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24. Povolny, Dalibor: The flesh flies of central Europe (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae). - 1997

Povolny, Dalibor:

The flesh flies of central Europe (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

/ Dalibor Povolny & Yuriy Verves. - München : Pfeil, 1997

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oPIAIAN

Zeitschrift für Zoologie

Supplement 24

The Flesh-Flies of Central Europe

(Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

Dalibor Povolny & Yuriy Verves

Gedruckt mit Unterstützung

des Förderungs- und Beihilfefonds Wissenschaft der VG WORT

Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil » München, 15. Oktober 1997 « ISSN 0177-7424 « ISBN 3-931516-24-5

a &

‘ her 2

Ev AR U Een 7 u

as:

The Flesh-Flies of Central Europe

(Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

Dalibor Povolny & Yuriy Verves

Povolny, D. & Y. Verves (1997): The Flesh-Flies of Central Europe (Insecta,

Diptera, Sarcophagidae). — Spixiana Suppl. 24: 1-260

The present publication is the first attempt to review the central European taxa

of the family Sarcophagidae or flesh-flies. More than 150 species of the family are

known to occur in this area, a number of which is representative for central Europe,

and no essential changes in number of taxa are to be expected in future. The paper

comprises information on nomenclature and synonymy, classification and phylog-

eny, morphology, relation to hosts, ethology of adults, flesh-fly taxocenoses, foren-

sic importance of flesh-flies and, finally, a review of all taxa distributed in the

individual countries of central Europe. Chapters on the flesh-fly taxocenoses and

on the forensic importance of the flesh-flies are published for the first time in

Sarcophagidae literature. Most important morphological characters of adults in-

cluding male and female genitalia are illustrated.

Prof. Dr. Dalibor Povolny, Department of Zoology and Apiculture, Mendel

University of Agriculture and Forestry, 639 00 Brno, Czech Republic.

Prof. Dr. Yuriy G. Verves, Department of Zoology, Shevtshenko University,

Volodimirskaya ul. 64, 252017 Kiev, Ukrainian Republic.

Contents

ÜRLOJUCHOM 2 raetreesaeneerasseaee Ieastghnenanndensneone Brrepeke seen er nen ee ee ee 8

Momenelature and 'Synonymy =... sense een Kennen snegre she ane een Tuner Rennen 9

@l2ssiieablon-and Phylogeny una... rare ee a g

Morpholosyr234.... ur nenn ee ee Bun ee rer g

Gin a sn na FE 11: Re Re e 16

Sstermunalia rer lan nennen edge ee re ee 32

RelationsofSareophasidaeito their.hosts... 2... 0.0 nee een cerge 33

ZBPENOIUR se a ee nenn een sann Hiersanas rennen. nennt are era edsre nes ae 37

ANerhültoppine in Tlesh-tlies :.....2.2.u.00422u702200200RenoRnine een ee ende een hereenalereehsesees 38

he most important flesh-Hy taxocenoses. of’ eentral’Europe........u.0.2....n00.20200.02n0rRenensanennensanaurnnesannenane 42

Extrazonal flesh-tly taxocenoses. of central Europe ».........:n2nn200000n2e120 0410801 .200B Denen ee 46

FOorensic IMIPOTLATICE ....nusnesensunnsnsnenauessnnnaunsnudsunuunsnunern ahnen n u reweRe hen nu cDen nn esnne are 47

Review of Central European Sarcophägidae:........u...suansonscenonnensnsennsnsannssunnananrasanenenansnensaeneses ner 49

Acknowiledgements ............00nn Arena nadadn ent engnnn sheet 52

Key to the subfamilies of Sareophagidäß........usuunsasaensnansuenanenssngganssenzangenseer rannte 35

Subfamily Maeronyehtinae s....asse a as0sensnsanusnsnsnsnsnnanennneanenne sure nenne nung ser 53

Genus Maeronychia'Rondani, 1859 2... 2u2nan0a0Sanrannlnhensa Tune nn ueeeee een er 53

Subfamily Miltogrammatinae Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889...........uusaesosssunnsusneaenssenesneunne dhernnernrneegeee 58

Tribe Miltogrammatini B: B.................u.0.004.00080000200800080000 2 00n0nsa0un nennen oe ne ee 60

Submmibe/Senotainina Rohdendort IB 0ER EEE 60

Genus Senotaima Macquart 1844 ...........u0u0cuansasnsnsaesnnunn nenn ee 60

SubmiberBterellinauRrohdend Ort] 907 64

Genus Protomiltogramma Townsend, 1916 ..............2.:0s02022200n0n0 20 0 65

Genus Pterella Robineau-Desveidy, 1963 ........-.:22: 2.02: a02010m8a22024..002000 000 0er 66

Subtribe Miltogrammatina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 ........u.uenesescesenenenenennnnanenenenannnnnnnnenenen 70

Genus Anaeanthoiheeum Rohdend or, 195 0er 70

Genus Cylindrothecum Rohdendorf, 1930...........2..22.2222 200 en re 71

Genus MiltogrammaMeigen, 1803. ...2...z.u.u..2:030:0: uaceousnnae2 nungen te zungen en 702.

Genus Miltogrammatidium Robdendort, 1930... ne ee 78

Sublube Apodacrina’Rohdendört, 1962...........u....ne ee Re 80

GenusApodaera Maequäatt, 1854 u... see 80

Ikibe Amobuni Townsend, 19189... nanaseee ae EEE 81

Genus: Amobia, Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 u... nen ee 82

ImbeiPhylloteliniRohdendörtf, 19353... 27 2ER EU MU E22 85

Subtribe Metopedima Rohdendort, 1967 ...........u...nune.nen se 85

Gemus Metopodia Brauer & Berzenstamm, 1891... 85

supteulbe’Phyllotelina Rohdendorf, 1935 ............ u... ee 86

Genus, Phylloteles L.oew, 1844. ..............uesnenesonenssnanetenesgee e E E 87

Tribe’ Oebalinı Rohdendort; 1967... HPA NEE ER SO AOEEEN 88

Subtnibei@ebalınankohdendort, 196072... 88

Genus Oebalız Rebineau-Desvoidy, 1863... wer 88

Genus Ptychoneura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 2.2... es wre 91

TribeiMetopiini Townsend, 1908 2... een ER 93

Subtribe Taxisrammatina/Rohdendorf, 1967... ee 93

Genus’ Hhlarella.Rondani, 1856....r u... ee ee ER RE EIER OEREEEE EEE 93

Genus Paragusia Schiner, 1861... 2.22. 2. ern Me 96

Genus: Taxıgramma'Perris, 1852. .........-01n0u0ueenennpesenneneenee 97

Subtribe Metopiina Townsend, 1908 .........u.n22.0u20e0en22:0220 000er ee N 98

Genus’Metopia Meigen, 18037... SC 98

Subtribe Mesomelaenma Verves, 1989... ee ER 106

Genus Mesomelaena Rondani, 1859... ne 106

Subtribe Phrosinellina. Veryes, 1989. ........u...2.... 20. 2a N 107

Genus Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoldy, 1869... 107

Subtribe Sphenometopuna Verves, 19897... 109

Genus Sphenomeiopa Townsend, 1902... 109

Subfamily: Paramacronychünae.....n.neseae Anne ee 111

Tribe: Helieobosami Verves; 1980)... a... A. ee EEE 13122

Genus Eurychaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891... en 112

abe Karasnaeronyehunt B. BD. Asse ag aannehnsnsnsnscnnsasstnsactärnrännscnkenenkhörinehenschencheen 115

EnBrber ern agEntelenlein, 19D8 2. u.n2eeczensnesugkaenesnsssesesesagethusunsvasusnznnseneaksnnptennnerensseneahnn ern 116

Bems ern Robneaı DEsvoldy, IESO ces esenescensaessneeesinsmennnsennznzransnasanauhebnnsesermertende 116

Genus Angiomeropa, Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 ........u.ue22uesrsesnenensnsrersonsennusureenssnarunzgenen 120

(GEnUISWBTACHIEOMARRONdamı SO 120

SOBEHBERN mernine Bindierleun, 1926. vueseaeene.. nein uenseskencensaunsensenrons nanetstopnrnernhansns fear renseen 122

TenBseN Vera Kobineau-Desuetdy [SS nee uineneeunspsaeseurssnenrzenngseemssestensnn rennen 123

Subtribe Paramaeronychina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 .........unnsuessssesesneneuensnusesoensnnnensanr 124

Genus Paramacronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 .............2...242222220000020c00n0ne00000na0nneacnene 124

Submnber\\ohltahrtmankohdendort O2 1027

ErmBSSarcophila: ROndanı, 1838. .........u. zus suanasacensuikansar css nanseanscncansrarögnkesrasnperarernshageren nennen 127

Genus Wohllahriın Brauer & Berzensiamm, 1889 ........uursesosseusnsssarsesssnenenssenssennenenennseerieen 130

BB chlly.sarcophasinaer,Maequark 188... en Ei 135

Tribe Protodexiini Townsend, 1912Key to the genera of Protodexiini ............ueseensenenenenen: 136

Genus; BIRESOXIEhNE LOW, |COl,.....zr..u0n2l2nnunnssunsasunsaesässnsusvaunnanunsaxsuzksnzensuannnsnssugnnnsssn. arnsanänntenhneene 137

Gens Servaisig Robineau-Desvoldy, 1863 ............2..22...20eeesensenenscunenennensuesesssnensnnneenssenenerrnenee 143

Genus Venhromya Brauer & Bersenstamm, TO... uueeseesenurenenssesessensnsgeeenertrenenrseaer 145

IinibeaRkayınimı" Rohdendornt 1997 2: er ee 146

GemussRauima. RKobineau-Desvoidy, 1863 2... aaa. Men a Heerlen: 146

InibeslohnsenimmRohdendentnl Io 147

SubtaberSsareotachinellina Vervesslgg Hr. Sn ee 148

GenlIseSareotachinellanovnsend Er 148

Be areophae int Maerqante 1835.20... areas zernsennnrenstansene na ea ann eher aanner entre ernannten er 149

Subteibe*Helicophagellina cn .Srcnentsdenseneuncni hans age ennansnnh hans hen ee aserge are nenne era: 151

Genus ‚HelieophagellaEndenlein, 1928. .... Ariane. an ahnen . 151

Bulbinibe Hleieronyichlinde er. inc nn ee nn ea er 158

@enus#DiscachaetafEnderlem, 192 Sr 158

Genus’Heteronychis Brauen Sabegrenstamm), 1889 3....2 ns nun ihn sn anechneneehaenderensgee 161

Subkriberzhallanthnarrohdendone [96H 185

Genus Arachnidemyia-Towmsend, A934... 0000 aussen ne ehe reelsegieeennen 185

GenusAseelotellasEnderlein 219288. Aee ee ee 186

GenussBellieniommmanRkohdend On OS 188

Genus..Krameromijia Mervesı 192: une ieseareneerer 189

GenussRandelleanaRonden dort al OS 190

Genus Pierrehia-Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863... .4u2.2.npu302.:Ho0euuEREnenesecharsnagehene nee tegnde 192

Genus, Thyrsocnema, Enderlein,.1928 ux.......2..esn. a en en nee 199

Subtribe, Parasarcophasina Rohdendorf, T965.4...:2. .:3-0u.u.0...4. 2.2: 222221 4a0eranzessahehnteernannenenneneer 201

Genus Berezen Robineau-Desvoldy1863.....ua cost nennen are er ee 201

Genus,Liosarconhage Enderlein, 1928 2... sn. 2u Gerne Hate ee een 204

Genus Liopygia. Enderlein, 1928........u....u.. 228080 senden areenrenrnkan nee ea 214

Genus, Parasarcophaga Johnston & Tiegs, 191. nun nu en ee rennen. 219

GenussaRohineauellalinderlem 192 SE re D2

GenusıStackelbergeola,.Rohdendort, 1937 „u.a 2r ee ren 224

SubtnibesBoetteheniseinah Vervesa 90 Ge 225

GenuszKramerea RohdendoHs 932 =: an ee 225

GenusrkosellezsRohdendornba 1037 Sr 226

Subtmbe Sarcophagina.Maeguart, 1835 ....au.0u. 0:48:20 iun labels Sn hans Saseiae ger 227

Genus, Sarenphaga: Meisgen, :1826....4.:2...2:.zr.0 20002 0Honsceneshtr senken neue eneenseeheunerehetn gen 227,

Ieiteratune a ee ee 237

KETEEN EN RE 257

Introduction

The Sarcophagidae, known as flesh-flies because many of them feed on the soft tissue of animal bodies,

is a species-rich family of calyptrate Diptera comprising some 2.500 described species distributed

worldwide. In general appearance the adult flies are grey and black, chequered or spotted (Plates XI,

XII; Figs 89, 90, 95, 97), elongate, robust and (conspicuously) bristled. It is a family in which many of

the flies habitually deposit live larvae instead of eggs. The larvae are distinctive structurally in having

the hind spiracles hidden in deep pits with the spiracular slits nearly vertical.

Flesh-flies have attracted considerable interest since they perform a particular though unobtrusive

practical regulatory function in the general ecosystem. Many of the species exist by breeding in faeces

and obligatory parasitism. Some are synanthropic or culturophile destructors of organic substrates

responsible for passive vectorship of various pathenogenic agents. Some species, notably of the genus

Wohlfahrtia, cause myiasis in man and animals. Miltogrammatinae larvae are inquiline parasites in the

nests of aculeate hymenopterans, including the honey bee by the species Senotainia tricuspis, and

sometimes seriously deplete local bee populations. Some species have predaceous or parasitoid larvae

that prey on other insects, particularly lepidopterous larvae and orthopterans.

The Sarcophagidae present a representative model group for the study of trophic relations between

their feeding strategies and their transition to predation and parasitism, including morphophysiolog-

ical adaptions to ovolarviparity, and intraintestinal and extraintestinal digestion in larvae. They are

also useful as bioindicators of environmental disintegration.

In central Europe the purely faunistic aspect of the Sarcophagidae has been relatively well

explored. One of the first papers on faunistics and ecology involving the Sarcophagidae of this part of

Europe was by Jacentkovskij (or Jacentkovsky) (1941), who had emigrated from the Soviet Union (now

Russia) to Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic and Slovakia) and worked in the Faculty of Forestry

of the Agricultural University in Brno. He was motivated like many others in having available the

comprehensive work on Diptera by the eminent Russian entomologist Boris B. Rohdendorf (1937). It

was only in the 1950’s, when Europe was recovering from the depredations of World War II, that a true

outburst of papers followed, starting with those by Cepeläk (see references) and his student Slamec-

kova (1952-1972). A wider interest in the flesh-flies arose as more became known of their practical

importance, especially in the context with various aspects of hygiene, epidemiology, veterinary and

human medicine, in the complex of the so-called synanthropic flies. Studies in Czechoslovakia by

Gregor and Povolny (1958-1964) led to their participation in the internationally important book on this

subject by Greenberg et al. (1971).

The present study is an attempt to review and up-date our knowledge taxonomically, faunistically

and biologically of the Central European taxa of flesh-flies. It is to a large extent the result of field

observations carried out by the authors over a number of years and the examination of many hundred

thousands of flies both in nature and in the laboratory. Though centred mainly on work in the Czech

Republic and Slovakia it covers neighbouring countries to a lesser or greater extent. The available

literature on flesh-flies found in central Europe includes papers by the following authors: Cepeläk,

Jacentkovsky, Povolny (1960-1990), Povolny & Sustek, Povolny & Znojil, Slamelkovä, Sustek, Vächa

and Znojil (Czech Republic and Slovakia), Draber-Monko (Poland), Mihälyi (Hungary) (see referenc-

es), and Verves (Germany, Austria) (see references). After 1989 possibilities arose to compare aspects

of central European Sarcophagidae and their relation especially to the Mediterranean region (e.g.

Povolny 1991, 1992, Povolny & Znojil 1994).

At present more than 150 species of Sarcophagidae are known from central Europe. These

undoubtedly represent more than 90 % of the sarcophagids occurring in this territory. Some additional

faunistic discoveries might be expected especially in neighbouring alpine habitats (Austria and

Bavaria) and also in Hungary because of its transitory connection with the Mediterranean region.

Further, the Slovak Carpathians may yield not only purely Carpathian but also invasive east European

species.

The present publication is the result of 45 years effort in studying various aspects of the existence

of flesh-flies. It was initiated by the late Professor B. B. Rohdendorf, Moscow, who is reckoned among

the leading authority of flesh-fly studies on a world-wide scale. Therefore, this study continues his

endeavour in the field of entomology.

Nomenclature and Synonymy

The nomenclature and synonymy used in this study follows the Catalogue of Palaearctic Sarcophag-

idae (Verves 1986) which also reflects the recent state of taxonomy and phylogeny of this family (with

minor adaptations). The synonyms presented in this paper are generally limited to names frequently

used (in the past) mostly for practical reasons (e.g. species of sanitary importance or important insect

parazitoids) or they represent recently discovered synonyms not yet published in the above catalogue

by Verves (1986). The complete synonymy of the central European Sarcophagidae results, thus, from

this paper and from the synonyms presented by Verves (1986).

Classification and Phylogeny

The following classification is based on the opinions of Rohdendorf, especially on his ideas published

in 1967, and Lopes (1982). Some adaptions were proposed by Verves (1987c, 1988, 1989a, 1990b).

Rohdendorf (1977) treated the family Sarcophagidae as an evolutionary branch of the superfamily

Tachinoidea. Rognes (1986) and Pape (1992a) took the following characters as autapomorphies of this

family:

1. Abdominal sternite II overlapping margins of abdominal tergite I+ll.

2. Absence of discal (alpha) abdominal setae.

3. Reduction and perpendicular position (towards medial plate) of male “bacilliform” sclerites.

4. Bilobate ventral pouch of female uterus.

5. Deposition of embryonic eggs or prehatched Ist instar larvae.

6. Incomplete peritreme of posterior spiracle in 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and its indistinct ecdysial

scar.

7. Posterior spiracles of 2nd and 3rd instar larvae situated in a depression.

8. Presence of parastomal bars in 3rd and 4th instar larvae.

9. Reduced sclerotizaton of central paraphallus portion.

10. Posterior incision in dorsal corner of cephalopharyngeal skeleton of 3rd (and possibly 2nd) instar

larvae.

11. Prothoracic spiracular horn not protruding from puparium.

12. Presence of beta-anyl-I-tyrosine (“sarcophagine”) in larval haemolymph.

The mutual relationship between tachinoid families was analysed by Pape (1992a).

Morphology

The well developed labial palpus in these species with a medium-length proboscis is believed to be a

plesiomorphic character. A shorter palpus in species with elongate or shorter proboscis or the

reduction of the palpus (Africasiomyia) is considered to be a specialized situation; a strong and broad

palpus is an apomorphic character (Lopes 1984).

Mid-sized dichoptic eyes and parallel-sided frontal vitta (wider moderately forwards and back-

wards) (Figs 86-88, 109) is probably a plesiomorphy; subholoptic eyes, narrowed frontal vitta (in males

of Sarcophagini) or wider frons including wide frontal vitta (e.g. in Miltogramma) are probable

apomorphies. In some instances frons is wide, but vitta frontalis is very narrow and parallel-sided

(Synorbitomyia), which seems to represent also an apomorphic modality.

The head chaetotaxy (Plate I) shows important diagnostic (identification) characters for species,

subgenera and genera, especially within Miltogrammatinae. The presence of postorbital (postocular)

setae is characteristic of all Sarcophagidae, but in specialized taxa these setae may be regularly

uniordinate. The reduction numerically of setae and bristles or their small size (e.g. proclinate orbitals

in most males of Sarcophaginae) seems to be an apomorphic character. It appears that such reduction

is combined with the loss of certain sensorial functions.

The head coloration (Figs 86-90, 95, 97) is rather variable, but can be useful for identification of

species, less often of subgenera and genera (Verves 1979c). Head chaetom (Fig. 109) is usually black.

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Plate I

Chaetotaxy of head (fronto-lateral view). ar, arista; fr, frontals; hs, haustellum; j, jowls; Ib, labella; ocb,

ocellars (ocellar, ocular) bristles; om, oral margin; pfe, parafacial; pfrl, parafrontal; pfro(ors), proclinate

fronto-orgitals; poc, postocellars; pvt, postverticals; rfro, reclinate fronto-orbitals; th, theca; vi, vibrissae;

vte, external verticals; vti, internal(interior) verticals; 2, 3, 2nd and 3rd antennomere.

Forewing (dorsal view). al, alula; bc, basal cell; bas, basicosta; c, costa; cu,, cu,, cubital veins; Cu,, cubital

(anal) cell; cu,,,,,, anal vein; h, humeral (cross) vein; Ic, lower squama(calyptra); m,,,, medial vein; M,, me-

dial (discal) cell; sc, subcosta; ta (r-m), anterior cross or m-vein; 2a, analvein (redrawn from Gregor, in:

Greenberg et al. 1971).

e UN

Plate II

Thoracic chaetotaxy (dorsal view). acr, acrostichals; as, apicoscutellars; ds, discoscutellars; de, dorso-

centrals; hb, humerals; ial, intra-alars; Is, latero-scutellars; mplb, mesopleurals; npb, notopleurals; pal,

postalars; sal, supraalars.

Thoracic chaetotaxy (lateral view). halt, halter; hm, humerus; hpl, hypopleuron; msnt, mesonotum; mspl,

mesopleuron; mss, anterior (mesothoracic) spiracle; mts, posterior (metathoracic) spiracle; npl, noto-

pleuron; pac, postallar callus; ppl, propleuron; ps, postscutellum; ptpl, pteropleuron; scut, scutellum;

sgb, stigmatic bristle; sqc, supra-squamal carina; st, sternopleuron (with position of sternopleurals 2:1);

sut, suture (redrawn from Gregor in Greenberg et al. 1971).

The presence of white hairs on occiput and postgena (in most Sarcophaginae) combined with black

coloration of setae or the entire change of originally black setae into bright setae is an obvious

apomorphy (in Miltogrammatinae). The species of Nyctella (Rohdendorf & Verves 1980) and in some

species of Afrosenotainia (Verves 1979d) show a specialized chaetom consisting of inflated strong white

bristles (apomorphy). Parafrontal and parafacial are usually silvery grey dusted, but this pruinescence

might be golden or yellow (lustrous) in specialized forms (Kurahashi & Kano 1984); and sometimes the

head is lustrous black with a pair of bright silver spots in the upper part of the postfrontal (Liosarco-

phaga seyshellica) (Verves 1986c), or completely black (in some Hoplocephalina). The coloration of

antenna and palpus can vary from black to brownish red or even yellow within a single species, but

in other cases the coloration is species-specific. Bright coloration of antenna and palpus seem to

represent an apomorphic modality.

The absence of sexual dimorphism is characteristic of generalized groups of the subfamilies

Macronychiinae, Miltogrammatinae and Paramacronychiinae. In the majority of Sarcophaginae the d

frons is distinctly narrower and proclinate orbital bristles are absent. The proclinate orbital bristles are

present in some Neotropical tribes — in all Sarothromyiini and in some Johnsoniini: in Leucomyia

(Sarcophagini) the d frons is very broad, but the proclinate orbitals are absent. In some Miltogramma-

tinae (e.g. Metopia, Sphenometopa) the d frons shows usually very bright metallic silvery or golden

pruinescence, sometimes with a dark pattern (in Sphenometopa kovalevi) (Verves 1987). Eyes are usually

reddish brown, but in some specialized Miltogrammatinae (partly in Apodacrina) they show a green

hue. This eye colouration is present also in one of the generalized tribes — the Microcerellini (Lopes

1969).

The thorax and its structures are practically little used in taxonomy of supraspecific taxonomy of

flesh-flies (see also Rohdendorf 1967), although it has certain importance for considerations on

specialization of species and higher taxa including specific taxonomy. Marina (1988) demonstrated the

general structural monotony of cervical sclerites and of prothorax in different sarcophagine taxa. On

the other hand, the thoracal sclerites show sometimes apomorphic status: In the tribe Emblemasomati-

ni the prosternum is enlarged (Lopes 1982, Shewell 1987). Unlike other sarcophagids the cover absence

of hind spiracle (a plesiomorphy) is characteristic for Macronychiinae (Rognes 1986).

Thoracice chaetom (Plate II) consisting of elongate bristles and of short setae shows a tendency

towards reduction. On the other hand, the development of setae in different sclerites is possibly

apomorphic, since their presence increases the sensorial functions. This setisation of sclerites occurs in

different systematic groups and is obviously evolutionary independent. The setose propleuron is

known in miltogrammatines (Senotainia — Chaetometopia) and in Austrometopia (Malloch 1930), in Para-

macronichiinae (Dexagria, Eurychaeta) (Verves 1980, 1982) and in sarcophagines (a number of species

of Sarcophagini - in the subtribes Phytosarcophagina, Phallantina, Parasarcophagina, Boettcheriscina

(Rohdendorf 1937, 1965, Zumpt 1972, Verves 1989b, c, 1983 etc.) and in Johnsoniini (Notochaetina —

Lopes 1984). The presence of two strong notopleural bristles seems to be plesiomorphic, but in many

taxa several short additional setae are present. The acrostichal bristles are subjected to (strong)

reduction and they can be entirely absent in some taxa (e.g. Bercaea). The apicoscutellar bristles can also

be more or less reduced, especially in d Sarcophaginae. The dorsocentral bristles show a plesiomorphy

in postsutural number of 3-4 pairs of more or less equal length; their multiplication to 5-8 pairs appears

to be an apomorphy. The anterosutural dorsocentral bristles are 1-4 paired, rather weak, and the first

strong bristle is usually closer to the second than to the suture (Lopes 1984, Kurahashi & Kano 1984).

This situation correlates probably with the specialisation and particular reduction of the dorsocentrals.

Thoracic chaetom is usually black (e.g. Figs 89-100). In Nyctella and in some species of Afrosenotainia

the thorax is covered with thick black setae (probable apomorphy). White hairs combined with black

setae are characteristic of Goniophytoini (Paramacronychiinae) and of Cuculomyiini (Sarcophaginae).

Thorax is essentially black with more or less distinct grey “dust” and with three longitudinal black

stripes on mesonotum. Especially in psammophilic taxa the bright pruinescence is often dense and the

longitudinal stripes (striae) are reduced. In Nyctia (Paramacronychiinae), in some males of Sphenome-

topa and Dolichotachina (Miltogrammatinae) the thorax is lustrous black. Some species of Notochaeta

show a metallic green hue on the thorax (Lopes 1984). In some Neotropical Macronychiinae (Verves

1983 b), in Euboettcheria (Townsend 1927), in numerous Oriental and Australian Sarcophaginae of the

genera Sarcorohdendorfia (Lopes 1955), Chrysosarcophaga (Lopes & Kano 1978) etc. the thorax is densely

golden pollinose. In Miltogrammatinae a golden thoracic coloration is typical. Such metallic colours

seem to be apomorphic.

Sexual dimorphism in the thoracic structure is poorly developed. The mesonotal pruinescence is

usually more dense in females. The chaetom in females is less developed, only the apical scutellar

bristles are stronger than in males. In some Miltogrammatina, e.g. in Dolichotachina, Sphenometopa,

Mosomelaena, the males show a partly or completely black mesonotum, whereas in females the

mesonotum is grey.

The legs (Plate X, Fig. 10) show certain general and special taxonomical importance. This involves

their proportions, chaetotaxy and coloration. According to Rohdendorf (1967) elongate legs with long

and straight claws and pulvilli represent an adaptation to running (in Sarcophaginae and Paramacro-

nychiinae). In Miltogrammatinae this kind of leg is considered “secondary and superfluous”. But

running in search after hosts etc. for larviposition is characteristic of all sarcophagid females. The

males use mostly the wings as a device of communication. It seems that shortening of claws is a

running adaptation, because long claws act inhibitorily when running and tend to “anchor” the legs.

Our observations (Verves) indicate that elongate claws in the males are an adaptation for grasping the

female during copulation or for gripping small stones etc. when sitting on the soil in preconnubial

hilltopping situations. Short claws in males (possible apomorphy) occur mostly in Miltogrammatinae:

all Senotainiina, Amobiini, Oebaliini, in Taxigramma, in some species of Obsidia, Metopia, Lampometopia

and Chrysogramma (Paramacronychiinae). This situation relates probably to their mating: they perform

complicated ritual “dances” on smooth objects (soil, stones, leaves) (Spofford & Kurczewski, 1989 and

own observations). The female uses the whole tarsi and the specialized chaetom, unique to miltogram-

matines.

The shortening of the tarsomeres, especially in males, shows importance in taxonomy: In some

instances the elongate femora and tibiae show subtribal character (Dolichotachinina). Pape (1987b) used

the shape of mid-femoral organ (Plate IV) in taxonomy. This organ (studied by Assis-Fonesca 1953,

Downes 1955) is an elongate ovate patch, usually reddish-coloured with diametrical lines, situated on

posterior surface of mid-femur. It occurs in many species of Sarcophaginae. A similar organ is

sometimes present on the femur, but is less distinct. Its function is possibly secretory (osmeterium). Its

size, form, colour and situation seem to be reasonably constant in species, and possibly also in

subgenera and genera.

The hind trochanters show usually elongate setae on the medial surface in both sexes. According

to Pape (1987b), the males often have long or short setae on the ventromedial part of hind trochanters

— a character of taxonomic importance.

The fore femur has complete rows of posterodorsal and posteroventral bristles, occasionally with

a row of anterodorsal setae. The middle femur has a row of more or less strong anterior setae in the

middle and a diagonal apical row of posterodorsal bristles, anteroventral and posteroventral setae are

usually present basally, but sometimes weak or absent. Middle femur of Sarcotachinella sinuata has

distinct golden hairs forming an elongate spot at 0.3-0.4 of anterior surface. The males of Paramacro-

nachiini and of some Sarcophaginae often show an apical row of more or less shortened spinolate

posteroventral bristles —- the ctenidium. The hind femur has a complete row of anterodorsal bristles,

anteroventral and posteroventral setae are mostly weak, and situated at basal half of femur, or absent.

One anteroventral bristle is usually situated near apical third of hind femur.

The fore tibiae show the following apical setae: Strong dorsals and posteroventrals, more or less

distinct anterodorsals and posterodorsals, last two setae absent. A row of weak anterodorsal setae is

usually situated at basal 0.5-0.7. One or two posterior or posteroventral bristles are situated near

middle or apically at 0.3-0.4. Middle tibia with one, rarely 2-5 strong anterodorsal bristles near middle

and with single posterodorsal bristle at lower ad-bristle. A single anteroventral or ventral bristle is

situated at apical 0.3-0.4. This bristle may be absent in males of some species. One or two posterior

bristles are situated near the middle. The hind tibia shows 2-4 anterodorsal, posterodorsal and

anteroventral bristles of different length near the middle.

d femora and partly tibiae in the majority of Paramacronychiini and Sarcophaginae with dense

long or short hairs at ventral, anteroventral or posteroventral surface. The setae have possibly sensorial

function.

A unique ctenidium exists on d legs of Xerophilomyia, all femora and sometimes tibiae are covered

with rows of flat spear-shaped dorsal and ventral bristles apically or on entire surface.

The chaetom of fore tarsus in males (e.g. Figs 20, 21, 32-38) of numerous miltogrammatine species

is important in identification of species, genera and subtribes.

The development of specialized fore tarsal chaetom serves as receptorial specialization and it fixes

the female during copulation. Its evolution is summarized as follows:

1. Extension of normal setae, mainly at apex.

2. Multiplication of setae.

3. New setal areas.

Such specializations can be simultaneous or they conform with structural changes of tarsomeres.

These specializations occur independently in different taxa:

In Phrosinella (Asiometopia) species, in Metopia italiana etc. the 1st-4th tarsomeress show 1-3 elongate

ad and pd-bristles. In other cases paired ad-bristles are placed more or less distinctly separate from the

apex. The setae can be present on tarsomeres 1st-3rd or 4th: (Anacanthothecum testaceifrons, Rohdendor-

fiella nartshukae, R. verum), tarsomere 2nd-4th (Miltogramma taeniatum), tarsomeres 3rd-4th (Rohdendor-

fiella stackelbergi). In some instances several long ad and pd-bristles are situated opposite to each other

on Ist, 2nd, rarely 3rd and 4th tarsomeres (in Sphenometopa/Asiaraba) species. Several more or less

elongate pd- or p-setae are often present on apical part of tarsomeres 1-4 (in Miltogramma villenewvei,

Pterella convergens, Metopia grandii) or on the whole surface of tarsomeres (Hilarella, Paragusia, Metopia

staegeri). In Metopia campestris tarsomeres 1-4 each bear a single apical p-bristle. These cases show the

secondary extension and/or multiplication of chaetom.

Short dense erect setae may be present on anterodorsal, dorsal or posterodorsal surfaces of 2nd-5th

tarsomeres (Miltogramma brevipilum) on 2nd-4th tarsomeres (Miltogrammatidium chivae, Pediasiomyia

pritykinae), on 3rd-4th tarsomere (Miltogrammatidium rutilans). Setal multiplication is responsible for

this phenomenon.

The presence of setal areas is combined with the changes (specializations) of the individual

tarsomeres. The Ist tarsomere is wider ventrally with areas of dense erect hairs. These areas are brushy

(Sphenometopa s.str. and 5. /Tarsaraba/ spp.), or they are situated on ventrobasal process like a ctenidium

(Sphenometopa /Arabiopsis/). The 2nd tarsomere is slender and covered with long dense setae (Phrosinel-

la/Euhilarella/), 3rd tarsomere normal, 4th tarsomere wider and possibly covered with numerous

elongate ad and 1d setae (Miltogrammoides maximum and related species, Pterella penicillaris, Rohden-

dorfiella stackelbergi) or only with ad-setae (Chaetapodacra rohdendorfi), 4th tarsomere is provided with a

tuft of long flat ad-setae projecting between claws and a single elongate ad (Miltogramma oestraceum

and related species) or a tuft of very long flat p setae projecting over leg tip, and with long anterior

erect hairs (Miltogramma punctatum and related species). The 5th tarsomere of Apodacra pulchra bears

several long flat setae dorsally, the original dorsal hairs of this tarsomere are secondarily elongate.

Legs in the majority of species greyish black, but in individual species the legs can be entirely or

partly red or yellow - a character of taxonomical importance (obvious apomorphy).

Wings. The wing venation (Plate I) is important for both specific and supraspecific taxonomy. The

wings show usually medium degree costalisation, but in the miltogrammatine genera Nyctella and

Taxigramma all veins are strongly displaced towards the costa (possible apomorphy). The descleroti-

zation (medial and cubital veins are situated in hind wing part) is known in Phylloteles. Cell R; is

broadly open in the majority of species, but it is closed or petiolate in some species (possible

apomorphy). This situation can show considerable variation within a species (e.g. in Agriella, Milto-

grammoides, Paramacronychia).

A strong costal spine is considered to be an apomorphic modality (Lopes 1984), but its complete

reduction is probably a secondary process, too. It seems that medium-sized costal spine is usual. The

medial vein angle is right or sharp in species with medium degree of costalisation, whereas it is obtuse

in species with strongly costalised or decostalised wing venation (possible apomorphy). The basal

medio-cubital vein is sigmoid or arched, or straight (secondary situation). Veins r, and cu are usually

bare, rarely setose. Node r,,;is usually setose dorsally and ventrally.

Wing is usually hyaline without pattern, only individual species (e.g. Fig. 97) showing wing

pattern. In species with dark body coloration the wing shows dark costal margin (e.g. Nyctia halterata,

Agria monachae, some Heteronychiina, Phallanthina, Xanthopteriscina). In Palaeotropic genera Aethia-

nella and Kalshovenella (Baranov 1941, Zumpt 1972) and in some species of Boettcherisca (Kurahashi &

Kano 1984) the wing base is distinctly yellow or orange.

Another type of wing pattern arises from obscure membrane around vein r-m, at angle of m-vein

and at basal m-cu vein (e.g. Turanomyia of Paramacronychiinae). In some Sarcophaginae (Amharomyia)

a black spot develops around r-m vein, similar blackish spots appear around other transverse veins

(e.g.in Afrotropical Dysysceloctis, Poecilometopa, Poecilophalloides and in some Neotropical Lepidodexi-

ina). The wing pattern in Sarcophaginae and Paramacronychiinae shows no relation to sexual dimor-

phism.

The wing pattern in Miltogrammatinae shows a different character and it is present only in males.

Obscured costal wing margin is known in Synorbitomyia and in some species of Phrosinella etc. Isolated

dark spots are situated in different parts of wing: on subcostal cell (Captopteron, some species of

Rohdendorfiella), near wing apex (e.g. Sphecapatodes). Rather complex pattern is known in many species

of Sphenometopa. It consists of a large spot starting apically in cell R,and expands to vein r,,,or behind

it. The dark coloration covers wing apex and extends over 2nd and 3rd sections of m-vein behind it,

and also the wing base is darkened. A similar pattern is found in Phylloteles, but the medial spot

reaches apically the angle of the m-vein, the apex of cell R,, expanding over m-vein apically. In the

Australian species of Protomiltogramma the fore part and wing base is entirely dark up to fusion of m-

and c-veins apically, and reaches middle of cells R,and M distally (P. cincta). Or a large dark spot is

situated in the central part of the wing between costal and cubital vein (P. mallochi, P. laticeps).

Basicosta is usually yellow, sometimes black. Basicosta colour is sometimes of taxonomic impor-

tance. Squama is usually white or whitish, but in some species, particularly in the genera Angiometopa

and Boettcherisca, it has a yellowish brown hue. In some species (e.g. of Amharomyia) the margins of

squama are covered with long dense hairs.

The anterior five abdominal segments form the “visible” abdomen, the posterior segments or

terminalia form the postabdomen. The Ist and 2nd tergites are fused to form tergite 1+2. Sternite I is

very narrow and is crescent-shaped. Sternites I-IV (in Sarcophaginae and partly in Paramacronychii-

nae) or only sternites I and II (in other groups) are overlapped by the corresponding tergites. In the d

sternite V shows a generalized form in Macronychiinae, Miltogrammatinae. Paramacronychiinae and

partly in Sarcophaginae (Plates IX, X). It has a more or less deep excision in the centre of its hind

margin. In Protomiltogramma its posterolateral angles are elongate forming narrow arms. In the tribes

Johnsoniini, Sarcophagini, Raviniini and in some other sarcophagines the central part of the hind

margin excision is broader, forming a “window”. The lateral lobes on both sides of the window are

provided with a “ctenidium” consisting of spinose bristles (“brush”), and the fore part of sternite V is

elongate so that the sternite appears to be Y-shaped (Plate IX, Figs 10-19, Plate X, Figs 1-9). Sometimes

an unpaired ventral keel-shaped or digitate process (ledge) arises apically from the window base (in

Rosellea, Phallosphaera) or a pair of digitate arms arise on both sides of the window (in Robineauella/

Digitiventra). In Seniorwhitea the posterolateral arms show a paired hairy process on their inside

margin. Different forms of the d sternite V are shown in Plates IX, X.

The d abdomen is usually conical or cylindrical (probably a plesiomorphic modality), but in the

subtribe Oebaliina of Miltogrammatinae) and in the Neotropical genus Gerskesia (Sarcophaginae) the

abdomen is shortened and ovate (probably apomorphic). In the females the generalized form is ovate

(Hennig 1958), but in Goniophyto (Paramacronychiinae) and partly in Agriella (Protodexiini) it becomes

elongate cone-formed. Kurahashi & Kano (1984) believe that the presence of strong mediomarginal

bristles on abdominal tergites is an apomorphy, but in our opinion this view is controversial because

in different obviously specialized groups (e.g. Parasarcophagina) these bristles are partly reduced or

completely absent. This reduction starts consequently with tergites 1+2. The strong bristles on sternites

II-IV are substituted by hairs due to a specialization. These hairs become long and dense (in numerous

Sarcophaginae). In some genera (Seniorwhitea, Sarcorohdendofia, Dinemomyia and in other Sarcophagini)

black contrasting haired spots are present on sternite IV (less often or rare in sternites II and II).

The abdominal pattern is rather different (see Plate XI, Figs 1-22). Three approximately triangulate

spots on the hind margin of tergites (present in many Diptera) seem to represent a plesiomorphy. The

central spot is longer than the two lateral ones its tip protruding towards the margin of the next tergite

and gradually forming the central stripe. The hind part of tergites is densely bright dusted. The

pollinosity of lateral tergal portions and the tergite surface is weaker, so that the tergites appear to be

darker laterally. This basic pattern is characteristic of numerous Macronychiinae, Miltogrammatinae

and Paramacronychiinae.

The pattern development in Paramacronychiinae shows different trends (Plate XI, Figs 1-6). The

presence of bright pollinosity surpresses the dark spots. This process starts on apical tergites and it

dilates forwards. At first, the lateral spots disappear, the reduction of the medial spot follows later. As

a result the unicolorous bright pollinosity expands all over the abdomen, so that only a narrow medial

dark stripe (e.g. in Wohlfahrtoides, Blaesoxiphella) or small spots surrounding the bristle base (Sarco-

tachinella) persist.

The withdrawal of bright pollinosity results in black bands on the hind tergite margins (Goniophyto,

Paramacronychia) in a particular or entire fusion of spots (Wohlfahrtia vigil), or the abdomen might be

completely black (Nyctia halterata, Wohlfahrtia atra). The transformation of the monochromatic bright

pollinosity into a chequered pattern is very characteristic. This process in Paramacronychiinae is not

caused by the reduction of the black pattern (spots and bands), which contributes more or less to their

abdominal chequered ground coloration. The chequered pattern has developed (independently) in

different calypterate Diptera having an adaptive character. According to some authors (Willmer 1982)

this pattern contributes essentially to the thermoregulation.

A similar pattern is developed in the Miltogrammatinae (Plate XI, Figs 11-16). A partial or complete

reduction of dark spots is known in some species of Senotainia, Hilarella etc. In the species of

Sphenometopa (Xantharaba) and in the males of some Pedisiomyia the lateral spots are absent, but the

medial stripe is well developed. Complete tergite hind margin stripes are present in Phrosinella,

Cylindrothecum, Miltogrammatoides, Protomiltogramma etc. In some groups sexual dimorphism is evi-

dent in the abdominal pattern. In males of the majority of species in Sphenometopa the abdominal

tergites are completely or partly lustrous black, and also in Mesomelaena mesomelaena and in Phylloteles

a similar pattern tends to develop. The females of these taxa show the characteristic (probably

plesiomorphic) pattern consisting of three triangulate tergal spots. A chequered abdominal pattern is

present in some Miltogrammatini (in the majority of species of Miltogramma and Pterella), in Metopiini

(Phrosinella, subg. Euhilarella) etc. (Plate XI, Figs 8, 9, 10, 18, 19-22).

The chequered pattern appears to be probably a plesiomorphic modality in Sarcophaginae (Kura-

hashi & Kano 1984), but it seems that it might represent an apomorphic status in the other subfamilies.

The differentiation of the chequered pattern from separate pattern elements seems to be an independ-

ent parallel process in different groups of the sarcophagids. The most common situation is the presence

of a central longitudinal stripe and paired lateral spots on each tergite including spots on the fore

margin (Agriella, Blaesoxipha, Helicophagella maculata etc.). Sometimes the pattern consists of a longitu-

dinal central stripe and of hind marginal blackish bands on each tergite (e.g. Locustaevora of Protodex-

iini, several species of Lepidodexiina in Johnsoniini, in some Sarcophagini/Boettcherisca timorensis,

Sarcorohdendorfia spp./). The bright unicolorous pollinosity may develop so strongly that the cheg-

uered pattern disappears (Tephromyia, Leucomyia etc.). In Notooecus and in some Sarcophagini (Hetero-

nychiina) the abdomen is entirely lustrous black due to the reduction in pollinosity (Plate XI, Figs 17).

The pollinosity coloration is grey or silvery whitish in generalized groups, which Kurahashi &

Kano (1984) believed to be a plesiomorphic modality. The yellowish or golden lustrous pollinosity is,

thus, an apomorphy. This kind of pollinosity is usual in Miltogrammatinae, but it is also present in the

tropical taxa of paramacronychiine and sarcophagine flesh-flies.

d& terminalia

(Plates III-VIID)

The structure and form of the d terminalia is important both taxonomically (identification of taxa) and

for phylogenetical considerations. The postabdomen of the calypterate Diptera consists of protandri-

um (including segments VI, VII and VIII fusing in the syntergosternites VI+VIII in sarcophagids) and

hypandrium (epandrium, hypopygium and their appendages - see McAlpine 1981, Tschorsnig 1985).

Segment VI tends towards reduction. Tergite VI is well sclerotized and provided with marginal

setae in Macronychiinae and in some Miltogrammatinae (e.g. Senotainia). In the majority of miltogram-

matines tergite VI is bare and poorly sclerotized (probably an apomorphic status). In the majority of

Paramacronychiinae this tergite is almost entirely absent, its membranous indication existing only in

the tribe Helicoboscini (Rognes 1986). In the Sarcophaginae the reduced traces of tergite VI are limited

to little plates surrounding the spiracles on the fused syntergosternite. Sternite VI is usually bare,

symmetrical and connecting sternite V with the anteroventral angles (corners) of the fused syntergos-

ternite (Plate VII). In the paramacronychiine genus Chrysogramma and in all Sarcophaginae this

sternite is asymmetrical (probably an apomorphic situation) with the left part preserved as a result of

the genitalia rotation during evolution. The syntergosternite (fused segments VIHVII) forms an

Pa (Pm)

Plate III

Details of male genitalia in protodexiine (Blaesoxipha s. lat.) Sarcophaginae. Aa (Gp), anterior apophyse

(Gp, gonopod); Ac, acrophallichorn; B, basiphallus; C, cercus; Cb, cercus base; Cp, cercal tip (prong);

D (Pt), distiphallus (phallis tube); J, Juxta; Ls, lateral stylus; Ms, medial stylus; Pa (Pm), posterior apophyse

(Pm, paramere); Vb, ventromedial bridge; Vp, ventromedial plate. Redrawn and adapted from Pape (1994).

arched, more or less elongate cylinder, with a row of setae along the fusion of the two segments and

with or without the marginal setae, their absence being probably secondary. Some authors call it

“genital tergite” or “7+8 tergite” (Patton & Ho 1938), “7th tergite” (Roback 1954), “7th segment” or “first

genital segment” (Lopes 1956) (Plate VIN).

The epandrium (“hypandrium”) is usually the same length as the syntergosternite, but it is

distinctly shorter in some Sarcophaginae (probable apomorphy). Posterior to the epandrium are the

paired cerci and surstyli. Some authors mark them as “tergite 9” (Senior-White 1924), “segment 9”

(Lopes 1956), “periandrium” (Griffith 1972) (Plate VII).

The cerci are symmetrical, elongate, with basal part complete, tips are more or less divergent. Their

plesiomorphic modality seems to be their spiny form and non-specialized setose surface. Their form

can differ or be specialized in different taxa. They are completely fused in Sarcotachina. In Protomilto-

gramma (Miltogrammatinae) their apical part is narrow and straight, similarly as in numerous

Paramacronychiinae and Sarcophaginae. The apical part is sometimes sharply curved dorsally [in

Protodexiini and Impariini (Sarcophaginae) or in Agria monachae (Paramacronychiinae)]. In different

groups of Sarcophaginae they can develop a preapical protuberance (hunch) dorsally (e.g. in several

taxa of Heteronychia). In some Miltogramma species (Miltogrammatinae) they are differentiated into the

dorsal and the ventral arms. In several species of Sarcophagini longitudinal lateral (e.g. in Bercaea,

Liopygia), or alate plates (Stackelbergeola) are present. Such and similar modifications are obviously of

adaptive character. Usually the cerci are covered with long bristles, hairs or setae basally, becoming

shorter apically. Sometimes they are completely covered with short erect setae (Eremasiomyia), or short

spines are present apically (Kramerea, Blaesoxipha). Sometimes specialized groups of dorsal setae

(bunches) are present basally (Boettcheria, Protodexia) or apically (Seniorwhitea, Leucomyia). Some

authors mark them as “superior claspers” (Senior-White 1924), “anal cerci” (Patton, Ho 1938), “forcipes

superiores” or “external forcipes” (Lopes 1956) (Plates III, IV).

The surstyli show different forms. They are elongate in Macronychiinae and in some generalized

taxa or other subfamilies, which might represent a plesiomorphic modality. They are shorter in most

Sarcophaginae and in Blaesoxiphella of Paramacronychiinae which might be a specialized (apomorphic)

modality. They may develop secondary appendages (Protomiltogramma) or show apical dilatation

(Sarcophila, Agria etc.). Some authors call them “coxites” (Rohdendorf 1937), “paralobi” (Zumpt &

Heinz 1950), anal plates (Roback 1954), “telomeri” (Griffith 1972) (Plates III, IV).

The so-called “bacilliform sclerites” are paired elongate structures connecting the lateral parts of

hypandrium with the base of surstyli and situated at ventral hypandrium membrane. They were

studied by Richter (1980) in different sarcophagine groups. They are more or less distinct and elongate

in Macronychiinae, Miltogrammatinae and in some Paramacronychiinae, which might represent a less

specialized status. In some species they are wider with an internal hook-shaped appendix (in Senotainia

conica). In the majority of Sarcophaginae they are partly reduced, or absent. Hennig (1973) named them

“processus longi”, Richter (1980) “bare-shaped sclerites”.

The hypandrium is a symmetrical trough-shaped structure. Its anterior part is rather elongate in

a part of Sarcophaginae, and it seems that the elongation (probably a specialized situation) helps

balance the heavily sclerotized aedeagus. Senior-White (1924) used the term “paraphallus” for this

structure.

The pregonites consist of a basal (gonocoxite) and apical sclerite (gonostylus); only the form of

gonostylus is applied in sarcophagid taxonomy and it is generally named pregonite or gonopod. They

are either connected with or separated from the hind part of the hypandrium (the hook-shaped profile

seems to be their generalized form). Some sensorial setae may be present on their dorsal edge. In

numerous Sarcophaginae (e.g. in species of Parasarcophaga s.str.) and in some Wohlfahrtiina their shape

is elongate and narrow apically (Figs 155, 156) and in Helicophagella noverca they are short and

obviously reduced (Fig. 168). Rohdendorf (1937), Patton & Ho (1938), Zumpt & Heinz (1950) call them

“fore parameres”; Roback (1954) “anterior claspers”; Lopes (1956) “palpi genitales”; McAlpine (1981)

“gonopods” (Plates III, V).

The postgonites following the pregonites are situated laterally on both sides of the aedeagus. Their

generalized form is elongate, curved ventrally with hooklet-shaped tip, and with one ventral bristle.

In several sarcophagine taxa this bristle is substituted by several weaker setae. But considerable

variation may occur in this respect. Their straight rod-shaped form is characteristic of some miltogram-

matines (Metopodia, Eremasiomyia etc.). They are very wide with an apical hook in Oebaliina. Numerous

Bas Par pl Acr

Bas Di

Plate IV

Structural details of Sarcophaginae. Above: Cercus laterally (left) and dorsally (right) of malegenitalia:

C, cercus; Cb, cercus base; Cp, cercus prongftip); Sur, surstylus; Middle left: Vth abdominal sternite ofmale

(Cb, sternal base; Cp, sternal arms); Middle right: Female mid tibia with mid-femoral organ (mo); Bottom:

Miltogrammatine aedeagus: Acr, acrophallus; Bas, basiphallus; Di, distiphallus; DI, dorsolateral process of-

distiphallus; Ep, epiphallus; M, medial appendix of paraphallus; Par, paraphallus; Va, ventral appendix of

paraphallus. (Adapted from Rohdendorf 1937 and Pape 1987b).

modifications of their form exist in different subfamilies. Senior-White (1924) and Roback (1954) call

them “posterior claspers”; Patton & Ho (1938), Rohdendorf (1937, 1967) “hind parameres”; Lopes

(1956) “forcipes interiores” or “internal forcipes”; McAlpine (1981) “parameres” (Plates III, V).

The aedeagus apodeme is a sclerite actively connected with the aedeagus basally by muscles

responsible for the aedeagus movement. It is usually rod-shaped, showing considerable shape adap-

tation of little taxonomic importance. Rohdendorf (1937) calls it “apodemus of phallosoma”, Hennig

(1958) “Phallapodeme”.

The ejaculatory apodeme (Ejaculatorapodeme of Hennig 1958) is a sclerite connected with the base

of the aedeagus and showing usually a spatulate form. Its paired musculature is responsible for the

ejaculatory contractions of the spermaducts (or ampula). Rohdendorf (1937) calls it “diaphragme of

ampula”; Zumpt & Heinz (1950) “sperm pump sclerite”.

The aedeagus or phallosome (Patton 1932, Rohdendorf 1937) is the central structure arising behind

sternite IX of hypandrium. Its shape is of primary importance in the taxonomy of the Sarcophagidae.

It consists of two parts — the basiphallus and the distiphallus. In the majority of sarcophagine

subfamilies these two parts form a rigid complex, and only in some sarcophagine and paramacro-

nychiine genera (Eumacronychia, Nyctia, Eurychaeta) are the connections mobile. Different terms are

applied to them: The basiphallus is called the “first joint of penis” (Johnston & Hardy 1923), “"hypophal-

lus” (Senior-White 1924), “phallotheca” or “theca” (Patton 1932, Rohdendorf, 1937, Zumpt & Heinz

1950), “phallophore” (Roback 1954). The distiphallus is named “second joint of penis” (Johnston &

Hardy 1923), “aedeagus” (Patton & Ho 1938), “phallus” (Roback 1954, Lopes 1956), “penis” (Senior-

White 1924, Rohdendorf 1937) (Plates III, IV, V).

The basiphallus shows a strong lateral sclerotization in sarcophagids. It has a hook-shaped

postdorsal appendix, the epiphallus, or “spinus titillatorius” (Patton 1932, Rohdendorf 1937) in

generalized groups. The muscles arising from it move the aedeagus. In some Sarcophagini (Paramac-

rophagina, Boettcheriscina etc.) the basiphallus is secondarily shortened and widened (probably apomor-

phic modality).

The distiphallus generalized structure is elongate, membranous with a paired narrow dorsolateral

sclerotization (so-called primitive paraphallus) as is seen in Macronychiinae. The so-called paraphal-

lus starts with the above sclerotization of distiphallus representing the gradual specialization of

distiphallus. It is called “sheath” (Johnson & Hardy 1924), “juxta” (Senior-White 1924), “Harpebasis”

(Zumpt & Heinz 1950), “corpus” (Roback 1954), “dorsal plate + dorsolalateral process” (McAlpine

1981). (Plates II, IV, V).

The probable plesiomorphic modality of paraphallus (in Macronychia) shows a dorsal plate

connected with the basiphallus and a paired dorsolateral process connected with the dorsal plate

apically.

The membranous ventral part of paraphallus forms a spinose ventral process at lower surface of

distiphallus, the acrophallus is a structure situated apically at distiphallus. It is membranous, with

numerous spines. The openings of the spermaducts are situated at tip of distiphallus. The majority of

miltogrammatines show an additional enforcement in the form of a paired appendix extending from

the dorsal plate to the ventral process (ventral plate). Sometimes an additional structural element, the

medial process, extends from the ventral plate and the proximity of the spermaducts to the acrophallus

(Senotainia puncticornis, Oebalia spp. etc.). In species of Ammobia the medial process is strongly

developed, reinforcing the distiphallus, the other paraphallus structures being reduced. In Chrysogram-

ma the reinforcing structure is generally the dilated ventral process, but the dorsolateral process is not

reduced. In the species of Protomiltogramma the medial processes and the dorsal plate are fused

forming a strong sclerite near the base of the acrophallus.

