The Cambridge Culture Collection

of Algae and Protozoa

by E. A. GEORGE

The culture collection of Algae and Protozoa

The Botany Sehool, Downing St., Cambridge, England-

The early history of this collection was recorded by its founder

and former curator, Professor E. G. Pringsheim (1951). Since then

the number of cultures has increased from just over four hundred

to about nine hundred and a new culture house has been built.

A summary of the strains now in the collection is shown in the

table. During 1954, 1,923 cultures were despatched for teaching.

Group

number

of généra

number

of généra'

Group

number

of strains

number

of généra

Volvocales

168

Dinophyceae

Chloroeoccales

207

Cryptophyceae

Ulotrichales

Chloromonadineae

Chaetophorales

Englenineae

146

Cladophorales

Rhodophyceae

Oedogoniales

Myxophyceae

Conjugales

Sarcodina

Siphonales

Ciliata

Charales

Musci

Xanthophyceae

Hepaticae

Chrysophyceae

Diatoms

Totals

908

239

List of major groups maintained with numbers of strains in each

and numbers of généra represented. Data for 1954.

research and industrial purpcses to 19 different countries. Large

numbers liave also been sent to daughter collections in the uni-

versities of Indiana, Georgia and Gôttingen.

Most of the strains are kept as pure cultures on agar slopes and

are stored in glass jars (phot. 1). Of the cultures in liquid media

a few are bacteria free, but most are only unispecific cultures in

biphasic soil and water media. These are in test tubes hung on

wires (phot. 2). Non-photosynthetic cultures are stored in card-

152

E.-A. GEORGE

board containers (phot. 3). The total number of tubes which can

be housed is over 6,000. Other cultures in larger vessels provide

material for démonstration purposes.

Many of the cultures are taxonomie type strains or strains which

hâve been used for important research purposes. It is urged that

workers always deposit such strains with at least one permanent

culture collection to ensure their préservation.

The culture heuse designed specially for the maintenance of the

collection was built in 1953. The walls and roof are of materials

giving maximum insulation. The Windows are of double glass with

an air space between the panes. The fiat roof is flooded with water

in the warmer months.

Basic heating is by a hot water radiator. A thermostat Controls

electric tubular heating below the Windows (phot. 1 and 2). An ex-

trator fan (phot. 3) draws in fresh air through ventilators above the

Windows. This fan cane be controlled bÿ a direct switch or through

two thermostats, one inside and one outside the roorn so that it

opérâtes only when the température inside is above and that out¬

side below a given value. The thermograph has shown this arran¬

gement to work well in the Cambridge climate and the température

is held between 13° and 18° C..

North daylight from the Windows is supplemented as required

by fluorescent light (warm white) controlled by a tirne switch. At

présent the lighting is used to extend the winter daylight period to

twelve hours. In summer the Windows are w 7 hite-washed to reduce

the direct insolation from the morning and evening sun.

A work bench (phot. 4) is supplied with water and electricity

but coal gas is excluded from the culture house. An efficient spirit

burner is available for sterilising purposes.

REFERENCE

Pringsheim E. G. — Die Sammlüng von Algen -, Flagellaten -, und

Mooskulturen am Botanischen Institut der Universitat Cambridge ( Ar -

chiv für Mikrobiologie 16, 1-17 (1951).

Source : MNHN, Paris

THE CAMBRIDGE CULTURE COLLECTIVES

153

The Algal Culture House at Cambridge.

Révision ot Calothrix Ag.

by Kung Chu FAN

DELINE A TION OF SPECIES

The genus Calothrix was described by Agardh (1) in 1824 to

hold scme of the species treated here and also a number of species

now placed in other généra. Bornet and Flahaült (3), in revising

the Rivulariaceae in 1886, recognized twenty-three species of this

genus as represented ainong their large accumulation of specimens

trom ail parts of the World. They found that the numerous species

described since 1824 were synonyms of these or growth-forms of

other algae. Now, in 1955, after many thousands more specimens

hâve been assembled in herbaria, after so many additional new

species hâve been described by recent authors, and after so much

physiolcgical, cytological, and ecological work has been done, it

has seemed appropriate that a new révision of the entire family

be begun.

In the part of this project now completed, about four thousand

herbarium specimens of Calothrix frcm many parts of the World

were studied; and field observations were made on certain fresh-

water species. It has been found that there are only six autonomous

species in the genus. Other species treated in the literature prove

to be growth-forms of these six species or of species of other

généra. A diagnosis in Latin and a brief morphological description

of each species are given here. Problems of nomenclature hâve

been reserved for future study.

The présent work was done under the guidance of D r Francis

Drouet, Curator of Cryptogamie Herbarium, Chicago Natural His-

tory Muséum. I am grateful for his assistance and many sugges¬

tions during the course of this research. Thanks also are due to

D r Charles E. Olmsted, D r Paul D. Voth, Miss Alice Middleton,

Mf's. Effie M. Schugman, and M. Clark H. Brown for various kind-

nesses; and to the Department of Botany, University of Chicago, for

the aid of the Wychwood and Robert Ridgway Memorial Fellow-

ships.

MORPHOLOGY

The species of Calothrix hâve multicellular, whip-shaped tri-

chomes enclosed in gelatinous sheaths. The trichome is composed

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

155

of a single row of usually cylindrical cells which divide at right

angles to their axes. It is broad at one end and gradually reduced in

diameter toward the other end. In C. pilosa, the atténuation is not

obvious except in the young stages. The broader end is called the

base. The végétative cells at the base and in certain other parts of

the trichome may become thick-walled ; these are heterocysts. The

terminal end of the trichome usually is attenuated into a colorless,

multicellular hair-like portion. The trichome and its enclosing

sheath comprise the filament.

The cell is a mass of protoplasm without a definite nucléus; it is

enclosed by a thin, firm layer, the cell membrane. The protoplasm

is colored blue-green, yellow-brownish, or purplish. It contains

granules of various sizes and shapes. The cells of the hair usually

contain large vacuoles, which are not conspicuous in other healthy

végétative cells. The protoplasm is reported (9, 22) as consisting

of an inner centroplasm and of an outer layer of chromatoplasm

in which the pigments (chlorophyll, carotène, xanthophyll, phyco-

cyanin, and phycoerythrin, the green, orange, yellow, blue, and

red pigments, respectively) (2, 7,11, 13, 14, 15, 21, 25) and granules

(glycoproteins and other proteins and carbonhydrates) (16, 18, 19,

22) are included. Cell division is by the process of fission, during

which the cell constricts and pinches in lialf or a membrane grows

centripetally through the middle of the cell toward its center (17).

AU cells appear to be capable of division. At the base of the hair,

the daughter cells during and after division elongate and slirink

in diameter, develop large vacuoles, and lose much of their color.

Any végétative cell may enlarge and differentiate as a heterocyst.

A thick wall is secreted outside the membrane, and a granule-like

thickening is formed in the middle of each end wall adjacent to a

végétative cell ; the protoplasm becomes homogeneous, and its color

often gradually disappears. The granule-like thickenings of the end

walls are reported (9) as surrounding or replacing the protoplasmic

strands which connect with the adjacent cells. Basal heterocysts

are hemispherical or obovoid; since they do not secrete sheath ma-

terial after they become mature* they may or may not be enclosed

within the main structure of the sheath. The intercalary heterocysts

are usually cylindrical in shape; they are as a rule firmly attached

to the sheath. Germination of the heterocyst in the Nostocaceae

has been reported by various authors (8, 24) and in Calothrix by

Steinecke (23).

The végétative cells secrete gelatinous material, chiefly pectic

substances and celluloses (16), through the cell membrane; this

accumulâtes as a cylindrical sheath surrounding the trichome. The

156

K.-C. FAN

sheath is at first hyaline and homogeneous. Later, as successive

laycrs of gelatinous material are secreted, it may become very thick

and lamellated, especially in the terminal portion. This feature is

quite oftcn seen in terrestrial plants. The outer surfaces of the

sheath may be smooth or rough; and though considérable hydro-

lysis may take place, the sheath of one filament never coalesces

with that of another as in species of Rivularia and Gloeotrichia.

It may e colorless, blue-greenish, yellow-brownish, or violet. The

yellow and Brown pigments are fuscochlorin and fuscorhodin (16) ;

the violet or blue pigment is gloeocapsin (12). The color, consis-

tency, and structure must vary according to the history of the

micro-environment during and since the formation of the sheath.

Fungus hyphae are often seen in the sheaths; they may be res-

ponsible for changes in color and consistency of the gelatinous

material. The hyphae of certain fungi parasitize the cells. The

cells or trichomes usually die as the resuit of such parasitization,

or with the fungus the alga continues to grow as a lichen (5, 6, 10).

Fragmentation is the only melhod of multiplication. Within a

trichome a cell dies and is pressed into a biconcave shape by the

two neighboring cells; the trichome becomes separated into two

pièces whcn this dead cell disintegrates. The death of cells and the

résultant breaking of the trichomes are effected in nature by such

mechanical actions and physiological changes as take in the spla-

shing of waves, the flowing of water, repeated wetting and drying,

freezing, overheating, changes in salinity, parasitization by fungi,

and déprédation by fish or other animais. Fragments of trichomes

are called hormogonia. Hormogonia move out of the broken sheath,

or from the open terminal portion of the sheath, and regenerate

into mature trichomes and filaments. Hormognia may also remain

and grow within the sheath, especially where intercalary hetero-

cysts prevent their movement out of the sheath; during élongation

they burst out through the sides of the sheath. In this manner,

branches of the filament may be produced. Forms of branching

will be described under each species.

HABITATS

The filaments of ail species of Calothrix are decumbent and inter-

woven or parallel on substrata; or they grow in an ereet or stellate

fashion, attached by he basal parts only. They are fonnd on pebbles,

shells, rocks, soii, tree trunks, basins of drinking fountains, walls

of shower rooms, concrète Work, and pilings. Also they may be epi-

phytic on or endophytic in various aquatic plants. Species of this

genus are widely spread ail over the World and grow within a wide

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

157

range of habitats. The specimens examined are from aquatic, suba-

erial, and aerial habitats, from fresh-water and saline marshes to

the intertidal zones of the océans, from swamps, ditches, and lakes

with standing water to creeks or falls where water runs very fast,

from arctic to tropic zones, from cold to thermal springs. In the

last, the highest température that is recorded (20) for a species of

this genus is 62.5°C. Copeland (4) mentionned that Calothrix is

usually associated with diatoms in the basic, neutral, and slightly

acid springs and absent in extreemly acid springs.

THE SPECIES

The nomenclature employed here is that of Bonet and Flahault

(3). The specimens listed are ail on file in the Cryptogamie Her-

barium, Chicago Natural History Muséum, except where indicated

by the following abbreviations as cccurring in other herbaria :

D, herbarium of Francis Drouet; FA, herbarium of Kung Chu Fan.

Key to the species of Calothrix :

1. Heterocysts none, basal portion of sheath thickened C. Juliana.

1. Heterocysts présent, basal portion of sheath usually not

thickened . 2

2. Marine, atténuation from basal to terminal portions of the

trichome not obvious . C. pilosa.

2. Marine or fresh-water, the atténuation from basal to ter¬

minal portion of the trichome obvious . 3

3. Fresh-water . 4

3. Marine. 5

4. Cells as long as broad or shorter in the middle of the tri¬

chome, sheath not thickened in the basal portion C. parietina.

4. Cells 3-4 times shorter than broad in the middle portion

of the trichome, basal part of the sheath usually thicke¬

ned .. C. adscendens .

5. Cells at the middle portion of the trichome usually 2-4 ti¬

mes shorter than the diameter, discoid in shape. 6

5. Cells at the midde portion of the trichome usually as long

as broad or a little shorter. C. parietina.

6. Intercalary heterocysts absent, filament unbranched ....

. C. confervicola.

6. Intercalary heterocysts présent, filament branched or

unbranched . C. crustacea.

158

K.-C. FAN

CALOTHRIX JULIAN A (Meneghini) Bornet et Flahault.

Fila sparsa vel densius approximata, erecta vel decumbenlia in-

tricata, simplicia, in pilum longissimum attenuata, ad 2 mm. longa,

8-30 jx crassa, vagina arcla, achroa, praecipuius homogenea, tricho-

matibus saepissime purpureis, and basem saepe incrassatis bulboso-

inflatis; articulis diametro triplo brevioribus; heterocystis nullis.

Fig. 4.

C. juliana is the only species in which the trichomes lack basal

heterocysts. When a hormogonium begins to regenerate, a homo-

geneous sheath is secreted which beconies gradually thickened at

the basal portion where the filament is attached to the substratum.

The trichome, as it elongates, gradually becomes reduced in dia-

meter toward the apex, and it may or may not develop a hair at its

upper end. The filaments grow erect on such substrata as stones

and aquatic plants. Like those of C. parietina, the filaments can

grow in the gelatinous fronds of Batrachospermum; but they are

usually smaller and shorter in this habitat than those which grow

on other substrata.

Specimens studied : France : propc Montpellier, C. Flahault, Oct.

21, 1892 (as Calothrix juliana in Wittr., Nordst. et Lagerh., Alg. Exs.

1305). New Hampshire : Lake Cliocorua, F. S. Collins, Sept. 10, 1900

(as C. fusca in Coll., Hold. et Seteh., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1407); Washburn

Corners, Enfield, L. H. Flint, Aug. 19, 1945. Vermont : Morrisville,

Flint June 21, 1945. Connecticut : Norwich, W. A. Setchell, Sept. 5

1892 (as C. juliana in Coll., Hold. et Seteh., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 113)’

Setchell 530, Sept. G, 1892; Bridgeport L. N. Johnson 812, July 27,

1892. Pennsylvania : F. Wolle coll. (D) ; North Warren, T. Flanagan 23,

July 1, 1943. Virginia : Poverty Creek Valley, Craig county,

J. C. Strickland, July 30, 1938. Florida : ^spalaga, Liberty county!

C. S. Nielsen, G. C. Madsen & D. Crowson 742, Feb. 12, 1949; Bain-

bow Springs, Dunnellon, M. A. Brannon 378, Oct. 20, 1940. Alabama :

Tuscaloosa, B. L. Caylor 2, 3, Jan. 8, 10, 1945. Michigan : Ann Arbor,

L. N. Johnson 1021, Nov. 11, 1893; Douglas Lake, Cheboygan county,

H. K. Phinney 27M39-1, July 27, 1939. Indiana : Richmond, L. J. King

126, 1940. Mississippi : Sandy Hook, Flint, Dec. 4, 1948. Missouri :

Gravois Mills, F. Drouet 681, Sept. 7, 1930 (D) ; Iberia, C. Shoop 47,

Sept. 19, 1938; Zora, Benton county, Shoop 133, Sept. 24, 1938. Nebras¬

ka : Rock Creek Lake state park, Dundy county, W. Kiener 19817,

Oct. 5, 1945. Arizona : Havasupai canyon, Coconino county,

E. U. Clover, Aug. 1, 1940. Californio : Pasadena, A. J. McClatchie,

Jan. 27, 1890 (as. C. juliana in Tild., Amer. Alg. 103). Puerto Rico :

Fajardo, N. Wille 084a, Jan. 20, 1915. Mexico : Santa Catarina,

F. A. Barkley 7460S6, Aug. 10, 1944; 5 miles north of Monterey,

Barkley 74622, 74623, Aug. 18, 1944. Guatemala : Lake Amatitlan,

W. A. Kellerman 5061, Jan. 28, 1900 (as Lyngbya martensiana in Tild.,

oe^MNHN. Paris

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

159

Amer. Alg. 637) ; La Laguna, dept. Alta Verapaz, J. A. Steyermark

46*37.9, May 10, 1942.

CALOTHRIX PARIETINA (Nâgeli) Thuret.

Stratum crustaceum, caespitosum, vel mucosum, filis erectis seu

decumbentibus, dense stipatis, parallelis, flexuosis, vel intricatis,

ad 3 mm. longis, 7-15 a crassis; ramis in modum Scytonematum vel

Tolypothrichum egredientibus; vagina tenue vel crassiuscula, arcta

vel lamellosa, achroa, luteo-fusca, vel aeruginea ; trichomatibus

luteo-fuscis , aerugineis, vel olivaceo-viridibus, 4-12 u. crassis;

articulis diametro aequalibus vel paullo brevioribus, torulosis vel

cylindraceis; heterocystis basilaribus et intercalaribus- Fig. 1 .

C. parietina grows in many different habitats : on soil, stones, or

wood that are below water level or are damp from dripping water,

and on rocks in the upper part of the intertidal zone of the océan.

The strata are found in the basins of fountains, on the shores of

rivers, and on the borders of fails, where the water is usually splas-

hing on them. The filaments may be epiphytic, growing upon other

aquatic plants or endophytic, growing in the front of Batracho-

spermum or within the gelatinous matrices of Chaetophora and

various coccoid blue-green algae. The trichomes are bluish to

brownish in color; the filaments are long and falsely branched or

short and simple; the sheath is closed or expanded toward the

apex, homogeneous or lamellated; and the cells may be constricted

only in the lower portion of or throughout the whole trichome. The

hormogonia either move out of or remain and regenerate within the

sheath" In filaments where intercalary heterocysts prevent the es-

cape of the hormogonia from the sheath, hormogonia create sucli

pressure within the sheath during their growth that they burst

through its sides and grow outward as branches. Branches may

emerge singly or in pairs. Occasionally a hormogonium grows into

a trichome attenuated, often into hairs, at both ends; and no hete¬

rocysts are developed. The saine phenomenon can be seen in C.

crustacea.

C. parietina is one of the algae about whïch calcium carbonate

and siliceous sinter may be deposited. It is considered to be one of

the important components in the formation of the hct spring ter-

races and cônes (4). The calcium carbonate and silica fill the inters¬

tices among the filaments and leave the upper portions free. With

the exclusion of light the cells of the lower portions of the filaments

die or form hormogonia which pass upward out of the sheath and

grow into new filaments at the surface of the mass.

Fig. 1. Calothrix parietina (Nâg.) Thur. X 400.

Fig. 2. Calothrix pilosa Harv. X 200.' Fig. 2a, Habit Sketch. X 50..

big. 3. Calothrix adscendens (Niig.) Boni. & Flah. X 400.

Fig. 4. Calothrix juliana (Menegh.) Born. & Flah. X 400.

Fig. 5. Calothrix crustacea Thur. X 250.

Fig. 6. Calothrix confervicola (Roth) Ag. X 250.

Source .MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

161

Specimens studied : Sweden : Kroktrâsket prope Stockholmiam,

K. Bohlin, Aug. 23, 1896 (as Calothrix fusca in Wittr., Nordst. et

Lagerh., Alg. Exs. 1304); Danviken prope Stockholmiam, G. Lagerheim,

Jan. 28, Oct. 25, 1881 (as C. parietina in Wittr. et Nordst., Alg. Exs.

751a, b). Poland : Silesia : Skalitz bei Strehlen, Hilse, spring, 1862

(as Leptothrix rosea in Rabenh., Alg. Eur. 1467, D) ; auf dem Galgen-

berge bei Strehlen, Hilse (as Mastichonema caespitosum in Rabenh.,

Alg. Sachs. 871); Hallein, Sauter (as Schizosiphon crustiformis in

Rabenh., Alg. Eur. 1124); Schwoitsch bei Breslau, Hilse, Nov. 20, 1864

(as S. gracilis in Rabenh., Alg. Eur. 1770); Peterwitzer, Bleisch (as

Mastichothrix fusca in Rabenh., Alg. Eur. 1499). Czechoslovakia ;

Moravia : Mohelno, F. Novacek, Mar. 18, June 12, 1926, Oct. 4, 1928.

Bohemia : Turnov, Doksy, and Eichwald, A. Hansgirg, July 1883; Belâ

and Carlsbad, Hansgirg, Aug. 1883; Zehun u Chlumec, Hansgirg, Sept.

