 280. 1945.
FIG. 138. Maxillaria linearis C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, flower, spread
out; X 2. 3, lip and column from side, natural position; X 4. 4, lip, spread out,
from above; X 4.
711
712 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Camaridium luteo-rubrum Lindl. Orch. Linden. 22, no. 114. 1846.
Maxillaria cassapensis Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 539. 1863; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 76. 1904. Maxillaria luteorubra Reichb. f.
Walp. Ann. 6: 539. 1863. Camaridium cassapense Schltr. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 9: 165. 1921.
Differs from M. longibracteata in having narrower (narrowly oblong-lanceolate
to linear-oblong) leaves which are about 1 cm. or less wide, shorter floral bract
(much shorter than the pedicellate ovary) and petals little shorter than the sepals.
In addition, the flowers are often somewhat smaller than those of M. longibracteata.
Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), in fissures of rocks called
Cassapille, Poeppig 1387 (type of Maxillaria cassapensis). Also
Venezuela (type of Camaridium luteo-rubrum).
Maxillaria longifolia (Barb. Rodr.) Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 6: 33, t. 11. 1904. Dicrypta longifolia Barb. Rodr. Gen. et Sp.
Orch. Nov. 1:125. 1877.
Plant rather large, epiphytic. Rhizome apparently short, stout, woody. Pseudo-
bulbs aggregated (often appearing solitary in the dried specimen), obovoid-cylindric,
strongly compressed, unifoliate at the apex, about 4 cm. or less long, surrounded
and more or less concealed by several pairs of distichous, imbricating sheaths of
which the upper ones are leaf-bearing. Leaves linear-ligulate or lorate, very
abruptly acute to rounded with an obliquely bilobulate apex, gradually narrowed
to a conduplicate, scarcely petioled base, up to 27 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide,
thickly coriaceous or fleshy. Inflorescences 1-3, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, very
short, about equaling the pseudobulbs, the flexuous peduncle concealed by several
loose, imbricating sheaths. Flowers rather small, subfleshy, bright yellow, with a
lilac or purple lip. Dorsal sepal oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute with a thick-
ened apex, up to 1.7 cm. long and 5.5 mm. wide, concave. Lateral sepals similar,
obliquely lanceolate-oblong, acute, forming a short men turn. Petals oblong-linear
or oblanceolate-linear, subacute, lightly oblique, a little shorter than the sepals
and often half as wide. Lip erect, subparallel to the column and lightly recurved,
with the sides of the lower portion erect in natural position, ovate-oblong in out-
line when expanded, obtuse, lightly 3-lobed above the middle, up to 1.48 cm. long
and 6 mm. wide below the middle when flattened, much thickened near the apex;
disc with a more or less distinct, linear-oblong, smooth thickening through the
center of the lower half. Column rather slender, lightly arcuate, subclavate when
viewed from the side, 8-9 mm. long at the back, produced into a short foot.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klugl409.
Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte, King 10012. At mouth
of the Santiago River (upper Maranon River), Tessmann 4371.
Also Brazil (type of Dicrypta longifolia) and British Guiana.
Maxillaria longipes Lindl. Benth. PI. Hartw. 154. 1845; Kranzl.
Xen. Orch. 3: 109, t. 262. 1893.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 713
Plant large, apparently caespitose. Pseudobulbs cylindric-ovoid, compressed,
unifoliate at the apex, about 4 cm. tall, surrounded by several pairs of distichous,
imbricating sheaths which waste into fibres in age. Leaf petioled; lamina elliptic-
oblong, acute, cuneate below, about 24 cm. long and 4.8 cm. wide; petiole prominent,
channelled, about 8.5 cm. long. Scapes several (5-6), lateral, basal, 1-flowered,
suberect to spreading, about 18 cm. long including the pedicellate ovary, invested
by 7-8 narrowly tubular, subapproximate sheaths. Flower rather large, dark
purple, with ringent segments. Sepals narrowly oblong, sharply acute or acumi-
nate, the lateral ones oblique and forming a short men turn, 3-4.5 cm. long. Petals
apparently similar to the sepals but rather smaller. Lip obovate-oblong in outline,
sharply 3-lobed in front; lateral lobes erect, oblong, with a short, round-ovate free
portion; mid-lobe subquadrate-ovate, truncate-obtuse; disc with a broad median
groove (apparently plurisulcate) extending from the base nearly to the sinus be-
tween the lobes. Column short, stout, lightly arcuate, clavate when viewed from
the side, produced into a foot.
Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 163. 1921.
Ecuador (type).
I have seen a photograph of the type with floral analysis in the
Ames Herbarium.
Maxillaria longipetala Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 220. 1798. Dendrobium longipetalum Pers. Syn. PL 2: 523.
1807.= obscure species, probably Ly caste.
Huanuco: Near Pillao, Acomayo and Pati, epiphyte in open
woods, on rocks and trees, Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria loretoensis C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13:
92, t, 1944. Figure 139.
Plant large, epiphytic. Pseudobulbs round-ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, com-
planate, unifoliate at the apex, often congested, up to 4.5 cm. high, surrounded
by 2 or 3 pairs of distichous, finely punctate or maculate sheaths (of which the
inner pair are very unequal), triangular-lanceolate, concave and up to 10 cm. long.
Leaf petioled; lamina narrowly oblong or ligulate (rarely elliptic-oblong), narrowed
to an acute apex, cuneate below, up to 45.5 cm. long and 3.2 cm. wide; petiole
1.5-8 cm. long, channelled. Scapes short, lateral, in the axil of an outer sheath,
1-flowered, variable in length; peduncle including the pedicellate ovary up to 13 cm.
long, ascending or arcuate, entirely concealed by 4-11 ventricose, distichous, im-
bricating sheaths. Flower rather large, white or cream-color to golden yellow
striped with lilac, brown or violet. Sepals with revolute margins. Dorsal sepal
elliptic-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, rounded and apiculate to abruptly acute,
2.6-3.7 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely lanceolate-
oblong, abruptly subacute, as long as the dorsal sepal but slightly narrower, form-
ing a prominent mentum at the base. Petals variable, obliquely lanceolate or
narrowly lanceolate, narrowed above with an acute apex, somewhat shorter than
the dorsal sepal and about half as wide. Lip erect, parallel to the column and
714 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
gently recurved in natural position, about 2.1-2.4 cm. long, oblong-elliptic in out-
line when expanded; lateral lobes erect, semiobovate, rounded or abruptly truncate
in front; mid-lobe round-ovate, obtuse, much thickened in the middle, with dentic-
ulate-erose margins; disc through the lower half with a central, linear thickening
which terminates in a fleshy sulcate callus. Column small, lightly arcuate, about
1.2 cm. long at the back, produced into a prominent foot.
Loreto: Aguaitia, 1 km. west of Rio Aguaitia, 430 meters,
epiphyte, along road, Seibert 2237. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100
meters, in forest, Klug 1567. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters,
King 10088 (type). Also Venezuela.
Maxillaria macropoda Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 103. 1921;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 126, nr. 492. 1929.
Plant tall, epiphytic, with an abbreviated rhizome, about 60 cm. high. Pseudo-
bulbs ellipsoid, strongly compressed, unifoliate at the apex, about 4 cm. long, sur-
rounded by a distichous pair of large, leaf -bearing sheaths. Leaves erect, petioled;
lamina ligulate, acute, gradually cuneate below, up to 35 cm. long and almost
4.5 cm. wide in the middle; petiole about 10 cm. long. Scape solitary, 1-flowered,
erect; peduncle subflexuose, about 50 cm. long, concealed by about 8 clasping,
acuminate sheaths. Flower very large, subfleshy, whitish becoming yellowish
toward the apex, brown-spotted. Dorsal sepal lanceolate ("oblong-lanceolate"),
narrowed to subobtuse at the apex, lightly undulate on the margin, about 5 cm.
long and 1.6 cm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, oblique, slightly longer and wider
across the dilated base, forming an obtuse mentum. Petals obliquely lanceolate-
oblong ("oblong"), subobtuse at the triangular apex, with the margins lightly
undulate above, much shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip ovate-oblong ("rhombic-
oblong") in outline when expanded, obscurely 3-lobed above the middle, about
2.2 cm. long and 8 mm. wide when expanded; lateral lobes shallowly semielliptic;
mid-lobe ovate-oblong ("oblong"), round-obtuse at the apex, fleshy and densely
verruculose; disc through the lower half with a central, depressed, oblong-linear
callus. Column very short and stout, arcuate, with a crenulate clinandrium, pro-
duced into a long foot.
Loreto: Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n.
No example of this species was seen.
Maxillaria maculata (HBK.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 149. 1832.
Dendrobium maculalum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 359. 1816. Brough-
tonia maculata Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 735. 1826.= obscure species, per-
haps Xylobium.
Amazonas: Prov. of Jaen de Bracamoros, near the city of Jae'n
and the towns of Sagique and Pucara, in wooded places, and near
the cataract of Rentema on the Amazon River, about 1200-4000
meters, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n.
MAXILLARJA/ /
doretoensis
0. Oc&ureinfi.
FIG. 139. Maxillaria loretoensis C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, flower, spread
out; X 1. 3, lip and column from side; X 2. 4, lip, expanded; X 2.
715
716 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Maxillaria Mathewsii Lindl. Benth. PI. Hartw. 155. 1845, in
note.
Plant rather large, with an abbreviated rhizome. Pseudobulb obovoid, strongly
complanate, unifoliate at the apex, about 6 cm. or less long, surrounded below by
3 or 4 pairs of distichous, imbricating, conduplicate sheaths which are leaf-bearing
above. Leaves petioled; lamina linear-oblong, obtuse with a very unequally bi-
lobed apex, cuneate below, very variable in length, up to 36.5 cm. long and 2.1 cm.
wide; petiole relatively short, conduplicate, apparently up to 6 cm. long. Scapes
numerous, lateral, in the axils of the sheaths surrounding the pseudobulb, 1-flow-
ered, suberect and flexuous, about 10 cm. or less long including the pedicellate
ovary, entirely or mostly concealed by slender, tubular sheaths. Flowers rather
small, white. Dorsal sepal linear or linear-lanceolate, complicate-acute or sub-
obtuse, concave below, up to 2.7 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar,
lightly oblique, forming a short mentum at the base. Petals linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, oblique and slightly sigmoid, distinctly shorter and narrower than the
sepals. Lip much smaller than the other segments, erect, parallel to the column
and lightly recurved in natural position, about 10.5 mm. long, conspicuously
3-lobed just above the middle, elliptic in outline, up to 7 mm. wide across the
lateral lobes when expanded; lateral lobes erect, narrowly semiobovate with a
short, rounded, free portion; mid-lobe ovate-oblong, very fleshy, with an obtuse,
recurved apex; disc with an oblong, fleshy, more or less sulcate callus extending
from the base to above the middle. Column short and stout, concave in front,
lightly arcuate, about 6.2 mm. long at the back, produced into a short foot.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded, Mathews 1872 (type). — Junin: Chan-
chamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1806. Same locality, 1800
meters, "fls. white," Schunke 1862.
Maxillaria meridensis Lindl. Orch. Linden. 19, no. 100. 1846.
Plant tall, epiphytic (rarely terrestrial), caulescent, without pseudobulbs or
with very inconspicuous, remote, linear-cylindric, unifoliate pseudobulbs. Stems
slender, arcuate to suberect, often forking with abbreviated subparallel branches,
entirely concealed by close, distichous, imbricating sheaths which are densely ver-
rucose or pustulose. Leaves often mostly deciduous on the lower portions of the
plant, linear-lanceolate to linear, narrowed to an acute or apiculate apex, very
variable in length, up to 28.7 cm. long and 10 mm. wide, more or less narrowed
and conduplicate below, spreading. Inflorescence solitary in the axils of the leaves,
1-flowered, with short peduncles which are entirely concealed by several narrow,
tubular, imbricating sheaths. Flower medium-sized, yellow, yellow-brown to
orange or "warm buff." Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, complicate-acute and
apiculate, concave below, up to 22 mm. long, about 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals
obliquely triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about equaling the dorsal
sepal, forming a short, conical mentum at the base. Petals obliquely linear-lanceo-
late, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, a little shorter than
the sepals and about half as wide. Lip much shorter than the other segments,
erect, parallel to the column and recurved in natural position, up to 12 mm. long
and 6.4 mm. wide, sharply 3-lobed near the apex, oblong-elliptic in outline; lateral
lobes erect, oblong with a short, semiorbicular free apex; mid-lobe ovate or trian-
gular-ovate, obtuse, very fleshy, recurved, distinctly surpassing the lateral lobes;
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 717
disc with a more or less conspicuously sulcate, semiorbicular or round-ovate, fleshy
thickening in the middle. Column small, arcuate, clavate, about 5 mm. long at
the back, produced into a subequally long foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc,
2200 meters, in dense forest, Vargas 2554- Near Rio Yanamayo,
below "Pillahuata," 2000-2300 meters, Pennell 14079. Prov. of
Paucartambo, from Sta. Isabel to Asuncion, 1800 meters, Vargas
5526. — Puno: Prov. of Sandia, Sto. Domingo area, 1550 meters,
McCarroll 100. Also Venezuela (type) and Guadeloupe.
Maxillaria multicaulis (Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 281. 1945. Siagonanthus multicaulis
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 40, t. 69. 1836. Ornithidium
multicaule Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 18. 1854; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 6: 94. 1904.
Plant large, epiphytic, with a creeping rhizome. Stems 6-10, distant, from a
prostrate or ascending base strict, simple or divided, very stout, clothed with elon-
gate, tubular sheaths, provided at the apex with a thickened mass of distichous,
densely imbricating leaf-sheaths surrounding a pseudobulb. Pseudobulb ovoid,
compressed but not ancipitous, unifoliate at the apex, 3.5-4.5 cm. high. Leaves
indistinctly petioled, up to 32 cm. long; lamina linear-oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide,
slightly narrowed to an obtuse and mucronate or bilobed apex, cuneate below;
petiole conduplicate or deeply channelled. Inflorescences numerous, axillary,
1-flowered, in clusters among the sheaths subtending the pseudobulbs, shorter
than the pseudobulb, up to 3 cm. long, invested by alternate, tubular sheaths
below. Flowers rather small, dirty white with a rose-colored lip. Dorsal sepal
linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, concave, about 11.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm.
wide. Lateral sepals apparently similar, obliquely linear-lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed, forming a short mentum at the base. Petals
obliquely ligulate or narrowly oblanceolate, apparently slightly sigmoid, acute or
short-acuminate, erect and subconnivent with the dorsal sepal, distinctly shorter
than the sepals and about half as wide. Lip obovate-oblong, entire, sharply genic-
ulate-reflexed near the middle, retuse in front, cuneate and concave below, with
denticulate and ciliate margins, 13-14 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; disc naked above.
Column slender, arcuate, clavate, 3.5-4 mm. long, produced into a short foot.
Huaunco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), Poeppig 1730.
No specimen of this species was seen.
Maxillaria nanegalensis Reichb. f . Linnaea 41 : 34. 1876.
Plant large and stout, caulescent. Stem entirely enveloped by imbricating,
verruculose, evanescent, mostly leaf-bearing sheaths. Pseudobulbs very remote
and inconspicuous, linear-cylindric in the dried specimen, bearing 2 leaves at the
summit. Leaves numerous, distichous, lorate to linear-oblong, acute or subacute
("acuminate"), sessile at the slightly narrowed, conduplicate base, up to about
19 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide (in the specimen seen). Inflorescences numerous,
congested in the upper leaf-axils; peduncle very slender, up to about 8.5 cm. long
718 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
including the ovary, entirely enveloped by several close, tubular sheaths. Flower
medium-sized, yellow with darker maroon areas, campanulate. Dorsal sepal linear-
oblong, acute, mucronate, longitudinally concave, about 24 mm. long and 5 mm.
wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, about equaling the dorsal sepal
but a little wider, forming a prominent mentum at the base. Petals obliquely lin-
ear-oblanceolate, acute or subacuminate, slightly shorter than the sepals and much
narrower. Lip much shorter than the other segments, tubular-involute in natural
position, deeply 3-lobed at the apex, oval in outline when expanded, about 10 mm.
long and 8.5 mm. wide; lateral lobes erect, semielliptic, with a short, broadly
rounded free portion; mid-lobe very small, apparently round-ovate when expanded,
very fleshy, scarcely protruding beyond the lateral lobes; disc with a median, linear
thickening extending from the base and becoming an oblong, sulcate, fleshy callus.
Column short, stout, arcuate, about 5 mm. long at the back, extended into a sub-
equally long foot.
Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Chinchao, Carpish Pass, about
2700 meters, among summit vegetation, Hodge 6282. Also Ecuador
(type).
Maxillaria nardoides Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 90. 1905.
Plant small, rhizomatose. Rhizome creeping, with short branches, concealed
by short, densely imbricating, distichous sheaths and by numerous, approximate
pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs narrowly ovoid to pyriform-cylindric, up to 2 cm. long,
deeply furrowed in the dried specimen, 3- or 4-leaved at the apex. Leaves acicular,
subterete and channelled in the dried specimen, rigid or arcuate, up to 9 cm. long,
less than 1 mm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, lateral, basal, 1-flowered; pe-
duncle including the pedicellate ovary shorter than the pseudobulb, clothed with
several ventricose, imbricated sheaths. Flowers small, brown or reddish brown,
with little spreading segments. Dorsal sepal broadly oblong or "oblong-lanceo-
late," complicate-acute, concave, about 10 mm. long, 3-3.6 mm. wide. Lateral
sepals obliquely oblong, acute, commonly subequaling the dorsal sepal, forming a
short mentum at the base. Petals obliquely oblong to oblanceolate-oblong, rounded
at the apex with a minute apicule, slightly shorter and narrower than the dorsal
sepal. Lip erect and parallel to the column in natural position, with the sides of
the lower portion erect and the apical part recurved, about as long as the lateral
sepals and oblong-obovate when expanded, subtrilobed with the margins irregular
above the middle, about 10.4-11 mm. long, 4.8-5.3 mm. wide, rounded-truncate
and lightly retuse in front; disc with an oblanceolate-linear thickening in the lower
central part, which is more prominent and dilated above. Column slender, about
7.5 mm. long, with a pair of abrupt, rounded arms at the apex, extended into a
short foot.
Huanuco: Tingo Maria, 670 meters, on trees, Carpenter 105.—
Junin: Near La Merced, in the Chanchamayo Valley, 1000 meters,
in open woods, Weberbauer 1422 (type). Chanchamayo Valley, 1800
meters, Schunke 561 . Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1300-
1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A 59. — San Martin : Tarapoto,
750 meters, on a petrified tree trunk in forest, Williams 6006 (the lip
is missing) .
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 719
Maxillaria nasuta Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 104. 1866.
Maxillaria brevipedunculata A. & S. Sched. Orch. 10: 91. 1930.
Plant large, robust, on trees or rocks. Rhizome stout, apparently abbreviated.
Pseudobulbs complanate-ovoid to complanate-cylindric, unifoliate at the apex,
about 8 cm. or less long, surrounded and mostly concealed by several pairs of
distichous, conduplicate sheaths of which all but the outer ones are leaf-bearing.
Leaves elongate-oblong to lorate, abruptly subacute with an obliquely bilobed tip,
slightly narrowed below with a more or less elongate, conduplicate basal portion,
about 90 cm. or much less long, 2.6-5 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1-4, lateral, basal,
1-flowered, relatively short; peduncles entirely concealed by about 6 or less loose,
tubular, imbricating, distichous sheaths. Flowers large, with spreading segments,
fleshy, lemon-yellow to ochre or deep orange, often with a purple or carmine lip.
Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acuminate with involute margins, concave, about 4 cm.
or less long and 1.1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, lanceolate, long-acuminate
with involute margins, lightly oblique, longer and slightly narrower than the dorsal
sepal, forming a short mentum. Petals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
distinctly shorter than the dorsal sepal and about half as wide. Lip erect, parallel
to the column and arcuate-recurved in natural position, when expanded ovate-
oblong or lanceolate, about 2.2 cm. long, lightly 3-lobed or lobulate above the
middle with erect sides, obtuse or subacute at the sharply recurved tip; disc with a
more or less distinct, central, fleshy thickening below the middle. Column short,
stout, lightly arcuate, about 1.6 cm. or less long at the back, produced into a very
short foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Marcapata, from Murayaca to
S. Pedro, 1200-1600 meters, Vargas 5209. Prov. of Urubamba,
Machu-Picchu, 2100 meters, on rocks, Vargas 3333. Also Colombia
and Costa Rica (type of M. nasuta and M. brevipedunculata).
Maxillaria nubigena (Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 282. 1945. Ornithidium nubigenum Reichb. f.