The form of the acrophallus is various. It can be short (e.g. in Amobia, Senotainia, Macronychia/

Moschusa) or rather elongate (Protomiltogramma, Opsidia). In Oebalia the acrophallus is usually narrow

and curved ventrally, or the dorsolateral process of paraphallus is partly prolonged to acrophallus

(Plate IV).

The ventral process is sometimes widened (e.g. in Amobia, Taxigramma, Oebalia, Ptychoneura).

It seems generally that the structure of the aedeagus in Macronychiinae, Miltogrammatinae and in

some Paramacronychiinae is less specialized regardless of specialized elements. Among Paramacrony-

chiinae the generalized aedeagus exists in the Chrysogrammatini and is not differentiated from the

aedeagus of Miltogrammatinae. The spermducts in Goniophytoini are situated distally on the elongate

Par

Bas

Plate V

Aedeagus (phallus) of sarcophagiine Sarcophaginae. Ap, apical plate of distiphallus; Bas, basiphallus;

Di, distiphallus; Ep, epiphallus; H, harpe; La, lateral arm (process) of apical plate; Mm, membrane;

Mp, membranalprocess; Par, paraphallus; Pog, postgonite (posteriorapophyse - paramere); Prg, pregonite

(anterior apophyse - gonopod); St, stylus; Vp, ventral process of distiphallus. Original drawing.

Plate VI

Figs 1-6. Male terminalia of different sarcophagid groups (subfamilies, tribes and genera). 1. Macronychia

polyodon (Meig.) (Macronychiinae). 2. Senotainia deserta Rohd. (Miltogrammatinae). 3. Amobia signata (Meig.)

(Amobiini). 4. Chorezmomyia geophila Rohd. (Miltogrammatini). 5. Protomiltogramma seniorwhitei (Verv.)

(Miltogrammatini). 6. Chrysomyia parva Rohd. (Chrysomyinae). (Original drawing).

Plate VII

Figs 7-11. Male terminalia of different sarcophagid groups (subfamilies, tribes and genera). 7. Geniophyto

hunshuensis Rohd. (Paramacronychiinae). 8. Sarcotachina subcylindrica Port. (Paramacronychiinae). 9. Blaeso-

xiphella brevicornisVilln. (Protodexiini). 10. Xiphidiella anorubra (Villn.) (Paramacronychiinae, Eumacronychi-

ini). 11. Athyrsomima stackelbergi Rohd. (Sarcophagini). (Original drawing).

Plate VIII

Details of miltogrammatine terminalia (postabdomen) (above) and sternite V and VI (bottom) in Sphecapatodes

ornatus (Villn.). C, cercus; Ep, epandrium; Sur, surstylus, and the corresponding tergite, syntergite and

sternites. (Adapted from Rohdendorf 1937).

acrophallus. Their specialized (possibly apomorphic) modalities reflect in the desclerotization of the

paraphallus and in their replacement on the ventral process of the paired elongate spineless arms. The

apical situation of the spermaducts is characteristic of Sarcotachinini and the specialized status reflects

in the distinct separation of basiphallus and distiphallus, in the reduction of the epiphallus and in the

Plate IX

Male sternites of: 1. Senotainia conica (Fall.) (Miltogrammatini) (2nd-4th). 2. Seniorwhitea reciproca (WIk.) (Sar-

cophagini) (4th); 5th male sternites of: 3. Senotainia conica (Fäll.) (Miltogrammatini). 4. Chorezmomyia geophila

Rohd. (Miltogrammatinae). 5. Protomiltogramma nandii (Verv.) (Miltogrammatini). 6. Protomiltogramma senior-

whitei (Verves) (Miltogrammatini). 7. Chrysogramma parva Rohd. (Chrysogrammatinae). 8. Xiphidiella anorubra

(Villn.) (Xiphidiellina). 9. Eumacronychia persolla Reinh. (Macronychiinae). 10. Liosarcophaga djakonowi (Rohd.)

(Sarcophagini). 11. Thyrsocnema s. str. (Sarcophagini). 12. Parasarcophaga musashinensis (Kano & Okazaki)

(Sarcophagini). 13. Boettcherisca peregrina (R.-D.) (Sarcophagini). 14. Phallosphaera gravelyi (S.-W.) (Sarcoph-

agini). 15. Robineauella pseudoscoparia (Kr.) (Sarcophagini). 16. Athyrsomima stackelbergi Rohd. (Sarcophagini).

17. Kanoa okazakii (Kano) (Sarcophagini). 18. Takanoa rugosa Rohd. (Sarcophagini). 19. Seniorwhitea reciproca

(WIk.) (Sarcophagini). (Original drawing).

elongation of the distiphallus. The ventral process is absent. In Eumacronychiini a strong hook-shaped

plate is situated at the base of the dorsolateral processes of the paraphallus. In the genus Xiphidiella

(Paramacronychiinae) the basiphallus and the distiphallus are complete (a generalized situation), but

the ventral process is separated into the paired awl-shaped distal arms and the spinose central part.

The acrophallus is apically broader. In Eumacronychia the structure of the acrophallus is complex: In

E. personella it is prolonged and covered by a membranous setose “envelope”, the spermaducts are well

sclerotized (see Verves 1990b). In E. sternalis the acrophallus is situated ventrally showing a strong

apical sclerotization (Lopes 1982b). Such ventral displacement of acrophallus is named “hypophallus”

(Rohdendorf 1937). A membranous process (distad of paraphallus) replaces the acrophallus (Plates III,

IV, VL VID.

A progressive sclerotization of the paraphallus, the development of a complete hypophallus and

the presence of the apical plate of the distiphallus is characteristic of the tribe Paramacronychiini. In

the nominate subtribe Paramacronychiina the aedeagus shows a generalized situation: The epiphallus

is long, the dorsolateral processes of the paraphallus are narrow, the apical plate is widely membra-

nous. The ventral process becomes paired, and is well sclerotized. In Brachicoma, Wohlfahrtia and in

some other taxa the structures situated ventrally and apically from the paraphallus are well sclerotized

resulting in a completely sclerotized distiphallus. The hypophallus shows different modifications, it

becomes reduced or desclerotized, and the epiphallus becomes shorter (Plates VI, VID.

The genus Eurychaeta (Helicoboscini) shows a peculiar situation, its basiphallus and distiphallus

being fused and mobile. The distiphallus consists of a basal and an apical part. The basal part is a

heavily sclerotized plate resulting from the fusion of the ventral paraphallus processes and the ventral

protuberance. The apical part is dorsally formed by the dorsolateral processes of the paraphallus and

by the short and wide paraphallus ventrally. The opinion of Rognes (1986) that the hypophallus was

probably concerned is possibly incorrect, because the spermaduct opening is situated apically and

because the spines on its surface are charactristic of the acrophallus.

In Helicophagoides pagensis (Sarcophagini), the entire distiphallus shows a complex specialization

which makes its individual structures difficult to homologize. Its probably missing musculature but

obvious “stiffness” indicates that its movement is brought about through the varying pressure of

haemolymph (Povolny 1994).

Two specializations of the aedeagus exist among the tribes of Sarcophaginae. The aedeagus in

Sarothromyiini and in Raviniini is complete and sclerotized. The epiphallus is usually well developed

in Sarothromyiini, but is more or less reduced in Raviniini. These two tribes have paired ventral

processes, which are derivatives of the ventral process (protuberance). Their hypophallus is differen-

tiated into the so-called “internal parts of distiphallus”. The other specialization trend shows a mobile

fusion of the basiphallus and the distiphallus (in all other tribes). This fusion follows longitudinally

along the aedeagus axis (Verbeke 1963). At the place of the mobile fusion the membranal connections

may be present (see membranal lobes etc.). They can be situated ventrad of the distiphallus, showing

sometimes a distal continuation. Some authors (Roback 1954, Tschorsnig 1985) confused them with the

ventral processes of the distiphallus, although the membranal lobes are situated between the basiphal-

lus and distiphalus.

The membrane and its derivatives. The generalized form of this structure is its situation between

the basiphallus and the distiphallus (e.g. in Protodexiini and in Helicobiina). In Helicophagellina this

membrane shows a sclerotized, unpaired distal spine or at least a sclerotized process. In Phytosarcoph-

agina and in Heteronychiina the distal part of the membrane protrudes to form an unpaired awl-

Plate X

Figs 1-9. Male sternite V of: 1. Liosarcophaga portshinskyi Rohd. (Sarcophagini). 2. Heteronychia hirticrus (Pand.)

(Sarcophagini). 3. Helicophagella noverca (Rond.) (Sarcophagini). 4. Liosarcophaga jacobsoni Rohd. (Sarcophagini).

5. Pandelleisca similis (Meade) (Sarcophagini). 6. Pseudothyrsocnema spinosa Villn.) (Sarcophagini). 7. Pierretia

soror (Rond.) (Sarcophagini). 8. Pierretia lunigera (Böttch.) (Sarcophagini). 9. Pierretia discifera (Pand.) (Sarco-

phagini).

Fig. 10. Chaetotaxy of third leg, frontal view: ad - anterodorsals; av, anteroventrals; ex, coxa; f, femur;

mt, metatarsus; pd, posterodorsals; pr, praeapicals; t, tibia; tr, trochanter; ts, tarsomeres (Original draw-

ing).

shaped or digitate appendix. The majority of Sarcophaginae show more or less sclerotized, elongate

membranal processes or arms. Some authors have used the terms “vesica” (Senior-White 1924, Roback

1954, Pape 1987) and “ventralia” (Lopes 1956). The membranal process(es) are either unpaired or

paired, sometimes petiolate (in Parasarcophaga s.str., etc.), or two paired membranal processes are

present (in Liosarcophaga/Pandelleisca). In numerous groups (Johnsoniini, some Phallanthiina, Boettch-

eriscina etc.) these processes are spinose.

The harpes are paired curved processes between the membrane and the distiphallus. They arise

from the interior wall of the membrane. Some previous authors (Rohdendorf 1937, Roback 1954)

confused them with the membranal processes. These structures are especially distinct in Thyrsocnema

(Sarcophagini).

The origin of the basal and the apical part of the distiphallus and their appendages were studied

in groups having poorly sclerotized distiphallus: The paraphallus of Hypopelta scrofa (Microcerellini)

consists of well visible dorsolateral and ventral processes. The other parts of distiphallus are membra-

nous, but the ventral process (protuberance) is well differentiated. In Johnsoniini, Emblemasomatini

and Sarcodexiini all paraphallus processes are widened forming lateral sclerotized plates, which can

be more or less distinct also in some other tribes. These plates are called the paraphallus (Lopes 1956),

a term often comprising all other distiphallus structures. The next names used are “prepucium”

(Senior-White, 1924), basal part of paraphallus (Rohdendorf 1937), “lobi laterales” (Patton & Ho 1938),

“corpus” (Roback 1954).

The ventral processes or arms of distiphallus are the derivatives of the ventral process (protuber-

ance) and they fuse sometimes secondarily with the paraphallus. In some instances (e.g. in Helicobii-

na) they are flat and situated ventrolaterad of the paraphallus. They may be also elongate and

specialized into complex structures. Identical terms used are “appendage of juxta” (Senior-White

1924), “ventral lobi” (Patton & Ho 1938), “ventral processes of basal part of paraphallus” (Rohdendorf

1937), “vesica” (Zumpt & Heinz 1950), “lateral plates” (Lopes 1956), “ventral plates” (Pape 1987).

The correct name for the paraphallus appendix (short, pointed processes on the dorsal surface of

the paraphallus) characteristic of Helicophagella is “auricula”.

The apical plate (Lopes 1956) results from the sclerotization of the membranous parts forming the

tip of the paraphallus. The additonal structures of the apical plate are the following: its paired lateral

arms of various length and form, the extension of the apical plate, spinose surface of this plate and of

its arms. The lateral plate was usually called “harpes” (Senior-White 1924), “apical process” (Johnston

& Hardy 1923), “apical lobi” (Patton & Ho 1938), “apical part of paraphallus” (Rohdendorf 1937),

“jJuxta” (Zumpt & Heinz 1950, Roback 1954).

The interior parts of the distiphallus are the derivatives of the hypophallus. The complete

hypophallus of Sarcophaginae is present only in Imparia impar (Impariini) and it is thoroughly

asymmetrical. In the other species of Impariini the hypophallus is divided into the individual sclerites.

The development of these interior structures of distiphallus shows different trends in different groups

of Sarcophagidae analyzed by Roback (1954).

The central part of the hypophallus may change to form the paired and comparatively short medial

process (in Raviniini and Sarcophagini) which is usually invisible from the outside. It can be seen only

Plate XI

Figs 1-22. Abdominal pattern (dorsal view) in sarcophagid males of: 1. Sarcophila latifrons (Fll.) (Paramacrony-

chiini). 2. Wohlfahrtia (indigena) (Vill.) (Paramacronychiini). 3. Wohlfahrtia pavlovskyi Rohd. (Paramacronychi-

ini). 4. Wohlfahrtoides marzinovskyi Rohd. (Paramacronychiini). 5. Paramacronychia flavipalpis (Girschn.) (Para-

macronychiini). 6. Agria punctata R.-D. (Paramacronychiini). 7. Agriella sp. (Protodexiini). 8. Sphenometopa stei-

ni (Schin.) (Oebaliini - Sphenometopiina). 9. Sphenometopa satunini Rohd. (Sphenometopiina). 10. Sphenometopa

lindneri Verv. (Sphenometopiina). 11. Pediasiomyia przhevalskiji Rohd.(Miltogrammatini). 12. Miltogrammatoides

maximum Rohd.) (Miltogrammatini). 13. Miltogrammatoides alashanicus Rohd. (Miltogrammatini). 14. Milto-

grammatoides affinis Verv. (Miltogrammatini). 15. Miltogrammatoides dissidens Verv. (Miltogrammatini). 16. Mil-

togrammatoides zaitzevi Verv. (Miltogrammatini). 17. Liosarcophaga sp. (Sarcophagini). 18. Sphenometopa stackel-

bergi Rohd. (Sphenometopiina). 19. Sphenometopa kozlovi Rohd. (Sphenometopiina). 20. Sphenometopa fastuosa

(Meig.) (Sphenometopiina). 21. Sphenometopa suskini Rohd. (Sphenometopiina). 22. Sphenometopa przewalskii

Rohd. (Sphenometopiina). (Original drawings, Figs 18-22 adapted from Rohdendorf 1971b, 1975).

B \ &

) Ä

18) [DD

Plate XII

Habitus of important representatives of sarcophagine genera. 1. Servaisia erythrura (Meig.); 2. Pandelleana

protuberans (Pand.); 3. Liopygia crassipalpis (Macq.); 4. Bercaea cruentata (Meig.); 5. Heteronychia depressifrons

(Zett.); 6. Sarcotachinella sinuata (Meig.). (After Rohdendorf 1937).

in some groups (in the lateral view) having the form of a short, wide sclerite situated between the styli,

and reinforcing the apical plate ventrally (in Pierretis s.str., Pandelleana, Bellieriomima etc.). In some

Protodexiini (Agriella, Blaesoxipha) an elongate bristle-shaped medial process is situated dorsoapically

from the limen (Verves 1985). In Parasarcophagina, Bottcheriina, Heteronychiina and Helicobiina the

medial processes are reduced in form of short sclerites situated at the base of two elongate paired

sclerites, the so-called “capitis” (Roback 1954), and in Helicophagellina the shortened “capitis” are

situated on the tip of the elongate medial process (Plate V).

The styli are the elongate, shorter or longer paired sclerites situated on the outside of the medial

processes or “capitis” representing sclerotized ledges of the spermaducts. They are short and directed

ventrally in Helicophagellina. In the majority of Sarcophaginae they are slender prolonged, more or

less straight or only moderately curved, spinose or serrate, only rarely widened and complex (e.g. in

Boettcheriscina). Roback (1954) names them “lateral arms”, or “lateral filaments”.

The “hillae” (Roback 1954) are well sclerotized, wide and often petiolate processes arising from the

base of styli (and characteristic only of Raviniini).

The “limen” (Roback 1954) is an elongate, wide, paired sclerite situated on the outside of the

medial processes and protruding ventrally (in Protodexiini). In Servaisia (Acridiophaga) the limen

protrudes apically and a special membrane (“apical plate”) surrounds its base.

The “parastyli” are lateral processes of styli bases situated on distiphallus surface laterally and

parallel to styli known e.g. in Phytosarcophaga (Verves 1990b).

® terminalia

The females of Sarcophagidae are generally viviparous (larviparous), and only in a few cases ovovi-

viparous (e.g. in Sarcophaga s. str./ Eberhardt 1955/ or Ptychoneura/ Sanborne 1982/). The ? terminalia

are therefore shortened (Figs 5, 101) and only Chilopodomyia borageana in Johnsoniini has a telescopic

ovipositor (Lopes & Tibana 1984), this situation is explained by its predation on myriapodes.

Tergite VI. Its generalized form shows a complete transverse (diametrical) plate with a row of

well developed marginal bristles (sometimes interrupted centrally). A secondary modality is the

separation of this sclerite in the middle so that two lateral plates are present (in different Sarcophag-

inae, occasionally in Sarcotachina, Eurychaeta of Paramacronychiinae and Synorbitomyia of Miltogram-

matinae). An elongation of the entire tergite is known in Dexagria (Paramacronychiinae) and in some

Sarcophaginae (Xanthobrachycema, partly in Oxysarcodexia etc.), elongation of the separated lateral

plates occurs in some Paramacronychiinae (e.g. Angiometopa mihalyi) and Sarcophaginae (Robineauella,

Pattonella etc.). The 6th stigma (spiracle) is situated either on the surface of tergite VI laterally or in the

membrane near its anterior margin. The 7th stigma (spiracle) is usually situated in the membrane

laterally, only occasionally on the surface of tergite VI.

Tergite VII is generally rather similar to tergite VI, but smaller (e.g. in Macronychia). The secondary

modality is its shortening, and the 7th stigma is situated either in the membrane of tergite VI or on its

surface (this is characteristic of Miltogrammatinae and Paramacronychiinae). This tergite is also

provided with a row of marginal setae, their secondary loss starts in the middle, and they can be

completely absent (e.g. in Taxigramma). The secondary reduction of tergite VII follows in two ways. It

is gradually reduced, desclerotized or is completely absent (in Parasarcophagina, Boettcheriscina etc.),

or it separates into the setose lateral lobes which become gradually bare and the entire sclerite becomes

membranous (Protodexiini, Raviniini, Johnsoniini etc.).

Tergite VII is usually reduced, but it can also be present (in Macronychia/Moschusa/ and in some

Miltogrammatinae) in the form of a transverse bare membranous plate. In the majority of Sarcophag-

idae this tergite is reduced to two lateral membranous bare plates which are sometimes setose and a

little more sclerotized. In Macronychia s.str. the lateral parts of tergite VIII are enlarged ventrally,

surrounding the cerci, and are prolonged caudally to form a spinose ovipositor.

Tergite IX is always absent.

Tergite X (the anal plate of Rohdendorf 1937, the epiproct of McAlpine 1981) is usually a small

membranous shortly setose plate with a pair of elongate bristles and it can be reduced partly or

completely and the pair of the bristles may be absent.

Signum (possibly an immerse of the sternite VII) is the opening of the spermathecae. It is more or

less sclerotized and present in some Paramacronychiina and in most Sarcophaginae. This structure is

very little known, although it is very different in different species.

Sternite VIII is originally a transverse subtriangulate or rectangulate setose plate (e.g. in Macrony-

chia, Senotainia). It can be secondarily partly desclerotized in its fore part, and provided with strong

marginal bristles (in Pandelleana) or completely desclerotized and membranous (e.g. in Eurychaeta,

Dexagria, Varirosellea), whereby its setae are also partly or completely reduced (Ascelotella granulata,

Bercaea). It is rather minor in Arachnidomyia. In Blaesoxipha (Paramacronychiinae) and in some Emble-

masomatini (Sarcophaginae) this sternite forms an elongate, laterally flattened ovipositor. In Protodex-

iini sternites VII and VIII are complete, forming the basal part of the ovipositor.

Sternite VII is primarily a moderately transverse sclerite completely covered by medium-length

bristles (in Macronychiinae). It develops secondarily a row of hind marginal bristles forming possibly

two lateral groups. These lateral bristles are, then, preserved in the form of a pair of lateromarginal

bristles (in different sarcophagids). This sternite is completely bare in Sarcotachina. The form of this

sclerite varies from transverse to square or elongate-rectangulate. In Protodexiini and in some

Emblemasommatini this sternite forms the distal part of the ovipositor.

Sternite VI shows similar changes as sternite VII. Its general width corresponds to about 0.3 that

of tergite VI in Paramacronychiinae (except Sarcotachinini) and in some Sarcophaginae (Impariini)

representing a plesiomorphic situation (Lopes 1982a, Kulikova 1984, Verves & Kulikova 1986). Sternite

VI is shorter and narrower in all other Sarcophagidae.

Spermathecae. All Sarcophagidae have primarily three uniform segmented spermathecae. Sec-

ondarily one spermatheca is reduced. Their original form is ovate or pyriform. They become elongate

and kidney-shaped in Pediasimyia, or only their basal part becomes elongate. And finally retorted

spermathecae are present in Sarcophaginae.

The relation between the structure of the ? terminalia and the oviposition in calypterate Diptera

was studied by Herting (1957) and by Verves & Kulikova (1986).

Relations of Sarcophagidae to their hosts

According to Rohdendorf (1967) the relationship between flesh-flies and their hosts indicate that they

represent a colateral group of calliphoroid flies (Calliphoridae s. lat.), since they have apparently

developed as trophic competitors. The primary status of the larval feeding in both families is

necrophagy, but the true sarcophagids prefer small animal carrion (Denno & Cothran 1975, Beaver

1977, Hanski & Kuusela 1980, Verves & Narchuk 1986, Pape 1987b etc.). The larvae of different

calliphoroids develop in similar substrates, but their larvae hatch from the eggs not prior to but after

(several hours) oviposition has taken place. The sarcophagids bear live larvae, this larvipary represent-

ing a positive selection value (“superearly populating”). The larvipary in flesh-flies resulted, thus, from

breeding competition on similar substrates.

The (small) corpses of carrion represent a rather unsteady substrate exposed to the inponderable

environmental changes, especially of climatic character, to feeding competition of vertebrates etc. The

calliphoroid dipterans may use other suitable substrates for oviposition or larviposition. Therefore the

non-specialized facultative feeding strategy including parasitism and predation seems to be the basic

strategy of calliphoroids. And the necrophagous-parasitic or necrophagous-predatory strategy is one

of the substantial feeding trends of both sister groups of Sarcophagidae - the Paramacronychiinae and

Sarcophaginae. The flesh-fly species showing this feeding habit comprise the greatest part of the tribes

of Paramacronychiinae and 8 of 11 tribes of Sarcophaginae.

A tendency for occasional cannibalistic predation and parasitism by the larvae of sarcophagids is

due to their primary zoophagy: The 1st instar larvae developing in the ? “uterus” are capable of

attacking each other during the larviposition or even the tissues of the larvipositing female. This

phenomenon is known in purely necrophagous (predacious) (Portschinsky 1881) and parasitic taxa:

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Gan 1953) and Blaesoxipha (Leonide & L&onide 1986). Numerous larvae of

schizophagous species are able to attack other larvae, especially as 1st instar maggots (Blackith &

Blackith 1984). Such facultative predation resulted finally in obligatory predation (Sarconeiva and

Cuculomyia, in Johnsoniini). The victims are moreover killed by extraintenstinal neurotoxins (Lopes

1973a). The next kinds of obligatory predation or parasitism in animals was due to their thin skins or

wounds of and in host bodies. Therefore no special adaptations in both hypopharyngeal complexes of

the Ist instar larvae and in the ovipositor (postabdomen) of ? flies was necessary.

The sarcophagine parasitism in earth-worms resulted probably as a secondary parasitism from

(original) predation on worms living in decomposing organic substrates (the species of the genus

Sarcophaga are obligatory or facultative parasitoids of earth-worms). The larviposition follows on

coprolites of Lumbricidae. The larvae attack then the host inside its burrows and invade the worm’s

body through the opening of the clitellum (Eberhardt 1955).

The species Notochaeta cognata (Johnsoniini) lives similarly in the bodies of the earthworm family

Macroscolecidae of South America (Lopes 1973a).

Facultative parasitism of terrestrial gastropods is known in several originally necrophagous

sarcophagids. Some species are specialized predators or necrophages of snails: Cuculomyini (Airypel,

Malacophagomyia) and Sarcophagini (several species of Phallanthiina). Obligatory parasitism in snails

is known in Johnsoniini (Johnsonia), Cuculomyiini (Udamopyga), Sarcodexiini (Encelimyia), Sarcoph-

agini (Heteronychia, Discachaeta, Krameromyia, Microplagia, Comasarcophaga, Sarcodexiopsis).

In the Paramacronychiinae the specific necrophagous-predatory species are also known (Eurycha-

eta, Nyctia). The females splash their larvae into the respiratorial opening of the snail (Verves 1976b)

or lay them on the epiphragma (Neck & Lopes 1973).

Obligatory predation in egg sacs (cocoons) of spiders is known in Arachnidomyia (Phallanthina) and

Parasarcophaga (Baranovisca) of Parasarcophagina. The origin of this habit is unknown. The females lay

probably the egg(s) on the surface of the sac or cocoon and the larva penetrates it with the aid of

numerous and strong spines on their first segments.

Some paramacronychiine species (of Oophagomyia, Wohlfahrtia, Sarcotachina) are necrophagous, but

they facultatively predate on egg sacs (pods) of grasshoppers.

Facultative and obligatory predation on prepupae and pupae of Lepidoptera is well known in

numerous species of different sarcophagine subfamilies and tribes. The species of the paramacronychi-

ine genus Agria are facultative (A. monachae) or obligatory lepidopterous predators (Agria housei,

A. punctata), A. mamillata is specialized on caterpillars of Yponomeuta. Numerous facultative predators

attack pupae especially during lepidopterous peak gradations (e.g. Liosarcophaga harpax, Robineauella

pseudoscoparia, Kramerea schuetzei, Boettcheria spp.). Obligatory predacious species are Emdenimyia,

Harpagopyga, Sarcodexiopsis of Johnsoniini, Idoneamima houghi, Liopygia uliginosa, Liosarcophaga subhar-

pax of Sarcophagini. Unlike the Tachinidae, the maggots of sarcophagids are unable to penetrate

bodies of actively moving caterpillars but only on immobile prepupae or pupae (Vasiliev 1913).

Facultative myiases of vertebrates are caused by several species of Sarcophagina and Paramacro-

nychiina (especially Wohlfahrtia). Such larvae are found either in wounds or they invade the eyes,

nasopharynx, uretral and genital ducts. The females deposit larvae on mucous membranes, body

openings or in wounds. Sarcophagid obligatory parasitic species of vertebrates are not numerous:

Wohlfahrtia meigeni and W. vigil cause cutaneous myiasis in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

W. magnifica attacks warm blooded animals - mammals and birds. Among sarcophagines specific

myiasogenic species attack the frog (Notochaeta bufonivora), the chamaeleon (Anolisomyia blackae) and

the turtle (Cistudinomyia cistudinis). Unlike the blood-sucking Calliphoridae, only schizophagous

sarcophagine species may attack bird nestlings.

Several species show a wide spectrum of larval feeding from schizophagy to predation and

facultative parasitism of both invertebrates and vertebrates: Ravinia pernix (Raviniini), Hystrococnema

plinthopyga, Kellimyia kellyi (Impariini), Helicobia monionella, H. rapax, Sarcodexia innota (Sarcodexiini),

Helicophagella melanura, Pierretia nigriventris, Bercaea cruentata, Liosarcophaga s. str. sp. div., Parasarco-

phaga s.str. sp.div., Boettcherisca spp. etc. (Sarcophagini).

The predation and parasitism by sarcophagids in animals with soft skin developed independently

in Sarcophaginae and Paramacronychiinae, based on gradual widening of the trophic spectrum and on

different facultative tendencies. The obligatory predation or parasitism is known only at species or

genus level. Only the tribe Johnsoniini comprises parazitoids of animals with soft skin or body cover.

The kind of feeding may also depend on the size and character of the host. In small hosts the larva

develops as a parasite and after killing the host it attacks another individual or other host.

The feeding specialization results in specific necrophagous or coprophagous strategies. Besides

specific necrophages of snails also specific necrophages of insects (Xinopiella, Phallantha etc.) and of

small vertebrates are known (Ascelotella, some species of Robineauella, Liosarcophaga, Sarcorohdendorfia

etc.).

The sarcophagids are more or less thermophilic flies unable to utilize their feeding substrates and

hosts at the start (early in the season) or at the end of the vegetation period - similarly as Heleomyz-

idae, Scathophagidae, Calliphoridae etc. To avoid the competition with other schizophagous flies they

have often adapted to certain special environments: sea shores and fresh water habitats, on carcasses

of aquatic or amphibious animals: Goniophytoini (of Paramacronychiinae), Abapa (Inpariini), Alisarco-

phaga, Adiscochaeta, Paraphrissopoda (Sarcodexiini), Parasarcophaga (Sinonipponia), Takanoa (Sarcophagini

of Sarcophaginae). Some larvae develop in the galleries or borings of insect larvae and plant stems, in

ant, termite, bee nests (Dexosarcophaga, Farrimyia, Panava of Cuculomyini, Notoecus, Metoposarcophaga,

Tripanurga of Sarcophagini). The predatory life of Brachicoma (Paramacronychiini) in nests of bumble-

bees has probably developed from its original necrophagy similarly as the larval inquilinism in

sphecoid and vespoid nests by Raviniopsis (of Sarcodexiini), Neobellieria affecta, N. polistensis of Sarco-

phagini. Also the vertebrate egg parasitism in sea turtles by Eumacronychia sternalis might be of a

similar origin. Other species of Eumacronychia are nest inquilines of sphecoid wasps. The females

larviposit on the sand surface and the larvae penetrate the nests of the host. In the habitats where

turtles lay eggs a similar habit has led to parasitism.

A special form of necrophagy is that of feeding on the insects trapped in the proteolitic fluids of

pitcher plants. This habit occurs in the genus Fletcheromyia (Impariini), Sarracenomyia, Sarcosolomonia

and some species of Pierretia (Sarcophagini).

Obligatory coprophagy is known in some Sarothromyiini (Nephochaetopteryx) and in the majority

of Raviniini. It seems that the necrophagy developed in those species which attacked carcasses at a late

phase of their destruction by necrophagous insects. But such species were originally attracted by

carcasses as substrates rich in proteins.

The parasitism by sarcophagids of insects and other arthropods (mainly myriapods and scorpions)

with well sclerotized exoskeletons originated probably from their necrophagy habit combined with an

ability to penetrate the host’s protective cuticle. The females have developed a sclerotized ovipositor,

and the 1st instar larvae have powerful mouthparts. The species also show special ethological reactions

during oviposition. J. Leonide (1969) proposed a classification of this behaviour based on the larvipo-

sition on grasshoppers which may be well applied (perhaps with minor modifications) to all kinds of

parasitism on hosts with sclerotized cuticle.

General larviposition on the host’s body may occur without any specialization of the ovipositor.

This situation exists in numerous facultative parasites (e.g. Kallymyia kellyi, Sarcotachinella sinuata) and

in certain obligatory parasites (Blaesoxipha redempta, B. unicolor, Opsophyto opifera, Servaisia aculeata etc.)

attacking grasshoppers and in some species of Emblemasomatini attacking cicadas. The larvae search

actively after the intersegmental membranes, genitoanal openings etc. to penetrate them. The larvipo-

sition follows usually while the host is sitting or creeping, but is sometimes (Blaesoxipha redempta) on

flying grasshoppers. Concoldamyia auditrix locates its host — the singing males of cicadas - by the sound

of their songs (Soper & al. 1976).

A step towards a specialized infestation was the larviposition directly into a body opening of the

host. This behaviour resulted in the specialization of the ovipositor into a larvipositor and in

completing the ethological reactions of larvipositing females. The females of some Agriella larviposit

into the mouth opening of tenebrionid beetles. Their ovipositor is short, but the abdominal sclerites are

elongate forming a tube. The parazitoids of orthopterans larvipositing on the mouth opening (Servaisia

arteagai) or on the genitoanal opening (Blaesoxipha plumicornis, B. pygmaea, Servaisia neuguenensis,

S. varisi etc.) have a spatulate or spine-shaped, apically rounded larvipositor. The next parazitoids of

the orthopterans attack their hosts by piercing their cuticle with a spine-shaped, pointed larvipositor.

Blaesoxipha atlanis pierces the femoral base, Servaisia falcicornis the hind femora, 5. rossica the abdominal

membranes.

The sarcophagids parasitizing these arthropods with sclerotized cuticle form a compact systematic

group. The tribe Protodexiini comprise the parasitoids of orthopterans (Blaesoxipha, Servaisia, the

subgenera Servaisia, Acridiophaga, Amblyocorephenes, Neotephromyiella, Opsophyto, Protodexia and Tephro-

myıa), of tenebrionid beetles (Acanthodotheca, Agriella), of mantids (Mantidophaga). All parasitoids of

cicadas belong to the tribe Emblemasomatini. The obligatory parasitoids of arthropods belonging to

different tribes are members of specialized genera: The parasitoids of the myriapods belong to

Spinobolomyia (Impariini), the grasshoppers are attacked by Phallocheira (Sarcophagini), the scarabeid

beetles by Wohlfahrtiopsis (Sarcophagini). The only obligatory paramacronychiine parasitoid of orthop-

terans Blaesoxiphella brevicornis represents a separate subtribe.

The inquilinism (cleptoparasitism) of Macronychiinae and Miltogrammatinae in solitary Hy-

menoptera Aculeata is secondary and has evolved probably from endoparasitism in insects (Verves

1976, 1983). This theory is based on the observations by Baranov (1925). Locusts parasitized by larvae

of Blaesoxipha spp. were often attacked by sphecoid wasps (Sphex). These wasps paralyse the locusts on

which they lay their eggs. The blaesoxiphine larva is not killed during this process, but it obviously

does not resist the competition with the sphecid larva. It seems that the ancestral miltogrammatine

form parasitizing the insect larvae frequently paralysed (and later fed on) by sphecoid larvae were

repeatedly transported to the sphecoid nests together with these paralysed larvae. The miltogramma-

tine larvae might have fed on the sphecoid larvae together with the paralyzed insect host larva. This

inquilinism has certain evolutionary advantages, since the parasitoid miltogrammatine larva is more

protected by its inquilinism against different environmental factors.

The origin of inquilinism is also combined with certain special behavioural reactions of larvipos-

iting females in host’s nests. Several degrees of such reactions are recognized:

1. Attacking the host wasps (Sphecoidea and Pompiloidea) during the transportation of the

paralysed insects into their nests. The flies sit on exposed sites (stems, stones etc.) and chase flying

insects of a certain size.

If they find a wasp carrying a paralysed insect, they quickly larviposit (on the paralysed insect) as

the wasp is pulling it into the nest, or the larvipositing fly follows the wasp into the nest and deposits

its larva on the body of the paralysed insect. It has been observed by several authors that some females

try to larviposit on the paralysed insect being carried by flying wasps (Spassky 1915, Krombein 1967,

Kurczewski 1964, Myarzewa 1972, Hager & Kurzewski 1985, Daniels 1977, McCorguodale 1986,

Spofford et al. 1985 etc.).

2. Larviposition takes place in the host nest when host is absent. This behaviour is characteristic

in Amobiini developing in earthenware “jugs” of some sphecoid and eumenid wasps (Krombein 1967).

Also the majority of the species of the subtribe Miltogrammatina and some species of Metopiina show

this strategy in attacking apoid hymenopterans (Allen 1926, Wcislo 1984 etc.). The females of Phrosinel-

la (Euhilarella) larviposit at the same time as the entrance to the wasp nest is being closed. The fly larvae

may penetrate the burrow independently (Ristich 1956, Evans 1970). Our own observation (Verves in

the Nature Reserve of Kanev near Kiev, Ukraine, 1985) was on the female of Macronychia striginervis.

The wasp nest was situated in the burrows of the anobiid beetles in the wall of awooden building and

closed by a mixture of sawdust. The female pierced the closure with its acute larvipositor and released

the larva into the nest, where it was later detected.

3. The larviposition occurs directly on the body of an aculeate wasp. This is a rare case observed

in the female of Ptychoneura aristalis when larvipositing on a sphecid wasp whose nests are in stems.

Metopia argyrocephala larviposits on pollen clumps on the legs of apoids (bees).

Numerous observations show that miltogrammatines feed on paralysed arthropods only as Ist and

2nd instar larvae, whereas the 3rd instar larvae are necrophagous (Spassky 1915, Allen 1926, Ristich

1956, Charykuliev & Myarzeva 1964, Evans 1970, Krombein 1967, Kurczewski & Spofford 1986 etc.).

A similar behaviour was observed in Senotainia tricuspis (Boiko 1948). Such observations might indicate

that the ancestral inquilinism has probably developed from non-specialized parasitism. It seems to be

a secondary adaptation to the environment of the solitary wasp nests. This adaptation by the majority

of the miltogrammatine species resulted in widening the scale of host species. It seems that the

dominant instinct is the penetration of the host nest, and that the host species is of secondary

importance in miltogrammatine species. The majority of species of Senotainia penetrate nests of wasps

storing very different insects and spiders, but their larvae can successfully develop also in dead bees

or flies in the nests of Philanthus or in Bembicini. The widening of the feeding spectrum led gradually

to the facultative (Senotainia, Metopia) and later to the obligatory inquilinism of bee nests (the majority

of species of the subtribe Miltogrammatina). The larvae feed on pollen, honey and bee larvae (Allen

1926, Dochkova 1982, Ganagin et al. 1985 etc.). A narrowed feeding spectrum reflects in specialised

inquilinism. The species of Pterella are inquilines of Cerceris spp. The larvae of Metopia italiana develop

in nests of Oxybellus on paralysed flies. They may also feed on flies of their own species stored by the

host (so-called “alleloparasitism” — Grandi 1959).

The inquilinism of larvae of some highly specialized sarcophagids in nests of ants (Paragusia/

Metopiini/ and Dolichotachina/Phyllotelini/ and termites (Lampometopia, Hoplacephala/Phyllotelini/)

is not yet cleared due to the rare observations. It is known that the larvae of Hoplacephala schistacea feed

on the mycelia in the “mushroom gardens” in termite nests (Cuthbertson 1937) and that the larvae of

Termitometopia skaifei suck the liquid secreted by the termites during the trophallaxis (Skaife 1954). This

might have resulted from the inquilinism, as the females larviposited into the nests of the hosts.

The miltogrammatine females larvipositing on the flying wasps can probably larviposit also on

other flying insects, particularly bees. In such cases the larvae penetrate the host body through

(pleural) membranes, resulting in secondary parasitism (observed in Senotainia tricuspis).

Artamonov (1983, 1987) believes that sarcophagids have numerous preadaptations and show

selective advantages to occupy structurally very complex ecosystems due to their ecological plasticity.

The necrophagous-predatory feeding strategy of numerous species enables them to feed in different

trophic substrates according to their availability. A similar plasticity exists in inquilinic species. The

majority of miltogrammatines may feed on a variety of hosts in different aculeate nests according to

their habitat availability.

Generally, the larviparous flesh-flies show a considerable fecundity (20-30 up to 300-400 larvae).

They deposit their larvae very effectively for survival. All the above feeding strategies show that the

flesh-flies belong with the so-called K-selection insects.

Appendix I

During the press of this paper some additional sarcophagine taxa have been discovered in Central

Europa:

1. Helicophagella macrura (Rohdendorf, 1937) -— a rare taxon known from the Tisza Basin in eastern

Hungary was found in the extreme South of Slovakia (Modry kamen-Hegyfärok) on the Danube (see

also Povolny 1989).

2. Helicophagella inopinata (Rohdendorf, 1937) has been described by Mihälyi (1979) as Helicophagella

hortobagyensis from the Hortobägy Region in eastern Hungary.

3. Pseudothyrsocnema spinosa (Villeneuve, 1911) which is also known from eastern Hungary (Tisza

Basin) is a mediterranean taxon accompanying especially humid and warm habitats (especially reeds)

and indications exist that this species might be present in the Neusiedler See territory.

4. Heteronychia taurica (Rohdendorf, 1937) lives in the eastern limestone Alps near Lunz (leg. Povolny,

June 1991).

5. Heteronychia cepelaki (Povolny & Slameckovä, 1970) distributed in the Slovakian and Ukrainian

limestone Carpathians lives also in the Lunzer Alpen and in the Kärntner Alpen.

6. Sarcophaga novaki (Baranov, 1941) is rather common also in the limestone Alps near Lunz at

elevations above 1.500 m.

As for the involvement of Sarcophagidae, especially of several synanthropic taxa of the subfamily

Sarcophaginae, in human and veterinary parasitology, hygiene and epidemiology, the reader is

referred especially to the monograph by Greenberg et al. (1971), where also numerous references to the

special literature are found. Therefore no special attention is devoted to this topics in this paper.

Concerning the synonymy of taxa treated in this paper we refer the reader to the Catalogue of

Palaearctic Sarcophagidae (Verves 1986), in which the essential synonyms of this group have been yet

presented. The synonyms presented in this paper should only draw the attention either to such names

which were frequently used in the past or which involve species of some special (e.g. economic)

importance. Several new synonyms are also indicated.

7. Quite recently, Sarcophaga palavae Povolny, 1993 has been described from a d collected on the hilltop

of the Pavlovsk& vrchy Hills in southern Moravia in August 1992. this description (dated 1993) has

been published only recently (October 1995), and the species appeared to be somewhat controversial

or uncertain, as only the holotype d was known (considering the fact that the majority of the species

of this genus are very common). On October 24, 1995, another strictly conspecific d was collected on

a loess hilltop above the village of Ujezd, about 12 km E of Brmo and about 40 km N of the habitat of

the d holotype. The males of this species are unambiguously characterized by a very short, deeply

excised (concave) cercus and by a very shortly compressed and stout distiphallus. These two most

important characters make it possible to discern and differentiate this species immediately from all

other known species of this genus. It appears that an obviously rare species is involved, since several

tens of thousand specimens of the sympatric species of Sarcophaga, viz. 5. variegata, S. carnaria,

S. subvicina and S. lasiostila, were systematically collected in this territory during the last two decades.

Although genitalia characters are decisive of the identification of this taxon, no examination of

genitalia appears to be necessary if the postabdomen (genital segments) is correspondingly handled

during dry preparation of the male, this making the form of the cercus and distiphallus clearly visible

even in dry specimems.

8. According to Pape (1995), Heteronychia boettcheriana (Rohdendorf 1937) (Fauna SSSR 1937, 19 (1):

345/ Pierretia/) is a junior synonym of Heteronychia (s. str.) bulgarica (Enderlein 1936) (Mitt. Kgl. naturw.

Inst. Sofia 9: 100/ Helicobia).

The hilltopping in flesh-flies

Most sarcophagid species, especially those of their subfamily Sarcophaginae and practically all

members of their tribe Sarcophagini, have developed the so-called hilltoppinging strategy (Povolny &

Vächa 1988), which enables the sexes to meet. Flesh-flies show rather limited sound communication

and scent attraction, both of which are probably effective at short distances only. In this respect their

optic orientation prevails. The population density of their parasitoid or predacious maggots is rather

low (for instance about 5 % earth-worms are parasitized by the maggots of Sarcophaga spp.), which fact,

together with the considerable dispersion of these maggots in their habitats, makes the meeting of

sexes after hatching rather difficult. Flesh-flies are comparatively strong short distance fliers, but they

have developed so-called hypsotaxy enabling them to use thermic air current to reach prominent

landscape configurations and especially hilltops. The most favourable hilltops are either isolated

individual hills, hills above south-facing slopes arising from valleys, or ranges above southern slopes

configured like an amphitheater. In deep canyons, hilltopping usually takes place on prominent south-

facing rocks or rocky blocks. Hilltopping also occurs in towns and cities on prominent buildings, in

tree crowns of city parks, etc. In the hilltops the males perch in sunlit vantage points, exposed dry

plants and especially dry branches or pieces of wood Iying on the ground, prominent stones, corner

stones, tree trunks, wooden or concrete constructions, paths, etc. Up to several hundred males may

gather in such hilltopping aggregations. In view of such high densities it is easy to observe their

interactions which are incomparably less often observed outside the aggregations. Perching on their

vantage points in full sunshine, the males take off at interval of several seconds for short flights,

usually forming a horizontal or vertical loop several tens of centimeters long. This happens even

without any external stimulus, but usually a male will take off whenever another individual flies by

its perching site. The male takes off to pursue the rival for several seconds, then returning to its original

perching site. During the pursuit an aerial combat may frequently follow as a rule, the two males

hovering in flight, facing each other or flying round each other, and they eventually grip each other

with their legs and/or finally genital claspers (so-called pseudocopulation) and may even temporarily

drop to the ground before they separate. After having returned from a longer aerial combat the male

usually brushes (its head and forelegs) and during this time it usually will not be provoked even by

a rivalling male that might try to attack it in flight or even by touching its back. This d activity

apparently correlates with several purely external factors, such as sunshine, air temperature, air

currents and wind, and it also reflects the actual disposition of the male. Especially fit males usually

stay longer on and return more frequently to their favourite perches. It seems also that males

occupying such “mini-territories” for a longer time are predetermined to become the winners of the

aerial combats before they disappear in collective swarming or during mating. Distinctly small

individuals or species mostly succumb the combats and are either expelled from the most favourable

perching objects or they occupy their own stratum usually sitting on the ground in dense dry

vegetation. It is therefore necessary to capture primarily such strong individuals in order to obtain a

true picture of the species composition of a particular hilltopping aggregation, because smaller taxa are

usually captured when big individuals are absent. And it may take several hours before the smaller

individuals start to prevail. This d behaviour in flesh-fly aggregations is a strong indication that the

perching strategy involves territorial behaviour. With increasing daily mean air temperature, still more

and more males are engaged in these aerial combats and during the temperature peak after noontime

innumerable aerial combats result in a mass swarming as each male pursuits any other to be itself

immediately attacked by another male or males. The returns to and take-offs from the perching sites

last only fractions of a second. The pseudocopulations preceded by hovering, facing and flying round

each other and gripping with subsequent drops to the bottom become more frequent and the drops

may last for several seconds. In other instances no bodily contacts result from the aerial combats or

they are very short. The number of males bursting out without any obvious external stimuli to sudden

loopings also increases during sultry period. At extremely high temperatures during intensive sun-

shine, combined with drought (characteristic of midsummer in arid/or semiarid habitats), distinct

flight inhibition is generally observed in most insects. The males of flesh-flies with their chequered

abdominal pattern continue their activity, however. Willmer (1982) explained this flight behaviour in

that this chequered abdominal pattern shows increased light reflecting properties prohibiting surface

overheating and, moreover, the flesh-flies may alternately pump the haemolymph between thorax

and abdomen, these two mechanisms being responsible for this optimal thermoregulation.

103]

[0,e)

360

330

300

270

240

210

180

150

120

; 11390 12.08 1230 1322 1330 14 00

Fig. 1. Netting course of flesh-fly males in the hilltop of Tabulovä hora Hill, southern Moravia, on June 6th, 1985,

demonstrating the two fractions of the males, the first comprising probably the males behaviorally established

in the hilltop aggregation since previous day(s). The second fraction comprises less frequent arrivals of males

reaching the aggregation later and gradually after hatching. The aggregation comprised about 150 individuals.

900 10 [le] 11° 12° 1399 14,09 1599

Fig. 2. Netting course of flesh-fly males in the hilltop of Stranik (near Zilina, central Slovakian Carpathians), on

July 21st, 1986. It shows that nearly four hours capture was necessary to comprise all the males of the first

fraction and that the arriving males of the second fraction became increasingly rare. The aggregation comprised

nearly 700 dd.

The function of the d preconnubial behavior in hilltopping aggregations is still not satisfactorily

cleared. Tentative dissections of d reproductive organs indicate that the freshly hatched males tend to

ascend their preconnubial aggregations soon after hatching when they are not yet fully sexually

mature.

ge 10" = 12 13” 14 15 1

Fig. 3. Variation of d percentage returning to their perching sites after aerial combats. Three independent

observations evidence that the number of the “returns” decreases during the noon time. This also reflects the

increasing number of the aerial combats with the increasing daily temperature.

Fig. 4. Preconnubial hilltopping aggregations are found e.g. on isolated tertiary volcanoes arising like islands

from the central Bohemian plains stretching along the riverbed of the Vltava River. Their northern slopes were

originally forested, whereas on the southern slopes a partly xerothermic forest steppe vegetation has developed.

Extensive pasture reduced this vegetation either totally (above left) or partly (above right). The hilltops,

especially their wooden constructions, are very characteristic of flesh-fly 4 hilltopping enabling to collect very

representative flesh-fly samples both faunistically, ecologically etc.

In deep canyons (here a schematic cross section of the famous Canyon of Zadiel in eastern Slovakian

Carpathians) the flesh-fly d preconnubial aggregations gather mainly on the prominent limestone cliffs and

rocky blocks arising from the canyon slopes.

Fig. 5. A very characteristic situation of the flesh-fly 3 hilltopping shows the southern facing range of the Murän

Plateau (in central eastern Slovakia) with the ruin of a middleages fortress. The hilltopping concentrates mostly

on the ruin tops and especially on the tops of the prominent limestone rocky block called “Cigänka”. In such

situations the rare or endemic flesh-fly taxa accompanying the Carpathian forest belt were discovered.

Fig. 6. The hilltopping may be exhibited also in human agglomerations including towns and cities. This

schematic view shows the silhouette of the Moravian capital Brno with the prominent buildings of the ancient

fortress Spilberk and the Gothic Cathedral of St. Peter. Both are situated on hilltops where sarcophagid &

aggregations are found. In such situations especially culturophilous and synanthropic flesh-fly taxa reflect the

secondary changes of the urban environment and they enable to use such taxocenoses as models in synecological

studies and observations.

With the increasing number of the aerial combats and with the increasing participation on the

swarming described above, also the sexual activity combined with somatic contacts (obviously

dependent upon daily mean air temperatures and radiation) increases distinctly. It seems that at least

several hours or possibly even few days of such activities are necessary for a male to be fully sexually

active. This situation is especially stressed by the fact that systematic netting of Ö flesh-flies in the

hilltops, repeated in different habitats, resulted in the differentiation of the males into two fractions.

The first fraction comprises the majority of males captured approximately during the first hour of

netting (their number depends on the density of the aggregation) and is represented by the steep

(concave) part of the corresponding curve. The second fraction, represented by the longer and

practically linear course of the curve, comprises less numerous individuals captured stepwise within

a longer time span. It seems that the first fraction consists of males established in the hilltopping

aggregation for at least several hours, at most since the previous day. This is supported by the fact that

the few males from several tens of marked males recaptured in the hilltops were still comprised in the

first fraction. Although the recaptures are very rare (obviously due to high mortality of males exposed,

among other things, to bird predation, etc.) it appears that individual males may survive up to three

weeks. Usually several marked males can be observed staying in an aggregation for three to four days.

The perching and swarming of males results finally in seizing a female as it passes the aggregation

with the support of thermic air currents, and in mating. Copulation follows on shrubs etc. and usually

lasts several hours, and a female may be fertilized twice to three times. The above temperature and

radiation dependent rhythms of male flesh-flies usually start at 9.00 h and last up to 17.00 h on warm

and sunny days with daily mean air temperatures above 15 °C. Such external conditions prevail in the

(second) half of April up to the (second) half of October. Additional and more detailed data were

published by Rohdendorf (1937), Willmer (1982), Povolny & Verves (1987), Povolny & Vächa (1988),

etc.

The most important flesh-fly taxocenoses of central Europe

The long-term investigations in the flesh-flies of central Europe and especially the discovery of their

hilltopping revealed new approaches towards their synecology. Starting with 1954, but especially after

1970, the systematic sampling of the d sarcophagid associations has been developed comprising about

150 selected habitats (hilltops) in a cross section of central Europe between Hortobägy (in Hungary),

Slovakia, Moravia, Bohemia and Thuringia including the corresponding declivities (e.g. from southern

and eastern Slovakia to the central and northern Slovakian Carpathians including the High Tatra; from

southern Moravia to the Jeseniky Mts.; from Central Bohemia to Sumava Mts. etc.). During the

repeated samplings comprising about 2,500 collecting days and approximately 250 thousand individ-

uals about 100 taxa of the tribe Sarcophagini were collected. These data were gradually completed by

additional collections of the flesh-flies in the Austrian Alps (near Lunz am See, partly in Bavaria), in

Bulgaria (1958-1987), Dalmatia (1990-1991), Greek Macedonia and Thessalia (1991-1994), Katalonia

(1994-1995) and Sardinia (1995).

All these data are deposited in a date base treated in the Centre of Mathematical Statistics in

Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno.

The long-term study of the hilltopping aggregations makes it possible to compile the following

review characterizing the sarcophagine associations accompanying the most important phytocenoses

of central Europe as they have been characterized by Zlatnik (1963). This compilation is based on the

dominant and/or subdominant taxa characterized consequently by their density and incidence and,

on the other hand, on the occurrence of the stenoecious taxa accompanying these associations. The next

consequence of this approach is that the euryoecious taxa (and partly also culturophiles and synan-

thropes) are irrelevant for such characterizations. For example the euryoecious parasitoids of the

earthworms, viz. Sarcophaga variegata, S. carnaria and S. subvicina should be excluded due to their

obvious culturophily responsible not only for their vast horizontal distribution, but also for their

considerable hypsometrical plasticity. This ecological plasticity of such taxa causes that it is virtually

impossible to define their original ecological niches.

A special problem offer comparatively euryoecious species accompanying the (transpalearctic and

partly holarctic) forest belt representing the most generalized vegetation cover of (central) Europe due

to the postglacial history of its nature. These are especially such taxa as Robineauella caerulescens,

Liosarcophaga similis, Kramerea schuetzei. These taxa accompany, at the same time, nearly all forest

vegetation tiers being, however, focused only in their preferred niches. Numerous forest taxa of this

group are obiously endangered and gradually vanishing. These are especially Rosellea uliginosa,

Digitiventra pseudoscoparia, Liosarcophaga tuberosa, Kramerea schuetzei, Liosarcophaga harpax, all being

parasitoids of bombycoid caterpillars. It appears that the forest belt taxa are, at least in central Europe,

generally more endangered (probably by the large scale impact of acid rain, heavy metal, organic

residua — especially PCB - etc.) than xerothermophilic species surviving in habitats similar to the forest

steppes, in steppe-like or in similar habitats. Moreover, this phenomenon is corroborated by the

occasional invasions to the north of the (pontico-)mediterranean element from the Mediterranean and

especially from the European southeast via Danube Basin. Such examples represent for instance such

blowflies as Chrysomyia albiceps or such butterflies as Colias erate. Numerous indications exist that also

some synanthropic flesh-flies offer similar examples: Liopygia crassipalpis individually penetrating

southern Slovakia, Lower Austria and southern Moravia in the past has recently reached the southern

suburbs of Moravian Brno and it has established there a surviving colony. Liosarcophaga jacobsoni, an

essentially mediterranean taxon, has expanded along the European strands up to the Scandinavian

coutries, Liosarcophaga tibialis occurs occasionally along the railway routs in Hungary and may reach

southern Moravia.