1883; Smichov and Trojsky ostrov, Hansgirg, Oct. 1883; St. Prokop,

Hansgirg, May 1884, June 20, 1884 (as Calothrix parietina in Wittr. &

Nordst., Alg. Exs. 751c); Karlstein and Chlumcany, Hansgirg, July, 1884;

Krumlov, Hansgirg, Aug., Sept. 1884; Rosenberg im Erzgebirge und

Hohenfurth, Hansgirg, Aug. 1884; Slichow, Hansgirg, Nov. 1884; Dou-

bravice na Sâzave, Hansgirg, Sept. 1885; Sârka, Hansgirg, May 1886;

Podhor u Prahy, Letkâm u Libsic, Hansgirg, Aug. 1886; St. Prokop,

Hansgirg, Apr. 1887; Chotzen, Hansgirg (as C. salina in Fl. Exs. Autro-

Hung. 2395), July 1887; Vetrusic, Hansgirg, July 1887; Zampach prope

Eule, Velky Osek, Putim u Pis'ku, Hansgirg, Aug. 1887; Liboch, Tellnitz,

and Karlstein, Hansgirg, July 1888; Kornem nad Beroukou, Rozd’alovic,

Libusina Lâzen u Pankrace, Hansgirg, Sept. 1888; Kowarow prope

Mühlhausen, Hansgirg, July 1890; Bôhmisch-Leipa, Hansgirg, Sept.

1890; prope Câslav, Hansgirg, 1891; Prokopital, ad Nova Ves prope St.

Prokop, Hansgirg (as C. parietina in Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. 2394, and in

Mus. Palat. Vindob. Krytp. Exs. 1006).

Austria : Jenbach, Hansgirg, 1891; Graz, Hansgirg, Sept. 1890;

Gleisdorf, Steiermark, Hansgirg, Sept. 1890; auf dem Loser, Steiermark,

K. Reichinger 38a, Sept. 13, 1907; Klagenfurt und Friesach, Hansgirg,

Sept. 1889. Hungary : Podersdorf ad lacum Peisonis, C. Rechinger

(as C. parietina in Mus. Palat. Vindob. Krypt. Exs. 1006b). Jugoslavia :

Borst-Clanz prope Tergeste, Hansgirg, Aug. 1889; Cannosa-Valdinoce

prope Ragusa, Hansgirg, 1891; Castel Vecchio prope Spalato, Hansgirg,

Aug. 1889; Cherso, Hansgirg, Aug. 1885; Fiume, Hansgirg, 1891; Kal-

tenbrunn prope Laibach, Hansgirg, Aug. 1889; Contovello (Triestino),

Hansgirg, 1891; Isola prope Pirano, Hansgirg, July 1889; Lupoglava,

Hansgirg, Aug. 1889; Nieder-Tuzla, Hansgirg, Aug. 1890; Pirano,

Hansgirg! Apr. 1889; Podnart, Hansgirg, Aug. 1889; Pola, Hansgirg,

Apr. 1889; Ragusa, Hansgirg, 1891; Sebenico, Hansgirg, Aug. 1888;

St. Georgen-Pôltschaeh, Hansgirg, Aug. 1890; Strogniano prope Pirano,

Hansgirg, Apr. 1889; Tüffer, Hansgirg, Aug. 1890; Veldes, Hansgirg,

Sept. 1889; Zara, Hansgirg, Aug. 1888; Zengg, Hansgirg, 1891; Zwis-

162

K.-C. FAN

chenwâssern-Bischoflack, Hansgirg, Aug. 1889. Greece : Panorraos,

Mykonos, Island, K. H. Rechinger 45, Apr. 12, 1927. Denmark : Donse

Molle in Selandia, O. Nordstedt, Oct. 8, 1882 (as Calolhrix Braunii in

Wittr. et Nordst., Alg. Exs. 856). Germany : Freiburg, Baden Anony-

mous, 1869 (D); bei Esehenau (Schwab. Hall), Kemmler, Apr. 1858 (as

Mastichonemo pluviale in Rabenh., Alg. Sachs. 733); Teuditz und

Kôtzschau bei Leipzig, O. Bulnheim, July 1857 (as Schizosiphon salinus

in Rabenh., Alg. Sachs. 609) ; Leipzig, bei Grirama, P. Richter, Sept.

1868 (as Masligothrix aeruginea in Rabenh., Alg. Eur. 2155).

Italy : Alghero, Sardinia, June 1886 (as Schizosiphon crustiformis in

Marcucci, Un. Itin. Crypt. 1866, XXIIIb) ; Branzoll, Nabresina, Neuinarkt,

Hansgirg, 1891; Miramar-Barcola prope Tergeste, Hansgirg, Aug. 1889;

Vercelli, herb. De Brebisson, Cesati, May 1856 (as S. hirudinosus in

Rabenh., Alg. Sachs. 534). France : Maguelone prope Montpellier,

C. Flahault, Jan. 1884 (as Calolhrix parielina in Wittr. et Nordst., Alg.

Exs. 659); Angers, F. Hy, Sept. 1886 (as C. balearica in Wittr. et Nordst.,

Alg. Exs. 851); Saint-Gilles près Saint-Lô, P. Frémy, Aug. (as C. parie-

tina in Hamel, Alg. de France 9). Madeira Islands : Lowe coll. (D).

Angola : Pungo Andongo, F. Welwitsch 105, Mar. 1857; Mossamedes,

Welwitsch 190, Aug. 1859. Bermuda : Shore Hills, St. Georges Island,

A. J. Bernatowicz 51-797, Jan. 27, 1951; Walsingham Caves area, Hamil-

ton Island, Bernatowicz 49-613, Apr. 6, 1949; Castle Island, T. A. &

A. Stephenson BRCA2, BRCAôa, July 21, 22, 1952; Cobbler’s Island,

Stephenson BRC13b, July 4-5, 1952; Whalebone Bay, Stephenson

BRW5b, July 12, 1952. Quebec : top of Mt. Albert, H. Habeeb 1778,

June 28, 1951; Baie Kopaluk et riviere Payne, Ungava, J. Rousseau

1096, 1134, Aug. 10, 1947, Aug. 11, 1948; Rawdon, Montealm county,

S. Marie-Jean-Eudes 232-41, Aug. 7, 1939; Wakefield, Hull county,

J. Brunei. 393, July 7, 1933. Novo Scotia : St. Margaret’s Bay, Halifax

county, T. A- & A. Stephenson N SM 9, NSM9d, July-Sept. 1948. New

Brunswick : Grand Falls, H. Habeeb 10034, 10145, 10302, 10379, 10452

10486, 10657, 10703, 10708, 10709, 10723, 10737, 10751, 10758, 10774,

10822, 10858, 11595, 11663, 11667-M669, June 25, 1947, June 22,

1951; Blue Bell, Victoria county, Habeeb 10346, July 7, 1948;

inouth of Salmon river, Victoria county, Habeeb 11670, June 24, 1951;

Sait Springs, Sussex, Habeeb 13473, 13474, 13476, 13480, July 26, 1951.

Maine : Mount Desert, F. S. Collins 3854, July 11, 1900. New Hamps-

bire : Chocorua Lake, W. G. Farlow, Sept. 1906. Massachusetts : East

Falmouth, R. N. Webster & F. Drouet 2250, June 22, 1938; Falmouth

Heights, R. A. Lewin, July 1949; Medford, Collins 6086, Aug. 29, 1909;

Madaket, Nantucket, B. F. D. Runk, June 30, 1940; Williamstowh,

Farlow; Woods Hole, Collins, June 23, 1906, Collins 514 3, Aug. 16,

1904. Rhode Island : Lincoln, Collins 5433, Apr. 19, 1906 (as C. parie¬

lina in Coll., Hold. et Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1360b).

Connecticut : Bridgeport, W. A. Setchell 389, Nov. 15, 1891, Setchei.i.

& I. Holden 1879, 1898, Hoi.den, Oct. 7, 1892, Oct. 22, 1893 (as C. parie¬

lina and C. Braunii in Coll., Hold. et Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 12, 112);

North Bridgeport, L. N. Johnson 86, Sept. 2, 1893;'Norwich, Setchell

Source MNHN. Paris

REVISION OF CALOTHR1X AG.

163

414, Dec. 21, 1891; Yale Bird Preserve, New Haven, H. K. Phinney 1081,

July 28, 1946. Ontario : St. Lawrence river, Kingston, J. H. Wallace 20,

23, July 1953; Niagara Falls, J. Blum IM {1191), Oct. 16, 1948. New

York : Westerleigh, Staten Island, I. C. G. Cooper, Apr. 7, 1941; Lime

Lake, Cattaraugus county, J. Blum 133 (1190), Oct. 7, 1948; Allegany

State park, Blum 186 (11157), Dec. 29, 1948; Alden, Blum 238 (1/202),

Apr. 20, 1949; Bowmansville, Blum 201 {11182), Feb. 12, 1949; Buffalo,

Blum 171 (H163), Jan. 20, 1949; Scajaquada Creek, Erie county, Blum

122 (1187), Oct. 2, 1948; Felkirk, Blum 309 (11250), July 14, 1949; Sardi-

nia, Blum 167 {11119), Nov. 20, 1948; west of Union road, Erie county,

Blum 123 (1183), Oct. 2, 1948; Mendon Ponds park, Monroe county,

Blum 405, Oct. 15, 1949; American falls, Niagara county, Blum 140

(1198), Ot. 16, 1948; Reed’s creek, Ontario county, D. Haskings 62,

1944; Edwards, Blum 325 (H267), July 28, 1949; North Java, Blum 402

(11317), Oct. 6, 1949; Glen Iris north of Portageville, Blum 296 (11231,

11232, H236), June 1, 1949. New Jersey ; Pleasantville, J. E. Peters,

Oct. 1892 (as C- fusca in Coll.. Hold. et Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 11).

Pennsylvania : Bethlehem, F. Wolle (D) ; Nazareth, Wolle, July 10,

1887; Derry Chureh, Dauphin county, Wolle, Oct. 1887. Delaware :

Rchoboth Beach, F. Drouet & H. B. Louderback 8562, Aug. 24, 1948.

Maryland : Cabin John, Montgomery county, Drouet & E. P. Killip

3956, July 24, 1941, Drouet, Killip & D. Richards 5570, Aug. 7, 1944.

District of Columbia : culture, Washington, F. E. Allison 20, June 29,

1937 (D).

Virginia : Richmond, J. C. Strickland, Mar. 4, 1948; Staunton,

E. S. Luttrell & Strickland 931, July 26, 1941; Taysi, Dickenson

county, Strickland & Luttrell 1305, Aug. 6, 1942; Kira, Giles county

Strickland 447, Aug. 19, 1938; Mountain Lake, Giles county,

Strickland 130, Aug. 5, 1938, I. F. Lewis, July 27, 1939; Mt. Rogers,

Grayson county, Strickland 107b, Aug. 26, 1941; Dot, Lee county,

Strickland & Luttrell 1361, Aug. 7, 1942; Fiat Rock, Powhatan

county, Strickland & Luttrell lb31, Sept. 23, 1942; Claremont, Surry

county, Strickland 1429, Sept. 13, 1942; Chappel’s Mill Pond, Sussex

county, Luttrell & Strickland 855, July 9, 1941. West Virginia : Stol-

lings, Logan county, A. T. Cross, Nov. 14, 1943. North Carolina : Beau-

fort, IL J. Humm, Sept. 30, 1947, May 25, 1948, W. Culrerson & C.

S. Nielsen 1749, Aug. 25, 1949, L. G. Williams, 1948; Highway 181,

Burke county, H. C. Boi.d 11373, July 26, 1939; Franklin, Nielsen &

Cui.berson 189b, Sept. 3, 1949; Hot Springs, Nielsen & Culberson

1806, Sept. 1949; Highlands, Boi.d H39, May 14, 1939; Toxaway gorge,

Boi.d 11106, June 6, 1939. South Carolina : Walhalla, Oconee county,

Bolo 1167, 1168, May 21, 1939; GafTney, Cherokee county, P. J. Philson

58, July 18, 1933; Florence, Phii.son 55, July 5, 1933. Georgia : Forest

Falls, Decatur county, R. M. Haper 119ba, Aug. 12, 1901; Warwoman

Creek, Rabun county, Bold H382, July 29, 1939.

Florida : Gainesville, M. A. Brannon D, 3, 36, 39, 78, 99, 142, 195, 204,

302, 316, 327, 329a, 332, 349, 362, 365, 391, Oct. 1941, May 1946; Or¬

lando, Brannon 351, 367, June 5, 1948; Tallahassee, Brannon 51,

Mar. 31, 1942; Bunnell, Flagler county, P. C. Standley 92779, Mar. 18,

164

K.-C. FAN

1946; Tampa, Standley 92657, Mar. 1946; Aspalaga, Liberty county,

Madsen, Wagner, & Pâtes 2047, Apr. 15, 1950; Florida Caverns State

parle, Jackson county, C. S. Nielsen 3009, Feb. 8, 1950, A. H. Johnston,

Dec. 10, 1950, Nielsen, G. C. Madsen & D. Crowson 331, Aug. 31, 1948,

F. Drouet, Nielsen, Madsen & Crowson 10405, 10409, Jan. 4, 1949;

Steinhatchee, Taylor county, Drouet & Nielsen 11227, Jan. 23, 1949;

Port Leon, Wakulla county, Drouet & E. M. Atwood 11461, Jan. 26,

1949; St. Marks lightouse Wakulla county, Drouet, Madsen & Crowson

11738 , 11768, Feb. 1, 1949, Nielsen 10, Oct. 4, 1951; Mclntosh, Marion

county, Drouet & Brannon 11100, Jan. 21, 1949; Hendry Creek south

of Fort Myers, Standley 73186, Mar. 11-25, 1940; between Dania Beach

and Hollywood Beach, Drouet & H. B. Louderback 10271, Dec. 28,

1948; higway no. 61 (175), Leon county, Drouet, Madsen & Crowson

11535, Jan. 27, 1949; Carrabelle, Drouet & Nielsen 10963, 11670, 11672,

Jan. 16, 31, 1949; Alligator point, Franklin county, H. J. Humm, July 27,

1952; Newport, Nielsen, July 23, 1952, Nielsen 160, 174, July 1948,

Drouet, Crowson & R. Trornton 11357, 11400b, Jan. 25, 1949,

A. H. Johnston 54, Nov. 11, 1950; Riverside, Wakulla county, Drouet,

Madsen & Crowson 11525, Jan. 27, 1949; Wakulla Springs, Drouet,

Madsen & Crowson 11474, Jan. 27, 1949; Golf Beach, Escambia county,

Drouet, Nielsen, Madsen & Crowson 10556, 10564, 10565, 10569,

Jan. 8, 1949; east end of Santa Rosa Island, Okaloosa county, Drouet,

Nielsen, Madsen, Crowson & A. Pâtes 10632, 10634, Jan. 9, 1949;

Panama City Drouet & Nielsen 11609, Jan. 30, 1949.

Michigan : Sturgeon Bay, J. Blum 306 (11297), Aug. 24, 1949- Ann

Arbor, L. N. Johnson 1019, Oct. 30, 1893; Trout Lake, Chippewa county,

H. K. Phinney 9M41-7-1, July 19, 1941; Cheboygan, Phinney 28M39-3,

July 28, 1939. Ohio : Athens, W. A. Daily 127, Oct. 7, 1939; Canaanville

Athens county, A. H. Blickle 1, July 1941; Cincinnati, C. M. Palmes

culture 22, Mar. 18, 1952, Daily U2, 193, 196, 198, Oct. 1939; North

Appalachan Experimental Watershed, Coshocton county, L. J. King 689,

Aug. 19, 1942; Glendale, Hamilton county, J. H. Hoskins & Daily 214,

Nov. 4, 1939; South Amherst, Lorain county, F. K. & W. A. Daily 610,

July 25, 1940; McConnelsvilIe, Blickle, Oct. 1939 South Bass Island’

Ottawa county, Blum 300 (H245), June 15, 1949. Kentucky : University

of Louisville, T. W. Tichenor 25, Jan. 1940. Tennessee : Oak Ridge,

M. S. Doty 53-76, July 14, 1953; Nashville, H. C. Boi.d 155, Oct. 10, 1938-

Harrogate, Bold 20, June 26. 1938; Norris Dam, Anderson county’,

H. Silva 1871, Sept. 1, 1949; Abram’s Falls, Blount county, Silva 1887,

Sept. 9, 1949; Nolichucky Dam, Greene county, Silva 913, June 25, 1949;

Knoxville, Silva 853, 834, 2043, June 18, 1949, Mar. 14, 1950, Bold 2,

June 19, 1938; Walnut Log, Obion county, Silva 1204, July 2, 1949;

Linden, Perry county, Bold 16, Aug. 21, 1953; Dayton, Rhea iounty’

A. ,T. Sharp 1987, Sept. 25, 1949; Little River Gorge, Sevier county,’

Sharp 4116, Sept. 8 , 1941; Little Pigeon River, Porters Prong, and

Elkmont, Sevier county, Silva 127, 209, 1642, Sept. 1941, Apr. 1942,

Aug. 1949; Horse Creek, Washington county, Silva 471, Jan. 14, 1947 !

Alabama ; Pickwick Lake, Colbert county, T. F. Hall 1948, Sept. 4,

1949; For» Morgan, R. L. Caylor 51-7a, Aug. 1953. Indiana : Monticello]

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AO.

165

Daily 868, July 29, 1941; Indianapolis, W. A. & F. K. Daily, F. Drouet,

E. R. Hupp & C. M. Palmer 934, 9b2, 949, Aug. 16, 1942, Palmer, R.

N. Webster, R. Prettyman, D. Webster & Drouet 2520, Aug. 17, 1939,

Palmer, July 4, 1921 (D), Palmer 6722, Oct. 7, 1946; North Vernon,

F. K. & W. A. Daily 1107a, May 23, 1942; Bethany park, Morgan county,

F. K. & W. A. Daily 1065, Sept. 20, 1942; Beverly Shores, Porter county,

Drouet 5862, Nov. 6, 1947; St. Paul, Shelby county, F. K. & W. A. Daily

1139 . Ilb3, Oct. 3, 1943; Richmond, L. J. King 26, 27, 301, 353, 374,

Aug. 13, Nov. 10, 1940.

Wisconsin : Madison, Forbes & A. B. Seymour, Sept. 1885;

H. B. Louderback & Drouet 547 8, 54 88, 5b93, 5507, July 22-23, 1944;

Milwaukee, L. G. Smith, June 27, 1945; Prairie du Chien, Drouet 5074,

5094, Aug. 17, 1943. Illinois : Chicago, R. McMillan 10 (GFS), Apr. 1954

(D), K. C. Fan 10615, 10621, 10623, 10632, 10636, 106U, 10647, 10658,

10659, 10652, 10661, 10662, 1066b, Aug.-Sept. 1954 (D, FA), P. D. Voth,

Mar. 18,1941, A. E. Vatter Jr., Nov. 16,1949, D. Richards & L. J. King

1127, Oct. 16, 1940, Drouet 4968, 5270, 5343, 5347, June 1943-May 1944,

Drouet, H. B. Louderback & R. Louderback 5345, May 14, 1944, Drouet

& Louderback 5353, May 28, 1944, Drouet, H. K. Phinney & Louder¬

back 5631, July 5, 1945, King, spring, 1941, W. A. & F. K. Daily,

Louderback & Drouet 5342, Apr. 23, 1944; Blue Island, P. C. Standley,

Sept. 27, 1941; Lemont, G. T. Velasquez, Richards & Drouet 2504,

Aug. 4, 1939; Evanston, H. K. Phinney, Nov. 1, 9, 1943, Phinney 388,

Nov. 19, 1943; St. Charles, Louderback & Drouet 5312, 5774, Apr. 14,

1944, July 27, 1947; northeast of Barrington, Lakc county, Standley

& R. A. Doubleday 92414, July 26-30, 1943; Reddick, E. M. Schugman,

Sept. 9, 1943, May 29, 1944; Lake Glendale, Pope county, Phinney 977,

July 14, 1944. Mississipi : Bay St. Louis, Drouet 9858, Dec. 9, 1948;

Gulfport, Drouet & R. L. Caylor 9945, 9946, Dec. 12, 1948; Cleveland,

Caylor 25, Oct. 21, 1938.