Walp. Ann. 6: 488. 1863; Linnaea 41: 35. 1876.
Plant large, epiphytic, caulescent, ascending. Stem stout, loosely branching,
mostly concealed by tubular, rugulose sheaths of which all but the lower ones are
more or less separated and leaf-bearing. Branches short, stout, strobiliform, up
to 6 cm. long, concealed by several pairs of closely imbricating, distichous sheaths
which are leaf-bearing and have broad scarious margins, at intervals of 11 to 20 cm.
(often in the angle formed by the branches of the stem). Leaves linear, long-
acuminate, more or less falcate, slightly narrowed toward the base, rigid, more or
less convolute in the dried specimen, very variable in size, up to 30 cm. long and
1.1 cm. wide. Inflorescences numerous, abbreviated, 1-flowered, in the axils of the
leaf-sheaths on the short, strobiliform branches. Flowers small, deep pink to dark
red, campanulate, with fleshy segments. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, con-
cave, up to 7.5 mm. long, 3-3.7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-ovate,
slightly smaller than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong-elliptic, much smaller than
the sepals. Lip much shorter than the sepals in natural position, sigmoid when
viewed from the side, simple or nearly so, from a cuneate, concave base gradually
dilated in the middle forming a pair of upcurved, semiorbicular lobules, then
720 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
slightly contracted into an oblong-subquadrate, sulcate, retuse apical portion
Column short, stout, prominently angled in front.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Kittip & Smith 22612.~Junin: Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke 1844, 1845. Also Colombia
(type of Ornithidium nubigenum) .
Maxillaria nutans Lindl. Benth. PL Hartw. 154. 1845.
Plant large, caespitose. Pseudobulb not seen, apparently oblong-cylindric
entirely concealed and surpassed by a pair of distichous, conduplicate, leaf-bear-
ing sheaths, unifoliate at the apex. Leaves petioled; lamina elliptic to oblong
( oval ), acute or subacute, cuneate at the base, 15-22.5 cm. long, about 4 cm
or less wide; petiole more or less elongate, conduplicate, about 2 cm. or more long'
Inflorescences 1-flowered, 2 or more, suberect, elongate, subequaling the leaveS:
peduncle about 30 cm. or less long, almost wholly concealed by about 8 loose, strict
tubular, acuminate sheaths. Flower rather large, nodding. Dorsal sepal ovate^
lanceolate, almost 3 cm. long, apparently acute or acuminate. Lateral sepals sim-
ilar, oblique, apparently acuminate or acute, produced at the base into a very
prominent mentum. Petals not described. Lip oval, obtuse and thickened at the
apex, lightly emargmate on each side above the middle, with the sides of the lower
portion erect; disc pubescent, with an emarginate tubercle in the center. Column
lightly arcuate, dilated toward the apex and base, produced into a prominent foot.
Peru: Near Chuquiribamba, on the mountains, Hartweg sn
(type).— Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 163.
The diagnosis was made chiefly from a photograph of the type
in the Ames Orchid Herbarium.
Maxillaria paniculata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
ML 1: 223. 1798. Dendrobium paniculatum Pers. Syn. PI. 2- 524
1807. Dendrobium plicatum F. G. Dietr. Lex. Gartn. Bot. Nachtr.
2: 651. 1816.= obscure species, perhaps Cyrtopodium.
Huanuco: Near Pillao, on mountains and in rocky places, Pavdn
s.n. (type of Maxillaria paniculata).
Maxillaria parvibulbosa C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 11: 283, t. 17. 1945. Figure 140.
P ^la"tluterrestrial« rather ^rge, apparently with a short, creeping rhizome
Pseudobulbs commonly approximate, very small, obliquely cylindric or ellipsoid-
cylmdnc when dry, somewhat compressed, unifoliate at the apex, about 2 cm or
» long, more or less concealed and much surpassed by several distichous sheaths
±tl hf 6 T breS', Llf ConsPicuously Pooled; lamina linear-oblong or
'Ihptic-oblong to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute, cuneate below, 14-21 4 cm
long, up to 2.9 cm. wide; petiole long, slender, channelled, 4-11 cm. long. Scapes
MAXILLcARJA
joardifru t frosa
FIG. 140. Maxillaria parvibulbosa C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower
without lip, expanded; XI. 3, lip from above, expanded; X 3.
721
722 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
lateral, basal, 1-flowered, several, short, slender, lax to erect-ascending, up to 14 cm.
long including the pedicellate ovary; peduncle more or less concealed by several
loose, tubular sheaths which are smaller and imbricating below. Flower large,
white and lilac-rose, with slightly spreading segments. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, tubular-involute, up to 3.4 cm. long and 7.6 mm. wide across
the concave basal part when expanded. Lateral sepals slightly longer and wider
below, narrowly triangular-lanceolate, oblique and slightly upcurved above, acu-
minate, forming a conspicuous triangular mentum at the base. Petals very sim-
ilar to the lateral sepals, long-acuminate, markedly shorter and narrower than the
dorsal sepal. Lip much shorter than the other segments, erect, parallel to the col-
umn, lightly recurved and up to 1.95 cni. long in natural position with the sides
of the lower part erect, deeply 3-lobed near the apex, elliptic-oblong and about
6 mm. wide when expanded; lateral lobes long and narrow, with a short, ovate-
rounded free apex; mid-lobe elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, very fleshy through the
middle, with undulate margins, about 6 mm. long; disc with an oblong-lanceolate,
sulcate callus in the middle. Column short, stout, abruptly clavate, lightly arcu-
ate, about 8 mm. long at the back, extended into a somewhat longer, sulcate foot.
San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in
mountain forest, Klug 3618.
Maxillaria parviloba Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1918) 235.
Plant large, epiphytic. Pseudobulbs aggregated, oblong-cylindric, subcom-
pressed, bifoliate at the apex, about 5 cm. long. Leaves subpetioled, lorate, sub-
acute, cuneate below, about 35 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Scapes 1-flowered,
suberect, 9-12 cm. long, concealed by several "lanceolate-oblong" sheaths. Flowers
rather large, light yellow suffused with pale pink, lip white suffused with pink,
brown, red-purple and yellow. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong, acute, lightly con-
cave, 4 cm. long. Lateral sepals subspreading, equally long with the dorsal sepal,
forming a very short, obtuse mentum at the base. Petals linear-oblong, subfalcate,
acuminate, much shorter than the sepals. Lip about 1.3 cm. long, shortly 3-lobed;
lateral lobes falcate-oblong, obtuse, 2.5 mm. wide; mid-lobe ovate-oblong, obtuse,
fleshy, 3.5 mm. long, with a recurved margin; disc papillose, with an oblong, obtuse,
fleshy callus. Column clavate-oblong, about 1 cm. long.
Peru (probably). Habitat not recorded (flowered with Messrs.
Sander, St. Albans).
No specimen of this species was available.
Maxillaria pendula (Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11 : 285. 1945. Scaphyglottis pendula Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 58, t. 98. 1836. Ornithidium pendulum
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 92. 1904.
Plant rather large, epiphytic, caulescent. Stems elongate, pendent, divari-
cately branched, rather slender, bearing remote pseudobulbs, 50-60 cm. or more
long, clothed with short, close, tubular, loosely imbricating, evanescent sheaths.
Pseudobulbs in the axils of the branches, ovoid, strongly compressed, up to 3.5 cm.
long, unifoliate at the apex, sheathed at the base when young with a pair of dis-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 723
tichous, coriaceous, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-
oblong, acute, cuneate below, erect-spreading, 9-15 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm. wide.
Inflorescences numerous, very short, fascicled in the axils of the cauline sheaths,
1-flowered; peduncles almost naked, up to 1 cm. long. Flowers minute, white,
erect-spreading. Dorsal sepal oblong, acute, concave, about 5 mm. long and
1.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals narrowly and obliquely deltoid, equally long with
the dorsal sepal but a little wider at the base, forming a short obtuse mentum
below. Petals lanceolate, acute, suboblique, a little shorter and narrower than the
dorsal sepal. Lip from a rather long, narrow claw ovate-oblong, strongly concave,
shortly acuminate, lightly constricted on each side near the middle (and thus sub-
trilobed), 4-4.5 mm. long, lamina subcordate at the base; disc callose. Column
rather short, slender, gently arcuate, clavate, 3-4 mm. long.
Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), Poeppig 1749.
No specimens of this species were seen.
Maxillaria platyloba Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 104. 1921;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 126, nr. 493. 1929.
Plant rather large, epiphytic, about 30 cm. high, rhizomatose. Rhizome stem-
like, stout, erect, bearing distant pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs ovoid or broadly
ellipsoid, compressed, 1.85-2.5 cm. high, unifoliate at the apex, about 4-6 cm.
apart, surrounded on each side by a leaf-bearing sheath. Leaf ligulate, mucron-
ulate, very shortly petiolate-narrowed below, shining above, 5-7 cm. long, 1.4-
1.7 cm. wide in the middle. Inflorescence basal, 1-flowered, solitary, erect; pedun-
cle 6.5-7.5 cm. long, entirely concealed by about 4 long, tubular, acute sheaths.
Flower rather large, pale brown, glabrous. Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate
("lanceolate-ligulate"), gradually narrowed to a subobtuse apex, about 4 cm. long
and 6.7 mm. wide below. Lateral sepals obliquely and narrowly triangular-lanceo-
late, gradually narrowed above, about equally large with the dorsal sepal, forming
at the base a short, obtuse mentum. Petals lanceolate-linear ("linear"), oblique
near the base, long-acuminate, shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip much shorter
than the other segments, recurved, oblong-obovate ("broadly oblong") in outline,
3-lobed at the anterior third, about 1.6 cm. long and 8 mm. wide; lateral lobes
semiobovate ("semioblong") with a short, rounded free apex; mid-lobe reniform,
lightly retuse, 5 mm. long, about 7 mm. wide; lower half of the disc with a linear-
oblong, obtuse, fleshy callus in the middle. Column short, clavate, about 9 mm.
high, produced into a short foot.
Cuzco: Between Tambo Yancacoza and Ramapata, 2200-2400
meters, Weberbauer 1337.
No example of this species was available.
Maxillaria platypetala Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 221. 1798. Dendrobium platypetalum Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 523.
1807. Maxillaria polypetala Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 1: 268. 1821.
Dendrobium polypetalum Steud. l.c.= obscure species, perhaps Lycaste.
Huanuco: Near Muna and Chaclla, on forested mountains,
Pavon s.n.
724 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Maxillaria prolifera Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil.
1: 226. 1798. Dendrobium proliferum Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807.=
obscure species.
Junin: Huassa-buassi, in cold places, Tafalla s.n., fide Ruiz &
Pavon.— Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 164. 1921.
Maxillaria purpurea (Spreng.) Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 16. 1943. Epidendrum vestitum Sw. Prodr. Veg.
Ind. Occ. 124. 1788, not Maxillaria vestita Schltr. 1924. Cymbidium
vestitum Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 6: 70. 1799. Camaridium purpureum
Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 735. 1826. Ornithidium vestitum Reichb. f.
Walp. Ann. 6: 491. 1863, in part; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6:
95. 1904, in part; Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 1: 122, t. 26, figs. 1-4.
1910. Ornithidium simulans Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 99.
1930.
Plant small to medium-sized, epiphytic or on rocky banks, rhizomatose. Stems
elongate, more or less branched, often curved or flexuous, entirely concealed by
short sheaths which are close, distichous, strongly imbricating and evanescent in
age, provided with more or less distant pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs cylindric, uni-
foliate at the apex, 2-3 (rarely 3.7) cm. long, sheathed at the base by a pair of
distichous, triangular, concave sheaths which are evanescent in course of develop-
ment. Leaves variable, linear-oblong, lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong or narrowly
elliptic-oblong, acute and apiculate to subacute, shortly narrowed to a condupli-
cate, subpetioled base, up to 16 (rarely 20) cm. long and 2 cm. wide (commonly
much smaller). Inflorescences lateral, crowded in the axils of cauline sheaths at
the base of the pseudobulbs, 1-flowered, very short; peduncles up to 7 mm. long,
concealed by several distichous, closely imbricating, ventricose sheaths. Flowers
minute, white or cream-color with a yellow lip, urceolate. Dorsal sepal elliptic or
ovate-elliptic, complicate-acute, strongly concave, about 4.2 (rarely 5.5) mm. long
and 2.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals elliptic-ovate or rotund-ovate, abruptly acute,
connate below, deeply concave at the base, a little shorter and wider than the dorsal
sepal. Petals elliptic-oblong, complicate-acute, lightly oblique, a little shorter and
much narrower than the sepals. Lip erect and subparallel to the column in natural
position, prominently clawed, 3-4 mm. long; claw subquadrate, fleshy with the
thickening bilobulate in front; lamina ovate or cordate-ovate in outline, more or
less distinctly 3-lobed below the middle; lateral lobes short, obliquely semiobovate,
erect-spreading; mid-lobe larger, ovate or triangular-ovate, obtuse to acute, flat;
disc with a transverse, fleshy thickening between the lateral lobes. Column very
short and stout, about 1.5 mm. long at the back.
Ayacucho: Aina between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Killip & Smith 23201. — Junin: Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n. — Loreto : Balsapuerto (lower
Rio Huallaga basin), 150-350 meters, in dense forest, Killip & Smith
28603. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, King 10077. San Isidro,
Rio Maranon, at the mouth of Rio Pastaza, 135 meters, Tessmann
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 725
4982. The following collection is sterile, but is doubtless referable
here: Junin: Pichis Trail, Enenas, 1600-1900 meters, in dense forest,
Killip & Smith 25723. Also Central America (Guatemala, type of
Ornithidium simulans; Honduras), the West Indies (type of Epiden-
drum vestitum and Camaridium purpureum), Venezuela, Surinam and
Brazil.
Maxillaria purpurea (Spreng.) Ames & Correll, var. parviflora
(Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11:
285. 1945. Scaphy glottis parviflora Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac
Sp. 1: 58, t. 97. 1836. Ornithidium vestitum Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6:
491. 1863, in part; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 96. 1904, in
part.
This variety differs from the species in having commonly bifoliate pseudo-
bulbs and in having the mid-lobe of the lip ligulate and much smaller than the
lateral lobes.
Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), epiphyte in forest, Poeppig
1761 (type of Scaphyglottis parviflora).
No specimens of this orchid have been available.
Maxillaria ramosa Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1 :
226. 1798. Dendrobium ramosum Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807.= ob-
scure species.
Huanuco: Chinchao, near Mesapata and Machaynio, in open
woods, on trees, Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria ramosissima Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl.
117: 29. 1916; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 286.
1945.
Plant small, rhizomatose. Rhizome long-creeping, flexuous, more or less branch-
ing, entirely concealed by close sheaths which are short, distichous, densely imbri-
cated and evanescent in age, bearing remote pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs ellipsoid
to pyriform-cylindric ("ovate"), more or less compressed, bifoliate at the apex, up
to 3 cm. high, striate-rugose and often curved in the dried specimen, surrounded
at the base by a pair of evanescent, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves linear-oblong to
narrowly elliptic-oblong ("ligulate"), abruptly rounded at the bilobed apex, shortly
cuneate at the conduplicate base, erect-spreading, coriaceous, up to 9 cm. long and
1.1 cm. wide. Inflorescences commonly 2-4, arising from the axils of the sheaths
at the base of the pseudobulbs (rarely from the axils of sheaths between the pseudo-
bulbs), 1-flowered, subequaling the leaves, about 11 cm. or less long including the
pedicelled ovary; peduncles suberect, lightly fractiflex, entirely concealed by nu-
merous (up to 15), close, distichous, densely imbricating, short sheaths. Flowers
rather small, pale greenish yellow, with ringent segments. Dorsal sepal navicu-
726 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
lar, oblong-lanceolate ("narrowly ovate-triangular"), complicate-acute and apic-
ulate, dorsally keeled near the apex, about 1.6 ("ad 2") cm. long and 5.6 mm. wide
when expanded. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely lanceolate-oblong, about as long
as the dorsal sepal but narrower, forming a short mentum at the base. Petals
obliquely elliptic-linear ("lanceolate"), complicate-acute, a little shorter than the
sepals and about half as broad as the dorsal sepal, minutely ciliolate. Lip erect,
parallel to the column and lightly recurved in natural position, when expanded
oblong-obovate in outline from a small cuneate claw, about 9.5 mm. long and
5.4 mm. wide across the anterior flat portion, broadly rounded and lightly retuse
at the apex, base of the lamina subcordate with erect, auriculiform lobules; disc
with a prominent, ovate-rounded, sulcate callus between the basal lobules. Col-
umn small, arcuate, abruptly clavate at the apex, about 6 mm. long at the back,
extended into a short foot.
Cajamarca: Prov. of Jaen (5° 10' 20" S. Br.), above Tabaconas,
on the eastern declivity of the Cordillera, 2200-2400 meters, in scle-
rophyllous vegetation consisting of shrubs interspersed with small
trees, Weberbauer 6273, 6308.
Maxillaria ringens Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 523. 1863; C.
Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 4: 91. 1937.
Plant commonly large, epiphytic, very variable. Rhizome stout, abbreviated.
Pseudobulbs clustered (often only 1 shown in the specimen), cylindric to ellipsoid
or round-ovoid, strongly complanate, unifoliate at the apex, up to 5 (rarely 6.5) cm.
tall, surrounded at the base by several distichous, imbricating sheaths which are
triangular-ovate, conduplicate, more or less surpassing the pseudobulb and eva-
nescent in age. Leaf petioled ; lamina elliptic-oblong to lorate, subacute to rounded
at the apex, cuneate below, up to 54 cm. long and 5 cm. wide (commonly much
smaller); petiole conduplicate, up to 13 cm. long. Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered,
commonly several in the axils of sheaths, short or elongate, erect, lax or flexuous;
peduncle much shorter than the leaves, up to 18 cm. long, wholly or mostly con-
cealed by several tubular to infundibuliform sheaths. Flowers extremely variable
in size, with spreading or ringent segments, yellow-green to cream-color and yellow,
often with a white, purple-spotted lip (rarely dull red). Dorsal sepal oblong or
linear-oblong, abruptly acute or subacute, concave, 1.8-3.9 cm. long, 5.8-7.7 mm.
wide. Lateral sepals similar, oblique, forming a short but prominent mentum at
the base. Petals obliquely oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, narrowed to an
acute tip, slightly shorter than the sepals and distinctly narrower. Lip much
shorter than the other segments, erect and parallel to the column in natural posi-
tion, 1.3-1.7 cm. long, about 5.8 mm. or more wide when expanded, elliptic in
outline, deeply 3-lobed near the apex; lateral lobes erect, narrowly semiobovate
with a short, rounded free portion having irregular margins; mid-lobe ovate to
triangular-ovate, fleshy with irregular margins; disc through the lower portion
with a central longitudinal thickening which is extended into a fleshy, obtuse or
acute tip. Column small, about 6-7 mm. long at the back, lightly arcuate and sub-
clavate, produced into a prominent foot.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 535. Pichis
Trail, San Nicolas, about 1100 meters, in dense forest, Killip & Smith
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 727
26057. — Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, King 10049. — San
Martin: Near Moyobamba, 1100-1600 meters, in forest, Klug 10114-
Also Mexico (type) through Central America and Venezuela.
This species appears to be very similar to the Venezuelan Maxil-
laria brunnea and may prove to be referable to it.
Maxillaria rotundilabia C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13:
232, t., 1944. Figure 141.
Plant medium-sized, epiphytic. Rhizome abbreviated. Pseudobulbs compla-
nate-ellipsoid, unifoliate at the apex, 3.2-5 cm. tall. Leaf distinctly petioled;
lamina oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute, cuneate at the base, 14-19.5 cm.
long, up to 2.8 cm. wide; petiole small, channelled, up to 2.5 cm. long. Scapes
several, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, suberect to arcuate, much shorter than the leaf;
peduncle entirely or mostly concealed by 5-7 narrow, tubular, erect sheaths.
Flower dark purple or red-purple with a dark purple lip, having spreading seg-
ments. Dorsal sepal oblong or oblong-lanceolate, concave or navicular, acute to
obtuse, 1.9-2.4 cm. long, 5-6.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, complicate-acute, very slightly larger than the dorsal
sepal. Petals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, acute or subacute, somewhat smaller
than the dorsal sepal. Lip much shorter than the other segments, erect and lightly
recurved in natural position, suborbicular in outline when expanded, sharply
3-lobed in the middle, about 1 cm. long, up to 1 cm. broad across the lateral lobes
when expanded, rounded-subtruncate in front, rounded to subcuneate at the very
shortly clawed base; lateral lobes incurved, with a small, dentiform-triangular apex
which is obtuse or rarely acute and more or less irregularly erose; mid-lobe much
larger, transversely semiorbicular-oval or rotund-obovate, 5.5 mm. or more long,
7 mm. or more broad; disc with a suborbicular or obovate, sulcate callus between
the lateral lobes. Column very short and stout, about 4 mm. long at the back,
produced into a short, broad, sulcate foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, slopes of Pillahuata, 2800 meters,
in rainy forest of "Ceja de la montana," Vargas 8679 (type). Prov.
of Urubamba, near Wenner Gren ruins, 3400-3600 meters, in dense
wet forest with much fog and rain, Metcalf 30771 .