Vegetation tier 1 - oak tier

This vegetation tier has a special hydric series of inundated lowland forests (Fraxini Querceta roboris,

various formations of Ulmi Fraxineta and Fraxini Alneta). These formations are represented by such

remnants of natural forest stands as the surviving lowland forests of the Danube and its (left side)

tributaries of Morava, Väh, Hron, Tisza etc. The dominant flesh-flies are Sarcophaga lasiostyla (especial-

ly in warm oak stands), Heteronychia dissimilis, and — less common or only locally common Heteronychia

haemorrhoa and H. boettcheriana. Of stenoecious and extremely characteristic species especially Ascelo-

tella granulata, Pierretia villeneuvei and Heteronychia rondaniana should be mentioned. Of rare taxa

especially Heteronychia haemorrhoides is characteristic of the warm forest stands in the riverbed of the

Danube, and Thyrsocnema spinosa accompanies the extensive Phragmites stands in the Tisza region and

further to the south. In the lowlands of western Europe especially Discachaeta pumila is characteristic —

a species which forms extrazonal populations above the timberline of the Alps and Carpathians.

The oak tier proper (s.str.) (Carpini Querceta, Querci Acereta and Corni Querceta) with such

individual trees as Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus or such shrubs as Cornus mas and

Staphylea pinnata is accompanied by extremely thermophilic (pontico-)mediterranean taxa and popu-

lating especially Hungary, Lower Austria, southern Slovakia and southern Moravia reaching there

their extreme nortwestern distributional limits. A very fine example offers the thermophilic vicariating

dualspecies Liosarcophaga emdeni — L. teretirostris. The first shows the eastern-mediterranean distribu-

tional pattern, the second is atlantomediterranean this distributional pattern being similar e.g. to that

one of the crow Corvus corone corone and its eastern counterpart C. corone cornix. This distributional

pattern is usually explained by the glacial period separation of an originally homogenous taxon. The

typical representatives of the (pontico-) mediterranean element expressed especially in limestone- and

loess formations are such parasitoids of the helicid snails as Heteronychia mutila (reaching its northern

limits in southern Slovakia), Discachaeta cucullans (with its extreme northern habitat in the Pavlovsk&

vrchy Hills of southern Moravia), Heteronychia filia (increasingly rare in the Bohemian Karst or in the

shell-limestones of Thuringia etc.). Discachaeta arcipes, a generally thermophilous western-palearctic

species, is also characteristic of such habitats. Of (insect) predatory species especially the members of

the genus Liosarcophaga are characteristic. Liosarcophaga aegyptica, L. jacobsoni and L. portschinskyi are the

three species accompanying the pontico-mediterranean grass-steppe, the first two being restricted to

the extreme dry forest steppe of southern and eastern Slovakia, whereas L. portschinskyi is more

generally distributed in all dry grassland habitats of central (but also in western and northern) Europe.

The natural oak stands are accompanied by Liosarcophaga tuberosa, L. harpax, Parasarcophaga uliginosa

and Robineauella (Digitiventra) pseudoscoparia. All of them endangered in central Europe and obviously

withdrawing to the southeast (especially the Romanian Carpathians and Bulgaria). The foothill

steppes and forest steppes of the Carpathian system (e.g. near Budapest, in southern and eastern

Slovakia) are inhabited by the carpatho-edemic species of Sarcophaga — 5. moldavica, 5. ukrainica and

S. zumptiana. S. moldavica appears to be a specially steppe bound taxon, whereas S. zumptiana — a typical

forest species — ascends also montane elevations. Sarcophaga ukrainica is obviously a rare and local

species confined to the eastern Carpathians. Sarcophaga serbica may also be present in dry and hot plain

habitats of eastern Carpathians, but the ecological potence of this rare species is not yet cleared.

Heteronychia hirticrus and Pandelleana protuberans seem to be the species dominating the dry formations

of this vegetation tier in entire central Europe. The next characteristic phenomenon of this formation

(well observed especially in southern Slovakia, southern Moravia and eastern Austria) is the increas-

ing density of the originally subtropical and partly synanthropic Liopygia crassipalpis and its stepwise

distributional dilatation in the xerothermic niches. In Hungary (and in the Balkan countries),

L. crassipalpis appears to a current synanthrope accompanying both urban and extraurban habitats.

Vegetation tier 2 - beech-oak tier

This vegetation tier comprises thermophilic forests with ceasing xerothermofilic formations (forest-

steppes) and it includes such formations as Querceta pinea, Fagi Querceta, Carpini Acereta and, locally,

Pineta dealpina. It is consequently characterized by its intermediate or transitive character and it is

difficult to characterize its flesh-fly taxocenoses unambiguously. It seems, however, that especially

such species as Helicophagella noverca and Bellieriomima subulata show characteristic densities in these

dry and warm forests. The next characteristic taxa are the parasitoids of bombycoid caterpillars,

especially Robineauella caerulescens, a species which otherwise radiates in higher vegetation tiers, very

often in the neighbouring tier 3 and, partly, 4. Of stenoecious taxa especially Rosellea aratrix and

Heteronychia depressifrons should be mentioned. Such species as Rosellea uliginosa, Digitiventra pseudosco-

paria, Liosarcophaga tuberosa and partly also L. harpax characteristic of these forest stands are obviously

endangered and they are stepwise vanishing, either surviving very locally or gradually withdrawing

to the southeast.

Vegetation tier 3 - oak-beech tier

This tier comprises mostly Querci Fageta to Tiliae Acereta and its flesh-fly taxocenoses are rather similar

to those of the previous vegetation tier. It seems, however, that such species as Helicophagella noverca

and especially Bellieriomima subulata do not reach densities observed in vegetation tier 2 (or they are

restricted to warm sites, e.g. on limestone), and that especially such forest species as Helicophagella

rosellei and partly also Pierretia nemoralis start to appear. Robineauella caerulescens is a current species

there together with the occasional occurrence of such species as Liosarcophaga similis, Heteronychia

nigricaudata — the next forest species accompanying natural forest stands in the hilly plateaus of central

Europe.

Vegetation tier 4 — beech tier

This is the first formation showing montane or at least demontane character including Fageta typica

with their numerous edaphic and hydric modifications (e.g. Pineta quercina and Pineta abietina, Tili

Fageta and Fageta dealpina). Their flesh-fly taxocenoses are clearly dominated by Helicophagella rosellei

accompanied by Helicophagella agnata and especially by Pierretia nemoralis. It seems that the obviously

vanihing Kramerea schuetzei was also a characteristic species of these forest stands. Robineauella

caerulescens belongs still to current flesh-fly taxa in these habitats and individually Rosellea aratrix and

Liosarcophaga similis are observed.

Vegetation tier 5 - fir-beech tier

This tier is characteristic of most mountain habitats of the Hercynian district of central Europe (e.g. in

the entire Bohemian Massif), of the Carpathian district (the Fatra Mts. and the High Tatra Mts. below

timberline) and also of the northern slopes of the Alps. Their flesh-fly taxocenoses are rather poor and

in the Hercynian district missing any endemic taxa. In the Carpathians and in the Alps the situation

is different. Together with Helicophagella rosellei and Pierretia nemoralis the occurrence of Pierretia

lunigera and P. discifera appears to be very characteristic, especially on limestone. In the Carpathian

beech stands of this tier the presence of the endemic Sarcophaga bachmayeri appears to be very

characteristic. In central parts of the Slovakian Carpathians and in the Ukrainian Carpathians these

beech stands on limestone are dominated or at least accompanied by Heteronychia cepelaki, a species

recently discovered also in the limestone Alps (Hochschwab, Carinthia), a very characteristic inhabit-

ant of such formations. In the Plateau of Murän (Central Slovakian Carpathians) the limestone cliffs

approaching elevations of 1.000 m a.s.l. are populated by Heteronychia bezziana, a species common in

the limestone formations of the southern slopes of the limestone Alps and limestone formations of the

Balkan peninsula. An island population of this taxon shows a demontane occurrence [at vegetation tier

2 (3)] in central Bohemia (Bohemian Karst near Prague). In the Alps another endemic species of

Sarcophaga accompanies similar habitats, viz. Sarcophaga novaki. But also the carpatho-endemic Sarco-

phaga zumptiana may ascend this tier via the warmer valleys of the lower vegetation tiers, esspecially

from the vegetation tier 4 and 3. All euryoecious forest taxa of the flesh-flies (e.g. Heteronychia vagans)

are often present in these forest stands.

Vegetation tiers 6-7 — spruce-beech-fir tier and spruce tier

The flesh-fly taxocenoses of these two vegetation tiers cannot be practically distinguished the differ-

ences depending more or less on the exposition of the hilltops, on the edaphic conditions etc.

Generally, these taxocenoses are very poor on granites and generally on acid bedrocks, obviously due

to the poverty of their hosts. But they are very well developed and comparatively rich on limestone.

The flesh-fliy communities of mountain Piceta in practically all Hercynian mountain ranges are

represented by the impoverished forest taxocenozes characteristic of the lower vegetation tiers. They

are characterized by the presence of the ubiquitous species of Sarcophaga (especially S. variegata),

individually by Helicophagella crassimargo (characteristic of podzol soils) and by such coniferous forest

taxa as Helicophagella rosellei, Pierretia nemoralis, occasionally by Robineauella caerulescens etc.

The situation becomes completely different in the limestone habitats. Regardless of considerable

densities of ubiquitons taxa both in the Carpathians and in the Alps and especially on prominent,

sunlit limestone cliffs such habitats are clearly dominated by Helicophagella novella (locally present also

on high mountain granites), by the two species of Pierretia, of which Pierretia lunigera is usually more

common than the related P. discifera. The next species accompanying these formations is Pierretia soror,

a form which may rarely occurs also at lower elevations, but nearly exclusively in limestone habitats.

Very rarely the presence of Heteronychia cepelaki was observed, and it seems that especially in the

limestone ranges of the (Austrian) Alps this species ascends higher elevations than in the Carpathians

(where its optimal niches exist on the forested limestone cliffs approaching 1.000 m a.s.l.) accompany-

ing the alpine mountain Piceta. The next members of these high mountain flesh-fly taxocenoses clearly

differentiate the Carpathian from the Alpine fauna. Heteronychia vicina, one of the species dominating

these vegetation tiers in the Alps, seems to be very rare in the Carpathians. The next taxa are clearly

differential: Whereas the alpine-endemic Sarcophaga novaki clearly dominates especially the 7th vege-

tation tier in the Alps, it seems that no Carpatho-endemic species of Sarcophaga lives in the Carpathi-

ans, because the carpatho-endemic Sarcophaga bachmayeri is clearly focused in the fifth vegetation tier

and its presence in higher Carpathian tiers results from the thermic air currents (similarly as is the case

of the carpatho-endemic S. zumptiana accompanying the warm oak stands of lower tiers). The next

taxon not yet observed in the Carpathians is Heteronychia taurica described from the peninsula of Krim

and observed in the hilltop of Hetzkogel above Lunz (Lunzer Alpen) at 1.700 m a.s.l. Heteronychia

taurica lives also in Greece (foothills of Olympos).

Vegetation tiers 8 (9) - dwarf mountainous pine-tier

Essentially the zone of Pinus mugho (with Pinus cembra, Larix and Sorbus and/or Alnus viridis) and the

adjacent zone close to the timberline is involved. This vegetation tier shows no specific taxa, but is

easily defined by the common, frequently mass occurrence of such species as Helicophagella novella,

Sarcophaga novaki (absent from the Carpathians) and Heteronychia vicina (very rare in the Carpathians),

and by the regular occurrence of Pierretia soror and the extrazonal presence of Discachaeta pumila. In the

southern Alps and/or in the sunlite southern alpine slopes the timberline zone is characterized by the

presence of Heteronychia porrecta, H. rohdendorfi and H. ancilla. Generally such taxa as Pierretis lunigera,

P. discifera and other species accompanying usually lower vegetation tiers may be occasionally present,

especially on hot and sunny summer days.

Extrazonal flesh-fly taxocenoses of central Europe

The above composition of the central European flesh-fly taxocenoses relates to the zonal character of

the vegetation tiers. There exist, however, rather remarkable flesh-fly-taxocenoses showing no zonal

character, but reflecting rather specific local and extrazonal environmental conditions and constella-

tions. At least three examples of such extrazonal taxocenoses should be mentioned. Most of them are

confined to the limestone formations, since the limestone habitats offer the most favourable conditions

for the species diversity of the flesh-flies due to the variety of sarcophagine hosts.

The first group of extrazonal taxocenoses is represented by limestone hills and rocks arising e.g.

from the Great Hungarian Plain. Such formations are found near or in Budapest, in southern Slovakia

(Modry kamen — Hegyfärok) on the Danube near Stürovo and near Nitra, and, finally the most

northern habitat of the Pavlovske& vrehy Hills in southern Moravia, all of them having the character of

limestone islands. These formations hide rather thermophilic taxa of mediterranean origin reaching

their (extrazonal) limits in the above localities. Their presence there results probably from immigration

of the steppe fauna during the so-called Atlantic Warm Period (6th-4th thousand years B.C.), before the

entire territory was repeatedly forested this forest period lasting up to the medieval centuries during

which it has been losened by the human activities.

These taxa are:

1. Heteronychia setinervis, a species common in the limestone habitats of Greece and Asia Minor but

increasingly rare in Bulgaria and extremely rare in Hungary (not reaching Slovakia).

2. Heteronychia mutila, a comparatively common taxon in the limestone habitats of the Balkan penin-

sula (e.g. in Pobiti Kamni near Varna, Bulgaria).

3. Discachaeta cucullans, a generally rare, extremely thermophilic eastern-mediterranean species con-

fined to the limestone habitats. Its northern most habitat are limestone cliffs of the Pavlovsk& vrehy

Hills in southern Moravia.

It seems that the extremely rare mediterranean taxon Ctenodasypygia minima might possibly also belong

to such extrazonal taxa in central Europe.

A partly discontinuous distribution pattern show also some other (east)mediterranean taxa popu-

lating the xerothermic habitats of the Balkan peninsula including Hungary and reaching south of

Slovakia: Liosarcophaga aegyptica and L. jacobsoni.

The next extrazonal flesh-fly taxocenosis exists in the so-called Prague Basin (or Interior Bohemia),

namely in the limestone territory of the Bohemian Karst. The extrazonality of this habitat is character-

ized by the mingling of the comparatively xerothermophilous species such as Heteronychia filia and

Discachaeta arcipes, the first of which being of mediterranean origin, with the demontane occurrence of

Heteronychia vicina (a species dominating the limestone formations of the Alps near the timberline and

very rare in the high Carpathians), and Heteronychia bezziana, an essentially mountain species accom-

panying limestone formations of the Balkan peninsula and of the Alps. Its nearest habitats are found

in the Slovakian Carpathians (PovaZsky Inovec Hills, Murän Plateau Hills). In rare instances individ-

ual specimens of H. bezziana occur at low elevations during the autumn. The next extrazonal flesh-fly

association lives in the beech stands on limestone in the Moravian Karst north to Brno. These stands

corresponding to 3rd vegetation tier are populated by a curious flesh-fly taxocenosis comprising both

comparatively thermophilous taxa (Helicophagella noverca, Bellieriomima subulata) together with the

couple of species Pierretia lunigera-Pierretia discifera typical of high mountain beech stands (starting

with 5th vegetation tier) of the limestone Alps and Carpathians). It is obvious, also due to the unique

but rare presence of Sarcophaga zumptiana in this territory, that these beech stands were essentially

influenced by the endemic and subendemic faunal element of the Carpathians. The occurrence of both

Pierretia lunigera and P. discifera at such low elevations (about 490 m a.s.l. compared with 900-1.300 m

a.s.l. in the Alps and the Carpathians) is clearly demontane.

The very characteristic formation of peat bogs in Bohemia and the peat bogs generally show no

chorologically specific taxocenosis of flesh-flies. Curiously enough at least Sarcophaga carnaria may be

observed on their margins. It seems that extremely hydrophylic species, such as Discachaeta pumila and

especially Pierretia villneuvei may accompany humid acid meadows.

The endemism of forested eastern Carpathians [approximately vegetation tier 3(-4)] is also

characterized by the presence of the rare Heteronychia slovaca populating both the Slovakian and the

Ukrainian part of the Carpathian range.

There exist, however, also two species the occurrence of which in the central European habitats is

probably extrazonal. The first is Heteronychia rohdendorfi originally described from the Slovak Carpa-

hians and showing a scattered distributional pattern in the loess- and limestone habitats in Hungary,

Moravia and Bohemia. It shows that it is common near the timberline zone of the limestone formations

of the Olympos Mts. (Kataphygion II) in Greece and in the limestone Alps of Switzerland so that

obviously a mountain taxon is concerned. The next species of a similar distribution is Heteronychia

porrecta, originally described from the northern Italian Alps (Alto Adige) and later discovered also in

the Slovakian limestone Fatra Mts. Quite recently the species was found to dominate the high-

mountain forests of the Pindos Mts. in Greek Macedonia and the timberline zone of the Olympos Mts.

in Greece. Also the rare early spring species Heteronychia ancilla of Central Europe is common rather

in the limestone mountains of Greece representing possibly its preferred habitat.

Forensic importance

The succession of animals, especially of insects and primarily of dipterans, on unburied corpses is a

part of natural changes following death.

Flesh-flies usually belong to the so-called second wave (of five generally recognized - see e.g.

Smith 1986) of vertebrate carcase decomposers, the first wave comprising mostly calliphorid (blow-

flies) and partly muscoid species (especially Calliphora, Lucilia, Cynomya, Musca and Muscina), whereas

the second one is less distinctive. It should be emphasized, however, that the interpretation of these

“waves” is somewhat controversial, and our own observation (the first author) shows strong indica-

tions that the flesh-fly activity is generally a part of the “fly wave” or “fly succession phase”

representing actually the first and very important destruction stage responsible for the essential

decomposition of the carcase. The phases (waves) of the insect succession appear to be, however,

unimportant for a forensic pathologist to decide what decomposition (decay) phase a dead body has

reached. The usual central European sequence is Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) or L. caesar (Linnaeus,

1758) and/or Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and/or C. vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758), possibly

also Cynomya mortuorum (Linnaeus, 1761), gradually followed by the flesh-flies (possibly rather

different taxa almost exclusively of the tribe Sarcophagini are involved). Unlike the calliphorine

bluebottles and blowflies, the flesh-flies do not seem to be primarily carcase consumers and at least

their third instar larvae (maggots) very often show predatory trends. That is why the flesh-fly taxa are

not frequently reared from carrion colonized by larvae of the above most important fly families, or

only individual specimens emerge. Moreover, the flesh-fly species visiting carcase mostly belong to

the synanthropic element of subtropical or even tropical origin, although several other species (e.g. of

the genera Helicophagella, Pierretia and especially Parasarcophaga and Liosarcophaga) are also occasional-

ly attracted by carrion. The synanthropic flesh-fly taxa are also attracted by, and occasionally reared

from dead (human) corpses found in human habitations including flats.

Similarly as in the case of blowflies, only a limited number of flesh-flies are involved in forensic

cases and mentioned in the corresponding literature: Bercaea cruentata (Meigen, 1826) (syn. haemorrhoi-

dalis Fallen, 1817), Parasarcophaga hirtipes (Wiedemann, 1830), Liosarcophaga dux (Thomson, 1869)

(usually misinterpreted as “misera” auctt. not Walker, 1849 or L. exuberans Pandelle, 1896 - asynonym

of L. dux Thoms.) and closely related species (e.g. Liosarcophaga tibialis (Macquart, 1850), L. jacobsoni

Rohdendorf, 1937, Liopygia crassipalpis (Macquart, 1839) and L. argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy,

1830)).

As for Bercaea cruentata, this species is primarily a faeces breeder attracted chiefly to fresh stools

mainly in tropical and subtropical zone. It also occurs on stools disseminated in nature of central

Europe, mostly in high and late summer. Its forensic importance is controversial, since obvious

misidentifications have been due to its name (“red-tailed flesh-fly”), relating to the reddish genital

segments which are also characteristic of the two above synanthropic species of Liopygia and also of

numerous species of the genus Liosarcophaga. It seems generally that misidentification of taxa of the

flesh-fly tribe Sarcophagini is responsible for the considerable confusion in the pertaining literature.

Another possibility is that the larvae of B. cruentata might be involved in forensic cases when the

intestine content of unburied corpses has been made accessible to the larvipositing females of this

species. Parasarcophaga hirtipes (and Parasarcophaga albiceps (Meigen, 1826)) is the next primarily

coprophagous species suspected to be of forensic importance, although no exact information on its

forensic involvement is available. However, its importance in hygiene and possibly also in epidemi-

ology is indubitable.

The next three taxa, viz., Liopygia crassipalpis, L. argyrostoma and Liosarcophaga dux, are clearly

necrophagous and numerous data are available on their successful rearing from dead corpses of

vertebrates, but also from snails, meat etc., including forensic cases. Liosarcophaga dux is widely

distributed in the Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian Regions, but it also occurs in the (eastern)

Mediterranean, reaching Europe especially in the coastal regions of Bulgaria, Greece, Dalmatia etc.,

where it develops especially on sea shores in corpses of dead sea animals including fish, crustaceans,

etc. It has been frequently reared from vertebrate carcases, including laboratory rearings. The species

is obviously rather thermophilic and is absent from central Europe. Both Liopygia crassipalpis and

especially L. argyrostoma are species not only trophically confined to decaying meat (and carrion), but

also involved in forensic cases, although little exact or limited information is still available. Since the

first author reared these two species in laboratory and experienced their forensic importance, at least

two actual forensic cases are worth mentioning. In August 1992 a murdered wife was found in her flat

in Brno (central Moravia). The forensic entomology conclusion stated a rather progressive fly succes-

sion, comprising mainly masses of larvae belonging mostly to Lucilia sericata, including a few freshly

hatched adult flies. During subsequent laboratory rearing of maggot samples also several specimens

of Liopygia crassipalpis emerged, strongly indicating a late fly succession phase, including possible

predation on maggots of Lucilia sericata. Due to high ambient temperatures exceeding 30 °C for nearly

10 days long, the total development from larviposition to emerged adults amounted to less than 10

days, probably only one week. This conclusion, together with some other indications, contributed

essentially to the conviction a suspected person of murder. In a second case numerous maggots of

Liopygia argyrostoma were reared in laboratory from the decaying body of a wife found dead in her bed

in a closed heated room before the end of April 1993. These third instar larvae, partly before pupation,

were collected together with a mass of larvae of Calliphora vomitoria. Since the majority of emerging or

emerged flies belonged to (first generation) Calliphora vomitoria (and a few specimens of Lucilia sericata),

but no puparia and no adults of L. argyrostoma were detected on the corpse and in the room, it was

concluded that, at the existing room temperatures averaging 25°C, the complete development from

larviposition to the emergence of first adults (reared from larvae in laboratory) took about 20-22 days.

This age of the dead body was later confirmed by the criminal police. It seems that in this case, too,

mature maggots of L. agryrostoma might have been involved in the predation on the maggots of

Calliphora vomitoria, the primary feeder on the body.

The data on “Sarcophaga carnaria” in connection with mostly unverified or poorly verified forensic

cases (Smith 1986) are obviously taxonomically confused. The species of the genus Sarcophaga are

known to be parasitoids of earthworms or they have been occasionally and exceptionally reared from

decaying meat (e.g. from dead rats). But long-term experience indicates that the generic name

“Sarcophaga” has currently been used to denote specifically unidentified taxa of the whole tribe

Sarcophagini. It shows that a correct identification of such taxa should be based on examination of (8)

genitalia by a specialist.

Review of Central European Sarcophagidae

No.

Species

Country

Hungary Austria Czechia Slovakia Poland Germany

N N

D m

DHÄHH aA aa

En EEE er En 5 ID

. Macronychia lemariei Jac.

. M. striginervis (Ztt.)

. M. agrestis (Fll.)

. M. griseola (Fll.)

M. polyodon (Mg.)

M. alpestris Rd.

Senotainia conica (Fll.)

S. tricuspis (Mg.)

S. albifrons (Rd.)

5. puncticornis (Ztt.)

Protomiltogramma fasciata (Mg.)

Pterella convergens (Pand.)

P. grisea (Mg.)

P. melanura (Mg.)

P. penicillaris (Rd.)

Anacanthothecum testaceifrons (Vill.)

Miltogramma brevipilum Vill.

M. germari Mg.

M. murinum Mg.

M. oestraceum (Fll.)

. M. punctatum Mg.

. M. villeneuvei Verves

Miltogrammidium rutilans (Mg.)

M. taeniatum (Mg.)

. Apodacra pulchra Egger

. Amobia oculata (Ztt.)

. A. pelopei (Rd.)

A. signata (Mg,.)

. Metopodia grisea B.B.

. Phylloteles pictipennis Lw.

. Oebalia cylindrica (Fll.)

O. sachtlebeni Rohd.

O. unistriata Rohd.

Ptychoneura minuta (Fll.)

. Hilarella hilarella (Ztt.)

. H. stictica (Mg,.)

. Paragusia elegantula (Ztt.)

. Taxigramma heteroneura (Mg,.)

. Metopia argyrocephala (Mg.)

M. campestris (Fll.)

M. grandii Vent.

M. italiana Pape

I + ++ ++ ++ +++ +

+ +++

+ + + +++ + ++ +++ H+H+ 1

+++ + +++ + +1

+ ++++ +++++

++ 1

+ + 4+ +++ + ++ ++++++ +

I + ++ ++ +++++ +

+ + ++ +++ +++ + +++

ee]

+ ++++ ++++++

+ +1

+ + ++ ++++++ +

+++ + ++++ +++++1

+ + ++ +++++ 1

++ ++ +++ +++ +

+++ + ++++ +++++ 1

++ + + +++ +++ +++++1

++ ++ ++ +

No. Species Country

Hungary Austria Czechia Slovakia Poland Germany

43. M. roseri Rd. + + + + + +

44. M. staegeri Rd. + “ + en A A

45. M. tshernovae Rohd. — = = e sr =

46. Mesomelaena mesomelaena Rd. +

47. Phrosinella nasuta (Mg.)

48. Sphenometopa fastuosa (Mg.) —

49. Eurychaeta muscaria (Mg.)

50. E. palpalis (R.-D.)

51. Agria mamillata (Pand.)

52. A. monachae (Kr.)

53. A. punctata R.-D.

54. Angiometopa falleni Pape

55. Brachicoma devia (Fll.)

56. Nyctia halterata (Pz.)

+ ++

57. Paramacronychia flavipalpis (Girsch.)

58. Sarcophila latifrons (Fll.)

59. Wohlfahritia magnifica (Schin.)

60. W. meigeni (Schin.)

61. Blaesoxipha cochlearis (Pand.)

. grylloctona Lw.

. occatrix (Pand.)

. plumicornis (Ztt.)

. pygmaea (Zitt.)

. redempta (Pand.)

. ungulata (Pand.)

+ + + + + +++ +++ + +

+ ++ ++ +++ ++ + +

+ + +++ +++ +++ + +

+ ++ + + +++ +

+ ++ +++ HH HHtrHr Hr +++

++ +

+ +

you u I

68. Servaisia erythrura (Mg.)

69. S. rossica (Vill.)

70. Tephromyia grisea (Mg.)

71. Ravinia pernix (Harris)

72. Sarcotachinella sinuata (Mg.)

73. Helicophagella agnata (Rd.)

. novella (Bar.)

. crassimargo (Pand.)

. noverca (Rd.)

. rosellei (Bött.)

. Inopinata

. macrura

. melanura (Mg.)

81. Discachaeta amita (Rd.)

82. D. arcıpes (Pand.)

83. D. cucullans (Pand.)

84. D. pumila (Mg.)

85. Heteronychia mutila (Vill.)

86. H. ancılla (Rd.)

+ + ++ ++ ++

++ +++ +++ ++ H+H+H+Hr

I ++ +++ +++ ++

male na a ana en

++ ++++ ++++++

++ +

++ +++

No. Species Country

Hungary Austria Czechia Slovakia Poland Germany

87. H. benaci (Bött.) = + Su a A N

88. H. boettcheriana (Rohd.) + + + + 4 +

89. H. cepelaki Pov. & Slam. - + - + = s

90. H. depressifrons (Ztt.) = + + + - +

91. H. dissimilis (Mg.) + + + + + +

92. H. haemorrhoa (Mg.) + - + + 4 ar

93. H. haemorrhoides (Bött.) + - 3 AL a ae

94. H. hirticrus (Pand.) + + + + + +

95. H. infixa (Bött.) + + 4 — = ne

96. H. lednicensis Pov. - — Au re « E

97. H. pauciseta (Pand.) = _ = 2. 2 +

98. H. porrecta (Bött.) = + _ + Z =

99. H. proxima (Rd.) + + + + + 2

100. H. rohdendorfi (Pov. & Slam.) + _ + 2 + =

101. H. rohdendorfiana Minh. + E + + + 4

102. H. rondaniana (Rohd.) + + — + AL L

103. H. schineri (Bezzi) + + + u - +

104. H. slovaca Pov. & Slam. — = = L 2 en

105. H. thalhammeri (Bött.) + _ = = = &

106. H. vagans (Mg.) + 2 Au AL En En

107. H. vicina (Mcq.) _ i a“ r + fr

108. H. filia (Rd.) „u ar 8 Ei m

109. H. minima (Rd.) + — + = ee =

110. H. taurica (Rohd.) - + = = m >

111. Arachnidomyia sexpunctata (F.) + + + & + AL

112. Ascelotella granulata (Kr.) - + + HL + 2E

113. Bellieriomima subulata (Pand.) 4 + At =L 1L AL

114. Krameromyia anaces (WIk.) + + 4 + a AL

115. Pandelleana protuberans (Pand.) + + + + 4 A

116. Pierretia nemoralis (Ke.) 4 + 4 en ML .

117. P. discifera (Pand.) - + 4 ae Ai rn.

118. P. lunigera (Bött.) - + en 7 £ +

119. P. nigriventris (Mg.) + -- + se + 2

120. P. socrus (Rd.) 4 + A a Er nt

121. P. soror (Rd.) + + * e * as

122. P. villeneuvei (Bött.) + + + + + -L

123. Thyrsocnema incisilobata (Pand.) + + 4 4 % +

124. T. kentejana Rohd. — An > AL re a

125. Pseudothyrsocnema spinosa (Villn.) + _ — = & 4

126. Bercaea cruentata (Mg.) + en + Nr nL en

127. Liosarcophaga tibialis (Mcgq.) + _ = = = -

128. L. aegyptica (Salem) En = a 4L = -

129. L. emdeni (Rohd.) + + u + + r

130. L. harpax (Pand.) nn > er A + 2

131. L. jacobsoni (Rohd.) + = — 4 —- 4

132. L. pleskei (Rohd.) - "> = es = 4

133. L. portshinskyi (Rohd.) + + ep + + =

No. Species Country

Hungary Austria Czechia Slovakia Poland Germany

134. L. teretirostris (Pand.) —

135. L. tuberosa (Pand.)

136. L. similis (Meade)

137. Liopygia crassipalpis (Meg)

138. L. argyrostoma (R.-D.)

139. L. uliginosa (Kr.)

140. Parasarcophaga albiceps (Mg.)

+ +++ ++

+ +++ +++

141. Robineauella pseudoscoparia (Kr.) _ =

142. R. caerulescens (Ztt.) + zu

143. Stackelbergeola mahadiensis (Bött.) _ _

++ + +++ ++

++ + +++ +++

144. Kramerea schuetzei (Kr.)

145. Rosellea aratrix (Pand.)

+ + + +++ +++ ++

. carnaria (L.)

+ +

146. Sarcophaga bachmayeri Lehrer + +

+ +

. lasiostyla Meg. + 4

+ +

+ +++ + +

5. moldavica Rohd.

5. moravica Pov. - - 2. = - _

151. S. novaki Bar. _ + _ _ — —

S. serbica Bar.

S. subvicina Rohd.

S. ukrainica Rohd.

S. variegata (Scopoli)

S. zumptiana Lehrer

+++++

+ +++ +

Acknowledgements

We feel greatly obliged to our numerous colleagues and friends for their performance, perseveration and steady

support of this work extending over many years. Our special thanks are due to late Professor Boris B. Rohdendorf,

Moscow, our teacher and distinguished specialist in Sarcophagidae. Dr. Frantisek Gregor, Brno, was helpful

especially during the first years of our common study of the Central European flesh-flies. The technical assistence

has been offered especially by Mrs. Karla Hrdinovä and Mrs. Milada Saumanovä, Brno. Mrs. Irena Valovä, Brno,

Dr. H.G. Amsel, Karlsruhe, Prof. Dr. Rudolf Rozkosny, Masaryk University of Brno, Dr. John D. Bradley, London,

and Angelika Albrecht, München, devoted much care to reading and to other aspects of the manuscript. Dr.

Martin Baehr, Zoologische Staatssammlung Munich, was helpful especially during the enclosing performance

as the editor. The authorities of the Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, headed by Dr. H. Fechter, manifested

their extraordinary understanding and support during the preparation of this manuscript.

This publication was edited with the support of the following institutions: Mendel University of Agriculture

and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic. - Rybärstvi A. S. (Fischerei A. G.), Pohofelice, Czech Republic. - Pivovar

Starobrno (Bierbrauerei), A. S. (A. G.), Brno, Czech Republic. — Jadernä elektrarna Dukovany (CEZ AFSD)

(Kernkraftwerk Dukovany, A. G.), Czech Republic. - City of Brno, Czech Republic. - Austrian Academy of

Sciences, Vienna.

Key to the subfamilies of Sarcophagidae

1. Hind coxae with fine hairs on posterior surface. d abdominal segment VII+VII lacking discal

bristles, complete, surstylus of d genitalia short. Hypophallus differentiated into numerous

sclerites (“internal parts of distiphallus” — styli, medial process, capitis etc.). ? abdominal tergites

WAREN oMipositor )umore’or less strongly reduced... en Sarcophaginae

- Hind coxae bare on posterior surface. d segment VIIH+VIII with discal bristles or separated,

surstylus often elongate; acrophallus or complete hypophallus present. ? with tergites VII-X (of

esapesitor)uwell developed, somelimes partlyrecweed'........0.0......u00Eunweeidesssnsnsennsen see scscumnerhe rasante 2.

2. Posterior spiracle non-operculate, with hairs along circular rim very short ventrally and in form of

long bristles anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsolateral and medial processes of paraphallus absent.

? with tergite X (of ovipositor) absent, tergite VIII developed in form of a black, pointed ovipositor

SPRBIESLOL SUHZEN US: Meromjchia’s! Ste)... menschen kunssnegententesneneen Macronychiinae

- Posterior spiracle operculate with one (Paramacronychiinae) or two (Miltogrammatinae) lappets

3. 6 with tergite VI well developed, with bristles or bare, complex segment VII+VIII without discal

bristles (setae). ? tergites VII and VIII (ovipositor) well developed, with broad intersegmental

werbranes and forming short telescopie OVipositor............rarueseeeeererenenneeeene: Miltogrammatinae

- ctergite VI absent, if present (in Eurychaeta) then segment VII+VIII with a row of discals. ? with

tergites VII and VIII partly reduced or separate along midline, intersegmental membranes narrow,

le kapie oyipositor nof developen... en... ee Paramacronychiinae

Subfamily Macronychiinae

Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 76

Grey, medium to large-sized flies. Sexual dimorphism slight. Parafacials and genae very broad,

setulose. Head laterally shorter at level of vibrissae than at lunula. Propleuron bare. 3rd antennal

segment not more than twice length of 2nd. Vibrissae well developed and situated high above lower

head margin. Claws and pulvilli of both sexes strong and elongate. Wings hyaline, cell R,open, r, bare.

Epiphallus present, acrophallus elongate or short. Abdomen grey pollinose with 3 triangular black

spots on each abdominal tergite, these spots reduced in some species. The single genus Macronychia

comprising 14 species is distributed in Holartic, Neotropic and Oriental (Taiwan) regions. Larvae are

inquilines in nests of Sphecoidea, occasionally in nests of Bombus. The information on Neotropic

species of Macronychia bred from adult Tabanids (Thompson 1978) is not confirmed.

Genus Macronychia Rondani, 1859

Dipt. Ital. Prodromus, 3: 229.

Type species: Macronychia agrestis Rondani, 1859 (nec Fallen; 1820). (Xysta striginervis Zetterstedt, 1838.)

References: Verves 1982: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h): 235-248; Pape 1987: Fauna ent. scand. 19:

78-84.

Key to subgenera and species of Macronychia

1. G: Pregonites S-shaped (Fig. 1), epiphallus short; apical part of cercus broad, converging towards

apex (Fig. 2).

2: Ovipositor elongate, black, spine-like (Fig. 3) (subgenus Macronychia s. str.) een: 2.

- 6: Pregonite hook-formed, apical part of cercus divergent, narrow, epiphallus elongate (Fig. 4).

?: Ovipositor inconspicuous, retractile (Fig. 5) (subgenus Moschusa R.-D.) een 3.

Fig. 1. Macronychia striginervis. Aedeagus and gonite, laterally.

Fig. 2. Macronychia lemariei. Cerci and surstyli, dorsally.

Fig. 3. Macronychia striginervis. Ovipositor, laterally.

Fig. 4. Macronychia griseola. Aedeagus and gonites, laterally, and distiphallus, dorsally (above and middle); cerci

and surstyli dorsally and laterally (middle and bottom).

Fig. 5. Macronychia griseola. Ovipositor, lateroventrally.

2. Basicosta yellow, abdominal tergites I+Il without medial marginals ........... M. (s. str.) lemariei Jac.

- Basicosta brown to black abdominal tergites I+II with medial marginals ............ueeenen

es ap res ereeLe BEr NERERER E F N ER ER Ne AURERTERN RBERE N M. (s. str.) striginervis (Zett.)

3. Basicosta yellow, abdominal tergites I+II without medial marginals. Abdomen entirely grey with

Baunayyedian, dank stnipe uses nuastarnecaukesncenheninnniendun needs tn inestanee M. (M.) griseola (Fall.)

- Basicosta brown to black, all abdominal tergites with three elongate black spots .........ueeeeeee 4.

4. Parafacial plate very broad, 0.37-0.44 eye-height and with 4-6 irregular rows of setae................

BE 0. 02. 2.2.00. tantugeskssssnnssargenuassarsntuntt ars arkanennsehesesiasnesher pet hass ingansueker M. (M.) alpestris Rond.

- Parafacial plate narrower, 0.22-0.37 eye-height and with 1-3 irregular rows of setae ........unn. 5)

ae Nbdominal tersites H-II with medial marginal .........iaseresernsnsoonensonnensernsansenser M. (M.) agrestis (Fall.)

- Abdominal tergites I+II without medial marginals ..............eeeeseeeeeeene- M. (M.) polyodon (Mg.)

Subgenus Macronychia s. str.

Macronychia (s. str.) lemariei Jacentkovsky, 1941

Präce Mor. Pfir. Spol. 13: 4, 9. (Type locality: Lednice).

vervesi Mihälyi, 1979: Acta zool. hung. 25: 160 (Macronychia).

Description

d. Eyes separated at level of posterior ocelli by a distance equalling 0.29-0.35 of head width; frontal

stripe brownish black, 1.2-2.4 times broader than parafrontal, parallel; parafrontals silvery white

pollinose with numerous fine black hairs, with 7-13 fr and 1+2-3 strong or. Parafacials silvery white

dusted, genal groove dark reddish. Parafacials at level of antennal base about 0.28-0.33 eye-height;

with 2-3 irregular rows of setae. Ocellar bristles strong and erect; occiput with single row of postorbital

setae. Genae grey, with numerous black setae, about 0.27-0.30 of eye-height. Antennae black, Ist and

2nd segments reddish, 3rd about 1.1-1.3 times as long as 2nd; arista micropubescent, proximal half

inflated, vibrissal angles widely separated, distance between them equals distance from vibrissa to

mouth margin. Palpi yellow.

ac 2-3+1-2, dc 2-3+3-4, ia 0+2-3, h 3-5, ph 1-2, spl 1+1. Scutellum with 3 pairs of marginal bristles

and 2-3 pairs of hair-like discals. Legs black, grey dusted, t, with 2-3 ad. Mesonotum grey dusted, with

3 longitudinal dark stripes, medial stripe subdivided into three narrow ones before the transverse

suture. Scutellum grey pollinose, at base black. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. Costal

spine absent, R,; open, ratio of costal 3rd and 5th sections 1: 1.4, m-cu S-formed.

Abdomen black, brownish grey dusted, tergites (from apparent I-V) each with 3 brownish black,

elongate, not distinctly limited spots. Genitalia of d grey dusted; ovipositor of ? lustrous black.

Tergites I+1I without medial marginals, tergite III with erect mediomarginals, tergites IV and V with

strong rows of marginal bristles. Body length 4-8 mm.

Distribution: Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary, Greece, Turkey (including Asiatic part), Israel, Uz-

bekistan. Ecology unknown.

Macronychia (s. str.) striginervis (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Ins. Lapp.: 633 (Xysta).

Miltogramma ungulata (Pandelle 1859): Revue Ent. 14: 101.

Description

ö. Eyes separated at level of posterior ocelli by a distance equal to 0.26-0.33 of head width; frontal

stripe brownish black, parallel-sided, 1.2-2.5 times broader than parafrons. Parafrontal silvery white

dusted, genal groove brownish black. Parafacial at level of antennal base about 0.26-0.32 eye-height,

with 2-3 vertical irregular rows of setae. Ocellar bristles strong and erect; occiput with single row of

postorbital setae. Genae silvery white dusted, with numerous black bristle-like hairs, about 0.26-0.36

eye-height. Antenna and palpus black, 3rd antennal segment about 1.3-2.0 times as long as 2nd; arista

microscopically pubescent, inflated in proximal '-%; distance between vibrissal angles equals or

shorter than distance from vibrissa to mouth margin.

Thorax grey pollinose, mesonotum with 3 dark longitudinal stripes, pleurae light grey pollinose.

ac 2-3+3-4, dc 3-5+3, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-6, ph 2-3, spl 1+1. Scutellum grey, with 3 pairs of marginals and 2-4

pairs of fine discals. Wings hyaline, often fumose along m-cu and the curved part of m. Basicosta and

epaulet brown to black. Costal spine absent. R, open, ratio of 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1.0-1.2, m-

cu sigmoid.

Abdomen grey pollinose, with three elongate black spots on each of tergites I+1I-V, spots on tergite

V often reduced. Genitalia of d black, grey dusted, ovipositor lustrous black. Tergites I+II and III with

1-2 pairs of medial marginals, tergites IV and V with row of marginals.

Body length 6.5-13.0 mm.

Distribution: Widespread in the Palaearctic region. Larvae are inquilines in nests of sphecids (Extemnius

cavifrons Thoms.) Flies often on various flowers, preferring outskirts of forests, usually hygrophilous.

Subgenus Moschusa Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Hist. nat. Dipt. Paris 2: 139.

Type species: Tachina polyodon Meigen, 1824.

Macronychia (Moschusa) agrestis (Fallen, 1810)

Kon. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 31: 270 (Tachina).

Description

ö Eyes separated at posterior ocelli by a distance equal to 0.23-0.33 of head width; frontal stripe

brownish black, parallelsided, 1.2-1.7 times wider than parafrontal. fr 7-14, or 1+2. Parafrontal densely

haired, silvery white pollinose. Parafacial silvery white dusted with 1-3 irregular vertical rows of black

setae, at antennal base about 0.26-0.32 eye-height. Ocellars strong and erect; one row of postorbitals.

Genae silvery grey with numerous black setae, about 0.7-0.34 of eye height. Antenna and palpus black,

3rd antennal segment 1.2-2.0 times as long as 2nd, arista micropubescent, inflated basally at %-".

Distance between vibrissal angles equals or is longer than distance between vibrissal base and oral

margin.

Thorax grey pollinose with 3 dark longitudinal stripes dorsally. ac 0-2+2-3, dc 2-3+3-4, ia 0-1+3, h

2-4, ph 1-2, spl 1+1. Scutellum grey, in basal part black, with 3 pairs of strong marginals and 1-3 pairs

of fine discals. Legs black, t, with 2-3 ad. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet brown to black. Costal

spine absent. Ratio of 3rd and 5th costal section 1:0.9-1.3, m-cu slightly sigmoid, rather straight.

Abdomen grey pollinose with three elongate spots on each of tergites I+1I-V, spots on tergite V

often reduced. Tergites I+II and III with pair of medial marginals, tergites IV and V each with a row

of marginals, genitalia black, grey dusted.

Body length 6.0-11.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe except British Isles, eastwards to Altai Mts. Larvae are inquilines in nests of

Psenulus sp. (Sphecoidea). Flies frequent hygrophytous forests, especially the outskirts.

Macronychia (Moschusa) alpestris Rondani, 1865

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 8: 218.

Miltogramma conica Bezzi, 1907, Katal. pal. Dipt. 3: 519. (Macronychia) (nec. Robineau-Desvoidy 1830).

Miltogramma dumosa Pandelle, 1895, Revue Ent. 14: 301.

Description

d. Eyes separated at level of posterior ocelli by a distance equal to 0.33-0.40 of head width; frontal

stripe brown to black, parallelsided, 1.2-2.0 times broader than parafrontal; fr 9-15, or 1+2-3, parafron-

tal silvery grey or white pollinose, covered with numerous black hairs; parafacial silvery grey dusted,

at antennal base about 0.37-0.44 eye-height, with 4-6 vertical rows of black setae. Ocellar bristles strong,

one row of postorbitals. Genae silvery grey, with numerous black bristles, about 0.35-0.45 eye-height.

Antenna and palpus black, 3rd antennal segment 1.1-1.5 times as long as 2nd, arista bare, inflated at

its proximal %-'%, distance between vibrissal angles shorter than distance between vibrissal base and

oral margin.

Thorax grey dusted, mesonotum with 3 dark longitudinal stripes, ac 3-4+2-3, de 2-3+3, ia 0-1+3, h

4-6, ph 1-2, spl 1-2+1. Scutellum with three pairs of strong marginals and one pair of fine dicals. Legs

black, grey dusted, t, with 2-4 ad. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet brownish black, costal spine

absent, ratio of 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1.0-1.4, m-cu sigmoid.

Abdomen black, grey dusted, tergites each with 3 elongate dark spots, tergite V often with reduced

pattern. Genitalia black, grey dusted. Tergites I+II with or without marginals, tergite III with pair of

erect madial marginal bristles, tergites IV and V each with row of marginals.

Body length 6-13 mm.

Distribution: Southern and central Europe, Transcaucasia, central Asia and Mongolia. Larvae are

inquilines in cells of Eumenidae: Eumenes sp., Odynerus parietum L. and Vespidae: Polistes gallicus.

Macronychia (Moschusa) griseola (Fallen, 1820)

Monogr. Mus. Svec.: 10 (Tachina).

Description

d. Eyes separate at level of posterior ocelli by distance equal to 0.30-0.33 of head width; frontal

stripe dark brown to black, parallel-sided, 1.2-1.7 times broader than one parafrontal; parafrontal grey

dusted, with numerous fine black hairs, fr 7-14, or 1+2. Parafacial grey dusted, with 2-3 vertical rows

of black fine bristles, genal groove dark reddish. Ocellars strong, one row of postorbitals. Gena grey

with numerous black setae. Antenna and palpi black, 2nd antennomere somewhat reddish on apical

margin; 3rd antennal segment 1.1-1.6 times as long as 2nd, arista micropubescent, basally inflated at

%-). Distance between vibrissal angles equals distance between vibrissal base and oral margin.

Thorax densely grey pollinose, postsutural area with narrow medial brown stripe. ac 2-3+3-4, dc

2-3+3-5, ia 0-1+3, h 3-7, ph 2-3, spl 1+1. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong marginals and 2-4 pairs of fine

discals. Legs black, grey dusted, t, with 2-3 ad. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. Costal

spine absent, ratio of 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.9-1.2, m-cu slightly S-shaped.

Abdomen almost unicolorous grey, with narrow medial olivebrown stripe. Tergites I+II without

marginals; tergite III with pair of medial marginal bristles, tergites IV and V each with row of

marginals. Genitalia black, densely grey dusted. Body length 4-8 mm.

Distribution: Palaearctic and Oriental (China, Taiwan) regions. Flies frequent mesophytic meadows

where they feed at flowers, especially Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apiaceae and Aster-

aceae.

Macronychia (Moschusa) polyodon (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 302 (Tachina).

Description

d. Eyes separate at level of posterior ocelli by a distance equal to 0.24-0.31 of head width; frontal

stripe brownish black, parallell-sided, 1.8-2.3 x broader than parafrontal. fr 9-14, or 1+2, parafrontal

silvery grey dusted, slightly yellowish, densely haired. Parafacial silvery grey dusted, with 1-3

irregular rows of fine bristles, at level of antennal base about 0.22-0.32 of eye height, genal groove

reddish. Ocellars strong, one row of postorbitals. Genae silvery grey, with numerous black setae at

about 0.25-0.35 of eye height. Antennae and palpi black. 3rd antennomere 1.2-1.5 times as long as 2nd.

Arista micropubescent, inflated in basal %-. Distance between vibrissal angles equal to distance

between vibrissal base and oral margin.

Thorax grey dusted, mesonotum with 3 black to brown longitudinal stripes. ac 2-3+2-3, dc 2-3+3,

ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-6, ph 1-3, spl 1+1. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong marginals and 1-2 pairs of fine discals.

Legs black, grey dusted, t, with 2-3 ad. Wings hyaline, often slightly fumose, basicosta and epaulet

brown to black. Costal spine absent, ratio of 3rd and 5th costal sections equals 1:0.9-1.5; m-cu

S-formed.

Abdomen grey dusted, with 3 brown or black triangular spots on all tergites, spots coalescing at

hind margin. Genitalia black, densely grey dusted. TergiteS I+II without medial marginals, tergite III

with pair of marginals, tergites IV and V each with row of marginal bristles.

Body lenth 5-11 mm.

Distribution: Paleaearctic, ranging from the British Isles to Japan. Larvae are inquilines in nests of

Sphecoidea: Crabro, Crossocerus, Ectemnius, Oxybelus, Pemphredon and Apoidea: Bombus hortorum,

B. terrestris. Flies frequent outskirts of mesophytic forests, feeding at flowers of various herbs, e. g.

Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae.

Subfamily Miltogrammatinae Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 1889, 56: 113.

Small to medium-sized flies (2-12 mm). Arista bare or micropubescent, head proportions very

different. Eyes large, genae in profile distinctly narrower than half of eye height. Frons with proclinate

orbitals in both sexes. npl 2 with or without additional hairs. spl 1+1, 1+42 or 1+2, hind coxae bare

caudally. Mid tibia usually with 1 ad, less frequently with 2-4 ad. Posterior thoracal spiracle operculate

with two subequal bristles or unequal lappets. d postabdomen with well developed VIth tergite,

segment VII+VIII complete. Surstyli usually elongate; aedeagus complete, acrophallus present,

epiphallus usually well developed. ? with short telescopic ovipositor; all tergites of ? postabdomen

present, VIlth and VIIIth tergites often bilobate, tergite VI usually complete. Spermathecae oval or

elongate, not differentiated. 6th and 7th spiracles usually situated on tergite VI, but exceptionally (in

Apodacra, Miltogrammatidium) the 7th spiracle is situated on tergite VII.

Some 600 species worldwide except New Zealand and subarctic (or arctic) zones. The majority of

the taxa prefer dry habitats. Larvae are inquilines in nests of various wasps and bees, one species, viz.

Senotainia tricuspis, is a parasite of adult bees, some species develop in nests of ants and termites. Flies

frequently feed at flowers. First instar larvae of the genera Senotainia, Taxigramma, Metopia, Paragusia

are usually deposited on decomposing corpses of such insects as wasps, bees, flies, crickets and

orthopterans. In the abdomen ? Metopia usually only 6 or 7 larvae are capable of development and are

usually stouter than the other ones which are obviously less active and not capable of successful

development (own experience and Richet 1990).

References: Rohdendorf 1930-1975: Fliegen palaearkt. Region, 11, 64h: (Lf. 39, 1930): 1-48, Lf. 88, 1935:

49-128, Lf. 285, 1971: 129-176, Lf. 311, 1975: 177-232. Kurahashi 1972: Kontyu 40 8): 173-180; Mihälyi

1979: Fauna Hung. 135 (16): 63-94. Rohdendorf & Verves 1980: Insects of Mongolia 7: 445-517 (in

Russian). Pape 1987: Fauna ent. Scand. 19: 27-78: Verves 1989: Jap. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 42: 111-126; Fan

1992 (ed.): Key to the common flies of China: 585-611.

Key to the genera, subtribes and tribes of Miltogrammatinae

1. Hair-like proclinate orbital bristles numerous. Head profile rounded (Amobiini) ..... Amobia R. D.

=» 1-6 ptöclinate. orbital bristles:' Head profileidifferentin... ke Er a en a Se 2.

2., Wing eell R, closed or peliolafe .............:.....:.2:2n2u20gsnossanensnansesnanasenesaeszar sera nern care er ee 5:

=, „Wing;cell R;open af wingmargin +... 20.200n252200. 2200. ea ie er ree t n 6.

3. Oral bristles with exception of 1-2 pairs of vibrissal bristles absent. Cell R; long-petiolate (Milto-

eTammatıni: Apodacrina)'..........2..8s0...2.2.252000000a0nnuneFranaeahegenznenennrsenses nennen es Apodacra Mcq.

-— Oral bristles numerous, well developed, black. Cell R, short petiolate or closed (Metopiaini:

Taxigrammatina) ernennen ee ee ee a 4.

Length of apical and preapical sections of cu equal. Claws of S legs short, not more than 0.8 times

length of 5th tarsomere. 3rd antennomere 2.3-4.0 times as long as 2nd ................ Paragusia Schin.

Apical section of cu longer than preapical section. Claws of d legs elongate and as long as 5th

farsomere. srd antennomere 1.5-2.0'fimes; as. long as 2ind............ca..2..=4.20.4204202er. Taxigramma Perris

Antennal base situated under half of eye height: vibrissal angles situated at oral margin (Phyllo-

EL RE RR EEE RE SEELE PER EEE HERR TEARR TERN ER 2.

EEE RE REEL EE N B REROR N . EANSÜRTE EB ar tn 8.

Arista more or less flattened, wings of d spotted (Phyllotelina) ........................... Phylloteles Löw

Arista bristle-like, not flattened, d wings hyaline (Metopodiina)............neee Metopodia B. B.

Vibrissae not differentiated from other oral bristles. Mid tibia with 2-4 strong ad bristles (Milto-

ER NGENRO V 9:

Disniesselonger' and.thiekerthan,other oral bristiest. za... an en. na 12.

Head profile rounded, frons and facials narrow, not more than 0.25 times head width ............ 10.

klesdepreiile ansular, frons:and faeials;broader........ u. unera une ateeeeeten 11:

. 6: Epandrium large and broad, basiphallus elongate and thick, epiphallus reduced, fore tarsus

without erect bristles or hairs. Abdomen black with grey pollinose transverse bands interrupted by

wiezal Serena Cylindrothecum Rohd.

d: Epandrium small, basiphallus short, epiphallus well developed, elongate, fore tarsus with erect

bristles or hairs. Abdomen with black spots or bands ...............n. Miltogrammatidium Rohd.

lst-5th tarsomeres of fore tarsus in d with long erect bristles, epiphallus reduced, pregonites

bilobed. Oral margin profile slightly projecting, frontal vitta ............. Nacanthothecum Rohd.

lst antennomere of fore tarsus in d without bristles, epiphallus elongate, well developed, prego-

nites hook- or spine-formed. Oral margin profile well projecting, frontal vitta often widened

backwards. Abdomen with chequered pattern or black spots ............eeee: Miltogramma Mg.