Minnesota : Redby, Beltrami county, Drouet 12019 (D) ; Itasca state

park, K. C. Fan 10005, 10U2, 10531, Drouet & Fan 11881, Drouet

11925, 12131, 122b2, 122b3, June-July 1954 (D, FA); Minneapolis, J.

E. Tilden, Aug. 3, 1895 (as Calothix parietina in Tild., Amer. Alg. 164),

K. Damann, Aug. 1936. Iowa : Dane Ray, G. W. Prescott 321, July 12,

1926 (D). Missouri ; Liberty, C. J. Elmore, Feb- 20, 1938 (D) ; Columbia,

Drouet 77, 689, July 4, 1928, Sept. 24, 1930 (D) ; Chouteau Springs,

Cooper county, Drouet 748, Oct. 3, 1930 (D), Drouet & Louderback

5647, Aug. 25, 1945; Ellis Ford, Camden county, C. Shoop 97, Sept. 21,

1938. Arkansas : Hot Springs, Lake Gertrude, 1000 Drippings Spring,

and Fountain Lake, Garland county, N. E. Gray 123, 126, 652, 670,

Aug. 16, 1939, Sept. 3, 4, 1940; Barton Warm Spring, Montgomery coun¬

ty, Gray 629, Aug. 31, 1940; Hot Springs county, Gray 150, Aug. 20,

1939. Louisiana : Bâton Rouge, L. H. Flint, June 1949, Flint R-2,

July 1, 1949; Lake Charles, Drouet 8758, Oct- 28, 1948; Mandeville,

Drouet & Flint 9537, 95bl, 95b2, 95b5, Dec. 2, 1948; Lake Pontchar-

train at highway no. 11, Drouet & P. Viosca Jr. 9323, Nov. 24, 1948;

New-Orleans, Drouet & Viosca 9379, 9381, 9386, Nov. 24, 1948; between

Leeville and Chenier Caminada, Lafourche parish, Drouet & Viosca

9455, Nov. 26, 1948; Covington, Flint, Aug. 4, 1943; Calhoun, Flint 4,

Oct. 31, 1944; Hammond, Flint, Feb. 21, 1945.

16fi

K.-C. FAN

Nebraska : Kimball, W. Kiener 22653, 22665, 22665a, Aug. 17, 1947;

Lincoln, G. H. Giles, Apr. 19, 1938 (D), E. R. Walker, 1908-1909,

Kiener 21620, 23915, 24103, Dec. 1946-Aug. 1948; Angora, Mojrill coun¬

ty, Kiener 11541, Aug. 27, 1941; Columbus, Kiener 19930, Aug. 24, 1946;

Verdon, Kiener 21385b, Aug. 16, 1946; Oshkosh, Kiener 18813c, 18815b,

23135, Dec. 26, 1945, Feb. 1, 1949; Aurora, Kiener 15016, Aug. 25, 1943;

Hayes Center, Kiener 2113b, July 27, 1946; Lake McConaughey, Kiener

22302 , Aug. 20, 1948; Eagle Canyon, Keith county, Kiener 22470, July

27, 1947; Fremont, Kiener 13946, Apr. 23, 1943; Lexington, Kiener

15977, Oct. 14, 1943; Parks, Kiener 21214, 21215, July 29, 1946; north

of Parks, Kiener 21865, 21878a, Mar. 28, 1947; Benkelman, Kiener

16550, Apr. 25, 1944; Rock Creek Hatchery, Dundy county, Kiener

19551, 19552, Aug. 3, 1945; Rock Creek Lake state park, Dundy county,

Kiener 19828, Oct. 5, 1945; Beeken lake south of Arthur, Kiener 16068,

21203, Oct. 22, 1943, July 5, 1946; Harrisburg, Kiener 22139a, 22139b,

May 22, 1947; Merriman, Cherry county, Kiener 22216, May 26, 1947;

Valentine, Kiener 23774, 23781, 23823, June 18, 1948; Chadron

state park, Dawes county, Kiener 20375, May 15, 1946. Kansas : Pitts-

burg, M. Backer & R. Patrick, Sept. 5, 1938; Kansas City, Patrick,

Aug. 1938. Texas : Austin, J. T. Painter & F. A. Barkeey 13724 Nov. 11,

1943; Bastrop state park, J. Coiin & Barkeey 13683, Sept. 4, 1943;

Padre Island, Nueces county, E. Whitehouse 24530, Nov. 23, 1950;

Eagle Lake, Colorado county, B. H. Warnock, Barkley & B.

C. Tiiarp 46402, Aug. 21, 1946; Dallas, Kiener 12381, 12383, Dec. 30,

1941; Brownsville, R. Runyon 3744, 3963, June 18, 1944, July 1, 1945.

Montana : Kalispell, H. F. Buelc 468, July 28, 1946; Missoula, M. Forbes

4326a, Oct. 18, 1941, Barkeey A24, Mar. 26, 1942.

Wyoming : Centennial, Albany county, AV. G. Soeiieim, July 10, 1940;

Yellowstone national park, AV. H. AVeed, 1897 (as Calothrix thermalis

in Tild., Amer. Alg. 287), AV. A. Setchele 1891, 1900-1902, 1910-1913,

1927, 1928, 1931b, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1983,

6136, 6142, 6145, Aug. 21-31, 1898, July 28, 29, 1905. Colorado : base

of Longs Peak, Boulder county, Kiener 2346, Oct. 13, 1936; South

Colony Creek, Custer county, Kiener 10275, July 8, 1941; Canon City,

II. B. Louderback, Aug. 24, 1946. New Mexico : Mimbres Hot Springs,

Grant county, J. F. Macbride, AV. Gileespie & AV. R. Overton 8192,

Nov. 1946; Tularosa basin, Dona Ana county, A. A. Lindsey, June 3,

1947; Alontezuma (Hot Springs), San Miguel county, F. Drouet &

D. Richards 2628, 2639, 2646, Oct. 19, 1939; Grant, A r alencia county,

Lindsey, July 29, Aug. 13, 1944, Alay 12, 1945, May 25, 1947, N. E. Gray

29, Aug. 8, 1941. Utah : Centerville, Drouet, Richard & J. Rubinstein

4105, Sept. 7, 1941. Arizona : Marble Canyon, Coconino county, PL

l 1 . Ceover & L. Jotter 40, July 16, 1938; Supai, Coconino county,

Clover 11, Sept. 16, 1940. Nevada : AA’alker, Minerai county, AA'.

A. Archer 6960, Sept. 5, 1948; Fish Lake spring, Esmeralda county,

T. Frantz 1566, June 7, 1952; Steamboat, M. J. Groesbeck 116, 191,

194, 278, 362, 376, 428, 429, 447, 448, June 1940-July 1941. British

Columbia : A r ancouver, M. Ashton 3, May 11, 1936 (D). AVashington :

Lake Union, King county, J. E. Tieden, June 26, 1897 (as C. Braunii in.

Tild., Amer. Alg. 286b); Columbia river, Richland, R. G. Genoway,

Dec. 1, 1952; Columbia river, Benton county, C. C. Paemiter 53, May 1,

1953. Oregon ; Kitson Springs, Lane county, M. Doty 7324, Oct. 22,

1939; AVillamette river, Lane county, Doty 8900, Sept. 18, 1951.

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AO.

167

California : North Berkeley, N. L. Gardner, Sept. 24, 1905 (as

c parielina in Coll., Hold & Setch. Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 136»d), Gardner

gis Mar 1903; Oakland, W. J- V. Osterhout & Gardner 1114, July 4,

1903 Gardner 4562, Jan. 24, 1920; Berkeley, Gardner, Feb. 10, 190b

(as C. parielina in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1300a), Mar.

1916 (as C. fusca in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 2212),

lan 1916 (as C. Brairai; in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 2211),

Osterhout & Gardner, July 1905 (as C. parielina in Coll., Hold. &

Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1360c), Gardner 1150, lb90, 3253, 659b, 7/92,

Aug 1903-Mar. 1933, Osterhout & Gardner lb28, Dec. 10, 1904 M.

B. Nichols 6376, Sept. 1906; Santa Cruz Island, P. Silva 6018a,

Mar 11, 1950; San Francisco, Gardner 21, 7b32, Oct. 20, 1900, July 29,

1933 V. Duran 6598, Apr. 16, 1931; San Leandro, Gardner & Oster¬

hout 1501 July 1905; Mount Hamilton Range, Alameda county,

Gardner & A. Carter 8010, Nov. 22, 1936; Tassajara Hot Spnngs,

Contra Costa county, Gardner 7 950, May 11, 1936; Lone Pine, M-

J. Groesbeck 79, June 17, 1940; Little Lake, Inyo county, Groesbeck

22b, 306, Nov. 23, 1940, Apr. 2, 1941; La Verne, G. J. Hoi.lenberg 651,

Feb 21 1935 (D) ; Pomona, Hoi.lenberg 1537, Sept. 27, 1936; San

Fernando, Drouet 5756, Sept. 8, 1946, Drouet & A. A Cohen 5743,

5748 Sept 9, 1946; La Canada, Los Angeles county, E. W. Chambers

0770, Aug. 1931; Bodega bay, Marin Cüunly W. A. Setcheeu 3022,

Dec 12 1898; Bridgeport, Groesbeck 47, b2, 9o, 2b8, 2ol, 26J, 335, 3ii,

3bb b63 b80, 483, Apr. 1940-July 1941, A. M. Alexander & L. Kellogg,

lune 30, 1944; Fales Hot Springs, Mono county, Groesbeck 788, Sept. ,

' 1940; Palm Springs, Drouet & J. F. Macbride 4730, 47 #5, Oct. 15, 1941;

Arrowhead Hot Springs, San Bernardino county, Setchf.ll lo3 6, 151-2,

me Dec. 19, 1896, H. E. Parks 3247b, Dec 1929; Watoman Hot

Springs, San Bernardino county, Setchell 1oo2, 1oô6, /jo 7, Dec. 19,

1896; Tan Foran Race Track, San Mateo county, Gardée» ,1288 Jan 31,

1904; Stanford Farm, San Mateo county, Gardner 32496, Mai 191b,

Clear creek, Santa Barbara county, Groesbeck SU Dec. a, 1941, Stan¬

ford Universitv, Santa Clara county, Drouet, D. Richards A U.

\ Johansen 43/6', Sept. 29, 1941; Weaverville, Drouet & Richards

4257, Sept- 19, 1941; Springville, Tulare county, Drouet & Groesbeck

4456, Oct. 5, 1941.

Bahama Islands : Bimini Island, H. J. Humm 15, Apr. 1, 1948. Puerto

Rien ■ Goamo Springs, N. Wilde 1899, Mar. 21, 1915. Jamaica . Hope,

St Andrew F A. Barkuëy 22J02ScV11I, May 23, 1952. Mexico : Mexico

City B Patrick 150, July 19, 1947; San José de Purua, Michoacan,

Patrick 425, 426, 389, Aug. 3, 4, 1947; Lake Chapala, M.clioacan,

Patrick 702, Aug. 23, 1947; Bahia Kino Sonora Drouet & Richards

2903 Nov. 10, 1939. Guatemala : Lago de Amatitlan, P. C. Standuey

89473 Mar 15 1941; Jutiapa, Standeey 75366, Oct. 24-Nov 5, 1940,

I ago de Atitlân, J. A Steyermark 47286, June 7, 1942. El Salvador ;

ago de Coatepeque, M. C. Cari-son, 1946; Metapàn, Standuey &

E Padh.ua V. 3167, Jan. 29-Feb. 1, 1947. Honduras : El Zammorano,

Standuey 2203, 4994, 1946-1947; Las Casitas, dept. El Parai», Stand-

uby L WIUUIAMS & P. Allen 581, Dec. 4. 1946; La Lima, Standuey

& J Chacôn P. 7150, Apr. 11-20, 1947. Nicaragua : La Llbeitad.

Standuey 8953, May 29-June 1, 1947. Costa Rica : Turrialba R. W Houm

& H H lurls 1013, July 14, 1949. Panama Canal Zone : Rio Pilon, G.

W Prescott CZ147, Sept. 1939. Ecuador : Banos, prov. Tungurahua,

168

K.-C. FAN

G. Lagerheim, Dec. 30, 1891 (as Calothrix thermalis in Wittr., Nordst.

& Lagerh., Alg. Exs. 1306). Peru : Arequipa, A. Maldonado 11, July

1950; Cuistalima, Lago Chilca, Maldonado 66, Jan. 1942; Ica, Maldonado

300b, Jan. 1943. Brazil : Manaos, J. W. H. Trail, Dec. 27, 1874 (D) ;

Maceio, Alagoas, Drouet 1261, June 16, 1935 (D). Uruguay : prov’.

San José, J. Arechavai.eta, Apr. 1889 (as C. fusca in Wittr., Nordst. &

Lagerh., Alg. Exs. 1303). Argentina : Buenos Aires, R. Thaxter, 1905-

1906 (D), D. Rabinovich, July 1943, Dec. 1943; Chascomus, prov.

Buenos Aires, S. Wright 2102, Nov. 19, 1936 (D).

Antarctica : Budd'coast, D. C. Nutt 68, Jan. 19, 1948. Hawaiian

Islands : Hilo, W. A. Setchell 5209, July 14, 1900. Tuamotu Archi-

pelago : Raroia atoll, M. S. Doty & J. Newhouse 11145, 11876, 11877,

July, Aug. 1952. Marshall Islands : Aornoen Island, Bikini atoll, J. Tracy,

Aug. 6, 1946; Enejelto islet. Wotho atoll, F. R. Fosberg 34425a, Mar. 19,

1952. New Zealand : Auckland, V. W. Lindauer 301, Jan. 30, 1948;

Stanley bay, Whangaparaoa peninsula, V. J. Chapman 5, Sept. 1947;

Orakeikorako (East Taupo), Setchell 5979 (70), May 7, 1904; Great

Wairakei geyser, Taupo county, Setchell 5963 (54), May 4, 1904;

Rotorua, P. J. Philson & I. B. Warnock, A. Nash & L. A. Doore,

Philson & T. T. Earle, Feb. 1935 (as C. parietina in Tild., So. Pacific

PI., 2nd Ser., 529, 564, 569, 570); Kororareka point, Bay of Islands,

I- B. & V. R. Warnock, Jan. 16, 1935 (as C. parietina in Tild., So. Pacific

PI., 2nd Ser., 360). Philippines : Narvacan beach, Ilocos sur prov.,

M. M. Kalaw 4, June 12, 1935 (D) ; Diliman, Quezon Citv, G. T. Velas¬

quez 2526, Feb. 1950; Iloilo City, J. D. Soriano 1057, July 6, 1952;

Iwahing Penal Colony, Palawan, Velasquez 2869, June 18, 1951. China :

Kushan near Foochow, and Fuling Mot Springs, Fukien prov., H.

H. Chung A417, A461, Aug., Sept. 1926 (D) ; Tsishiasan, Kiangsu prov.,

C. C. Wang 371, Apr. 1930; Naniking, Wang 358, 359, 382, Sept. 28,

1930, Oct. 30, 1930, Mar. 16, 1931. Burma : Thingangyun, L. P. Khanna

838, Feb. 17, 1938; Rangoon, Khanna 389, 515, May 30, Nov. 25, 1935.

Australia : Teviot creek, Queensland, A. B. Cribb M, Apr. 27, 1948.

India : Himalayas, M. R. Suxena 539, 1955 (D). Afghanistan : W. Simp¬

son, Apr. 1879 (D).

CALOTHRIX ADSCENDENS (Nageli) Bornet et Flahault.

Fila sparsa, erecta, stellaia, simplicia, rigida, ad 1.5 mm. ait a,

5-25 u. crassa, ad hasem saepe incrassata, vagina crassa, arcta,

achroa vel luteo-fusca; trichomatibus 4-22 p. crassis, aerugineis vel

luteo-fuscis; articulis 3-4 plo-brevioribus ; heterocystis singulis,

basilaribus. Fig. 3.

Filaments of C. adscendens are usually foiind erect on rocks and

aquatic plants attached by their thickened bases. They simulate

those of C. juliana, but each filament has a distinct basal hetero-

cyst. A single heterocyst develops at one end of a hormcgonium;

the other end curves and grows erect. The basal portion of the

sheath graduaily becomes thickened and firmly fastened to the

substratum. Mature filaments are fragile and easily broken.

1NHN. Paris

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

169

Specimens studied : Massachusetts : Brewster, F. S. Collins, Sept.

10; 1912 (as Calothrix stellaris in coll., Hold & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Araer.

1953). Indiana ; Indianapolis, C. M. Palmer, July 4, 1931 (D). Arkansas ;

Warm Springs, N. E. Gray, Sept. 4, 1940. Guatemala : Lake Amatitlan,

\V. A. Kellerman 5068, Jan. 30, 1906 (as Lyngbya logerheimii in Tild.,

Amer. Alg. 636). Honduras : Comayagua, P. C. Standley & J. Chacôn

P. 4994a, Mar. 12-23, 1947. Uruguay : La Palma, W. G. Herter 99553,

Apr. 11-16, 1938. Burma : Kauadaugyi, Bangoon, L. P. Khanna 507,

Nov. 22, 1935.

CALOTHRIX CONFERVICOLA (Roth) Agardh.

Fila gregaria stellatim fasciculata, in algis majoribus afjixa vel

inter fila peripheria Nemalionis et Punctariae immersa, ad 3 mm.

alta, 8-30 a crassa, basi subaequalia vel bulbosa, vagina arcta vel

dilalato-infundibuliforme, achvoa vel luteo-fusca; trichomatibus

7-27 jj. crassis, aeruginosis, purpureis, vel hiteo-fuscis, ariiculis dia-

metro 3-i plo brevioribus ; heterocgstis 1-5 basilaribus Fig. 6.

Filaments of C. confervicola usually are epiphytic on marine

plants, especially the Ceramiaceae. They also may be partly endo-

phytic in the gelatinous fronds of Nemalion and Punctaria : the

basal portions become large and bulb-shaped, just as do those of

C. parietina and C. juliana where growing in the gelatinous fronds

of Batrachospermum. The cell at the larger end of each young tri-

chome develops into a heterocyst. As the filament elongates, the

upper end bends upward and grows erect, free from the substra¬

tum. The mature filament is attached to the substratum by its

horizontal or decumbent basal portion. Three to five heterocysts

may develop successively as the filament increases in lenght.

Specimens studied : Sweden : Varberg, Halland, D. E. Hylmô,

Aug. 18, 1928 (D), Sept. 7, 1933; in mari Bahusiae, A. Areschoug, Aug.

(as Leibleinia confervicola in J. E. Areschoug, Alg. Scand. Exs., Ser.

Nov. 192). Denmark : Fionia, herb. Lyngbye. Germany : Bülk, Holstein,

Reinke, Oct. 1886 (D). England : Torquay, W. H. Harvey, Aug. 1844,

herb. Correns, 1845; Weymouth, A. Leipner, July 1866 (as Lyngbya

confervicola in Rab., Alg. Eur. 1881); Torbay, M. Wyatt (as Calothrix

confervicola in Wyatt, Suppl. Alg. Danmon. 229). France : Banyuls,

C. Flahault, Oct. 20, 1886 (as Calothrix parasitica in Wittr. & Nordst.,

Alg. Exs. 854); Cherbourg, herb. De Brébisson, G. Thuret, Aug. 2,

1856, herb. Correns, Sept. 1861; Conant Beach, Brittany, L. Lyle,

Aug. 6, 1926; Equeurdrevelle, Manche, M. Doublet, Sept. 5, 1910; Le

Croisic, Thuret, Aug. 27, 1873; Porspoder, northwest of Brest,

A. Tauguy, Aug. 1885; St-Malo, Thuret, Aug. 5, 1872; Saint-Servan,

Ille-et-Vilaine, A. Hamel-J., Aug. (as Calothrix confervicola in Hamel,

Alg. de France 102).