Maxillaria rufescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: sub t. 1802. 1836;
22: 1. 1848. 1836; Reichb. f. Saund. Refug. Bot. 2: 1. 133. 1882; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 12. 1904; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 287. 1945. Maxillaria Abelei Schltr. Fedde Re-
pert. Beih. 9: 101. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 125,
nr. 488. 1929.
Plant epiphytic, extremely variable. Rhizome creeping, more or less elongate.
Pseudobulbs commonly approximate (rarely 2-3 cm. distant), cylindric to narrowly
ovoid or ellipsoid, compressed, more or less distinctly 4-angled in section, uni-
foliate at the apex, 1.5-6 cm. long, at first surrounded below by several distichous,
membranaceous, ovate-triangular sheaths. Leaf sessile or shortly petioled; lamina
728 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
narrowly elliptic to elliptic-oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ligulate, acute (rarely
acuminate), cuneate below, coriaceous, 4.3-31 cm. long, up to 4.8 (rarely 6) cm.
wide; petiole short or indistinct, up to 4 cm. long, conduplicate. Scapes lateral^
basal, 1-flowered, 1 to several, short, shorter than the pseudobulb or a little longer;
peduncle ascending, arcuate or spreading, with several rather remote, ventricose
sheaths. Flower small to medium-sized, commonly yellow to orange with red
or purple spots on the lip, more rarely white, reddish-green or salmon pink striped
with red. Dorsal sepal oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute to obtuse, concave, 9-24
mm. long and 2.8 to about 9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly oblong or elliptic-
oblong, lightly oblique, about as long as the dorsal sepal but somewhat wider.
Petals obliquely oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, subacute at the rounded
apex, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal but commonly subequally wide. Lip
erect and parallel to the column in natural position, ovate or elliptic in outline
when expanded, sharply 3-lobed near the middle, 8-21 mm. long, 6.4-12 mm.
wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes erect, relatively small, obliquely triangu-
lar or ovate-dentiform; mid-lobe much larger, oblong-subquadrate or ovate-oblong,
abruptly truncate and commonly lightly retuse (sometimes broadly obtuse) in
front; disc with a median, linear-oblong, more or less distinct callus below the
middle. Column prominent, arcuate, clavate, about 7-16 mm. long at the back
extended into a short foot.
Peru: Probably from the Chanchamayo Valley (type of M. Abelei.
— Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 1244, 1279.
Same locality, 1600 meters, Schunke 1875 (no lip present), 2013.
Pichis Trail, Yapas, 1350-1600 meters, in dense forest, Killip &
Smith 25540. Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 1800 meters, Woytkow-
ski s.n. Rio Pinedo, north of La Merced, 700-900 meters, in dense
woods, Killip & Smith 23652 (no good flower).— Loreto: Vicinity of
Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10020, 10118. Puerto Meldndez, below the
Pongo de Manseriche (upper Maranon River), 155 meters, Tessmann
4750.— San Martin: Tingo Maria, 625-1100 meters, Attard 22589.
Also Central America, the West Indies (type of M. rufescens), Co-
lombia, Venezuela, British Guiana and Brazil.
Maxillaria Sanderiana Reichb. f., Sander, Reichenbachial: 57,
;. 25. 1888; Cogn. & Goos. Diet. Ic. Orch. Maxillaria t. 5. 1900-
Warner & Williams, Orch. Alb. 10: t. 463. 1893; Hook. f. Bot Mag
123: t. 7518. 1897.
Plant large, robust, epiphytic or on stony slopes. Rhizome short or more or
less elongate. Pseudobulbs clustered, subglobose to oblong-ellipsoid or ovoid
compressed, unifoliate at the apex, up to 5 cm. long, surrounded below by 2 or
more lanceolate, acuminate, evanescent sheaths. Leaf petioled; lamina narrowly
)long or elliptic-oblong, abruptly acute or cuspidate, cuneate below, up to 40 cm
long and 5.7 cm. wide, coriaceous; petiole stout, deeply channelled or conduplicate,
up to 19.5 cm. long. Scapes 1 to several, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, stout, ascending
or arcuate; peduncle about 25 cm. or less long, entirely or mostly concealed by
several distichous, tubular sheaths, of which the lower are smaller and densely
FIG. 141. Maxillaria rotundilabia C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 4A- 2, flower, ex-
panded, with lip removed; X 1%. 3, column and lip from side, natural position;
X 3. 4, lip, expanded, from above; X 3.
729
730 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
imbricating. Flower large, showy, fleshy, sepals and petals pure white with
blotches of deep purple at the base. Dorsal sepal oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or subobtuse, concave, up to 7.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals
obliquely triangular-ovate or triangular-oblong, acute, a little longer and con-
siderably wider below than the dorsal sepal, forming a prominent, conical mentum
at the base. Petals obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, a little shorter and broader
than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect, parallel to the column and recurved in natural
position with the sides erect below, about half as long as the sepals, oval in outline,
subtrilobed above the middle with the anterior lobe ovate-suborbicular, rounded
at the apex, crisped-undulate on the margin and bright yellow within; disc with
a median, flattened, clavate, smooth appendage through the lower half. Column
short, stout, clavate, about 1.5 cm. long at the back, produced into a longer foot.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, about 1200 meters, Klaboch s.n.
(type). Also Ecuador.
Maxillaria sanguineomaculata Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih.
9: 164. 1921. Dichaea arbuscula Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37:
385. 1906.
Plant caulescent, without pseudobulbs. Stems elongate, branching with erect
branches, densely leafy. Leaf-sheaths thick and diverging from the stem in
the dried specimen. Leaves oblong-linear, obtusely bilobed and apiculate at
the apex, thickly coriaceous, 2.5-3 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide. Inflorescences in
the axils of the leaves, 1-flowered, subequaling the leaves in length, the very short
peduncle with 2 sheaths. Flowers white, with a blood-red spot on the lip. Dorsal
sepal narrowly ligulate, subacute, about 1.2 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar,
ligulate, lightly oblique, acute, about equally long with the dorsal sepal but
somewhat wider, forming at the base a short, obtuse mentum 5-6 mm. long. Petals
as long as the sepals but wider, obtuse. Lip broadly oblong, obtuse, about 1.2
cm. long, with a minute fold on each side, slightly thickened above, similar to
the petals. Column nearly equaling the dorsal sepal, lightly arcuate.
Amazonas: Molinopampa, east of Chachapoyas, 2000-3000 me-
ters, in sclerophyllous vegetation (principally trees with scattered
shrubs), in open places, Weberbauer 4352 (Dichaea arbuscula}.
No specimen of this species was available.
Maxillaria saxatilis Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 216. 1855.
Plant medium-sized to large, caulescent, growing on rocks or trees. Stems
stout, entirely concealed by distichous, closely imbricating, leaf-bearing sheaths.
Pseudobulbs remote, complanate-ovoid or ellipsoid, about 4-7 cm. long, bifoliate
at the apex, surrounded at the base by distichous, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves
oblong-linear ("linear-ligulate"), abruptly obtuse and unequally bilobulate at the
apex, slightly narrowed near the base, 6.6-20 cm. long, up to 1.5 cm. wide. Pe-
duncles scattered, axillary, 1-flowered, provided with several ancipitous sheaths.
Ovary long-exserted. Perianth campanulate, rather small. Dorsal sepal oblong,
acute, concave, about 1.6 cm. long. Lateral sepals about equally long, obliquely
oblong-lanceolate, forming a prominent, saccate mentum with the column-foot.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 731
Petals similar to the lateral sepals in form but shorter, slightly narrower or broader.
Lip oblong-subquadrate ("ligulate") in outline, subsimple to obscurely 3-lobed
or more or less contracted on each side near the middle, truncate-retuse in front,
minutely denticulate, about 1.2 cm. long; disc through the lower half with a
median, fleshy, obtuse callus. Column about half as long as the dorsal sepal,
slender, arcuate, lightly clavate, produced into a short foot.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews s.n.? (type). — Junin: Prov. of
Tarma, Utcuyacu, 1900 meters, on tree in low forest, Woytkowski
35355.— Puno, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 164. 1921.
Maxillaria spathulata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 15: 164, t. 54. 1952. Figure 142.
Plant epiphytic, with an elongate rhizome bearing pseudobulbs at remote
intervals. Segments of the rhizome slender, straight, terete in section, about
9-11 cm. long, joining at an obtuse angle beneath the pseudobulb, entirely con-
cealed by close, tubular, imbricating sheaths. Pseudobulbs remote, complanate-
ovoid, unifoliate at the apex, up to 2 cm. high, clothed at the base by 2 pairs of
imbricating, conduplicate sheaths of which the upper ones are leaf-bearing. Leaves
variable in size and shape, ovate-elliptic, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, sharply
acute or acuminate, sessile at the complicate base, up to 8.4 cm. long and 3.4 cm.
wide. Flower small, solitary in the axils of sheaths surrounding the pseudobulbs,
subsessile, reddish with a cream-colored lip. Sepals and petals subparallel, rather
fleshy. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, about
10 mm. long and 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely and narrowly triangular-
lanceolate, short-acuminate, about equaling the dorsal sepal, forming with the
column-foot a mentum about 4 mm. long. Petals oblanceolate-linear, acute, a
little shorter than the sepals and much narrower. Lip a little shorter than the
sepals, lightly recurved in natural position, sharply 3-lobed with the lateral lobes
incurved to form a tubular-involute basal portion, oblong-spatulate when forcibly
expanded, lightly retuse in front, about 9.5 mm. long and 6.1 mm. wide above
the middle; lateral lobes small, linear-oblong, the free part short, porrect, ovate-
oblong, obliquely rounded at the apex, about 1.6 mm. long; mid-lobe much
larger, suborbicular-obovate, broadly rounded above, lightly retuse, with crenulate-
erose margins, about 6.8 mm. long; disc thickened below, the thickening terminat-
ing in a subquadrate, retuse callus between the free apices of the lateral lobes.
Column short, stout, about 4 mm. high at the back, extending into a short, stout,
concave foot.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, between Sta. Isabel and Asuncion,
1800 meters, Vargas 5532.
Maxillaria splendens Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 38,
t. 66. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 25. 1904.
Plant large, epiphytic, with a very short, stout rhizome. Pseudobulbs aggre-
gated (often appearing solitary in the specimen), oblong-ovoid, fusiform or
cylindric, up to 10 cm. long, strongly compressed, unifoliate at the apex, sur-
rounded, surpassed and more or less concealed by several pairs of distichous,
imbricating sheaths which are conduplicate and mostly leaf-bearing. Leaves
732 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
variable, petioled; lamina commonly oblong to linear-ligulate or lorate (rarely
elliptic-oblong or linear-lanceolate), abruptly obtuse to rounded at the apex
with unequal lobules and often with a small apicule, cuneate below, up to
43 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, coriaceous; petiole very variable, deeply channelled
or conduplicate, up to 15 cm. long. Inflorescences relatively short, lateral, basal,
in the axils of leaf-bearing sheaths, 1-flowered, suberect to recurved, 13-30 cm.
long, entirely concealed by several elongate-tubular, close, imbricating sheaths.
Flower large, with slightly spreading segments, white, commonly with a yellow
or orange lip. Dorsal sepal narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate,
concave below, 3.5-7.3 cm. long, up to 7.3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar,
commonly a little longer and subequally wide, slightly oblique, forming a very
short, rounded mentum at the base. Petals triangular-linear, long-acuminate,
often lightly sigmoid, a little shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip
much shorter than the other segments, erect, parallel to the column and lightly
recurved in natural position, up to 1.5 cm. long, deeply 3-lobed above the middle;
lateral lobes erect, narrowly semielliptic, with a very short, rounded or obliquely
triangular-ovate free portion; mid-lobe very fleshy, ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, callose- thickened toward the apex beneath; disc with a median callose
thickening through the lower half. Column short, stout, arcuate, subclavate,
about 1 cm. or less long at the back, extended into a short, concave foot; clinan-
drium ciliolate.
Huanuco: Between Huanuco and Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Ka-
nehira 321. In the mountain woods near Pampayaco and Cuchero
(Cochero), Poeppig 1729 (type). — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200
meters, Schunke 1311. — Loreto: Middle Itaya River near Iquitos,
about 100 meters, Tessmann 3552. — San Martin: Zepelacio, near
Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, King 3589. Near Monson and
Tingo Maria, 625-1100 meters, Allard 22188, 22535. Also Colombia,
Surinam and Bolivia.
Maxillaria stria ta Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 1: 265. 1893; Rolfe, Lin-
denia 9: 31, t. 398. 1893; Cogn. & Goos. Diet. Ic. Orch. Maxillaria t.
4. 1899.
Plant large, stout, showy. Pseudobulbs clustered (sometimes appearing
solitary in the specimen), oblong-cylindric to ovoid, more or less compressed,
4.7-8 cm. long, unifoliate at the apex, partly concealed and surpassed by several
pairs of distichous, imbricating sheaths which are conduplicate, leaf-bearing above
and evanescent. Leaves petioled; lamina oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse,
cuneate below, coriaceous, about 24 cm. or less long, 4-6 cm. wide; petiole stout,
deeply channelled or conduplicate, up to 10 cm. long. Scapes several, lateral,
basal, 1-flowered, suberect to arcuate, about 30 cm. or less long; peduncle mostly
concealed by several (up to 9) tubular sheaths which are smaller and imbricating
below. Flower large, showy, the sepals greenish yellow closely striped with red-
purple and the lip white radially striped on the sides with red-purple. Dorsal
sepal oblong-lanceolate, subacute, concave, 4.6-7 cm. long, up to 1.2 cm. wide.
Lateral sepals very obliquely triangular-lanceolate, attenuate above, acute, about
as long as the dorsal sepal but much wider below, forming a conspicuous, conical
MAXILLARIA
spaihulaira
C« ochweinfi
FIG. 142. Maxillaria spathulata C. Schweinf. 1, plants; X 6A- 2, flower from
side; X 2. 3, dorsal sepal; X 3. 4, petal; X 3. 5, lip, expanded; X 3.
733
734 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
mentum about 2.5 cm. long at the base. Petals obliquely lanceolate, acuminate
with a recurved, uncinate tip, much shorter and slightly narrower than the dorsal
sepal. Lip erect, parallel to the column and strongly recurved in natural position,
lightly 3-lobulate near the apex, cuneate toward the base, rhombic in outline
and about 3.5-4 cm. long when forcibly expanded; lateral lobes erect, semiobovate,
with an abbreviated, broadly rounded free portion; mid-lobe ovate-lanceolate,
strongly recurved, subobtuse, with subcrenulate and undulate margins; disc
through the lower half with a linear-oblong, plurisulcate, apically rounded callus.
Column short, stout, abruptly clavate at the apex, about 1.1 cm. long at the back,
produced into a foot which is about twice as long.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded (introduced by Messrs. Linden of
Brussels; type). — Puno: Prov. of Sandia, Santo Domingo area, 1550
meters, McCarroll 122.
Maxillaria Tafallae (Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 288. 1945. Scaphyglottis Tafallae Reichb. f.
Linnaea 22: 855. 1849. Ornithidium Tafallae Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2:
18. 1854. Ornithidium dichotomum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 7:
178. 1920; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 63, nr. 245. 1929.
Plant large, sprawling, caulescent, epiphytic. Stems slender, branching,
bearing pseudobulbs at varying intervals (1-19 cm.), with divaricately spreading
branches from the axils of the sheaths below the pseudobulbs, invested by close,
short, tubular sheaths which are approximate or imbricating. Pseudobulbs
strongly complanate, subglobose to ellipsoid or ovoid, unifoliate at the apex,
up to 3.5 cm. long, concealed at the base by 1 or 2 pairs of distichous, imbricating,
leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves very variable, sessile or nearly so, oblong (broadly
or narrowly) to elliptic-oblong, acute or short-acuminate at the oblique apex,
slightly narrowed to a complicate base, chartaceous, 4-21 cm. long, up to 4.2 cm.
wide (commonly much smaller). Inflorescences numerous, abbreviated, in the
axils of sheaths near the pseudobulbs, 1-flowered. Flowers minute, campanulate,
often with recurved segments, cream-color or greenish yellow frequently with
green or rosy white. Dorsal sepal oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, concave
below, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar and about as
large as the dorsal sepal, obliquely oblong, acute, forming a short, saccate
mentum at the base. Petals oblanceolate-linear, acute or subacute, slightly
shorter and much narrower than the dorsal sepal (about half as wide). Lip erect,
with the basal portion tubular-involute and parallel to the column, and the
anterior part abruptly reflexed in natural position, when expanded obovate-
oblong or cuneate-oblong, sharply 3-lobed above the middle, about 7 mm. long
and 3.5 mm. wide above; basal portion oblong-cuneate, terminating on each side
in a rounded, free apex; mid-lobe subquadrate-ovate, deeply bilobed in front,
constricted in the middle of each side (and thus subtrilobed), with the margins
irregularly crenulate; disc with a transverse callus between the erect apices of
the basal portion. Column short, stout, 3-4 mm. high, extended into a short foot.
Huanuco: Near Chicoplaya, Ruiz s.n. (type of Scaphyglottis Tafal-
lae). Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, on gravelly bank, on Rio
Huallaga, Asplund 12373. — Junin: Rio Pinedo, north of La Merced,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 735
700-900 meters, in dense woods, Killip & Smith 23650 (sterile). San
Ramon, 900-1300 meters, in dry woods, Killip & Smith 24762 (fruit-
ing).— San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters,
Klug 3544. Same locality, about 1100 meters, Klug 3694. Also
Colombia (type of Ornithidium dichotomum) and Venezuela.
Maxillaria tenuis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
11: 289, t. 18. 1945. Figure 143.
Plant small, slender, epiphytic. Rhizome abbreviated. Pseudobulbs clustered,
cylindric, complanate and often oblique in the dried specimen, unifoliate at the
apex, about 2.3 cm. or less long, surrounded and surpassed by relatively large,
distichous, triangular, pustulose sheaths. Leaf petioled; lamina linear, sharply
acute, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, about 14 cm. or less long, up to 8 mm.
wide; petiole short, slender, deeply channelled, about 1.5 cm. or less long. Scapes
lateral, basal, 1-flowered, very short; peduncle about 3.2 cm. high, entirely con-
cealed by a few loose, tubular, imbricating sheaths. Flower large for the plant,
white and yellow. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, complicate-acute, apiculate,
concave near the base, about 2.7 cm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide below. Lateral
sepals very similar, lanceolate-linear, lightly oblique, acute, apiculate, forming
a short, inconspicuous mentum. Petals obliquely linear-triangular, acuminate,
somewhat shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip relatively very short, erect,
parallel to the column, lightly recurved and about 9.5 mm. long in natural position,
sessile, sharply 3-lobed about two-thirds the distance from the base, elliptic-ovate
in outline when expanded; lateral lobes erect, narrow, terminating in a short,
ovate-rounded free portion; mid-lobe triangular-ovate, short-acuminate, very
fleshy, about 4 mm. long; disc through the lower half with a median, longitudinal
thickening which becomes a conspicuous, fleshy, sulcate callus above. Column
very small, lightly arcuate, about 5.5 mm. high at the back, produced into a short
foot.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1045.
Maxillaria tricolor Ruiz et Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
224. 1798. Dendrobium tricolor Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807.= obscure
species, probably Xylobium.
Junin: Huassa-huassi, in steep, hot places on rocks, Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria trigona C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13: 266,
t., 1945. Figure 144.
Plant epiphytic, rhizomatose, growing in the woods. Rhizome relatively
stout, creeping, with widely separated sheaths which are short, broad and in-
fundibuliform. Pseudobulbs remote, ovoid to slenderly pyriform, strongly com-
planate when dry, about 5.5 cm. distant on the rhizome, unifoliate at the apex,
up to 2.1 cm. high, concealed in youth by distichous, imbricating sheaths. Leaf
narrowly oblong, obtuse or subacute, cuneate-narrowed to a sessile, subcondupli-
cate base, up to 11.9 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, rigid and coriaceous. In-
florescences arising from the axils of sheaths on the rhizome, 1-flowered, short,
MAXILLA.R1A
tenuis C/. Ocnureinrf.
FIG. 143. Maxillaria tennis C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, expanded;
X 2. 3, lip from above, expanded; X 4.