=Vibrtissal angles retreating, much less prominent than ons ......u..uu.0....00002200neseeeenaenneneneueenenene 13.

Vibrissal angles as prominent as frons or only slightly less prominent (Miltogrammatinae: partim)

Se re Er RE 18.

. 6 cerci distinctly curved dorsally. Frons narrower than eye, abdomen oval. Basal % or more of

aus tayintlated. (Oebalini) ns... er ee ee 14.

ö cerci straight. Frons wider than eye, abdomen conical (Metopiaini) .......neeeesen: 15:

. Facial ridge with 4-7 bristles, abdomen grey pollinose, without spots. Claws elongate, about as long

Bessthetarsomere;. st en a a a Ptychoneura B. B.

Facial ridge with short hairs on lower part. Abdomen with black spots. Claws curved, shorter than

SEHE EAUSOMDELE NR N N ee Oebalia R.-D.

. Facial ridge with a row of strong bristles. Wings of d spotted (Sphenometopiina) .....eee

Be en Nahen ea seen tnnenage sehen ande ann adan seen 7 SEE ee ee ee: Sphenometopa Towns.

Bactallaidee;bare, eiwiasswithoutsposa Let Te 16

. Parafacials with a vertical row of bristles along inner margin (Metopiina) ............. Metopia Mg.

Barataeials without,a row.of bristles/along inner marsinn. une en. 17

. Arista inflated at base. d with broad longitudinal black stripe on mesonotum and abdomen, ?

silvery grey, with 3 spots on each abdominal tergite (Mesomelaenina) ............... Mesomelaena Rd.

- Arista inflated in basal %-%. Both sexes grey, abdomen with lustrous black bands at base of tergites

or with ichequered pattern (Phrosinellina) ....:.... 00 nenn ee Phrosinella R.-D.

18. Claws of fore legs in d elongate, as long or more than 5th tarsomere. Notopleuron with only 0-3

hairs in addition,.to usual 2.bristles (Senotalniind) „use. rg ee ee Senotainia Mceq.

— Claws of fore legs in d short, not more than 0.8 times as long as 5th tarsomere. Notopleuron with

not less than 5 hairs in addition to usual 2 bristles (Pterellina) ......................u00002222anneeeeeeeeeeeeenenennnnn 19

19. Presutural de well developed. Frons width not less than eye width. Abdomen with chequered

pattern, spots poorly developed. Cerci in d not elongate, abdominal tergite V without long ventral

bristles ne. ne res ee Pterella R.-D.

-— Presutural dc absent or hair-like. Frons narrower than eye. Abdomen with black spots or bands, at

base yellowish, red ventrally. Cerci of d elongate and narrow, abdominal tergite V ventrally with

long and thick serrate bristles directed backwards ...........u.u2u0usssesssesenenenenen Protomiltogramma Towns.

Tribe Miltogrammatini B. B.

This is obviously an ancestral group of the subfamily. Adult flies are grey and of medium or small size,

abdomen with spots or bands, in andvanced genera with chequered pattern. Lower margin of head

elongate, eyes large, genae narrow, arista bare. Fore tarsus of d often with erect setae, ventral processes

of paraphallus well developed. Facial bristles and other groups of chaetom often partly or completely

reduced. About 300 species in 26 genera are well established in the Old World as evidenced by high

species diversity, and the Americas.

Subtribe Senotainiina Rohdendorf, 1930

Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64h), Lf. 39: 9.

This subtribe is characterized by the following plesiomorphic features: claws in ds elongate, as long as

or longer than 5th tarsomere, frons, parafacials and genae moderately wide, 3rd antennomere 1.5-2

times as long as 2nd, abdominal tergites with black spots. Parafacial setae more or less reduced, body

length small or medium sized. Two genera comprising some 60 species are distributed in the Old

World and the Americas.

Genus Senotainia Macquart, 1844

Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille, 295.

Type species: Senotainia rubriventris Macquart, 1846.

Grey, medium-sized or small flies (3-9 mm). Parafacials rather broad, vibrissae well developed. or

1-2+1. Wings hyaline, cell R; open. The genus comprises three subgenera and about 50 species

distributed in all zoogeographical regions. Adult flies frequent dry habitats, often in sandy areas, and

visit flowers of various species of Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae etc. dd gather in

preconnubial aggregations on open ground, sandy mounds etc.

References: Rohdendorf 1935: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg., 11 (64 h), Lf. 88: 79-89; Seguy, 1941: Encyel. ent.

(A) 21: 277-284; Pape 1987: Fauna ent. Scand. 19: 40-45.

Key to the subgenera and species of Senotainia

1. Prementum elongate, 6-10 times longer than wide (subgenus Senotainia s. str.) (Figs 6, 7) ......... 2,

- Prementum comparatively short, 3-4 times longer than wide (subgenus Sphixapata) (Figs 8, 9)...

Fig. 6. Senotainia conica. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 7. Senotainia tricuspis. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 8. Senotainia puncticornis. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 9. Senotainia albifrons. Male head, laterally.

2. Palpi brown to black. Parafacial plate hairy (Fig. 6). Profile of d cerci broad, rostriform, aedeagus

ATTERNNE e Senotainia (s. str) conica (Fall.)

- Palpi yellow. Parafacial plate bare (Fig. 7). d cerci narrow, almost straight, aedeagus short and

netel 0 5° 20 MD) WENREEmEE IRRE NRRIE DREE EENEIEIEEILEREEUI UIERELLUEEHENERE HELL EEEUEUEEIEERFEFEFRRR Senotainia (s. str.) tricuspis (Mg.)

3. Arista inflated in its proximal half or more. Vibrissa situated at about level of lower eye margin

(Fig. 8).

d: 3rd antennomere 2.5 times longer than 2nd, pregonites not serrate on dorsal margin. Acrophal-

Iatronindled: (Big., 12) „nate.ennnescaransnsssnsnnssennnsnnsaeuensunarndnuunesanennsenausuuenede Senotainia (S.) puncticornis (Zett.)

- Arista inflated in proximal 0.3-0.4, vibrissa situated distinctly above level of eye margin (Fig. 9).

d: 3rd antennomere about 2.0 times longer than 2nd, pregonites serrate on dorsal margin,

Betophallus pointed (Fig. 19) ..cunesresseanassesensnssanssernsssennsenaezumnsnensnssgerengesternse Senotainia (S.) albifrons (Rd.)

Subgenus Senotainia s. str.

About 30 species distributed in all zoogeographical regions. Imagines psammophilous prefering dry

habitats, especially on river shores, secondary distribution in changed biotopes (biocenoids), e.g.

vacant plots of land.

Senotainia (s. str.) conica (Fallen, 1810)

K. Vetensk. Akad. Handl (2) 34: 270 (Tachina).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.32-0.35 and at antennal base 0.27-0.32 head width. Frons, facials and genae

silvery grey pollinose, upper part of frontal vitta and frons at vertex with a brownish hue. Frontal vitta

at level of fore orbital bristle about 1.1-1.5 times wider than parafrons, and 1.5-2.0 times broader

backwards. Antennae black, 3rd antennomere 1.3-1.8 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in basal third.

Parafacial at level of antennal base about 0.2-0.3 and genae 0.16-0.22 eye height. Two regular rows of

postorbital bristles, fr 6-10, Parafacials with numerous short black hairs (Fig. 10), genae and hind

surface of head with numerous black bristle-like hairs. Palpus dark brown to black.

Thorax silvery grey pollinose, mesonotum with 3 poorly defined narrow longitudinal stripes.

ac 1-2+2, dc 2+3, ia 0+2-3, h 2-3, ph 1, spl 1+1. Legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow.

Abdomen yellowish grey dusted, with pair of poorly defined lateral black spots and often with brown

medial spot on each tergite, tergite I+II without marginals, tergites III and IV with pair of erect

marginal bristles, tergite V with row of marginals. Genitalia robust and protruding, black, with

yellowish grey pollinosity. Cerci (Fig. 10) in apical part broad, spine- or hooklet-formed, epiphallus

absent, acrophallus elongate.

?. Head slightly paler than in d, parafacials bare or with very few hairs, spots on abdominal

tergites smaller, tergite VI black, grey pollinose.

Body length 3-6 mm.

Distribution: A widely distributed transpalaearctic species: British Isles throughout Europe and Asia

to Far East. Imagines prefer grassland habitats: sandy alluvial plains and lowland meadows, grass-

plots and outskirts of forests, mainly of mesophytic character. Larvae are inquilines in nests of

Sphecoidea: Bembix integra Pz., Crabro peltarius Schreb., C. scutellatus Schev., Oxybelus uniglumis L.,

Philanthus triangulum F., Sphex albicestus Lep., Tachysphex unicolor Pz. and Apoidea: Halictus lucidulus

Schenck, H. subauratus Rossi.

References: Tiensuu 1939, Seguy 1941a, Pape 1987b.

Senotainia (s. str.) tricuspis (Meigen, 1838)

Syst. Beschr. 7: 234 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.33-0.38 and at level of antennal base 0.30-0.36 head width. Frontal vitta, lunula,

parafacials and mediana silvery yellow pollinose; vertex, orbitae, parafrons, genae and postgenae

blackish, grey dusted. Frontal vitta at level of anterior orbital bristles about 1.5-2.0 times broader than

parafrons, 1.5-2.5 times wider backwards. Antennae black, 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.0 times as long as

2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.3-0.4. Parafacials at level of antennal base about 0.25-0.35 and genae

0.20-0.26 eye height. One regular row of postorbital setae, fr 10-15, parafrons with numerous black

setae, parafacials bare (Fig. 7). Genae and occiput with numerous erect black hairs. Palpus yellow.

Thorax grey dusted, mesonotum with 3 narrow black longitudinal stripes. ac 2-3+1-3, only the

prescutellar pair strong and long, dc 2+3, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-6, ph 2-3, spl 1+1, between these bristles

numerous shorter bristle-like hairs. Legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta yellow, epaulet black. Abdo-

men with grey pollinosity and with 3 elongate black spots on each tergite. Tergites I+II without

marginals, such bristles on tergite III present or absent, tergites IV and V with row of marginals.

Genitalia small, black, slightly grey dusted. Epiphallus short, pointed (Fig. 11), acrophallus rounded

and broad, cerci apically narrowed, elongate.

? like d, but abdominal spots more or less reduced.

Body length 5-9 mm.

Distribution: This species is widely distributed in Europe, North Africa, Transcaucasia, South Siberia

and Mongolia. Adult flies are xerophilous preferring sandy habitats, frequenting flowers, often in bee

gardens, where females waylay bees. They pursue passing bees and deposit up to several larvae (1 to 6)

on.a bee body. Larvae penetrate the jugular membrane of the bee and enter the body cavity; one female

fly can produce 100-400 or more larvae. The larvae live in the thorax and feed on haemolymph and

muscle tissue. Bees infested perish within 2-3 days after invasion. The adult larvae develop in the hosts

body for several days (duration of larval development lasts 6-11 days), pupation takes place in the soil

at a depth of about 10 cm. The metamorphosis in the puparium lasts up to 72 days. The species is

probably multi-voltine in central Europe. Hosts are Apis mellifera L. and other apids — Bombus muscorum

L., Halictus spp. The myiasis or sickness caused by S. tricuspis is known as “senotainiasis” and can be

of economic importance (Boiko 1939, 1948, 1963, Mathis 1957, 1975). The larvae have been found in

nests of sphecoid wasps (Ectemnius rubicola Duf. & Perris and Philanthus sp. — Seguy 1941a), Oxybelus

bipunctatus Ol. (Verves & Gorobehishyn, 1995) but possibly a misidentification is involved.

Fig. 10. Senotainia conica. Male genitalia, laterally.

Fig. 11. Senotainia tricuspis. Male genitalia, laterally.

Fig. 12. Senotainia puncticornis. Male genitalia, laterally.

Fig. 13. Senotainia albifrons. Male genitalia, laterally.

Subgenus Sphixapata Rondani, 1859

Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 3: 225:

Type species: Sphixapata albifrons Rondani, 1859:

Arrhenopus Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 58: 360.

Type species: Sphixapata piligena Rondani 1865 (syn. of S. puncticornis Zett.).

About 20 species occur in the Old World, the majority being psammophilic taxa.

Senotainia (Sphixapata) puncticornis (Zetterstedt, 1859)

Dipt. Scand. 13: 6149 (Miltogramma).

imberbis Zetterstedt, 1838, Insecta Lapp. 636 (Tachina) (om. preocc. by Wiedemann 1830).

piligena Rondani, 1865 Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 8: 217.

crabrorum Kramer, 1920 Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 329 (Ptychoneura).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.30-0.34 and at antennal base 0.23-0.30 head width. Parafrons, parafacials and

genae silvery white dusted, lunula and occiput grey dusted, frontal vitta black, slightly yellow or white

pollinose. Frontal vitta at fore fr 1.4-2.0 times as broad as parafrons, 1.3-1.7 times wider backwards.

Antennae black, 3rd antennomere 2.0-2.8 times length of 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.5-0.7. Parafacials

at antennal base 0.26-0.32 and genae 0.21-0.31 times eye height. 1-2 regular rows of postorbital setae,

fr 8-12, parafacials with numerous black setae (Fig. 8), gena and occiput with erect black bristle like

hair. Palpus yellow, widened apically.

Thorax grey or yellowish grey pollinose, mesonotum with three narrow brownish stripes.

ac 2-3+3-4, dc 2-3+3, ia 1+2-3, h 2-3, ph 1, spl 141 with numerous bristles in between. Legs black, wings

hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. Abdominal tergite I+II without medial marginals, these bristles

absent or present on tergites III-V, each with a row of marginals. Abdomen yellowish grey dusted,

with three elongate black or brownish spots on each tergite, those on tergite V often reduced. Genitalia

medium-sized, black, slightly yellowish grey dusted. Cerci and surstyli elongate and narrow (Fig. 12),

pregonites hook-formed, not serrate on dorsal surface. Epiphallus absent, acrophallus short and thick,

rounded.

2. Frons at vertex 0.24-0.30 and at level of antennal base 0.22-0.27 head width. 3rd antennomere not

more than 1.5 times length of 2nd. Abdomen distinctly brightly dusted and with spots partly reduced.

Body length 4-6.5 mm.

Distribution: Central and northern Europe, South Siberia and Far East. Adult flies prefer mesophytic

outskirts of forests and bushes. Larvae are inquilines in the nests of Sphecoidea (e.g. Crossocerus cinxius

Dhlb.) in dry stems (Kramer 1920).

Senotainia (Sphixapata) albifrons (Rondani, 1859)

Dipt. Ital. Prodromus 3: 225 (Sphixapata).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.24-0.30 and at antennal base 0.22-0.28 head width. Head silvery grey dusted,

frontal vitta often blackish, at fore or 1.5-2.5 times broader than parafrons, 1.5-2.5 wider backwards.

Antennae black, 3rd antennomere 1.2-2.0 times longer than 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.3-0.4.

Parafacials at antennal base about 0.23-0.27 and genae 0.16-0.20 eye height. One regular row of

postorbital setae. fr 7-10, parafacials with numerous or few short black setae (Fig. 9), genae and occiput

with bristle-like black hairs. Palpus black, not widened at apex.

Thorax grey, longitudinal stripes on mesonotum narrow and poorly developed. ac 2+2-3, dc 2+3,

ia 0-1+2-3, h 2-3, ph 1, spl 1+2-3, with numerous black setae in between. Legs black, wings hyaline,

basicosta and epaulet yellow. Abdomen grey dusted, with three elongate spots on tergites I+II-IV,

spots on tergite V more or less reduced. Tergites I+II without marginals, marginals on tergite III

present or absent, tergites IV-V each with row of marginal bristles. Genitalia small, grey. Cerci and

surstyli elongate and narrow (Fig. 13), pregonites widened, serrate on dorsal surface. Epiphallus

reduced, acrophallus wide, pointed at apex.

?. Grey coloration deeper than in d, abdominal spots usually reduced or absent.

Body length 4.0-8.5 mm.

Distribution: The species is widely distributed in the southern and central parts of the Palaearctic

region and in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. Adult flies prefer sandy areas and dry grassland

including meadows, dry margins of roads etc. Larvae are inquilines in nests of sphecoid wasps:

Philanthus triangulum F., Prionyx pollens Khl., Sphex subtruncatus Dhlb. (Charykuliev & Myartzeva 1964,

Verves 1979b).

Subtribe Pterellina Rohdendorf, 1967

Trudy Paleontol. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR 116: 63:

This subtribe is closely related to the subtribe Senotainiina, but differs by shorter claws of males,

elongate 3rd antennomere and very narrow genae; vibrissae long and straight, eyes large, parafacial

bristles more or less reduced. Four genera and about 60 species are distributed in the Old World and

Australia.

Fig. 14. Protomiltogramma fasciata. Male genitalia, laterally.

Fig. 15. Protomiltogramma fasciata. Male head, laterally.

Genus Protomiltogramma Townsend, 1916

Can. Ent. 48: 154.

Type species: Protomiltogamma cincta Townsend, 1916.

Thereomyia Rohdendorf, 1927, Zool. Anz. 71: 163 (Type species: Miltogramma fasciata Meigen, 1924).

References: Verves 1987: Ent. Obozr. 66: 654-664.

Dark greyish medium-sized or small flies (4-12 mm long) Frons and facials narrow, head profile

angular, presutural acrostichals absent, abdominal tergite V in d with numerous long and thick ventral

bristles, acrophallus narrow and long, cerci in apical part awl-like, abdomen with black spots or bands.

Adult flies prefer psammophilous habitats. Larvae are inquilines in nests of various sphecoid wasps.

About 25 species are distributed in the southern parts of the Palaearctic region, and in the Oriental,

Afrotropical and Australian regions.

Protomiltogramma fasciata (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 227 (Tachina):

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.26-0.30 and at antennal base 0.22-0.27 head width. Parafrons, facials, lunula and

genae silvery white pollinose. Frontal vitta yellow to brown, without pollinosity, dull, parallel-sided,

at fore orbitals 1.1-1.3 times as wide as parafrons. Antenna yellow, apical narrowed part of arista black,

3rd antennomere 2.5-3.5 times as long as 2nd, arista thickened in basal 0.5-0.6. Parafacials at level of

antennal base about 0.19-0.24 and gena 0.05-0.10 eye height. 2 regular rows of postobrbitals, fr 8-14,

long and strong, orbitals 1+2, strong, parafrons at vertex with several short reclinate bristles. Parafrons

and parafacials practically bare, with microscopic fine yellow setae. Oral bristles numerous, black; fore

part of genae with short erect yellow hairs, occiput and postgenae short black haired. Palpus short,

apex slightly inflated, yellow. Occiput grey dusted (Fig. 15).

Thorax grey dusted, mesonotum dark grey pollinose, with three longitudinal black stripes,

scutellum grey, hind part of scutellum with black shortly bristled spots. ac 0+1, dc 0+1-1+2, only

prescutellar pair strong, ia 0+1, h 3, ph 1, npl 2, surface of notopleura with numerous black erect hairs,

spl 2+2, haired, propleura bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of erect marginals, discals poorly defined. Fore

tarsus without erect bristles or hairs, t, with 1 long and with some short ad in middle part. Legs black,

grey dusted. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. Costal spine absent, R,open, r, bare, r,,; with

2-4 black hairs at base, angle of m-vein straight, m-cu slightly curved, ratio of 3rd and 5th sections of

costa 1:3-4. Abdominal tip yellowish red, tergites silvery grey dusted. TergiteS I+II black, tergites III-V

each in basal half black lustrous with narrow medial longitudinal stripe, tergites I+II without erect

medial marginals, last tergites each with a row of marginals. Genitalia small (Fig. 14).

?. Frons at vertex 0.28-0.40 times head width, black stripes of abdominal tergites wider than in G.

Body length 4-10 mm.

Distribution: South and Central Palaearctic from France to Japan, being most prevalent in sandy

areas. Larvae develop in nests of sphecoid wasps Bembex sp. (Seguy 1941a), Liris japonica Kohl, Sphex

argentatus fumosus Mocz., S. flammithrichus Strand (Kurahashi 1973), Philanthus triangulum (Myarzeva

1972).

Genus Pterella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1963

Hist. Nat. 2: 121.

Type species: Miltogramma grisea Meigen, 1824.

Setulia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, Hist. Nat. 2: 124 (Type species: Setulia cerceridis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863)

(syn. of Miltogramma grisea Meigen, 1824).

References: Rohdendorf 1935, Fliegen palaearkt. Region 11 (64h), Lf. 88: 65-71; Seguy 1941: Encycl.

ent. (A) 21: 260-265; Venturi 1960: Frust. ent. 2, 7: 44-49.

Grey flies, mostly medium-sized or small (4-8 mm). Frons wide or narrow, head profile angular.

Parafacials wide, nearly bare; genae narrow, 3rd antennomere 2-4 times as long as 2nd, arista bare.

Presutural dorsocentrals present. Wings hyaline, cell R,open. Abdomen with grey chequered pattern.

About 20 species in Palaearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions. Adult flies frequent open meso-

phytic meadows, grassland and bushes, feeding at flowers of Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae etc.

Key to species of Pterella

2. Frontal vitta at least twice wider posteriorly, frons at antennal base distinctly narrower than at

vertex, 4th tarsomere of fore tarsus with elongate single ad and pv, these bristles as long as 5th

tinsomere »Antennaesyellowiz cs. ee P. convergens (Pand.)

- Frontal vitta at least 1.5 wider caudally, frons at antennal base slinghtly narrower than at vertex.

Fore tarsus with different chaetotaxy.; Antennae partly’grey ..... un. en. en en ee s%

3. 4th tarsomere of fore tarsus with numerous pv, p and pd posterionly, these bristles distinctly

longer than) 5th. tarsameren.. u... en P. penicillaris (Rd.)

- ‚4th tarsomere of’fore tarsus without bristlesn...............200 ee nee ee 4.

4. Abdominal tergite V mostly completely black, with numerous short adjacent black bristles, tergite

IV. and rarely IIwitk lateral blackishrspots. men ee ee P. melanura (Mg.)

-— Abdominal tergite V without bristled spots, with chequered pattern in apical 0.3-0.5 with lustrous

black band 2. na EINEN LER P. grisea (Mg.)

5. Frontal vitta twice wider caudally, frons at antennal base markedly narrower than at vertex ......

Elena un en une eghegu ehanee Berneen nern Rene ter reden feunseenn ge. Beude beeee P. convergens (Pand.)

- Frontal vitta at least 1.5 times wider caudally, frons at antennal base slightly narrower than at

VELLEX .uunsancessauescenlsundnsunssunhnasnan unsern cn sungen naaneecrenn dans Teens eeee rennen 6.

6. Frons at least 0.32 head width, arista inflated in basal 0.3-0.4. Frontal vitta at fore orbitals not more

than 1.5 times broader than one parafrons, its fore part ochreous yellow, without pollinosity. or

1+4-5. Abdomen with grey chequered pattern, without lustrous black areas .......uunneneneneenen:

- Frons at least 0.33 head width, arista inflated in basal 0.5-07. Frontal vitta at fore orbitals at least

2 times broader then parafrons, unicolorous. or 1+2-3. Abdomen with black lustrous spots or bands

in apical part of tergite V, occasionally similar spots on tergite IV .......uuensneseenensesenenenensonenenenennenene 7.

7. Frons at level 0.37 of head width. 3rd antennomere yellow or darkened on surface ..................

REN RESET ARE een nee nahe P. grisea (Meig.)

- Frons at least 0.37 of head width. 3rd antennomere completely grey or yellowish at base ............

uses lankonnno dann unnnenrnnersha edge ans htnchsengnononensAhnnsanunnanTahgan hanze teen ngänachesenhansegeree P. melanura (Mg.)

Pterella convergens (Pandelle, 1895)

Revue Ent. 14: 298 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.32-0.35 and at antennal base 0.20-0.24 head width. Parafrons, parafacial and

lunula yellowish gold dusted, genae silvery dusted. Frontal vitta gold dusted, 2-2.5 times wider

posteriorly, at fore orbitals 2-3 times as wide as parafrons. Antennae yellow, arista black, 3rd

antennomere 3.5-4 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.7-0.8. Parafacials at antennal base

about 0.14-0.16 and genae 0.07-0.12 eye height. One regular row of postorbitals, fr 12-16, not very

strong, or 1+4-5, strong; parafrons with numerous black erect short bristles, parafacials with very fine

black setae. Oral bristles black, strong and numerous. Genae with numerous erect, short yellow hairs,

occiput grey dusted and with numerous black setae. Palpi apically broader, yellow. (Head — see

Fig. 17).

Thorax covered by numerous medium-length erect hairs, grey dusted. Longitudinal stripes of

mesonotum poorly defined, scutellum grey, without lateral spots. ac 0+2, dc 2-3+3-4, ia 0+1-2, npl 2,

surface of notopleura covered by 3-4 black setae, spl 1+1-2, with numerous setae, propleuron bare.

Scutellum with three pairs of strong marginals and numerous erect discals. 4th tarsomere of fore tarsus

(Fig. 21) with elongate apical ad and pv, these bristles as long as 5th tarsomere; t, with one long and

2-3 short ad in the middle. Legs black. Costal spine absent, r, bare, r,,; with a few setae at base, angle

of m-vein right; m-cu hardly curved, length ratio of 3rd and 5th costal section 1:1.3-1.5. Abdominal

tergites I+II and III without strong erect medial marginals. Genitalia small (Fig. 24). Abdomen

yellowish grey dusted, with chequered pattern, tergites I-III with narrow longitudinal medial stripe.

2. Similar to d, but fore tarsus without bristles, and frons broader than in d, about 0.33-0.37 of head

width.

Body length 4.5-7.0 mm.

Distribution: Western Palaearctic including Algeria, France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Israel and

Cyprus. Psammophilous species frequenting sandy habitats. Larvae in nests of the megachilid bee

Anthidium sp. (in plant associations of Ferula in Israel).

Pterella grisea (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 320 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.4-0.44 and at antennal base 0.27-0.33 head width. Head yellowish grey dusted,

frontal vitta brown, broad, parallel-sided, at fore orbitals 2-2.5 times as wide as parafrons. Antennae

more or leass yellow, 3rd antennomere often greyish exteriorly, arista black, 3rd antennomere 2.3-2.8

times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.6-0.7. Vibrissae situated well above lower margin of facial

plate. Parafacials at antennal base about 0.22-0.26 and genae 0.12-0.19 eye height. 2 regular rows of

postorbitals. fr 12-17, or 1+2, strong, parafrons with several long black hairs at vertex, parafacials with

fine white hairs. Oral bristles numerous, strong, black. Genae and occiput with black hairs, occiput

grey pollinose, palpi yellow.

Thorax grey dusted, longitudinal stripes of mesonotum more or less developed, scutellum grey

with lateral black haired spots. ac 2-3+2, dc 2-3+3-4, ph 1-2, npl 2, surface of notopleura covered by 8-10

short black hairs, spl 1+1-2, with numerous long thin hairs, propleuron bare. Fore tarsus without erect

bristles or hairs, t, with one long ad. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong marginals and one pair of discals.

Legs black. 3rd section of costa as long as 5th section; m-cu strongly sigmoid, r, bare r,,; with several

basal black setae. Basicosta and epaulet yellow. Abdominal tergite III with or without pair of erect

medial marginals. Genitalia small (Fig. 23). Abdomen densely yellowish grey pollinose. Tergites with

small hind lustrous iridescent, and with small black or brown spots, tergite V with black lustrous hind

margin. Margins of tergites with chequered pattern, genitalia black, densely grey dusted.

?. Similar to d, with slightly narrower frons (0.37-0.40 head width).

Body length 5.5-9.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe to eastern Siberia and Mongolia; Israel. Preferring mesophytic meadows and

grassland. Larvae are inquilines in nests of the sphecoid wasp Cerceris arenaria L. (Seguy 1941a).

Pterella melanura (Meigen, 1824)

Syst Beschr. 4: 232 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.38-0.41 (Fig. 18) and at antennal base 0.33-0.37 head width, other head

proportions as in P. grisea. Head yellowish grey dusted, frontal vitta yellowish brown, pollinosity poor.

lst and 2nd antennomere yellow, 3rd antennomere grey or brownish grey, arista black, 3rd antenno-

mere 1.8-2.3 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated at basal 0.5-0.7. Two regular rows of postorbitals. fr

12-18, or 1+2-3, parafrons at vertex with several long erect black hairs, parafrons and parafacials with

pale microscopic setae. Oral bristles black, strong and numerous, genae and occiput with black hairs,

occiput grey dusted, palpus yellow. Colour and thorax chaetotaxy, legs and wings similar to P. grisea.

Abdominal tergite III with or without erect medial marginals, genitalia small (Fig. 25). Abdomen

yellowish grey dusted, with chequered pattern, tergite V mostly completely black with numerous

short adjacent bristles, tergite IV and occasionally tergite III with similar lateral spots. (Fig. 22).

2. Like d, but with narrower frons (0.33-0.37 head width), abdominal pattern like in P. grisea.

Body length 5.5-8.0 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic from France to Far East. The species prefers

mesophytic habitats and grassland. Larvae are inquilines in nests of sphecoid wasps, e.g. Cerceris

emarginata Latr., C. julii Fabre, C. rubida Latr. (Seguy 1941).

Pterella penicillaris (Rondani, 1865)

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 8: 216 (Sphixapata).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.30-0.32 and at antennal base 0.27-0.28 head width. Head yellowish white

dusted. Frontal vitta white pollinose, its fore part brownish yellow, without dusted sculpture, at level

of fore orbitals 1.3-1.5 times as wide as parafrons, 1.3-1.5 times wider caudally. 3rd antennomere 1.5-1.8

times as long as 2nd, arista inflated at basal 0.3-0.4, 1st and 2nd antennomeres yellow, 3rd antennomere

grey or blackish, arista black. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.14-0.17 and gena 0.06-0.09 eye

height. One row of postorbitals; fr 9-13, or 1+4-5, parafrons at vertex with several erect black hairs, fore

part of parafrons and parafacials with microscopic pale setae. Oral bristles not very strong, black.

Genae pale haired, occiput light grey pollinose, black haired, palpi yellow. (Figs 16, 19).

Thorax and legs black, grey dusted, longitudinal stripes narrow, obsolete, ac 2+2, dc 2+3-4, ia

1+2-3, h 2-4, ph 1-2, npl 2 with 4-6 fine setae, spl 2+2-3. Scutellum with 3 pairs of marginals and 1-2

pairs of discals. Fore tarsus with posterior tuft of long bristles (Fig. 20). 5th section of costa 1.3-1.8 times

as long as 3rd section, m-cu curved. Abdominal segment III with pair of erect medial marginals,

genitalia small (Fig. 26). Abdomen grey with chequered pattern.

?. Similar to d, fore tarsus without bristles.

Body length 5.5-8.5 mm.

Distribution: France, Italy, Hungary, Czechia, Moravia, North Caucasus, Armenia, Tadjikistan, Israel.

Ecology unknown, but the flies are psammophilous.

Fig.

16.

17%

18.

19:

20.

211.

22:

23.

24.

25.

26.

Pterella penicillaris. Male head, laterally.

Pterella convergens. Male head, frontally.

Pterella melanura. Male head, frontally.

Pterella penicillaris. Male head, frontally.

Pterella penicillaris. Male fore tarsus.

Pterella convergens. Dorsal view of male fore tarsus.

Pterella melanura. Lateral view of male abdomen.

Pterella grisea. Male genitalia, laterally.

Pterella convergens. Male genitalia laterally.

Pterella melanura. Male genitalia laterally.

Pterella penicillaris. Male genitalia, laterally.

Subtribe Miltogrammatina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 113.

Medium-sized flies (5-12 mm). Eyes large, gena profile narrow, parafacials usually broad, occasionally

narrow, bare or with fine setae. Thoracic bristles partly reduced, 3 claws short, angular vibrissae

reduced. Some 120 species representing 14 genera are widely distributed in the Old World and also

(genus Euphyto) in the Americas. Majority of species psammophilous, centre of species diversity in

deserts of Eurasia and Africa. Flies feed at flowers, larvae live as inquilines usually in nests of various

solitary bees, rarely wasps.

Genus Anacanthothecum Rohdendorf, 1930

Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64h, Lf. 39: 33.

Type species: Xysta testaceifrons von Roser, 1840.

Grey, medium-sized flies (6-10 mm) with chequered abdominal pattern, frons narrow, profile angular,

parafacials rather broad, genae narrow. Parafacials bare, oral bristles well developed, black, genae

covered by dense white hairs. Frontal vitta almost parallel. t, with 2-4 ad. Wings hyaline, costal spine

very small, R, open, pregonites bilobate; epiphallus absent. One Palaearctic and two Afrotropical

species: A. cuthbersoni (Curran 1936) comb. nov. and A. heloum (Villeneuve 1916) comb. nov. Psam-

mophilous species, hosts unknown.

Anacanthothecum testaceifrons (von Roser, 1840)

Corresp. Bl. württ. landw. Ver. Stuttg. (N.S.) 17 (1): 57 (Xysta).

Pape 1987, Fauna ent. scand. 19: 36 (Miltogramma).

pilitarsae Rondani, 1859. Dipt. ital. Prodr. 3: 218 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.25-0.31 and at antennal base 0.20-0.27 head width. Head yellowish gold dusted.

Frontal vitta parallel, at fore orbitals 2-3 wider than parafrons, 1.0-1.3 times wider backwards. 3rd

antennomere 1.4-2.0 times as long as second. Arista bare, inflated in basal half. Ist and 2nd antenno-

mere and base of 3rd light brown to orange, rest of 3rd antennomere black, palpi elongate, yellow.

Occiput and postgena blackish, grey dusted. Parafacial at level of antennal base about 0.18-0.22 and

genae 0.07-0.09 eye height. One regular row of postorbitals; vte well developed, ocellar bristles

elongate, fr 14-20, mid-sized. Parafrons with 1-2 plus 3-5 erect long orbitals and with some additional

hairs on vertex (Fig. 27).

Thorax and legs black, slightly dark grey dusted, longitudinal stripes of mesonotum not distinct,

narrow. ac 2-3+2, dc 2+4-5, ia 1+2-3, strong, h 2-3, npl 2, notopleura covered by numerous elongate

black hairs, spl 1+2-3, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 5 pairs of strong marginals and 1-2 discals. Fore

tarsus with 2 elongate bristles on apicodorsal surface of tarsomeres 1-4 (Fig. 32). r, bare, base of r,,,; with

1-3 black hairs upwards and downwards, angle of m right, m-cu slight concave, 5th section of costa as

long as 3rd section. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow.

Abdomen cinereous with chequered pattern and with blackish grey longitudinal medial stripe on

tergites I-IV, tergites I+II without medial marginals, tergites II-V with row of marginal bristles, medial

bristles often longer than others. Genitalia medium-sized (Fig. 39).

?. Like d, but fore tarsus without long bristles or hairs.

Body length 6-15 mm.

Distribution: Europe except British Isles, ranging eastwards to East Siberia (Jakutia), Mongolia and

India (Kashmir). Psammophilous species.

Fig. 27. Anacanthothecum testaceifrons. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 28. Cylindrothecum ibericum. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 29. Miltogramma testaceum. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 30. Miltogramma murinum. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 31. Miltogrammatidium taeniatum. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 32. Acanthothecum testaceifrons. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 33. Miltogramma oestraceum. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 34. Miltogramma villenewvei. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 35. Miltogramma punctatum. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 36. Miltogrammatidium rutilans. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 37. Miltogramma brevipilum. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 38. Miltogrammatidium taeniatum. Male fore tarsus.

Genus Cylindrothecum Rohdendorf, 1930

Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64h, Lf. 39: 31.

Type species: Cylindrothecum necopinatum Rohdendorf, 1930 (syn. of Miltogramma iberica Villeneuve, 1912).

Dark, medium-sized flies with poorly defined black spots on hind borders of abdominal tergites.

Frons, parafacials and gena very narrow, head profile rounded. Orbitals and frontals well developed,

parafacials bare, oral bristles numerous, gena and occiput with numerous short black hairs, t, with 2-4

ad, d fore tarsus without specialized setae. R; open, costal spine very short. d genitalia broad.

Epiphallus absent, basiphallus rather elongate, ventral processes of paraphallus and dorsal plates also

elongate, pregonites very long and thin, ventrally curved. One species.

Cylindrothecum ibericum (Villeneuve, 1912)

Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. natur. Paris 508 (Miltogramma).

Pape, 1987, Fauna ent. scand. 19: 33 (Miltogramma).

necopinatum Rohdendorf, 1930. Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64h, Lf. 39: 31 (Cylindrothecum).

angustifrons Townsend, 1932. Journ. N.Y. ent. Soc. 40: 444 (Eumiltogramma).

takanoi Kurahashi, 1970. Kontyu 38 (2): 100 (Miltogramma).

Description

a. Frons at vertex 0.20-0.25 and at antennal base 0.24-0.30 head width. Head yellow to gold, vertex

darker, frontal stripe yellow, without pollinosity, ocellar triangle black, postgena and occiput grey

dusted. Frontal vitta almost parallel, at fore orbitals 2-3.5 times as broad as parafrons. 3rd antennomere

1.5-2.2 times as long as 2nd, arista wider at basal 0.5-0.8, bare. Ist, 2nd and base of 3rd antennomere

brown to orange, terminal part of 3rd antennomere blackish. Palpi medium-length, yellow. Parafacials

at antennal base 0.14-0.17 and gena 0.05-0.08 eye height. Two regular rows of postorbitals, vte strong

and long, ocellar bristles numerous, elongate, hair-ike. Orbitals 3-5 proclinate, and one pair of reclinate

bristles, fr 13-20, strong, parafrons with numerous black setae, parafacials practically bare, with yellow

microscopic chaetae (Fig. 28).

Thorax and legs black with grey pollinosity, 3 broad black longitudinal stripes on mesonotum,

medial stripe divided into 3 narrow lines before suture. Thorax with dense erect hairs. ac 2-3+3, only

presutural pair strong, dc 2+4-5, ia 0-1+1-2, h 3-4, ph 2, npl 2, notopleura with numerous black hairs,

spl 142-4. Propleuron bare. Scutellum with 4-5 pairs of erect marginals and 2-3 pairs of poorly defined

discals. Fore tarsus without long hairs or bristles, t, with 2-3 ad. Wings hyaline, r, and r,,; bare, angle

of m right, m-cu curved, 5th section of costa 1.2-1.5 times as long as 3rd. Basicosta yellow, epaulet

black.

Abdomen with numerous black elongate hairs, marginals of tergites I+II and III often poorly

defined, those on IV and V well developed. Abdomen yellow brown to blackish brown, yellowish grey

dusted. Medial longitudinal black stripe well developed, posterior part of each tergite with lustrous

black band. Genitalia black, weakly dusted (Fig. 40).

Body length 7-11 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed throughout Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian (Solomon Islands)

regions. Psammophilous, larvae are inquilines in nests of Megachile sp. (Baranov 1936), M. kobensis

Cock., M. nipponica Cock., M. tsurugensis Cock. (Kurahashi 1973), Anthophora sp. (Pape 1987b).

Genus Miltogramma Meigen, 1803

Magazin Insektenk. 2: 280.

Type species: Miltogramma punctatum Meigen, 1824:

References: Rohdendorf 1930, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg., 11, 64h, Lf. 39: 32-48; 1935 ibid., Lf. 88: 56-59;

Seguy 1941, Encyel. ent. (A) 21: 265-267; Venturi 1960, Frust. ent. (7): 50-64; Pape 1987, Fauna ent. scand.

19: 27-38.

Medium- or small-sized flies, grey with yellow head. Frontal vitta broad, frons medium broad or

narrow, gena narrow, parafacials moderately broad, head profile angulate. Vibrissal angle well above

lower facial margin. Eyes large, bare. Arista bare, wider at basal 0.3-0.8. Parafacials bare or with

microscopic hyaline setae. Middle tibia with 2-5 ad. Wings hyaline, r, bare, r,,; with some hairs at base.

R,open, occasionally closed. Abdomen with chequered pattern, dense grey or yellowish grey dusted,

in some species with black spots on tergites III-V. Epiphallus well developed, pregonites widened,

pointed. More than 50 species are widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. Flies are psammophi-

lous or they favour mesophytic herbaceous habitats where they feed at flowers. Larvae are inquilines

in nests of solitary bees, rare in sphecoid or vespoid wasps.

Key to species of Miltogramma

1. Suprasquamal ridge setose. Abdominal pattern comprising 3 well defined black spots on each of

tergites III-V. Fore tarsus of d with numerous hair-like a and with a tuft of elongate strong p

N er M. punctatum Mg.

- Suprasquamal ridge bare. Abdomen with chequered pattern ..........uneeseesesenenesenenenensesennnenensenenenr 2

2a Erebescis short, its lensth not more than 3-# times its height ........... ter ee 3:

rrobeseis long, its lenetiimot less than 6-8 times Its’Height nennen 4.

3. Fore tarsus of d without specialised chaetae. Parafacials at antennal base not more than 0.22, gena

not more than 0.09 eye height (Fig. 30). 3rd antennomere entirely yellow ........... M. murinum Mg.

- Fore tarsus of d with 1-2 ad and a in apical part of each of tarsomeres 1-4 (Fig. 34). Parafacials at

level of antennal base at least than 0.23 and genae at least than 0.12 eye height. 3rd antennomere

PEGy AUScousito,black....:censnensessceesenenetarenmenenetennentee neenssrenshnnesstgensorunseesenttennparenrene M. villeneuvei Verves

4. Frons at vertex not more than 0.33 head width. Parafrontals densely haired along their entire

length. 4 fore tarsus with several elongate pd on each of tarsomeres 3-5 (Fig. 37) nen

en ORDER TER HA SSHRRRSER HIER EL BIFRREEN. ERERREEREELEEE HER M. brevipilum Villn.

- Frons at vertex at least 0.38 head width. Parafrontals with long hairs at vertex, bare or with sparse

ERBRAISELS 0: OLE Pants... ernennen een RE Ne ee 9.

5. Abdomen with slight grey and not very distinct chequered pattern. 4th tarsomere of d fore tarsus

with single long ad and with tuft of thickened elongate pv projecting between claws (Fig. 33) ...

a ER EEL : RRE. 1. EEE rer. 2 M. oestraceum (Fall.)

- Abdomen with distinct dark grey chequered pattern. Fore tarsus of d without elongate chaetae

Se ee M. germari Meig.

Miltogramma brevipilum Villeneuve, 1911

Digent ze.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.29-0.33 and at antennal base 0.20-0.28 head width. Head yellowish white

dusted, frontal vitta yellow, without pruinescence, at fore orbital bristles 1.5-2.2 times as broad as

parafrons, and 1.3-2.0 times wider backwards. 3rd antennomere 2-3.5 times as long as 2nd, arista

inflated at basal 0.5-0.7. 1st and 2nd antennomere light brown to orange, 3rd antennomere blackish or

brownish grey, palpi short, apically widened, yellow; proboscis elongate its length 6-8 times its height.

Parafacial at antennal base about 0.19-0.23 and gena 0.08-0.10 eye height. 2 rows of postorbitals, vte

elongate and strong, ocellar bristles numerous, hair-like. or 143-5, fr fine, elongate, 15-25 pairs,

parafrontal densely haired along their entire length, parafacil bare or with several black hairs in upper

part, oral bristles moderately long, black, gena covered by erect and dense yellow hairs, occiput with

black hairs, grey dusted.

Thorax and legs black, light grey or yellowish grey pollinose, longitudinal stripes of mesonotum

narrow, poorly defined. ac 0+1-2, dc 2+3-4, ia 0+1-2, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2, notopleura densely haired, spl

1+3-4. Propleuron bare. Scutellum with 4-5 pairs of marginals and with 2-3 pairs of discals. Fore tarsus

(Fig. 37) with 2-5 elongate hair-like pd on each of tarsomeres 3-5. t, with 2-3 ad. m-cu curved, 5th

section of costa 1.1-1.4 times as long as 3rd section. Wings hyaline, basicosta yellow, epaulet yellowish

brown or brown.

Abdomen with cinereous chequered pattern. Tergites I+II without marginals, tergite III with pair

Fig. 39.

Fig. 40.

Fig. 41.

Fig. 42.

Fig. 43.

Fig. 44.

of medial marginal bristles, tergites IV and V with row of marginals. Genitalia small. Surstyli with

Anacanthothecum testaceifrons. Male genitalia, laterally.

Cylindrothecum ibericum. Male genitalia, laterally.

Miltogramma germari. Male genitalia, laterally.

Miltogramma oestraceum. Male genitalia, laterally.

Miltogramma villeneuvei. Male genitalia, laterally.

Miltogramma punctatum. Male genitalia, laterally.

hump at base (Fig. 46).

?. Like d, but long pd at fore tarsus absent.

Body length 5.5-9.0 mm.

Distribution: A psamophilic species widely distributed in southern and central Europe, in Palestine,

Central Asia and southern Siberia. Larvae in nests of solitary bees Anthridium sp. (Verves 1984a).

Fig. 45. Miltogramma murinum. Male genitalia, laterally.

Fig. 46. Miltogramma brevipilum. Male genitalia, laterally.

Miltogramma germari Meigen, 1824

Syst. Beschr. 4: 229.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.38-0.43 and at antennal base 0.32-0.38 head width. Head yellow or golden

dusted, frontal vitta almost parallel, at fore orbital bristles 1.5-2 times as broad as parafacial, yellow,

finely dusted. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times as broad as 2nd. Arista inflated at basal 0.5-0.8. 1st, 2nd and

3rd antennomere orange to yellowish brown, distal part of 3rd antennomere fuscous. Palpus at apex

inflated, yellow, proboscis elongate. Parafacial at antennal base equals 0.22-0.26 and gena 0.13-0.16 eye

height. 2 rows of postorbital setae. vte long and strong, ocellars numerous, hair-like, or 143-5, strong,

fr strong, 20-30 pairs irregularly spaced on upper part. Parafrontal with numerous erect black hairs at

vertex, only few short setae on lower part. Parafacial practically bare, covered by microscopic hyaline

chaetae. Vibrissal bristles numerous, strong, black. Fore part of gena yellow haired, postgena and

occiput covered by black setae.

Thorax and legs black with dark grey pollinosity, bands on mesonotum poorly deloped. ac 2-3+3-4,

only prescutellar pair strong, dc 2-4, ia 1+1-2, h 2-3, ph 2, npl 2, notopleura with several fine setae, spl

1+3, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3 marginals and 2-3 discals. Fore tarsus of d without specialised

hairs or bristles. m-cu curved. Ratio of 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1.2-1..

Abdomen with brownish grey pollinosity and with dark chequered pattern. Abdominal tergites in

basal half yellowish brown. One pair of medial marginals present on tergites I+II (usually poorly

defined) and III-V each with a row of marginals. Genitalia dark, light dusted (Fig. 41).

Distribution: The species is widely distributed in Europe, North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), southern

Siberia and Mongolia. The flies frequent mesophytic habitats with bushes, feeding at flowers of

Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae etc. Larvae are inquilines in bee nests: Heliophila bimaculata Pz. (Seguy

1941a), Anthophora sp., Megachile sp. (Pape 1987b).

Miltogramma murinum Meigen, 1824

Syst. Beschr. 4: 230.

ruficornis Meigen, 1824. Syst. Beschr., 4: 231.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.31-0.36 and at antennal base 0.24-0.28 head width. Head yellow to golden

dusted, frontal vitta yellow, finely dusted, at fore orbital bristles 2.5-5.3 times as wide as parafrontal,

1.1-1.5 times widened backwards. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.0 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated at basal

0.4-0.5, antenna and palpus completely yellow, arista dark brown. Proboscis short, not more than 3-4

times as long as its height. Parafacial at antennal base equal 0.17-0.22 and gena 0.06-0.09 eye height.

2 rows of postorbitals, vte long and strong, ocellars numerous, erect, hair-like. or 1-2+2, strong, fr 12-18,

long and strong in fore frontal part, whereas they are thin and hair-like in hind frontal part. Parafrontal

at vertex with several long erect black hairs, fore part of parafrontal with short black hairs or bare,

parafacial practically bare, with microscopic hyaline setae. Fore part of gena with short yellow or white

setae, postgena and occiput with numerous black hairs, light grey dusted (Fig. 30).

Thorax and legs black, grey dusted; mesonotum light or dark grey with more or less developed

black longitudinal stripes. ac 2-3+2-3, only prescutellar pair strong, dc 3+3-4, ia 0-1+1-2, h 2-3, ph 1, npl

2, notopleura with numerous erect black hairs, spl 1+1, sternopleura with numerous additional bristles

between fore and hind longest bristles, proleuron bare. Fore tarsus of d without specialized chaetae,

t, with 1 long and 1-3 short ad at middle. Scutellum with 3 pairs of marginals and with several discals,

m-cu curved, ratio between 3rd and 5th sections of costa 1:1.2-1.6. Wings hyaline, basicosta yellow,

epaulet black to brown.

Abdomen with light or dark grey chequering, often with medial lontitudinal narrow stripe on

tergites I+II-IV, d genitalia (Fig. 45) black, light dusted. Tergites I+II without marginals, tergites III-V

with row of marginal bristles, medial marginals of tergite III erect or poorly visible.

Body length 4.5-8.5 mm.

Distribution: Southern and central Europe, Transcaucasia, North Africa, Palestine, Turkey and Cy-

prus. A xerophilous and psammophilous species, larvae develop in nests of bees: Trachusa bussina Pz.,

Megachile circumcincta Kirby (Kramer 1917), M. pacifica Pz. (Tasei 1975, Dochkova 1982), Osmia

aurulenta Pz., Hoplitis tridentata Duff. & Perris (Seguy 1941a).

Miltogramma oestraceum (Fallen, 1820)

Monogr. Musc. Sveciae 17 (Tachina).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.39-0.43 and of antennal base 0.30-0.35 head width. Head yellow pollinose,

frontal vitta almost parallel, at fore orbitals 3-4 times as broad as parafrontal, ocellar triangle blackish.

3rd antennomere 1.8-2.7 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated at basal 0.4-0.6. Ist and 2nd antennomeres

light brown to orange, 3rd antennomere grey to brownish grey, palpus yellow, proboscis elongate.

Parafacials at antennal base equal 0.22-0.26 and gena 0.14-0.17 eye height. One row of regular

postorbital setae. vte long and strong, ocellars numerous, hair-like. or 143-5, strong. fr 12-17, strong,

irregularly spaced in upper part. Parafrontal with several long recurved hairs at vertex and short black

setae on lower part, which are often absent. Parafacials practically bare with microscopic hyaline setae.

Oral bristles moderately short, numerous and black. Gena with numerous white or yellow setae,

without black hairs, occiput light grey dusted, white haired.

Thorax and legs light grey pollinose, mesonotum slightly yellowish dusted, longitudinal stripes

not well defined, ac 2+3-2+3, dc 2-3+4, ia 1-1+2, h 3, ph 1, npl 2, notopleura with several (5-10) erect

hairs, spl 1+1. Propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3-5 marginals and 1-3 discals. d fore tarsus with

asymmetrical 4th tarsomere (Fig. 33), with long ad bristle and with tuft of elongate flattened v, which

project between claws. m-cu curved, ratio between 3rd and 5th costa sections 1:1.1-1.4. Wings hyaline,

basicosta and epaulet yellow.

Abdomen with light yellowish chequered pattern, genitalia medium-sized and grey dusted

(Fig. 42). Tergites I+II and III with or without medial marginals, tergites IV and V each with row of

marginals.

?. Essentially similar to d. Fore tarsus without specialized setae.

Body length 6.5-10.0 mm.

Distribution: Europe except British Isles, ranging to southern Siberia, Mongolia, North Africa, Pales-

tine, Lebanon and Central Asia. Flies frequent mesophytic herbaceous strata in bushy habitats, feeding

on flowers of Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae etc. Larvae are inquilines in nests of

sphecoid wasps Cerceris spp., Podalirius spp. (Pape 1987) and bees — Dasypoda plumipes Pz., Anthophora

acervorum L, (Baer 1921), Megachile pacifica Pz. (Sierra & Ibanez 1972).

Miltogramma punctatum Meigen, 1824

Syst. Beschr. 4: 228.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.33-0.35 and at antennal base 0.26-0.30 head width. Parafrontals, lunula and

parafacials light golden or yelow pollinose, frontal vitta yellow, golden dusted, 1.5-1.8 wider posteri-

orly, at anterior orbitals 2-3 times as broad as one parafrontal. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.0 times as long

as 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.4-0.5. Antenna black, apical margin of 2nd antennomere brown to

yellow, arista black, palpi yellow, proboscis elongate. Parafacials at antennal base equal to 0.18-0.26

and gena 0.11-0.15 eye height. Postorbitals in one regular row. vte elongate, strong; ocellars hair-like,

or 1+4-6, fr 15-25, strong, in hind part hair-like, parafrontal with long reclinate hairs at vertex, and with

fine black setae in fore part, parafacial bare. Gena and occiput with numerous short xellow hairs,

occiput light grey pollinose.

Thorax and legs black, with grey pollinosity, metacephalon yellowish grey pollinose, longitudinal

stripes not clear. Suprasquamal ridge with row of hairs. ac 2-3+2-4, dc 2-4+4-5, ia 1+2-3, h 2-4, ph 1,npl

2, notopleura with 6-13 black hairs, spl 1+1-2, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong

marginals and 2-3 pairs of fine discals. 4th tarsomere of fore tarsus with long, dense hair-like a and 5-6

elongate strong curved p (Fig. 35). Vein m-cu slightly curved, almost straight. Ratio between 3rd and

5th costal sections equals 1:0.8-1.2. Wings hyaline, basicosta yellow, epaulet yellow or brownish.

Abdomen with light grey or yellowish grey chequered pattern, with 3 black spots in hind part on

each of tergites III-V. Genitalia small, densely grey dusted (Fig. 44). Tergites I+II and III without medial

marginals.

?. Frons narrower than in d (0.32-0.34 head width), fore tarsus without specialized chaetae.

Body length 5.0-10.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic region from the British Isles to Japan, North to

South Africa and the Canary Islands, and from Iran to North China. A characteristic psammophilous

species the adult flies of which feed at flowers of Asteraceae. Larvae are inquilines in nests of various

solitary bees: Colletes davesianus Sm., C. fodiens Latr., C. succinotus L. (Baer 1921), C. inexpectatus Nock

(Draber-Monko 1969), Halictus sexnotatus Nyl. (Tiensuu 1939) and sphecoid wasps: Bembex sp.

(Charykuliev, Myartzeva, 1964), B. rostrata L. (Baer 1921), Tracheliodes sp. (Pape 1987b), Ammophila

hirsuta Scop. (Baer 1921).

Miltogramma villenewvei Verves, 1982

Ent. Obozr. 61 (1): 189, nomen novum pro M. meigeni Vill.

meigeni Villeneuve, 1922. Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. 10 (5): 342 (Miltogramma) (nom. preocc. by Robineau-Desvoidy

1863).

murinum Rohdendorf, 1935. Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64h, Lf. 88: 57, (Miltogramma) (misidentification, not

Meigen 1824).

ussuriensis Artamonov & Verves, 1987. Taxonomy of insects of Siberia and Far East of USSR, Vladivostok 126

(Miltogramma).