Nova Scotia : Halifax Harbor, M. A. Howe 7047, Sept. 2-7, 1901 (D).

Maine : Cape Rosier, F. S. Collins 74 68; Harpswell, Collins 5330a,

1905. Massachusetts : Madaket, Nantucket Island, W. R. Taylor &

B. F. D. Runk, July 16, 1938 (D) ; Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard, H.

MNHN. Paris

170

K.-C. FAN

C. B ou), Aug. 5, 1954 (D) ; Cuttyhunk, A. B. Seymour, July 1, 1890,

W. R. Maxon, July (as Calothrix parasitica in Mus. Hist. Nat. Vindob.,

Krypt. Exs. 2550); Woods Hole, F. Drouet 1S81, July 17, 1936 (D),

W. G. Farlow, (as Calothrix parasitica and C. confervicola in Farl.,

Anders. & Eaton, Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 224, 225), 1870, "W. A. Setchei.i.,

July 12, 1892 (as C. confervicola in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-

Araer. 9), A. B. Heryey, July 30, 1880, C. P. Nott, July 29, 1895 (as

C. parasitica in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 111), H. Croas-

dale, July 22, 1931, B. Livingston, Aug. 1875; Nobska point, Falmouth,

M. Thurlow, June 28, 1936 (D), J. Bader 93, July 23, 1938 (D), G.

II. Giles, June 29, 1936 (D), F. Drouet 2080, July 5, 1937 (D), W.

R. Maxon 111M, July 27, 1908, M. Doty 1313, July 15, 1948; Penikese

Island, W. R. Taylor, July 1, 1936 (D), Doty 6958a, July 1, 1947, W.

R. Dudley, 1874:

lthode Island : Newport, W. G. Farlow. New York : College Point,

H. Averill, Sept. 10, 1872. Mississipi : Fort Massachusetts, Ship Island,

L. H. Flint 2, Jan. 29, 1954 (D). California : Laguna Beach, G. J. Hol-

lenrerg 1332, May 8, 1936 (D). Brazil : Laguna, Santa Catarina, A.

B. Joly 1051-1952, Dec. 5, 1952 (D). Japan : Kato, Ohama bay, Fukui

pref., I. Umezakï 8, June 22, 1949 (D). Australia: : Port Arthur, M. H.

& L. M. Jones, Dec. 13, 1934 (as C. parasitica in Tild., So. Pacific PL,

2nd Ser., 260) ; Vivonne bay, Kangaroo Island, H. B. S. Womersley

A2206 (K16), A2206d ( K16d), Jan. 3, 1946.

CALOTHRIX PI LOS A Harvey.

Stratum caespitosum, laie expansum, filis ad 10 mm. altis, 15-

ftO g. crassis, elongatis, rigidis, basi intertextis decumbentibus,

utrinque erectis, liberis uel in fasciculos lateratiter concretis; ramis

saepissime in modum Scytonematum egredientibus ; vagitia crassa,

dura, aeruginea vcl luleo-fusca; trichomatibus 10-20 u. crassis,

superne breuiter attenuatis, in cellula hemisphaerica terminatis;

heterocystis illinc interruptis. Fig. 2.

C. pilosa grows on muddy beaches and on rocks at high tide line

and in intertidal zones. Well developed strata can be recognized by

the fasciculate aggregated filaments which stand rigid and erect.

Both the branching and habit of the filaments are Scytonema- like.

The intercalary heterocysts are usually longer than broad. The

trichomes are evidently attenuated while young but with âge they

become cylindrical, with the atténuation confined to nodule-like

tips. As the hormogonium grows, it becomes reduced in diameter

toward one end or both ends. In the latter case a cell in the middle

portion usually differentiates as a heterocyst. Where the hormogo-

nia cannot move out of the sheath because of the presence of in¬

tercalary heterocysts, they often begin to grow in situ; the pres¬

sure resulting from their growth becomes so great that they burst

through the sheath and grow outward as branches of the filament.

The tricliome may emerge as a loop which soon breaks, and thus

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

171

forms two branches side by side; this branching is Scytonema-Yike.

If the burst occurs adjacent to a heterocyst, one branch is formed

in a Tolypolhrix-Yike fashion.

Specimens studied : Bermuda : Castle Island, T. A. Stephenson

BRCA3, B RC AT, July 21, 22, 1953; Bailey’s Bay, T. A. & A. Stephenson

BRM11, Aug. 8, 1952; Stovel Bay, Hamilton Island, \V. B. Taylor 49-

1968, June 0, 1949; Pear Rock, St. Davids Island, A. J. Berxatowicz

49-786, Apr. 12, 1949; Ray Island, Berxatowicz 49-1695, May 10, 1949;

Castle Harbor, Berxatowicz 49-1849, May 25, 1949; Richardson’s cove,

St. Georges Island, Berxatowicz 49-1875, 49-2192, May 26, 1949, Sept.

1, 1949. Florida : Key West, W. H. Harvey 126 (D) ; Cudjoe’s Kev,

C. L. Pollard, G. N. Collins & E. L. Morris 92, Mar. 16, 1898 (D).

Bahama Islands ; Nassau, M. A. Howe 3006, 3032 (D), Apr. 7, 8, 1904;

Bimini Island, M. A. Howe 3256, Apr. 17, 1904 (D), H. J. Humai 7, 12,

Mar. 30, Apr. 2, 1948. Puerto Rico : Howe, May, 1903 (as Calothrix

pilosa in Coll., Hold. & Seteh., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1167); Lemon Bay

ncar Guénica, Howe 2609, June 27, 1903 (D) ; Santurce, H. L. Blomquist

11849, 12138, Sept. 24, Nov. 6, 1941; Condado, San Juan, Blomquist

13083, 13188a, Apr. 7, 28, 1942. Trinidad : R. Thaxter, 1912-13 (D).

Tobago Island : Roxborough Bay, Thaxter, 1912-13 (D). Jamanica :

Port Antonio, C. E. Pease & E. Butler (D) ; Robins Bay, C. R. Orcutt

4682, Jan. 27, 1928 (D). Mexico : Clarion Island, Revilla Gigedo Islands,

W. R. Taylor 57, Jan. 5, 1934 (D) ; Maria Madgdalena Island, Islas Très

Marias, Taylor 39-673, May 9. 1939. Costa Rica : between Rio Sândoval

and Rio Tigre, C. W. Dodge 4537A, May 1, 1930 (D).

Brazil ; Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, F. Drouet 1527, June 19,1955 (D) ;

Caiobâ, Parana, A. B. Joly 382, Nov. 4,1950;Ilha Santo Ainaro, Santos,

Joly 324, Sept. 13, 1950; Peruibe, Sâo Paulo, Joly 412, 422, Jan, 3, 1951,

Itanhaen’ Sào Paulo, Joly 441, 442, Jan, 2, 1951; Ilha Sào Sebastiao

Sâo Paulo, Joly 637, Mar. 24 , 1951 . Ecuador : Galapagos Islands : Fernan-

dina Island, W. R. Taylor 154, Jan. 14,1934 (D) ; Isabela Island, Taylor

94A, 96 (D), Jan. 12, 1934. Hawaiian Islands : Keei, Hawaii, M. Reed

20, July 2, 1904; Pahala plantation beach, Hawaii, J. E. Tilden, July 4,

1900 (as Scytonema hawaiiana in Tild., Amer. Alg. 573); Barking Sands,

Kauai, W. A. Setchell 10684, July 25, 1924; Manaa, Kauai, M. Reed

379 Aug 11 1905; Hanauma Bay, Oahu, M. Doty 8648, Feb. 17, 1951;

Honolulu, W. J. Newhouse 98, 110 , Sept. 1, 16, 1953; Kawela, Oahu,

Doty 8040, Sept. 16-17, 1950, C. J. Engard, Nov. 23, 1940; hoolauloa,

Oahu Tilden, June 16. 1900 (as S. hawaiiana var. terrestris m Tild.,

Amer Alg. 574); Mokuleia, Oahu, A, Kruckeberg, Nov. 21, 1944.

Marshall Islands : Ine Island, Arno atoll, L. Horwitz 95o4, Aug. 16,

1951 Amen Island, Bikini atoll. R. F. Palumbo V-28, July 27, 1949;

Eniirikku Island, Bikini atoll, 'W. R. Taylor 46-41, Mar. 18-20 1946.

Gilbert Islands : Mrs. R. Catala 48, 51, 1951. New Zealand : Stewart

Island, A. Nash, Feb. 27, 1935 (as Calothrix pilosa in Tild., So. Pacific

pi 2nd Ser 793) Japan : Ao-shima and Kato, Oliama bay, Fukui

Dr ef. I. Umezaki 3, 55, June 25, Sept. 8, 1949 (D) ; Nakano-sihma, Toka-

" ’’ . ^ J n I K 1 (IS1 (T\\ Dhilinninoc • Ralpr TaVfl-

o Islande E. Ogata 1141, June 5, 1953 (D). Philippines : Baler, layo¬

ns J V. Santos 364, Sept. 22, 1935 (D) ; Biliran, Leyte, R. C. McGregor

4767 Tune 20 1914; Puerto Galera, Mindoro, H. H. Bartlett 14033,

tor 1935 (D)! G. T. Velasquez 1151, 1788, 1928, 1929, June 1, 1946,

May 4, 1948, May 9, 1949; Sanga-Sanga, Tarvi-Tawi, Velasquez 3223,

172

K.-C. FAN

.5224, May 12, 1952. New Caledonia : Ile aux Canards, V. May 310, May

28, 1949. China : Liu-wu-tien, Amoy, C. Y. Chiao, A30, July 29, 1932

Viet Nam : Cauda, E. Y. Dawson 11065, Jan. 23, 1953. Australia : Bramp-

ion Island off Mackay, Queensland. May 2701, June 16, 1948; Port

Arthur, Tasmania, A. B. Cribb 115-9, Jan. 22, 1951. Mauritius : Baie

de 4 Cocos, Flacq, N. Pire, Jan. 24, 1870 (D).

CALOTHR1X CRUSTACEA Thuret.

Stratum caespitosum, laie expansum, velutinum vel poroso-fas-

ciculatum, /ilis ad 5 mm. altis, 9-35 a crassis, decumbentibus vel

densissime stipatis, tortuosis et crispis, juvenilibus simplicibus,

aduttis pseudo-ramosis; ramis in modum Scytonematum et Toly-

pothrichum egredientibus vel fasciculatim congestis; vagina achroa

vel luteo-fusca, tenue vel crassa, gelatinosa, homogenea vel lamel-

losa; trichomatibus 7-35 y. crassis, nigro-viridibus vel fuscescenti-

bus, apice saepe in pilum terminantibus; articulis in summa parte

diametro 3-3 plo brevioribus, cylindraceis, aetate provectiore arti¬

culis diametra brevioribus, saepe torulosis; lieterocystis basilaribus

et intercalaribus paucis. Fig. 5.

This is the most common and widely distributed species of Calo-

thrix in the marine flora. It grows on rocks, gravel, sand, pilings,

and shells and on the other larger aquatic plants in marsh pools

and intertidal zones. The filaments are quite yaried in size; often

considérable variation can be seen within one collection. Where the

hormogonia proceed to grow within the shealth, Scytonema -like

and Tolypothrix-like branches are formed as in C. parietina and

C. pilosa. Often the hormogonia develop rapidly and simultaneously

within and through the upper end of the shcath in a fasciculate

fasinon. I-Iormcgonia cccasionally grow with atténuation at both

ends, as lhey sometimes do in C. parietina. Heterocysts may or

may not be formed in such trichomes. A single heterocyst usually

develops at the base of the young trichome, and others develop

in succession above it as the filament âges. Intercalary heterocysts

are formed in the older portions of the filament.

,J P T menS studied : Norwa y : Drôbak, H. G. Simmons, Apr. 10. 1898

(D), Svlnor prope Lmdesnas, M. Foslie, Aug. 21, 1885 (as Calothrix

scopulorum x n Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. Bxs. 852); Kjelmô in Finmarkia

oriental), Fosije, Aug 1, 1887 (as C. vivipara in Wittr., Nordst. &

ismTmi A1 - g ' EXS '- ^ 3C f 7a:> ,- Sweden : Klubban, Bohuslân, Anomjmous,

186- (D), in mari Bahusiae, Aug. (as C. scopulorum in Aresch., Alg.

Sand Exs., Ser. Nov. 139), S. Akermahk (as C. scopulorum in Aresh.,

Alg. Scan d. Exs., Ser. Nov., 235; as C. scopulorum and Schizosiphon

fasciculatus in Rabenh., Alg. Eur. 1780, 1869), F. R. Kjellman & V. Wit-

trock, July (as Calothrix scopulorum in Wittr. & Nordst Alg Exs

191); Malmo, O. Nordstedt, Sept. 21, 1877, Nov. 16, 1878 (as C sconu-

lorum in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. Exs. 484 a, b). Denmark : Fionia, herb.

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

173

Lyngbye. Romania : Constanta, E. C. Teodorf.scu, Apr. (as C. scopulo¬

rum in Mus. Palat. Vindob. Krypt Exs. 1007), Teodorescu 1278, Apr.

1903. Germany : Heppenserdrift & Mariensiehl, Jever, May-Aug. (as

Ceramium pulvinalum in Jürgens, Alg. Aquat., Dec. 4 : 5). Jugoslavia:

Cherso, herb. Lenormand (D) ; Abbazia, Istria, A. Hansgirg, Aug. 1885

Strogniano, Fasano, et Isola prope Pirano, Hansgirg, Apr., July, 1889;

Pola, Hansgirg, Apr., 1889; Rovigno, Istria, Hansgirg, Apr., 1889.

Italy : Trieste, herb. Lenormand (D) ; Cagliari, Sardinia, Mar. (as Scy-

tonema sp. in Marcucci, Un. Itin. Crypt. 1866, XXVII); Genoa, F. T.

Küezing. Wales : Anglesey, J. R. Lewis, Nov. 1950; Aberystwyth,

Lewis 1, 3, 4, Apr. 7, 1953.

France : herb. Lenormand (D) ; la Normandie (D) ; Ambletcuse prope

Boulogne-sur-Mer, C. Flahault, Aug. 18, 1882 (as Calothrix puluinata

in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. Exs. 575); Arromanches, Calvados, herb. Lebel,

herb. De Brebisson; Banvuls, Flahaui.t, Oct. 10, 1886 (as C. crustacea

in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. Exs. 855a); Brest, herb. Mus. Paris; Moulin

Blanc près de Brest, A. Tauguy, Sept.; Cannes, A. Raphéi.is, Aug. 1927

(as C. scopulorum in Hamel, Alg. de France 52); Grande Ile Chausey,

P Frémy, Aug. (as C. pulvinaia in Hamel, Alg. de France 10); Cher¬

bourg, G. Tiiuret, July 24, Aug. 19, 1874, K. von N5gei.i, Sept. 1861,

A. Le Jolis (as Schizosiphon lasiopus and S. Lenormandi in Rabenh.,

*\ig Eur. 2129, 2130) ; Deauville, Manche, Frémy, Sept. 5, 1931 (as Calo¬

thrix crustacea in Hamel, Alg. de France 155); Le Croisic, E. Bornet

& C. Flahault, Sept. 21, 1887 (as C. Contarenii in Wittr. & Nordst.,

Alg. Exs. 853), Oct. 1, 1887 (as C. crustacea in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg.

Exs. 855b); Le Fret, Finistère, A. Tauguy, Aug. 16, 1885; Nacqueville

et Omonville, L. Corbière, Aug. 20, Sept. 20, 1908; St. Malo, G - Thuret,

July 13, 1872; St. Marc, Laninon, Finistère, Tauguy, Aug. 18, loob.

Portugal : Setubal, F. Welwitsch 325, 1842-1850 (D).

Bermuda : Shelly Bay, F. S. Collins, May 4, 1912 (as C. scopulorum

in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1856); Gravelly Bay, A. B.

Hervey, Jan. 8, 1913 (as C. fusco-violacea in Coll., Hold & Setch., I hyc,

Bor.-Amer. 2060). Newfoundland ; Bay of Islands, M. A. Howe 870, Aug.

10, 1901 (D) ; Big Barachois, Placentia Bay, H. J. Humm 7, A ug.^12, 1948.

Quebec : Kegashka Hiver, Saguenay county, J. BttuNEL 735, 738, Aug.

20 1939; Ile du Phare, St. Mary's Islands, J. Brunel 7 19, 72-, Aug. -4,

1939. Prince Edward Island : Cavendish, T. A .& A. Stephenson PEC24,

July-Sept. 1948. Nova Scotia : Peggy’s Cove, Stephenson NSP1, NS>P2t,

Julv-Sept 1948; Inner Sambro Island. Halifax, R. D. Woon & L. Mao

Fareane 53-7-U-13. July 14, 1953. Maine ; Lobster Point, Ogunqmt,

H Croasdale, July 10, 1937 (D) ; Eastport, W. G. Farlow 1877 (D ;

Cane Rosier, F. S. Collins 3218, July 17, 1895 (as C. fasciculata m Coll

Hold A’ Setch Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 261); Eagle Island, Collins 2112,

Sartwell Collins «10, 5297, July 1902, 1905; Otter Creek Mount

Desert Island, Collins July 1900 (as C ^rup.nea in Coll Hold. &

Setch Phvc. Bor.-Amer. 804); Appledore Island, R. D. Woon 1, July 29,

1952-Northport, York Island, Collins 1016, !9*0; South Harpswell,

Collins July 17, 1902 (as C. puluinata in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc.

Bor.-Amer. 957b). New Hampshire : Newcastle, M. Dota & J. Newhopse

7829, July 9, 1951.

Massachusetts : Cohasset, Collins 4258; Cuttyhunk Island W. J.

V. Osterhout, Aug. 13, 1895, Collins, E. T. Moul 6072, July 23, 1948,

174

K.-C. FAN

Sconticut Point, Fairhaven, F. Drouet 1882, 1195, E. D. Hoffman &

Drouet 2241, M. T. Siegel & Drouet 2242, July 1934, 193G, 1938 (D) ;

Falmouth, Drouet, July 5, 1937 (D), R. N. Webster, J. C. Strickland &

Drouet 2121, Webster & Drouet 2153, D. H. Linder & Drouet 2249,

June-Aug. 1938 (D) ; Gay Head, M. Poole, July 22, 1936 (D) ; Magnolia!

W. G. Farlow; Marthas Vineyard, Drouet 2166, Aug. 25, 1937 (D) ;

Marblehead, Collins, Aug. 27, 1895, June 1, 1901 (as C. vivipara and

C. scopulorum in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 560, 805);

Mattapoisett, Collins, Oct. 20, 1906 (as C. cruslacea f. simulons in Coll.,

Hold & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1406); Nahant, Farlow (D), Collins,

June 23, 1883, Collins 4625, May 9, 1903; Madaket, Nantueket Island!