736
MAXILL.AR/IA
FIG. 144. Maxillaria trigona C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, natural
position; X 3. 3, dorsal sepal; X 2. 4, petal; X 2. 5, lateral sepal; X 2. 6, lip
from above; X 4.
737
738 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
solitary, concealed by imbricating sheaths. Flower medium-sized but large for
the plant with spreading, fleshy segments, dark red with a yellow border or yellow-
rown. Dorsal sepal oblong, sharply acute, navicular, dorsally carinate 18-22 4
mm. long, about 6 mm. wide. Lateral sepals recurved in natural position, obliquely
oblong-lanceolate, acute, ecarinate, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal but
equally wide. Petals obliquely linear, lightly decurved, acute, slightly narrower
toward the base, somewhat shorter than the dorsal sepal and about half as wide
Lip in natural position erect, parallel to the column and recurved with the sides
the lower half erect, when expanded ovate-oblong, subtrilobed, about 14 mm
long and 7.6 mm. wide across the lateral lobules; lateral lobules erect, semiel-
hptic, entire, with an irregularly dentate, rounded apex, almost half as long as the
lip; mid-lobe broadly ovate, rounded to subacute in front, flat, sulcate in the
center and bluntly carinate beneath; disc in the lower third with a median, sulcate
callus or a pair of low, fleshy keels meeting in front. Column short, stout, flattened
in front clavate when viewed from the side, about 7.3 mm. long at the back
extended into a prominent foot. Ovary trigonous.
i»: ProJ-of Contention, Sahuayaco, 1500 meters, Vargas
6283. Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata (Santa Rita), 2800 meters
in woods, Vargas 2651 (type).
Maxillaria triphylla Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil.
1: 225. 1798. Dendrobium triphyllum Pers. Syn. PL 2: 524 1807 =
obscure species, probably Xylobium.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, toward the villages of Vitoc and Collac
in open woods, especially near the banks of the Maraynioc River'
Pavdn s.n.
Maxillaria uncata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: sub t. 1986 1837-
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 66, t. 21, fig. 3. 1904. Maxillaria
Macleei Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26, Misc. 70, no. 155. 1840.
Plant small to medium-sized, growing on trees or rocks, caulescent. Stem
stout, simple or more commonly branched, more or less elongate, commonly
flexuous or arcuate, entirely concealed by close, distichous, densely imbricatmg
±±S' ,^eud°bulbs verv sma11' "ubremote to approximate, axillary from
nrS H , » t?m' hnearu-cylindric °r in age oblong-ellipsoid, ascending or ap-
Tex Lelf1 ,1QUe ^ ^ I?** SPedmen)' UP t0 * Cm" lon*' unifoliate * £
« JSf T'/6? Var!able m len*th> ^ickly fleshy, linear, semiterete in
cross section deeply channelled, obtuse, commonly 2-5 cm. long and 3 mm or
ess wide, rarely up to 8.2 cm. long, slightly narrowed at the base, usually arcuate
hrt ^ ifTT1- ,SCa?6S V6ry Sh°rt' axillary' 1-flo^red, solitary, the
abbreviated sheathed peduncle concealed by the cauline sheaths. Pedicellate
mUCh eXC6edin* the •ubtending bract. Flower
.
~; ,T 0rrC^am;COl0r and White' comm°»ly with purple stripes (rarely
uo to lOmmT }> H rSal S6Pai elliPtic-lanceol^e, acute to subobtuse, concave!
dLal ! ^T M'g an, Mm> Wlde' Lateral S6pals co^derably larger than the
dorsal sepal, obliquely oblong-triangular, narrowed above with an acute tip
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 739
forming at the base a conspicuous, elongate-conical mentum. Petals obliquely
oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, slightly shorter and narrower than the dorsal
sepal. Lip erect, parallel to the column and lightly recurved in natural position,
oblong-cuneate or narrowly obovate-oblong, commonly slightly constricted on
each side above the middle, obtuse to rounded at the apex, up to 16 mm. long and
5 mm. wide; disc with a median thickening extending from the base and merging
into a fleshy, sulcate callus beyond the middle. Column straight, with a pair of
obliquely semiovate, more or less uncinate wings, up to 6 mm. long at the back,
extended into a subequally long foot.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, King 1406.
Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, King 10029. Upper Maranon River
at the mouth of the Santiago River, 160 meters, Tessmann 41 45.
Also Central America (type of M. Macleei}, British Guiana (type of
M. uncata}, Surinam, Venezuela and Brazil.
Maxillaria undatiflora Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 225. 1798. Dendrobium undatiflorum Pers. Syn. PL 2: 524.
1807.= obscure species, surely not Maxillaria.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, near Vitoc, in open woods, Tafalla s.n.,
fide Ruiz & Pav.
Maxillaria unicarinata C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13:
162, t., 1944. Figure 145.
Plant small, epiphytic, slender, with a long, creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs
numerous, appressed to the rhizome, more or less approximate, cylindric, commonly
slender, unifoliate at the apex, about 2 cm. or less long, when immature concealed
(together with the rhizome) by a series of distichous, imbricating, triangular-ovate
sheaths, at length naked. Leaf narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, subacute and
minutely apiculate, gradually petiolate-narrowed to the conduplicate base, up
to 9.2 cm. long and 1.1 cm. wide, coriaceous. Scapes short, lateral, basal, 1-
flowered; peduncle 2-3 cm. long, entirely concealed by several distichous, loose,
imbricating sheaths. Flower rather small, fleshy, pinkish brown or reddish, some-
times with a green lip, or light green with the lip purple at the apex; ovary trigon-
ous, with a slender pedicel. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
navicular, up to 1.95 cm. long and 3.7 mm. wide below when expanded, prominently
carinate with the keel produced into a mucro. Lateral sepals obliquely linear-
lanceolate, complicate-acute and minutely apiculate, slightly shorter and wider
than the dorsal sepal, forming an abbreviated mentum at the base, ecarinate.
Petals obliquely linear, minutely apiculate at the rounded apex, considerably
shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip much shorter than the other segments,
erect and parallel to the column in natural position, sessile, 7-7.5 mm. long, oval
in outline and about 5.4 mm. wide when expanded, sharply 3-lobed near the apex;
lateral lobes erect, semielliptic, with a short, rounded (sometimes acute), free
apex, about 6 mm. long; mid-lobe small, very fleshy, strongly recurved, broadly
ovate in outline, obtuse; disc with a pair of carinate lines which are confluent
to form a sulcate callus above. Column short, very stout, clavate when viewed
from the side, about 4.5 mm. long at the back, extended into a short foot.
740 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Kittip & Smith 22538, 23152 (type), 23157.
Maxillaria vandiformis (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 291. 1945. Camaridium vandiforme Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 42, Abt. 2: 137. 1925. Marsupiaria vandiformis
Hoehne, Arquiv. Bot. Estad. S. Paulo, n.s. 2, pt. 4: 71. 1947.
Plant robust, medium-sized, without pseudobulbs, epiphytic, caespitose when
well developed. Stems rather short, suberect to arcuate, sometimes with a few
short branches near the base, about 22 cm. or less long, entirely enveloped by
distichous, spreading leaf-sheaths which are evanescent in age. Leaves numerous,
distichous, equitant, linear, abruptly acute or obtuse, apparently fleshy, commonly
arcuate-recurved in the dried specimen, very variable in length, up to 18 cm. long
and 8 mm. wide (laterally) but commonly much shorter and somewhat narrower.
Inflorescences numerous, 1-flowered, very short, axillary, commonly solitary;
peduncle erect, entirely concealed by several distichous, loose, densely imbricating
sheaths; pedicellate ovary slender, much exserted, up to 2.8 cm. long. Flowers
rather small, campanulate, cream-color or greenish and yellow, with a deep violet
lip. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, complicate-acute to "sub-obtuse," concave,
1.4-1.7 cm. long, about 5.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate with involute upper margins or acute, about equaling the dorsal sepal,
forming a short mentum at the base. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, acute or
short-acuminate, slightly shorter than the sepals and much narrower. Lip erect
and parallel to the column in natural position, recurved, with the lower sides erect,
oblong-ovate in outline when expanded, lightly constricted or indistinctly 3-lobed
above the middle, abruptly complicate-acute, 1.3-1.5 cm. long, up to 7.5 mm.
wide when expanded; disc with an indistinct, median thickening extending from
the base to above the middle. Column slender, arcuate, abruptly clavate near
the apex, up to 1 cm. long at the back, produced into a short foot.
Amazonas: Near Napo, about 100 meters, Tessmann 3737.—
Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, Santa Rosa, 155-210 meters, in for-
est, Williams 4908 (sterile). Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, in dense
forest, Klug 10076. — San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, about 260
meters, in forest, Klug 4101 . Also Brazil (type of Camaridium vandi-
forme).
Maxillaria variegata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 222. 1798. Dendrobium variegatum Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524.
1807 '.= Xylobium sp. probably.
Huanuco: Muna, in hot open woods, Pavon s.n.
Maxillaria verrucifera C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 11: 292, t. 19. 1945. Figure 146.
Plant large, robust, epiphytic. Pseudobulb apparently ovoid or cylindric-
pyriform (mutilated in the specimen seen), unifoliate at the apex, about 5 cm.
&
\
FIG. 145. Maxillaria unicarinata C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, ex-
panded; X 2. 3, lip and column from side, natural position; X 4. 4, lip from
above, expanded; X 4.
741
742 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
high, surrounded by the fibres of sheaths. Leaf large, petioled; lamina oblong or
elliptic-oblong, acute or subacute, about 50.8 cm. long and 5.8 cm. wide, cuneate
below, coriaceous; petiole elongate, stout, conduplicate or deeply channelled,
about 17.3 cm. long. Inflorescence (separate in the type collection) very short,
1-flowered, the peduncle with pedicellate ovary about 2.9 cm. long, entirely
invested by 6 broadly ovate, distichous, imbricating sheaths. Flower rather
small for the plant, "brown-yellow and wine-red," with the lip apparently macu-
late. Sepals with revolute margins. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, abruptly com-
plicate-acute, about 2.2 cm. long and 9 mm. wide when expanded. Lateral
sepals similar, obliquely ovate-oblong, a little longer and wider than the dorsal
sepal, forming an abbreviated mentum at the base. Petals concave, obovate-
oblong, subacute, slightly shorter than the sepals but about as broad. Lip rela-
tively large, erect, parallel to the column and recurved in natural position, sharply
3-lobed above the middle, when expanded oblong-elliptic in outline, about 1.9 cm.
long and 1.2 cm. wide; lateral lobes erect, very narrow with an abbreviated,
rounded, crenulate free apex; mid-lobe suborbicular from a very short claw,
abruptly recurved above, with the margins undulate and crenulate-erose, fleshy
and densely verrucose (except near the margin); disc through the lower portion
with a median, linear-oblong thickening which terminates in a prominent rounded
callus. Column rather straight, sulcate in front, about 1.1 cm. high at the back,
produced into a very short foot.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, in dense forest, Klug
10047.
Maxillaria villosa (Barb. Rodr.) Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 6: 34, t. 12. 1904. Dicrypta villosa Barb. Rodr. Gen. et Sp.
Orch. Nov. 1: 125. 1877.
Plant large, robust, with a stout, apparently abbreviated rhizome, commonly
epiphytic. Pseudobulbs congested (sometimes a single one present in the speci-
men), ancipitous, complanate-cylindric to oblong-ovoid, up to 8 cm. long, uni-
foliate at the apex, surrounded on each side by several pairs of distichous, equitant,
imbricating sheaths of which the upper ones are leaf-bearing. Leaves large,
variable, petiolate; lamina broadly oblong to lorate, acute to broadly rounded
with an obliquely bilobed apex, more or less gradually cuneate below, coriaceous,
up to 44 cm. long and 5.2 cm. wide; petiole conduplicate, more or less robust,
about 9 cm. or less long. Scapes relatively very short, 1 or 2, lateral, basal, 1-
flowered, subequaling the pseudobulb; peduncle up to 8 cm. long, concealed by
several tubular, loose, mostly imbricating sheaths. Flower small, fleshy, yellow
or brown-yellow to orange, sometimes with a whitish lip, campanulate. Dorsal
sepal oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, concave, 1.5-1.9 cm. long, up to 8 mm.
wide when expanded. Lateral sepals similar, about equaling the dorsal sepal,
obliquely oblong or ovate-oblong, forming an inconspicuous mentum at the base.
FIG. 146. Maxillaria verrucifera C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X M- 2, flower on
peduncle, from side, natural position; XI. 3, dorsal sepal, partially expanded;
X 2. 4, petal; X 2. 5, lateral sepal, partially expanded; X 2. 6, lip from above,
expanded; X 2. 7, column and lip from side, natural position; X 2.
743
744 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Petals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, somewhat
shorter and markedly narrower than the sepals. Lip erect, parallel to the column
and lightly recurved in natural position, oblong-ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse
to subacute, more or less lightly trilobed above the middle, with the sides of the
lower portion erect, 1.3-1.55 cm. long, up to 8 mm. wide when expanded; disc
with an indistinct, central, pubescent thickening which is commonly constricted
in the middle. Column rather large, lightly arcuate, clavate, up to 1 cm. long
at the back, extended into a short foot.
Huanuco: Tingo Maria, 670 meters, on trees, Carpenter 108.—
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1256. East of
Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters, in dense forest,
Killip & Smith 23965. Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1400-
1700 meters, terrestrial in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24527.—
Loreto: Middle Maranon River, at the mouth of the Apaga, 145
meters, Tessmann 5008. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10119.
—San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, in forest, 1100-1200
meters, Klug 3382. Also British Guiana and Brazil (type of Di-
crypta villosa).
Maxillaria violaceopunctata Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 216. 1855;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 14. 1904.
Plant large, stout, epiphytic, with a stout (probably short) rhizome. Pseudo-
bulbs clustered (frequently a single one present in the specimen), large, more or
less compressed, oblong-cylindric, 9-13 cm. high, unifoliate at the apex, surrounded
below by several pairs of distichous, conduplicate, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves
large, oblong or lorate, abruptly rounded to acute, with an unequally bilobed apex,
gradually narrowed to a petioliform, conduplicate base, up to 69 cm. long and
5.2 cm. wide. Scapes several, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, shorter than or slightly
surpassing the pseudobulb, invested by several loose, tubular, more or less imbri-
cating sheaths; peduncle 7-10 cm. long. Flower medium-sized, fleshy, green,
cream-color or cream-color and golden yellow with violet or lilac spots. Dorsal
sepal oblong, complicate-acute, with revolute margins, about 2.7 cm. long and
9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, oblong or elliptic-oblong, complicate-acute,
slightly oblique, very little shorter and wider than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely
linear-oblanceolate, subacute to acuminate, slightly shorter than the sepals and
much narrower. Lip erect, parallel to the column and recurved in natural position,
prominently 3-lobed above the middle, ovate in outline, about 2 cm. long and
1.2 cm. wide when expanded, acute or subacute, rounded at the base; lateral lobes
erect, oblong-semiobovate, with the truncate free portion having an obtuse-angled
outer termination; mid-lobe triangular-ovate; disc with a linear-oblong, median
callus (extending to about the middle) more prominent at the rounded apex.
Column rather large, arcuate, subclavate, concave-sulcate in front, about 1.5 cm.
long at the back, produced into a very short foot.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10087, 10121. Also
British Guiana (type), Surinam and Brazil.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 745
Maxillaria Weberbaueri Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 105.
1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 126, nr. 494. 1929.
Plant small to medium-sized, 13-38 cm. high, epiphytic, with a creeping, more
or less abbreviated rhizome. Pseudobulbs closely crowded (sometimes only one in
a specimen), cylindric to narrowly ellipsoid, compressed, unifoliate at the apex,
2-4 cm. high, invested at the base by 1 or 2 pairs of distichous, imbricating sheaths
which are triangular, concave, verrucose and about equaling the pseudobulb. Leaf
petioled; lamina narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong ("ligulate"), very variable in
size, acute, cuneate below, chartaceous, 8-21 cm. long, 10-21 mm. wide; petiole
very slender, channelled, up to 8 cm. long. Inflorescences solitary or few, lateral,
basal, 1-flowered, relatively short, up to 9.5 cm. high including the pedicellate
ovary; peduncle filiform, 4.5-6.7 cm. long, entirely concealed by several tubular,
imbricating sheaths. Flower large for the plant, with little spreading segments
which are variable in length, cream-color and orange with violet stripes, lip often
whitish with an orange apical lobe. Dorsal sepal linear or lanceolate-linear, com-
plicate-acute and apiculate, concave, 3.2-4 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide below.
Lateral sepals obliquely linear-lanceolate, falcate-decurved, acute, forming a very
short, rounded mentum at the base, about as long as the dorsal sepal but some-
what wider at the base. Petals very similar to the lateral sepals but a little smaller.
Lip relatively very short, erect, gently recurved and 1.4-1.6 cm. long in natural
position, elliptic-ovate ("oblong") in outline, deeply 3-lobed in the middle, 5-6 mm.
wide below the middle when expanded; lateral lobes erect, shallowly semielliptic
with an abbreviated, ovate, apically rounded free portion; mid-lobe linear- trian-
gular, subobtuse, very fleshy, thickened beneath in front, about 8 mm. long; disc
with a median, linear thickening which merges into a distinct callus near the middle.
Column small, stout, arcuate, subclavate, concave-sulcate in front, about 7.5 mm.
long at the back, produced into a short, sulcate foot.
Loreto: Near La Calzada, not far from Moyobamba, 900-1000
meters, in woods, Weberbauer 4584 (type). Pumayacu, between
Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-1200 meters, epiphyte in forest,
King 0.12.
Maxillaria Woytkowskii C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 15: 166, t. 55. 1952. Figure 147.
Plant medium-sized, epiphytic, with an apparently abbreviated rhizome.
Pseudobulb oblong-cylindric or oblong-ovoid, strongly ancipitous, unifoliate, about
2.5-3 cm. long, surrounded at the base by 2 pairs of imbricating, concave, non-
leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaf distinctly petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong, acute, cune-
ate below, about 16.5 cm. long and 3.2 cm. wide; petiole rather slender, channelled,
2.7 cm. long. Inflorescences 1 or 2, erect or spreading, much shorter than the leaf;
peduncle slender, about 7 cm. long, mostly concealed by 6 loose, convolute, scari-
ous sheaths. Flower medium-sized for the genus, rigid-nervose. Dorsal sepal
oblong, abruptly rounded above but with a dorsal, subapical mucro, about 2.1 cm.
long and 8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals lanceolate-oblong, lightly oblique, obtuse,
mucronate, a little longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong-
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, somewhat smaller than the sepals. Lip
lightly recurved and tubular-involute in natural position, narrowly elliptic in
746 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
outline when expanded, lightly 3-lobed above the middle, about 1.6 cm. long and
7.6 mm. wide across the middle when expanded; lateral lobes rounded above, with-
out a free apex; mid-lobe ovate-oblong, very fleshy, rounded at the apex, about
5.1 mm. long; disc with a median fleshy band which gradually forms a well-defined,
ovate-oblong, fleshy callus. Column stout, arcuate, about 9.5 mm. long, produced
into a stout foot about 7 mm. long.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Vitoc, 1400 meters, flower white with a
yellowish green hue, Woytkowski 2.
Maxillaria xantholeuca Schltr. var. peruviana C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 293. 1945.
Plant small, growing on trees or rocks, vegetatively very variable. Rhizome
long-creeping, simple or much branched, provided with numerous separated,
spreading, shallow, infundibuliform sheaths which have an acute or triangular-
acuminate apex. Pseudobulbs at widely varying intervals, from 0.5 (rarely) to
7 cm. distant, ovoid to pyriform-cylindric in the dried specimen, more or less com-
planate, unifoliate at the apex, up to 1.5 cm. high, at first surrounded at the base
by a pair of distichous, triangular-ovate sheaths which are unequal, concave and
disappear in age. Leaves elliptic-oblong to narrowly elliptic (rarely oblong), acute
to subobtuse, narrowed below to a conduplicate base, apparently thickly coria-
ceous, up to 12.6 cm. long and 2.1 cm. wide (commonly much smaller). Scapes
lateral, axillary from the sheaths of the stem or rhizome, 1-flowered, short; peduncle
about 1.3-4 cm. long, concealed by several loose, imbricating, ancipitous, carinate
sheaths. Flower rather small, with spreading segments, reddish brown with green
tips, light green with a darker lip or salmon-red with a yellow lip. Dorsal sepal
oblong or narrowly lanceolate-oblong, acute, apiculate, navicular, dorsally carinate
toward the apex, about 1.6-2.2 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals spread-
ing, obliquely lanceolate, lightly falcate-decurved, sharply acute, apiculate, ecari-
nate, somewhat shorter and a little wider than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely
linear, acute or subacute, markedly shorter than the dorsal sepal and about half
as wide. Lip erect, parallel to the column, lightly recurved and about 1.3 cm. long
in natural position, lightly 3-lobed near the middle, rounded at the apex; lateral
lobes erect, semielliptic, with an abbreviated, round-ovate free apex; mid-lobe sub-
orbicular to broadly ovate with crenulate-erose margins, often sharply pauciden-
tate at the base, flat but sulcate in the middle with recurved sides; disc with a
median, sulcate, more or less sharply tricarinate callus through the lower half.