ZUR

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.35-0.39 and at antennal base 0.30-0.34 head width. Head golden yellow dusted,

frontal vitta brownish yellow, fine dusted, perallel-sided, 3-3.5 times as wide as parafrontal, 3rd

antennomere 1.5-2.2 times as long as 2nd, arista thickened in basal 0.3-0.5. 1st, 2nd and basal part of

3rd antennomeres orange to brown. 3rd antennomere mostly fuscous to black, in ? often completely

deep yellow, palpus yellow, proboscis short. One regular row of postorbitals. vte strong, ocellars hair-

like, orbitals 1-2+3-5, strong, frontals 17-30, on fore part strong, hair-like, on hind part irregular.

Parafrontal with some elongate hairs at vertex, and with fine short black hairs on anterior part;

parafacial practically bare, oral bristles comparatively long and numerous; gena yellowish white

haired, postgena and occiput black setose.

Thorax and legs black, light grey dusted, mesonotum with poorly defined longitudinal stripes and

yellowish grey dusted ac 2-3+2-3, dc 2-3+4-5, ia 142-3, h 3, ph 2, npl 2, notopleura with numerous erect

black hairs, spl 141-2, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3-4 pairs of strong marginals and several poorly

defined discals. Fore tarsus (Fig. 34) with 1-2 long hairs in apical part (ad and a) of 1st-4th tarsomere.

with & 1-2 long and 2-3 short ad near its middle. m-cu not curved, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal

section 1: 1.1-1.3. Wings hyaline; basicosta yellow, epaulet fuscous to black.

Abdomen light grey or yellowish grey, dusted with chequered pattern, often with dark longitudi-

nal stripe, d genitalia small, grey dusted (Fig. 43). Tergites I+II and III with or without medial

marginals.

Body length 7.0-9.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe to southern Siberia and Far East, North Africa. Flies feed at flowers in meso-

phytic herbaceous habitats with bushes. Larval habits are unknown.

Genus Miltogrammatidium Rohdendorf, 1930

Fliegen palearkt. Reg. 11, 64 h, Lf. 39: 33.

Type species: Miltogramma taeniatum Meigen, 1824.

Medium-sized to small grey flies with yellow or silvery dusted head and with distinct spots or bands

on abdomen. Frontal vitta broader than one parafrontal; frons, parafacial and gena very narrow, head

profile rounded. Vibrissal angle well above lower facial margin. Eyes large, bare. Arista bare, inflated

at basal 0.4-0.8. Parafacial bare. Mid tibia with 2-4, rarely with 1 ad. Wings hyaline, r, bare, r,,;bare or

with few setae at base, R,open. Propleuron bare, proboscis short (not more than 3-4 times as long as

its height). Epiphallus well developed, pregonites pointed at apex.

Some 35 species occur in the southern Palaearctics, Palaeotropics and Australia and are thoroughly

psammophilous. Larvae are inquilines in nests of solitary bees and sphecoid wasps.

Key to species of Miltogrammatidium

1. Antenna entirely black. Fore tarsus of d with elongate paired d at 2nd-4th tarsomere (Fig. 38).

Abdominal tergites each with black dorsal band in hind “th ...........eeee- M. taeniatum (Mg.)

- Antenna yellow to orange, arista brownish black. Fore tarsus of d with numerous short setae on

dorsal surface of 3nd and 4th tarsomeres (Fig. 36). Abdominal tergites each with medial black spot

posteriorly and with pair of lateral bands or stripes .......ueeeeseeeeeeeseneneneneneneneneneneneneann M. rutilans (Mg.)

Miltogrammatidium rutilans (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 231 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.24-0.26 and at antennal base 0.20-0.26 head width. Head yellow dusted, frontal

vitta dark yellow, with fine pruinescence in hind part, 1.5-2.0 times as broad as parafrontal, 1.1-2.0

times wider posteriorly. Ocellar triangle brown, white dusted. 3rd antennomere 1.4-1.7 times as long

Fig. 47. Miltogrammatidium taeniatum. Male genitalia, laterally.

Fig. 48. Miltogrammatidium rutilans. Male genitalia, laterally.

as 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.4-0.6. Antenna yellow to orange, arista brown to black, base reddish.

Palpus widened apically, yellow. Parafacial at antennal base equal 0.15-0.17 and gena 0.08-0.11 eye

height. One row of postorbitals, vte strong, ocellars numerous, hair-like. or 141-2, medium-sized, fr 14-

18, comparatively strong. Parafrontal bare or with 2-4 short black setae at vertex. Oral bristles

numerous, black, not very strong, gena short yellow haired, occiput light grey dusted with numerous

black setae.

Thorax and legs black, densely pale grey or yellowish grey dusted. Longitudinal stripes on

mesonotum poorly defined, linear. ac O+1, dc 2+4-5, only prescutellar pair strong, other bristles short,

hair-like, ia 0+1, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2. Notopleura with numerous (6-13) black hairs. spl 1-2+1, fore bristles

shorter, hair-like. Scutellum with 2-3 pairs of marginals (basal bristles between often short and fine),

discals poorly developed. Fore tarsus in d (Fig. 36) with short erect hairs on dorsal surface of 3rd and

4th tarsomeres. t, with 1-2 ad. Vein m-cu moderately curved, ratio between length of 3rd and 5th costal

sections about 1:0.9-1.2. Basicosta yellow, epaulet yellow to yellowish brown.

Abdominal tergites I+II and III without medial marginals, IV and V with row of marginal bristles.

Genitalia small, light grey dusted, 3 cerci and surstyli black or brownish black (Fig. 48). Abdomen light

grey dusted, with black pattern. Tergites III and IV each with black rounded central spot and with pair

of lateral bands at distal 0.3-0.4; distance between this spot and bands more than diameter of central

spot, tergite V with similar pattern, but the bands and spots are connected.

Body length 4.5-8.5 mm.

Distribution: A psammophilous species, widely distributed in southern and central Europe, western

Siberia, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Turkey. Bionomics unknown.

Miltogrammatidium taeniatum (Meigen, 1824).

Syst. Beschr. 4: 228 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.23-0.29 and at antennal base 0.20-0.25 head width. Head golden or yellowish

pollinose. Frontal vitta yellow, fine dusted, at fore orbitals 1.2-1.7 times as broad as parafrontal,

widening 1.4-2.0 times backwards. 3rd antennomere 1.7-2.5 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in basal

0.4-0.5. Antenna black, apical part of 2nd antennomere brownish to yellowish red, palpus yellow,

proboscis short. One row of postorbitals. vte elongate, ocellars hair-like, or 1-2+2-4, strong, fr 12-18,

elongate in fore part, hair-like in hind part. Parafrontal at vertex with several erect black hairs, fore part

bare. Oral bristles short, black. Gena with numerous erect short yellow or white hairs, occiput light

grey pollinose, with black setae (Fig. 31).

Thorax and legs black, grey dusted, mesonotum with well defined broad longitudinal black stripes.

Medial (central) stripe in fore part divided into three narrower bands. ac 1+1-2, only prescutellar pair

being strong. dc 2-3+4, only last pair being elongate and well developed, ia 2-3+4-5, h 3-4, ph 1-2, npl

2, notopleura with numerous erect black hairs, spl 1+2-3, strong. Fore tarsus (Fig. 38) with elongate

paired d on tarsomeres 2-4, t with 1 ad; m-cu moderately curved, ratio between length of 3rd and 5th

costal sections 1:1.3-1.6. Scutellum with 4-5 pairs of marginals and several not distinct discals.

Basicosta yellow, epaulet black.

Abdomen with dark grey chequering, hind margins of tergites more or less lustrous black, tergites

III and IV each with dark longitudinal medial stripe. Genitalia small, densely yellowish grey dusted

(Fig. 47). Tergites I+II without marginals, tergite III with medial marginal bristles more or less

developed, sometimes absent.

Body length 6.0-9.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in south-western Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Flies prefer sandy

areas on river banks. Larval bionomics unknown.

Subtribe Apodacrina Rohdendorf, 1967

Trudy Paleontol. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 116: 64.

Bright flies, small to medium-sized (3-10 mm). Eyes large, frons and parafacials broad, gena narrow,

3rd antennal segment elongate, vibrissal angles disposed at oral margin. R; petiolate, abdomen with

black spots or bands. About 50 species representing 3 genera are distributed in southern parts of the

Palaearctic region and the Palaeotropics. Larvae are inquilines in nests of sphecoid wasps. Flies are

extremely xerophilous and psammophilous.

Genus Apodacra Macquart, 1854

Annls. Soc. ent. Fance (3) 2: 425.

Type species: Apodacra seriemaculata Macquart, 1854.

References: Rohdendorf 1930: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64 h, Lief, 39: 18-21; Seguy 1941: Encycl. ent.

(A) 21: 251-257; Venturi 1960: Frust. ent. 2 (7): 34-38.

Brightly coloured flies of small size (3-6 mm). Frontal vitta broad, arista inflated in basal 0.5-0.9. or

0-1+3-6, strong, parafacials bare, middle legs in d without ctenidium, r, bare. Epiphallus well devel-

oped. About 20 species are distributed in the Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions.

Apodacra pulchra Egger, 1861

Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 11: 216.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.41-0.43 and of antennal base 0.35-0.38 head width. Head silvery white dusted.

Frontal vitta bright yellow, its fore part without pollinosity, at fore orbitals as broad as parafrontal,

2.0-2.5 times wider backwards. 3rd antennomere 3.5-5.5 times as long as 2nd. Arista inflated in basal

0.7-0.9. 1st, 2nd and basis of 3rd antennomeres yellow, greatest part of 3rd antennomere and arista

greyish brown. Palpi short, widening towards apex, yellow. Proboscis elongate. Parafacials at antennal

base 0.17-0.21 and genae 0.06-0.13 eye height. One regular row of postorbitals. vte well developed,

ocellars strong. or 1+3-5, fr 8-11, parafrontals bare. Angular vibrissae long and strong, oral bristles

Fig. 49. Apodacra pulchra. Male head, profile.

Fig. 50. Apodacra pulchra. Male fore tarsus, anterior view.

Fig. 51. Apodacra pulchra. Male genitalia, laterally.

numerous, black. Gena and occiput with numerous short yellow hairs, occiput and postgenae light

grey dusted (Fig. 49).

Thorax densely light grey dusted, mesonotum without dark lines, scutellum at apex brownish or

reddish. ac 2-4+4-5, only prescutellar pair being distinct, dc 3-4+4-5, only two hind pairs strong. ia 1+3,

h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2, notopleura without hairs, spl 1+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3-4 strong

marginals and several discals. Fore tarsus of d with numerous erect hairs on dorsal surface of 1st-4th

tarsomeres (Fig. 50). t, with 1 long and 2-3 short ad. Legs black, grey dusted, knees of all legs yellow.

Costal spine absent, r,,; with 1-2 hairs at base of both surfaces, m-cu moderately curved. Angle of

m-vein acute. Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 2.0-2.5. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet

yellow.

Abdomen grey dusted with black pattern. Tergites I+lI with indistinct spots. Tergites III and IV

caudally (at about '% to %) each with rounded medial spot and with pair of lateral bands. Distance

between elements of pattern greater than diameter of medial spot. Tergite V with similar pattern on

caudal 0.5-0.6. d genitalia medium sized, densely grey dusted (Fig. 51), tergites I+II and III without

marginals, tergite IV with pair of erect marginals, tergite V with row of marginal bristles.

Body length 4-6 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in central and southern Europe, central Asia, and Palestine. Flies

prefer sandy areas, especially on river banks. Larval host is unknown.

Tribe Amobiini Townsend, 1918

Townsend 1918, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 5: 157.

This tribe is easily defined by such autapomorphic characters as narrow frons, presence of numerous

(more than 6) hair-like proclinate orbital bristles, absence of epiphallus, exceptionally well developed

medial processes of paraphallus, short and widened aedeagus, shortened acrophallus and, in first

instar larva, the large hypophyryngeal sclerite. This tribe includes two genera, viz. the cosmopolitan

Amobia R.-D. and the Australian monobasic Australometopia Malloch, comprising in all about 20

species. The flies prefer intrazonal bushwood associations. Females show preference for larviposition

in certain types of host-nests, e.g. “cleyey pipkins” or nests built in the pith of stems. It is known that

the host species (various eumenid and sphecoid wasps, solitary bees) or the size of their prey is

indifferent for the inquilinous Amobiini.

Genus Amobia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Essai Myod. 96.

Type species: Amobia conica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (syn. of Tachina signata Meigen, 1824).

Pachyophthalmus Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 117.

Type species: Tachina signata Meigen, 1824.

Senotainiella Zumpt, 1952. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 21: 13.

Type species: Senotainiella decolor Zumpt, 1952 (syn. of Sphixapata pelopei Rondani, 1859).

References: Allen 1926, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 68 (9): 7-16; Rohdendorf 1935, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11

(64h), Lf. 88: 92-95; Richards 1935, Stylops 4 (9): 209-213; Venturi 1960, Frust. ent. 2 (7) f: 71-74; Zumpt

1961, Explor. Parc Nat. Albert 98: 62-65; Draber-Monko 1966: Polskä. pis. ent. 36 (7): 395-405; Kurahashi

1974, Pacif. Ins. 16 (1): 57-60; Pape 1987, Fauna ent. scand 19: 45-49.

Dark grey, medium-sized or small flies (3.5-9.5 mm). Head with rounded profile (Fig. 52), frons, facials

and gena narrow, antennal insertion below centre of eye. 3rd antennomere about 1.5-2 times length of

2nd, arista elongate, bare, eyes bare. Orbitals numerous, hair-like, frontals strong, parafrons with

numerous microscopic chaetae, parafacials with similar setae or bare, angular vibrissae elongate,

strong. Head grey or yellowish grey dusted, antennae and palpi black. Propleuron bare; ac 2-3

(rarely 0) +3, de 0-2-3+3-4. Wings hyaline, R,open, r, bare, r,,; with several setae at base, ratio between

3rd and 5th sections of costa 1: 1.4-2.6, m-cu curved. d tarsus without long bristles or hairs. Claws and

pulvilli in d as long or longer than 5th tarsomere. Thorax and legs grey, longitudinal stripes on

mesonotum more or less developed. Genitalia black. About 20 species are distributed in various

zoogeographical regions. Three palaearctic species.

Key of species of Amobia

uber eier To 2

an REN Be ER EB Arne SE HELEN RRRERELE ER HENRRERECHRESRBE ERBE HERR RE EREER ecoeicnccnno 4

2. Pregonites long and sigmoid curved, aedeagus not enlarged (Fig. 53) ................. A. oculata (Zett.)

=; Pregönites:short,hook-like:::..u.:.....0.000242a000000me ads nannten nen annnn ann ann denn nn nen 3.

3. Aedeapus,elongate, namow af UP (Fig. 54) .....-zu2.s.ausssursasnensunusnancanannarnsn art aaznn raue sense eree A. pelopei (Rd.)

zu Aedessus;widened apially (Eier sd... nennen re A. signata (Meig.)

4. Tergite VIII of ovipositor complete; tergite VII with marginals and discals (Fig. 56) ..........e.

RE LER 1 20:26 A. oculata (Zett.)

5. Tergite X with some setae present, sternite VIII with apical hairs only (Figs 57, 58), de 243-4 ......

Or CHR ER HE I EEE IE EEE ER eo nesfelceenköloncesnsrcuis A. signata (Mg.)

Amobia oculata (Zetterstedt, 1844)

Dipt. Scand. 3: 121 (Miltogramma).

Pachyophthalmus distortus Allen, 1926. Proc. U. S. natn. Mus. 68: 15.

Pachyophthalmus dyki (Jacentkovsky 1939). Sbor. ent. odd. När. mus. v Praze 17: 158.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.25-0.30 and at antennal base 0.20-0.26 head width. Parafrontals and parafacials

grey dusted, frontal vitta parallel, black, fore part slightly pale pollinose. 3rd antennomere about

56 kl Al 57 =

Fig. 52. Amobia signata. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 53. Amobia oculata. Aedeagus and gonites, lateraly.

Fig. 54. Amobia pelopei. Aedeagus and gonites, laterally.

Fig. 55. Amobia signata. Aedeagus and gonites, laterally.

Fig. 56. Amobia oculata. VIII-X female tergites and cerci, dorsally.

Fig. 57. Amobia signata, VIII-X female tergites and cerci, dorsally.

Fig. 58. Amobia signata. VIII sternite of female abdomen, ventrally.

Fig. 59. Amobia pelopei. VIII sternite of female abdomen, ventrally.

1.1-1.5 times length of 2nd, arista bare, proximal %-V4 inflated. Antenna and palpi black. Parafacial at

antennal base 0.18-0.23 and genae 0.11-0.14 eye height. Ocellars elongate, rarely bare. Gena and occiput

grey with black hairs.

Thorax and legs black, grey pollinose, mesonotum with 3 dark brown longitudinal stripes. ac

2-3+1-3, dc 2+3-4, ia 143, h 3-4, ph 1-2, npl 2 long and 2-5 short, spl 1+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum

with 3 pairs of strong marginals and several hair-like discals. t, with one ad. Wing hyaline, basicosta

brown to blackish brown, costal spine absent. Abdomen grey dusted, with 3 longitudinal spots on each

tergite, those on tergite V sometimes reduced, genitalia medium-sized, black. Tergites I+II and III with

1-2 pairs of erect medio-marginal bristles, tergites IV and V each with row of marginals. Pregonites

long and slender, distiphallus not strikingly enlarged (Fig. 53).

?. Generally like d, abdominal spots on tergites III and IV tend to fuse at posterior margin. Two

oval and one spherical spermatheca. Genitalia see Fig. 56.

Body length 5.0-9.0 mm.

Ecology: Recorded from nests of Eumenidae: Ancistrocerus catskilli (Sauss.) (Krombein 1967, Myers

1987), Antherhyncium flavomarginatum micado Kirsch, Eumenes decoratus Smith, E. rubrofemoratus Tosava

(Kurahashi 1973), Odynerus crassicornis (Pz.) (Draber-Monko 1966), Orancistrocerus drewseni Sauss.

(Itimo 1986), Rhynchium haemorrhoidale fukaii Cameron, Stenodynerus frauenfeldi Sauss., Symmorphus

captivus Smith (Kurahashi 1973), S. cristatus (Sauss.) (Krombein 1967), and Sphecidae: Ectemnius

stirpicola (Pack.) (Krombein 1960), Trypargilum clavatum (Say) (Krombein, 1967), Trypoxylon frigidulum

Smith (Krombein 1967), T. obsonator Smith (Kurahashi 1973), T. politum Say (Allen 1926), T. regium

Guss. (unpublished data of Dr. Antropov, Moscow University), T. striatulum (Prov.) (Krombein 1967).

Flies prefer various mesophytic habitats meadows, bushes etc.

Distribution: A Holarctic species.

Amobia pelopei (Rondani, 1859)

Dipt. ital. prodr. 3: 228 (Sphixapata).

decolor Zumpt, 1952. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 21: 4 (Senotainiella).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.20-0.25 and at antennal base 0.18-0.23 head width. Parafrontal, parafacial and

lunula silvery grey or yellow grey dusted, frontal vitta parallel-sided, black, as wide as or nearly equal

to width of parafrontal, 3rd antennomere, 1.2-1.8 times as long as 2nd, arista bare, inflated in basal

5-4. Antenna and palpus black. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.16-0.22 and gena 0.09-0.14 eye

height. One regular row of postorbital setae, ocellar bristles short, or 148-12, fr 12-20, parafrontal

covered with short black hairs, parafacial bare, gena and occiput with numerous short black hairs, light

grey pollinose.

Thorax and legs black, grey dusted, mesonotum with 3 black or brown longitudinal stripes. ac

0-1+1, dc 1+2, ia 0+1, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2-3 long and 5-10 strong. Scutellum with 3 pairs of long and strong

marginals and 1-2 pairs shorter discals. tp with one ad. Wings hyaline, basicosta yellow, epaulet black,

abdomen grey dusted with 3 dark spots on each tergite, those on tergite V often reduced. Tergites I+II

and III with pair of mediomarginals, tergites IV and V with row of marginals. Genitalia black, medium-

sized, pregonites hook-like aedeagus comparatively narrow and elongate (Fig. 54).

?. Generally similar to d, but body more bright dusted. Genitalia see Fig. 59.

Body length 3.5-8.5 mm.

Distribution: The species is distributed over southern and central Europe, central Asia and in the

Afrotropics. A vicariant species A. auriceps (Bar.) occurs in the Oriental and Australian Regions and

Hawaii.

Ecology: Adult flies frequent sandy xerophytic habitats. Larvae develop as inquilines in the nests of

Eumenidae: Eumenes sp., E. pyriformis petiolaris (Kurahashi 1972), Rhynchium atrium (Kurahashi 1972),

and Sphecidae: Sceliphron destillatorius Illig. (Draber-Monko 1966), 5. omissum Kohl. (Rohdendorf 1935),

S. spirifex F. (Baer 1921).

Amobia signata (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 303 (Tachina).

Description

This species is habitually extremely similar to A. oculata and differs from it only in genital structure.

d genitalia (Fig. 55) show hook-like pregonites and the aedeagus widens apically. ? genitalia (Figs 57,

58) show two elongate and one ovate spermathecae.

Body length 4.5-9.0 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Imagines prefer meso-

phytic habitats. Larvae develop in nests of various Eumenidae: Allodynerus delphinalis Gir., Ancistrocer-

us nigricornis Curt. (Seguy 1941a), A. parietinus (L.) (Weis 1960), Discoelius zonalis (Pz.), Eumenes sp.,

E. pomiformis (F.) (Seguy 1941a), E. maxillosus Deg. (Chapman 1959), Odynerus reniformis (Gmel.) (Seguy

1941a), O. spinipes L., Synagris sp. (Seguy 1941a), Crossocerus sp. (Pape 1987b), Ectemnius cavifrons (Th.),

(Seguy 1941a), Pemphredon sp. (Baer 1921), P. lugubris Latr. (Seguy 1941a), Psen atratinus F. Mor.

(Chevalier 1925), Psenulus sp. (Becker et al. 1907), Sceliphron eckloni Dahlb. (Zumpt 1961), S. spirifex (L.),

Trypoxylon albitarse, T. attenuatum Smith, T. figulus (L.) (Seguy 1941a) and Apidae: Andrena cineraria (L.),

A. fulvida (Schck.), A. haemorrhoa (F.), Osmia atricornis (Latr.), O. rufa (L.) (Seguy 1941a).

Tribe Phyllotelini Rohdendorf, 1935

Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64h), Lf. 88: 96.

Antennal insertion situated below centre of eye, eyes often hairy, frons widened, genae narrow.

Tergites of ovipositor (VII and VII, rarely VI) bilobate.

23 genera and more than 100 species are distributed chiefly in tropical and subtropical Asia and

Africa and in the South of the Palaearctic region, whereas from central Palaearctic only 2 genera and

3 species are known. The flies are xerophilic and psammophilic. Larvae of tropical taxa live in the nests

of termites and ants, those of temperate European species are inquilinous in nests of sphecois wasps.

Subtribe Metopodiina Rohdendorf, 1967

Trudy Paleontol. Inst. 116: 67.

The autapomorphies of this subtribe are shortly pubescent arista, and parafacials covered by short

setae. Two genera are recognized, one is distributed in the Palaearctic region, namely the monobasic

Metopodia, and one in Afrotropical region namely Metopodiella Zumpt with 8 species. The flies are

xerophilous; nothing is known about the larval bionomics.

Genus Metopodia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 58: 359.

Type species: Metopodia grisea Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891.

References: Rohdendorf 1935, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64h), Lf. 88: 111-113; Seguy 1941, Encyecl. ent.

BIHlA): 302303.

Grey, medium-sized or small flies. Head profile protruding, frons mid-wide, parafacials and genae

about 0.25 eye height. 3rd antennal segment 1.5-2.2 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in basal %-"4.

Proboscis elongate. Vibrissal angles situated above mouth margin. Ocellar and frontal bristles long and

strong, or 1+2, strong. Thoracic bristles well developed, long and strong. t, with one ad. spl 1+1,

propleuron bare. Wings hyaline, R,open, the ratio of 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 2-3, r, bare, r,,; with

setae from base to level of r-m. Claws in d short. Abdomen conical with three dark spots on each of

tergites I+II-IV. Sexual dimorphism unapparent. One palaearctic species. Flies prefer sandy areas.

Metopodia grisea Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 58: 359.

pilicornis (Pandelle 1895). Revue Ent. 14: 304 (Metopia).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.27-0.34 (3) or 0.38-0.42 (2), parafacial at antennal base 0.33-0.40 (3) or 0.40-0.45

(2) head-width. Frontal stripe, parafrontal, parafacial and lunula yellowish grey dusted. Frontal stripe

at fore orbital bristles 1.2-2.0 times as wide as parafrontal, and 1.5-2.7 times wider backwards. One row

of postorbitals, vte strong, fr 7-12, occiput and gena grey with numerous black setae. Ist and 2nd

antennomeres orange or yellowish red, 3rd antennomere black, palpus yellowish orange (Fig. 60).

Thorax grey, legs grey, mosonotum with very obsolescent narrow longitudinal stripes. ac 2-3+1-2,

dc 2-3+3, ia 0-1+2, h 2-3, ph 1-2, npl 2 long +1-4 short. Mesonotum with three pairs of elongate strong

Fig. 60. Metopodia grisea. Male head, laterally.

Fig. 61. Metopodia grisea. Cerci and surstyli, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view, aedeagus and gonites, laterally

(bottom).

marginals and one pair of short hair-like discals, mesonotum covered with numerous short bristle-like

black setae dorsally. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey dusted, dark spots on tergites present at least

basally, tergite V with lustrous black band in hind Y4-. Genitalia small, in S lustrous black (Fig. 61).

Abdominal tergites I+II without marginals, tergite III with one pair of mediomarginals, tergites IV and

V with one row of marginals.

Body length 4.0-7.5 mm.

Distribution: Central and southern Europe, Turkey, Palestine, Iran, Central Asia and Mongolia. A

psammophilic species preferring sandy areas on river banks.

Subtribe Phyllotelina Rohdendorf, 1935

Sexual dimorphism well developed: arista in d flattened, wings in d often spotted. The next subtribal

autapomorphies are narrow gena, shortened lower margin of head, m-vein obtusely curved, acrophal-

lus elongate, one spherical and two elongate spermathecae, tergite X of ovipositor reduced. Three

genera and 14 species are distributed in Palaearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions. Adults are

psammophilic, larvae develop in sphecoid nests.

References: Zumpt 1973, Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 109: 308-319; Rohdendorf 1975: Fliegen palae-

arkt. Reg. 11 (64h), Lf. 311: 230-235.

Fig. 62. Phylloteles pictipennis. Male head, lateral view (after Rohdendorf 1975).

Fig. 63. Phylloteles pictipennis. Apical part of male wing (after Rohdendorf 1975).

Genus Phylloteles Loew, 1844

Stettin. ent. Ztg. 5: 168.

Type species: Phylloteles pictipennis Loew, 1844.

Small, brightly coloured flies. Frons in d as wide as eye, in ? 1.5 times as broad, clypeus not narrowed

downwards. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.5 times as long as 2nd, arista short, pubescent, foliate flattened in

3. Parafrontals broad, practically bare, proboscis short, palpi medium length, widened at apex. Eyes

bare. Orbital and frontal bristles well developed, vibrissal bristles in d completely reduced, in ? well

developed. Gena shortly haired. Thoracic bristles well developed. ac 1-2+1, sometimes reduced, dc

2+3, spl 1+1. Propleuron bare. t, with one ad, claws and pulvilli short. Wings in d spotted (Fig. 63), in

? hyaline; R, broadly open, ratio of 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:2.5-3.5. Costal spine absent, r, bare,

r,.; with several short bristles at base. Abdominal tergites with spots, genitalia in d medium-sized.

7 species distributed in the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions, 3 species palaearctic.

Phylloteles pictipennis Loew, 1844

Stettin. ent. Ztg. 5: 168.

Description

3. Frons at vertex 0.32-0.34 and at antennal base 0.33-0.40 head width, frontal vitta 2-2.5 times

wider apically, at fore orbital bristles 0.6-0.8 times as wide as parafrontal. Head silvery grey pollinose,

frontal vitta often with yellowish tinge. Parafacials in profile (Fig. 62) 0.26-0.33, and gena 0.13-0.17 head

height. Arista foliate flattened and white or yellowish white in distal half, basal half of arista and 3rd

antennomere greyish black, Ist and 2nd antennomeres yellowish red, palpi yellow. 3rd antennomere

1.5-2.2 times as long as 2nd. One regular row of postorbitals, vte long, shorter than vti, oc long and

strong, or 143-4, strong, fr 11-16, medium-sized, parafrontal and parafacial practically bare, with some

microscopic setae, gena covered with fine white hairs, vibrissal and oral bristles reduced.

Thorax grey pollinose. Longitudinal stripes of mesonotum linear, poorly developed. ia 0+2, h 2-3,

ph 1, 2 long and 2-4 short. Soutellum with 3 pairs of long marginals and with 2-3 pairs of hair-like

discals. Thoracic setae black, basicosta and epaulet yellow. 3 forewing Fig. 63.

Abdominal tergites I+II without marginals, tergite III with pair of erect mediomarginals, tergites

IV and V with row of marginals. Abdomen grey pollinose, yellowish laterally and ventrally,.tergites

I+II brownish black, tergite III with large medial black spot and pair of small lateral spots which can

be reduced. Tergite IV with 5 black spots in its hind %-% the lateral spots can be yellowish brown;

tergite V with 5 elongate brownish black or black spots in hind 0.7-0.9. Genitalia lustrous black.

9. Frons at vertex 0.4-0.44 and at antennal base 0.34-0.5 head width. Frontal vitta 1.5-1.8 times

wider at vertex, at fore or as wide as one parafrontal, brownish black, less pruinose. 3rd antennomere

2.2-2.5 times as long as 2nd. Arista widened in basal % and slightly flattened. Vibrissae and oral bristles

well developed. Wings hyaline. Black abdominal spots more developed than in d, genitalia brownish

black.

Body length 3.5-6.5 mm.

Distribution: Central and southern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasus, western Siberia and Turkmeni-

stan. Psammophilous species, the flies feed at flowers of Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apiaceae etc.

Larvae in nests of the sphecoid wasp Philanthus triangulum F. (Charykuliev & Myarceva 1964).

Tribe Oebaliini Rohdendorf, 1967

Trudy Paleontol. Inst. 116: 68.

Antennal base situated at about half eye height. Frons not wide, parafacials wide or moderately wide,

genae narrow, d terminalia very complicated, body size small. Two subtribes: Nyctellina and Oebaliina.

Subtribe Oebaliina Rohdendorf, 1967

Small grey flies, the larvae are inquilines in sphecoid nests built in the pith of raspberry canes and other

bushes. d genitalia very complicated: cerci curved, acrophallus elongate and curved, ventralia well

developed, spinose. One palaearctic and one holarctic genus, comprising about 10 species.

Genus Oebalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Hist. Nat. 2: 414.

Type species: Oebalia anacantha Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (syn. of Tachina cyllindrica Fallen, 1810).

References: Rohdendorf 1963: Beitr. Ent. 13: 445-454; 1975: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.), Lf. 311:

187-189, 190-196.

Small to medium-sized grey flies. Frons narrower or as wide as eye, parafacials of medium width, gena

narrow. Antenna elongate, 3rd antennomere 2-6 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in proximal

0.6-0.8. Orbitals and frontals strong, parafacials covered with short hairs, facial ridge bare or with short

setae. Proboscis short, palpus thick. Vibrissal angles not raised over oral margin.

Thorax with strong bristles: ac 0-1+1, de 2+3, propleura bare. Mid tibia with one ad bristle. R,;open,

occasionally closed or short petiolate, costal spine small.

Abdomen oval, terminalia protruding, abdominal tergites with black spots. Nine palaearctic

species. Flies frequent busthes, the larvae in nests of stalk-nesting Sphecidae.

Key of species of Oebalia

1. Abdominal tergites III and IV each with one longitudinal medial spot, and lateral spots very small

and not clear. 3rd antennomere 0.3-0.4 times as long as 2nd ..........uneee- O. unistriata Rohd.

— Abdominal tergites II and IV each with 3 spots..............00:0.000000002. pc neeern ee 2:

2. Abdominal spots coalescing on hind margin of tergites. Parafacials haired on upper 0.5-0.7. 3rd

antennomere 2.5-3 times asllong as 2nd... une ee O. cyllindrica (Fall.)

- Abdominal spots separated by pollinosity which reaches hind margin. Parafacial plates entirely

haired. 3rd antennomere 3-6 times as long as 2nd .........russereansosssusnonsnsenesnenennnnes O. sachtlebeni Rohd.

Fig. 64. Oebalia cyllindrica. Male head, lateral view (after Rohdendorf 1975).

Fig. 65. Oebalia cyllindrica. Female, apical part of wing (after Rohdendorf 1975).

Fig. 66. Oebalia cyllindrica. Male genitalia, lateral view (after Rohdendorf 1963).

Fig. 67. Oebalia sachtlebeni. Male genitalia, lateral view (after Rohdendorf 1963).

Oebalia cyllindrica (Fallen, 1810)

Kön. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. (2) 31: 279 (Tachina).

convexula Zetterstedt, 1838. Ins. Lapp. 638 (Tachina).

picciolii Rondani, 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 3: 119 (Sphixapata).

anacantha Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863. Hist. Nat. 2: 415.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.3-0.35 and at antennal base 0.3-0.33 head width. Parafrontals, parafacials,

lunula and gena silvery grey pollinose, frontal vitta black, slightly light dusted; at fore or 1.5-2.2 times

as wide as one parafrontal, slightly widened backwards. Antenna black. 3rd antennomere 2.5-3.0 times

as long as 2nd, 2nd antennomere often reddish brown, palpi brown or blackish brown. Parafacials at

antennal base about 0.2-0.23 and gena 0.09-0.16 eye heiht. One row of strong postorbital bristles, vte

strong, or 1+3-3, fr 8-11 (Fig. 64), parafacials haired on interior margin in upper 0.5-0.7, facial ridge with

black setae at about lower 0.5th. Gena and metacephalon black haired, metacephalon black, grey

dusted.

Thorax black, with sparse grey pollinosity, mesonotum with 3 black longitudinal spots. ia 0+2, h 3,

ph 1, npl 2, short notopleural bristles absent, spl 1+1. Scutellum with 3 pairs of marginals and 1-2 pairs

of shorter discals. Claws about as long as 5th tarsomere. Legs black, wings hyaline. r, bare, r,,; with

several short black setae at base, m-vein obtusely angled (Fig. 65), m-cu not curved, ratio of 3rd and

5th costal section 1:2. Basicosta yellow, epaulet brownish black.

Abdomen oval, silvery grey, often olive tinged, dusted. Tergites I+II and III without strong

marginals, IV and V tergites each with a row of marginal bristles, genitalia medium-sized (Fig. 66).

Tergites I+II black, tergites III and IV with 3 black elongate spots which coalesce at hind margin.

Tergite V with narrow lined madial spot. Genitalia black, grey dusted, cerci yellow.

?. Like d, but frons narrower (0.25-0.32 head width), claws curved and short (not more than 0.7

length of 5th tarsomere).

Body length 3-6 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe, southern Siberia and Mongolia. Larvae have been bred

from nests of Sphecidae: Crossocercus sp. (Lundbeck 1927), C. cinxius Dhlb. (Kramer 1920), C. capitosus

Shuck. (Kramer 1920), C. annulipes Lep. & Brull& (Tiensuu 1939).

Oebalia sachtlebeni Rohdendorf, 1963

Beitr. Ent. 13: 448.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.34-0.37 and at antennal base 0.35-0.39 head width. Head silvery grey dusted,

frontal vitt black, at fore orbital bristles 1.5 times as wide as one parafrontal, slightly widened at vertex.

Parafacials in profile equal 0.25-0.28 and gena 0.18-0.23 eye height. 3rd antennomere 4.5-6 times as long

as 2nd, arista inflated in proximal 0.7-0.8. Antennae and palpi black, basal antennomeres often

brownish. One row of postorbital bristles, vte strong, ocellar bristles moderate, or 142-3, strong, fr 7-9,

parafrontals with several black setae, parafacials rather densely haired. Facial ridge with black setae in

lower 0.4-0.5. Gena and metacephalon covered with black hair-like bristles.

Thoracic chaetotaxy as in O. cyllindrica. Claws about as long as 5th tarsomere. Wings as in

O. cyllindrica. Thorax grey pollinose, mesonotum with 3 longitudinal stripes, legs black, wings hyaline.

Abdomen oval. Genitalia protruding, cerci broader than in O. cyllindrica (Fig. 67). Abdomen grey

dusted, tergites I+1I black, tergites III and IV each with 3 black spots separated by pollinosity which

reaches hind margin, tergite V with one black medial stripe only.

?. Like d, but 3rd antennomere only 3-4 times as long as 2nd, parafacials in profile equal 0.2-0.23

eye height.

Body length 4-6 mm.

Distribution: Germany, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Russia (St. Petersbourgh district). Larvae live in

nests of sphecoid wasps of the genera Pemphredon and Rhopalum (Draber-Monko 1978).

Oebalia unistriata Rohdendorf, 1963

Beitr. Ent. 13: 449.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.37-0.4 and at antennal base 0.39-0.42 head width. Frontal vitta 1-3-1. 7 times

widened at vertex, at fore orbital bristles 1.5-2.0 times as wide as one parafrontal. Head grey pollinose

with yellowish tinge, frontal vitta black, slightly light dusted. Profile of parafacials 0.36-0.40 and genae

0.15-0.20 eye height. Arista inflated in proximal 0,8th. 3rd antennomere 3.5-4 times as long as 2nd.

Antennae and palpi black. One row of postorbital setae, vte and ocellar bristles strong, or 1+2, fr 7-10,

strong, parafrontals and parafacials covered with black setae, facial ridge with a row of black hairs in

lower 0.5-0.6. Genae and metacephalon with numerous short black bristles.

Thorax yellowish grey pollinose, longitudinal stripes of metacephalon indistinct. ia 0+2, h 2-3, ph

1, npl 2, short notopleural hairs absent, spl 1+1. Scutellum with three pairs of elongate marginals and

one pair of short discals. Claws elongate, r, bare, r,,,; with few short setae basally, ratio of 3rd and 5th

costal sections 1:2. R,narrow, open, m-vein right-angled, m-cu not curved. Legs black, wings hyaline,

basicosta yellow to light brown, epaulet brownish black.

Genitalia protruding, very similar to those of O. sachtlebeni. Abdomen black, grey dusted, genitalia

black, cerci yellow. Tergites I+II entirely black, tergites III and IV with broad medial stripe and with

indistinct paired lateral spots, tergite V grey dusted, with indistinct medial stripe.

?. Frons narrower than in d (about 0.33-0.38 head width), 3rd antennomere 3 times as long as 2nd.

Parafacials 0.18-0.25 and genae 0.1-0.15 eye height. Claws curved and short. Thorax intensively light

grey dusted, lateral abdominal spots indistinct or absent.

Body length 3.5-5.5 mm.

Distribution: Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, North Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, Mongolia. Larval

bionomy unknown.

Genus Ptychoneura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 104.

Type species: Tachina rufitarsis Meigen, 1824 (syn. of Tachina minuta Fallen, 1810).

Small to medium-sized grey flies. Frons narrower than width of eye, parafacial moderately wide, gena

narrow. 3rd antennomere 3-6 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in proximal 0.7-0.9. Orbitals and

frontals strong, parafacials hairy only in upper part, facial ridge with several strong bristles. ac O+1,

short, dc 2+3, strong, propleuron bare, claws elongate. Mid-tibia with one ad-bristle. R,open, r, bare.

r,.; with few setae at base. Abdomen oval, d terminalia rather robust. Acrophallus united with

dorsolateral arms of paraphallus, widened, well sclerotized, ventral protuberance distinct. Abdomen

with chequered pattern, without spotting. 3 species in Holarctic and Neotropical regions. Flies

frequent bushes, larvae develop in nests of stalk-nesting Sphecidae.

References: Rohdendorf 1963: Beitr. Ent. 13: 445-447; 1975: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.), Lf. 311:

189-190; Pape 1989: Ent. Scand. 19: 349-354.

Ptychoneura minuta (Fallen, 1810)

K. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. (2) 31: 275 (Tachina).

melaleuca (Meigen 1824). Syst. Beschr. 4: 410 (Tachina).

rufitarsis (Meigen 1824). ibid.: 410 (Tachina).

rubritarsis (Zetterstedt 1859). Dipt. Scand. 13: 6087 (Tachina).

flavitarsella (Zetterstedt 1859). ibid. 13: 6079 (Tachina).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.26-0.33 and at antennal base 0.32-0.35 head width. Frontal vitta 1.5-2 times

wider towards vertex, at fore or 1.3-1.5 times as wide as one parafrontal. Head grey dusted with

yellowish to olive tinge, frontal vitta black, slightly light dusted. Parafacials at level of antennal base

0.16-0.27 and gena 0.06-0.13 eye height. Arista inflated in proximal 0.7-0.8. 3rd antennal segment 4-7

times as long as 2nd. Proboscis short. Antenna black, palpi brown, yellowish at apex. One row of

regular postorbital setae, vte strong, ocellar bristles long and thick, or 1+2, fr 6-10, parafrontals and

upper ' of parafacials covered with strong black hairs, lower parts of parafacials bare, gena and

metacephalon dark grey dusted, with numerous setae.

Thorax grey pollinose, longitudinal stripes of mesonotum reduced. ia 0+2-3, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2, short

bristles absent, occasionally 1-2 present, spl 1+1. Legs black with yellowish tarsi (? tibia also frequently

yellowish). Costal spine small. Ratio of 3rd to 5th costal section 1:1.7-2.0. m-cu not curved. Basicosta

yellow, epaulet brownish black. Genitalia see Figs 68, 69.

Body length 3.5-6.0 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic region ranging from the British Isles to Japan.

Larvae develop in nests of Sphecidae: Crossocerus cinxius Dahlb. (Kramer 1917), Rhopalum clavipes (L.),

Rh. coarctatum (Dahlb.) (Lomboldt 1976, Sanborne 1982).

Fig. 68. Ptychoneura minuta. Male genitalia, lateral view (after Rohdendorf 1963).

Fig. 69. Ptychoneura minuta. Ovipositor dorsally and ventrally (after Kurahashi 1971).

Tribe Metopiini Townsend, 1908

Wash. Smith. Inst., Misc. Coll. 51: 65.

The tribe is characterized by such autapomorphic characters as very wide frons and parafacials,

generally narrow cheek, short proboscis, 3rd antennomere usually more than twice as long as 2nd, and

usually by well developed sexual dimorphism. Small or medium-sized flies, black and grey or silvery

dusted. 11 genera with about 150 species are distributed in all regions excepting Australia and New

Zealand. Larvae are nest inquilines of various aculeate Hymenoptera, chiefly Sphecoidea.

Subtribe Taxigrammatina Rohdendorf, 1967

Trudy Paleontol. Inst. 116: 61.

Small pale flies, R, closed or petiolate, wings rather costalized, costal spine elongate. Abdomen conical

with black spots or bands. 3 genera comprising about 20 species distributed in the Holarctic, Oriental,

Afrotropical and Madagascan regions. Flies are psammophilic, the larvae have heen found in sphecoid

wasp nests.

Genus Hilarella Rondani, 1856

Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 1: 70.

Type species: Miltogramma hilarella Zetterstedt, 1844.

Grey or yellowish small-sized species (3-6 mm). Frons conical, frontal stripe broad, widened apically.

3rd antennomere 1.5-3 times as long as 2nd, arista shortly haired. Last section of cu-vein (from m-cu

to wing margin) 0.5 times length of previous section. Claws and pulvilli of d curved and short. Fore

tarsus of d with elongate av. (Fig. 82).

S genitalia: Cerci hook-formed, surstyli elongate, straight, epiphallus well developed, acrophallus

shortened. 5 Holarctic, Afrotropical and Neotropical species.

References: Rohdendorf 1935: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.), Lf. 88: 113-116; Pape 1987: Fauna ent.

Seand. 19:'57-61.

Key to species of Hilarella

1. Head and body silvery grey dusted. 3rd entennomere 2-3 times as long as 2nd. Each abdominal

tergite with,3 large well developed black spots u... na H. hilarella (Zett.)

- Head and body yellowish grey dusted. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times as long as 2nd. Each

abdominal tergite with pair of small, often reduced lateral spots and bilobate medial spot .........

ER ee on: H. stictica (Mg.)

Hilarella hilarella (Zetterstedt, 1844)

Dipt. Scand. 3: 1212 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.3-0.37 and at antennal base 0.37-0.41 head width. Frons and parafacials silvery

grey dusted, frontal vitta at level of fore or as wide as one parafrontal, 1.5-2.5 times wider towards

vertex. Vertex silvery grey dusted, grey anterior. Profile of parafacials 0.2-0.25 and genae 0.12-0.16 eye

height. Ist, 2nd and basal part of 3rd antennomere yellowish to reddish, apical part of 3rd antenno-

mere greyish black, palpi yellow (Fig. 70). One regular row of postorbitals, vte well developed, oc

strong and distinct, or 142-3, strong, fr 7-11, parafrontals and parafacials densely covered with black

hairs, vibrissal ridge with 3-4 short setae above vibrissae. Genae and metacephalon grey, covered with

densely black hairs.

Thorax grey, densely pollinose, without stripes on mesonotum. Chaetae of thorax strong. ac 0-2+1,

short, dc 2+3, strong, ia 0+2-3, h 2, ph 1-2, npl 2, notopleura without short hairs, spl 1+1, propleuron

bare. Scutellum with three pairs of elongate marginals and one pair of shorter discals. t, with 1 ad or

this bristle absent. Femora and tarsi black, light grey dusted, trochanters and tibia yellowish to brown.

Wings (Fig. 74) hyaline. R, closed or very shortly petiolate, ratio of 3rd and 5th sections of costa 1:2-3,

r, bare, r,,, with few bristles at base. Basicosta and epaulet yellow.

Abdomen conical, grey dusted, each tergite with three dark brown to black spots (Fig. 79). Tergites

I+II without marginals, tergites III and IV with mediomarginal bristles, tergite V with row of

marginals. Genitalia small, lustrous black (Fig. 77).

?. Frons wider than in d (0.39-0.42 head width). Head and body paler dusted. Fore tarsus without

elongate av.

Body length 3.5-6.0 mm.

Distribution: Widespread in the Holarctic and in the northern part of the Neotropical regions. Flies

are psammophilous. Larvae develop in nests of sphecoid wasps: Ammophila violaceipennis Lep. (Allen

1926), A. sabulosa L. (Tiensuu 1939), Podelonia communis Cresson, P. luctuosa Smith (Newscommer 1930),

P. occidentalis (Evans 1987), P. argentifrons auct. (O’Brien 1983).

Hilarella stictica (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 6: 367 (Miltogramma).

dira Robineau-Desvoidy 1830. Essai Myod.: 95 (Megaera).

siphonina (Zetterstedt 1844). Dipt. Scand. 3: 1213 (Miltogramma).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.31-0.36 and at antennal base 0.35-0.40 head width. Head yellowish grey

dusted, frontal vitta at level of anterior orbital bristles 0.4-0.6 times as wide as one parafrontal, 2-3

times wider towards vertex. 3rd antennal segment 1.4-2.0 times as long as 2nd, arista widened in basal

0.2-0.3, with short hairs. Ist and 2nd antennomeres yellow to orange, 3rd antnnomere grey or brownish

grey, seldom yellow in basal part. Parafacial profile 0.18-0.22 and gena 0.09-0.18 eye height. One row

of postorbitals, vte strong, ocellars fine, or 1+2-3, fr 6-10, strong, parafrontals without hairs in addition

to or and fr, parafacials with black hairs (Fig. 71). Palpi yellow. Gena and metacephalon light grey

dusted, with numerous black hairs.

Thorax yellowish grey dusted, metacephalon without longitudinal stripes. Thoracic bristles strong.

ac 2+1, de 2+3, ia 0+2, h 2-3, ph 1-2, npl 2, notopleura without short setae, spl 1+1, propleuron bare.

Scutellum with 3 pairs of elongate marginals and 1-2 pairs of short hair-like discals. t, with 1 ad, or this

bristle is absent. Femora and tarsi grey pollinose, blackish; tibia yellow to orange. Wings as in

H. hilarella.

Abdomen (Fig. 79, right) densely grey dusted, with intensive yellow tinge. Tergites with more of

less distinct paired medial spots and with pair of lateral spots, which are frequntly reduced. Tergites

I+1I without marginals, tergites III and IV with pair of elongate mediomarginal bristles, tergite V with

row of marginals. Genitalia small, black lustrous, similar to those of H. hilarella.

?. Frons wider than in 4 (0.38-0.43 head width); abdominal spots often more of less reduced, fore

tarsus without elongate av.

Body length 3-6.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe except British Isles, southern Siberia and Mongolia.

Flies frequent dry grassland and sandy areas. Larvae are inquilines in nests of Sphecoidea: Ammo-

phila heydeni Dahlb., A. hirsuta Bongg. (Seguy 1941a), A. sabulosa Scop. (Maneval 1929), Bembix integra

Pz. (Seguy 1941a), Sphex albicestus Lep. (Ferton 1901), S. caeruleum Dr. (Ferton 1902) (syn. S. subfuscatus

Dhnb.)

Fig.

70.

7Alg

72:

73:

74.

75.

76.

7ER

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

80 g2 M 83

Hilarella hilarella. Male head laterally.

Hilarella stictica. Male head laterally.

Paragusia elegantula. Male head laterally.

Taxigramma heteroneura. Male head laterally.

Hilarella hilarella. Male wing.

Paragusia elegantula. Male wing.

Taxigramma heteroneura. Male wing.

Hilarella hilarella. Male genitalia, laterally.

Paragusia elegantula. Male genitalia, laterally.

Hilarella, dorsal view of abdomen, left H. hilarella, right H. stictica.

Taxigramma heteroneura. Male cerci and surstyli.

Taxigramma heteroneura. Male genitalia, lateral view.

Hilarella hilarella. Male fore tarsus dorsally.

Paragusia elegantula. Male fore tarsus dorsally.

Genus Paragusia Schiner, 1861

Wien. ent. Nachr. 5: 123.

Type species: Paragusia frivaldzkii Schiner, 1862 (syn. of Tachina elegantula Zetterstedt, 1844).

Small species (body lenth 3-6 mm) with grey or yellowish ground coloration. Frons conical, lower

margin of head very short, 3rd antennomere elongate (2-5 times as long as 2nd antennomere), arista

bare. Last section of cu-vein (from m-cu to wing margin) 1-2 times as long as previous section. Claws

and pulvilli of d short. Aedeagus with long epiphallus and shortened acrophallus. 15 species are

distributed in the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions.

References: Rohdendorf 1935: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64), Lf. 88: 119-126; Verves 1984: Insects of

Mongolia 9: 544-549.

Paragusia elegantula (Zetterstedt, 1844)

Dipt. Scand. 3: 1024 (Tachina).

frivaldzkii Schiner, 1862. Fauna austr. 1: 500.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.38-0.43 and at antennal base 0.42-0.46 head width. Head silvery dusted, fontal

vitta at fore or 0.2-0.4 times width of parafrontal, 3-4 times wider towards vertex. 3rd antennomere

2.5-4.5 times as long as 2nd, arista bare, widened at basal 0.4-0.5, antennae black, grey dusted, apical

part of 2nd antennomere often reddish. Palpi yellowish brown to blackish brown. Parafacials at level

of antennal base 0.29-0.39 and gena 0.08-0.12 eye-height. One row of postorbitals, vte well developed,

ocellars not strong, or 1+2, fr 6-9, only medial 4-5 pairs strong. Parafrontal without hairs, parafacials

with 1-3 irregular rows of black setae (Fig. 72). Gena in fore part with black hairs, in hind part with

yellowish brown setae; metacephalon with numerous short black hairs.

Thorax silvery grey dusted, mesonotum between dorsocentral bristles sligtly iridescent fuscous. ac

2-3+1-2, presutural bristles non-paired, prescutellar pairs strong. dc 2+3-4, very strong. ia 0+2, h 2-3,

ph 1, npl 2, notopleura without short setae, spl 1+1, propleura bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of elongate

marginals, discals 1-2 pairs, rather fine. Fore tarsus with long av on 1st-4th tarsomere (Fig. 83). Wings

hyaline (Fig. 75), apical section of cu equal to previous section, ratio of 3rd and 5th sections of costa

1:3-3.5. R, shortly petiolate or closed, r, bare, r,,; with some hairs at base, m-cu sigmoid. Legs black,

basicosta and epaulet yellow to light brown.

Abdomen conical, grey dusted. Tergites I+II without marginals, tergites III and IV with paired

mediomarginal bristles, tergite V with row of marginals. Genitalia small (Fig. 78), lustrous black.

Tergites I+1I completely black, tergites III and IV with 3 dorsal black spots, occasionally coalescing into

a transverse black band. Abdomen dorsally lustrous black.

?. Body generally more bright, frons wider than in d (0.4-0.45 head width), frontal vitta at fore or

as broad as parafrontale and with yellowish pruinescence. Antennae and palpi yellow, 3rd antenno-

mere partly blackish. Fore tarsus without erect av. Legs generally more or less yellowish. Spots on

abdominal tergites smaller than in d and not coalescing.

Body length 4-6 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in southern and central Europe, central Asia, southern Siberia and

Mongolia. A very xerophilic species preferring sandy areas. Larvae are recorded from nests of ants,

Formica cinerea Mayr (Kramer 1917), but this information needs confirming.

Genus Taxigramma Perris, 1852

Annls. Soc. Linn. Lyon. 209.

Type species: Taxigramma pipiens Perris, 1854 (syn. of Miltogramma heteroneura Meigen, 1830).

Heteropterina Macquart, 1854 Annls. Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2: 426.

Type species: Miltogramma hetoroneura Meigen, 1830.

Small, brownish grey flies. Frons moderately protruding, lower margin of head moderately short. 3rd

antennomrre short, not more than twice as long as 2nd. Parafrontal without black hairs, parafacial bare

or with very fine hairs at lower part. Claws of d elongate. Last section of m-cu twice as long as previous

section. Abdomen with black spots. Genitalia of d protruding, cerci fused at basal 0.8, apex of

paraphallus widened and pointed, basal part of surstyli very broad. Two species occur in the Holarctic

and Oriental regions.

Taxigramma heteroneura (Meigen, 1830)

Syst. Beschr. 6: 367 (Miltogramma).

pipiens Perris, 1852. Annls. Soc. linn. Lyon 209.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.3-0.39 and at antennal base 0.35-0.42 head width. Parafrontal, parafacial and

lunula silvery grey pollinose. Frontal vitta blackish, slightly pale dusted, at fore or 4-5 times narrower

than one parafrontal, towards vertex 3-4 times wider. 3rd antennomere 1.4-2 times as long as 2nd,

arista widened at basal 0.2-0.3, bare. Ist and 2nd antennomeres brownish to yellow, 3rd antennomere

dark grey, at base often reddish, palpi yellow. Parafacials at level of antennal base 0.14-0.2 and genae

0.1-0.12 eye height (Fig. 73). Two regular rows of postorbitals, upper part of metacephalon behind

postorbitals bare, vte and oc strong, or 1+2, fr 6-9, only medial 4-5 pairs strong, genae and meta-

cephalon grey, genae with erect black hairs, lower part of metacephalon with black and brownish

setae.

Thorax grey or brownish grey dusted, ac 2+1, weak, dc 2+3, strong, ia 0+2, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2,

notopleura without short hairs, spl 1+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum with three pairs of very strong

marginals, discals indistinct, t, with one ad, elongate sensory hairs of fore tarsus absent. Legs black,

knees reddish, tibia often partly brownish. Wings hyaline (Fig. 76). R, closed, ratio of 3rd and 5th costal

sections 1:2. r, bare, r,.; with few hairs at base, 3rd section of medial vein (between r-m and m-cu)

shorter or as long as its 4th section. Basicosta and epaulet yellow.