B. F. D. Runk. June 26, 1935, July 3. 1938, C. M. Palmer. Aug, 15,

1937 (D); No Mans Land, E. T. Moul 6402, July 29, 1949; Oak Bluffs,

A. Rutledge & Drouet 2246, Aug. 2, 1938 (D) ; Penikese Island, Drouet

2138, 2135, Aug. 18, 1937 (D), W. R. Taylor, July 18, 1929, July 15, 1931,

M. S. Doty 6.952, 6952a, 6956- 6958, July 1947, 7278- 7280, Aug. 3, 1947,

Doty, Gage & Boyle 7018a, 7294, 7296, Taylor, Wood & Fahey 7302,

Aug. 3, 1947; Revere Beach, Collins, Sept. 29, 1895 (as C. fasciculalà

f. incrustons in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 561). Collins

4654, 4661, May 1904; West Falmouth, Collins, Aug. 12, 1883; Woods

Hole, A. J. Bernatowicz 191, Aug. 17, 1950, H. C. Boi.d, Aug. 7, 1954

(D), M. Doty 6650, July 20, 1947, W. R. Dudley, July 1876, E. M. Fahey,

Apr. 7, 1951, Fahey 12271, Nov. 23, 1952, Farlow (as C. cruslacea and

C. pulvinata in Farl., Anders. & Eaton, Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 49, 50),

B. Livingston, Aug. 1875 (D), W. R. Maxon 11142, Aug. 5, 1908. Moul

6071, July 22, 1948, C. P. Nott (as C. fusco-violaeea in Coll., Hold. &

Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 217), Runk, July 4, 1941, W. A. Setcheli.,

1891-95, Setchell 779, Aug. 5, 1894, Setchell, 1891 (as C. vivipara

in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. Exs. 1307b), W. R. Taylor, June 20, 1941,

M. Thurlow, July 17, 1936 (D).

Rhode Island : Napatree point, D. C. Eaton, Sept. 2, 1874; Bloc.k

Island, Drouet 3655, 3658, 3659, 3660, July 13, 1941. Connecticut :

Bridgeport, L. N. Johnson 807, 1077, July 29, 1892, July 1, 1895, I. Hol-

den; East Bridgeport, Johnson 142, July 14, 1892; Groton, Setchell,

July 3, 1888; Thiinble Islands, D. C. Eaton, 1872; Woodmont, Johnson

823, Aug. 6, 1892, Holden, July 16, 1892 (as C. cruslacea in Coll., Hold.

& Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 10). New York : Cold Spring Harbor,

Johnson 1036, 1078, July 18, 1894, July 1895. New Jersey : Perth Am-

boy, F. Woi.le, July 1878 (as Mastigonema velutinum in Wittr. &

Nordst., Alg. Exs. 388); Atlantic City, J. E. Peters, May 14, 1891, Col¬

lins 2092, May 1891. Maryland : Sandy Hill Beach, Tyaskin district,

Wicomico county, P. W. Woli.e & Drouet 2253, Aug. 21, 1938 (D).

Virginia : York river east of Croaker, J. C. Strickland 48, Apr. 22, 1938

(D), at Queens Creek, A. F. Ciiestnut & Strickland 1224, July 27,

1942. North Carolina : Beaufort, II. L. Blomquist 13697, 13700, June

1945, H. J. Humm, Aug. 21, 1944, Apr. 7, Sept. 15, 21, 1947, Humm &

C. S. Nielsen 1733, 1734, Aug. 8, 1949, Niei.sen 1632, Aug. 5, 1949,

T. A. & A. Stephenson BS14, Apr. 14-May 27, 1947, L. G. Williams,

June 16, 1947; Wilmington, Humm, Aug. 25, 1946; Wrightsville Beach,

Humm, May 24, 1946.

Florida ; Apalachicola, Drouet & Nielsen 10979, Jan. 16, 1949; Alli¬

gator Point, «Jack F.», July 27, 1952; Cutler, Humm, Jan. 10, 1946;

MNHN, Paris

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

175

Jacksonville Beach, Humm 2, Mar. 19, 1948; Marco Island, P. C. Stand-

ley 92840a, Mar. 14, 1946; Marineland, T. A. & A. Stephenson MIB,

MIBa, Mar. 20-29, 1947; Palm Beach, Drouet & H. B. Louderback 10204-

10206, Dec. 24, 1948; Panama City, Drouet & Nielsen 10918, 11609a,

Jan. 15, 30, 1949; Singers Island, east of Riviera, Drouet & Louderback

10281, Dec. 25, 1948; Spanish Harbor Key, R. N. Ginsburg BII, Apr.

1952; St. Mark’s lighthouse, Wakulla county, Drouet & G. Madsen &

D. Crowson 11760, 11761, Feb. 1, 1949; St. Marks wildlife refuge,

Wakulla county, Nielsen & Crowson, May 1949, Nielsen, Oct. 4, 1951

(D). Alabama : Point Clear, Drouet & Louderrack 10162, Dec. 20, 1948.

Mississippi : Bay St. Louis, Drouet 9815, 9816a, 9860, Dcc.8, 9, 1948;

Biloxi, Drouet 10000, 10002, 10005, Drouet & A. J. Bajkov

10041, 10047, Dec. 1948; Océan Springs, Drouet & R. L. Cayi.or 9893,

9894, Dec. 12, 1948. Washington : Orcas Island, N. I>. Gardner 236o,

Aug. 1910; San Juan Island, Gardner 6094; Whidbey Island, Gardner

303, Aug. 22, 1899 (as Calothrix pulvinata in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc.

Bor.-Amer. 957a).

California: : Alameda, Gardner, Jan. Apr., 1. 1904 (as C. crustacea

and f. proliféra in Coll., Hold. & Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1168 1212) ;

Balboa Beach, Gardner & G. R. Johnstone 7116, Dec. 28, 1932 G.

J. Hollenberg 1552, Feb. 13, 1934; Carmel Bay, Mrs. Leighley Jan.

1931 Gardner 3126, 7278, Dec. 1915, May 9-18, 1933; Corona del Mar,

Hollenberg 2139, Oct. 24, 1937 (D), Hollenberg 2304, June 1, 1938;

Fort Ross, Setchell 1713, Dec. 22-23, 1897; La Jolla T. A Stephenson

JBN41 1947; culture, La Verne, Hollenberg 2647, May 27, 1939, Point

Carmel, Setchell, June 10. 1901 (as C. pilosa in Coll., Hold. & Setch.,

Phvc. Bor.-Amer. 859) ; Point Lobos, Monterev county, Gardner 3 /02,

May 1916 T. A. & A. Stephenson PGL13, Aug.-Nov. 1947; San Fran¬

cisco, Gardner 3690, 4782, 7274, 7412 Mar. 31, ,1917 Mar. 25 192-,

May 9-18, Julv 12, 1933; San Pedro, Gardner, Dec. 1906, June 1J08,

Jan. 1913 (as C. scopulorum, C. crustacea and C. vwipara in Coll., Hold.

& Setch., Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1720, 2104. 2105 ), Hoccenbero 1579 Oct_3

1936; Santa Catalina Island, E. \. Dawson obbl, Nol 30, IMS, Santa

Cruz, H. E. & S. T. Parks 6, Feb. 1928; Seal Beach, Hollenberg 15/3,

Oct. 3, 1936.

Baliama Islands : Bimini Island, H. J. Humm 6 , IL Mar. 28, Api. 2,

1948; Hog Island, Nassau, M. A. Howe 3369, Jan. 25 190o (D). Puerto

Rirn • Rnca de Congreios, H. L. Blomquist 12o09a, Jan. 27, 194-,

Culebra Island, M. A. Howe 4277. Mar. 5, 1900 ( D C Guaniea bay, Beom-

quist non, Mar. 31, 1942; Santurce, San Juan, Howe ISrO 2001, May

15 21 1903 (D). May 1903 (as C. contaremi m Coll., Hold. A Setch.,

Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1113). Barbades : Hasting’s Rocks, AMckers, Jan. 7,

1899. Netherlands West Indies : Punta Basora, Aruba Island W R.

Twior 39-339 39-340, Apr. 10, 1939. Haiti : south of Dame Marie,

H H BaLlett Ï784Ï May 1, 1941. Jamaica : Fort Clarence near

Kingston Howe 465*. 4655, Dec. 21, 1906 (D) ; Ocho Rios, V. J. Chap-

MtN Apr 1954 (D); Gun Cay off Port Royal, Chapman 2b. Mexico .

Cam'peche Banks, S. Springer, Aug. 27, 1951 (D). Baja California

Ensenada, Gardner 4986; Guadalupdsiand Dawson 4074 41OT 8152,

oirr qcuh ooY 9 0999 S623. Aug., Dec. 1946, Dec. 194J, 1 . e- oilva,

Feb.’l, 1950; Bahia de Santa Rosalia, Dawson & D. Fork 1398, 147.,

Source :MNHN,

Apr. 1946; San José del Cabo, Dawson 3238, Nov. 7, 1946. Sonora ■

Bahia Kino, Drouet & D. Richards 2899, 2901, 2902, Nov 10 1939-

Guaymas Drouet & Richards 3371, Dec. 21. 1939; Puerto Bobos! Bahià

Tepoea. Dawson SU Feb. 19 1946. Costa Rica ; between Rio Sàndoval

mm? » Ig f' C ' "• Dodoe 453/, May 1, 1930 (D); Rio Sàndalo, Dodoe

7 W^y ( s. Brazil : Caioba, and Guaratuba, Paranâ, A. B. Joly 490, 523

12, 1 j 51 ’ I! ^ a do Sai ’ Para né-Santa Catarina, Joly 580, Feb. 14

19ôl; An g r-a dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Joly 252, July 16, 1950; Itanhaen’

Sao Paulo, Joly 453, Jan. 2, 1951.

9 j H ionn lla D I i Sl î nd ™'’ Lai !P ahoehoe - Hawaii, W. A. Setchell 5284, Julv

-4, 1900; Pahala Plantation beach, Hawaii, J. E. Tilden, July 4 1900

(as Scglonema fuligmosum in Tild., Amer. Alg. 629); Punaluu'Landing,

Hawaii Setchell 10705, Aug. 5, 1924; Hanauma bay, Oahu, W. J. New

house 6 2, May 3, 1953; Honolulu, M. S. Doty 103, 9774, 9956 1952

ÎSa H v USE 105, Sept ‘ 16, 1953; Kaena Point, Oahu, Doty 8161, Oct le’

1950; Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Newhouse 21, Feb. 28, 1953; Kawela, Oahu’

Doty 8056, 8063, Sept. 16-17, 1950; Kohuku, Oahu, Doty 8921 Oct 27

Dotv S" f anu > 0a 1 1 ™.. D ° TY *«». Nov. 24, 1950; Rabbit Island, Oahu,’

Doty 8838 Apr. 22, 1951. Tuamotu Archipelago : Otetou, Raroia Atoll,

Doty A Newhouse 11320, July 24, 1952. Marshall Islands : Kilange

Island and Ine Island, Arno atoll, L. Horwitz 9328, 9632, Aug 5 19

;! ieroru Is,and ’ Eniwetok atoll, W. R. Taylor 46-304a, May 21 ’

1946; Rwajalcin Island, Kwajalein atoll, G. J. Hollf.nberg 48-C1, Julv 2

1948. Caroline Islands : Metalanim district, Ponape, S. F. Glassman 2301

June 20 1949. New Zealand : V. J. Chapman; North Island, V. W. Lin-

dauer 1068; Matanhi Bay, Bay of Islands, Lindauer 658, June 16, 1937 -

Hokianga river, North Island, Chapman, June 1946; New Brighton’

Otago, R. M. Laing 1776; Bay of Islands, Chapman 9060b, summer 1947 -

Stewart Island, Lindauer 6189, 8440, June 3, 1945, Mar. 18 1947’

o‘a & c V ' Feb ' 1 ?’. 1935 (as C ■ aeruginea in Tild., So. Pacific PI.’

(D) ^ er > ' Japan : Koiso, Maizuru Bay, I. Umezaki 37, Aug. 10, 1949

^Philippines : Lubang Island, Mindoro, H. S. Villaflores 31, Sept. 11-

17, 1935 (D) ; Puerto Galera, Mindoro, G. T. Velasquez 795, 1043 1930

Apr. 12, 27, 1941, May 9, 1949; Calayan Island, Babuyan Islands, R. C

McGregor 30, Sept. 30, 1903; Bungao, Tawi-Tawi, G. T. Velasquez 3213,

May 10, 1952. New Caledonia : Anse Vata near Nouméa, Mrs. Catala

Feb.-Mar. 1948. Viet Nam : Cauda, bay of Nhatrang, E. Y. Dawson 11085,

Jan. _ 6 , 1953; Binhcang north of Nhatrang, Dawson 11394, Feb. 26 1953*

Indonesia : Gisser, A. A. Weber-van Bosse, 1899-1900. Au’stralia" ■’ New

South Wales : Corrimal Headland, V. May «48, Mar. 26, 1945- Cabbage

Tree Creeh, A. B. Cribb 139-9, Apr. 12, 1951. Queensland : Miami More-

ton Bay, and Noosa, Cribb O, R, P, Jan. 4, 1949, Feb. 18, 1949, Jan. 1948.

South Australia : Point Sinclair, H. B. S. Womersley AH978 Jan 26

1951; Myponga, Womersley A12911, Mar. 5, 1950; Point’ Westall'

Womersley A15029 Jan. 19, 1951; Mangrove Point, Spencers Gulf Wo-

mersi.ey .4 15038, Dec. 31, 1950; Kangaroo Island, Womersley O I ’r U

A7901, A10S27O, A1266Ï, A1289't, A128899, Jan. 1946-Jan. 1950, WomÉrs-

ley A8201b, A9505e, Jan. 1948; Port Willunga, Womersley A16400 Sept

16, 1951. Tasmania : Southport, Cribb 44-4, Mar. 21, 1950; Port Arthur

Cribb 38-2, Mar. 7, 1950, Cribb 116-26, Jan. 23, 1951, Cribb J4 9-18 June

21, 1951, Cribb 152-12, June 29, 1951. Victoria : Paynesville, Cribb 79- 4,

REVISION OF CALOTHRIX AG.

177

Oct. 2, 1950. Western Australia : Rottnest Island, M. H. Jones, C. M.

Crosby, Oct. 1934 (as C. aeruginea and C. Contarenii in Tild., So. Pacific

PL, 2nd Ser., 63, 85). Israël : Caesarea, T. Rayss, Aug. 1941.

LITERATURE CITED

1. Agardh C. A. — Systema Algarum, p. XXIV, 70-73. ( Lund ., 1824).

2. Boresch K. — Die wasserlôslichen Farbstoffe der Schizophyceen.

( Biochem. Zeilschr. 119 : 167-214. 1921).

3. Bornet E. and Flahault C. — Révision des Nostocacées Hétérocys-

tées contenues dans les principaux herbiers de France. (Ann. des

Sci. Nat. VII. Bot. 3 : 323-381. 1886).

4. Copeeand J. J. — Yellowstone thermal Myxophyceae. (Ann. New

York Acad. Sci. 36 : 1-229. 1936).

5. Drouet F. — Cÿanophyta. (In G. M. Smith, Manual of Phycology,

p. 159-166. 1951).

6- — Parasitization by fungi in the coccoid Myxophyceae. (Rapp.

& Comm. VIII. Congr. Int. Bot. Paris 11 : 48-49. 1954).

7. Emerson R. and Lewis C. M. — The photosynthetic efficiency of

phycocyanin in Chroococcus, and the problem of carotenoid partici¬

pation in photosynthesis. (Jour. Gen. Physiol. 25 : 579-595. 1942).

8. Geiti.er L. — Versuch einer Lôsung des Heterocysten-Problems.

(Sitz.-ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nal. Kl., I., 130 : 223-245. 1921).

9. — Cyanophyceae. (In L. Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-Flora von

Europa, 2nd ed., lb : 1-1196. 1932).

10. — Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechtensymbiose, IV., V. (Arch.

f. Protistenk. 82 : 51-84. 1934).

11. Heilbron I. M. and Lythgoe B. — The chemistry of the algae. The

carotenoid pigments of Oscillatoria rnbescens. (Jour. Chem. Soc. 1936

(2) : 1376-1380).

12. Jaag O. and Gemsch N. — Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Hüllensfarbstoffe

in der Gattung Gloeocapsa. (Verhandl. Schweiz. Nalurforsch. Ges.

120 : 158-159. 1940).

13. Kyein H. — Über die karotinoiden Farbstoffe der Algen. (Zeitschr.

Physiol. Chem. 166 : 39-77. 1927).

14. — Einige Bemerkungen über Phykoerythrin und Phykocyanin.

(Zeitschr. Physiol. Chem. 197 : 1-6. 1931).

15. — Bemerkungen über die carotinoiden Farbstoffe der Algen.

(Kgl. Fysiograf. Sàllskap. Lund Fôrh. 9 : 213-231. 1939).

16. — Zur Biochemie der Cyanophyceen. (Kgl. Fysiograf. Sallskap.

Lund Fôrh. 13 (7) : 67-77. 1943).

17. Mühldorf A. — Einige Betrachtungen zur Membranmorpliologie der

Blaualgen. (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 56 : 316-336. 1938).

18. Payen J. — Récherches biochimiques sur quelques Cyanophycées.

(Rev. Algol. 11 : 1-99. 1938).

19. Poljansky G. and Petruschewsky G. — Zur Frage über die Struk-

tur der Cyanophyceenzelle. (Arch. f. Protistenk. 67 : 11-45. 1929).

20. Richter P. G. — Süsswasseralgen. (In O. Kuntze, Revisio Generum

Plantarum Vascularium Omnium atque Cellularium Multarum Secun-

dum Leges Nomenclaturae Internationales 3 (2) : 388. 1898).

Source. MNHN.

178

K.-C. FAN

21. Seybold A. and Egle K. — Quantitative Untersuchugen über Chloro-

phyll und Carotinoide der Meeresalgen. ( Jahrb. Wiss. Bol. S6 : 50-80.

1938).

22. Spearing J. K. — Cytological studies of thc Myxophyceae. (Arc h. f.

Protistenk. 89 : 209-278. 1937).

23. Steinecke F. — Das Auskeimen al ter Heterocysten bei Calothrix

Weberi. (Bol. Archiv. 3b : 153-100. 1932).

24. Spratt E. R. — Some observations on the life-history of Anabaena

Cycadeae. (Ann. of Bot. 25 : 309-380. 1911).

25. Svedberg T. and Eriksson I.-B. — The molecular weight of phyco-

cyan and of phycoerythrin, III. (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 5b : 3998-

4010. 1932).

Source : MNHN, Paris

The Laminaria Cycle

By F. T. WALKER

Institute of Seaweed Research, Musselburgh, Midlothian.

During the last ten years, 1946 to 1955, an extensive survey of

the Laminariaceae growing around Scotland has been in continuons

operation.

The whole of the marine coast of Scotland — nearly 6000 miles —

has been photographed (though the co-operation of the Royal Air

Force and the Air Cover Library, Edinburgh) and, with the aid of

these aerial steroscopic photos, quantitative assessments of the

Laminariaceae hâve been made using ecological factors which the

data, collectcd from detailed surveys, hâve revealed. Detailed sur-

veying was operated from motor boats chartered from the fishing

lleet and worked during ail rnonths of the ycar, using methods of

quadrat sampling with calibrated spring-grabs.

Over widely separated localities on the north-east, north-west,

south-east and south-west mainland of Scotland and the Orkney

ïslands, 86 detailed survevs hâve been completed since 1946 and of

these more than half hâve been resurveys.

It has become obvious in the later phases of this research, that

changes in the Laminariaceae, both in quantity and species, do

occur over periods of time and it is now possible to indicate the

probable trend.

Fig. 1. — The Laminaria-cycle.

180

F.-T. WALKER

By far the greater quantity of the Laminariaceae was found

between one and five fathoms (1 fathom = 1.85 métrés) and was

comprised of three species, mamely, Laminaria cloustoni Edm., L.

saccharina Lamour. and L. digitata Lamour.

The mean fresh weight per unit area of these algae, found at

fathom intervals of depth from 1 to 5 fathoms, from ail surveys in

each calander year from 1946 to 1955 was;

lb./sq. yard (X 0.54 for conversion to kg./sq. métré).