Column arcuate, clavate, concave-sulcate in front, 7.5-8.5 mm. long at the back,
extended into a short foot. Ovary sharply trigonous.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Killip & Smith 23155. — Cuzco: Prov. of
Calca, Lares Valley above Mantoc, 2600-2700 meters, on rocks,
Weberbauer 7912 (type). Also Venezuela.
Maxillaria xanthorhoda Schltr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berl.
7: 279. 1918; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 52, nr. 205. 1930;
C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 294. 1945.
urn
MAXILLARIA
u, ochwetnfi
FIG. 147. Maxillaria Woytkowskii C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Vs. 2, flower
without lip, expanded; X 1. 3, lip, three quarters view; X 1. 4, lip, expanded; X 2.
747
748 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Plant small, epiphytic. Rhizome elongate, arcuate-flexuous, rather stout, en-
tirely concealed by closely imbricating sheaths which are ovate-triangular and
acuminate. Pseudobulbs 5-6.5 cm. distant, cylindric-ellipsoid to oval, compressed,
bifoliate at the apex, about 2 cm. high, surrounded below by a pair of distichous,
membranaceous, mucronate sheaths. Leaves elliptic-oblong ("ligulate"), broadly
rounded at the apex, cuneate below with a conduplicate base in the dried specimen,
about 3.4 ("3-4.5") cm. long and 10 ("8-11") mm. wide. Scapes short, lateral,
1-flowered, altogether concealed by 3 acute sheaths. Flower campanulate, rather
fleshy, small, yellow with the lip red at the base. Dorsal sepal oblong-obovate
("obovate"), apiculate. about 1.2 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar,
oblique. Petals obliquely obovate-oblong, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex,
a little shorter than the sepals. Lip erect, parallel to the column and recurved in
natural position, entire, obovate-oblong ("oblong"), broadly rounded and flat in
front, minutely ciliolate except near the apex, 9 mm. long, 5.5 mm. wide above;
disc through the lower half with a median, ligulate thickening which is callose near
the apex and obtuse in front. Column semiterete, arcuate, about 6 mm. long,
extended into a short foot.
"Peru(?)" (type), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 165.
1921.
The above diagnosis was based chiefly upon a photograph of the
type in the Berlin Herbarium.
Maxillaria xylobiiflora Schltr. Fedde Repert. 27: 76. 1929;
C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 295. 1945.
Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose, with an abbreviated rhizome, up to 18 cm.
high, vegetatively variable. Pseudobulbs apparently aggregated, ellipsoid-cylin-
dric with an abrupt, linear, complanate beak, about 2 cm. or less high, surrounded
by several pairs of distichous sheaths of which the uppermost ones are leaf-bearing.
Leaves linear, acute, narrowed to a conduplicate, more or less petioled base, up to
17 cm. long (commonly much less) and 6 mm. wide. Inflorescences 1-2, lateral, in
the axil of sheaths, 1-flowered, shorter than or subequaling the leaves in the course
of development; peduncle filiform, mostly concealed by several (up to 6) narrow,
tubular sheaths. Flower small but large for the plant, whitish, pinkish, brownish
or yellow. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to an acute point,
concave below, about 1.6 cm. long, up to 4.4 mm. wide near the base. Lateral
sepals obliquely and narrowly lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about
as long as the dorsal sepal and equally wide below, forming at the base a promi-
nent, triangular mentum. Petals obliquely lanceolate-linear, acute or acuminate,
similar to the lateral sepals, shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect,
parallel to the column and recurved in natural position, 3-lobed near the apex,
about 1 cm. long, oblong, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong (in outline), up to
5.5 mm. wide above the middle when expanded; lateral lobes erect, narrow, ter-
minating in a rounded to subtruncate, crenulate free portion; mid-lobe oblong-
ovate to suborbicular, more or less acute, fleshy, crenulate-undulate on the margins;
disc with a linear, median thickening (becoming callose above) extending from the
base to above the middle. Column short, arcuate, clavate, about 4 mm. long at
the back, extended below into a longer foot.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 749
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Kittip & Smith 22596, 22611, 23163.— Cuzco:
Prov. of Paucartambo, Sta. Isabel to Asuncion, 1800 meters, epi-
phyte, Vargas 5535. — Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 2000
meters, on tree in low highland forest, Woytkowski 35486. Utcuyacu,
1900 meters, on tree in low forest, Woytkowski 35354. Also Bolivia
(type).
PITYPHYLLUM Schltr.
A very small genus of insignificant orchids at present limited to
Colombia and Peru.
Plants epiphytic, small, branching. Rhizome stem-like, branching, concealed
by distichous, imbricating sheaths and bearing more or less distant pseudobulbs.
Pseudobulbs ovoid to cylindric, bearing 2 to several (up to 20) leaves, crowned
with a more or less conspicuous, scarious, scaly sheath. Leaves filiform, pine-like,
acute, channelled, glabrous. Inflorescences very short, basal or in the axil of
sheaths, 1-flowered. Flowers very small, almost minute. Sepals subparallel, free,
oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ("ligulate"), acute or subacute; the lateral
ones lightly oblique. Petals similar to the sepals but rather smaller. Lip erect in
natural position, sessile, "oblong" to elliptic in outline, simple or 3-lobulate. Col-
umn much shorter than the lip, footless. Anther cucullate; pollinia 4, obliquely
obovoid, subequal.
Pityphyllum laricinum (Kranzl.) Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih.
7: 163. 1920; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 200.
1944. Maxillaria laricina Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl.
117: 30. 1916.
Plant small, copiously branching. Primary stem or rhizome slender, enveloped
by close, distichous, imbricating sheaths, bearing pseudobulbs at commonly re-
mote intervals. Pseudobulbs cylindric to pyriform, oblique and deeply plurisulcate
in the dried specimen, commonly 2-leaved at the apex which is crowned by a short
scaly outgrowth, about 1 cm. or less long. Leaves borne both on the pseudobulbs
and often singly at the apex of the cauline sheaths, filiform, channelled, subacute,
about 1.5 cm. or less long, arcuate in the dried specimen. Scapes abbreviated,
1-flowered, basal or in the axil of sheaths, the short peduncle and ovary concealed
by scarious, imbricating sheaths. Flower very small, pale yellow, with subparallel
segments. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute or acuminate, nervose, about 3.7 mm.
long and 1 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar but slightly wider, lightly oblique.
Petals thinner in texture, linear, acute, about 3 mm. long, 1-nerved. Lip slightly
shorter than the petals, erect, tubular-involute and arcuate-recurved in natural
position, ovate-elliptic in outline when flattened, lightly indented on each side
above the middle (and thus trilobulate), subacute, the basal portion obovate with
a broad, concave base, and the anterior part smaller and triangular-ovate; disc
mostly smooth, with a pair of short, arcuate folds near the constriction. Column
very short, stout, clavate, about 1.75 mm. long including the cap-like, incumbent,
deeply cucullate anther.
750 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Cajamarca: Prov. of Jaen, on the eastern slope of the Cordillera
from Tabaconas, 2400 meters, in sclerophyllous vegetation consisting
of shrubs and occasional small trees, Weberbauer 6299 (type of
Maxillaria laricina). — Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih.
9: 161. 1921.
MORMOLYCA Fenzl1
A very small group of tropical American orchids, at the present
writing limited to three species, one widely spread from Mexico to
Costa Rica, and the others in South America (Peru and Brazil).
Plants medium-sized to large, epiphytic, commonly with a creeping rhizome,
but apparently caespitose with an abbreviated rhizome in the Peruvian species.
Pseudobulbs subglobose to subquadrate-ovoid or cylindric-ellipsoid, unifoliate at
the apex. Leaf relatively large, elliptic-oblong to lorate, acute or subacute, cune-
ate-narrowed to a sessile or shortly petioled and conduplicate base, coriaceous.
Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered, 1 to several, commonly elongate, with 2 or more
remote, tubular sheaths. Flower rather small, long-pedicelled. Sepals similar,
free, spreading, the lateral ones lightly oblique. Petals narrower and shorter than
the sepals. Lip erect, subparallel to the column and more or less recurved in nat-
ural position, 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, relatively small, more or less dentiform
or lanceolate; mid-lobe much larger, ovate to subquadrate; disc with a prominent
callus. Column arcuate, semiterete, wingless, without a foot. Anther terminal,
opercular, incumbent, strongly convex; pollinia 4, ovoid.
Mormolyca peruviana C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13:
196, t., 1944. Figure 148.
Plant medium-sized, about 16 cm. high, apparently caespitose. Pseudobulb
subquadrate-ellipsoid, strongly complanate in the dried specimen, unifoliate at the
apex, about 2 cm. long. Leaf oblong or narrowly oblong, abruptly subacute and
apiculate, sessile, coriaceous, about 14 cm. or less long, up to 1.2 cm. wide. Scapes
numerous, lateral, basal, slender, 1-flowered, elongate but shorter than the mature
leaf, 8-12 cm. long, with 2 remote, close, tubular sheaths. Flower large for the
genus, the sepals and petals having revolute sides. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong,
abruptly complicate-acute and mucronate, about 2.1 cm. long and 5 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals similar, oblique, slightly larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear-
oblong, abruptly acute or apiculate at the rounded apex, a little shorter and nar-
rower than the dorsal sepal. Lip erect and parallel to the column, with the anterior
portion abruptly recurved in natural position, sharply 3-lobed below the middle,
cuneate toward the base, about 1.5 cm. long and subquadrate-ovate in outline when
expanded; lateral lobes erect, obliquely lanceolate-triangular, porrect, acute or acu-
minate; mid-lobe much larger, subquadrate, rounded-subtruncate and lightly retuse
in front, about 9.5 mm. long and 6.5 mm. wide; disc with a broadly ovate, concave,
1 Owing to the recent discovery of a species intermediate between Mormolyca
and the following genus, Cyrtoglottis, these two genera have been combined under
the earlier concept, Mormolyca (cf. L. A. Garay & M. Wirth, Canadian Journ. Bot.
37: 479. 1959).
FIG. 148. Mormolyca peruviana C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, column and
lip from side; X 3. 3, lip from above; X 3.
751
752 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
3-lobulate callus, of which the middle lobule is 3-dentate. Column arcuate, slightly
dilated upward, footless, concave in front, about 1.3 cm. long at the back.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke 564.
CYRTOGLOTTIS Schltr.
A small genus of American epiphytic orchids, at present confined
to Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
Plants medium-sized, with an abbreviated or long-creeping rhizome. Pseudo-
bulbs approximate (often only one showing in the specimen), oblong-cylindric to
oblong-ovoid, strongly compressed, unifoliate at the apex. Leaf oblong-elliptic
to "ligulate," sessile or with a short conduplicate petiole, acute, cuneate below.
Scapes 1 to several, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, subequaling or more commonly sur-
passing the leaf, very slender, with several distant, close, tubular sheaths. Flower
relatively large, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal ovate, concave, acuminate
or long-acuminate. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-
acuminate. Petals obliquely linear or lanceolate-linear, acute, much shorter than
the dorsal sepal. Lip relatively short, simple or 3-lobulate, strongly convex or
reduplicate, ovate, obovate or rhombic-obovate, acuminate or abruptly acute.
Column very short, slender or stout, more or less clavate, footless. Anther cupuli-
form; pollinia 4, 2 large and 2 small.
Al. Lip simple or subsimple, broadly obovate or rhombic-obovate, abruptly
acute C. gracilipes
A2. Lip 3-lobed, ovate, acuminate C. peruviana
Cyrtoglottis gracilipes Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 7: 182.
1920; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 65, nr. 250. 1929. Figure
149.
Plant up to 28 cm. tall, epiphytic. Rhizome apparently abbreviated. Pseudo-
bulbs solitary or approximate, cylindric to oblong-ovoid, strongly complanate,
unifoliate at the apex, 1.5-3.5 cm. high. Leaf elliptic-oblong ("ligulate"), acute,
cuneate below with a sessile, complicate base, chartaceous, 5.5 to over 11 cm. long,
1.3-2.8 cm. wide. Scapes 2 or more, lateral, basal, 1-flowered, commonly more
or less surpassing the leaf; peduncle about 23 cm. or less long, with 4 or 5 ap-
pressed, tubular, mostly distant sheaths. Flower large for the plant, orange-
yellow or salmon-pink. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-ovate, long-acuminate with the
upper margins involute, concave, 2.3-3.4 cm. long, up to 1.3 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, long-acuminate with the upper mar-
gins involute, somewhat longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals much
shorter than the dorsal sepal, obliquely linear or lanceolate-linear, sharply acute.
Lip short, strongly convex or reduplicate in natural position, broadly obovate or
rhombic-obovate when expanded, often with an indistinct indentation on each
side above the middle, abruptly acute, about 9.2 mm. long, 6-7.4 mm. wide, with
the central part thickened throughout. Column small, slender, arcuate, clavate,
footless, up to 8.2 mm. high at the back.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, alturas de Pintobamba, 2700 meters,
Vargas 3257a. Prov. of Quispicanchis, Hda. Ttio, Marcapata, 2000
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 753
meters, in open rocky places, Vargas 3125. — Jimin: Chanchamayo
Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1119. Same locality, 1600 meters,
Schunke 1734- Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1400-1700
meters, in dense forest, "3 perianth segments and column' salmon
pink; lip purple-dotted," Killip & Smith 24883. Also Colombia
(type).
FIG. 149. Cyrtoglottis gracilipes Schltr. Flower, front view; X 2. Lip, ex-
panded; X 3.
Cyrtoglottis peruviana C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 14:
152, t., 1945. Figure 150.
Plant epiphytic, medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, more or less elongate.
Pseudobulbs approximate or subapproximate, strongly ascending, cylindric to
oblong-ellipsoid, strongly compressed, unifoliate at the apex, 2.5-5.7 cm. long.
Leaf sessile to short-petioled in the dried specimen; lamina elliptic to elliptic-
oblong, acute and often apiculate, cuneate below, 6.5-9.8 cm. long, 1.5-2.8 cm.
wide; petiole more or less distinct, conduplicate, up to 1.4 cm. long. Scapes lat-
eral, 1 or 2 in the axil of sheaths surrounding each pseudobulb, 1-flowered, elongate,
slender, more or less exceeding the erect leaf, about 23 cm. or less long, with 2 or
754 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
3 remote, close, tubular sheaths above. Flower rather large, with spreading seg-
ments, reddish purple with a green column, pinkish with green at the apex, a green
purple-spotted lip and purple column or flesh-red with darker lines, dark red lip
and reddish yellow petals. Dorsal sepal ovate, acuminate, mucronate, concave,
2.1-2.6 cm. long, about 1.1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals similarly large, obliquely
ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate. Petals about half as long as the sepals, obliquely
linear, acute. Lip very short, spreading, strongly convex with an abruptly reflexed
apex in natural position, when expanded ovate in outline, 3-lobed below the mid-
dle, acuminate, 9.1-10 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral
lobes very small, triangular-dentiform, wide-spreading: mid-lobe much larger,
ovate, about 6.8 mm. long. Column short, stout, footless, more or less clavate
when viewed from the side, about 8 mm. high at the back.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Killip & Smith 22595. Ccarrapa, between
Huanta and Rio Apurimac, about 1500 meters, in densely forested
valley, Killip & Smith 23218 (type). — Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Agua
Dulce, 2000 meters, on a tree in open highland forest, Woytkowski
35439,
TRIGONIDIUM Lindl.
A small genus of tropical American, epiphytic orchids extending
from Mexico through Central America to Brazil and Peru.
Rhizome short or elongate. Stems thickened into a cylindric-oblong, ovoid or
oval, flattened pseudobulb, bearing 1 or 2 leaves. Leaves linear to oblong or oblan-
ceolate, duplicative. Scapes lateral, basal, 1-flowered, several-sheathed. Sepals
subequal, the lateral ones oblique, connivent into a tube through the lower part,
the upper portion spreading or reflexed. Petals much smaller than the sepals,
commonly fleshy-thickened near the apex. Lip shorter than the petals, 3-lobed,
erect; lateral lobes erect and incurved; mid-lobe spreading or recurved; disc with a
median, callose thickening in the middle or through the lower part. Column com-
monly shorter than the expanded lip, semiterete, wingless, footless. Anther ter-
minal, opercular, incumbent, 1-celled; pollinia 4.
Al. Leaves 2, oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, about 3.5 cm. wide; sepals 3.3 cm.
long; petals oblanceolate-spatulate T. loretoense
A2. Leaves 1, linear, 1 cm. or less wide; sepals about 2.2 cm. long; petals not
spatulate T. tenue (T. peruvianum)
Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 106.
1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 127, nr. 496. 1929.
Plant rather large, about 25 cm. high, with a short rhizome. Pseudobulbs
complanate-oval, bifoliate at the apex, about 6 cm. high. Leaves erect-spreading,
oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, shortly acuminate, gradually petiolate-nar rowed
below, up to 19.5 cm. long, about 3.5 cm. wide. Scapes springing from the base of
the pseudobulb, erect, 1-flowered; peduncle about 10-12 cm. long, almost wholly
concealed by 4 or 5 clasping sheaths. Flower erect, relatively large. Dorsal sepal
elliptic, acute or acuminate, cuneate below, 3.3 cm. long, about 1.1 cm. wide,
FIG. 150. Cyrtoglottis peruviana C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, flower, with
lip removed; X 1. 3, column and lip from side; X 4. 4, lip, under surface; X 5.
755
756 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
recurved through the upper half. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely lanceolate-
elliptic, slightly broader than the dorsal sepal, similarly recurved above. Petals
much smaller than the sepals, erect, obliquely oblanceolate-spatulate, subobtuse,
about 1.8 cm. long. Lip erect, oblong in outline, 3-lobed at the anterior third,
recurved above, when expanded about 1 cm. long and 5 mm. wide; lateral lobes
erect-incurved, with an abbreviated, rounded free portion; mid-lobe decurved,
quadrate-rounded, broadly obtuse, lightly thickened; disc with a median, linear-
ligulate callus (which is apically round-dilated) extending from the base nearly to
the mid-lobe. Column erect, semiterete, about 7 mm. long.
Loreto: Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n.
This species may prove to be referable to T. obtusum Lindl., which
appears to have smaller pseudobulbs, narrower leaves and somewhat
different floral segments, but no example was available for comparison.
Trigonidium tenue Lodd. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25, Misc. 44,
no. 59. 1839; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 102. 1904. Trigoni-
dium peruvianum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 107. 1921; Mansf.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 127, nr. 497. 1929.
Plant about 30 cm. or less high, with a creeping, closely sheathed, more or less
branching rhizome. Pseudobulbs short, cylindric to ovoid or ellipsoid, strongly
complanate, 4 cm. or less distant, unifoliate at the apex, 1.7-3 cm. tall. Leaves
linear, erect, acute, slightly narrowed toward the conduplicate base, up to 27 cm.
long, 5-10 mm. wide. Scapes lateral, basal, more or less shorter than the leaf,
up to 14 cm. long including the ovary, entirely or mostly concealed by several to
numerous, close, tubular sheaths. Flower solitary, relatively small, cream-color
to dull yellow or brown-yellow, often with violet stripes, or sometimes gray or
purplish-brown. Sepals tubular-connivent below, abruptly recurved above. Dor-
sal sepal oblanceolate or rhombic-oblanceolate, long-acuminate, about 2.2 (rarely
2.85) cm. or less long, 4-8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals very obliquely ovate ("ob-
long"), more or less abruptly long-acuminate, subequally long with the dorsal
sepal but markedly broader. Petals about half as long as the sepals, obliquely
lanceolate-elliptic to oblong ("ligulate"), abruptly acute to subobtuse, more or
less thickened near the apex. Lip erect, 3-lobed above the middle, elliptic-oblong
in outline, about 6.8 mm. or less long; lateral lobes erect, narrow, with an abbre-
viated, subacute to rounded free apex; mid-lobe recurved, round-ovate or elliptic-
ovate, broadly obtuse; disc through the lower half with a median, linear-clavate
callus which is represented below by 3 more or less distinct, callose lines. Column
short, semiterete in section, lightly arcuate, 3-4 (rarely 5) mm. long at the back.