Abdomen conical, grey dusted, with lateral brownish yellow areas. All tergites with three black or

reddish spots on dorsal surface, and pair of elongate lateral spots which are often indistinct on tergites

I+II and III. Tergites I+II without bristles, tergites III and IV each with pair of strong mediomarginals,

tergite V with row of marginal bristles. Genitalia protruding (Figs 80, 81).

2. Head often yellowish grey dusted, antenna entirely yellow, 3rd antennomere sometimes partly

grey, arista dark. Legs orange or yellow, only tarsi black. Claws shortened.

Body length 3-5.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Holarctic and Oriental (India) regions. Flies frequent sandy

areas and dry grassland. Larvae found in nests of sphecoid wasps: Ammophila (Pape 1987), Tachysphex

tenuipunctus Fox (Rees 1973) Podalonia occidentalis Murray (Evans 1987).

Subtribe Metopiina Townsend, 1908

This subtribe consists of a single genus — Metopia Meig. The most important characters are a single row

of long bristles close to facial ridge at parafacials, and two rows of orbital bristles: inner row reclinate

and outer proclinate. Head profile triangular, frons and parafacials broad, hind head margin very

short, proboscis short.

Genus Metopia Meigen, 1803

Magazin Insektenk. 2: 280.

Type species: Musca leucocephala Rossi, 1790 (nom. preocc.); valid name Tachina argyrocephala Meigen, 1824.

Grey, medium-sized flies (4-8 mm). Sexual dimorphism strong or moderate: d mostly with special

tarsal setae and lustrous, silvery dusted fore part of frontalia. R;open, claws short (in palaearctic taxa),

mid tibia with 1 ad, abdomen conical. Epiphallus present, acrophallus medium-sized, surstyli long.

Tergite X in ovipositor absent. Hypopharyngeal sclerite of first instar larva broadly triangulate. Some

40 species are distributed in all zoogeographical regions. Flies frequent bushland and other intrazonal

habitats, some species are stenotopic: M. roseri prefers riverbeds with osiers. Adult flies are rare

visitors at flowers. Larvae are inquillines in the nests of wasps and bees. (Figs 84-93).

References: Venturi 1952: Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna 19: 147-170; Rohdendorf 1955: Ent. Obozr. 34:

360-373; 1971; Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h), Lf. 285: 140-149; Pape 1986: Steenstrupia 12: 73-84; 1986:

Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk. (A) 395: 1-8; 1987: Syst. Ent. 12: 69-78; 1987: Fauna ent. scand.19: 69-78.

Key to the species

nn 2

Fu Dan nes nenn diese er 8

2. Anterior part of parafrontals greyish, slight silvery dusted, frontal vitta moderately broad, parallel-

SIG .20224. 2200002020n0nuaHsAtnnnnsahanesannsnnnannane en eahasnsrrnseensnnne ts scnnaHnnanand En ar sntnn nn un HR En HansEnn none sr ee ee EEE 3.

- Anterior part of parafrontals silvery dusted, fore part of frontal vitta very narrow, nearly linear or

SUDTIMEAL, sus numAnnensnrsannssacnenser nannten 1aussRun He nenaten sagen ns anzag nahen kurneanpr na none aaannn mag en seree 4.

3. Middle tibia with one anteroventral bristle. Fore tarsus with elongate pd at its 1st-4th tarsomeres.

Abdominal tergites I+II with mediomarginal bristles ..................neseee M. campestris (Fall.)

— Middle tibia without av. Fore tarsus without long pd. Abdominal tergites I+1I without mediomar-

WERE en M. grandii Vent.

4. Foreitarsus without elongate specialized'setae......2. nu... ee 5:

= #Fore tarsus wıth elongate Specialized Setae.......................20. nee 7.

5. Fore part of frontal vitta distinct to lunula, frontal bristle row continuous, uninterrupted ............

Mkansulaungkennensnnanntuundelnenntersncg un nsdahrtunnganauecnennAnnanatersehosernarahFereTeurgeRegen en Fee M. tschernovae Rohd. (Fig. 86)

- Fore part of frontal vitta linear, row of fr less distinct or weakly developed along parafrontals ..

6. Silvery dusted part of each parafrontal covering 0.6-0.7 of frons and with gradual transition to

posterior, grey dusted part.’ Fore fr weakly developed ..............n een ee M. roseri Rd.

- Silvery dusted part of parafrontal covering anterior 0.4-0.5 of frons, abruptly demarcated from

posterior ereyish part. Koresr absent nenn M. argyrocephala (Meig.) (Figs 88, 89)

7. 1st-4th tarsomeres of fore tarsus each with one apical anterior and posterior bristles. Silvery dusted

part of parafrontal with a gradual transition to posterior grey dusted part ........... M. italiana Pape

- 2nd-4th tarsomeres of fore tarsus with numerous slightly elongate pd and p. Demarcation between

anterior silvery part and posterior greyish part of parafrontal very distinct ............ M. staegeri Rd.

84 85

Fig. 84. Metopia argyrocephala. Male fore tarsus dorsally.

Fig. 85. Metopia campestris. Male fore tarsus, dorsally.

Beehidetibia with One av .............00 Ernest nenne dnnaeen seen age erarnrarsunhohteunseahnr ern M. campestris (Fall.) (Fig. 90)

= nahe er ee 9

9 Apdemmal tersites IHIl without mediomargimals ............ucnseencasneeseeenenensonenenenrnsneneesresoanannnenerormnrennene 10.

N pgemımal fersites HI] with a pair of mediomarsinals..........un...u0mensnsaerennenenzusnenneeenenenaenrneesnanannze 11:

Nee larbristles as strong as'reelinate orbitals „u... nn eneneneeeeebeeenensnenenennurzeers M. grandii Vent.

EB@eellar bristles weaker than reelinate orbitalsen.....naeseeeetsescansanesenaastennnunsesteennansnnnnuneen M. roseri Rd.

11. Ist tarsomere of fore tarsus as long as 2nd-4th tarsomeres together, 4th tarsomere longer than

SER ee re et,

- Ist tarsomere of fore tarsus shorter than 2nd-4th tarsomeres together, 4th tarsomere as long as

Dre ee ee EST M. italiana Pape

Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 372 (Tachina) (Fig. 89).

leucocephala Rossi, 1790. Fauna etrusca 2: 306 (Musca) (preocc. by Villers 1789).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.38-0.50, at narrowest part 0.34-0.40, at antennal base 0.43-0.52 head width

(Fig. 88). Anterior 0.4-0.5 of parafrontal with silvery pollinosity abruptly demarcated from greyish

pollinose posterior 0.5-0.6 of parafrontal. Parafacial and lunula silvery grey dusted, gena and meta-

cephalon grey pollinose. Frontal vitta in posterior part triangular, black, anterior part linear. 3rd

antennomere 5-8 times as long as 2nd, arista as long as 3rd antennomere or slightly shorter, bare,

widened at basal 0.3-0.4. Antennae and palpi black. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.4-0.7, narrow

above, genae 0.11-0.17 eye height. Two regular rows of postorbital bristles, ocellar bristles hair-like,

weaker than reclinate orbitals fr 5-8 pairs, only 2-3 anterior pairs proclinate, others reclinate, the last

being shorter and finer than 2 pairs of long and strong exterior proclinate orbitals, 2 pairs reclinate

interior orbitals as long and as thick as fr; silver fore part of parafrontals without bristles, but 1-2 small

setae occasionally present. Parafrontals with numerous erect hairs posteriorly. Parafacial with usual

row of bristles and with black setae on upper part, Vibrissal ridge with 1-2 pairs of short supravibrissal

setae. Genae and metacephalon covered with black hairs and without pale setae (Figs 88, 89).

Thorax black, grey dusted, legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. ac 1-2+1, short

and hair-like; dc 2+3, strong; ia 0-1+1+2-3, only hind bristle long and strong; spl 1+1, propleuron bare.

STERN

Fig. 86. Metopia tschernovae. Head, dorsal view (after Rohdendorf 1955).

Fig. 87. Metopia roseri. Head, dorsal view (after Rohdendorf 1955)

Fig. 88. Metopia argyrocephala. Head, dorsal view (after Rohdendorf 1955)

Scutellum with 3 pairs of long and strong marginals and with one pair of short, thick discals. Fore

tarsus without specialized hairs (Fig. 84) Costal spine very short. r, bare, r,,; with 5-9 short hairs at basal

0.6-0.8 of its first section; ratio between 3rd and 5th sections of costa 1:1.4-2.5.

Abdominal tergites I+1I-IV with long mediomarginals, tergite V with row of marginals, genitalia

medium sized. Tergites I+II black, without pollinosity, other tergites grey dusted and each with three

elongate triangular black spots. Genitalia lustrous black.

2. Parafrontal without lustrous silvery spots, frontal vitta not linear in fore frontal part, at fore

proclinate or 0.7-0.9 as wide as parafrontal, black and slightly grey dusted. Slight pruinescence on

thorax and abdomen, more distinct than in d.

Body length 5-7.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Holarctic, northern part of the Neotropical and Oriental regions.

Flies are polytopic, living in forests, bushland and grassland. Larvae are inquilines in nests of various

aculeate Hymenoptera: in Vespoidea — Stenodynerus fundatiformis Robertson (Krombein 1964); in

Apidae - Halictus pruinosus Robertson (Allen 1926), H. sexcinctus F. (Baer 1921), Lasioglossum sp.

(Kurahashi 1971); in Sphecoidea — Ammophila campestris Jur. (Baerends 1941), A. communis Gresson,

A. luctuosa Smith (Krombein 1952), A. pubescens Curt. (Charykuliev, Myarceva 1964), Argogorytes fargei

Schuck. (Fahlander 1954), Bembix integra Pz. (Seguy 1941a), B. rostrata L. (Baer 1921, Larsson 1986),

Cerceris arenaria L. (Chevalier 1926), C. halone Banks (Buers 1978), C. julii Fabre (Seguy 1941a),

C. robertsoni Fox. (Krombein 1950), C. rubida Jur., C. rybyensis L. (Seguy 1941a), Chlorion sp. (Pape

1987b), Crabro peltarius Schreber (Baer 1921), Crossocercus elongatulus v.d.Linden (Seguy 1941a), Enco-

pognathus sp., E. districtus Lecg. (Verves 1979b), Lyroda sabita Say (Evans 1964). Mellinus sp. (Pape

1987b), Oxybelus argentatus Curt. (Seguy 1941a), Philanthus triangulum F. (Baer 1921, Charykuliev &

Myarceva 1964), Sphectus sp. (Pape 1987b), Sphex sp. (Verves 1979b), S. ruficinctus Brull& (Lomholdt

1975), S. sericeus fabricii Dahl., S. subtruncatus Dahl (Verves 1979b), Stenodynerus fundatiformis Robertson

(Krombein 1964), Thyreopus sp. (Kurahashi 1971).

100

Fig. 89. Metopia argyrocephala (after Venturi 1947).

Fig. 90. Metopia campestris (after Venturi 1947).

Metopia campestris (Fallen, 1810)

Kon. svenska vetensk. Akad. Handl. (2) 31: 266 (Tachina) (Fig. 90).

Description

&. Frons at vertex 0.42-0.50 and at antennal base 0.29-0.41 head width. Parafrontal, parafacial and

gena silvery grey dusted, lunula and metacephalon pale grey pollinose. Frontal vitta broad, black,

slightly grey dusted, at level of anterior proclinate or 2.5-3.3 of one parafrontal. Antennae and palpi

101

black, 3rd antennomere. 4.5-6.0 times as long as 2nd, arista with microscopic pubescence, inflated in

basal %-%, same length as 3rd antennomere. Parafacials at level of antennal base 0.24-0.33 and genae

0.13-0.20 eye heigth. One regular row of postorbital setae, ocellar setae about as strong as reclinate

orbital setae. Parafrontals each with 2 reclinate and 2 proclinate orbital setae, and with numerous erect

black setae. fr 7-9, not very strong. Parafacials with row of elongate bristles along facial ridge and

several black hairs on upper part. 3-4 pairs of short supravibrissal setae. Gena and metacephalon

covered with black hairs, without light setae.

Thorax black, grey dusted, longitudinal stripes of metacephalon bright, legs black, wings hyaline,

basicosta and epaulet yellow or brownish. ac 2-3+2-3 thick, dc 2+3, strong, ia 0-1+2-3, only prescutellar

pair straight. h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2, surface of notopleura covered with numerous erect strong marginals,

and with 1-2 pairs of short and hair-like discals. Fore tarsus with long, forward curved setae on

posterior surface of 1st-4th tarsomeres (Fig. 85). Middle tibia with 1 ad, 1 av, 2-3 pd bristles. Costal

spine very short. r, bare, r,,; with a row of short black setae from base to % length of first section. Ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1.2-1.5.

Abdominal tergites with mediomarginal setae, genitalia medium-sized. Tergites I+II lustrous

black, others with grey pruinescence. Tergites III and IV with narrow medial longitudinal line and pair

of triangular black spots, which fuse at hind margin of each tergite. Tergite V with lustrous black

transverse band in hind 0.2-0.3. Genitalia lustrous black (Fig. 90).

2. Like d, but with frons broader at antennal base (0.43-0.48 head width). Bristles and hairs shorter

than in d, fore tarsus without specialized setae.

Body length 4.5-8.5 mm.

Distribution: Widespread in the Holarctic region and in the north of the Oriental (Kashmir) region.

Flies prefer hygrophytic or mesophytic forests and bushland. Larvae are inquilines in various aculeate

Hymenoptera: Pompiloidea — Pompilus sp. (Lundbeck 1927); Vespoidea — Arachnospila trivialis Dahl

(Nielsen 1932), Apoidea - Andrena sp., Sphecoidea —- Ammophila campestris Latr. (Nielsen 1932), Cerceris

halone Banks (Byers 1978), Crabro cribrellifer Pack. (Wcislo 1984), Gorytes laticinctus Lep. (Lomholdt

1975), Larropsis sp. (Pape 1987b), Sphex rufocinctus Brulle (Lomholdt 1975).

Metopia grandii Venturi, 1953

Boll. Ist. ent. Bologna 19: 166.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.4-0.43 and at antennal base 0.36-0.41 head width. Parafrontal, Parafacials and

gena pale grey dusted. Frontal vitta broad, at fore proclinate or 1.3-2 times as broad as parafrontal,

widening 2-3 times towards head tip. 3rd antennomere 4-5 times as long as 2nd, arista as long as 3rd

antennomere, bare, inflated in basal 0.3-0.4, antennae and palpi black. Parafacial at level of antennal base

0.25-0.3 and genae 0.1-0.18 eye height. 2 regular rows of postorbital bristles, ocellar bristles long and

strong, about as strong as reclinate orbital bristles. 2 pairs of proclinate and 2 pairs of reclinate orbitals,

the latter being long and thick. fr 7-9, rather thin, few black hairs on parafrontals short. Parafacials with

usual row of bristles, without other setae. Gena and metacephalon covered with black hairs.

Thorax grey pollinose, mesonotum with 4 black longitudinal stripes before and with 3 stripes

behind suture, legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. ac 2-3+1, very small, dc 2+3,

strong, ia 0-1+2-3, only posterior pair long and strong, npl 2, in addition to these bristles surface of

notopleura covered with few small setae, spl 1+1, propleura bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong and

elongate marginals and with 1-2 pairs of short discals. Fore tarsus (Fig. 91) with some elongate hairs

at posterior surface. t, without av. Costal spine weak, r, bare, r,,; with row of black hairs from base to

the end of its first section, ratio between sections 3 and 5 equals 1:1.2-2.0.

Abdominal tergites I+II without mediomarginals, tergite III with one pair of mediomarginals,

tergites IV and V with row of marginals. Genitalia medium-sized. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey

pollinose. Tergites I+II and genitalia lustrous black, tergites III and IV each with 3 longitudinal black

spots fusing at posterior margin. Tergite V with black band in hind 0.4-0.5.

?. Like d, but fore tarsus without specialized setae.

Body length 4.5-7 mm.

102

IT TFT

S/ANDaE

91 92

Fig. 91. Metopia grandii. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 92. Metopia italiana. Male fore tarsus.

Fig. 93. Metopia staegeri. Male fore tarsus.

Distribution: A rare species occurring in Italy, Yugoslavia, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Ukraine

(Transcarpathia), Russia (Jaroslavl, Altaj, Cita, Amur, Primorje) and Japan. Flies prefer hydrophytic

bushy localities; feeding habits unknown.

Metopia italiana Pape, 1985

Ent. scand. 16: 214.

staegeri auct. nec Rondani, 1859.

argentata sensu Verves, 1986a nec Macquart, 1850.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.39-0.43, in narrowest part 0.37-0.39, and at antennal base 0.46-0.48 head width.

Posterior part of frontal vitta triangulate with grey pollinosity, anterior part entirely obliterated by

contiguous frontal plates. Posterior 0.3-0.4 of parafrontals grey pollinose, anterior 0.6-0.7 lustrous

silvery dusted, silvery part with gradual transition towards posterior greyish part. Parafacials silvery

dusted, lunula, gena and metacephalon pale grey pollinose. Antenna and palpi black. 3rd antennomere

5-6 times longer than 2nd, arista as long as 3rd antennomere, inflated at basal 0.3-0.4. Profrons distictly

protruding, parafacial at level of antennal base 0.35-0.4 and gena 0.09-0.11 eye height. Two regular

rows of postorbitals, ocellar bristles shorter and more subtle than in orbitals. Interior and exterior

orbitals well developed. fr 5-7, not very strong, fore part of frons sometimes with 1-2 pairs of frontal

bristles. 2 pairs of proclinate and 2-4 pairs of reclinate orbital bristles, and several erect hairs in

parafrontal area. Parafacials with few hairs in addition to the usual row of bristles along interior

parafacial margin. Gena and metacephalon with numerous black hairs.

Thorax grey pollinose with olive-brown tinge medially. Metacephalon with 4 presutural and 3

postsutural longitudinal black stripes. Legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. ac

0(2-3)+1, short, de 2+3, strong, ia 1+2, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2, notopleura in addition to long bristles with a

few small setae, spl 1+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of long and strong marginals and

with 1-2 pairs of shorter discals. Fore tarsus (Fig. 92) with two long apical setae: anterior and posterior

on each 1st-4th tarsomeres. 1st tarsomere as long as combined length of 2nd and 3rd. Middle tibia

without av bristles. Costal spine very short, r, bare, ratio between costal section 3 and 5 corresponds

1:1.5-1.8.

103

Abdominal tergites I+II with pair of mediomarginals, tergite V with row of marginals, genitalia

medium-sized. Abdomen silverish grey pollinose, tergite I+II and genitalia brownish black, poorly

pollinose. Tergites III and IV with 3 longitudinal black spots, pattern of dark lateral spots changes with

incidence of light. Tergite V with lustrous black band in hind 0.3-0.4.

? (after Pape 1985). Frontal vitta at vertex twice as broad as fronto-orbital plate, width at lunula

twice as broad at vertex. Frontal vitta on lunula reddish brown to dark brown, on vertex black with

greyish pollinosity. Fronto-orbital plates less hairy than in d, 9-11 pairs of frontals. 2 proclinate orbitals,

2-3 reclinate orbitals. First tarsomere of fore tarsus as long as combined length of 2nd and 3rd

tarsomeres. Tarsomeres of fore tarsus slightly broader than in d and with gustatory hairs of normal

length. Abdomen grey pollinose, only slightly changing with incidence of light and with poorly

developed pattern of darker lateral spots and medial stripe. Marginals of tergites I+II poorly devel-

oped.

Body length 4.5-6.5 mm.

Distribution: France, Austria, Italy, Poland, Ukraine and Russia (surroundings of Perm). Flies fre-

quent damp bushy localities. Larvae are inquilines in nests of Sphecoidea: Bembicinus tridens F. (Seguy

1941a), Oxybelus victor Lep. (Grandi 1959) and probably Alysson spinosus Pz. (Draber-Monko 1973).

Metopia roseri Rondani, 1859

Dipt. ital. prodr. 3: 210.

instruens Walker, 1859. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 4: 129.

stackelbergi Rohdendorf, 1955. Ent. Obozr. 34: 369.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.38-0.44, at the narrowest part 0.34-0.38, and at antennal base 0.41-0.5 head

width (Fig. 87). Posterior part of frontal vitta triangulate, grey dusted, anterior part entirely obliterated

by contiguous frontal plates. Posterior 0.3-0.4 of parafrontals grey pollinose, anterior 0.6-0.7 with

lustrous silvery pollinosity; silvery part gradually transitive to posterior greyish part. Parafacial

slightly silver dusted, lunula, gena and metacephalon grey pollinose. Antennae and palpi black, 3rd

antennomere 4.5-6.5 times as long as 2nd, arista distinctly shorter than 3rd antennomere, inflated in

basal 0.3-0.5. Profrons rather protruding, parafacial at level of antennal base 0.34-0.38 and gena 0.1-0.13

eye height. 2 regular rows of postorbitals, interior and exterior verticals well developed and strong.

Ocellars delicate, shorter than orbitals. Hind frontal delicate, 4-5 paired, fore frontals (along contigu-

ous margin of parafrontals) strong, 4-9 paired. Proclinate orbitals 2 pairs, and reclinate orbitals 2-4

pairs, parafrontal in posterior part with several erect black hairs in addition to or and fr bristles.

Parafacial with usual row of bristles along interior margin close to facial ridge, and with some black

hairs on upper part. Vibrissae very strong, with 2-3 short supravibrissal setae. Genae and meta-

cephalon covered with black hairs (Fig. 87).

Thorax grey pollinose, mesonotum with 4 black presutural and 3 postsutural longitudinal stripes,

legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow to pale brown. ac 0 (occasionally 1-3)+1, very

weak and indistinct. dc 2+3, strong; ia 143, only hind bristle strong, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2, notopleura with

few hairs (5-10) in addition to usual bristles, spl 1+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum without specialized

setae. 1st tarsomere as long as combined 2nd-5th tarsomeres or slightly shorter. t, without av. Costal

spine unclear, r, bare, r,,; with a row of black setae from base to 0.6-0.8 of first section length. Ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 1.2-1.8. Abdominal tergites I+1I and III with 1-2 pairs of strong

mediomarginals, tergites IV and V with row of marginal bristles, genitalia medium-sized. Abdomen

grey, or yellowish grey dusted. Tergites I+II and genitalia lustrous black. Tergites III and IV with well

developed paired lateral spots and poorly developed medial spot. Tergite V with lustrous black band

in its posterior 0.4-0.5.

?. Frontal vitta broad, 1.5-2.2 times wider towards apex, at level of fore proclinate or bristle 0.5-0.8

times as broad as one parafrontal, black and weakly dusted, parafacials and parafrontals completely

silvery grey dusted, parafacial at level of antennal base 0.3-0.34 eye heigth. Medial abdominal spots

well developed. Abdominal tergites I+II without medial marginals.

Body length 4.5-7.5 mm.

104

Distribution: Southern and central Europe, north to southern Finland, absent from British Isles;

southern Siberia, Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, Oriental region and Celebes. Flies frequent sandy areas

with willows on river banks. Larvae dewelop in nests of the pompilid wasp Batazonus lacerticida Pall.

(Rohdendorf & Verves 1980).

Metopia staegeri Rondani, 1859

Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 3: 210.

rondaniana Venturi, 1953. Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna 19: 163.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.39-0.45, at narrowest part 0.36-0.39, and at antennal base 0.42-0.51 head width.

Anterior 0.4-0.5 of parafrontalia with lustrous silvery pollinosity abruptly demarcated from grey

dusted posterior 0.5-0.6 part of parafrontals. Posterior part of frontal vitta triangular with grey

pollinosity, anterior part linear, entirely obliterated by contiguous parafrontals. Parafacials lustrous

silvery dusted, lunula, gena and metacephalon pale grey pollinose. Antennae and palpi black. Ird

antennomere 4.5-7.5 times as long as 2nd, arista bare or micropubescent, inflated in basal 0.3-0.4.

Profrons protruding, parafacial at level of antennal base 0.3-0.52, gena 0.09-0.14 eye height. 2 regular

rows of postorbitals, vte and vti well developed, ocellar bristles shorter and finer than orbitals.

Posterior frontals delicate, 5-8 pairs, anterior fr more or less distinct, 1-3 pairs (in fore part of frontale);

proclinate or 2 pairs, reclinate or 2-4 pairs with some fine hairs between them. Parafacial plates with

usual vertical row of bristles and some black hairs on upper part, genae and metacephalon with

numerous black hairs.

Thorax grey dusted, mesonotum with 4 presutural and 3 postsutural elongate black spots. Legs

black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow. ac 0+1, very short and fine; dc 2+3, strong. ia

0-1+2-3, only hind pair strong; notopleura with 2 strong bristles and with numerous (5-12) short erect

setae; spl 1+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong marginals and with 1-2 pairs of fine

discals. Fore tarsus (Fig. 93) with numerous erect hairs on apical part of Ist tarsomere and on all 2nd-

4th tarsomeres, these hairs situated posterodorsally. 1st tarsomere of fore tarsus as long as 2nd-5th

tarsomeres. Costal spine small, r, bare, r,,; with a row of setae at basal 0.5-0.7 of its Ist section. Ratio

between costal sections 3 and 5, 1:1.2-2.0.

Abdominal tergites I+1I-IV with pair of medial marginal bristles, tergite V with row of marginal

bristles. Genitalia medium-sized. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey dusted, tergites I+II and genitalia

lustrous black. Tergites III and IV with 3 well developed triangular spots, tergite V with lustrous black

band at apical 0.4-0.5.

Body length 5.5-7.5 mm. $ unknown.

Distribution: The species is widely distributed in forest and shrub habitats of Europe and western

Siberia. Larval bionomy unknown.

Metopia tshernovae Rohdendorf, 1955

Ent. Obozr. 34: 368.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.43-0.46, in narrowest part 0.39-0.44, and at antennal base 0.47-0.55 head width

(Fig. 86). Frontal vitta grey dusted, posterior part broad and triangulate, but anterior part of parafron-

tals subcontiguous, so that fore part of frontal vitta is narrow. Anterior 0.4-0.5 of parafrontal with

silvery pollinosity which is abruptly demarcated from greyish pollinose posterior 0.5-0.6 of parafron-

tal. Parafacial silvery dusted, other head parts slightly grey pollinose. 3rd antennomere 5-7 times as

long as 2nd, arista micropubescent, inflated in basal 0.3-0.5. Antennae and palpi black. Parafacial at

level of antennal base 0.4-0.56 and gena 0.09-0.15 eye height. Two regular rows of postorbitals, ocellar

bristles hair-like, weaker than orbital bristles. fr 9-11 pairs. Row of frontals almost complete and

symmetrical, anterior 4-5 pairs strong, others hair-like. Two pairs of proclinate and 2-3 pairs of

105

reclinate orbitals with some erect black hairs between them. Parafacials with usual vertical row of

subvibrissal bristles and with black setae. Genae and metacephalon covered with black hairs. (Fig. 86).

Thorax grey dusted, netacephalon with 4 presutural and 3 postsutural longitudinal black stripes.

Legs black, wings hyaline. Basicosta and epaulet yellow. ac 0(1-2)+1, hair-like; de 2+3, strong;

ia 0-1+2-3, only hind pair long and strong, h 2-3, ph 1, npl 2, surface of notopleura with several erect

black setae in addition to usual bristles, spl 141, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of long, strong

marginals, discals indistinct. Fore tarsus without specialized setae, t, without av. Costal spine absent

or very small, r, bare, r,,; with several setae at basal 0.5-0.8 of its first section. Ratio of costal sections

3and 5as1:1.4-1.7.

Abdominal tergites I+1I-IV each with one pair of mediomarginal setae, tergite V with row of

marginal bristles. Genitalia medium-sized. Abdominal tergites I+II and genitalia lustrous black, other

tergites grey dusted. Tergites III and IV with three elongate triangular black spots fusing more or less

at posterior margin. Tergite V with trilobed posterior band at apical 0.4-0.6.

Body length 6-7.5 mm.

? unknown.

Distribution: A rather rare species known from Poland, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Russia

(St. Petersbourgh district), Ukraine, Kazakchstan, Siberia (Chita, Irkutsk), Mongolia and the Oriental

region (Thailand). Life history unknown.

Subtribe Mesomelaenina Verves, 1989

Japan J. Med. Sci. Biol. 42: 19.

Medium-sized, brightly coloured flies. The single known species of this monobasic subtribe shows

conspicuous autapomorphic characters such as the presence of dense hairs on the parafacials, long

costal wing spine, elongate and apically widened acrophallus and ancestral sexual dimorphism.

Frontal vitta in d somewhat narrowed ventrally; longitudinal medial black stripe on thorax and

abdomen absent in ?, abdomen of ? with three dorsal spots on each tergite.

Genus Mesomelaena Rondani, 1859

Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 3: 206.

Type species: Mesomelaena loewi Rondani, 1959 (ibidem).

Winnertzia Schiner, 1861. Wien. entom. Nachr. 5: 142.

Type species: Metopia mesomelaena Loew, 1848.

Frontalia broad, at antennal base broader than at vertex, parafacial broad, gena narrow, lower part of

head shortened. 3rd antennomere 3-4 times longer than 2nd, arista bare, inflated in basal %-%.

Propleuron bare, ac 0+1, dc 2+3, strong, spl 1+1. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong marginal bristles and

1-2 pairs of shorter discals. Claws in d short. R, narrow, open, r, bare, r,,; with several setae at base.

Abdomen conical. The single known species is widely distributed in Eurasia.

References: Rohdendorf 1975: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.), Lf. 311: 185-187.

Mesomelaena mesomelaena (Loew, 1848)

Stett. ent. Z. 9: 377 (Metopia).

Mesomelaena loewi Rondani, 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 3: 206.

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.33-0.39 and at antennal base 0.35-0.42 head width. Parafrontals and parafacials

silvery grey dusted; lunula, gena and metacephalon black, slightly grey pollinose. Hind part of frontal

vitta broad, grey dusted, fore part very narrow (0.2 width of one parafrontal), black. Antennae and

106

Fig. 94. Mesomelaena mesomelaena. Male head profile (after Rohdendorf 1925).

palpi black, proboscis short. Parafacial at antennal base 0.25-0.30 and gena 0.14-0.17 eye height. One

regular row of postorbitals; vte well developed, ocellar bristles not very strong, or 1+2, fr 6-9, strong,

parafrontals and parafacials covered by dense erect black setae. Vibrissal bristles strong, disposed at

mouth margin. Gena and metacepahlon with numerous black hairs (Fig. 94).

Thorax black, silvery grey dusted, mesonotum with broad black, medial, elongate stripe; scutellum

lustrous black, with a pair of silvery dusted spots between apical and lateral marginal bristles. Legs

black, wings hyaline, basicosta bright brown to yellow, epaulet black to brown; ia 0+2, only hind pair

long and strong, npl 2, notopleural surface with several (6-10) erect setae; fore tarsus with elongate

apical av and pv setae on 1st-4th tarsomeres; fore tibia with one long pv; mid tibia with one ad; m-cu

slightly curved, ratio hetween 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 1.2-1.4. Abdominal tergites I+II without

strong mediomarsginal bristles, tergite III sometimes with pair of short bristles, tergites IV and V with

erect marginal bristles. Genitalia small. Abdomen silvery grey dusted, lateral parts of tergites reddish

to yellowish, translucent. Tergites I+II dorsally lustrous black, tergites III-V with lustrous black spots

broader anteriorly than posteriorly.

2. Frons broader than in d, at vertex 0.44-0.48 and at antennal base 0.46-0.52 head width. Frontal

vitta broader, black, slightly grey dusted. Mesonotum pale grey, without black spots. Basicosta and

epaulet yellow. Tergites III-V with 3 black spots, medial spot longitudinal, lateral spots rounded.

Body length 4-8.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in central and southern Europe, Transcaucasia, southern Siberia,

central Asia, Mongolia and Northern China. Flies frequent sandy habitats. Larvae were bred from a

head of dead dzeiran antelope (Gazella subgutturosa) (Rohdendorf & Verves 1980), but this is obviously

only one of possible trophic strategies.

Subtribe Phrosinellina Verves, 1989

Japan J. Med. Sci. & Biol. 42: 119.

This tribe comprises two genera, viz. the Nearctic Gymnoprosopa Towns. and the Holarctic Phrosinella

Rob.-Desv. with the subgenera Phrosinella s. str., Asiometopia Rohd., Caspiomyia Rohd., and Euhilarella

Towns. with some 30 species. The following are the most important apomorphic characters of this

subtribe: arista inflated proximally at about 0.6-0.8 of its length; frontale very broad; 3rd antennal

segment elongate, precutellar ac reduced, abdominal spots partly fused.

Species are psammophilic and larvae are inquilines in nests of Sphecoidea.

Genus Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Hist. Nat. 2: 82.

Type species: Tachina nasuta Meigen, 1824.

Small or medium-sized (3-10 mm) flies with bright coloration. Frons very broad (0.45-0.55 head width),

frontal vitta broad, gena narrow or 1+2, strong, ocellar bristles strong, vibrissal bristles strong, situated

107

Fig. 95. Phrosinella nasuta (after Venturi 1974).

at mouth margin. Proboscis short. dc 2+3, ac 0+1, spl 1+1; propleuron bare, costal spine present,

elongate. Claws in d short, fore tarsus in dd of several species with specialized setae. Abdomen with

chequered pattern of black spots and bands. Genitalia small. More than 20 species occur in sandy areas

of Europe, northern Asia and America (subgenus Euhilarella).

References for Phrosinella s. str.: Rohdendorf 1971, Ent. Obozr. 50: 446-453; Rohdendorf 1971, Fliegen

palaearkt. Reg. (64 h), Lf. 11, 285: 132-140.

Phrosinella (Phrosinella) nasuta (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 374 (Tachina).

Description

d. Frons at vertex 0.48-0.52 and at antennal base 0.44-0.48 head width. Head grey dusted, yellowish

at vertex; frontal vitta blackish, at fore or 1.6-2 times as wide as one parafrontal and 1.3-1.5 times wider

posteriorly. Antenna black, palpi yellow to pale brown, 3rd antennomere 3.5-4.5 times longer than 2nd,

arista inflated in basal 0.6-0.7, moderately shorter than 3rd antennomere. Parafacial at antennal base

0.2-0.33 and gena 0.12-0.15 eye height. Two regular rows of postorbitals, vte well developed, 9-12 pairs

of fr, parafrontals and parafacials covered with short black setae. Fore part of gena with black bristles,

hind part of gena and lower part of metacephalon with numerous erect yellowish white hairs. Pleura

light grey dusted, mesonotum yellowish grey pollinose, longitudinal black stripes of mesonotum

indistinct. Legs black, grey dusted. Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet pale brown to yellowish. ac

0+0-1, ia 0+2-3, h 2, ph 1, npl 2 long and 3-7 short, scutellum with 3 pairs of marginal and 1-2 pairs of

discal bristles. Fore tarsus without long setae, t, with one av. r, bare r,,; with setae from base up to r-

m. Ratio between 3rd and 5th sections of costa equals 1:1.2-1.6, m-cu strongly curved.

Abdomen conical, all tergites with strong mediomarginals, genitalia small. Abdomen silvery

dusted. Tergites I+II lustrous black, tergites III-V lustrous black each with a silver dusted band in its

0.3-0.4. Genitalia lustrous black (Fig. 95).

108

Fig. 96. Sphenometopa fastuosa. Male head profile.

d. Differs from d by broader frontalia (0.48-0.56 head width), shorter 3rd antennomere (2.5-3.5

times longer than 2nd segment). Abdominal tergites I+1I silvery dusted at base.

Body length 3.5-6.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Central and South Europe, Transcaucasia, southern Siberia,

Mongolia and North Africa (Libya, Algeria). Flies are psammophilic, larvae develop in nests of

Sphecoidea: Nitela spinolae Latr., Oxybelus quadrinotatus Say (Seguy 1941a).

Subtribe Sphenometopiina Verves, 1989

Japan J. Med. Sci. & Biol. 42: 119-120.

This subtribe comprises a single genus — Sphenometopa Towns. (Saharaba Rohd. is considered to be a

subgenus of Sphenometopa). Sphenometopa comprises about 50 species distributed in the Holarctic

region, the majority being known from southern parts of the Palaearctic. The following apomorphies

characterize this subtribe: a row of long vibrissal bristles and a special kind of sexual dimorphism:

Frons in d usually silvery or goldish dusted, wings often pointed, fore tarsus mostly with long setae,

d abdomen partly lustrous black, but ? abdominal tergites each with three dorsal black spots. The flies

are found on stony banks of mountain streams. Larval habits were unknown until a nearctic species

was reared from a nest of the sphecoid wasp Podalonia occidentalis Murray (Evans 1987).

Genus Sphenometopa Townsend, 1902

Smiths. misc. Collns. 51: 64.

Type species: Araba nebulosa Coquillett, 1908.

Eumetopiella Verves, 1986. Catal. palaearkt. Dipt. 12: 89 (error: not Eumetopiella Hendel, 1907).

Medium-sized to small (3-8 mm) brightly coloured flies. Frons and facial very broad, frontal vitta

broad, distinctly widened towards vertex, parafacial broad, haired, with row of long vibrissal bristles.

3rd antennomere elongate, arista inflated in basal 0.6-0.8; or and fr strong, parafrontal with several or

with numerous erect black hairs in addition to usual bristles. Eyes bare, lower head margin shortened,

proboscis short. de 2+3, strong, as 0-2+0-3, spl 1+1, propleura bare. Scutellum with three pairs of

marginals. t, with 1-3 ad. R,open or closed, r, bare, m-cu curved or straight, costal spine short or absent.

Abdominal bands and spots rather different in the individual species.

References: Rohdendorf 1967, Ent. Obozr. 46: 450-567; Rohdendorf 1971, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11

(64 h), Lf. 285: 125-176; Rohdendorf 1975, ibid. Lf. 311: 177-185; Pape 1991: Nouv. Rev. Ent. 7: 435-442.

109

Fig. 97. Sphenometopa fastuosa (after Venturi 1947).

Subgenus Euaraba Townsend, 1915

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28: 20.

Type species: Araba tergata Coquillett, 1895.

Wing with m-cu curved, t, with one ad, ac 0+0-2, 1st tarsomere of fore tarsus in d not inflated, body

silvery or grey dusted, head bright. More than 25 species are distributed in the Holarctic an Palaeotrop-

ical regions.

Sphenometopa (Euaraba) fastuosa (Meigen, 1824)

Syst. Beschr. 4: 370 (Tachina).

Description

d. Frons 0.34-0.43 head width. Frontal and facial silvery dusted, lunula and gena yellowish grey

pollinose. Frontal vitta 1.8-2.5 times broader posteriorly. Antenna and palpus black, 3rd antennomere

3.5-5.5 times as long as 2nd. Parafacial (Fig. 97) at level of antennal base 0.24-0.31 and gena 0.16-0.18

eye height. 2-3 regular rows of postorbitals, ocellars fine, or 0+2-3, strong; fr 9-13. Parafrontals and

parafacials with short black setae. Gena and metacephalon with numerous black hairs.

Thorax lustrous black, pleurae with fine grey pruinescence, legs black. Basicosta yellow to brown,

epaulet brown to black. Wings hyaline with pattern. A brown spot situated in apical part of cell SC, it

crosses cell R, and terminates in fore part of cell R,,;; a small yellow spot is situated near angle of

medial vein. ac 0+0-1, ia 0+1-2; scutellum with numerous erect hairs on upper surface, discals absent.

Fore tarsus without elongate hairs or bristles. Costal spine absent. Ratio between length of 3rd and 5th

costal sections 1: 2-2.5.

110

Abdominal tergites I+II without marginal bristles, tergites III and IV with pair of erect mediomar-

ginal bristles, tergite V with row of mediomarginals. Genitalia medium-sized. Tergites I+lI and III

lustrous black, tergite III with small grey spot in fore part. Tergites IV and V partly grey dusted. Tergite

IV with 3 black spots in hind (0.3-0.4) part, occasionally these spots are reduced. Tergite V with

lustrous black band in posterior 0.4-0.6. Genitalia lustrous black.

?. Frontal vitta 1.3-1.5 widening backwards and yellowish dusted. 3rd antennomere 3-3.5 longer

than 2nd, oc 1+2. 2nd-4th fore tarsus tarsomeres inflated. Thorax pale grey dusted, mesonotal

longitudinal stripes very delicate. Wings without pattern. Abdomen yellowish grey dusted, black

spotted. Spots on tergites I+ I indistinct, tergites III and IV each with 3 black spots in caudal 0.5-0.6.

Tergite V with lustrous black band in caudal 0.5-0.7 (Fig. 97).

Body length 4-7 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in mountains of central and southern Europe, Caucasus, central Asia

(Kopet Dagh), Yemen, Egypt, Kenya and India.

Subfamily Paramacronychiinae

Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 76.

Agriinae Rohdendorf, 1937, Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 46.

Grey or brightly coloured flies of varied size (3-22 mm). Sexual dimorphism developed in various

degrees. Head proportions rather different. Hind coxa bare, claws in both sexes elongate (in European

species). Middle tibia with 2-3 strong ad. Tergite VI of d genital segment reduced, occasionally present

(Eurychaeta). Tergosternites VII+VIII with row or bunch of discal bristles. Abdominal tergites VI-VIII

of ? partly reduced or separated along mid-line, intersegmental membrane narrow. First instar larva

with great maxillae, clypeal arch absent or poorly developed.

This subfamily comprises 5 tribes with 24 genera including more than 100 species, most occur in

the Palaearctic region, others in North and Central America; individual species occur in the Afrotrop-

ical and Oriental regions, Hawaii and in Micronesia. Larvae are thoroughly necrophagous, some

species are true predators or parasitoids of various invertebrates (snails, insects) and vertebrates

(amphibians, reptiles, mammals).

References: Kurahashi 1975: Kontyu 43: 202-213; Verves 1980: Zool. J. 59: 1476-1482; Verves 1982:

Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h), Lf. 327: 235-296; Verves 1985: ibid. Lf. 330: 297-348; Verves 1990: Vest.

Zool. 4: 24-31; Verves & Kulikova 1986: Zool. J. 65: 1324-1331; Fan 1992 (Ed.): Key to the common flies

of China: 611-622.

Key to the tribes, subtribes and genera of Paramacronychiinae

1. Propleuron hairy, frons in both sexes about 0.3 width of head.R; open, abdomen with chequered

pattern, hind margin of abdominal tergites lustrous black. Tergite VI in 2 bilobate. Tergite Vl in

present, belt-like, basiphallus and distiphallus fused but mobile, distiphallus divided into basal

and apical parts. Palpi yellow ...........u......... (tribe Helicoboscini Verves, genus Eurychaeta V. B.)

zriepleurenbarer. Ye se (tribe Paramacronychiini B. B.) 2.

2. Frons in both sexes wider than eye, parafacials bare or with fine setae, but without stronger bristles.

Surstyli in d widened apically, epiphallus reduced. Abdomen with black spots or bands .............

EN EEE NR (subtribe Wohlfahrtiina Rohd.) 3.

3. Parafacials hairy. Frons in d with 2 pairs of proclinate or. Palpi black ....................... Sarcophila Rd.

- Lower part of parafacials bare. Frons in d without proclinate or, less often with one pair of fine

Brtstles alpiiklacksorbrowe re ERDE Wohlfahrtia B. B.

all

4. Abdomen black and almost without pollinosity. Basiphallus and distiphallus fused but mobile,

ventral arms petiolate, paraphallus membranous, elongate. Tergite VI in ? narrow, both pairs of

stiemataı sıtuated/ nshembranen wenn nee (subtribe Nyctiina End.) Nyctia R.-D.

- Abdomen partly with slight, dense pollinosity. Aedeagus complete ..........unusessesnsnensesesenenennnenenenenen <;

5. Gena at least 0.5 of eye height. 3rd antennomere 1-1.4 x times length of 2nd. Arista bare .............

MON SRIE NER, BRSENERE TURSER CARDETT OS SIRERSEOENN. (subtribe Paramacronychiina B. B.) genus Paramacronychia B. B.

- Gena at most 0.5 eye height. 3rd antennomere not less than 1.5 times length of 2nd ......................

wabnnennandnndtbshe denne snernrn6nseheesunne na dunshenHanÄhehnenenehenEnne TE nRE nee enRen ss este rer ee (subtribe Agriina End.) 6.

6. Arista bare or with short cilia, cilia distinctly shorter than diameter of arista. Hypophallus reduced

BARHEREERR OR A IREHEREREEEUNEERENEREERFEERNELE ER EENEL ee Brachicoma Rd.

-— Arista plumose, hairs distinctly longer than greatest diameter of arista ........ueessensnensnsnsnennnnnnnnnnenn 7

7. Palpus black, :costal spine not differenhiated! ee. 22.4. -22.002202nanskauandeneanseernerenee nee ee Agria R.-D.

— . Palpus.yellow,..costal spine well’developed m .....2...2. een ncnsnentessonsnechagesnesege Angiometopa B. B.

Tribe Helicoboscini Verves, 1980

Frons in both sexes equals about 0.3 head width. Frons and oral margin protruding; parafacial with

long bristles. Propleuron hairy. Body bristles very straight. d abdominal tergite VI present. Epiphallus

well developed. Basiphallus and distiphallus fused but mobile, distiphallus divided into basal and

apical part. Abdominal tergite VI bilobate in ?. One palaearctic species, parasitic on snails, and one

monobasic genus in Himalaya.

References: Verves 1982, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h), Lf. 327: 258-262; Rognes 1986, Ent. scand.

17: 75-92.

Genus Eurychaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 58: 267.

Type species: Theria palpalis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.

Theria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 [nom. preocc., a junior homonym of Theria Hübner, 1816 (Lepidoptera)]. Essai

Myod. 337.

Helicobosca Bezzi, 1906. Z. syst. Hymenopt. Dipt. 6: 49 (new name for Theria R.-D.).

Dark grey flies, medium-sized or large (9-16 mm). Head dark grey silvery white dusted, frontal vitta

paralle-sided, 1.2-1.6 times wider than one parafrontal. 3rd antennomere 2-3 times longer than 2nd,

arista with long hairs, antenna black, palpus yellow. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.2-0.25 and

gena 0.22-0.32 eye height. One row of postorbital setae. Ocellar setae strong, fr 4-9, parafrontal with

numerous black hairs, gena and metacephalon with black setae. Thorax silvery grey dusted, mesono-

tum with 2 longitudinal dark stripes, legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet black. Thoracic

bristles very strong. ac 3-5+3-4; dc 3-4+4, h 3-6, ph 1-2, ia 1-3, spl 3+1; fin d without ctenidium, t, with

2-4 ad. R,open, r, bare, r,.; with some setae basally, m-cu sigmoid; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal

sections 1:0.6-0.9. Abdominal tergites I+II without marginals, tergite III with 1-3 pairs of mediomar-

ginals. Abdomen with chequered pattern, ultimate tergite border deep black lustrous, genitalia black.

Cercus hook-formed, surstyli elongate, epiphallus well developed. ? abdominal tergite VI and VII each

comprise 2 plates, tergite VIII membraneous, without setae. 3 species occur in the western part of the

Palaearctic region. Flies frequent humid forests and bushy habitats; larvae develop in dead or living

snails.

192.

, GE

SA —

ae Se

NS S

Be,

Nee

—

99 B>

07 /

DER

Fig. 98. Eurychaeta muscaria. Male head profile.

Fig. 99. Eurychaeta muscaria. Female head profile.

Fig. 100. Eurychaeta muscaria. Male genitalia, cercus and surstylus (left), gonites (right), aedeagus (center).

Key to species of Eurychaeta

1. Frons in d with 2 proclinate orbital bristles, pregonites pointed at apex. One parafacial bristle 2

times longer than others. Hind margin of tergite VIII in ? with medial cavity

- Frons in d without proclinate or, pregonite rounded at apex. 3-4 parafacial bristles 2 times longer

than others. Hind margin of tergite VIII in ? with one medial and two lateral cavities ............

ne ne ee ee Er ee nen ee ee E. palpalis (R.-D.)

Eurychaeta muscaria (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 17 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons 0.53-0.36 and at antennal base 0.39-0.42 head width. Arista inflated in basal 0.4-0.5. vte

indistinct. Only one parafacial bristle twice length of others (Fig. 98). Palpus terminally rather inflated.

or 1+2. Vibrissal ridge with a few setae above vibrissal bristles. Scutellum with crossing ap, strong

113

104

Fig. 101. Eurychaeta muscaria. Ovipositor, caudal view.

Fig. 102. Agria mamillata. Male abdomen, ventrolaterally.

Fig. 103. Eurychaeta palpalis. Male genitalia, laterally.

Fig. 104. Agria mamillata. Aedeagus and gonites, laterally.

Fig. 105. Agria mamillata. Cerci and surstyli, laterally.

subap, 1-2 pairs lateral and elongate basal bristles, and with 3-5 pairs of indistinct discal bristles.

Genitalia (Fig. 100) with pregonites pointed, cercus apically curved.

?. Abdominal tergite III with one pair of marginals; posterior margin of tergite VIII with medial

cavity, sternite VIII reduced, membranous and with 4 setae (Fig. 99).

Body length 9-13 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in central and southern Europe to Ukraine in the east, and in North

Africa.

Eurychaeta palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)

Essai Myod. 337 (Theria).

Helicobosca distinguenda Villeneuve, 1924. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 10: 35.

114

\NNISN

106

107

108

Fig. 106. Eurychaeta palpalis. Male head profile.

Fig. 107. Eurychaeta palpalis. Female head profile.

Fig. 108. Eurychaeta palpalis. Cercus and surstylus.

Description

d. Frons 0.23-0.30 and at level of antennal base 0.32-0.36 head width. 3-4 parafacial bristles 2 times

longer than others, palpus inflated apically, proclinate or absent (Fig. 106). Scutellum with ap crossed,

subap strong, 1-3 pairs of laterals and elongate basals, and with 3 pairs of fine discals. Genitalia (Figs

103, 108) with pregonite apex rounded and cerci straight.

9. or 1+2, frons 0.35-0.40 head width (Fig. 107). Abdominal tergite III with one pair of mediomar-

ginals. Posterior margin of abdominal tergite VIII with 5 cavities, sternite VIII reduced.

Body length 7.5-13.0 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe and south western Siberia.

Tribe Paramacronychiini B. B.

Aedeagus consits of elongate paraphallus and ventrally disposed hypophallus (sometimes reduced).

Body variation is considerable. The tribe comprises 7 subtribes, 18 genera and about 80 species.

Subtribe Agriina Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. phylog. Ent. 1 (1): 53.

d. Frons narrower than eye height, proclinate or in d absent. Gena 0.2-0.5 of eye height. Propleuron

bare. R, open. Body with slight pruinescence. Epiphallus more or less, or entirely reduced. Parafacial

with bristles or with strong hairs. 6 holarctic genera including more than 20 species. Adult flies prefer

forest stands and bush, larvae are predators or parasitoids, occasionally necrophagous.

Genus Agria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Essai Myod. 376.

Type species: Agria punctata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.

Pseudosarcophaga Kramer, 1908. Ent. Wbl. 25: 200.

Type species: Musca affinis Fallen, 1817.

Medium-sized, grey flies (5-9 mm). d frons narrow (0.06-0.13 head width), ? frons medium broad

(about 0.3 head width), with 2 proclinate orbital bristles. 3rd antennomere 2 times longer than 2nd,

arista haired. Parafacial narrow with vertical row of bristles, gena medium-height with black cilia

(Fig. 109). Palpus elongate, apically somewhat inflated. 1-2 rows of postorbitals, d vte indistinct, in ?

well developed, ocellar bristles strong. Propleuron bare. ac 2-4+1, dc 2-4+3, spl 2+1, scutellum with

3 pairs of marginal and 1 pair of discal bristles. Costal spine absent or indistinct, r, bare, r,,; with several

hairs basally, m-cu sigmoid. Abdominal tergites I+1I and III without mediomarginal bristles. Surstyli

in d elongate, hypophallus well developed. Tergite VI in ? complete, tergites VII and VIII partly

reduced, each consisting of a pair of haired lateral sclerites. Sternite VIII present, very small and

membranous. 3 species occur in the palaearctic forest belt, and one species in the Nearctic region. Flies

prefer humid forests and bush. Larvae are predators of lepidopterous prepupae, occasionally necro-

phagous.

References: Seguy 1941a, Encycl. ent. (A), Dipt. 21: 218-223; Venturi 1960, Frust. ent. 2, 7: 26-28; Verves

1982, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.) Lf. 327: 271-277; Draber-Monko 1989, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

84, 4: 175-182; Pape 1992: Ent. scand. 23: 307-312.

Key to species of Agria R.-D.

I RR SP RR ER ER EEE ee 2

m enedknsuenunsadensundsdunnnuentensnnnensunk ann nennen innansnnkhune enden are ee ee ee EN 4

2. Basicosta brownish red to black. Wing base and its margin grey to blackish. Cerci curved dorsally,

epiphallus' present .....:........:.02.a::as&.n000a2202&na0B0R00ands0sngu Han ndhagHnnAen Zesser nen knsn ine» Tuypensn genen A. monachae (Kr.)

- Basicosta yellow, wings not darkened. Cercus straight, epiphallus absent ................22u2eeenno 3.

3. Abdominal segments VII+VII and epandrium without paired knobs .................. A. punctata R.-D.

— Abdominal segments VII+VII and epandrium with paired knobs .................. A. mamillata (Pand.)

4. Basicosta brownish red. Base and anterior wing margin fuscous to blackish. Abdominal tergite VIII

bright red,.Big .-....0....n.u0e 20. en A re A. monachae (Kr.)

- Basicosta yellow, wings hyaline (not fuscous). Tergite VIII small, brown to dark brown ............ 5.

5. Abdominal tergite X (epiproct) divided into 2 lateral lobes (sclerites) each with 2-3 setae. Sperma-

theea elongate ........ceusonsenseaeenssesessneeenen ren sans ensure a ne ee A. mamillata (Pand.)

- Abdominal tergite X complete, with numerous setae. Spermatheca short, ovoid ..........ueeeeeee:

116

7, 7 ] Asstuuny_\N

SGN

SEI

DIN

> Ex

ty BERN!

z >77 NR

ZZE

Tom; (}

Fig. 109. Agria sp. Male head laterally and frontally (above), and female head laterally and frontally (bottom).

Agria mamillata (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 172 (Sarcophila).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.12-0.15 and at antennal base 0.31-0.4 head width. Parafrontal,

parafacial, lunula and fore part of gena silvery grey dusted, hind part of gena and metacephalon grey

pruinose. Frontal vitta black, 2-4 times wider frontally. Antenna and palpus black, apical part of 2nd

antennomere reddish. Arista inflated at basal 0.3-0.4. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.14-0.21, gena

0.2-0.27 eye height. 8-12 fr, ocellar bristles rather weak; h 2-4, ph 1-2, ia 0+1, 2-3, spl 141; t, with 2-3 ad.

Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.9-1.2. Thorax grey pollinose. Presutural part of mesono-

tum with 5 narrow black stripes three of which expand on postsutural part. Legs black, wings hyaline,

basicosta yellow.

117

Abdomen grey dusted, tergites I+1I almost black, tergites III-V each with medial longitudinal black

stripe and with pair of lateral black spots, otherwise with chequered pattern. Genitalia protruding,

black, grey pollinose. 2 pairs of knobs situated on segments VII+VIII and epandrium (Figs 102, 104,

105).