1946 9.1

7 13.4

8 11.2

9 8.0

1950 5.0

1 5.4

2 3.7

3 2.8

4 3.4

5 4.7

When these values (expressed as logi„) are plotted on a graph

whose crest is log !0 1.1270 and trough is log.o 0.4470 and whose

régression is log 10 0.1133 per annum, then the trend of laminarian

growth and reproduction over the last ten years will be seen,

(figure 1).

Extrapolation of the found values backwards in time, will give a

trough in 1942 similar to that recorded in 1953, and forwards in

time will give a crest in 1958 similar to that recorded in 1947 ;

both cases cover an eleven-year period. Ecological factors making

for an eleven-year cycle appear to be controlling the Laminariaceae

around Scotland. This conclusion is supported by data provided by

100,000 quadrats taken from the seabed over 67,000 acres (27,000

hectares).

It would be of interest to establish this eleven-year cycle by

continuing the sub-littoral survey of the Laminariaceae of Scotland

and at the sanie time seeking the causes.

The development and progress of the above survey are reported

in the following published papers and official reports sonie of which

hâve been sent to press while others hâve yet to go.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Walker F. T., 1947. — Sub-littoral Seaweed. J. Ecol., 35, 166-185.

— 1948. — Sub-littoral Seaweed Survey. Nature Lond., 161, 977.

— 1950. — Sub-littoral Seaweed Survey of the Orkney Islands, J.

Ecol., 38, 139-165.

THE LAMINARIA CYCLE

181

— 1950. — Sortie factors front the sub-littoral seaweed survey of

Scotland, Proc. 7th int. Bot. Congr., Stockholm, 1950.

— 1952. — Sub-littoral Seaweed Survey, Dunbar to Fast Castle. J.

Ecol., 40 74-83.

— 1954. —- Distribution of Laminariaceae around Scotland. Nature,

Lond., 173, 766-768.

— 1954. — Distribution of Laminariaceae around Scotland. J. Cons.

int. Explor. Mer., 20, 160-166.

— 1954. — Chromosome number of Laminaria digitata. Ann. Bot.,

Lond., 18, 113-118.

— 1954. -— Distribution of the Laminariaceae and their seasonal and

* cyclic changes around Scotland. Proc. 8th int. Bot. Congr., Paris,

Sect. 17, 138-139.

— 1954. — The Laminariaceae off North Shapinsay. Changes front

1947 to 1953. Ann. Bot., Lond., 18, 485-494.

— 1955. — A Sub-littoral Survey of the Laminariaceae of Little Loch

Broom. Trans. et Proc., Bot. Soc. Edin., 36, 305-308.

Walker F. T. et Richardson W. D., 1955. — An Ecological Investigation

of Laminaria cloustoni around Scotland. J. Ecol., 43, 26-38.

— — 1955. — An Ecological Study of the Laminariaceae off the

island of Arran; Changes front 1952-3-4-5). (sent for publication).

Walker F. T., 1955. — The Laminariaceae off the Ailsa Craig (sent for

publication).

5.5. R.A. Reports 22, 76, 77, 90, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 118,

119, 125, 128, 130, 131, 137, 138, 139, 140.

1.5. R. Reports : 149, 150, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170,

172, 175, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193,

194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203.

These reports were compiled separately and jointly by F. T. Wai.ker

and W. D. Richardson.

Haematococcus pluvialis and its Allies.

II. Nomenclature in Haematococcus.

By il. R. DROOP

(Marine Station, Millport, Scotland).

In a previous communication in this Journal (Droop, 1956,

fasc. 1/2), which discussed taxonomy within the family Sphaerel-

laceae, the name Haematoccus pluvialis was used without any refe-

rence being made to synonymy and nomenclatural confusion sur-

rounding this species. Several attempts hâve been made in the Iast

hundred years to clârify the situation, but even to-day there are

three names in general use, viz., Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow

em. Wille, Sphaerella lacustris (Girod-Chantrans) Wittrock, and

Haematococcus lacustris (Girod-Chantrans) Rostafinski.

The following list of synonyms is compiled, in part, from Hazen

( 1899) and, in part, from Wille (1903) where more complété

citations may be found : Volvox lacustris, Girod-Chantrans;

Lepraria kermesina, Wrangel; Sphaerella wrangelii, Sommerfelt;

Protococcus nivalis, Agardh em. Greville; Haematococcus noltii,

Agardh; Haematococcus grevillei, Agardh; Protococcus mono-

spermus. Corda; Microcgstis grevillei (Ag.) Kiitzing; Globulina

kermesina, (Wrang.) Turpin; Disceraea purpurea, Morren; Proto¬

coccus cordae, Meneghini; Haematococcus pluvialis, Flotow; Pro-

tosphaera pluvialis, (Flot.) Trevisan; Protosphaera cordae, (Me-

negh.) Trevisan; Protococcus pluvialis (Flot.) Kiitzing; Chlamy-

dococcus pluvialis, (Flot.) Braun; Hysginum pluviale, (Flot.) Per-

ty Haematococcus lacustris, (Girod) Rostafinski; Sphaerella plu¬

vialis, (Flot.) Wittrock; Sphaerella, lacustris, (Girod) Wittrock.

No attempt is made here to give a complété bibliography for

each of these synonyms. Haematococcus pluvialis Flot. em. Wille

(1903) has been used extensively in physiological literature and

was used by Pascher (1927); Sphaerella lacustris (Girod-Chan¬

trans) Wittrock was accepted by Hazen (1899) and by West and

T’ritsch (1926); and Haematococcus lacustris (Girod-Chantrans)

Rostafinski has reccntly been revived by Smith (1950).

An examination of the original diagnoses is necessary if an as-

sessment of the relative merits of the various combinations is to be

made. These will be taken in chronological order.

Source : MNHN. Paris

HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIAEIS. II.

183

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS

Volvox lacustris , Girod-Chantrans (1802), from Besançon,

« développé spontanément dans une cuvette ». This is the first

record of any organism which might be identical vvith TI. pluvialis

Flot, and, indeed, was so regarded by Rostafinski and Wittrock;

but was thouglit not to be so by Cou N (1881) and W n.l.E, on the

grounds that it had been found in sait water, H. pluvialis being

only known from fresh water. It was thought by these authors to

be identical with Euglena sanguinea Ehr.

Girod-Chantrans gave little useful morphological information.

The organism was motile, swimming « d’une vitesse médiocre avec

un mouvement composé de rotation sur leur axe », which might

refer either to H. pluvialis or E. sanguinea. No flagella were shown

in the drawings; the shape was pear-shaped or more often exactly

spherical, which description applies very well to H. pluvialis Flot,

but not to E. sanguinea Ehr. The shape of the latter is more fusi-

form and at least four tirnes as long as broad when swimming,

though sluggish cells become blunter and, of course, the cysts are

spherical. In addition, the drawings suggest H. pluvialis Flot, rather

than E. sanguinea Ehr. in that there is a suggesion of the familiar

relation between the protoplast and the cell-wall.

The behaviour as regards desiccation is suggestive of H. plu¬

vialis and not E. sanguinea, for, in my expérience, cysts of the

latter species cannot be dried witliout loss of viability, whereas

Volvox lacustris remained alive for four years in a dry state, and

of course H. pluvialis is well known for its capacity in this respect.

Cohn’s chief reason for reiecting Volvox lacustris was that he

thought it had been found in sait water. There is nothing in the

account to suggest this. Indeed, Besançon is many miles from the

sea. Incidentally, Cohn’s objection applies equally, or even more,

to E. sanguinea. In point of fact, the typical habitat of H. pluvialis

is well described by « cuvette », which suggests a small basin-like

dépréssion in rocks. Even if Volvox lacustris had been found near

the sea there would be no great objection, since pools hâve been

found with motile H. pluvialis within a fortnight of their being was-

hed with sea wawes during a gale, and I hâve in my possession a

frond of Fucus vesiculosus covered with viable Haematococcus-

cysts. The only doubt in my mind lies in the fact that

Volvox lacustris remained motile for three days in « eau

commune imprégnée d’un douzième de muriate de soude »,

after which time the cells required to be put once more

into fresh water before they would become active again.

184

M. R. DROOP

The difliculty is the « douzième », which would seem to

render the water some three times as sait as Atlantic water.

Motile cells of H. pluvialis are killed if the salinity is raised above

6-8 % and do .not long remain motile at 4 %o, but the cysts can

survive many weeks in sea water (Droop, 1955a). It is, however,

possible that the correct interprétation of «un douzième de muriate

de soude» is 1/12 part sea water, in which case the behaviour

described would fit. H. pluvialis exactly.

Even if there is reasonable certainty that Volvox lacustris and

H. pluvialis are synonymous, the diagnosis is scarcely good enougli

to warrant the adoption of lacustris as the spécifie name.

Lepraria kermesina, YVrangel (1823), from Verike, Sweden,

as a powdery crust on limestone rocks. Sommerfelt (1824)

renamed this alga Sphaerella wrangelii giving it ths following

diagnosis : « Vesiculis in crustam pulverulentam aggregatis {ad

rupes inund. cale.) sanguineis ».

When portions of this plant, which Wrangel considered to be a

lichen, were placed in sunlight in water, swarmers appeared after

three days. After a time these came to rest again and on re-drying

resembled the original material. Re-application of moisture resul-

ted in the reappearance of the swarmers (*).

Again there is insufficient description, although Wrangel may

well hâve been observing H. pluvialis. In the generic diagnosis of

Sphaerella Sommerfelt gives : « Vesiculis gelatinosae globosae mi-

nutissimae », and for the other species, S. nivalis : « Vesiculis dis-

persis {in nive) punctiformibus sanguineus ». The conception of

the « vesicula gelatinosa » introduced here is rather unfortunate as

it leads to confusion with encapsulated and palmelloid algae. More-

over, it is difficult to reconcile with « in crustam pulverulentam ».

It is unfortunate also that Sommerfelt should hâve ignored the

diagnostically more useful characters, these concerning the motile

stage, in order to align Lepraria kermesina with Sphaerella nivalis

about which less was known.

Protococcus nivalis, Agardh (1824). Generic diagnosis : « Globuli

aggregati non mucosi, terrestres ». Spécifie diagnosis : « Globulis

sanguineis sphaericis inaequali magnitudae, ad nives Alpinum

Italiae, Gallea, Helvetiae, Norvegiae, Americae borealis, ad lapides

calcarios Sueciae temperatioris. » From these diagnoses it is not

dear that the alga here referred to is identical with S. nivalis

(*) I hâve not had acccss to the original paper by Wrangel. This account is

taken from Greville (1826).

HAEMATOC.OCCUS PLUVIALIS. II.

185

Somm., the one being « globuli non mucosi » and the othcr « vesi-

culis gelatinosae ».

Grevili.e (1826) amendée! Agardh’s diagnoses as follows, for the

genus Protococcus : « Globuli aggregati , nudi, granulis farcti, in

gelalina hyalina imposita » ; and for the species P. nivalis : « Glo-

bulis exacte sphaericis, minutissimis, vivide purpureis ; gelatina

pallida expansa ».

This description is based on an alga found on the island of Lis-

more, Scotland, « on the borders of the lakes of Lismore, sprea-

ding ahundantly over the decayed reeds, leaves, etc. at the water’s

edge; but in greater perfection on the calcareous rocks within the

reach of occasional inundation; more or less perfect at ail seasons

of the year ». It was this alga which Agardh (1828) gave the naine

Uaematococcus grevillei and which Wille (1903) considered syno-

nyinous with H .pluvialis Flot.

Of the gelatinous substratum Grevii.i.e Write s « expanded, sha-

peless, without any defined border, colourless, various in thickness;

sometimes thinner, sometimes thicker than the globules. On this

substance the globules are sessile or very slightly sunk, never im-

mersed ». If this gelatinous substratum is indeed part of the orga-

nism and net adventitious there can be no doubt that H. pluvialis

Flot, is not concerned. No motilitv was shown by this alga, for

« When mature they burst, and the internai granules escape, to the

numbers 6-8 or more,. The granules are globose, and escape one

by one, or by several at once adhering together. Though I never

could observe the least voluntary motion among any of these bo-

dies,.» Certainly if H. pluvialis Flot, had been involved motility

would hâve been observed under these circumstances. The habitat,

also, argues against it being H. pluvialis, as this species is seldom,

if ever, to my knowledge, to be found in water supporting phanero-

gamic végétation (Droop, 1953).

Haematococcus noltii, Agardh (1828 ). « Globulis elliptico sphae¬

ricis sanguineus, includentibus granula conferta numerosa. In sta-

gnis turfosis tempore vernô ». Agardh believed this form to be

identical with Lepraria kermesina Wrang., though Wille though it

more probable that in reality it was Euglena sanguinea Ehr.

Agardh writes « Au lieu de globules simples, ils étaient remplis

d'une quantité d’autres plus petites », and his drawings suggest a

true palmella rather than cysts. As with the previous species the

habitat, « une tourbière », does not support the view that H. noltii

is synonymous with H. pluvialis Flot.

186

M. R. DROOP

Protococcus monospermus, Corda (1833). There is scarcely any

description attached to this note; but the drawings may be of H.

pluvialis cysts.

Disceraea pur pur ea, Morren (1841b). Generic diagnosis : « Ani¬

mal e familia Cryptomonadinarum, lorica continua obuolutum,

sphaerica, hyalina, corpora sphaerico aut ovoideo, autice attenuato,

vesiculis viridibus rubis-ve, purpureis-ve internis repleto; probis-

coidibus duobus longis instructum ». Spécifie diagnosis : « Cor pore

sphaeroideo, ovato, autice attenuato, lorica sphaerica, 3/100 mm.

partem adaequante; probiscoidibus U/100 mm. longis hyalinis ».

This organism was found at Angers « dans une fiole et une as¬

siette exposées pendant tout un hiver à la pluie ». The drawings

agréé well enough with H. pluvialis Flot. The cell is shown with a

central nucléus of haematochrome and a green periphery, and the

widely spaced cell-wall is plain. One drawing shows what is ob-

viously a very recently formed cyst with the radial protoplasmic

strands still visible; no strands are shown with the motile cells.

This is interesting, on account of these strands, in H. pluvialis,

often being most easily visible during cncystment. Encystment is

described « Alors la partie rouge grossit, se développe sans cesse

et enfin, au moment où l’animal se fixe de nouveau, elle occupe

presque les deux tiers de l’animal. A cette époque le globule

continue à grossir, à se colorer de nouveau pour se reproduire ».

There can be little doubt that D. purpurea Morren is synonymous

with H. pluvialis Flot.; and was regarded so by Cohn (1850),

Hazf.n (1899) and Wille (1903). To Morren goes the honour of

first observing the flagella.

Haematococcus pluvialis, Flotow (1844); from rain pools in

granité rocks. Although no diagnosis is given the organism is des¬

cribed in great detail and is well illustrated. The various morpholo-

gical forms encountered, both in nature and in crude c-ultures, are

classified, the cardinal categories being :

A. Quiescens.

B. Agilis.

. a. Versatilis

. b. Porphyrocephalis.

From the descriptions and illustrations, « Quiescens » corres¬

ponds to the encysted condition, « Agilis » to the motile condition,

« Versatilis » being the végétative phase and « Porphyrocephalis »

the gametes. There has, in fact, never been any doubt as to the

identity of Flotow’s alga.

HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS. II.

187

DISCUSSION

It will by now be apparent that the confusion is in great part

due to diagnoses being frequently based entirely on non-motile

stages which hâve since proved inadéquate for differentiating bet-

ween species. I do not believe any one would to-day be so rash as

to guarantee to tell, merely on superficial morphological charac-

ters, isolated Brachiomonas submarina zygotes from cysts of Chlci-

mydomonas pulsatilla or Dysmorphococcus coccifer, or zygotes of

Stephanosphaera pluvialis or Balticola droebakensis (*) from cysts

of Hacmatococcus pluvialis, or haematochrome-forming species of

Chlorococc.um, to mention only a few species.

For this reason the diagnoses of Sommerfelt, Agardh and Gre-

ville leave one in doubt as to whether Sphaerella Somm., Proto-

coccus (Ag.) Grev., or Haematococcus Ag., did, in fact include

Ilaenmtococcus pluvialis Flot. Indeed, except for the fact that

Wrangei/s alga was included by Sommerfelt in Sphaerella, there

is no indication that any of these généra included motile algae at

ail.

Very often more can be inferred from the description of the habi¬

tat. H. pluvialis Flot, is essentially a rain-pool species, shunning

permanent water harbouring macroscopie végétation, such as

ponds, bog-pools, or lakes (Droop, 1953). Therefore, inadequately

described records from this type of environment should be regarded

with extreme caution. It is, perhaps, not without significance that

those records in which both motile and resting stages Avéré observed

were from small or ephemeral pools. In this category may be inclu¬

ded, Volvox lacustris Girod-Chantrans, Lepraria kermesina Wran-

gel, Disceraea purpurea Morren, and Haematococcus pluvialis Flo-

tow, of which the first and second are probably, and the third cer-

tainly, synonymous with the fourth.

If both Volvox lacustris Girod-Chantrans and Lepraria kermesina

Wrangel are accepted, the correct combination becomes Lepraria

lacustris nov. comb. since V. lacustris Girod-Chantrans does not

belong in Volvox Linn. Acceptance of Sphaerella lacustris (Girod)

Somm. as a combination implies an acceptance of S. wrangelii

Somm., since otherwise there would be no reason to include Girod-

Chantrans’ alga in Sphaerella. Because Sommerfelt’s diagnosis of

S. wrangelii is less acceptable than Wrangel’s description, the

name for this plant should be S. kermesina nov. comb. if for some

other reason Lepraria is not valid, otherwise the name should be

the one given by Wrangel, i. e. Lepraria kermesina, or, as above,

(*) Cf. Droop, 1956.

188

M. R. DROOP

Lepraria lacustris nov. comb. Only if Lepraria is invalid for some

completely unconnected reason does the combination Sphaerella

lacustris (Girod) Somm. become a possibility, and tlien subject to

Sphaerella itself not being invalid for any other reason.

That the latter is invalid has been advocated by Wille (1903) on

the giounds that is was founded on the species S. niualis, which,

together with other snow algae, has since proved to belong to Chla-

mydomonas.

Protococeus Ag. vvould be invalid for the same reason as Sphae¬

rella, so that, in the event of both Lepraria and Sphaerella

being unacceptable, the choice would be Discerea lacustris nov.

comb.

If Voluox lacustris Girod-Chantrans is not accepted as being a

synonym, while Lepraria kermesina Wrangel is so accepted, the

same arguments are applicable and the name then becomes Lepra¬

ria kermesina Wrang. or Sphaerella kermesina nov. comb. or Dis-

ceraea kermesina nov. comb.

If, on the other hand, V. lacustris Girod-Chantrans and not /,.

kermesina Wrangel is regarded as being synonymous with our

alga then the name should be Disceraea lacustris nov. comb.

While, if neither are accepted, then Corda’s alga cornes in for

considération, Protococeus monospermus, or Protococeus being

unacceptable, Disceraea monosperma nov. comb. But if P. mono¬

spermus Corda is also not accepted as a synonym, then the only

choice is Disceraea pur pur ea Morren.

Haematococcus Ag. does not enter into the discussion, since Gre-

ville s alga was almost certainly something other than H. plu-

vialis Flot.

Mu ch of this confusion can be resol ved by a rigorous application

of Articles 42 and 52 of the International Code of Botanical Nomen¬

clature (Lanjouw, 1952). Insufficient description and no diagnosis

render invalidly published :

Voluox lacustris, Girod-Chantrans, 1802.

Lepraria kermesina, Wrangel, 1823.