Junin: La Merced, Chanchamayo Valley, 1000 meters, Weber-
bauer 1942 (type of T. peruvianum Schltr.). Same locality, 1800
meters, Schunke s.n. (Herb. Chicago Mus. 571638) (slender plant with
a large flower). — Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, King 10130.
Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1408. — San
Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, about 260 meters, on rock in for-
est, Klug 4086. Also British Guiana (type of T. tenue), Surinam,
Brazil and Venezuela.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 757
CRYPTOCENTRUM Benth.
A small genus of inconspicuous, tropical American epiphytes,
ranging from Costa Rica and Panama to Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru.
Plants very small to medium-sized, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems short
or very short, entirely concealed by distichous, imbricating, leaf-bearing sheaths,
rarely with bifoliate pseudobulbs. Leaves linear to subterete, often arcuate in the
dried specimen. Inflorescences lateral, basal or axillary, 1-flowered, spreading,
adorned with several narrow, tubular sheaths. Sepals connate at the base, sim-
ilar or the lateral ones longer, the latter produced into a long slender tube or spur.
Petals somewhat similar to the sepals but more or less shorter in natural position.
Lip produced at the base into a long, cylindric, more or less slender spur enclosed
within the sepaline spur; lamina ovate-lanceolate. Column very short, straight,
footless, often wing-dilated and concave above. Anther terminal, opercular, in-
cumbent, semiglobose, 1-celled; pollinia 2.
Al. Plant relatively large, about 20 cm. tall; flowers large, dorsal sepal (free part)
about 15.5 mm. long C. inaequisepalum
A2. Plant relatively small to very small, 5 cm. or less tall; flowers small, dorsal
sepal (free part) about 7.7 mm. or less long I
la. Pseudobulbs present, bifoliate C. pseudobulbosum
Ib. Pseudobulbs absent 1
la. Sepals obtuse, dorsal sepal about 6 mm. long; petals obtuse C. minus
Ib. Sepals acute or acuminate, dorsal sepal 4.5 mm. or less long; petals acute or
acuminate C. peruvianum (Centroglossa peruviana)
Cryptocentrum inaequisepalum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harvard Univ. 12: 186, t. 30. 1946. Figure 151.
Plant slender, rather tall for the genus, about 20 cm. high. Stem short, about
3.3 cm. high, entirely concealed by numerous, distichous, imbricating leaf-sheaths.
Leaves narrowly linear, arcuate in the dried specimen, abruptly obtuse, condupli-
cate below, about 20 cm. or less long and 3.2 mm. or less wide. Inflorescences
lateral, basal, numerous, spreading, 1-flowered; peduncle filiform, up to 8.3 cm.
long, provided with several close, tubular sheaths which are elongate and separated
in the upper part. Flower rather large, yellow-green, translucent, with spreading
segments. Sepals connate into a tube at the base (as in the genus). Dorsal sepal
linear-lanceolate, complicate-acute or subacuminate, free part about 15.5 mm.
long and 3.7 mm. wide, 5-nerved. Lateral sepals considerably longer, obliquely
lanceolate-linear, complicate-acute, 5-nerved, 19 mm. long, slightly narrower than
the dorsal sepal, produced below into an elongate spur. Petals much shorter than
the sepals, obliquely linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3-nerved. Lip produced
below into an elongate spur; free part lanceolate, long-acuminate to an acute tip,
cuneate near the base, 3-nerved, about 11 mm. long and 4.2 mm. wide across the
dilated and concave lower portion when expanded; spur filiform-cylindric, about
16 mm. long. Column very short and stout, straight, wing-dilated on each side,
with a concave upper portion, about 2 mm. high at the back.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, epiphyte in open woods, Killip & Smith 23154.
. <Ocn use i n ft.
-X
in ae ou i sea
FIG. 151. Cryptocentrum inaequisepalum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 4A- 2,
flower; X 2. 3, dorsal sepal; X 2. 4, petal; X 2. 5, lateral sepal; X 2. 6, lip from
side; X 2. 7, lip from above; X 4. 8, column; X 6.
758
CRYP^TO CENTRUM
>seu()o fru £fro sum C/. Oc A ureinfi.
\ 7
FIG. 152. Cryptocentrum pseudobulbosum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 2. 2,
flower; X 3. 3, dorsal sepal; X 3. 4, petal; X 3. 5, lateral sepal; X 3. 6, lip from
side; X 3. 7, lip from above; X 3. 8, column; X 6.
759
760 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Cryptocentrum minus Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 389. 1912;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 53, nr. 210. 1930.
Plant small, erect, stout, 4-5 cm. high. Stem abbreviated, entirely concealed
by numerous, distichous, closely imbricating leaf-sheaths. Leaves narrowly linear,
acute, erect-spreading, rather fleshy, 1.5-2 cm. long, up to 2 mm. wide. Inflores-
cences lateral, axillary, 1-flowered; peduncles filiform, a little shorter than the
leaves. Flowers very small, campanulate. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate ("ob-
long"), obtuse, about 6 mm. long and 1.9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals triangular-
lanceolate, falcate, or "falcate-oblique," subobtuse, the free part about as long and
wide as the dorsal sepal, produced below into an elongate spur. Petals obliquely
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, nearly as long as the sepals and slightly wider. Lip pro-
duced into an elongate spur; lamina ovate-lanceolate, narrowed to an obtuse apex,
about 6 mm. long and 2.2 mm. wide below when expanded; spur slender-cylindric,
about 9 mm. long. Column very short and stout, mostly concave, with a pair of
semiorbicular wings.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Rio Blanco, near Hacienda Sta.
Teresa, about 1500 meters, on trees, Kohler s.n.
No example of this concept was seen.
Cryptocentrum peruvianum (Cogn.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harvard Univ. 12: 188. 1946. Centroglossa? peruviana Cogn.
Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 43: 331. 1906.
Plant very small, stout, up to 2.5 cm. tall. Stem abbreviated, about 1 cm.
high, entirely concealed by numerous, distichous, closely imbricating leaf-sheaths.
Leaves numerous, crowded, narrowly linear, apparently subterete and channelled,
abruptly acute or obtuse, approximate, widely spreading, more or less arcuate-
recurved, 1-2 cm. long, up to 1.5 mm. wide. Inflorescences lateral, axillary,
slightly exceeding the leaves; peduncle filiform, nearly equaling the leaves. Flower
very small, purple, of firm, subfleshy texture. Sepals connate at the base (as in the
genus). Dorsal sepal linear or lanceolate-linear, acute,1 free part up to 4.5 mm.
long, about 1.3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, acute or short-acuminate, a
little larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals similar to the sepals but rather smaller,
linear, acuminate. Lip lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, concave below, 4-
4.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, extended into an elongate, linear-cylindric spur
6.5-7 mm. long. Column short, rather stout, about 1.5 mm. long.
Loreto: Near Cerro de Ponasa, 1300 meters, on trees, Ule 6688.
Cryptocentrum pseudobulbosum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harvard Univ. 12: 189, t. 31. 1946. Figure 152.
Plant small, slender, caespitose, 4-5 cm. tall. Pseudobulbs very small, cylin-
dric, complanate and closely striate-rugose in the dried specimen, bifoliate at the
apex, about 7.5 mm. long, surrounded in youth by 1 or more pairs of leaf-bearing
1 A flower from the type collection of Centroglossa peruviana showed acute or
acuminate segments, the lateral sepals being obviously broken off; the floral meas-
urements were taken from the description, since the available flower was in an
imperfect condition.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 761
sheaths. Leaves narrowly linear, abruptly acute, up to 4 cm. long and 2 mm.
wide, conduplicate below. Inflorescences lateral, basal, filiform, spreading, 1-flow-
ered; peduncle about 4 cm. long. Flowers small, nervose. Sepals connate below
(as in the genus), 5-nerved. Dorsal sepal (free part) linear-lanceolate, abruptly
acute and apiculate, about 7.7 mm. or less long and 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals
very similar to the dorsal sepal but slightly larger, suboblique. Petals narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, slightly shorter than the sepals in natural position but
actually somewhat longer, 3-nerved. Lip produced into a long spur; free part
lanceolate, long-acuminate, cuneate toward the narrow base, concave below, more
or less lightly 3-lobed below the middle, up to about 9 mm. long and 3.8 mm. wide
across the lateral lobes when expanded, 3-nerved; lateral lobes (when distinct)
erect, semielliptic, very broadly rounded; mid-lobe much longer, linear-triangular;
spur very slender, cylindric, obtuse, up to 9.5 mm. long. Column short, straight,
concave and wing-dilated above, about 2.2 mm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Sta. Isabel to Asuncion, 1800 me-
ters, epiphyte, flower wine-red, Vargas 5539. — Junin: Chanchamayo
Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n. (type).
TRICHOCENTRUM Poepp. & Endl.
A small genus of American epiphytes extending from Mexico and
Central America south to Brazil and Peru.
Stems very short, at length thickened into a small, fleshy pseudobulb. Pseudo-
bulbs 1-leaved, caespitose or separated. Leaf flat or equitant, oblong or obovate-
oblong to elliptic (rarely linear), coriaceous. Inflorescences lateral, basal, 1- to
few-flowered. Flowers small to large, with spreading segments. Sepals free, sub-
equal, the lateral ones oblique. Petals similar to the sepals, especially to the dorsal
sepal. Lip adnate to the column, commonly more conspicuous than the rest of the
flower, simple to 3-lobed or pandurate, acute to retuse or bilobed, produced at the
base into a short or very long spur. Column abbreviated, stout, footless, commonly
with a pair of erect-spreading wings. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent;
pollinia 2.
Al. Leaves equitant, vertical; lamina of the lip much broader than long.
T. triquetrum
A2. Leaves flat, horizontal; lamina of the lip longer than broad I
la. Leaf linear; lip deeply concave, strongly narrowed above; spur very short,
conic-saccate T. brevicalcaratum
Ib. Leaf oblong or oblanceolate to elliptic; lip flat, more or less dilated above;
spur relatively elongate, narrowly conic or slender-cylindric to filiform .... 1
la. Lip simply obovate; spur much longer than the lip T. pulchrum
Ib. Lip pandurate; spur subequaling or markedly shorter than the lip 2
2a. Basal part of the lip gradually cuneate, without a well-defined claw; spur
elongate, about equaling the pedicellate ovary; arms of the column with a
broad, erose-dentate apex T. panduratum
2b. Basal part of the lip with a well-defined claw and an abruptly dilated lamina;
spur short, half as long as the pedicellate ovary; arms of the column with a
narrow, subentire apex T. albopurpureum
762 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Trichocentrum albopurpureum Linden & Reichb. f. ex
Reichb. f. Card. Chron. (1866) 219, fig.; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 94: t.
5688. 1868.
Plant medium-sized, about 10 cm. or less high. Rhizome abbreviated. Pseudo-
bulbs very small, approximate, ovoid, unifoliate. Leaf elliptic ("oblong-lanceo-
late"), acute, sessile, fleshy, about 7.7-9 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide. Scapes lateral,
solitary, 1-flowered at the apex; peduncle about 2.5 cm. long. Flower variable,
rather large, with spreading segments; sepals and petals within brown with a red-
dish tint. Dorsal sepal oblong-obovate ("cuneate-ligulate"), acute, about 2 cm.
long and 9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-elliptic, subacute, about as
long as the dorsal sepal and slightly narrower. Petals oblanceolate-oblong, acute
("acuminate"), a little shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip much larger
than the sepals and petals, adnate to the column at the base, about 2.5 cm. in
greatest length and 2.2 cm. wide above and below; claw broadly cuneate, white,
with 4 purple raised lines; lamina abruptly dilated, subquadrate-pandurate, bi-
lobed in front, subcordate at the base, entirely purple, or white with 2 large purple
blotches at the base, produced below into a relatively short, conic, curved spur
about 1.2 cm. long. Column very short, stout, white, about 5 mm. high at the
back, with a pair of large, porrect, decurved, triangular-lanceolate wings above.
Amazonas: La Peca, about 35 km. east of the Maranon River,
20 km. east of the Utcubamba River, about 1200 meters, on tree,
Woytkowski 37027. Also northern Brazil? (type).
Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc.
Bull. 13:388, t., 1945. Figure 153.
Plant medium-sized. Rhizome apparently abbreviated, concealed by imbri-
cating sheaths. Stems very short, commonly approximate, thickened into minute,
1-leaved pseudobulbs. Leaf linear (when young linear-oblong), acute, more or less
narrowed to a sessile, conduplicate base, fleshy-coriaceous, up to 16.3 cm. long and
about 1 cm. wide. Inflorescences lateral, basal, very short, 1-flowered; peduncles
up to 2.2 cm. long, provided below with 2 loose, broad sheaths. Flower rather
large for the genus, with the segments recurved at the tips. Dorsal sepal elliptic,
subacute and dorsally apiculate, about 2.5 cm. long when expanded and 1.1 cm.
wide. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, lightly falcate-recurved, acute,
a little longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely oblong-elliptic
or lanceolate-elliptic, subacute, somewhat smaller than the dorsal sepal. Lip
markedly shorter than the lateral sepals in natural position, very deeply concave,
lanceolate and sigmoid when viewed from the side, narrowed to a strongly recurved
and subacute or minutely retuse, channelled tip, more or less fleshy-thickened on
each side at the subcordate, sessile base, produced below into a short, conic-saccate
spur which is about 5 mm. long. Column very short and stout, about 3 mm. high
at the back, with a short, very broad, lobulate wing extending around the clinan-
drium. Anther hemispherical. Pollinia 2, pyriform.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n. (type).
Same locality, 1500 meters, Schunke 565.
cafcar&t um
FIG. 153. Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 4/s. 2,
dorsal sepal; X 2. 3, petal; X 2. 4, lateral sepal; X 2. 5, lip and column from side;
X 2. 6, lip and column from above; X 2.
763
764 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Trichocentrum panduratum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc.
Bull. 14: 104, t., 1945. Figure 154.
Plant medium-sized. Rhizome creeping, apparently short, invested by loose,
imbricating sheaths, producing at intervals abbreviated, pseudobulbous, 1-leaved
stems. Leaf oblong to oblong-elliptic (rarely oblong-oblanceolate), 8.2-20.2 cm.
long, up to 3.6 cm. wide, acute, more or less gradually narrowed to a conduplicate,
sessile base. Inflorescences lateral, basal, very loosely 2- to 5-flowered, about
10.5 cm. or less long, with several remote, spreading, ovate, concave bracts; rachis
fractiflex. Flowers rather small, yellow and violet, with spreading segments. Dor-
sal sepal obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex with a dorsal apicule, 9.5-10.5 mm.
long, 5.1-5.8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, subacute,
subcarinate and thickened through the middle without, somewhat longer and nar-
rower than the dorsal sepal. Petals very similar to the dorsal sepal, elliptic-oblong,
minutely apiculate at the rounded apex. Lip subquadrate-pandurate, constricted
slightly above the middle, broadly rounded in front and emarginate in the middle,
sessile, cuneate at the base, 17-20 mm. long, 12-14 mm. wide across the basal half,
9-13 mm. wide across the anterior part, produced below into a slender-cylindric
spur about 18 mm. long; disc obscurely bicarinate below. Column very short and
stout, about 4 mm. high, with a pair of erect-spreading wings which are very
obliquely ovate-triangular terminating in a broad, truncate, erose apex. Pollinia
2, complanate-pyriform.
San Martin: Juan Jui, Alto Rio Huallaga, 400-800 meters, on
river bank in forest, Klug 4260.
Trichocentrum pulchrum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp.
2: 11, t. 115. 1837-8; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 145. 1904.
Plant rather small, epiphytic. Rhizome very short, stout, clothed by several
imbricating, truncate sheaths. Stems or pseudobulbs minute, 1-leaved. Leaf ob-
long or oblong-elliptic, subacute and sometimes minutely mucronate, more or less
long-cuneate at the base, fleshy-coriaceous, 9-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide. Inflo-
rescences lateral, basal, 1-flowered; peduncle very short, 5-10 mm. long, concealed
by 2 or 3 imbricating sheaths; pedicellate ovary elongate, linear-clavate, acutely
4-angled, about 5 cm. long. Flower rather large, white variegated with blood-red.
Sepals spreading, membranaceous, rather concave. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic or
oval, subacute, dorsally keeled, about 2 cm. long, 12-13 mm. wide. Lateral sepals
similar but slightly narrower, suboblique. Petals similar to the sepals, obtuse.
Lip distinctly longer than the sepals> obovate, sessile, lightly emarginate in front,
broadly cuneate below, with crenulate anterior margins and reflexed sides, about
3 cm. long and 17-18 mm. wide above, produced at the base into a linear-attenuate
spur 4.5-5 cm. long; disc through the lower half thickly bicarinate. Column very
short and stout, 3-4 mm. long, with a pair of erect wings which are short, very
broad and terminate in a truncate, long-ciliate apex.
Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu), on trunks of old trees,
Poeppig s.n.
No specimens of this species were available.
andura turn
Cs. Ucfi are i nfi.
^\
FIG. 154. Trichocentrum panduratum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 4A- 2, flower;
X 2. 3, dorsal sepal; X 2. 4, petal; X 2. 5, lateral sepal; X 2. 6, lip; X 2. 7,
column from side; X 2.
765
766 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Trichocentrum triquetrum Rolfe, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 9:
701. 1891.
Plant rather small, about 15 cm. high. Leaves equitant, erect, tapering to an
acute apex, about 15 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide at the base. Peduncles axillary,
about 2.5 cm. long, with several bracts which are conduplicate, linear-lanceolate
and acute. Pedicellate ovary triquetrous, about 3.2 cm. long. Flower rather large.
Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acute, pale straw-color, about 1.9 cm. long and 1 cm.
wide. Lateral sepals similar, prolonged behind and adnate to the spur of the lip.
Petals suborbicular, considerably shorter than the sepals, somewhat broader than
long, pale straw-color. Lip reniform-orbicular, about 1.9 cm. long and 3 cm. wide,
straw-color suffused with dull orange, produced at the base into a spur; disc with
a pair of converging keels at the base; spur slender, tapering to an acute tip, about
3.2 cm. long. Column stout, with small, rounded wings.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded (introduced by Messrs. Charlesworth,
Shuttleworth & Co.).
This description was taken from the original diagnosis.
DIADENIUM Poepp. & Endl. (Chaenanthe Lindl.)
A very small group of inconspicuous epiphytes, apparently re-
stricted to northern South America.
Stems commonly short, usually thickened into a minute, 1-leaved pseudobulb.
Leaf rather large, elliptic-oblong, coriaceous. Scapes lateral, basal, much exceed-
ing the leaves, laxly spreading-paniculate above. Flowers very small. Sepals sub-
equal, narrowly lanceolate, concave, the lateral ones connate into a bidentate
lamina and produced below into a more or less narrow, cylindric-conic spur.
Petals long-decurrent on the column-foot, broader than the sepals. Lip long-
clawed, simple, prominently bicallose with the calli often erect (simulating lobes)
and the apex recurved; disc adnate to the column-foot at the base, then produced
below into a free, thin lamina which extends to the tip of the sepaline spur. Col-
umn short, wingless, produced into an elongate foot. Anther terminal, opercular,
incumbent; pollinia 2, compressed-pyriform.
Diadenium micranthum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp.
1: 41, t. 71. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 186. 1904.
Chaenanthe micrantha 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL 2: 656. 1891. Figure
155.
Plant slender, epiphytic, about 25-35 cm. high. Pseudobulbs minute, solitary
or approximate, oblong-cylindric, strongly compressed, 1-1.5 cm. high, unifoliate,
surrounded on each side by 1 or 2 small, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves oblong,
oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute, cuneate at the sessile base, fleshy-
coriaceous, 3-10 cm. long, 1.3-2.3 cm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, basal, erect,
loosely paniculate above, 2 to over 4 times longer than the leaves; peduncle more
or less surpassing the leaves, slender, provided with several short, appressed, very
remote sheaths; panicle laxly diffuse and spreading, with rather densely many-
flowered branches. Floral bracts short, triangular, concave, acuminate. Flowers
DIAVENIUM
micranthum
FIG. 155. Diadenium micranthum Poepp. & Endl. 1, plant; X Vs. 2, flower
from side, natural position; X 6. 3, flower from side, with lateral sepals removed
to show column and lip; X 6. 4, lip, expanded; about X 6J^.
767
768 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
small, reddish or magenta often with white tips, campanulate. Sepals membrana-
ceous, about equally long or the lateral ones longer, oblong-lanceolate, concave,
acute, about 4-5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the lateral sepals connate into a
bidentate lamina which is produced below into an elongate, narrowly cylindric-
conic spur about 5 mm. long. Petals obovate-oblong, acute, nearly as long as the
dorsal sepal but broader, long-decurrent along the column-foot. Lip long-clawed,
simple, lightly adnate to the column-foot at the base and then produced into a
very narrow, thin, free lamina extending to the tip of the sepaline spur, about
10 mm. long; disc with a pair of prominent, erect, flattened calli (simulating lobes)
and with an acute, recurved apex. Column short, wingless, about 3 mm. high,
produced into a long, narrow foot.
Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), Poeppig s.n. (type). — Loreto:
Iquitos, in forest, Tessmann 5054- Also Bolivia.
IONOPSIS HBK.
A small group of more or less showy tropical American orchids
extending from Florida (U.S.A.) and Mexico through Central Amer-
ica and the West Indies to most of South America.
Plants epiphytic, small to large. Stems abbreviated, thickened to pseudo-
bulbous. Leaves few, distichous, congested, narrow or very narrow, coriaceous,
spreading. Inflorescences usually several to many times surpassing the leaves,
1-3 to a plant, lateral, axillary, racemose or paniculate above, with a slender,
remotely sheathed peduncle. Flowers small to rather large and conspicuous, long-
pedicelled. Floral bracts minute. Sepals subequally long, campanulate, erect or
spreading at the apex. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals connate at the base,
forming a short sac. Petals similar to the sepals, but frequently broader. Lip
adnate to the base of the column, much surpassing the other segments, commonly
indistinctly 3-lobed near the base; lateral lobes (if present) very small, semiorbic-
ular; mid-lobe relatively very large, cuneate-flabellate or obcordate, deeply emargi-
nate or bilobed; disc near the base bicallose. Column short, stout, erect, wingless,
footless. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, more or less 1-celled; pollinia 2,
waxy, obovoid-subglobose, affixed to a lorate stipe.
lonopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. Coll. Bot. t. 39A. 1821;
Fol. Orch. lonopsis 2, no. 5. 1852; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6:
174. 1904; Ames, Orch. 1: 19, t. 5. 1905; Allen, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.
36: 142, fig. 187. 1949. Epidendrum utricularioides Sw. Prodr. Veg.
Ind. Occ. 122. 1788. Figure 156.
Plant small to large, epiphytic, up to 7.5 dm. tall. Rhizome usually abbre-
viated (more rarely long-creeping straight and stem-like). Stems approximate,
FIG. 156. lonopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. 1, plant; X 1. 2, lip from front;
X 3. 3, lateral sepals; X 3}^. 4, petal; X 3. 5, dorsal sepal; X 3. 6, column, with
anther raised, front-side view; X 10. 7, pollinia and stipe, enlarged.
769
770 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
very short, thickened to more or less pseudobulbous. Leaves several, congested,
distichous, spreading, linear or linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong-
elliptic, acute, apiculate, coriaceous, sessile, about 3.5-17 cm. long, up to 1.8 cm.
wide. Inflorescences 1-3 to a plant, lateral, axillary, erect or arcuate, simple or
spreading-paniculate above; peduncle slender or stout, provided with several
remote, close, inconspicuous, tubular sheaths. Flowers few to numerous, small
to relatively large and conspicuous, lavender through rose-purple to white. Sepals
subequal, campanulate, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal free, oblong-lanceolate to
elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 3-6 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, concave. Lateral
sepals similar, more or less connate below, concave, produced at the base into a
short, broad sac. Petals about equal to the dorsal sepal, elliptic-ovate, acute or
obtuse and apiculate, slightly shorter or longer and broader than the sepals. Lip
about twice as long as the sepals, 5-16 (rarely 21) mm. long, up to 20 mm. broad
above, obcordate to cuneate-flabellate, deeply bilobed, obscurely biauriculate at
the base, with a pair of small, thin keels near the base. Column short, rather stout,
footless, about 2 mm. high.
Junin: Along Rio Perene, near "Hacienda 3," Colonia Perene,
about 600 meters, epiphyte in forest, sepals and petals light pink
with darker stripes, lip pink, purple-blotched near the base, white at
the base, Killip & Smith 25149. — Loreto: Tarapoto, Spruce s.n., fide
Cogn. — San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters,
epiphyte in mountain forest, flowers pale lilac, Klug 3391. (This
collection varies from the usual form of growth in showing an elon-
gate, stem-like rhizome and in having often uncommonly large
flowers.) Species very widespread and variable, extending from
southern Florida (U.S.A.) through Middle America and the West
Indies (type of Epidendrum utricularioides) to South America as far
as Paraguay.
RODRIGUEZIA Ruiz & Pav.
A rather small group of epiphytes centered in South America,
extending southward to Argentina and northward in Central Amer-
ica to Costa Rica. Up to the present, but two species and one
variety are known surely to occur in Peru.
Plants small to medium-sized. Rhizome often elongated, bearing 1- or 2-leaved
pseudobulbs. Leaves oblong to narrowly ligulate, coriaceous or fleshy. Inflores-
cences lateral, basal, racemose above with several to many flowers. Flowers often
showy, loose to subdense. Sepals subequal, concave. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral
sepals more or less deeply connate, often spreading, incurved below, ascending
above. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal, lightly oblique. Lip commonly exceed-
ing the rest of the perianth, obcordate or rarely obovate above, with a narrowed,
usually auriculate-dilated, lower portion, produced into a short, solid horn or spur
at the base; disc with one or more keels or crests. Column short or long, footless,
clavate, with a pair of arms or auricles above. Anther terminal, opercular, incum-
bent; pollinia 2, ovoid or subglobose, with a linear stipe.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 771
Al. Flowers small, dorsal sepal about 1.2 cm. or less long, more or less deeply
rose-purple R. secunda
A2. Flowers large, dorsal sepal about 1.6-4 cm. long, white or greenish white,
more or less spotted or streaked with lilac, rarely lilac, white and yellow,
or brown I
la. Flowers lilac or pinkish to white, sometimes with yellow on the lip; sepals
1.6-3 cm. long; lip 1.8-3.5 cm. long R. Batemanii
Ib. Flowers carmine and white with orange-brown on the lip; sepals about 4 cm.
long; lip about 4.6 cm. long R. Batemanii var. speciosa
Rodriguezia Batemanii Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1:
41, t. 70. 1836; Reichb. f. Saund. Refug. Bot. 2: t. 128. 1882; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 153. 1904. Burlingtonia rubescens Lindl.
Bot. Reg. 23: sub t. 1927. 1837. Burlingtonia Batemanii Lindl. ex
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 154. 1904. Rodriguezia Candida
Reichb. f. var. Batemannii Hort. ex Stein Orchideenb. 538. 1892.
Plant small to medium-sized, very variable. Rhizome creeping, simple or
branched. Pseudobulbs remote (often only one present in the specimen), cylindric
to ellipsoid, strongly complanate, unifoliate, 3-5 cm. long, surrounded and more
or less concealed by 1-3 pairs of distichous, leaf-bearing, conduplicate sheaths.
Leaves linear to oblong (often conduplicate in the dried specimen), acute and
apiculate at the apex, more or less narrowed to the sessile, complicate base,
7-35 cm. long, up to 3 cm. wide, commonly thickly coriaceous. Inflorescences
lateral in the axils of the leaf-bearing sheaths surrounding the pseudobulb, com-
monly flexuous or pendent, more or less shorter than the longer leaves, few- to
many-flowered above, the racemes being loose to subdense. Floral bracts spread-
ing, concave, acuminate. Flowers very variable in size and color, white (often
spotted with lilac) or lilac or white and yellow, membranaceous. Sepals concave.
Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute, 1.58-2.5 cm. long, 8 mm.-
1.2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals connate into a deeply concave, oblong-lanceolate,
apically bidentate lamina which is spreading below at the saccate base and strongly
incurved above, 2-3 cm. long. Petals obliquely obovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceo-
late, rounded and apiculate or abruptly acute at the apex, about equally long with
the dorsal sepal and slightly narrower or wider. Lip exceeding the other segments,
simple, cuneate-obovate, the long narrow basal portion gently semiorbicular-dilated
above on each side, more or less deeply emarginate at the broad apex, 1.8-3.5 cm.
long, 9-22 mm. wide near the apex, produced at the base into a short, fleshy horn;
disc with a pair of elongate keels extending through the narrow part and curving
out onto the lateral dilations below, the central pair commonly supplemented on
each side by a shorter keel. Column slender, more or less pubescent, abruptly
clavate, 0.8-1.1 (rarely 1.9) cm. high, with a pair of ascending or suberect, lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse auricles near the apex.
Huanuco: Tingo Maria, 670 meters, on trees, Carpenter 104- Prov.
of Huamalies, between Supte and Tubumayo Rivers, north of Tingo
Maria, 610 meters, Stork & Horton 9563. — Junin: Chanchamayo Val-
ley, 1500 meters, Schunke 530, 1101. Same locality, 1000 meters,
Schunke 1860. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about 1200 meters, on
772 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
coffee bush, Macbride 5620. Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon,
1300-1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A 48, A 61, A 63.—
Loreto: Rio Huallaga Canon, below Rio Santo Domingo, about
1200 meters, epiphyte in open dry woods, very fragrant, Macbride
4214- Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125 meters, Schunke 41-
Iquitos, Muena-Cafio, 105 meters, in dense forest, fragrant, Mexia
6505a. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte in forest,
Klug 985. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte in clearing, Klug
10043, 10072. Lower Maranon River, about 125 meters, Tessmann
3753. — San Martin: Juan Jui, Alto Rio Huallaga, 400-800 meters,
clearing in forest, Klug 4223. Near Moyobamba, Wattis s.n. Prov.
of Maynas, Yumaguas Mission, in very hot region, Poeppig 2150
(type). Tingo Maria, 625-1100 meters, Allard 22392.
Rodriguezia Batemanii Poepp. & Endl. var. speciosa Mansf.
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl. 10: 240. 1928.
This plant differs from the typical form in having larger, carmine and white
flowers, the sepals being about 4 cm. long and the lip about 4.6 cm. long and
2.8 cm. wide.
San Martin: Putria, near the mouth of the Rio Pastaza, in a
flooded cow-pasture, Tessmann 4939.
Rodriguezia ensiformis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 218. 1798.
Huanuco: Near Pozuzo, in open woods, upon rocks and trees,
towards Chenigo and Tramo, Pavdn s.n.
This is an obscure species, perhaps referable to R. Batemanii
Poepp. & Endl., judged from a photograph of the type.
Rodriguezia lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et
Chil. 1: 219. 1798.
Junin : Prov. of Tarma, on mountains, near the villages of Vitoc,
Palca, Collac and Monobamba, Pavdn s.n. — Also Loreto, fide Schlech-
ter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 168. 1921.
This doubtful species may be referable to R. Batemanii Poepp. &
Endl., judged from a record of the type.
Rodriguezia secunda HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 367, t. 92.
1816; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 150, t. 40, fig. 2. 1904.
Pleurothallis coccinea Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: t. 129. 1824.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 773
Plant medium-sized to rather large, epiphytic. Rhizome creeping, simple or
branched, concealed by distichously imbricating sheaths. Pseudobulbs remote,
often on short branches of the rhizome, oblong-ellipsoid, unifoliate at the apex,
about 2-4 cm. high, more or less compressed, striate-rugose and shining in age,
often concealed by several pairs of distichous, conduplicate, leaf-bearing sheaths.
Leaves elliptic-oblong to ligulate, subacute and apiculate to obtuse and sometimes
obliquely bilobed at the apex, sessile at the slightly narrower, complicate base,
7-23.5 cm. long, up to 3.2 cm. wide, often conduplicate in the dried specimen.
Inflorescences lateral in the axils of leaf-sheaths, commonly more or less surpass-
ing the leaves (rarely shorter), about 12-40 cm. long, racemose above; peduncle
bearing remote, tubular, scarious sheaths; raceme loosely to subdensely many-
flowered, usually secund but sometimes distichous, up to 17 cm. long. Flowers
rather small, more or less deeply rose-purple or crimson, rarely with whitish mark-
ings. Dorsal sepal very deeply cucullate-concave, acute and apiculate, ovate to
oblong-elliptic, 9-14 mm. long, up to 6.4 mm. wide when expanded. Lateral sepals
entirely connate into a bidentate lamina which is ovate-oblong, deeply longitudi-
nally concave and saccate at the base, slightly longer and wider than the dorsal
sepal. Petals obliquely elliptic-ovate or obovate, broadly rounded and apiculate
at the summit, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal but equally wide or wider.
Lip about equaling the lamina of the lateral sepals, pandurate-oblong, about 12-
15 mm. long in greatest extent, up to 6.9 mm. wide near the apex and 5.5 mm.
wide near the dilated basal portion, produced into a short, curved horn at the base;
disc with a pair of keels extending to about the middle, the keels lower and diverg-
ing onto the basal dilations and then converging, higher and flattened toward the
front. Column relatively small, abruptly dilated at the apex with a pair of rather
short, narrowly triangular or triangular-linear ascending arms, more or less finely
pubescent, about 3.3 mm. high at the back.
Loreto: Near Iquitos, one or two miles above the junction of the
Itaya and Amazon Rivers, on trees, Patrick s.n. Frequent from Pan-
ama and Colombia (type of Rodriguezia secunda) through Venezuela
to British Guiana, French Guiana, Surinam and Brazil ; also on Trin-
idad (type of Pleurothallis coccinea) and St. Vincent.
NEOKOEHLERIA Schltr.
Small or very small, inconspicuous plants, apparently confined
to Peru.
Rhizome abbreviated. Pseudobulbs very small, caespitose, cylindric to ellip-
soid or subglobose, unifoliate, concealed in youth and surpassed by 2 or more dis-
tichous, imbricating sheaths. Leaf very narrow, linear or linear-lanceolate, with
flat or more or less tubular-incurved blades. Inflorescences lateral, basal, either
shorter than the leaves or slightly surpassing them, racemose or more rarely panic-
ulate. Flowers several to numerous, loose or dense. Dorsal sepal "oblong" or
elliptic-oblong, concave. Lateral sepals connate into an entire or emarginate lam-
ina, produced below into a stout, bifid or subentire, saccate spur. Petals obovate-
oblanceolate to broadly obovate or oval, broadly obtuse to rounded above, much
broader than the dorsal sepal. Lip oblong-spatulate or oblong-subpandurate, pro-
774 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
duced at the base into a pair of filiform, commonly apically dilated appendages;
disc with a pair of high, parallel keels or lamellae. Column small, footless, with the
clinandrium much produced at the back. Anther opercular, incumbent, semiovoid,
1-celled; pollinia 2.
Al. Lip oblong-subpandurate, with the lateral margins (except near the apex and
base) irregularly dentate-fimbriate; petals oval N. Markgrafii
A2. Lip not oblong-subpandurate, with entire or undulate lateral margins; petals
oblanceolate-oblong to cuneate-obovate I
la. Inflorescence commonly paniculate; spur of the lateral sepals abruptly trun-
cate N. paniculate
Ib. Inflorescence racemose; spur of the lateral sepals often prominently bifid. .1
la. Petals broadly spatulate-obovate; spur formed by the lateral sepals at most
emarginate N. peruviana
Ib. Petals oblanceolate-spatulate; spur formed by the lateral sepals sharply bi-
lobed N. equitans
Neokoehleria equitans Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 390. 1912;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 53, nr. 211. 1930; C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 12: 190. 1946.
Plant small, epiphytic, about 15 cm. or less tall. Rhizome abbreviated. Pseudo-
bulbs small, oblong-cylindric, unifoliate at the apex, striate-rugose in the dried
specimen, 5-15 mm. long, mostly concealed and surpassed by several distichous,
imbricating sheaths. Leaf linear or narrowly lanceolate-ligulate, acute, more or
less cuneate-narrowed below, 4.5-11.6 cm. long, 4-6.5 mm. wide. Inflorescences
lateral, basal, commonly equaling or surpassing the leaf, up to 14.7 cm. tall, race-
mose, subdensely 4- to 10-flowered above, the peduncle having a few distant, close,
lanceolate sheaths. Flowers small, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal "oblong" or
elliptic-oblong, subacute, concave, 5-6.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Lateral
sepals connate into an oblong-ovate, concave lamina which is shortly bidentate at
the apex, about equally long but broader than the dorsal sepal, produced at the
base into a spur about 3 mm. long which is divided into a pair of conical sacs.
Petals oblanceolate-oblong or oblong-spatulate, obtuse or broadly rounded at the
apex, a little longer than the sepals and as wide as the lamina of the lateral sepals.
Lip cuneate-spatulate, broadly rounded or lightly retuse in front, concave with
upcurved sides, more or less obscurely trilobulate above the middle, 6.5-7 mm. long,
3.2-3.5 mm. wide; disc traversed through the lower half by 2 broad, flat keels, pro-
duced below into a pair of linear, apically thickened appendages about 2 mm. long.
Column stout, gently clavate and recurved, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, with a conspicuous,
oblong-ovate, concave clinandrium.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Rio Blanco, Hacienda Sta. Teresa,
about 1400 meters, on coffee trees, Kohler s.n. (type). Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 550.
Neokoehleria Markgrafii Friedr. Mitteil. Bot. Staatssaml.
Miinchen 16: 259, t., 1957.
Plant small, epiphytic, 6-10 cm. high. Pseudobulbs small, subglobose, indis-
tinctly compressed, unifoliate, 4-6 mm. high, provided on each side at the base
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 775
with 1 or 2 membranaceous sheaths. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, fleshy, channelled, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, produced at the base
into a short, complicate petiole, becoming reddish. Inflorescences lateral, basal,
loosely 4- to 6-flowered, up to 7 cm. long, racemose or tardily paniculate; peduncle
with several distant, minute, bract-like sheaths. Flowers small, membranaceous,
whitish yellow. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, obtuse at the subcucullate apex, 6-7
mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an oblong-ovate, apically bidentate lamina
which is produced at the base into a stout, bidentate spur, rather longer than the
dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely oval, broadly rounded at the apex, about as long as
the dorsal sepal and more than twice as broad. Lip subpandurate-oblong, about
10 mm. or less long, lightly retuse at the subtruncate apex, produced at the base
into a pair of short, filiform spurs, with the lateral margins (except near the apex
and base) irregularly dentate-fimbriate; disc toward the base with a pair of high,
trapezoid keels produced in front into a pair of linear keels and near the apex with
a tuft of yellow papillae. Column slender, clavate, biauriculate near the apex.
Peru: Habitat and collector unknown; cultivated in the Botanical
Garden, Miinchen.
Neokoehleria paniculata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean1. Har-
vard Univ. 12: 190, t. 29. 1946. Figure 157.
Plant very small, inconspicuous. Pseudobulbs small, caespitose, oblong-cylin-
dric and deeply striate-rugose in the dried specimen, unifoliate at the apex, about
11 mm. or less long, concealed in youth by several distichous, imbricating sheaths.
Leaf narrowly linear, semicylindric in cross section in the dried plant, acute, sessile
at the cuneate base, apparently very fleshy, about 8.9 cm. long and 3-5 mm. wide
(only one complete blade present in the specimen). Inflorescences lateral, basal,
numerous, commonly loosely branched or paniculate, with short, more or less re-
curved, several-flowered branches. Floral bracts widely spreading, lanceolate,
concave. Flowers very small, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, sub-
acute, concave, 4.7-5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals connate into a subor-
bicular-ovate, concave, retuse lamina about 2.5 mm. long, produced below into a
stout spur which is subquadrate-cylindric, abruptly truncate and about 2.3 mm.
long. Petals obliquely cuneate-obovate, very broadly rounded or subtruncate and
concave above, about as long as the dorsal sepal but wider. Lip oblong-obovate,
broadly rounded at the (imperfect) apex, very obscurely 3-lobed above the middle,
about 3.8 mm. long and 2 mm. wide above, produced at the base into a pair of
triangular-linear, lightly sigmoid spurs about 2.2 mm. long; disc through the lower
half traversed by a pair of semiobovate, flat lamellae. Column stout, clavate,
about 3.7 mm. long, terminating in a prominent ovate, concave clinandrium.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke 545.
Neokoehleria peruviana Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 391. 1912;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 54, nr. 213. 1930; C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 12: 192. 1946.
Plant small, slender, epiphytic, about 10 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated.