2. Frons 0.3-0.33 of head width, frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1.5-2.1 times broader than parafrontal,

vte present. Tergite X divided into 2 oval sclerites, each with 2-3 setae. Spermatheca elongate (Figs 110,

112).

Body length 6-9.5 mm.

Distribution: Transpalaearctic (Europe, Transcaucasia, central Asia, southern Siberia, Far East). Lar-

vae are predators of prepupae of Lepidoptera, notably Yponomeuta species: Yponomeuta cognatellus

Hbn. (Baer 1921; Karasejeva 1951 etc.), Y. evonymellus L. (Tiensuu 1939, Artamonov 1985 etc.),

Y. malinellus Z. (Bilanovsky 1938, Petrov 1981, Yunnikkala 1960 etc.), Y. orientalis Zag. (Artamonov,

1985), Y. padellus L. (Baer 1921, Junnikkala 1960 etc.), Y. rorellus Hbn. (Grigoryan 1987) and also the

lymantriid Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Stratan 1984).

Agria monachae (Kramer, 1908)

Ent. Wbl. 25: 201 (Pseudosarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.06-0.1 and at antennal base 0.21-0.25 head width. Parafrontal and

parafacial silvery white or yellowish grey dusted, lunula, gena and metacephalon black, slinghtly grey

pruinose. Frontal vitta black, at frons middle 4-7 times as broad as parafrontal, 2-3 times wider

frontally. Antenna and palpus black. Arista inflated at basal 0.3-0.4. Parafacial at antennal base 0.14-

0.19 and gena 0.17-0.2 eye height. Frontal bristles 12-16, postorbital bristles single row. h 3-4, ph 2-4,

spl 2+1. t,with 2-4 ad. Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.9. Thorax dark grey pollinose.

Mesonotum with 3 longitudinal stripes, presuturally two additional stripes present. Legs black.

Basicosta and epaulet ferrugineous to black. Base and anterior margin of wing fuscous or greyish to

blackish.

Abdomen dark grey dusted, with chequered pattern; tergites III-V each with medial stripe and

paired rounded lateral spots, mostly indistinct. Genitalia lustrous black. Cercus rounded dorsally (Fig.

113), epiphallus elongate, paraphallus directed ventrally, hypophalus dorsally (Fig. 114).

?. Frons 0.3-0.33 head width, frontal vitta black with parallel edges, 2-3 times wider than one

parafrontal, vte present, fr 7-9 pairs; abdominal tergite X complete, tergite VIII large with numerous

setae, bright red, clearly visible on background of the other black sclerites.

Body length 5-9.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in forests of Siberia and Far East, rare in Europe reaching Germany

and only penetrating individually to west.

Larvae are necrophagous but are known as predators of prepupae of Lepidoptera: Dendrolimus pini

L. (Ryvkin 1958, Yarmanshewich 1970), D. superans sibiricus Tshetv. (Yarmanshewich 1970, Artamonov

1985), Lymantrıa dispar L. (Artamonov 1985), L. monacha L. (Kramer 1908, Kolomyietz 1958, Artamonov

1985).

Agria punctata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Essai Myod. 377.

Musca affinis Fallen, 1817. Kgl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3: 237 (nom. preocc. by Turton 1800 and Lamarck 1816).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.1-0.15 and at antennal base 0.32-0.39 head width. Head coloration as

in A. mamillata. Frontal vitta in middle of frons 3-5 times wider than parafrontal and widening 2-3

times frontally. Parafacial at antennal base 0.12-0.18 and gena 0.19-0.24 eye height. Thorax and

118

Fig. 110. Agria mamillata. Tergites VII-IX and cercus (ovipositor), dorsally.

Fig. 111. Agria punctata. Tergites VII-IX and cerci (ovipositor), dorsally.

Fig. 112. Agria. Spermathecae, A. punctata (left), A. mammilata (right).

Fig. 113. Agria monachae. Male cercus and surstylus, laterally.

Fig. 114. Agria monachae. Aedeagus and gonites, laterally.

abdomen very similar to A. mammilata. Genitalia also similar as in A. mamillata, but paired knobs on

postabdomen absent.

2. Genitalia differ from those of A. mamillata by the complete Xth tergite with numerous setae (Fig.

111) and by short ovoid spermatheca (Fig. 112).

Body length 5-9 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe, Transcaucasia, Siberia and central (montane) Asia and

Mongolia. Larvae are predators on lepidopterous prepupa: Amphidasis betularia L. (St&panova, Girfano-

va etal. 1977), Anticlea derivata Den. & Schiff. (Lundbeck 1927), Aphelia sp. (Pape 1987b), Aporia crataegi

L. (Vasiliev 1902), Arctija caja L. (Verves 1982b), Autographa gamma L. (Pape 1987b), Biston hirtaria Ch.,

B. boreata Hb., B. pomonaria Hb. (Stepanova et al. 1977), Cacoecia murinana Hb. (Draber-Monko 1973),

Dendrolimus pini L. (Vasiliev 1913, Baer 1921, Cepeläk 1952, Shapiro 1956; Ryvkin 1958, Khitzova 1968,

Herting & Simmonds 1976, etc.), D. segregatus Butl. (Vasiliev 1913), D. sibiricus Tschetv. (Rohdendorf

& Verves 1979b), Diastictis artesiaria F., Erannis defoliaria Cl. (Stepanova et al. 1977), Euproctis chrysor-

rhoea L. (Girfanova 1957), Hyphantria cunea Fr. (Verves 1982), Larentia nigrofasciata F. (Seguy 1941a),

Leucoma salicis L. (Nielsen 1914, Baer 1921, Dyadechko 1959, Entin 1971 et al.), Lymantria dispar L. (Baer

1921, Girfanova 1957, Kolomyietz 1958, Kolybin et al. 1971), L. monacha L. (Baer 1921, Kolomyietz 1958,

Nakonechnyi 1973b), Malacosoma neustria L. (Tudor & Marcu 1971), Operophtera brumata L., ©. chenopo-

diata L., Phigalia pedaria F. (Stepanova et al. 1977), Vanessa io L. (Verves 1982b). They also attack sawfly

pupae: Diprion pini L., Empria abdominalis F. (Baer 1921).

119

Genus Angiometopa Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 125.

Type species: Musca ruralis Fallen, 1817.

Medium sized to big (7-11 mm) grey flies. d frons narrow, ? frons mederately broad, 2 pairs of

proclinate or. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times as long as 2nd, arista haired. Parafacial bristled, gena

comparatively high (0.3-0.4 eye height). dc 2-3+3, spl 2+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of

marginals and 1-2 pairs of short discals. R,open, r, bare, r,,; with several setae at base, costal spine well

developed. Mesonotum with 3 longitudinal black spots, legs black, wings hyaline. Abdominal tergites

each with 3 distinct black spots. d genitalia with narrow hooklet-formed cerci, surstyli narrow and

elongate, epiphallus very small, ventral arms of distiphallus very big, epiphallus well developed.

? with VIth abdominal tergite complete, tergites VII and VIII small, membranous, each consisting of

paired sclerites.

The genus comprises 5 palaearctic and one neotropical species. Flies frequent mesophytic vegeta-

tion in forest clearings. Larvae live in wounds of mammals or are predators of lepidopterous larvae.

References: Kurahashi 1975: Kontyu 43 (2): 207-209; Verves 1982: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h), Lf.

327: 277-284; Pape 1982: Ent. scand. 23: 312-315.

Angiometopa falleni Pape, 1986

Ent. scand. 17: 306 (new name for Musca ruralis Fall.).

Musca ruralis Fallen, 1817. K. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. (3) (1816): 236 (nom. preocc. by Gravenhorst 1807).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.24 and at antennal base 0.35-0.45 head width (Fig. 122). Parafrontal

and parafacial light grey dusted, occasionally yellowish; lunula, gena and metacephalon grey pollinose.

Frontal vitta black with sparse grey pollinosity, frons middle 2-4 times broader than parafrontal, 1.3-

2.0 wider frontally. 1st and 2nd antennomere reddish or brownish, 3rd antennomere black, occasionally

reddish basally, arista inflated in basal 0.25-0.35. Palpus yellow to reddish. Frontal bristles 9-12 pairs.

One row of postorbital setae, vte absent, oc not very strong, parafrontal sparsely haired, parafacial with

some bristles in two poorly defined vertical rows. ac 2+1, dc 3-4+5, h 3-4, ph 2-3, ia 0-1+2-3. Mid femora

with ctenidium consisting of one row of short and thick spine-like bristles. Ratio between 3rd and 5th

costal sections 1:0.9-1.1, m-cu sigmoid. Basicosta yellow, squama white or yellowish. Abdominal

tergites I+1I without mediomarginals, such bristles present but usually indistinct on tergite III. Genitalia

grey pollinose; abdomen densely grey dusted and with three black spots on each tergite. Central spot

on tergite V poorly developed or absent. Genitalia medium-sized (Figs 116, 117, 118).

?. Frons 0.33-0.40 and at antennal base 0.4-0.44 head width. or 1+2. Frontal vitta parallel-sided,

about 1.5-2 times broader than parafrontal. Tergite VII complete and haired, tergite VIII consisting of

2 small lateral sclerites, each with 2-3 setae. Genitalia reddish.

Body length 6-11 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe, Transcaucasia, southern Siberia, mountains of central

Asia and Mongolia. Larvae develop in pupae of Lymantria monacha (Komärek 1938) and in wounds of

horse and man (Seguy 1941la, van Emden 1954).

Genus Brachicoma Rondani, 1856

Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 1: 69.

Type species: Tachina nitidula Rondani, 1856 (misidentification, not Meigen 1824) (syn. of Tachina devia Fallen,

1820).

Medium-sized to big greyish or blackish flies. d frons narrower than eye width and without proclinate

orbital bristles; ? frons broader than eye and with 2 pairs of proclinate or. 3rd antennomere twice

length of 2nd, arista bare or micropubescent, inflated in basal 0.3-0.5. Frons and oral margin protrud-

120

Fig. 115. Brachicoma devia. Cercus and coxite.

Fig. 116. Angiometopa falleni. Cercus and surstylus, laterally.

Fig. 117. Angiometopa falleni. Aedeagus, laterally.

Fig. 118. Angiometopa falleni, gonites.

Fig. 119. Brachicoma devia. Aedeagus and gonites, laterally.

Fig. 120. Brachicoma devia. Male genitalia complex, laterally.

Fig. 121. Brachicoma devia. Male head laterally.

Fig. 122. Angiometopa falleni. Male head frontally.

ing. Parafrontal and parafacial haired or with bristles. Gena high, 0.3-0.5 higher than eye, haired.

Palpus brown to black. dc 2-4+3, spl 1-3+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3 pairs of marginals and

1-2 pairs of discals. Mid femur in d with a ctenidium, apically consisting of a row of short pv. t, with

2-4 ad. Costal spine elongate, R, open, occasionally closed, r, bare, r,.; with some basal setae. Thorax

121

greyish or bluish grey, sparsely pollinose, mesonotum with 3 longitudinal black stripes. Legs black,

wings hyaline. Abdominal tergites silvery or grey pollinose with chequered pattern, tergite margins

lustrous black posteriorly. Cercus in d hooklet-formed, surstyli elongate but broad, epiphallus and

hypophallus reduced, paraphallus elongate, well sclerotized. ? with tergite VI complete or bilobate

(Brachicoma asiatica Rohd. & Verv.), tergites VII and VIII small, membraneous, each consisting of a pair

of lateral sclerites.

The genus comprises 8 holarctic taxa. Flies frequent forest habitats, larvae are predators of larvae

and pupae of bumblebees and social wasps.

References: Rohdendorf & Verves 1979: Ent. Obozr. 58: 197-198; Verves 1982: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg.

11 (64 h), Lf. 327: 286-293.

Brachicoma devia (Fallen, 1820)

Monogr. Musc. Svec. 6 (Tachina).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.24-0.27 and at antennal base 0.35-0.42 head width. Parafrontal,

parafacial and lunula silvery grey pollinose, gena and metacephalon grey dusted, frontal vitta black

with grey lustre in anterior view, at frons middle 2 times broader than parafrontal, parallel-sided.

Parafacial at antennal base 0.3-0.36 and gena 0.38-0.43 eye height. Antenna black, palpus dark brown

to black. One row of postorbitals, vte absent or very small (Fig. 121), fr 8-13, parafrontal more or less

densely haired, parafacial with a row of bristles along interior margin and with hairs in upper part,

facial ridge with setae ventrally. Gena and metacephalon with numerous black hairs. ac 0+1, ia 0+2-3,

ph 1-2, npl 2, spl 2+1, or 1+1+1. Legs black. Basicosta yellow, epaulet yellowish brown to brown. 3rd

and 5th costal sections equal length. Abdomen black, silvery dusted on anterior 0.5-0.7 of tergites

I+II-V, hind margins of these tergites lustrous black. Tergite III with 2-4 mediomarginal bristles.

Genitalia lustrous black, protruding (Figs 119, 120).

2. Frons 0.31-0.38 of head width with 2 strong proclinate or bristles. Frontal vitta 1.1-1.3 times

broader than parafacial, 2nd antennomere with reddish apex. Ctenidium on mid femora absent. VIth

abdominal tergite complete.

Body length 6-12 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the Palaearctic region. Flies frequent mesophytic and

hydrophytic forest formations, clearings and meadows, and often feed at flowers of Asteraceae,

Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae etc. and also on flesh. Larvae are predators of preimaginal instars of

bumblebees Bombus agrorum F., B. hypnorum L., B. hortorum L., B. lapidarius F., B. pratorum L.,

B. ruderatus F., B. silvarum L., B. soroensis F., B. terrestris L.; and in Vespidae: Vespula silvestris Scop. (Baer

1921, Lundbeck 1927, Seguy 1941a, Hasselrot 1960, Pouvreau 1973, Verves 1982b, Pape 1987b, Alford

1975:.ete.).

Subtribe Nyctiina Enderlein, 1928

Small to medium-sized blackish flies nearly without pollinosity. d with frons narrow and without

proclinate or. ? frons broader, with two pairs of proclinate orbital bristles. Parafacial narrow, with a

row of bristles, gena of medium height. dc 2-3+3. Propleuron bare. t, with 2-4 ad. Basiphallus and

distiphallus fused but mobile, ventral arms petiolate, spinose; paraphallus membranous, elongate.

? with abdominal tergite VI narrow, tergites VI and VII each with pair of stigmata situated in

membrane near tergite. One palaearctic genus.

122

Fig. 123. Nyctia halterata. Male wing.

Fig. 124. Nyctia halterata. Cercus and surstylus, latarally.

Fig. 125. Nyctia halterata. Aedeagus and gonites, laterally.

Genus Nyctia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Essai Myod. 262.

Type species: Nyctia carceli Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (recte Musca halterata Panzer, 1798).

3rd antennomere 1-1.3 times longer than 2nd, arista with long setae. d middle femora with ctenidium;

wings fuscous, R;open, closed or petiolate. Body bristles very strong. Abdominal tergite III with pair

of strong mediomarginal bristles. One species.

References: Seguy 1941: Encycl. ent. (A) Dipt. 21: 358-359; Verves 1982: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11

(64 h.) Lf. 327: 233-265; Pape 1987: Fauna ent. scand. 19: 95-96.

Nyctia halterata (Panzer, 1798)

Fauna ins. germ. 54: 13 (Musca).

Musca maura Fabricius, 1805: Syst. antl. 302:

Dexia caminaria Meigen, 1826. Syst. Beschr. 5: 40.

Nyctia carceli Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. Essai Myod. 263.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.08-0.15 and at antennal base 0.28-0.35 head width. Head black, lower

part of parafrontal and parafacial sparsely grey or silvery pollinose. Frontal vitta 2-3 times broader

frontally. Antenna and palpus black. Parafacial at antennal base 0.9-0.14 and gena 0.18-0.25 eye height.

One row of postorbital bristles, vte well developed, ocellar bristles fine, fr 6-12, strong. Gena and

metacephalon densely setose.

Thorax and legs black. ac 0-2+1, ia 0+2-3, h 3-5, ph 1-2, npl 2, spl i1+1. Scutellum with strong ap and

bas, lateral and subapical bristles absent or very delicate, 2-3 pairs of discal setae. Wing distinctly

infuscate costally and along veins (Fig. 123). Costal spine very long and strong. Ratio between 3rd and

5th costal sections 1: 1.3-2. r, bare, first section of r,,,entirely haired. m-cu straight or curved. Basicosta

and epaulet black (in European specimens).

Abdominal tergites IV and V with row of marginal bristles; genitalia medium-sized (Figs 124, 125).

Abdomen lustrous black.

?. Frons 0.27-0.33 head width, vitta frontalis parallel-sided and as broad as parafrontal which is

covered with short black setae. Wings hyaline or fuscous. Abdominal tergites VII and VIII consist of

small membraneous lateral sclerites.

Body length 4-9 mm.

The species shows some variation in wing colouration and form. Especially some mediterranean

populations show more pollinosity, yellow basicosta (typically black) and have petiolate cell R; (see

also Pape 1987b).

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe including the British Isles, and ranging to Canary Islands,

North Africa, Israel, Arabia, Iran and Transcaucasia. Flies frequent humid forests and bushes and

hygrophytic meadows, feeding at flowers. Larvae develop in snails of Helicella (Xeropicta) krynikii (pers.

comm. Mr. Nasrollahi, Iran).

Subtribe Paramacronychiina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889

Eyes small; parafacial and gena very broad - gena at least 0.5 eye height. Pollinosity well developed.

d frons narrow, without proclinate orbitals, ? frons broader, with 2-3 pairs of proclinate or. 3rd

antennomere 0.8-1.5 times length of 2nd arista bare or micropubescent. Vibrissal angles raised over

oral margin; lunula narrowed ventrally. Propleuron bare. R,; open, occasionally closed or petiolate.

Epiphallus present, hypophallus very big, apical plate present, membranous. Abdomen with cheq-

uered pattern. 2 palaearctic genera.

Genus Paramacronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 116.

Type species: Macronychia flavipalpis Girschner, 1881.

Big or medium-sized (7-12 mm) flies. Body blackish, densely grey dusted. Frons and lower facial

margin moderately protruding. Parafacial with dense hairs, vibrissal bristles very strong. Palpus

brown to yellow. ac 0+1, dc 3-5+3, spl 2-3+1, propleuron bare. Scutellum with 3-4 pairs of marginals

and one pair of discals. t, with 2-4 ad, middle femur in d with a ctenidium consisting of numerous

spine formed pv. Wings hyaline, r, bare, r,.; with several hairs in basal 0.2-0.4 of its first section. Ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.9-1.2. Basicosta yellow, epaulet yellowish brown to brown.

Abdominal tergites with marginal bristles, except tergites I+II often missing marginals. Ventral arms

of paraphallus elongate, well sclerotized. ? with entire tergite VI and with tergites VII and VII

bilobate. One palaearctic species.

References: Seguy 1941: Encycl. ent. (A) Dipt. 21: 327-328; Venturi 1960: Frust. ent. 2 (7): 111; Verves

1982: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.) Lf. 527: 266-269; Pape 1987: Fauna ent. scand. 19: 96-98.

124

Fig. 126. Paramacronychia flavipalpis. Male terminalia, laterally.

Fig. 127. Paramacronychia flavipalpis. Aedeagus, lateral view.

Fig. 128. Paramacronychia flavipalpis. Male head, frontally.

Paramacronychia flavipalpis (Girschner, 1881)

Ent. Nachr. 7: 279 (Macronychia).

Paramacronychia hackmani Verves, 1979. Ann. ent. fenn. 45: 31.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.12-0.20 and at antennal base 0.38-0.54 head width (Fig. 128). Parafa-

cial, parafrontal, lunula and gena yellowish grey to silvery grey dusted, mediana reddish brown,

without pollinosity. Frontal vitta black, frons middle 1.2-3 times wider than parafrontal, and narrow-

ing 2-3 times frontally. 3rd antennomere 1-1.5 times longer than 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.2-0.3.

Antenna black, 2nd antennomere reddish apically. Parafacial at antennal base 0.32-0.36, gena 0.47-0.62

of eye height. One row of regular postorbital bristles, vte indistinct, ocellar bristles comparatively

strong, fr 8-20, medium length. Parafacials with numerous black setae, gena and metacephalon

covered with dense black hairs.

Thorax black, grey dusted, mesonotum yellowish grey pollinose, with 3 longitudinal black stripes,

legs black, wings hyaline, slightly infuscated along veins and costal margin. ia 0+1-3, h 3-6, ph 1-2, npl

2. R,open, occasionally closed at wing margin.

Abdomen black, with grey to yellowish grey chequered pattern, hind margin of tergites lustrous

black and with medial longitudinal black stripe, genitalia protruding, black (Figs 126, 127).

2. Frons 0.36-0.45 of head width, with 2 pairs of strong proclinate or, frontal vitta parallel-sided,

1.2-2 times broader than one parafrontal. Abdominal tergites I+II without marginal setae.

Body length 7-12 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in mountains of Europe and northern Asia. Ecology unknown.

Fig. 129. Blaesoxipha cochlearis. Male genitalia: cercus and coxite laterally and dorsally (above), and aedeagus

(with gonites) laterally and dorsally (bottom).

Fig. 130. Blaesoxipha cochiearis. Ovipositor: Dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right).

Fig. 131. Blaesoxipha grylloctona. Male genitalia profile.

Fig. 132. Blaesoxipha occatrix. Male genitalia profile.

Fig. 133. Blaesoxipha plumicornis. Male genitalia profile.

Fig. 134. Blaesoxipha pygmaea. Male genitalia, profile.

Fig. 135. Blaesoxpha redempta. Male genitalia profile.

Fig. 136. Blaesoxipha grylloctona. Ovipositor, laterally.

Fig. 137. Blaesoxipha redempta. Ovipositor, dorsally.

Fig. 138. Blaesoxipha redempta. Ovipositor, laterally.

Fig. 139. Servaisia erythrura. Ovipositor, ventrally.

Fig. 140. Servaisia rossica. Ovipositor, ventrally.

Fig. 141. Blaesoxipha pygmaea. Ovipositor, dorsally.

Fig. 142. Blaesoxipha pygmaea. Ovipositor, laterally.

Fig. 143. Blaesoxipha plumicornis. Ovipositor, ventrally.

Fig. 144. Blaexoxipha occatrix. Ovipositor, laterally.

Subtribe Wohlfahrtiina Rohdendorf, 1928

Uzbek. Expl. Sta. Plant Prot. 14: 12.

Flies of different size, brightly coloured, partly whitish cinereous with dark or blackish abdominal

spots and stripes. Frons in both sexes broader than eye, with proclinate or. Parafacials bare or with

small setae, without strong bristles. Arista bare, rarely micropubescent or haired. Vibrissae well

developed, facial ridge only at 0.2-0.3 basally setose. Frons and oral margin protruding. t, with 2-4 ad.

Surstylus apically inflated, epiphallus weak. 5 genera containing 35 species occur in the Palaearctic

region; some species of Wohlfahrtia also occur in the Nearctic and the Afrotropical and Oriental regions.

Larvae are essentially necrophagous, but several species show a trend to primary myiasis of animals

and man.

Genus Sarcophila Rondani, 1856

Dipt. Ital. Prodr. 1: 86.

Type species: Musca latifrons Fallen, 1817.

Agria Macquart, 1835 (misidentification, not Robineau-Desvoidy 1830).

Grey or olive grey small flies (3.5-8 mm). Frontal vitta broader than one parafrontal. Parafacial and

gena medium width, haired. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.5 times longer than 2nd, arista ciliate. Palpus

black. Thoracic stripes poorly developed, legs black, wings hyaline, sometimes slight fuscous basally

127

Fig.

128

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

Tephromyia grisea. Male genitalia, laterally.

Tephromyia grisea. Ovipositor, ventrally.

Servaisia rossica. Male genitalia, laterally.

Blaesoxipha ungulata. Male genitalia, laterally.

Ravinia pernix. Male genitalia, laterally.

Servaisia erythrura. Male genitalia, laterally.

Blaesoxipha ungulata. Ovipositor laterally (right), dorsally (above) and ventrally (bottom).

Ravinia pernix. Cerci and coxite, dorsally.

Fig. 153. Discachaeta amita. Male genitalia, laterally; cercus and coxite (left), basiphallus and distiphallus (right).

Fig. 154. Discachaeta cucullans. Distiphallus ventrally.

near costa; ac 1-2+1, dc 2-3+3, spl 1+1, scutellum with 3 pairs of long marginal bristles. Costal spine

present, r, bare, r,,; with several hairs basally, R, open, t, with 2-3 ad, middle femora in d without

ctenidium. Abdominal tergites I+II without marginal bristles, tergite III with or without such bristles.

Abdomen more or less distinct black spotted. d genitalia protruding. Pregonite broad, postgonite

narrow, hypophallus hooklet-formed, ventral arms big, protruding ventrally. ? with abdominal tergite

VI complete and with tergites VII and VIII bilobate. 6 palaearctic species. Larvae are necrophagous,

predacious, or facultative parasitoids of invertebrates.

References: Verves 1982: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h), Lf. 327: 295-296; 1985: dtto, Lf. 330: 297-303;

Pape 1987: Fauna ent. scand. 19: 87-90.

Sarcophila latifrons (Fallen, 1817)

K. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. (3) (1816): 238 (Musca).

Description

d. Frons 0.4-0.48 of head width. Head grey dusted, frontal vitta black in anterior part, broad,

parallel-sided, at frons middle 2-2.6 times broader than one parafrontal. 3rd antennomere 1.6-2 times

longer than 2nd. Antenna black, apical part of 2nd antennomere reddish. Parafacial at level of antennal

base 0.2-0.25 and gena 0.22-0.31 eye heigth. 1-2 regular rows of postorbital bristles; vte well developed,

ocellar bristles strong; parafacial with 2-3 irregular vertical rows of setae; gena and metacephalon with

numerous black hairs.

Thorax grey or yellowish grey dusted, legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta yellow, epaulet

yellowish brown to brown. ia 0+3, h 3-4, ph 1, npl 2, m-cu sigmoid. Abdomen grey or olive-grey, each

tergite with elongate medial spot and with pair of rounded or slightly elongate lateral spots. Abdom-

129

inal tergites I+II without marginals, tergite III with marginals present or weak. Genitalia protruding,

black, grey dusted.

?. Like d, frontal vitta 2.5-3.3 times wider than parafrontal. Lateral spots on abdominal tergites

small, occasionally somewhat reduced; terminalia reddish.

Body length 4-8.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe, southern Siberia, central Asia and Transcaucasus. Flies

occur in mesophytic bushland, feeding at flowers, faeces, carcases etc. Larvae develop in live and dead

insects. — Orthoptera: Gryllotalpa unispina (Sychevskaya 1967); Gomphocerus sibiricus, Locusta migratoria,

Dociostaurus maroccanus (Rohdendorf 1928), Stauroderus scalaris (Verves 1982b), Chorthippus albomargin-

atus, C. longicornis (Seguy 1941a); beetles (Coleoptera), Scarabaeidae: Oryctes nasicornis (Emden 1955),

Tenebrionidae: Blaps lethifera, B. halophila, Tentyria nomas (Knor 1970), Adesmia servillei schatzmayeri,

Trigonoscelis punctipleuris, Pisterotarsa gigantea zoubkoffi (Charykuliev & Nepesova 1972), in imagines of

the silkworm moth Bombyx mori (Sychevskaya 1967) and (animal) carcasses (Sajo 1898, Seguy 1941a,

Emden 1954, Sylevskaja 1967 etc.), reared from snail Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990), often causing

cutaneous myiasis (Portschinsky 1876, Seguy 1941a).

Genus Wohlfahrtia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 54: 123.

Type species: Sarcophila magnifica Schiner, 1862.

Brightly coloured (e.g. whitish grey, black spotted), big to medium-sized (5-17 mm) fly. Frons in both

sexes broad, in d with small and weak orbital bristles sometimes absent, in ? with strong proclinate

or. Parafacial and gena broad, parafacial ventrally bare. Frontal vitta broad. Arista bare or micropubes-

cent. 3rd antennomere 1-4 times longer than 2nd. Antenna and palpus reddish brown to black. Head

silvery grey or vellowish dusted, frontal vitta black (Figs 157, 158). dc 2-3+2-4, npl 2. Scutellum with

3 pairs of strong marginal bristles, apical bristles absent or very weak. Propleuron bare, claws of

pulvilli elongate in both sexes. Ctenidium on f,in d present, t, with 2-5 ad. R, open, rarely closed at

wing margin, r, bare, r,,; with some basal setae. Thorax grey dusted, stripes on mesonotum more or less

distinct, legs black, grey pollinose, wings hyaline. Abdomen with black-spotted tergites, genitalia

reddish to black. Cerci elongate, surstyli broad at apex, ventral arms well developed, hypophallus

more or less protruding. ? with abdominal tergite VI complete, tergite VII complete or bilobate,

spermatheca ovoid, not very elongate.

23 species are distributed in the Holarctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions. Larvae are necropha-

gous, and some species are parasites of vertebrates including man.

References: Portschinsky 1916: Trans. Buro Ent. 9: 1-106; Salem 1938: Egypt. Univ. Fac. Med. 13: 1-90;

Seguy 1941: Ann. Parasitol. 18: 221-232; Rohdendorf 1956: Ent. Obozr., 35: 201-229; Verves 1985: Fliegen

palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.), Lf. 330: 303-341; Verves & Kulikova 1986: Zool. J. 65: 1324-1331.

Key to species of Wohlfahrtia B. B.

1. Basicosta brownish black to black. 3rd antennomere 1-1.3 times longer than 2nd. Ist, 2nd and basal

part of 3rd antennomeres reddish, palpus yellow to yellowish brown. Ö frons without proclinate

of.. Lower part of Parafaeialibarer..........eosen..220... JersBessnnnnuensescens ner srannanns ner W. meigeni (Schin.)

— Basicosta yellow to yellowish brown. 3rd antennomere 1.4-2 times longer than 2nd. Antenna black,

sometimes 2nd antennomere reddish apically. Palpus brown with black apex. d frons often with

1-2 weak or, lower'part of parafacial/often haired..... er een ne W. magnifica (Schin.)

130

Fig. 155. Wohlfahrtia magnifica. Male genitalia, laterally (after Rohdendorf 1956).

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862)

Fauna austr. Dipt. 1: 567 (Sarcophila).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.31-0.4 and at antennal base 0.35-0.52 head width. Parafontal, parafacial

and lunula silvery white dusted; gena and metacephalon grey pruinose. Frontal vitta black, posterior

part grey dusted. Vitta at middle 1.2-1.6 times broader than parafrontal and widening 1.2-2 times

dorsally. Antenna black, 3rd antennomere 1.4-2 times as long as 2nd, arista bare or shortly haired,

inflated in basal 0.3-0.5. Palpus elongate, widened at apex, basal part reddish brown to brown, distally

black. Parafacial at antennal base 0.26-0.35 and gena 0.45-0.68 eye height. One row of postorbital setae,

vte well developed, ocellar bristles rather weak, or 0+0-2, weak, fr 6-12, situated at fore part of frons,

these setae very small, numerous and hair-like in posterior part of frons; parafrontal and upper part

of parafacial densely black haired; lower part of parafacial bare or with few hairs. Vibrissal ridge with

several hairs above marginal vibrissae, gena and metacephalon densely black haired.

Pleura black, weakly dark grey dusted, mesonotum silvery grey or cinereous pale dusted, with

3 black longitudinal spots. Basicosta and epaulet yellow to yellowish brown; ac 2-4+4-5, dc 3+3-4, ia

0-1+2-3, h 3-4, ph 1, sa 2, spl 1-2+1. Discal bristles on scutellum weak (1-3 pairs). Costal spine very

small, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.36-0.54; m-cu sigmoid.

Abdomen conical. Tergite III without mediomarginals, tergites IV and V with row of mediomar-

ginal bristles. Genitalia big (Fig. 155). Abdomen dense silvery white or cinereous white dusted with

black spots, ventral abdominal part lustrous black, genitalia black, grey dusted. Central spots on

tergites III and IV elongate, lateral spots rounded, all 3 spots on tergite V rounded and situated in its

0.3-0.4.

2. Frons broad, 0.37-0.53 wider than head, frontal vitta at frons middle 1.4-1.7 times broader than

one parafacial. or 142, strong. Costal spine well developed. Abdominal tergite VII divided into 2 lateral

oval and bare sclerites, tergite VIII bilobate, each lateral lobe with 4 bristles. Genitalia black to

brownish black.

131

Fig. 156. Wohlfahrtia meigeni. Male genitalia, laterally (after Rohdendorf 1956).

Body length 5.5-14.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in southern Europe (northwards to Hungary and southern Slovakia)

and east from North Africa to western Asia, central Asia, Mongolia, northwestern China and to East.

Flies live in dry foreststeppes, arid habitats and semideserts, feeding at flowers. Males gather in

hilltopping aggregations. Larvae are parasites in wounds of birds, mammals and man.

References: Akhmetov 1985; Condorelli 1914; Delanoe 1932; Gan 1953; Charykuljev 1962; James 1947;

Patton 1922; Lehrer, Fromunda 1986; Portschinsky 1883-1884; Sychevskaya 1954; Ternovoy 1960; Treus

et al. 1985; Valentyuk 1969.

Wohlfahrtia meigeni (Schiner, 1862)

Fauna austr. Dipt. 1: 567 (Sarcophila).

Paraphyto opaca Coquillett, 1897. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech., Ser. 7: 123.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.30-0.34 and at antennal base 0.42-0.47 head width. Parafrontal,

parafacial, lunula and posterior part of frontal vitta with dense silvery grey pollinosity; proximal part

of frontal vitta and its medial portion grey or reddish brown, poorly dusted. Frontal vitta parallel,

middle of frons 1.8-2.5 times broader than parafrontal. Gena and metacephalon grey pollinose. 3rd

DN in

RR MN

INN N

SIIE

STIREI

SaRE>

Fig. 157. Wohlfahrtia (bella). Male head frontally.

Fig. 158. Wohlfahrtia (bella). Male head laterally.

antennomere 1-1.3 times longer than 2nd, arista micropubescent, inflated in basal 0.3-0.4. Ist, 2nd and

basal part of 3rd antennomeres reddish yellow, apical part of 3rd antennomere and arista brownish

black to black. Palpus elongate, apex inflated, entirely reddish yellow. Parafacial at antennal base

0.28-0.36 and gena 0.32-0.6 head width. One row of postorbitals, vte well developed, ocellar bristles

strong; or 1+0, fr 8-12 well developed in fore part; parafrontal and proximal part of parafacial densely

haired, distal part of parafacial bare; gena and metacephalon densely black haired.

Pleura black, poor grey dusted, mesonotum grey pollinose, with 3 longitudinal black stripes,

basicosta and epaulet brownish black to deep black, occasionally yellowish brown; ac 0+1-2, dc

2-3+3-4, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-4, ph 1-2, sa 3, spl 1-2+1. Scutellum with 1-2 pairs of fine d.

All femora, middle and hind tibia show long and dense hairs ventrally, fore tibia with shorter but

numerous ventral bristles, t with 2-3 ad. Costal spine weak. Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections

1: 0.44-0.58, m-cu vein sigmoid.

Abdomen conical. Tergite III without marginals, tergites IV and V with row of marginal bristles.

Genitalia big (Fig. 156). Abdomen densely grey or silvery grey dusted with black spots. Genitalia black,

grey dusted. Abdominal pattern rather similar to W. magnifica, but spots on tergite III often fused.

?. Frons 0.37-0.45 head width; or 1+2, strong; costal spine well developed, genitalia black,

sometimes with reddish hue. Lateral plates of tergite VII each with 2-4 strong bristles, on 8th segment

with a row of marginal bristles.

Body length 6-14 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the warm forest belt of the Holarctic region, but prefer-

ence for loess, sandy or generally dry habitats. Flies feed at flowers and gather in hilltopping

aggregations. Larvae are cutaneous and cavity parasites of frogs and toads — Bufo vulgaris Laur.

(Cepeläk 1952), Rana semiplicata Nyk. (Artamonov 1980, 1987), mammals, e.g. rats (Morrison 1937),

rabbits, cats, dogs, foxes, American mink (Mustela vison) (Aabler 1961) and man (Aabler 1961, Stabler

et al. 1962 etc.).

. 159.

. 160.

. 161.

. 162.

. 163.

. 164.

. 165.

Brachicoma devia. Male genitalia, laterally.

Tephromyia grisea. Male genitalia, laterally.

Heteronychia rohdendorfiana. Male head profile.

Heteronychia porrecta. Male head profile.

Discachaeta arcipes. Male genitalia profile.

Discachaeta pumila. Male genitalia profile.

Discachaeta cucullans. Male genitalia profile.

Subfamily Sarcophaginae Macquart, 1835

Grey flies, small to stout (body length 3-22 mm). Arista plumose, chaetae and hairs distinctly longer

than greatest diameter of arista, occasionally short-haired. d eyes subholoptic, ? eyes dichoptic,

proclinate orbital bristles in d absent, hind head margin elongate, oral margin protruding, angular

vibrissae well developed. Hind coxae (in Palaearctic species) with fine hairs on posterior suface.

Notopleuron with 2 strong primary bristles, with 2 smaller subprimary bristles, and with or without

additional hairs. Claws in both sexes elongate. Cell R,; open, sometimes closed or petiolate. d with

abdominal sternites III and IV fully exposed. Abdomen with chequered pattern, sometimes with spots

or unicolorous.

d postabdomen. Tergite VI almost entirely reduced being preserved in form of a paired perithreme

around 6th stigmata, segment VII+VIII (syntergosternites) complete, without discal bristles. Styli

shortened, bacilliform sclerite reduced. Sternite VI asymmetrical. Epiphallus absent in Palaearctic

species (present in some American groups: Metoposarcophagina etc.). Aedeagus sometimes complete

(Raviniini) but consisting usually of mobile articulated basiphallus and distiphallus. Paraphallus well

sclerotized and supports (strengthens) distiphallus. It shows no processes except in Helicophagella a

dorsal claw-like process (“auricula”) is well developed. Acropahllus absent, hypophallus differentiat-

ed into several sclerites (internal parts of distiphallus) differing in various tribes. They (e.g. styli,

parastyli, medial process, hillae, limen etc.) convey sperm into ? seminal receptacles.

A membrane is situated between the basiphallus and the distiphallus. This membrane forms

inflations or processes called “membranal processes”, or “vesica”. This structure may be also unpaired

or differentiated into several lobes.

The harpes are elongate paired processes situated between mambrane and distiphallus on ventral

surface (Thyrsocnema).

The ventral plates are derivatives of ventral process of Miltogrammatinae. They may be absent,

fused or separate from paraphallus and show often an apical ventral process. These processes are

called “harpes” by some authors (e.g. Pape 1987b etc.).

The apical plate is a membranous or sclerotized distal part of aedeagus. It can be complete,

bilobate, with lateral arms etc. (called juxta according to Roback 1954). Apical plate and ventral plates

expand the ? genital opening during copulation (Plate V).

Ovipositor short, abdominal tergites VII-X being partly or completely reduced or membranous,

tergite VI complete or divided centrally into paired lateral lobe. In Protodexiini sternites VII and VIII

are complete and more or less elongate forming a well sclerotized ovipositor.

lst instar larva. Medial sclerite (mandible) partly or completely reduced, clypeal arch present or

absent. Spiracular plate in a deep little pit.

The femoral organ. Females of numerous sarcophagine species have a mid-femoral secretory organ

(Plate IV). It is an elongate patch without pollinosity and chaetae situated on posterior surface of mid

femur. Its size and situation are important for $ identification (Pape 1987b).

More than 1600 sarcophagine species are known worldwide. About 400 taxa occur in the Palaearc-

tic region. Larvae are necro-coprophagous (Bercaea, Ravinia, Helicophagella etc.) with strong trends

towards predation and/or parasitism of various arthropods and snails, occasionally living in flesh,

wounds or causing myiases in vertebrates. Some groups are nearly obligatory parasites of earthworms

(Sarcophaga), gastropod molluscs (Heteronychiina), grasshoppers (Protodexiini), predators or parasi-

toids of lepidopterous (bombyciform) larvae (some Parasarcophagina) and of egg-sacs of spiders

(Arachnidomyia).

In the genera Ravinia, Bellieriomima, Helicophagella, Krameromyia, Pierretia, Sarcotachinella, Thyrsocne-

ma, Heteronychia, Bercaea, Parasarcophaga, Liosarcophaga, Robineauella, Sarcophaga the larvae may gener-

ally develope (and were partly successfully reared) on beef meat, snails, insects including edaphic

insect larvae (own results and Richet 1990).

References: Rohdendorf 1937: Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 1-501; 1965: Ent. Obozr. 44, 3: 676-695; Seguy 1941:

Encycl. ent. A 21: 55-212; Baranov 1942: Vet. Arhiv, 12: 497-659; Kano et al., 1967: Fauna japon. 7: 1-168;

Mihälyi 1979: Fauna hung. 135 (16): 105-152; Pape, 1987: Fauna ent. scand. 19: 100-181; Verves 1989:

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 85 (4): 529-545.

Key to the tribes of Sarcophaginae

1. Frontal bristle row not diverging forwards. Aedeagus complete. (Plate V) Internal parts of

distiphallus with paired petiolate process (hilla). Apical plate generally absent, membranal process

absent;ventral’plateselongate, well sderotized ..... un. anne en Raviniini

= *Frontal'bristle row distinelly diversing at lunulallevel nn... nee. er ee 2.

2. Postsutural ac bristles 2-5 pairs. Apical part of cerci in d strongly curved dorsally. Membranal lobe

small. Internal parts of distiphallus with paired cone-formed or elongate process (limen). ? with

abdominal sternites VII and VIII complete and forming more or less elongate ovipositor. 1st instar

larva ‚without elypeal arch u... ae ne ee Protodexiini

=‘ Postsutural'ac'bristles 0-1 pair. ‚Limen’absent........2.00..00u00000010022000nn nn Hauanenn anne dere ennaen anne g:

3. Membranal process and ventral lobes well developed, elongate and well sclerotized (Fig. 211). The

single palaearctic genus Sarcotachinella shows an oblong patch of golden hairs on distal anterior

surface Of mid: femara ... near nn ee ee ER Johnsoniini

— Membranal process and ventral lobes of various size and form and variously sclerotized, rarely

absenit 2. zes]: en: Er eher Sarcophagini

Tribe Protodexiini Townsend, 1912

Jl. N.Y. ent. Soc. 20: 117.

Tephromyiini Townsend, 1919, Proc. U. S. Natn. Mus. 56: 544

Blaesoxiphina Rohdendorf, 1965, Ent. Obozr. 44: 676

Small to medium-sized species. d frons narrower than eye, without proclinate or. Postsutural ac 2-5

pairs. 3rd antennomere 1.2-3 times longer than 2nd; arista long plumose, occasionally short-haired.

Postsutural dc 3, occasionally 4 pairs. Cercal prongs abruptly curved dorsally, terminating often as

small hooklet. Membranal process small, membranous, lateral plate absent. Internal part of distiphal-

lus with paired conical or elongate process (limen) and with pair of bristle-like styli. ? with abdominal

tergite VI complete, tergites VII and VII fused, forming a well sclerotized ovipositor of various forms.

Flies grey coloured, abdomen dark spotted or with dark stripes, pattern chequered.

The tribe comprises 14 genera and about 180 species. In the Palaearctic region 5 genera and about

70 species occur. Adult flies frequent grassland and sandy areas.

Larvae are endoparasites of various orthopterans and other insects (Coleoptera, Mantodea),

feeding on fat body and sucking haemolymph of the hosts. The kinds of hosts invaded vary with the

individual species.

References: Rohdendorf 1928: Publ. Uzb. Expl. Sta. Plant Prot. 14: 1-66; 1932: Bull. Plant Prot. 18): 171;

Lopes 1971: Rev. bras. biol. 31, 1: 3-13; Verves 1985: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64 h., Lf. 330: 350-440;

Leonide & Leonide 1986: Les dipteres sarcophagides frangais, Univ. Province, 301 pp.

Key to the genera of Protodexiini

1. Abdomen with dark chequered pattern without distinct spots or bands. Apical part of d cerci with

numerous hairs, spines completely absent or present on cercus tip only. ? ovipositor elongate ..

N N ESSENER in Servaisia R.-D.

- Abdomen with distinct black spots or bands, colourless or slightly iridescent, or abdomen com-

pletely yellowish grey pollinose. Apical part of d cerci with numerous spines, hairs absent.

Ovipositor' either elongäte or shoft .....2...:..2.:...n22240252204.00 000012000 0nnn0n. Frese ee ee 2,

2. cd: Apical plate of distiphallus absent, paraphallus elongate and reaching to tip of aedeagus.

2: Ovipositor' with.base'verybroad :......22.....2.0220-2008000B02g0neS0Hanshnumn ann ens een ee ee Tephromyia B. B.

136

- &: Apical plate well developed, paraphallus shorter and not reaching tip of aedeagus. $: Ovipositor

Bi SINÄLENET LO | EEE EEE RE ESLLEL Blaesoxipha Löw

Genus Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861

Wien. ent. Monatschr. 5: 384.

Type species: Blaesoxipha grylloctona Loew, 1861

Flies small to medium-sized (3-12 mm). Narrowest part of Ö frons 0.1-0.22, in ? frons 0.28-0.36 of head

width. 3rd antennomere 1.2-3 times as long as 2nd, arista inflated in basal 0.2-0.4, long pubescent.

Facial ridge haired at 0.2-0.3 of lower part. Parafacials and genae medium-width, haired. Usually 2-4

postsutural ac, occasionally one pair, 3 postsutural dc. Propleuron bare. Scutellum with well devel-

oped long and strong subap and bas, ap in d well developed, in ? usually absent. Mid femora in S with

ctenidium, in 2 without femoral organ, mid tibia with 2-3, occasionally with one ad and one av. R,;

open, sometimes closed. r, bare, r,,; with some basal setae.

d genitalia rather small. Apical part of cerci dorsally abrupt curved with numerous spines, without

hairs. Surstyli elongate, triangular. Paraphallus elongate, rarely quadrate, e.g. in B. redempta. Ventral

processes well developed, sometimes membranous, small (e.g. B. grylloctona, B. plumicornis). Limen

big, apex rounded or pointed, styli well developed, bristle-like. Apical plate membranous, elongate,

apex often with pair of short lateral protuberances.

9 with abdominal tergite VI complete, tergite VII usually absent or membraneous, tergite VIII well

developed, consisting usually of a pair of lateral triangular plates, tergite X small, membraneous with

one pair setae, cerci elongate, haired. Sternite X well developed, haired. Sternites VII and VII fusing

to from ovipositor. The genus comprises about 50 species, 31 occurring in the Palaearctic region. All

are parasitoids of Orthoptera. The females are engaged in a complicated oviposition behaviour.

References: Rohdendorf 1937: Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 87-123; Verves 1985, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64 h.,

Lf. 330: 375-422 (revisions).

Key to the species of Blaesoxipha

er 2

Er ee 8

2. Limen claw-like, tip narrowed and pointed ...........ueseesesessssesnsesensnensosnsnnenenensnsnnnnenensnsnnnnensnsnsesnesssnensenen 3:

— Limen quadrate, oval or clavate ......uunenesesessesensssesnnsesenensosensnsonensonenensonenennenennnnsnsnnenensensnennrnsnstsnnsternsnsenenne 5:

3. Cercus in dorsal view apically spoon-shaped, widened. Ventral processes bilobate ...................

a A B. cochlearis (Pand.) (Fig. 129).

-— Cercus at apex without spoon-shaped dilatation. Ventral processesieompleter 2.0... 4.

4. Apical part of cercus rectangulate curved dorsally ........... ee B. redempta (Pand.) (Fig. 135)

-— Apical part of cerci moderately eunved. dorsally... nen en B. ungulata (Pand.) (Fig. 148)

5. Angle between apical and basal part of cercus acute or 90°. Apical part of cercus with a broad

desalnkeel ame re ande en : B. occatrix (Pand.) (Fig. 132)

- Angle between apical and basal part of cercus obtuse. Cercus without dorsal keel ................ 6.

6. Cercus flattened to form a transverse plate. Palpi pale brown to yellowish apically ................

RENNER B. pygmaea (Zett.) (Fig. 134)

- Cercus not flattened to form a transverse plate. Palpi fuscous to black ..........eeeeneeen 7.

7. Apical part of cercus narrow: broadest at base and gradually tapering ........„unessenseneseseeeneee

ee N nee erento neepereee: B. plumicornis (Zett.) (Fig. 133)

- Apical part of cercus broader and greatest width distal to base ...........nn B. grylloctona Lw.

137

8. Ovipositor short, spatulate, not projecting over the end of tergite VI..........uunneeeseenseneneneenenenennnnen

ER 2 RE N She: B. redempta (Pand.) (Fig. 138)

9. Ovipositor centrally strongly curved (right-90°-angle), its apical part triangulate, apex pointed ..

Bank Eee ee re ee een eb herren en B. occatrix (Pand.) (Fig. 144)

- ‚Oyipositor obtusely curyed ör nearly stralcht ..........0..020 2000 000n0u nennen ne Be Re 10

10. Ovipositor rather elongate and broad, sabre-like..........unneeeee B. grylloctona Lw. (Fig. 136)

-. "Ovipositor short, not sabrelike \............2u.002 0 snsannkee erengseon sera nenn ar ee IE 1

11.. Ovipositor'apically 'pointed.or narrowly roundedi..... nn. 1. ee 12.

- Ovipositor apieally broadly’ rounded......sususosssueesnanaserenazsensscsaseneneseseunnanenn se dhn na nennen ren sera 13.

12. Ovipositor apically obtuse and moderately inflated ........................ B. plumicornis (Zett.) (Fig. 143)

- Ovipositor in dorsal view gradually tapering in apical part ................. B. pygmaea (Zett.) (Fig. 142)

13. Ovipositor with Gp strikinely nartow. ernennen B. ungulata (Pand.) (Fig. 151)

- Ovipositor with tip moderately narrow ........ueesseseeseneneeennen B. cochlearis (Pand.) (Fig. 130)

Blaesoxipha cochlearis (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 205 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.16-0.20, at vertex 0.21-0.25 and at antennal base 0.29-0.34 head width.

Frontal vitta 2-2.5 times as wide as parafrontal, widening 1.4-2.1 times forward. 3rd antennomere

1.7-2.2 times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.18-2.2 and gena 0.21-0.28 eye height.

One row of postor, vte short, hair-like, ocellars long, fr 7-10, strong and crossed, parafrontals with

numerous long erect hairs, parafacials with one row of fine bristles. Genae and upper part of occiput

black setose, lower part of occiput with long white hairs. Parafrontal, parafacial and lunula silvery

white dusted with yellowish tinge, frontal vitta black or brownish grey, almost without pollinosity,

vertex fuscous, occiput and gena grey dusted, antenna and palpi black, distal part of 2nd antennomere

usually reddish brown.

Thorax densely bright grey pollinose, mesonotum yellowish, black longitudinal stripes well

developed, moderately wide. Legs black. ac 2-4+1-3, de 3-5+3, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-4, ph 2-3, npl 2 long and

2-3 short, spl 2+1 or 1+1+1. Propleuron mostly bare, but occasionally with several short chaetae. Ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.7-1.2. Abdominal tergite III with pair of mediomarginals, or

without these. Segments VII+VIII with row of marginals. Genitalia small (Fig. 129). Angle between

apical and basal parts of cercus obtuse, cerci with apex dorsally spatulate, broadened. Pregonite

curved, broad, blade-like, postgonite narrow, almost straight. Paraphallus elongate, 2 times longer

than wide, ventral lobes bidentate, limen claw-like, shorter than apical plate which is elongate, and

without lateral protuberances, broad, apex pointed, curved ventrally. Genitalia reddish brown, dense-

ly dusted, occasionally fuscous to black.

2. Frons 0.28-0.35 head width, frontal vitta almost parallel, 1.2-1.7 times as wide as parafrontal. vte

long and strong. Only one pair of postsutural ac. Ovipositor (Fig. 130) moderately long, slightly

curved, apex broadly rounded. Longitudinal stripes of mesonotum poorly developed, ovipositor

brown or yellowish brown, slightly pollinose.

Body length 5-8.5 mm.

Distribution: South and central Europe, North Africa, Transcaucasus, Middle East, central Asia,

southern Siberia and Far East.

Ecology: Adult flies frequent mesophytic open habitats. Larvae are parasitoids of Tettigonidae:

Barbitistes fischeri, Decticus albifrons, Ephippiger ephippiger (Leonide & Leonide 1972), Gampsocleis schelk-

ovnikovae Ad. (Olsufjev 1929), Pholidoptera chabrieri, Platycleis denticulata, Tettigonia viridissima (L&onide

138

& Le&onide 1972); Gryllidae: Gryllus sp. (Leonide & Leonide 1972) and Acridiidae: Eirenephilus longipen-

nis SH. (Verves 1985).

Blaesoxipha grylloctona Löw, 1861

Wien. ent. Ztg. 5: 386.

laticornis Pape, 1987. Fauna ent. scand. 19: 108 (Blaesoxipha) (misidentification: not Sarcophaga laticornis Meigen,

1826).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.14-0.18, at vertex 0.2-0.23 and at antennal base 0.25-0.33 head width.

Frontal vitta 2.5-3 times as wide as parafrontal, 1.8-3 times wider forward. 3rd antennomere 1.3-2.1

times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.25 and gena 0.2-0.28 eye height. 1-2 regular rows

of postor, vte poorly developed, fr 9-16, strong and crossed. Parafrontal and upper part of parafacial

with numerous black setae, lower part of parafacial with one vertical row of medium-length bristles.

Gena and upper part of occiput black haired, lower part of occiput with long yellowish white setae.

Head densely bright dusted, parafrontal and facial greyish white pollinose. Frontal vitta dull black,

gena and occiput grey pollinose, antenna and palpi black.

Thorax fuscous, dark grey dusted, mesonotum with broad black elongate stripes, legs black. ac

3-4+2-4, dc 3+3, ia 1+2-3, h 3, ph 2, npl 2 long + 2 short, spl 2+1. Propleuron bare. Ratio between 3rd

and 5th costal sections 1:1.1-1.2. Abdominal tergite III with elongate mediomarginals. Genitalia small

(Fig. 131). Apical part of cercus broad, broadest being distally as in B. plumicornis. Paraphallus short,

ventral lobes very small, membranous, apical plate elongate, with pair of short lateral lobes. Limen

elongate, conical, strongly prolonged ventrally. Abdomen silvery grey or yellowish grey dusted with

black pattern. Tergite I+II almost completely grey, tergites III and IV each with 3 elongate spots,

pattern on tergite V poorly developed. Genitalia lustrous black, occasionally brownish.

2. Frons 0.28-0.33 of head width. Frontal vitta almost parallel-sided, 1.5-1.8 times as wide as one

parafrontal. vte long and strong, fr 5-8. Abdominal tergite III with or without short mediomarginals.

Ovipositor in lateral view (Fig. 136) compressed to form a sabre-like blade, distinctly protruding

caudally. Thorax densely pale grey dusted, longitudinal stripes poorly developed, abdominal pattern

more or less reduced. Ovipositor lustrous brown to blackish brown.

Body length 4.5-8.5.

Distribution: France, Italy, Bulgaria, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Czechia, Poland, Western

Russia (St. Petersbourgh region), Ukraine, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, Tadjikistan, Buryat, Primorje,

Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan. The flies favour mesophytic habitats. Larvae are parasitoids of

grasshoppers: Chorthippus biguttulus, Ch. brunneus Thunb., C. mollis Charp., C. parallelus Zett., Omoces-

tus centralis Zett. (Richards & Waloff 1948, Parmenter 1950, Leonide & Leonide 1982b).