Protococeus monospermus, Corda, 1833.

while, though being validly published in accordance with Arti¬

cle 42, there is no certainly as to the identity of the form referred

to in :

Sphaerella œrangelii, Sommerfelt. 1824.

Protococeus niualis, (Agardh) Greville 1926.

Haematococcus noltii, Agardh, 1828.

Haematococcus grevillei, Agardh, 1828.

HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS. II.

183

On the other hand, Disccraea purpurea Morren, 1841, is validly

published in accordance with Article 42, while Haemalococcus plu¬

uialis , Flofow 1844, can be so considered in accordance with Ar¬

ticle 52, and no doubt exists that the two are synonymous. Disce-

raea purpurea Morren has priority over Haematococcus pluuialis

Flotow, and is, therefore, the correct naine.

The question rcmains as to how far one is justified in introdu-

cing a hitherto unused combination, almost certainly on debatable

evidence, merely for the sake of nomenclatural exactness? And yet,

the latter demands that the current combinations Haematococcus

pluuialis, H. lacuslris, and Sphaerella lacustris be abandoned.

Clearly the case justifies the application of Article 24 of the

International Code. Conservation would certainly put an end to the

state of confusion.

There remains to be considered which is the most suitable com¬

bination for conservation. Wille (1903) advocated the rétention

of Haematococcus pluuialis Flot., on the grounds of usage, and I

find myself in full agreement wiht this view, particulary since the

great body of physiological literature deals with the alga under

this naine. In addition this combination has priority (as a combi¬

nation) over the other two in current use.

EMENDED DIAGNOSES

The emended diagnosis given for H. pluuialis by Wille (1903) is

unfortunately inaccurate on two points. In the first place, he states

« Kontractile Vaeuolen und Stigma fehlen », which, as Wollen-

weber (1907, 1908) has shown, is not true of H. pluuialis or any

membcr of the Sphaerellaceae. Secondlv, he gives the lengtli of the

gametes as 1-3.5 y., whereas in reality their lenght usually lies

between 5 and 10 a (Droop, 1956).

Wollenweber's (1908) corrections were in large part followed

by Pascher (1927), but this has again to be altered to exclude

Balticola spp. (Droop, 1956), and the dimensions given for cysts

need toiie increased to include those of Baltic strains of H. pluuialis

which dilïer from other strains in the maximum size attained by

the cysts.

Genus Haematococcus (Flotow non Agardh) emended and pro-

posed for conservation :

Diagnosis : Monadae familiaris Sphaerellaceae Schmidle em.

Wollenweber, tegumento sine papillae antice; pontibus protoplas-

matibus hyalinis, subtilissimis, non ramosis, chromatophorum non

capientibus; pyrenoidibus fere semper pluribus quam duobus; cel-

190

M. R. DROOP

lulis sexualibus de cystis natis cylindricis aut oualis aut sphaericis,

postice rotundatis aut truncatis; cystis asexualibus sexualibusque

existentibus ; saepe et cystis et cellulis errantibus haematochromae

praeditis. Per propergationem, cellulae acquiescentes, flagillis ma-

ternis objectis, divisione prime lonyditudine, sed deinde protoplasto

per 90 0 revoluente.

Haematococcus pluuialis (Flotow) emended. Diagnosis : Cellulae

maturae ovalae, maximae 63 X 51 a, flagellis longis quam longi-

tudine cellulae per tegumentum angulo obtusissimo instructis ;

stigmate pallide, lineare, arcuati, 13 X 2 y ., a latere, locato; nucle’o

centrale; cystis sphaericis, maximis 30-35 g (pro genere et pro re) ■

cellulis sexualibus 5-10 X 2-8 [j..

The neo-type proposed for the genu Haematococcus and species

H. pluvialis as diagnosed above is strain 34/la in. the Culture Col¬

lection of Algae and Protozoa, the Botany School, Cambridge.

Living cysts of this strain hâve been deposited with the curator of

the collection.

Most of the other strains of H. pluvialis represented in this

collection, eg. 34/lb, 34/lc, 34/ld and 34/le, are indistinguishable

from 34/la; but 34/lf (from Spitzbergen Is.) and 34/lh (from

Finland) difl'er from each other and 34/la in some small morpholo-

gical and physiological details.

SUMMARY

An examination of the tangled state of nomenclature in Haema¬

tococcus (Sphaerellaceae, Volvocales) suggests that the correct

synonym for H. pluvialis is Discerea purpurea Morren ; expediency,

howewer, advocates « conservation » of the more widely used sy-

nonym Haematococcus pluvialis.

A cknowledgm ents.

This and my previous paper in this Journal are based on part

of a dissertation presented in the University of Cambridge for the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I hâve pleasure in acknowledging

much help and encouragement given me by my teacher, Professor

E. G. Pringsheim.

The work was carried ont during the tenure of a Liverpool

Umversdy Studentship and later during my first year in the service

ol the Scottish Marine Biological Association.

HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS. II.

191

LITERATURE CITED

Note : an astarisk (*) marks citations not seen in the original.

Agardh A. C. (1824). — Systema Algarum, p. 13.

Agardh A. C. (1828). — Icônes Algarum Europaearum, Léopold Voss,

Leipzig, N 08 21-24.

Cohn F. (1850). — Nachtràge zur Naturgeschichte des Protococcus

pluvialis Kiitzing. Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 22, N° 2, 605. (Carpen-

ter, W. B. The Microscope and its Révélations, p. 473. London, 1891).

Cohn F. (1881). — Ueber Ilaematococcus pluvialis. Jahresber. d. Schles.

Ges. f. vaterl. Cuit. (Bot. Jb., 1881 : p. 368, 1884).

Corda A. C. J. (1833). — Die Algen in Sturm’s Deutschlands Flora, 2 ,

N° 25.

Droop M. R. (1953). — On the ecology of flagellâtes from some Brackish

and fresh water rock-pools of Finland. Acta Bot. Fenn., 51, 1.

Droop M. R. (1955). — Some factors governing encystment in the alga

Ilaematococcus pluvialis. Arch. Mikrobiol., 21 , 283 (in press).

Droop M. R. (1956). — Ilaematococcus pluvialis and its allies. I : The

Sphaerellaceae. Rev. Algol. N. S. t. 2, 1/2.

Flotow J. Von (1884). — Ueber Haematococcus pluvialis. Nova Acta

Leop. Carol., 20 ; 2, p. 413.

Girod-Chantrans J. (1802). — Recherches chimiques et microscopiques

sur les Conferves, Bysses, Tremelles, etc., Paris, pp. 54, 186.

Greville (1826). — Scottish Cryptogamie Flora, Vol. IV, p. 231.

Hazen T. E. (1899). — The life history of Sphaerella lacustris (Haema¬

tococcus pluvialis ). Mem. Torrey bot. Cl., 6, 211.

Lan.touw J., edited by (1952). — International Code of Bolanical Nomen¬

clature, adopted by the seventh International Botanical Congress,

Stockholm, July 1950. Utrecht, Netherlands.

Morren A. et C. (1841). — Recherches physiologiques sur les Hydro-

phytes de Belgique, Pts 3 et 4. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brur., 14,

37 and 42.

Pascher A. (1927). — Die Siissivasser-Flora. Gustav Fischer, Jena,

Hft. 4.

Smith G. M. (1950). — The Fresh-Water Algae of the United States.

Mc Graw-Hill, New York.

*Sommerfei.t S. C. (1824). — Om den Rôde Snee, eller Sphaerella niva-

lis Sommerf., Uredo nivalis Auct. Mag. for Naturvid. 4, 249.

West G. S. et Fritsch F. E. (1926). — .4 Trealise on the Bristish Fresh-

water Algae. 2nd edit. Cambridge.

Wilde N. (1903). — Algologische Notizen. X : Cher die Algengattung

Sphaerella. Nyt. Mag. Naturv., Heft 1, p. 94.

Wollenweber E. (1907). — Das Stigma von Ilaematococcus. Ber. dtsch.

bot. Ges., 25, 316.

Wollenweber E. (1908). — Untersuchungen über die Algengattung

Haematococcus. Ber. dtsch. bot. Ges., 26, 238.

192

M. R. DROOP

W „ t (1823). — Microscopiska och physiologiska undersôknin-

1' r0r “ n< ^ a "‘recWmgen af Lepraria kermcsina och dess Likhet med

,„7 7 , ,? r ° “ S "° n - TUlagg tU1 anmürkningarne rorande Byssus

wlanlhus L. Vet. Acad. Handl.

cofrige,"ainsT- grOSSiSSerae,ltS intliqués dans rartM e Précédent sont à

p. 54. — flg. 1-4 : x 1300.

P. 56. _ flg. 5-8 : X 1300.

p. 58. — flg. 9-11 : x 1300; flg. 12-18 : X 650

P. 59. — flg. 19-20 ; X 1300.

P. 61. — flg. 21-31 ; X 2100.

p. 65. — flg. 32-36 : X 650.

Source : MNHN, Paris

NOTULES ALGOLOGIQUES

Cette rubrique réunit de courtes notes sans illustrations ni références biblio¬

graphiques. Elle permettra aux auteurs de publier des observations nouvelles

ne se prêtant pas à un long développement, notamment celles concernant l’éco¬

logie ou la biogéographie des Algues, ou de prendre date avant la parution d’un

travail plus complet.

Cellules basales atypiques chez les cyanophycées

sans hétérocystes.

Dans un article intitulé « Morphologie de Homeotlirix balearica

(Born. et Fl.) Lemm. et fonction des hétérocystes chez les Algues

bleues » (Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 1948, 95, n° 7-9), j’ai eu l’occasion de

signaler la forme toruleuse des cellules basales dans les filaments

d’un Homeotlirix. Ce caractère atypique s’accompagne d’étran¬

glement du trichome au niveau des cloisons et donne aux cellules

basales de la plante un aspect de rotules.

Des observations analogues m’ont été communiquées et montrent

que ce fait n’est pas isolé.

M. G. E. Fogg (University College London) m’indique que lorsque

Gloeotrichia natans est cultivé en présence de sels d’ammonium,

les hétérocystes font complètement défaut (1), mais les cellules

basales prennent la forme décrite plus haut.

M. Mabille (Berthenicourt) a récolté Tapinothrix borneti Sauv.,

et cet échantillon présentait également une cellule basale analogue

à celle de Homeothrix balearica.

Cette réaction morphologique n’est donc pas rare, et on en trou¬

verait certainement d’autres exemples. L’observation de M. Fogg

est particulièrement instructive, car elle illustre directement l’hypo¬

thèse avancée pour interpréter ces formes atypiques. La cellule ba¬

sale en forme de rotule est un équivalent mécanique de l’hétéro-

cyste, rotule nettement différenciée pour jouer un rôle d’articula¬

tion. L’examen des cyanophycées hétérocystées permet fréquem-

(1) Cf. G. E. Fogg. -— Growth and heterocyst production in Anabaena cylin-

drica Lemm. Annals of Botang, 1949, N. S. 13, 241-259.

So urce :

194

NOTULES ALGOLOGIQUES

ment d’observer que les liaisons trichomes-hétérocystes articulent

parfaitement le trichome en plusieurs tronçons indépendants. Si

ces maillons n’existaient pas, certaines membranes seraient sou¬

mises à des efforts qui provoqueraient leur rupture. Il est fort

probable d’ailleurs que l’accroissement local de ces efforts déclen¬

che la transformation d’une cellule normale en hétérocyste.

Le fait de voir se substituer dans une culture de Gloeotrichia

natans les cellules basales en rotule aux hétérocystes typiques

semblent justifier cette interprétation.

M. Serpette.

Laboratoire de Cryptogamie

du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle.

Deux stations d’Hildenbrandia rivularis en Bretagne

En 1954, P. Bourrelly (1) donnait un aperçu des stations où

l’on avait trouvé en France l’algue crustacée Hildenbrandia rivu¬

laris (Liebm.) Bréb. Il ressortait clairement de son article, que la

distribution de cette Rhodophycée dans ce pays étaient encore

imparfaitement connue. Aucune station par exemple n’était signa¬

lée en Bretagne. Pendant son séjour en juillet 1954 dans cette

région l’auteur a pu découvrir deux stations d’Hildenbrandia.

La première est située à 3 km. de l’Ouest de Saint-Pol-de-Léon

(Finistère), dans le petit ruisseau de l’Horn. Sous un viaduc, dans

un petit rapide du ruisseau se développe une végétation luxuriante

de Lemanea fluviatilis accompagnée aux endroits plus éclairés de

touffes de Cladophora glomerata. C’est à cet endroit que croissent

sur le fond entre les tapis de Pseudo chantransia clmlybea, quel¬

ques thalles rouge sombre d'Hildenbrandia.

La deuxième station a été trouvée dans une large rivière, d’envi¬

ron 7 m., aux eaux un peu souillées, qui coule près de Belle-Isle-

en-Terre (Côtes-du-Nord). La végétation se composait surtout de

Lemanea fluviatilis, accompagnée en majeure partie par la mousse

Fontinalis antipyretica. Nous y avons trouvé sur le fond, en abon¬

dance, Hildenbrandia rivularis et le lichen Collema spec. Le degré

de recouvrement de la rhodophycée atteignait 25 %. Nous y avons

également noté l’espèce accompagnatrice (2), le lichen Verrucaria

(1) P. lîouRRELi.Y. — Quelques stations françaises d’Hildenbrandia

(Liebm.) Bréb. Rev. Alg, N.S.I.-3, p. 168-169, 1955.

(2) H. Luther. — Uber Krustenbewuchs an Steinen fliessender

speziell in Siidfinnland. Acl. Bot. Fenn. 55, p. 1-67, 1954.

rivularis

Gewâsser,

Source'MNHN, Paris

NOTULES ALGOLOGIQUES

195

rheitnpphila. Hildenbrandia y croissait surtout sur les côtés laté¬

raux des pierres; dans les eaux profondes l’algue couvrait égale¬

ment le sommet des pierres. Dans la matinée cet endroit était

éclairé par le soleil.

L’association à Hildenbrandia notée en Bretagne, s’écarte très

fort de celle, qui se développe dans les petits ruisseaux, peu pro¬

fonds et ombragés des Pays-Bas. Dans les bois de Bunde au Nord

de Maastricht, Hildenbrandia riuularis et Verrucaria rheitrophila

forment une association, rarement accompagné par des mousses (3).

Nous donnons, ci-dessous 2 relevés effectués dans les stations

précitées de Bretagne. Nous les avons fait suivre d’un relevé ty¬

pique établi dans une station hollandaise.

Relevé 1 : Dans l'Horn près de Saint-Pol-de-Léon; surface 2 m 2 ;

23- VII-54; degré de couverture : 80 %.

Relevé 2 : Rivière près de Belle-Isle-en-Terre; surface 4 m 2 ;

24- VII-54; degré de couverture : 80 %.

Relevé 3 : Petit ruisseau près de Bunde; surface 1 m 2 ; 4-VI-56;

degré de couverture : 35 %.

Hildenbrandia rivularis (Liebm.) Bréb.

Verrucaria rheilrophila Zschacke

Lemanea fluviatilis Ag.

Cladophora glomerala (L.) Kütz.

Fontinalis antipyretica L.

2.3

Platyhypnidium rusciforme (Neck.) Flciscli.

Stigeoclonium tenue Kütz.

Oedogonium spec.

Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Ag.) Kütz.

Chantransia hermanni (Roth) Desv.

Pseudochantransia chalybea (Fries) Brand

Nostoc minutum Desm.

Collema spec.

Chiloscyphus cf. polyanthus (L.) Cord.

+ °

Scapania cf. irrigua (Nces.) Dum.

+ °

C. den HARTOG.

Hugo de Vries Laboratorium,

Amsterdam.

( 3 ) C. den Hartqg. — Het Roodwier Hildenbrandtia rivularis in Zuid-Lim-

burg. Nat. Ilist. Maandblad, 43, p. 77-79, 1954.

196

NOTULES ALGOLOGIQUES

Les Flagellés des eaux extrêmement acides

Pendant l’exploitation des tourbières aux places où l’on décharge

les blocs de tourbe, prennent naissance des petits marécages dont

l’acidité est très basse (pH 1-3). De telles eaux acides, découvertes

dans les environs de Frantiskovy Lâzne (Tchécoslovaquie) par

Prat (1955) tirent leur origine du lessivage des sols tourbeux,

contenant de la pyrite qui est oxydée en sulfates et en acide sulfu¬

rique. Le pH de ces habitats acides s’abaisse au-dessous de 1. Les

premiers organismes autotroplves qui ouvrent la colonisation biolo¬

gique de ces habitats encore vierges sont les flagellés. Les eaux à

pH plus bas que 1 n’ofîrent que Chlamydomonas applanata Pring-

sheim var. acidiphila, variété nouvelle qu’on ne trouve pas dans

les localités ayant un pH supérieur à 2. Euglena mutabilis Schmitz

est bien connue comme étant un organisme habitant des eaux

acides, même les eaux résiduaires des mines (Lackey 1939, Hein

1952). Elle a été observée cependant du pH 1 à 5. Dans les eaux

dont l’acidité monte à pH 2. Lepocinclis teres (Schmitz) Francé

forma glabra f. noua commence à coloniser les fends des marécages.

Ces organismes, qui supportent une forte acidité, jouent un rôle

important, car ils diminuent l’acidité du milieu, et après leur dépé¬

rissement, ce milieu devient favorable au développement d’autres

organismes moins acidophiles. Diatomées, Chlorophycées, Cyano-

phycées et même plantes supérieures.

La diagnose des nouveaux taxa, sera publiée ultérieurement

dans « Preslia ».

Bohuslav FOTT (Prague).

Souæe MNHN Paris

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Les conditions actuelles de l’imprimerie ne permettant plus d’envisager la

parution d’une Bibliographie Algologique méthodique comme dans la première

série de cette revue, il ne sera publié que des indications bibliographiques con¬

cernant les ouvrages importants ou les mémoires d’intérêt général. Les lecteurs

de langue française peuvent trouver un complément d’information dans la

« Bibliographie » paraissant en annexe au « Bulletin de la Société botanique de

France » et dans le « Bulletin analytique » publié par le Centre National de la

Recherche Scientifique.

Dellovv Vivienne. — Marine Algal Ecologie of thé Hauraki Gulf,

New Zealand. ( Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, vol. 83, Part 1,

pp. 1-91, June 1955).

Etude de l’écologie et de la répartition des espèces, dont 241 d’algues,

dans ce golfe de quatre-vingt kilomètres de long, situé au Nord de la

Nouvelle-Zélande.

Le substratum est assez varié, le vent et la pluie ont leur importance,

ainsi que les courants. La pollution ainsi que l’agitation expliquerait la

relative pauvreté de la flore.

La répartition verticale des espèces fait l’objet d’une discussion.

L’auteur se réfère aux travaux de T. A. et A. Stephen son, sans essayer

de trop subdiviser.

Quarante « Biotic communities », dont onze saisonnières, se rencon¬

trent sur ces côtes, et se répartissent verticalement et horizontale¬

ment. — M. Dz.

W omersley H. B. S. The species of Macrocystis with spécial

referencc to those on Southern australien coast. (University of Cali¬

fornia publications in Botany, vol. 27, n° 2, pp. 109-132, plates 1-8,

1 map. 1954).

Monographie du genre Macrocystis. Les trois espèces admises ici

comme seules valables, se différencient exclusivement par le système

de fixation des frondes, d’où intérêt pratique pour les récoltes. Loca¬

lement, l’extrémité des frondes peut être utilisée, sans que cela permette

une clef dichotomique générale. La fronde est, en effet très polymorphe.

Quant aux vésicules, elles ne représentent qu’une variation écologique.

L’espèce type du genre reste douteuse. L’échantillon d’herbier est

incomplet, la localité des plus vagues.

Ce genre se localise entre 0 et 7 m., dan s l’hémisphère Austral et

sur la côte Pacifique de l’Amérique Nord. La carte donne la répar¬

tition des trois espèces, séparément. — M. Dz.