Pseudobulbs caespitose, ovoid or oblong-cylindric, 5-8 mm. long, unifoliate at the
776 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
apex, partially concealed and surpassed by 2 or more distichous, imbricating
sheaths. Leaf linear or oblong-lanceolate, acute, slightly cuneate at the sessile
base, thickly fleshy, 4.7-8.5 cm. long, 2.5-8 mm. wide. Inflorescence lateral, basal,
up to 10 cm. long; peduncle slender, about 6.3 cm. or less long, with a very few,
distant, lanceolate sheaths; raceme about 3.5 cm. long, rather densely many-
flowered. Floral bracts spreading, lanceolate, concave. Flowers small, membra-
naceous. Dorsal sepal "oblong" or elliptic-oblong, "obtuse" or acute, concave,
about 4.5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals connate into an oval-ovate,
minutely bidentate, concave lamina which is nearly as long as the dorsal sepal,
produced below into an oblong-cylindric sac about 2.8 mm. long which is abruptly
truncate and at most lightly retuse at the apex. Petals broadly spatulate-obovate,
oblique, broadly rounded at the apex, about equaling the dorsal sepal. Lip from
a narrow claw obovate-spatulate, apiculate, about 3.5 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide
above the middle, produced at the base into a pair of linear, diverging appendages
about 2 mm. long; disc through the lower half with a pair of high, flat, semioblance-
olate appendages. Column slender, recurved, 3-3.3 mm. long, with a high, oblong-
ovate, concave clinandrium.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Rio Blanco, Hacienda Sta. Teresa,
about 1400 meters, on coffee trees, Kohler s.n. (type). Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke s.n. (Herb. Chicago Nat. Hist.
Mus. 571654).
SCELOCHILUS Kl.
Small to medium-sized epiphytes, growing from Guatemala to
Costa Rica in Central America, and in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador
and Peru in South America.
Stems very short, thickened into a cylindric, 1-leaved pseudobulb. Leaf
oblong to elliptic, coriaceous. Scapes lateral, basal, erect or pendulous, simple
or branched. Flowers small to medium-sized, campanulate. Dorsal sepal strongly
concave. Lateral sepals connate to the middle or nearly to the apex, usually
somewhat longer than the dorsal sepal, produced at the base into a sac or short
spur. Petals commonly broader than the sepals. Lip more or less long-clawed,
commonly broader near the apex, often with a pair of small, erect lobules on
the claw, produced at the base into a pair of short, narrow spurs within the sepa-
line sac. Column small, footless, wingless, with a small clinandrium. Anther
terminal, opercular, incumbent, 1-celled; pollinia 2, usually subglobose.
Al. Plant small, about 6 cm. or less tall; scape shorter than the leaf; petals falcate,
broader above the middle S. brevis
A2. Plant larger, 14.5 cm. or more tall; scape longer than the leaf; petals not fal-
cate, narrower above the middle I
la. Scapes erect; petals narrowly lanceolate, acute, about as wide as the sepals.
S. saccatus
Ib. Scapes pendent; petals elliptic or ovate-elliptic, markedly wider than the
sepals S. latipetalus
Scelochilus brevis Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 391. 1912; Mansf.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 54, nr. 214. 1930.
FIG. 157. Neokoehleria paniculate C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower from
side; X 8. 3, dorsal sepal; X 4. 4, petal; X 4. 5, lateral sepals; X 4. 6, lip and
column from side; X 8. 7, lip from above; X 8.
777
778 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Plant epiphytic, relatively small, about 6 cm. or less tall. Rhizome strongly
abbreviated. Pseudobulbs apparently approximate, oblong-cylindric, unifoliate,
up to 1.5 cm. long. Leaf oval or oblong-elliptic, acute, apiculate, cuneate-narrowed
to a more or less petioled base, 3.4-4.4 cm. long, up to 1.5 cm. wide, coriaceous.
Inflorescence short, about 3 cm. long, strictly and densely panicled with 1-flowered
branches. Floral bracts elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acuminate. Flowers small,
apparently successive, campanulate. Dorsal sepal ovate, subacute, concave,
about 7 mm. long and 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-oblong
("oblong"), acute, bidentate, concave lamina which is slightly longer than the
dorsal sepal, produced at the base into a sac which is oblong-cylindric, incurved,
broadly obtuse or retuse and about 5 mm. long. Petals distinctly longer than
the dorsal sepal, falcate, spatulate-oblong, rounded at the apex, with a band of
scattered, stipitate papillae through the middle within. Lip oblong-cuneate,
emarginate at the broadly rounded apex, about 1.2 cm. long and 4 mm. wide
above, extended at the base into a pair of short, retrorse appendages about 1 mm.
long; disc above the middle with 2 short, parallel, linear keels which are diverging
and ascending in front and with a small lamella near the base. Column slender,
strongly clavate above, about 4 mm. long.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Rio Blanco, Hacienda Sta. Teresa,
about 1500 meters, on coffee trees, Kohler s.n.
No specimen of this species was available.
Scelochilus latipetalus C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 13:
306, t., 1945. Figure 158.
Plant medium-sized, apparently epiphytic, with an abbreviated rhizome.
Pseudobulb oblong-cylindric, unifoliate, about 3 cm. high. Leaf elliptic-oblong,
acute, cuneate at the sessile base, about 11.5 cm. long and 2.4 cm. wide, thickly
coriaceous. Inflorescences lateral, basal or issuing from near the base of the
pseudobulb, pendulous, the two in the type very unequal; peduncle up to 19 cm.
long, bearing numerous, slender, appressed sheaths which are more or less sep-
arated above, and larger and imbricating below; raceme flexuous, very loosely
about 10-flowered, rachis about 9 cm. or less long. Floral bracts spreading,
narrowly lanceolate. Flowers campanulate, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal
strongly concave, when expanded elliptic-oblong, apiculate at the rounded apex,
about 10.2 mm. long and 5.8 mm. wide, dorsally carinate. Lateral sepals con-
nate into an oblong lamina which is sharply bidentate near the apex, bicarinate
without, extended into a spur below; free portion about 14 mm. long and 4.9 mm.
wide; spur short, incurved, dorsally sulcate, apically retuse, about 5 mm. long.
Petals elliptic or ovate-elliptic, abruptly contracted above into an ovate-rounded,
minutely apiculate, recurved apex, somewhat longer and wider than the dorsal
sepal. Lip complex, long-clawed, abruptly inflexed above, slightly exceeding the
rest of the perianth, extended into a pair of short spurs at the base; claw narrowly
linear, about 9 mm. long, slightly above the middle with a pair of erect, small
lobules which are falcate-oblong, intramarginal and recurved; apical part abruptly
obcordate with reduplicate halves, broadly retuse and apiculate, about 5 mm.
long and 6 mm. wide when expanded; just below, at the flexure, a pair of small,
erect-incurved, obliquely semiorbicular-flabellate lobules; spurs linear-lanceolate,
FIG 158. Scelochilus latipetalus C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 4A- 2, flower from
side; X 2. 3, dorsal sepal, spread out; X 2. 4, petal, spread out; X 2. 5, lateral
sepals, natural position; X 2. 6, lip and column from side, natural position; X 2.
7, lip from above, expanded; X 4.
779
780 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
about 2.3 mm. long. Column small, about 5.8 mm. high at the back, slightly
dilated on each side below and above, with a concave, pilose, inner face.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke s.n.
Scelochilus saccatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann.
6: 689. 1863; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 179. 1904. Corn-
par ettia saccata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 42, t. 72. 1836.
Plant medium-sized, epiphytic, with an abbreviated rhizome. Pseudobulbs
aggregated, cylindric ("narrowly ligulate"), unifoliate, 2-2.5 cm. tall, clothed
with several unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate sheaths. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic, shortly acuminate, narrowed below into a rather
short, sulcate petiole, 15-17 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, fleshy-coriaceous. Inflores-
cences lateral, basal, erect, distinctly surpassing the leaves, simple or somewhat
branched, 24-30 cm. tall, adorned below with several long, acuminate, remote
sheaths, rather loosely several-flowered above. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, concave. Flowers rather small, campanulate. Sepals somewhat con-
cave, straw-color. Dorsal sepal oblong-linear or linear-ligulate, strongly acute,
dorsally carinate, about 10 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide near the base. Lateral
sepals connate into a narrow lamina similar to the dorsal sepal but slightly longer,
bidentate at the apex, produced at the base into a short sac which is oblong-
subglobose and somewhat divided or lobulate at the apex. Petals narrowly
lanceolate, acute, rose-color, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip about
equaling the lateral sepals, produced at the base into a pair of short, linear-oblong
horns; claw long, narrow, cuneate-linear, 7-8 mm. long; lamina deflexed, deeply
3-lobed; lateral lobes small, erect, dentiform, linear-falcate; mid-lobe obcordate-
reniform, lightly retuse, 3-4 mm. long and wide; disc with a pair of diverging
horns. Column rather long and slender, lightly dilated in the middle, 6-7 mm. long.
Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co-
chero), Poeppig 1762.
No example of this orchid was accessible.
COMPARETTIA Poepp. & Endl.
A small genus of attractive and graceful American epiphytes ex-
tending from Peru, Bolivia and Brazil northward through Central
America to Mexico and the West Indies.
Plants small to large. Stems more or less short, thickened into sometimes
aggregated, 1-leaved pseudobulbs which are surrounded by 2 or more distichous,
often leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic, coriaceous, dupli-
cative. Scapes lateral, basal, simple or branched, few- to many-flowered. Flowers
medium-sized to large. Sepals about equally long, erect-spreading. Dorsal sepal
concave, free. Lateral sepals connate into a concave lamina, produced at the
base into a long, narrow, more or less curved spur. Petals similar to the sepals,
lightly oblique, commonly more or less broader than the dorsal sepal. Lip larger
than the rest of the perianth, 3-lobed or subpandurate with the apex much wider
than the basal portion and retuse, extended at the base into a pair of linear horns
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 781
which are concealed within the sepaline spur; disc usually callose or carinate below.
Column small, stout, wingless, footless. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent;
pollinia 2, broadly ovoid, sulcate.
Al. Petals obovate, or ovate-elliptic, obtuse to subacute; disc of the lip naked or
with one elevation near the base C. falcata
A2. Petals ovate, strongly oblique and dilated below in front, acuminate; disc of
the lip bicarinate near the base C. peruviana
Comparettia falcata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1 : 42, t.
73. 1836; Hook. Bot. Mag. 83: t. 4980. 1857; Cogn. Martius Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 6: 181, t. 42, fig. 1. 1904; Ames & Correll, Orch. Guat.
601, fig. 172. 1953. Figure 159.
Plant medium-sized, very variable vegetatively. Rhizome abbreviated. Pseu-
dobulbs caespitose, oblong-cylindric, somewhat compressed, unifoliate at the
apex, 1-4 cm. high, invested (together with the base of the scape) by 1 or more
pairs of distichous, imbricating, often leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves elliptic to
oblong (rarely oval or obovate-oblong), acute to broadly rounded at the apex,
cuneate at the sessile, complicate base, 2.7-18 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, thickly
coriaceous. Scape lateral, basal, much surpassing the leaves, commonly arcuate
to nodding, 5.5-90 cm. long, adorned below with several small, close, tubular
sheaths; inflorescence racemose or more rarely paniculate, very loosely 2- to many-
flowered. Floral bracts small, spreading, concave. Flowers medium-sized, purple
to deep rose-color or pinkish sometimes marked with white, with spreading seg-
ments. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate to elliptic, acute, concave, up to 10 mm. long
and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-oblong, deeply concave,
entire or bidentate lamina which is commonly somewhat larger than the dorsal
sepal, extended at the base into a slender, linear-cylindric, curved spur up to
15 mm. long. Petals narrowly obovate or elliptic-ovate, obtuse to subacute,
somewhat oblique, commonly distinctly larger than the dorsal sepal. Lip sur-
passing the rest of the perianth, broadly obcordate in outline, 3-lobed, about
12-17 mm. long and 11 mm. wide; produced into a pair of capillary spurs 7-10
mm. long concealed within the sepaline spur; lateral lobes basal, relatively very
small, auriculiform, broadly semiovate; mid-lobe large, reniform-semiorbicular,
deeply and narrowly emarginate in front, very broadly cuneate to cordate at the
base; disc naked or with a central, callose keel at the base. Column small, stout,
clavate, about 4-5 mm. high.
Peru: Habitat?, Mathews 1815. — Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Co-
chero) and between Cassapi and Pampayaco (Pampayacu), epiphyte,
Poeppig 1646 (type). Also Mexico and Central America, the West
Indies, Venezuela and Colombia to Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
Comparettia peruviana Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 389. 1912;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 53, nr. 212. 1930.
Plant rather large, erect. Rhizome much abbreviated. Pseudobulbs narrowly
oblong-cylindric, unifoliate, deeply striate-rugose in the dried specimen, about
4.5 cm. long, surrounded (together with the base of the scape) by 1 or 2 pairs of
FIG. 159. Comparettia falcata Poepp. & Endl. Plant; about X 1. 1, lip; X 2.
2, lateral sepals and spur, front-side view; X 2. 3, dorsal sepal; X 2. 4, petal; X 2.
5, column; X 3.
782
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 783
distichous, imbricating sheaths which are sometimes leaf-bearing. Leaves lanceo-
late-oblong to ligulate, subacute to obtuse, cuneate at the sessile, complicate base,
9.5-15 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide, coriaceous. Scape erect, much exceeding the
leaf, paniculate above; peduncle rather slender, provided with several remote,
small, appressed, clasping sheaths, about 33.5 cm. long; panicle loose, with erect-
spreading, laxly several-flowered branches, about 20 cm. long. Floral bracts
spreading, concave, ovate, acute, small. Flowers similar to those of C. coccinea
Lindl., membranaceous. Dorsal sepal ovate, sharply acute, strongly concave,
about 7 mm. long and 3.3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly
elliptic-ovate, subacute lamina which is deeply concave and about equally long
with the dorsal sepal but markedly broader, produced below into a filiform-
cylindric, strongly curved spur about 1.3 cm. long. Petals obliquely ovate, short-
acuminate, about equally long with the sepals but wider than the dorsal one. Lip
surpassing the other segments, about 9 mm. long, broadly obcordate in outline
when expanded, pandurate-trilobed, produced at the base into a pair of narrowly
linear appendages about 10 mm. long; lateral lobes basal, relatively very small,
broadly semielliptic; mid-lobe much larger, very broadly elliptic-reniform, strongly
emarginate and apiculate, with denticulate margins, about 1.2 cm. wide; disc
with a pair of semiovate lamellae near the apex of the basal portion. Column
slender, clavate, rather long, without appendage.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Rio Blanco, about 1400 meters,
epiphyte in woods, Kohler s.n.
No material of this concept has been available for study.
SUTRINA Lindl.
An inconspicuous, epiphytic genus so far represented by a single
Peruvian species.
Plant small. Rhizome abbreviated. Pseudobulbs clustered, ovoid, unifoliate,
rather small. Leaf broad, acute, fleshy. Inflorescence lateral, basal, pendent,
subdensely several-flowered nearly to the base. Floral bracts minute, scale-like.
Flowers cylindric-campanulate with parallel segments. Sepals subequal, narrow,
longitudinally concave, acute or apiculate, with a recurved apex, coriaceous.
Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals connate nearly to the apex, saccate-concave
at the base. Petals similar, acute, membranaceous. Lip almost equally long
with the sepals, tubular-concave, oblong-pandurate from a narrow base, adnate
to the column without a spur, rounded and erose-crisped in front. Column
shorter than the lip, clavate, footless, with a pair of triangular-lanceolate, upcurved
arms at the apex. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, imperfectly 2-celled,
with a high, semicircular membrane in front; pollinia 2, pyriform, with a linear
stipe.
Sutrina bicolor Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 10: 185. 1842.
Rodriguezia bicolor (Lindl.) Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 168.
1921.
Plant small, apparently about 14 cm. high including the pendent raceme.
Rhizome abbreviated. Pseudobulbs approximate, ovoid, 1-leaved, about 1.5 cm.
784 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
or less high. Leaf elliptic ("oval") to lanceolate-ovate, acute, coriaceous, up to
7.6 cm. long, subsessile. Inflorescence lateral, at the base of a pseudobulb, pendu-
lous, about 10 cm. long, subdensely about 12-flowered above. Flowers cylindric-
campanulate with parallel segments, about 1.6 cm. long. Sepals oblong or lance-
olate-oblong, longitudinally concave, with a recurved apex. Dorsal sepal free.
Lateral sepals connate nearly to the apex, concave at the base. Petals similar,
slightly shorter and broader than the sepals, acute. Lip nearly as long as the sepals,
sessile and adnate to the column at the base without any spur, oblong or pandurate-
oblong from a narrower base, tubular-concave, rounded and erose-dentate
("crisped") in front, yellow; disc unicarinate in the middle below. Column shorter
than the lip, clavate, with a pair of upcurved, linear-triangular arms at the summit.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews s.n. (type). — Amazonas(?),
fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 168. 1921.
While no example of this plant was available, the Ames Her-
barium contains an excellent pen drawing with floral analysis from
the Lindley Herbarium.
TRIZEUXIS Lindl.
But one member of this very small (probably monotypic) genus
occurs in Peru. This delicate little epiphyte, which was first found
in Trinidad, appears in Central America (in Costa Rica and Panama)
and is recorded in South America from Colombia and Venezuela to
Brazil, Ecuador and Bolivia.
Plants epiphytic, minute to medium-sized, with an abbreviated rhizome.
Pseudobulbs caespitose, oblong-cylindric or ellipsoid, strongly complanate, uni-
foliate, surrounded by 1 to several pairs of distichous, conduplicate, mostly leaf-
bearing sheaths. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, equitant, often falcate. In-
florescences lateral, basal, axillary, loosely spreading-paniculate above, com-
monly surpassing the leaves. Flowers minute, capitate or densely racemose at
the ends of the branches. Sepals about equally long, oblong. Dorsal sepal free,
deeply concave, geniculate-fornicate. Lateral sepals deeply connate. Petals
obliquely ovate, broader than the sepals. Lip free, a little longer than the sepals,
lightly 3-lobed above the middle; lateral lobes erect; mid-lobe ovate-oblong, acute
or obtuse, recurved. Column very short, wingless, footless. Anther terminal,
opercular, incumbent; pollinia 2, oblong-pyriform.
Trizeuxis falcata Lindl. Collect. Bot. t. 2. 1823; Hook. Exot.
Fl. 2: t. 126. 1824; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 195, t. 42,
fig. 2. 1904; Cogn. Urban Symb. Antill. 6: 627. 1910. Trizeuxis
andina Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 10: 52. 1922; Mansf. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 57: t. 141, nr. 552. 1929.
Plant small to medium-sized, epiphytic, 3-25 cm. high. Pseudobulbs small,
aggregated, strongly complanate, oblong-cylindric to ellipsoid, unifoliate, about
2 cm. or less high, surrounded and often concealed by 1 or more pairs of distichous,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 785
imbricating sheaths of which the upper ones are leaf -bearing. Leaves equitant,
linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-linear, often falcate in the dried plant, acute,
commonly more or less narrowed below, up to 10.5 (rarely 13) cm. long and 10
mm. wide. Inflorescences lateral, basal, axillary, usually more or less surpassing the
leaves, paniculate above; peduncle with several remote, small, appressed sheaths;
panicle loose, spreading, with the flowers disposed at the ends of the branches
either in capitate clusters or in abbreviated racemes. Floral bracts minute,
approximate and almost imbricated. Flowers minute, subglobose, white, greenish
or yellow, with an orange lip. Sepals and petals membranaceous. Dorsal sepal
oblong or oblong-ovate, geniculate-fornicate and deeply concave, obtuse, up to
about 2.2 mm. long, and 2 mm. wide when expanded. Lateral sepals subequally
long, connate into a longitudinally concave, obovate-oblong lamina which is
divided well above the middle into 2 ovate-rounded lobules. Petals broadly
ovate, very oblique, obtuse, a little shorter and wider than the sepals. Lip erect
and parallel to the column in natural position, linear-lanceolate or elliptic-linear,
slightly exceeding the sepals, lightly 3-lobed above the middle, with the mid-
lobe recurved, up to about 2.9 mm. long and 1 mm. wide when expanded; lateral
lobes shallow, fleshy, erect; mid-lobe ovate-oblong or triangular-ovate, obtuse
or subacute; disc obscurely bicallose below. Column minute, very stout, clavate,
footless, about one fourth to one third as long as the lip.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1400 meters, Schunke 1130. Schunke
Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest,
Schunke A 60. — Loreto: Upper Rio Ucayali, about 225 meters, epi-
phyte in cow pasture, Tessmann 3320. — San Martin: Moyobamba
(environs), 860 meters, Scolnik 1206a. San Roque, 1350-1500 me-
ters, forest epiphyte, Williams 7270, 7357. The following three col-
lections have too immature flowers for exact determination, but they
appear to represent this species. — Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1500
meters, Schunke 1153, 1208. Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene
Bridge, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 25251 . Also occurs in Costa Rica
and Panama, Trinidad (type of T. fakata), Colombia, Venezuela,
British Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia (type of T. andina) and Ecuador.
FIG. 160. Stanhopea Wardii. Top, column and lip, side view (X 1); lower
left, column, dorsal view (X 1); lower right, lip, from above (X 1).
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Publication 885