198

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Drew Kathleen M. — The organization and inter-relationships of

the carposporophyte of living Florideae. (Phytomorphology, vol. 4,

n " 1,2, March 1954, pp. 55 à 69).

Vue d’ensemble sur les aspects du développement de l’œuf chez les

Floridées, avec le souci de termes bien définis. L’auteur renonce au

«eystocarpe ». car trop de définitions en ont été proposées. Il donne

une définition des carposporophyte, gonimoblaste, cellule auxiliaire, et

propose l’emploi de « gonimocarpc » pour remplacer un des sens de

eystocarpe.

Le carposporophyte est très variable chez les Floridées. Aussi, après

en avoir donné les caractères communs et les traits généraux, l’auteur

classe les types actuellement connus, en montrant comment ils peuvent

dériver les uns des autres. Il apparaît que les faits importants à ce

point de vue sont les transferts de noyaux, l’étalement de la zone carpo-

sporigène ou inversement la production d’une fructification limitée dans

l’espace, mais hautement différenciée.

Organisation du carposporophyte et classification sont ensuite con¬

frontés. — M. Dz.

Svedelius N. — Are the haplobiontic llorideae to be considérée!

reduced types? (Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, Bd 50, H. 1, 1956,

pp. 1-24, fig. 1-14).

L intérêt de la distinction des Floridés en haplobiontiques et diplo-

biontiques, ainsi que les relations qui unissent c-es deux types ont été

récemment remis plusieurs fois en question. Ceci dû évidemment à l’a¬

vancement de nos connaissances en ce domaine, bien incomplètes malgré

tout.

La famille des Chaetangiacées présente plusieurs type d’alternance.

L’auteur, qui l’a déjà étudiée à ce point de vue, présente ses obser¬

vations sur la cytologie de Gloiophloea, Pseudogloiophloea Levring,

Pseudoscinaia, et les compare avec ses observations antérieures sur

Scinaici.

Si la méiose doit se faire de façon similaire chez ces différents genres,

l’avenir des quatre noyaux n’est pas toujours le même. Dans le type

Scinaia, trois dégénèrent, il ne se forme qu’un gonimoblaste. Mais chez

Pseudoscinaia, les quatre subsisteront et il y aura de ce fait plusieurs

gonimoblastes. Ce que l’auteur rapproche de ses observations parues en

1939 sur Dermonema gracile, qui conserve aussi les quatre noyaux.

Ces observations conduisent à définir le genre Pseudoscinaia sur

d’autres caractères que ceux utilisés par Setchell et qui reposaient

sur des faits mal interprétés.

Les caractères végétatifs sont aussi utilisés pour essayer d’établir

une lignée évolutive.

Parti d’un souci phylogénique, l’auteur y revient dans sa conclu¬

sion, montrant en particulier que la découverte de l’absence de dégé-

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

199

nérescencc nucléaire après méiose chez des algues voisines de celles

qui présentent ce phénomène est intéressante pour l’établissement

d’une ligne d’évolution. — M. Dz.

Drew Kathleen M. — Studies in the Bangioideae. III. The life-

history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz. var. laciniata (Lightf.)

J. Ag. A. The Conchocelis-phase in culture (Armais of Botany,

N. S. vol. XVIII, n" 70, April 1954, pp. 183 à 211, 5 lig., pl. IX à XII).

Complétant des publications antérieures (1949), cette étude décrit

le développement de Porphyra à partir des spores du thalle bien con¬

nu de tous.

Les spores de ce thalle et leur avenir, même immédiat, étant encore

peu connus, l’auteur donne, après la littérature antérieure, les faits

bien établis, puis ceux qui sont discutables ou qui ont été infirmés.

Les expériences de germination ont été faites avec du matériel pro¬

venant de la côte Ouest d’Anglesey. Après avoir distingué les diffé¬

rents types de spores rencontrés dans ses échantillons, l’auteur don¬

ne ses méthodes de culture. L’intérêt de ces méthodes réside en l’emploi

de coquilles stérilisées, en place des classiques lames de verre.

En se développant sur coquille, les spores de Porphyra donnent un

thalle filamenteux muni de cellules fertiles identique à celui de Con-

chocelis rosea Batters, qui doit donc être considéré comme simple

phase d’un cycle. Cette conclusion a été duement vérifiée, avec témoins

sur verre. On retrouve le même accroissement végétatif, les mêmes files

de cellules fertiles, mais en plus des «plantules», disques plats de

filaments naissants d’un centre pseudoparenchymateux, et de valeur en¬

core impossible à affirmer. Ces plantules naissent de cellules fertiles ou

de cellules végétatives du C. rosea.

L’auteur signale l’intérêt présenté par un cycle dont une partie se

passe dans la zone intercotidale, une autre beaucoup plus profonde

pouvant (semble-t-il) se continuer seule indéfinieinent, accroissant ainsi

les chances de survie de l’espèce.

Figures et photographies sont très démonstratives. — M. Dz.

Croasdaiæ H. — Freshwater Algae of Alaska. I. Sonie Desmids

from the interior. (Part 1. Farlowia, 4 (4) p. 513-565, 1955; part 2.

Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 75 (1), p. 1-70 1956).

Dans ces deux notes l’auteur étudie une partie des Desmidiées (une

troisième partie suivra) recueillies dans le centre de l’Alaska; Il s’agit

en général de formes de tourbières plates, subarctiques, à pH très près

de la neutralité ou même légèrement alcalin. Cette région est excessi¬

vement riche en Desmidiées : le seul chapitre consacré au genre Cos-

marium couvre une cinquantaine de pages. L’auteur nous donne un

travail très complet de systématique critique illustré de 28 planches

originales. Quelques espèces de Closterinm et près d’une trentaine de

200

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Cosmarium nouveaux sont décrits. Pour chaque espèce rencontrée, en

plus de la station, le pH, l’altitude, le type de biotope (rochers mouillés,

expression de mousse, fond de lacs, etc...) sont indiqués.

Signalons entre autre la découverte de quelques formes vivantes qui

n’étaient connues en Europe que fossiles ou subfossiles.

Cet important mémoire est de plus une révision complète des travaux

antérieurs sur cette région; nous avons donc entre les mains, une florule

régionale actuellement à jour. — P. By.

Friedmann I. - Geilleria calcarea n. gen. et n. sp. A new atmo-

phytic lime-incrusting Blue-green Alga. (Bot. Not. 108, 4, 1955,

p. 439-445).

L’auteur découvre un nouveau genre de Cyanophycée subaérienne sur

les rochers calcaires des grottes de Palestine. Il s’agit de filaments

entourés d’une gaine fortement incrustée par des aiguilles de calcite.

La multiplication se fait par hormogonies. Il n’y a ni spores ni hété-

rocystes et pas de différenciation entre filament principal et rameau.

Ce nouveau genre appartient à la famille des Stigonematacées et se place

au voisinage des Nellicarleria (= Bosaria ) ou des Doliocatella. — P. By.

Hirano M. — Freshwater Algae (in Fauna and Flora of Népal,

Himalaya, Scientific Results of the Japanese Expéditions to Népal.

Himalaya, 1952-1953, vol. 1) (Kyoto, 1955).

L’auteur étudie les florules algales de 11 stations s’échelonnant entre

630 m. et 4.000 m. d’altitude. Les Diatomées et les Desmidées sont les

groupes dominants. Deux variétés de Cosmarium, deux de Slaurastrum

et une nov. sp. de Chaetomnion sont décrites.

Pour chaque algue l’auteur indique la distribution géographique mon¬

diale. La plupart des Desmidiées rencontrées sont connues dans l’archi¬

pel Japonais et sont sans doute des cosmopolites. On reconnaît un

élément Indo-Malais caractérisé entre autres par Euastrum substellalum

et Cosmarium javanicum. Cette flore montagnarde est remarquable par

le petit nombre d 'Euastrum (4 espèces), de Micrasterias (une sp.), de

Pleurotaenium (1 sp.) et de Desmidiées filamenteuses (1 sp.).

Signalons la présence de Prasiota formosana espèce connue de Corée

et de Formose.

Huit planches dont une de microphotographie illustrent cet intéres¬

sant mémoire. — P. By.

Lopez J. — Variation alométrica en Ceratium tripos (Inv. Pesq.,

II, 1955, Barcelona).

L’auteur étudie biométriquement les populations naturelles de Cera¬

tium tripos de la côte espagnole méditerranéenne de la Province de

Castellon. Il recueille à diverses périodes de l’année 94 tubes de plancton

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

201

et mesure environ un millier de Ceratium. 11 prend dans chaque cas la

longueur du sillon (diamètre de la cellule) et la longueur des 2 cornes

droite et gauche. Il montre qu’il y a une relation linéaire simple, dont il

donne la formule, entre la longueur de chaque corne et la longueur de

la ceinture flagellaire.

Par contre les variations annuelles de la longueur du sillon s’expriment

par une courbe à deux sommets qui indiquent qu’il y a deux populations

indépendantes. L’une, à petites cellules, est abondante surtout en été,

l’autre à grandes cellules existe toute l’année mais avec un minimum

estival. La température n’a pas d’influence sur la longueur des cornes

mais agit simplement sur l’abondance des individus.

Cette belle étude permet à l’auteur de conserver, pour la Méditerranée,

deux variétés de C. tripos : C. tripos v. pulchellum et C. tripos var.

Iripodioides dont il précise les diagnoses. La variété atlantique qui n’a

pas été étudiée, est conservée provisoirement.

Cet intéressant travail met un peu d’ordre dans la systématique des

Ceratium; il faut espérer que l’auteur étendra ses recherches à d’autres

espèces du même genre car le taxinomiste se perd dans un dédale de

variétés et de formes dont la valeur aurait besoin d’être éprouvée.

P. By.

Pierre Dangeard. — Algues de la presqu’île du Cap-Vert. — Le Bota¬

niste sér. XXXVI, p. 195-329, 11 fig. et pl. XIV-XXI, 1952.

Comme complément au travail du P r Sourie que nous avons analysé

ici même, nous croyons intéressant de signaler à nos lecteurs l’étude

antérieure, particulièrement importante au point de vue systématique

du P r Pierre Dangeard sur les algues de cette presqu’île qui, nous le

répétons, avait été peu étudiée jusqu’ici, comme en témoigne l’historique

des recherches que l’on trouve en tête de ce mémoire.

Après avoir décrit brièvement la géologie de la presqu’île,

P. Dangeard énuméré les principales formations d’algues qu’il a ren¬

contrées sur cette côte où le mode battu est dominant : coussinets de

Caulacanthus et de Gelidium, ceinture de R al f sia, Entéromorphes et

Ulves sur les blocs plus abrités, Laurencia obtusa, Gelidium arbusculus

et Pterocladia capillacea sur les rochers battus ; et aux niveaux les plus

inférieurs : Ecklonia Muratii, Cystoseira sénégalaises et Sargassum vul-

gare. L’Auteur souligne aussi la persistance jusqu’à Dakar d’éléments

atlatiques tempérés : tels que les Cystoseira, Gelidium et Rhodymenia

palmetta. C’est de la flore marocaine que celle du Cap-Vert se rapproche

le plus.

Ce Mémoire, nous l’avons dit est surtout intéressant au point de vue

systématique. En effet cette introduction est suivie du catalogue ou de

la description, souvent avec figures, de toutes les algues que l’auteur a

récoltées et dont un certains nombre sont nouvelles pour la science

appartenant, aux genres : Ulvella, Endogènes, Enteromorpha, Rhizen-

teron, Cystoseira, Gelidium, Hypnea, Gymnogongrus, Ceramium, Pyco-

nothamnion, Chondria, etc...

A d. Davy de Virville.

202

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Nygaard G. — The ancient and recent Flora of Diatoms and

Chrysophvceae in Lake Gribsô (in Studies on the humic, acid Lake

Gribsô par K. Berg et I. B. Petersen) (Fol. timnol. Scandin. 8,

p. 32-94, 1956).

Duns une étude lininologique très documentée sur le lac Gribsô, l’algo-

logue danois bien connu Nygaard a étudié les carottes de sondages

prélevées dans le fond du lac. Ces carottes ont montré une excellente

conservation des Diatomées et des kystes siliceux de Chrysophycées.

L’étude quantitative des Diatomées rencontrées permet de retracer

l’histoire géologique du lac et la palynologie donne une chronologie

comparative fort précise. La comparaison de la flore diatomique fossile

des sédiments du lac, avec la flore actuelle des lacs de Scandinavie

permet d’avoir des précisions sur l’histoire des biotopes qui se sont

succédés; on peut même indiquer les pH successifs de l’eau en faisant

les rapports entre espèces acidophiles et alcalinophiles. Ce lac vers

3.000 avant J.-C. était alcalin. Puis vers 400 avant J.-C. d passe à la

neutralité et commence à s’acidifier fortement pour atteindre un pH

très bas (environ 5) en 400 après J.-C. Puis nouveau changement,

alcalinisation, et à partir de 1.800 reprise de l’acidification jusqu’à nos

jours.

Cette intéressante élude est complétée par de précieuses notes systé¬

matiques sur les Diatomées avec description d’espèces nouvelles parti¬

culièrement pour le genre Melosira. L’écologie de diverses espèces de

Melosira planctoniques est examinée avec soin.

Enfin l’auteur figure et décrit 77 kystes siliceux de Chrysophycées

trouvés dans les sédiments du lac. Une série d’observations d’écailles de

Mallomonas au microscope électronique termine la partie algologique

de ce mémoire qui est illustré par 12 planches se rapportant aux Dia¬

tomées et aux kystes de Chrysophycées._ P. By.

Serpette M. Contribution à l’étude des Cyanophycées de

l’Afrique occidentale (Bull. I.F.A.N., XVII, sér. A, n° 3, 1955).

L’auteur a recueilli et étudié les échantillons de Cyanophycées de la

région de Bamako (Soudan français). Il y reconnaît 55 unités systéma¬

tiques dont 3 nouveautés; 10 espèces sont nouvelles pour l’Afrique. Il

nous donne d’intéressantes remarques sur l’écologie des Cyanophycées

et indique les formes caractéristiques des divers biotopes étudiés :

aérophile, rhéophile, limnophile. Le pourcentage des espèces à répar¬

tition intertropicale s’élève à 27 %, il faut y ajouter 11 % de formes

strictement africaines. Il retrouve assez fréquemment en habitat subaé-

rien le Tolypothrix Roberti-Lamii que nous avions découvert à la Gua¬

deloupe. De même il rencontre au Soudan un certain nombre d’espèces.

d’Asie méridionale (Indes, Ceylan, Insulinde).

L’auteur a l’impression qu’un cosmopolitisme intertropical se dégage-

de ces observations.

Source MNHN, Paris

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

203

Une étude systématique très précise complète ces notes écologiques

et biogéographiques illustrées par 29 figures d’espèces intéressantes.

P. By.

Starr R. C. — A comparative study of Chlorococcum Meneghini

and other spherical, zoospores-producing généra of the Chlorococ-

cales. (Indiana Univ. public, sc. ser. n° 20, 111 p., 1955).

L’auteur, se fondant sur les cultures unialgales, nous donne une

monographie du plus haut intérêt sur les Chlorococcales à zoosporulation

et à cellules sphériques appartenant aux genres Chlorococcum, Radio-

sphaera, Dictyococcus, Bracleacoccus, Spongiochloris (nov. gen.), Dic-

tyochloris, Trebouxia, Neochloris (nov. gen.), Nautococcus et Plankto-

sphaeria. Il s’agit là d’un ensemble de genres très voisins dont la taxio-

nomie est particulièrement délicate et la synonymie fort complexe.

Chaque genre est défini d’après la structure du plaste et la morphologie

de la zoospore. On distingue 5 types de structure du chloroplaste :

sphère pariétale creuse, plaste axial, plaste étoilé, plaste réticulé, et

nombreux plastes pariétaux. Les zoospores forment 3 séries suivant la

présence ou l’absence de membrane, l’égalité ou la légère inégalité des

2 flagelles :

1) zoospores chlamydomonadiennes à fouets égaux et membrane;

2) zoospore nue à fouets égaux du type Protosiphon;

3) zoospore nue à fouets légèrement inégaux du type Bracleacoccus.

Pour chaque genre, l’auteur donne une diagnose complète, une série

de figures originales et la description des espèces connues ou nouvelles

appartenant au genre décrit. Un index de trois pages avec les nombreux

synonymes, facilite les recherches. La bibliographie, fort complète,

présente pourtant une lacune importante. L’auteur n’a pas eu sous la

main le travail de Geitler sur Nautococcus, travail où est décrit le

genre Naulococcopsis (Biolog. geuer., 16, 4, p. 460, 1942).

Cet intéressant mémoire, illustré par 239 figures, est particulièrement

précieux et utile pour le systématicien, car la clarté du texte, des

figures et des clefs dichotomiques permettront la détermination facile

de ce groupe de chlorophycées unieellulaires si commun dans les cul¬

tures et si délicat à reconnaître.

P. By.

Taylor W. R. — Crytogamic ilora of the Arctic. II Algae : non

planktonic (Bot. Rev., 20 (6-7), pp. 363-399, 1954).

L’auteur nous donne une synthèse de nos connaissances sur les algues

des régions arctiques, tant marines que d’eau douce avec une très abon¬

dante bibliographie (Diatomées et plancton exclus).

Il indique, pour les algues marines, les divers facteurs contrôlant la

végétation : lumière, température, topographie et substrat, salinité. Puis

204

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

il passe en revue et caractérise rapidement les flores marines des

diverses régions arctiques. Il conclut par une citation de Kjellman disant

« que les traits dominant de l’aspect général de la flore marine arctique

sont: rareté des individus, monotonie et luxuriance ».

Les algues d’eau douce sont traitées dans le même esprit de synthèse.

Il donne une place importante à la cryo végétât ion des neiges colorées et

aux Cyanophycées (Gloeocapsa et Nosloc) vivant sur le sol et les rochers

mouillés. Les eaux vives sont caractérisées par l’ahondancc de Prasiola

fluviatilis. Dans les lacs et tourbières les Desmidiées sont d’excellentes

indicatrices biogéographiques. Les Cosmarium y dominent nettement,

tandis que les Euaslrum et les Micrasterias restent fort rares. Une revue

rapide des florules des diverses régions arctiques terminent cette inté¬

ressante mise au point. Près de 250 références sont citées dans la bi¬

bliographie. — P. By.

Delay C. et Carpentier S. — Action de la colchicine sur Ouïra

uulgaris L. I. Action sur les filaments spermatogènes {Rev. Cijtol.

Biol, végét., 16 (3-4), pp. 416-467, 1953).

Les filaments spermatogènes de Chara uulgaris L. (n = 28) sont traités

par une solution à concentration variée de colchicine. La concentration

de 0,04 % correspond au seuil d’action mitoclasique sur les filaments en

croissance. On obtient une action fort nette qui conduit à des mitoses

anormales, avec souvent un haut degré de polyploïdie (jusqu’à 32 n ).

Les auteurs s’attachent d’abord à la formation normale des filaments

spermatogènes, puis font agir la solution de colchicine, et dans certaines

expériences, remettent ensuite le filament traité dans le milieu

naturel. Cela leur permet de suivre l’action du poison. On remarque que

les troubles mitoclasiques diminuent d’intensité avec le temps : il y

aurait donc une sorte d’adaptation.

Les spermatozoïdes diploïdes ou polyploïdes obtenus sont étudiés

avec soin : les formes aberrantes, quoique viables, sont souvent à 4 fla¬

gelles. L’action de la colchicine sur l’appareil végétatif fera l’objet d’un

prochain mémoire. Six tableaux, 7 figures, dans le texte et 16 planches

hors texte illustrent et complètent le texte de cet important mémoire.

P. By.

Le Gérant : R. Lami. — Imp. Monnoyer, Le Mans.