Blaesoxipha occatrix (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 178 (Sarcophaga).

zachvatkini Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 95 (Blaesoxipha).

rohdendorfi Jacentkovsky, 1941. Casopis Cs. spol. ent. 37: 84 (Blaesoxipha).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.14-0.17, at vertex 0.18-0.23 and at antennal base 0.35-0.45 head width.

Frontal vitta 2.4-4.0 times as wide as one parafrontal, 1.7-2.5 wider forwards. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.2

times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.2-0.24 and gena 0.22-0.3 eye height. One

regular row of postor, vte absent, ocellars strong, fr 8-10, long and crossed. Parafrontal with erect hairs,

parafacial with one vertical row of short bristles, lower part of occiput with dense, long yellowish

white hairs. Head densely silvery grey, pollinose, frontal vitta and vertex dull black, antenna and

palpus black, distal part of 2nd antennomere often reddish. ac 2-3+2-3, dc 3-4+3, ia 1+3, h 3-4, ph 2-3,

139

sa 3, npl 2 long + 2-3 short, spl 2+1. Scutellum with short, crossed ap. Propleuron bare. Ratio between

3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.9-1.2. Thorax dark grey pollinose, longitudinal stripes on mesonotum

well developed and broad. Legs black. Genitalia medium-sized (Fig. 132). Angle between apical and

basal parts of cerci obtuse, apical part with broad dorsal keel. Paraphallus 1.5 times (or less) as long as

broad. Ventral lobes well developed, triangulate, with two dents at apex, apical plate elongate and

narrow, almost straight, limen elongate, apex narrowly rounded, distinctly protruding. Abdomen

densely whitish grey dusted with dark chequered pattern and with medial longitudinal black stripe on

tergites I+1I-IV, tergite V with poorly developed stripe; genitalia lustrous black or reddish brown.

?. Frons 0.3-0.35 of head width, frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1.2-1.7 times as broad as one parafron-

tal; vte strong, fr 7-10, ac 2-4+1. Abdominal tergite III with or without fine mediomarginal bristles.

Ovipositor triangulate, distinctly curved in middle, apex pointed (Fig. 144). Thorax grey dusted,

longitudinal stripes narrow, abdomen grey pollinose with slight chequered pattern, tergites II and IV

with grey longitudinal stripe and with paired grey spots. Ovipositor lustrous reddish yellow or

yellowish brown.

Body length 6.5-10.5 mm.

Distribution: France, Italy, Czechia, Moravia, Hungary, Switzerland, Russia (St. Peterbourgh, Irkutsk

and Chita regions), Kazakhstan, Mongolia and northwest China.

Ecology: Usually in mesophytic habitats. An obligatory parasitoid of the acridoid grasshopper Podis-

ma pedestris L. The female inplants larvae by means of the ovipositor through the anus of the host

(Zakhvatkin 1954).

Blaesoxipha plumicornis (Zetterstedt, 1859)

Dipt. Scand. 13: 6153 (Miltogramma).

Musca lineata Fallen, 1817. Kgl. Vetensk. Akad. Habdlg. (3) 1816: 238 (nom. praeocc. by Harris 1776 and Fabricius

1781).

Sarcophaga gladiatrix Pandelle, 1896. Revue Ent. 15: 205.

Blaesoxipha lineata auct. (nec Sarcophaga lineata Meigen, 1826).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.11-0.18, at vertex 0.17-0.22 and at antennal base 0.27-0.36 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.8-2.5 times as wide as parafrontal, 1.7-2.5 times wider forwards. 3rd antennomere 1.4-2

times as long as 2nd. Parafrontal at level of antennal base 0.15-0.21 and gena 0.18-0.28 eye heigth. One

regular row of postor, vte poorly developed, fr 8-13, strong and crossed. Parafrontal and upper part of

parafacial shortly haired, lower part of parafacial with one row of medium-length bristles, lower part

of occiput with long and dense yellowish white hairs. Head silvery grey or yellowish grey pollinose,

frontal vitta dull black to deep brown, almost without pollinosity, antenna and palpus black, 2nd

antennomere often reddish at distal part. ac 2-4+2-4, dc 2-3+3, h 3-4, ph 1-3, sa 2-3, npl 2 long +2-4 short,

spl 2+1, or 1+1+1. Propleuron bare. Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 1-1.3. Pleurae black,

slightly yellowish grey pollinose, mesonotum dark grey or yellowish grey dusted, longitudinal stripe

distinct, only lateral being sometimes less developed, legs black. Abdominal tergite III with one or two

pairs of medio-marginals, these occasionally indistinct. Genitalia small (Fig. 133). Apical part of cercus

narrow and gradually tapering in lateral view. Aedeagus like in B. grylloctona, but limen wider and

short. Abdomen with dense silvery grey or yellowish grey pollinosity, chequered pattern almost

entirely absent. Tergite I+1I lustrous black, tergites III and IV with narrow longitudinal black stripe and

with indistinct paired lateral spots. Tergite V strongly dusted, with indication of longitudinal stripe.

Segment VII+VIII dark, densely grey dusted, epandrium and genitalia reddish brown to black, slightly

lustrous, fine dusted.

?. Frons 0.26-0.32 head width, frontal stripe parallel-sided, 1.2-1.5 times as wide as parafrontal, vte

strong, fr 5-9, ac 2-3+1-2. Abdominal tergite III often without mediomarginals. Ovipositor slightly

protruding under tergite VI, its apex obtuse and moderately inflated (Fig. 143). Head densely

yellowish grey pollinose, longitudinal stripes poorly developed. Abdomen with distinct but slightly

chequered pattern, often more or less reduced. Ovipositor lustrous reddish brown to blackish.

140

Body length 4.5-9.0 mm.

Distribution: A widely distributed palaearctic species ranging from the British Isles to Mongolia,

North China, Korea and Japan. The species is eurytopic, inhabiting meadows, glades, steppe-like

hatitats and arid semideserts.

Ecology: Adults have been reared from acridoid grasshoppers (see e.g. Leonide & Le&onide 1979,

Verves 1985). The larvae are injected by the ? host through genital aperture (Olsufjev 1926, Rukawish-

nikow 1931).

Blaesoxipha pygmaea (Zetterstedt, 1845)

Dipt. Scand. 3: 1302 (Sarcophaga).

Blaesoxipha berolinensis Villeneuve, 1912. Annls. hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 10: 612.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.19, at vertex 0.2-0.25 and at antennal base 0.28-0.35 head width.

Frontal vitta 3-4 times as wide as parafrontal, 1.3-1.7 times wider forward. 3rd antennomere 1.4-1.8

times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.16-0.25 eye height. One regular row of

postor, vte short. hair-like, ocellars long and strong, fr 7-11, long and crossed. Parafrontal short haired,

parafacial with 1-2 vertical rows of fine short setae; occiput in lower part with long and dense

yellowish white hairs. Head densely yellowish grey dusted, frontal vitta and vertex black, almost

without pollinosity, antenna reddish brown, palpus basally fuscous to blackish, apical part reddish

brown to yellow. ac 2-4+3-4, dc 3-4+3, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-4, ph 2-3, sa 2-3, npl 2 long +2-3 short, spl 2+1.

Propleuron bare. Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.9-1.2. Thorax slightly pollinose,

yellowish grey dusted, longitudinal stripes on mesonotum narrow but distinct. Legs black. Abdominal

tergite III without medio-marginals. Genitalia small (Fig. 134). Angle between basal and apical parts

of cercus obtuse, apical part moderately wide, blade-like, flattened to form a transverse plate, in dorsal

view broadest centrally and distally. Pregonites apically with a lateral dent. Paraphallus twice as long

as broad. Ventral lobes small, triangulate. Apical plate elongate with pair of short lateral arms. Limen

elongate, moderately wide, tip rounded. Abdomen densely grey pollinose with dark chequered

pattern. Tergites III and IV with broad black longitudinal stripe and with similarly coloured paired

lateral spots, pattern on tergite V rahter reduced. Genitalia brownish black with fine bright dusting.

2. Frons 0.28-0.31 head width. Frontal vitta almost parallel-sided, 1.5-2 times as broad as one

parafrontal, vte long and strong, fr 5-9. All abdominal tergites without mediomarginal bristles.

Ovipositor (Figs 141, 142) protruding under tergite VI, in lateral view pointed apically, slightly curved

ventrally, tapering gradually in dorsal view. Body very densely grey to yellowish grey pollinose;

antenna reddish yellow, apical part of 3rd antennomere and arista greyish black. Longitudinal stripes

of mesonotum poorly developed. Femora and tibiae brownish to yellowish brown. Abdomen very

densely grey or yellowish grey pollinose, pattern and chequered spots almost entirely absent. Tergite

VI usually reddish, pale dusted. Ovipositor lustrous orange yellow to brownish yellow.

Body length 4-7 mm.

Distribution: France, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Czechia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Russia (e.g. district

of Orenburg and Chita), Kazakstan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, central Asia, Mongolia, China (Dzhungarian

Basin) and Pakistan.

Ecology: Flies frequent mesophytic open habitats and steppes. Females deposit larvae between the

genital appendages of acridoid grasshoppers: Ailopus strepens Latr. (Leonide 1961) (L&onide & Leonide

1975), A. thalassinus F., Chorthippus brunneus Thnbg. (Verves 1985), Ch. biguttatus L., Ch. mollis, (Leonide

& Leonide 1971), Locusta migratoria L., Oedaleus decorus Germ. (Verves 1985), Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.

(Rohdendorf 1937), Dociostaurus maroccanus Thnb. (Leonide 1983).

141

Blaesoxipha redempta (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15:177 (Sarcophaga).

Blaesoxihpa lineata auct. nec Fallen, 1817.

Blaesoxipha agrestis auct. nec Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863.

Blaesoxipha campestris Verves, 1986 (erroneous citation of B. agrestis).

Note. According to Lopes (1953) the genus Listeria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (type species L. agrestis)

is anomen dubium and not a clear synonym of Blaesoxipha.

According to Pape (1994) Blaesoxipha redempta (Pandelle 1896) is a species known only from France.

The species living in central Europe is Blaesoxipha lapidosa Pape, 1994 (holotype comes from Hungary).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.14-0.2, at vertex 0.17-0.23 and at antennal base 0.26-0.4 head-width.

Frontal vitta 2.5-4 times as wide as parafrontal, 1.4-2 times wider forwards. 3rd antennomere 1.4-2.2

times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.16-0.25 and gena 0.21-0.35 eye height. One

regular row of postor, vte poorly developed. oc long and strong, fr 8-4, strong and crossed. Parafontal

and upper part of parafacial with numerous black setae, lower part of parafacial with 1-2 vertical rows

of moderately long bristles, lower part of occiput with long and dense yellowish white hairs. ac

3-4+3-5, dc 3-4+3, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-5, ph 2-3, sa 2-3, npl 2 long + 2 short, spl 2+1. Propleuron bare. Ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.8-1.2. Abdominal tergite III with pair of mediomarsginals.

Genitalia small (Fig. 135). Apical part of cercus broad, angle between apical and basal part about 90°.

Paraphallus short, limen apically pointed, ventral lobes broad and protruding, apical plate membra-

nous, dorsally curved, with paired short lateral protuberances. Body bright and densely pollinose.

Parafrontal and parafacial silvery white dusted, frontal vitta grey to brownish grey, almost without

pollinosity, gena and occiput slightly grey dusted, antenna and palpus black. Thorax slightly grey

pollinose, mesonotum with yellowish hue, longitudinal stripes black, medium-width, legs black.

Abdomen slightly yellowish grey dusted, with pale chequered pattern and with medial black stripe.

Lateral dark spots poorly visible. Genitalia slightly pale dusted, brownish black to reddish brown.

2. Frons 0.22-0.31 of head width. Frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1.1-1.3 times as broad as parafrontal;

vte long and strong. Ovipositor (Figs 137, 138) short and broad, apex narrow, sternite VIII with 2-3

pairs of very strong lateromarginals. Ground coloration rather bright. Frontal vitta more or less

densely pale pollinose, apical part of 2nd antennomere reddish. Dark spots and stripes poorly

developed on abdomen, genitalia reddish brown to brownish black, moderately dusted.

Body length 6-10.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in southern and central parts of the Palaearctic region and in

northern part of the Afrotropical region. Flies are zonally indifferent frequenting both sandy areas and

dry grassland with bushes.

Ecology: Larvae are parasitoids of Acridoidea and occasionally Tettigonoidea (list of hosts see Verves

1985). Additional host is Primnoa primnoides (Ikon.) (Artamonov 1985). This species has been intro-

duced into Hawaii as a control agent for the pest Schistocerca nitens Thnb., but failed (Chong 1968,

Hardy 1981). Females larviposit at random on flying hosts, the larvae penentrating through the

intersegmental membrane (Baranov 1925, Olsufjev 1929, Leonide & Leonide 1971 etc.).

Blaesoxipha ungulata (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 204 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.18, at vertex 0.2-0.25 and at antennal base 0.32-0.41 head width.

Frontal vitta 2-2.5 times as broad as parafrontal and 1.5-2.5 x wider forwards. 3rd antennomere 1.2-1.6

times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.24-0.31 and gena 0.26-0.38 eye height. One

row of postor, vte prolonged and fine, oc numerous, long and fine, hair-like, fr 10-14, strong and

crossed. Parafrontal with numerous elongate black hairs, parafacial with 2-3 rows of medium-length

bristles. Occiput in lower part with long bright brown hairs. Head dark, silvery grey dusted, frontal

vitta black or brownish black, without pollinosity. Antenna and palpus black, apical part of 2nd

antennomere often brownish. ac 2-4+2-4, dc 3-4+3, ia 143, h 3-5, ph 3, sa 3, npl 2 long + 2 short, spl 2+1

or 1+1+1. Ctenidium well developed. Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 1.1-1.3. Thorax deep

dark yellowish grey dusted. Longitudinal stripes on mesonotum black and broad, legs black. Abdom-

inal tergite III with pair of very strong and long mediomarginals. Genitalia small (Fig. 148). Apical part

of cercus very narrow, angle between apical and distal part obtuse. Paraphallus elongate, 1.5-2 times

as long as broad, limen with apex pointed, ventral lobes poorly sclerotized, very broad, apical plate

broad, rostrum-formed, without lateral protuberances. Abdomen dark grey or yellowish grey dusted,

pattern dark chequered, tergites II and IV with 3 black elongate spots. Genitalia black or brownish

black, lustrous, very finely pale dusted.

?. Frons 0.27-0.32 head width. Frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1.2-1.6 times as broad as parafrontal, vte

and oc long and strong, fr 6-10. One vertical row of parafacial bristles. Lower part of occiput with dense

yellowish white hairs. Ovipositor (Fig. 151) in lateral view strongly curved ventrally, apex rounded,

base of ovipositor both dorsally and ventrally inflated and tapering apically, triangulate, its end

dorsally spatulate. Abdominal spotting poorly developed. Ovipositor black with base pale dusted,

apex lustrous.

Body length 6-9.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in central and southern Europe, North Africa and Transcaucasus.

Flies frequent usually montane (alpine) meadows but are found also in mesophytic bushy formations

at lower elevations. Larvae are parasitoids of Tettigonoidea: Barbitistes fischeri Yers. (Leonide &

Leonide 1971) and Tettigonia viridissima L. (Seguy 1941).

Genus Servaisia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Hist. Nat. 2: 429.

Type species: Servaisia erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (misspelled name of Sarcophaga erythrura Meigen,

1826):

Small or medium-sized flies (body length 5-11 mm). Frons at narrowest part in d not more than 0.22

and in ? 0.33 head width. Frontal vitta widening forwards in d, parallel-sided in ?, broader than

parafrontal. Palpus elongate, narrow in d, widening apically in $. 3rd antennomere 1.2-2.5 times as

long as 2nd, arista long pubescent, widening in basal 0.2-0.4. One row of postor, vte fine or absent in

d, strong and long in 9; fr long and strong, crossed. Parafrontal and upper part of parafacial with

numerous black hairs, lower part of parafacial with 1-3 vertical rows of medium-length bristles. Gena

and upper part of occiput with black setae, under part of occiput with dense, bright hairs. Postsutural

dc 3, exceptionally 4. Propleuron bare or with a few small setae. Scutellum with long and strong bas

and subap, ap in d crossed, in ? very fine or absent, lat and praebas fine, hair-like, discal medium-

length, 1-2 paired; t, with 2-3 ad. Ctenidium on mid femora in d distinct, mid femoral organ in $ absent.

Costal spine medium length, in ? often reduced or short, R; open, r, bare, r,,; with several basal black

setae. Abdominal tergite III usually with several black basal setae and usually with pair of mediomar-

ginals. Genitalia in d large. Abdominal segment VII+VIII short, usually with well developed margin-

als. Cercus with short setae apically but without spines, surstyli elongate with numerous setae.

Pregonite and postgonite pointed. Basiphallus elongate, limen of complicated structure, ventral lobes

membraneous, apical plate bilobate apically. Ovipositor well sclerotized, elongate; abdominal tergite

VII completely reduced.

Ground coloration dark grey, antenna and palpus black. Thorax grey dusted, longitudinal stripes

on mesonotum lustrous black. Legs black, wings hyaline. Abdomen with dark chequered pattern,

spots and stripes poorly developed. Genitalia in both sexes lustrous red to black.

About 55 species are distributed in the Holarctic and Neotropical regions, and 21 species are

known from the Palaeartic region.

References: Rohdendorf 1937: Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 75-87; Roback 1954: Illin. biol. monogr. 23: 86-87;

Verves 1985: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11, 64 h, Lf. 330: 422-440 (species revision); 1993: ibid., Lf. 331:

441-448.

143

Key to the species of Servaisia

1. 6. Ventral margin of cercus almost straight. Ventral lobes with hind arm pointed. 2. Dorsal

concavity of ovipösitor expanding up torapex ann hehe S. (S.) erythrura (Mg.)

- d Ventral margin of cercus distinctly curved. Ventral lobe without hind arm. 2. Dorsal concavity

of oyipositor not’pandine Up to Apr nen lennner ns hansnn true kennen rer S. (S.) rossica (Vill.)

Servaisia erythrura (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 30.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.09-0.18, at vertex 0.17-0.23 and at antennal base 0.27-0.34 head width.

Frontal vitta widening 1.5-2.3 times forward and at frons middle 2-3 times as wide as parafrontal, 3rd

antennomere 1.4-2.0 times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.2-0.24 and gena 0.22-0.3

eye height. fr 8-12, parafacial with 1-2 rows of vertical bristles. Head dark, densely silvery grey

pollinose. ac 2-4+1-2, dc 3+3, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-5, ph 2-3, sa 3, npl 2 long + 2-3 short, spl 2+] or IF:

propleuron bare. Ratio between 3rd and 5 costal sections 1:0.8-1.1. Thorax dark grey dusted, longitu-

dinal stripes on mesonotum poorly developed. Cercus broadening apically, ventral margin almost

straight (Fig. 150). Basiphallus broader than distiphallus. Ventral lobe with hind arm pointed, apical

plate medium-length, slightly curved ventrally. Genitalia lustrous red to black (Plate XI).

?. Frons 0.25-0.3 head width. Frontal vitta 1.5-2.4 times as broad as one parafrontal. Ovipositor

(Fig. 139) curved under abdomen. Dorsal concavity expanding to apex. Ovipositor lustrous red to

black.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic region.

Ecology: A species associaled with mesophytic habitats with bushes etc. Larvae are parasitoids of

Acridoidea: Chorthippus apricarius L., Ch. biguttulus L., Ch. longicornis Latr. (Olsufjev 1929), Calliptamus

italicus L. (Portschinskij 1894), Chrysochraon dispar Cerm., Dociostaurus maroccanus Thnb. (Seguy 1941a),

Locusta migratoria L. /Portschinskij 1894), Omocestus viridulus L. (Olsufjev 1929), Pezotettix sp. (Port-

schinskij 1894).

Servaisia rossica (Villeneuve, 1912)

Annl. hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 10: 611 (Blaesoxipha).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.20, at vertex 0.2-0.26 and at antennal base 0.28-0.35 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2.3 times wider forward and 1.5-2.5 times as wide as parafrontal. 3rd antennomere

1.5-1.8 times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.19-0.25 and gena 0.24-0.32 eye height. fr 9-13,

one vertical row of parafacials. Head dark grey or silvery grey pollinose, 2nd antennomere often

reddish. ac 3-4+1-2, dc 3+3, ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-5, ph 2-3, sa 3, npl 2 long + 2 short, spl 2+1 or 1+1+1,

propleuron bare. Ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.8-1.3. Mediomarginals on abdominal

tergite III often fine or absent. Ventral margin of cercus distinctly curved (Fig. 147). Basiphallus as

broad as distiphallus, hind arm of ventral lobe not pointed, apical plate elongate, apex narrow and

strongly curved ventrally. Thorax black, grey pollinose, with mesonotum showing black longitudinal

stripes. Abdominal pattern yellowish grey and dark chequered, medial longitudinal stripe of tergites

III-V well developed. Genitalia orange red, occasionally fuscous, lustrous.

?. Frons 0.27-0.33 head width, 1.2-1.5 x times as long as one parafacial. Ovipositor strongly curved

ventrally (Fig. 140), dorsal concavity not expanding up to apex. Tergite VI and ovipositor lustrous

orange.

Body length 6-10 mm.

144

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. Flies frequent mesophytic vegetation and

sandy areas. Ecology: Larvae are parasitoids of Acridoidea: Chorthippus biguttulus L. (Leonide &

Leonide 1971), Ch. brunneus Thnb. (Verves 1974), Ch. mollis Charp. (L&onide & L&onide 1971), Eire-

nephilus longipennis Sh. (Artamonov 1985), Euchorthippus declivus Bris., E. pulvinatus F.-W. (L&onide &

Leonide 1971), Gomphocerus sibiricus L. (Rohdendorf 1937), Dociostaurus maroccanus Tbnb. (L&onide

1983), Locusta migratoria L. (Predtechenskij 1930), Omocestus haemorrhoidalis Charp., Stauroderus scalaris

F.-W. (Verves 1987a). The female injects the ovipositor into the intersegmental membrane of the host

and deposits larvae (L&onide 1967).

Genus Tephromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 58: 366.

Type species: Sarcophaga grisea Meigen, 1826.

Bright grey medium-sized flies. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times as long as 2nd. Arista long pubescent,

inflated in basal 0.2-0.3. Parafacial moderately wide, gena very high, 0.3-0.4 eye height. One row of

postor, ocellars long and strong, proclinate, vte in d fine, in ? strong, fr numerous, long and crossed.

Parafrontal with short black hairs, parafacial with one row of medium-length bristles. Gena and upper

part of occiput black haired, lower part with long bright setae. Palpus inflated at apex, especially in 2.

ac 1-3+1-3, de 3+3, ia 0-1+2-3, spl 2+1, propleuron bare, t, with 2-3 ad, ctenidium at d t, distinct, mid-

femoral organ in ? absent. Costal spine in d short, in 2 long, R,;open, r, bare, r,,, with a few short basal

setae. d genitalia medium-sized. Cercus very broad, apex with appendix narrow and pointed, apical

part with numerous spines. Paraphallus elongate and occupying dorsal part of distiphallus complete-

ly; limen large, ventral lobe elongate and well sclerotized. Base of ovipositor broad corresponding to

width of abdominal tergite VI, moderately long, apical part distinctly narrowed.

One palaearctic species is known.

Tephromyia grisea (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 18 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.24-0.3, at vertex 0.3-0.34 and at antennal base 0.32-0.41 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.6-2.5 times wider forwards, frons at middle 1.5-2 times as broad as parafrontal.

Parafacial at antennal base 0.16-0.22 eye height. fr 9-11, h 3-4, sa 3, npl 2 long +2-3 short. Scutellum with

long and strong subap and bas, very fine lat and 1-2 pairs of discals, ap absent. Ratio between 3rd and

Sth costal sections 1: 0.7-1. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginals. Segment

VIIH+-VIN with row of fine marginals. Genitalia see Figs 145, 160.

Body dark grey, densely pale grey pollinose. Head silvery grey or yellowish grey dusted, frontal

vitta black or brownish, almost undusted, antenna and palpus black. 2nd antennomere distally reddish

brown. Thorax yellowish grey pollinose, with distinct black mesonotal stripe. Legs black, grey dusted,

wings hyaline with greyish base. Abdomen densely grey or yellowish grey dusted, nearly patternless,

tergites I+II-IV with poor indication of medial longitudinal stripe. Segments VII+VIII brownish black

and densely grey pollinose, epandrium bright red to yellowish orange, dull, pale dusted, cercus and

aedegus reddish brown to pale brown lustrous (Fig. 145).

?. Frons 0.28-0.34 of eye width. Frontal vitta 1.3-1.7 times as broad as parafrontal. Ovipositor see

Fig. 146. Thorax bright densely grey, yellowish grey or golden grey dusted, longitudinal stripes poorly

developed. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey pollinose, patternless. Palpus brown to yellowish brown.

2nd antennomere completely yellowish red, 3rd antennomere with only basal part brown, and

lustrous (Fig. 146).

Body length 5-10 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in central and southern Europe, Transcaucasus, northern Kaza-

khstan, southern Siberia, Far East, northern China and Monsgolia.

145

Ecology: The flies live in mesophytic habitats and grassland with bushes and are attracted by (human)

faeces. Larvae are parasitoids of acridoid grasshoppers, mainly Dociostaurus maroccanus Thnb. (Paoli

1919, 1939) and Oedipoda caerulescens (Verves 1985).

Tribe Raviniini Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 49.

Frons in d narrow, without proclinate or, in ? broader, with 2 pairs of strong proclinate or. fr strong,

crossed, often not diverging forward. Frons and oral margin slightly protruding in lateral view. 3rd

antennomere 1.2-3.5 times as long as 2nd, arista long pubescent, basal 0.2-0.4 inflated. Parafontal

haired, parafacial with rows of bristles. Angular vibrissae very long and strong, underpart of facial

ridge often shortly bristled. Propleuron bare or occasionally with few setae. Postsutural ac 1 or absent,

postsutural de 3-4 pairs, strong. Ctenidium at d f, distinct, mid-femoral organ in ? absent. r, bare or (in

Chaetoravinia) haired, r,,;basally haired. R, open, less often closed. Segment VII+VII in d shorter than

broad (high), shorter than very large epandrium. Cerci broadly separated in posterior apical part, in

lateral view straight or slightly curved ventrally, surstylus short. Basiphallus and distiphallus com-

plete, small epiphallus present. Internal parts of distiphallus form a petiolate appendix or hillae,

membranal lobes well developed, apical plate poorly developed or absent. First instar larva without

mandible, metacephalon with preoral furrow.

The tribe comprises 2 subtribes, 8 genera and more than 130 species widely distributed in the

Americas and Oceania. Only one palaearctic species is known. Adult flies are polytopic, several species

are culturophile to synanthropic. Larvae are coprophagous or predators of other coprophagous and

coprophilous insects, and possibly facultative parasites or predators in tissues of both invertebrates

and vertebrates. The nearctic species Cistudinomyia cistudinis Tns. is known to produce obligatory

cutaneous myiasis in marine turtles.

Genus Ravinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Hist. nat. Dipt. Paris 2: 434.

Type species: Sarcophaga haematodes Meigen, 1826 (synonym of Musca pernix Harris, 1780).

Small (body length 4-9 mm), grey flies with reddish or orange postabdomen. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.5

times as long as 2nd. Lower frontal bristles parallel. r, bare. Abdominal tergite III without mediomar-

ginals. Epandrium quadrate, not elongate. Epiphallus present but short, hillae rather protruding,

membranal lobes elongate and narrow, ventral lobes very short, triangulate, well sclerotized, apical

plate absent. 17 species occur in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions and one palaearctic species is

known. Larvae are coprophagous.

Ravinia pernix (Harris, 1780)

Exp. Engl. Ins. 84 (Musca).

Musca striata Fabricius, 1794, Ent. Syst. 4: 315 (preocc. by Gmelin 1790).

Musca haemorrhoidalis Fallen, 1817. Kongl. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 3 (1816): 23 (preocc. by Villers 1789).

Sarcophaga haematodes Meigen, 1826. Syst Beschr. 3: 29.

Description

d. Frons in narrowest part 0.17-0.25, at vertex 0.27-0.31 and at antennal base 0.32-0.40 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.3-1.7 times wider forwards, 3-5 times as broad as parafrontal. 3rd antenomere 0.24 and

gena 0.33-0.40 eye height. One row of postor, ac long and strong, proclinate, vte poorly developed; fr

5-9, 1-2 rows of very short parafacial setae. Lower part of occiput long and yellowish white haired.

Parafrontal and facial densely yellowish silver pollinose; gena and occiput grey or yellowish grey

dusted, frontal vitta brown to black, very fine dusted, antenna and palpus black, distal part of 2nd

146

antennomere reddish yellow to bright brownish. ac 2-3+1, praescutellar pair very strong, dc 3+3,

ia 0-1+2-3, h 3-4, ph 2-3, sa 3, npl 2 long +1-3 short, spl 2+2 or 1+1+1. Propleuron bare. Scutellum with

long and strong bas and subap, short lat and praebas, and with one pair of discals, ap absent. Ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.9-1.1. Thorax yellowish grey dusted, black longitudinal

mesonotal stripes well developed. Legs black, wing hyaline. Genitalia see (Figs 149, 152). Abdominal

segment VII+VIII grey pollinose, reddish brown, hind margin orange, epandrium orange to red,

lustrous. Abdomen slightly pale grey dusted with chequered pattern.

2. Frons 0.3-0.38 of head width. Frontal vitta 2-3 times width of one parafrontal. fr 4-7, not crossed,

vte long and strong. Abdominal tergite Vi complete, with strong marginals. Tergite VII consisting of

large paired and well sclerotized, bare lateral plates, tergites VIII-X are reduced. Sternite X large,

triangulate, poorly sclerotized and haired. Sternites VII and VIII bare, short and broad. Sternite VI

elongate, apical part right-angled with short bristles; tergite VI reddish brown, grey dusted, ovipositor

orange to red, lustrous.

Body length 4-9.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic and in the northern part of the Oriental regions.

The species is rather euryoecious, but thermophilic so that the flies are active at noon hours. They seek

sunlit grassland, forest steppe or open steppe on dry substrates (serpentine, granite, chalk, loess etc.)

or on sand.

Ecology: The flies feed at flowers, animal excrement and carcasses etc. Larvae are schizophagous

developing in faeces, dung and carrion (Portschinskij 1881, Seguy 1941a, Sychevskaya 1960, 1970 etc.).

It is believed that larvae might live at least partly as predators of ether coprophilous larvae, especially

maggots (Pickens 1981) and also as facultative predators or parasitoids of lepidopterous larvae and

pupae: Loxostege sticticalis L., Lymantria dispar L., L. monacha L., in beetles such as Oryctes nasicornis L.:

acridoid grasshoppers such as Chrysochraon dispar Germ, Dociostaurus maroccanus Thnb., Podisma alpina

Kohl., and may also produce myiasis in man (e.g. Baer 1921, James 1947, Nakonechnyj 1973a,b, Seguy

194la, Verves 1974 etc.). This species shows a culturophily accompanying especially wild rabbit

habitats and is known to act as a passive vector of dysenterial bacteria, protozoan cysts (Chilomastix

mesnili, Lamblia intenstinalis), oncosphaerae of tapeworms, e.g. Taeniarrhynchus saginatus (Sychevskaya,

Skopina & Petrova 1959, Nadzhafarov 1967, Trofimov & Engelhardt 1965 etc.).

Tribe Johnsoniini Rohdendorf, 1967

Proc. Paleont. Inst. 116: 59.

d. Frons narrow with or occasionally without proclinate orbitals. Parafacial and gena moderately

broad, with bristles or hairs. 3rd antennomere 2-4 times longer than 2nd, arista with long or short hairs,

occasionally (subtribe Neophytoina) almost bare. fr strong, crossed, divergent frontally. Angular

vibrissae strong and long, prementum mid-long. Palpus long with apex widened. Postsutural dc

usually 3, less fequently 2-4-5 pairs. propleuron both bare or haired. Ctenidium of d mid femora well

developed. R,open, occasionally closed. Cercus not curved dorsally, membranal and ventral processes

well developed, strongly sclerotized. Apical plate heavily sclerotized, without lateral arms. Stylus

usually long (Fig. 211). ? with abdominal tergite VI complete, occasionally bilobate. Tergite VII well

developed, consisting of paired haired or bare lateral plates. Abdominal pattern chequered, in some

Neotropical species with blue or metallic lustre. First instar larva without clypeal arch.

The tribe comprises 6 subtribes, 34 genera and more than 150 species generally distributed in the

Neotropics; about 20 species are nearctic, one (Fergusonimyia) occurs in Australia, and one monobasic

genus (Sarcotachinella) is holarctic. Larvae are parasites of insects, earthworms, snails, amphibians and

reptiles, and are occasionally necrophagous (in bird nests on dead birds).

147

Subtribe Sarcotachinellina Verves, 1988

Ecol. and tax. of Ukrainian Insects 105 (Kiev, in Russian).

Grey, medium-sized flies. d frons without proclinate orbitals. Arista long plumose, parafacial with row

of bristles, head profile angular. 3 pairs of postsutural dc, ctenidium poorly developed, propleuron

bare. Styli claw-like, paraphallus well sclerotized, very high. ? with abdominal tergite VI consisting of

paired lateral plates, tergite VII complete, membranous centrally, laterally well sclerotized tergites

VII-X absent. Abdomen grey pollinose with chequered pattern. The tribe is represented by a single

genus.

Genus Sarcotachinella Townsend, 1892

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19: 110.

Type species: Sarcotachinella intermedia Townsend, 1892 (a synonym of Sarcophaga sinuata Meigen,

1826).

3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times longer than 2nd. Facial at level of antennal base broader than frontal.

Parafacial and gena comparatively narrow, 0.3 eye-height. 1-2 rows of postor, vte in d well developed,

ocellar bristles strong, ac 0+1, spl 141+1 or 2-3+1. Mid femora anterodistal with distinct golden hairs

at 0.3-0.4 of length. Midfemora in $s with very small femoral organ in middle. t, with 2-3 ad. R, open,

r, bare, costal spine strong, m-cu strongly sigmoid. d genitalia medium-sized, segments VII+VII

quadrate laterally. Epandrium shorter than long (high). Cerci apically with short dorsal spines,

surstylus very short. Basiphallus of same length as distiphallus or shorter. Membranal process

elongate, well sclerotized, three-lobed. ? with abdominal sternites VI and VII long and narrow.

Sternite VI with strong marginals, sternite VII apically setose, sternite VIII very small, membranous

and bare, sternite X medium-sized, membranous and setose. Body dark, genitalia black, occasionally

reddish in females. One species.

References: Pape 1987: Fauna ent. scand. 19: 153-155.

Sarcotachinella sinuata (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 22 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcotachinella intermedia Townsend 1892. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 19: 111.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.22-0.27, at vertex 0.25-0.29 and at antennal base 0.39-0.46 head width.

Frontal vitta parallel-sided, at frons middle 1.2-2 times as wide as one parafrontal. Parafacial at

antennal base 0.29-0.34, gena 0.3-0.35 eye height. fr 7-11, very strong and long, parafacial with short

black setae, oral bristles 10-15, fine and hairy, gena and upper part of occiput black setose, lower part

of occiput with numerous long brownish yellow to brownish white hairs. Parafrontal and facial

yellowish grey pollinose, gena and occiput black, slightly dark grey dusted, frontal vitta brownish

black, almost without pollinosity, antenna and palpus black. ia 1+2, h 3, ph 1, sa 3, npl 2 long and 2-3

short, Scutellum with long subap and bas, very fine lat, short and fine ap and one pair d. f, with

complete rows of av and pv, t; with few long hairy pv; r,,;with a few basal setae. Ratio between 3rd

and 5th costal sections 1:1 or 1-1.2. Thorax yellowish grey pollinose, pleura paler, longitudinal

mesonotal stripes broad, lustrous black. Legs black, hyaline, base slight yellowish grey, basicosta

yellow, epaulet brown to blackish. (Plate XIL, Fig. 211).

Abdominal tergite I+II without marginals, tergite III with one pair of strong mediomarsginals; hairs

on sternites II and III long, short on sternite IV. Each arm of sternite V with strong inside marginals and

with long apical hairs. Genitalia see Fig. 211.

?. Frons 0.32-0.35 of head width. Middle femoral organ small, elongate.

Body length 4-9.5 mm.

148

Distribution: Widely distributed in the mild zone of the Holarctic region. Flies are commonly found

in hygrophytic plant associations near rivers and swamps or on sea shores and are attracted to feces

and dead animals (Gregor & Povolny 1959, Mihälyi & Aradi 1971) and flowers of Asteraceae,

Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae etc. Larvae are parasitoids of grasshoppers (in North America e.g. Camnula

pellucida Scud., Melanoplus bivittatus Say, M. differentialis Thomas, M. sanguinipes F.), in Spain Dociostau-

rus maroccanus Thnb. (Aldrich 1916, Smith 1958, Rees 1973); females attack flying locusts for larvipo-

sition (Aldrich 1916); in Finland bred from the noctuid caterpillar Nonagria typhae Thng. (Pape 1987).

Near Ussuriysk bred from a dead frog and reared on animal liver (Artamonov 1983). Maggots are

common in nests of coastal birds living in dead young birds (Schleswig-Holstein - own observation).

Tribe Sarcophagini Macquart, 1835

Hist. Nat. Ins. Paris, Dipt. 2: 1-703.

Frons profile protruding, d without proclinate orbital bristles, 3rd antennomere 2-5 times longer than

2nd, arista distinctly and long pubescent, basally inflated at 0.2-0.5. Frontal bristles long and strong,

crossed, frontally divergent. Parafacial and gena moderately wide, with hairs or bristles, palpus long

with widened apex. Oral margin profile protruding, in rare instances short (Pandelleana). Propleuron

bare or haired, $ femoral organ usually well developed, ctenidium in d mid femora both well

developed or absent. Claws in both sexes elongate, slightly curved. R; usually open, occasionally

closed or petiolate (Artamonoviella, Notoecus) (Plate XI). Distiphallus rather differentiated, epiphallus

usually reduced, only in North american subtribe Metoposarcophagina elongate. Apical plate and

membranal lobes well developed, ventral protuberances usually well developed, in rare instances

fused with paraphallus or partly reduced. Styli and medial process of interior distiphallus well

developed, occasionally partly reduced. Paraphallus in subtribe Helicophagellina with pair of acute

and pointed laterodorsal processes (“auricula”). Harpes developed only in some taxa (e.g. Thyrsocne-

ma) (Plate V). Ovipositor. with tergite VI well developed, complete or bilobate, tergites VII-X membra-

nous, usually partly or completely reduced. Spermathecae elongate, apically widened.

The tribe comprises 15 subtribes and more than 750 species of worldwide distribution including 42

palaearctic genera and more than 300 species. The tribe is ecologically rather adaptable. Flies occur in

various habitats, feeding at flowers, excrement and animal carcasses or decaying organic substrates,

lavae are coprophagous and necrophagous, parasitoid, several taxa tending towards various degrees

of synanthropy including eusynanthropic species. Larvae are both facultative and obligatory parasi-

toids and predators on both invertebrates (earthworms, snails, spiders, insects) and vertebrates,

causing myiases.

References: Rohdendorf 1965: Ent. Obozr. 44: 676-695; Verves 1989: Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 84:

538-543.

Key to subtribes and genera of Sarcophagini

1. Membranal process membranous with distinct borders, or unpaired digitate, spinose or protrud-

ER 2

-— Membranal process strongly protruding and usually well sclerotized; if membranous, then with

SSL ee 4.

2. Laterodorsal claw-like processes of paraphallus (“auricula”) well developed. Membranal process

short, border sharp, occasionally with distal protuberance; apical plate without lateral arms,

membranous or delicate spinose; ventral process absent, ? with abdominal tergite VI bilobate,

next (caudal)itersites absenti(Helieophagellma m... un... men Helicophagella End.

- Auricula absent, membranal process straight awl-shaped; apical plate often with lateral arms,

ventral processes well developed rostrum-formed or lobate, ? with abdominal tergite VI usually

complete, membranous remainders of tergite VII and VIII usually present (Heteronychiina) .......

149

3. Apical plate well sclerotized with elongate lateral arms ........uunenesesesesesenseeeeseenennen Discachaeta End.

- Apical plate membranous, occasionally sclerotized, lateral arms absent, if present, then usually

shorter or apical plate Spoon-shaped ......... u umrane. „erden een a Heteronychia B. B.

4. Apical plate membranous, without lateral arms. Styli widened, apex usually funnel-like. Ventral

process bristle-like, membranal process widened, well sclerotized, situated on paraphallus apex

(Sarchphagina) rigen re ee ee Sarcophaga Mg.

— Apical plate more or less sclerotized, if membranous then with lateral arms elongate. Ventral and

membranal’process ıöf different form... nn Mi 5:

5. 3-4 pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals of rather same size (Phallanthina) ................u2u22u2u22eseneen. 6.

- 4-7 pairs of postsutural de, fore'paixs shorter than'hind pairs“.........:222.202u002000420202222002B2UnnenABLRGBRee 12.

6. Frons profile strongly protruding, parafacial very broad, densely haired, without long bristles; oral

margin profile not protruding. Apical plate elongate, bilobate, without lateral arms, medial process

very long and broad, profile prominent, ventral process absent. Genital segments usually red .....

BEER EEE ERRER R REERNE RL IRRE RE Pandelleana Rohd.

- Frons profile slightly protruding, parafacial medium broad or narrow, with bristles; oral margin

profile profruding.Genitalia black ............... 2.2000 ee »

7. Stylus broad with short preapical spine. Apical plate shortened, without lateral arms; 3-4 postsu-

tural.da 2 n. Net esee ee Arachnidomyia Towns.

— "Stylus narrow and long, lower surface serrate. 3 postsutural’de...u.r..endenne nes 8.

Br, wathHbasalesefae... teen na ser ee ee 9

= 5 baren... Meere erben ee ee ER 10

9. Ventral process fusing with paraphallus; paraphallus broadened surrounding distiphallus both

dorsally and laterally. Membranal process unpaired, elongate, clavate; pregonite centrally broad-

ee Krameromyia Verves

— Ventral processes well separated from paraphallus which is narrower and surrounds only lateral

parts.ofdistiphallus. Pregonites.nartow er... een ee Ascelotella End.

10. Apical plate with elongate bristle-like dorsolateral arms. 2 pairs of membranal processes, their

proximal parts with numerous spines. Ventral processes and harpes narrow and elongate ..........

N ee u re Re EB de ae Bee re neben Thyrsocnema End.

= Apieal'plate' without lateral’ arms... acer 11

11. Ventral process distinct and separated from paraphallus. Apical plate with apex pointed. Mem-

branal process short and directed ventrally............r. nu. een ee ee Pierretia R.-D.

— Ventral process indistinct, fused with paraphallus. Apical plate profile broadened, not pointed

apically. Membranal process elongate, parallel with longitudinal distiphallus axis .................

sänhnneeankhnrhrun a sundundansunuekahsuenahenenndendndanurnandanensEn nen hee er lnEernueh een Eee enaFee see ee Bellieriomima Rohd.

12. Styli broadened, complex, often with spines or processes (Boettcheriscina)........ueeeeeeeeeeeenennen 13.

— Styli long and narrow, occasionally shortened or covered with membranous “envelope” (Parasar-

COPhagina) .i.ise.nenistsenenengerrensge nennen ee 14.

13. & with abdominal sternite V cone-shaped ventral process. Stylus without spines. Propeluron bare

SCHERER REEL BERG PR ORION EN RER RE EEE RR EEE Sc Rosellea Rohd.

- 6 with abdominal sternite V without process, stylus spine-like. Propleuron haired ......................

udoahunnusannph ah unten nannhehrhe tun nnningde ende usunnsastäne sun de se se Tneresnt Re Aare went engere use Kramerea Rohd.

14. Stylus with membranous “envelope”; lateral arms of apical plate well developed ..........ne.

a RE ee IR Liopygia End.

— Stylus without membranous “envelope”; lateral arms of apical plate present or absent ............ 1

15. Cercus with a distinct transverse fold (keel) near middle of dorsal ledge; surstylus elongate

pointed. Abdomen with longitudinal medial black tergal stripe .........- Stackelbergeola Rohd.

- Cercus without distinct transverse fold (keel) dorsally; surstylus short and rounded. Abdomen

BEE EHolschet VeredNpAUIEnD. ee 16.

16. Two pairs of hook-shaped membranal lobes; medial process broad and elongate, distinct; apical

plate bilobate, without lateral arms hook-shaped ............uunseenenesensensenensenen Robineauella End.

- One pair of membranal processes; if two, then not spine-shaped; medial process poorly developed,

INNE. EL 01a a Ne RES ENREH RR ERS ER TEE N RE SRIARLHFRRELEELTE 13 PIEIEREREE DORTEHEN ER RRER U HRREE EA GE IE AR 17%

17. Praescutellar ac absent; membranal lobes well sclerotized, hook-shaped, protruding ventrally;

paraphallus distinctly elongate occupying entire dorsal surface of distiphallus; apical plate dis-

placed ventrally; apical part of cercus distinctly narrowing with a longitudinal ledge (keel) ........

EL EB EEE Bercaea R.-D.

— Praescutellar ac usually present; membranal lobes different; paraphallus shortenend, apical plate

Be Bl lee venttally ne en 18.

18. Apical plate with more or less elongate lateral arms ............esnen: Liosarcophaga End.

eNpieakplate withouf lateral anms en. nn nee Parasarcophaga Johns. & Tiegs

Subtribe Helicophagellina

Lopes, Kano, Shinonaga & Kurahashi 1977, Cat. Dipt. Orient. Reg. (Honolulu) 576; Verves 1989. Mem Inst.

Oswaldo Cruz 84: 538.

Bellieriina Enderlein, 1928. Arch. klass. phylog. Ins. 1: 9 (Bellieriini —- based on Bellieria sensu Enderlein, 1928, nec

Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863).

This subtribe appears to be rather ancient (within Sarcophagini) and it comprises the single genus

Helicophagella.

d frons narrower than eye, in ? same width. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times as long as 2nd. 3-(4) pairs

of strong postsutural dc-bristles, r, bare, R,open, in rare instances closed. Ctenidium poorly developed

or absent. Propleuron bare. Cercus straight or moderately curved ventrally, apex pointed. 3 genitalia

with segments VII+VIII large and long, epandrium quadrate or elongate. Basiphallus moderately

shorter than distiphallus, epiphallus absent. Paraphallus well sclerotized, elongate, with pair of spined

dorsal processes (“auricula”). Apical plate short and membranous or spined and without lateral arms.

Membranal process ribbon-like and membranous, occasionally with proximal protuberance, ventral

process absent; ? with abdominal tergite VI bilobate, tergites VII-X absent.

Genus Helicophagella Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. phylogen. Ent. 1: 38.

Type species: Sarcophaga noverca Rondani, 1860.

Bellieria Enderlein, 1928. Arch. klassif. phylogen. Ent. 1: 36.

Bellieria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (Rohdendorf 1937, Fauna SSSR 19: 129-151).

Grey flies of medium to big size (5-17 mm), with chequered abdominal pattern. Arista base at 0.3-0.4

of length inflated, long or moderately long haired. 1-3 postorbital rows, d vte indistinct or short, in ?

well developed. fr strong, crossed, ocellars strong. Gena and upper occiput with black bristles, lower

occiput with dense yellowish white or greyish white hairs. Head silvery white or yellowish grey

pollinose, frontal vitta black to dark brown, almost without pollinosity. Antenna and palpus black,

rarely brownish black. ac usually 0+1, rarely (H. agnata) 2-4+1, dc 2+3+3-4, h 3-4, ph 1-2, ia 0-1+2, sa

3, npl 2 long +2-4 short, spl 1-3+1. Scutellum with strong bas and subap, ap fine, crossed, lat very fine,

d fine, ap and lat absent in ?s. Femoral organ in ? either present or absent. t, with 2-4 ad, all f and t;

in d with numerous long ventral hairs. Costal spine distinct, 3rd costal section longer than 5th, relation

between 2nd and 3d sections of medial vein 1:0.2-0.4, r,., haired at base. Mesonotal longitudinal

stripes well developed; legs black, grey dusted, wings hyaline, base smoked, basicosta and preepaulet

yellow, epaulet deep brown to black. Mediomarginals of abdominal tergite III either present or absent.

Inside spinose chaeta on paired arms of d sternite V (“brush”) well developed. Genitalia black.

The genus is subdivided into 2 subgenera, comprisiting in all 15 species, of which 14 are palaearctic

and one (H. melanura) occurs in the Holartic and Oriental regions. Larvae of Helicophagella s. str. are

necrophagous, predacious or pseudoparasitoid on terrestrial snails; the subgenus Parabellieria includes

coprophagous taxa. H. maculata, H. macrura and H. melanura are synanthropic visitors of faeces.

Reference: Verves 1993: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h.), Lf. 331: 464-483.

Key to subenera and species of Helicophagella

1. Apical plate membranous, narrow, without spines (Parabellieria). Abdominal segment VII+VIII

medium-sized, not more than 1.5-2 times as long as broad (high), epandrium quadrate, membranal

Proeess’completely membranous.......n ae ee H. (P.) melanura (Meig,)

= Apical plate well’sclerotized, spinose (Helicophagella s. str.) ...........0....20..0000 0 enn nennen 2.

2. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginals .....n......u..00..0000u.0n 00000 nr ee 8.

- ‚Abdeminal tergite III without mediomarginals .2.........::u..20.00..0.0...2 0 m. nenne 5.

3. Presutural acrostichals present. Auricula short, not protruding to dorsal margin of distiphallus.

ee SER en A ET H. agnata (Rond.).

- Presutural acrostichals absent, auricula protruding towards dorsal margin of distiphallus ....... 4.

4. Cercus short with base rather widened, wedge-shaped. Apical plate with apex widened and

direeted ventrally .......2.:-. se... 2.2. nee ee H. rosellei (Bött.)

- Cercus long, almost parallel-sided, base not widened. Apex of apical plate slightly widened, not

direetedydessally........se.s0.00e een ee ner H. crassimargo (Pand.)

5. Pregonite very short, almost entirely reduced. Auricula small, almost absent ...............e.ueeeeno

ER EN HERNE NER LEE ar rien. H. noverca (Rond.)

—. Pregonife well developed, auricula big, spine-formed ..................u...2...202020003 dunensssuesss ass e 6

6: #Shyliasslangtas apleal plate. 2.2... a H. verstraeteni (Lehr.)

=. "Siylilonger than apıeal plate...............2.24.204220000anearsesssnsrnannneueetee are rkansesnee re H. novella (Bar.)

Subgenus Helicophagella s. str.

8 palaearctic species, in central Europe 6 species.

Helicophagella (s. str.) agnata (Rondani 1860)

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 3: 383 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.13-0.8, at vertex 0.17-1.22 and at antennal base 0.36-0.41 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-1.5 widening forwards, at frons middle 1.5-2 times as wide as parafrontal, 3rd

antennomere 1.4-1.8 times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.18-0.23 and gena 0.23-0.28 eye

heigth. fr 9-13, parafrontal with erect hairs, with 2 rows of medium-length bristles, lower bristles

longer exceeding parafacial width. Facial ridge at lower 0.3-0.4 with some short hairs. Head silvery

white pollinose. dc 2-4+1. Ctenidium present. t; with a row of long, fine pv, m-cu arcuate, relation

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.8. Abdominal tergite III usually with strong mediomargin-

als, which are occasionally shortened or weak. Genitalia medium-sized, segment VII+VII with fine

1152

168 Sr 169 X 5

Figs. 166.-169. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 166. Helicophagella agnata

Fig. 167. Helicophagella crassimargo

Fig. 168. Helicophagella noverca

Fig. 169. Helicophagella novella

marginals. Cercus narrow, blade-like, gonites medium-length, elongate, strongly protruding ventrally

(Fig. 166)

2. Frons 0.29-0.35 of head width. Femoral organ absent. Interior margin of abdominal tergite VI

longer than outside, segment VII present, consisting of two small and bare lateral plates.

Body length 6-11 mm.

Distribution: Central and southern Europe, northern Kazakhstan (Kokchetaw). A woodland species

accompanying both deciduous and coniferous forests being clearly focused in montane beech woods

(Fagus) of central Europe. The species is generally rare and local being restricted to undisturbed

habitats. Flies feed at flowers on forest margins or in forest interior clearings, being skiophilous. It has

been reared from the snail Helix aspersa Müll. (Emden 1954).

Figs. 170.-172. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 170. Helicophagella macrura

Fig. 171. Helicophagella rosellei

Fig. 172. Helicophagella melanura

Helicophagella (s. str.) crassimargo (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 195 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.18-0.25, at vertex 0.21-0.27 and at level of antennal base 0.3-0.38 head

width. Frontal vitta 1.3-1.6 times wider frontally, at frons middle 2.5-3.5 times wider than one

parafrontal. 3rd antennomere 1.2-1.6 longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.17-0.22 and gena

0.18-0.27 eye-height. fr 7-10, parafacial with 1-2 rows of short setae, lower pairs stronger and longer

than parafacial width. Facial ridge with small setae at lower 0.3-0.4. Head silvery grey or yellowish

grey dusted. Ctenidium absent. m-cu sigmoid, relation between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.8-1.1.

Thorax yellowish grey pollinose. Abdominal sternite II long setose, sternites III and IV with short

hairs. Abdominal tergite III with 2-4 strong and long mediomarginals, segment VII+VII 1.2-1.5 longer

than broad, with long marginals. Cercus elongate, narrow, rather parallel-sided. Gonites medium-

length, spine-like. Distiphallus short and thick, auricula protruding before dorsal margin of distiphal-

lus, apical plate not protruding ventrally, rounded (Fig. 167). Segment VII+VIII dull, genitalia lustrous

black.

?. Frons 0.32-0.35 of head width. Mid-femoral organ present and situated distally, lateral plates of

abdominal tergite VI each with 6-8 marginals, tergite VII complete, membranous, haired.

Body length 4.5-10.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe, western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Georgia (Gruzia)

and Azerbaijan. The species shows a considerable hypsometric potence reaching elevations up to

154

2.000 m a.s.l., e.g. in the European Carpathian Mountains. It avoids forests preferring open landscape

and very dry habitats with poor vegetation including podzol soils and is heliophilic. Flies feed at

flowers of Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae etc and are readily attracted to decaying organic substrates

(faeces, excrement, cheese, carcasses). Larvae are essentially copro-necrophagous (Sychevskaya 1965)

and have been occasionally reared from snails (Helicella (Cerbuella) virgata de Costa) (Keilin 1919).

Helicophagella novella (Baranov, 1929)

Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenk. 4: 150 (Sarcophaga).

Bellieria cepelaki Lehrer, 1975. Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 111: 288.

Bellieria okaliana Lehrer, 1975. Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 111: 288, nomen nudum.

Bellieria novercoides sensu Povolny & Slameckovä, 1969. Acta ent. bohemoslovaca 66: 55 (not Böttcher 1913).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.21, at vertex 0.25-0.27, at antennal base 0.38-0.42 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-1.5 times wider frontoventrally; frons middle 1.5-2.7 of parafrontal width. 3rd

antennomere 1.5-2 longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.21-0.26, gena 0.21-0.23 eye

height; fr 6-11, one or two rows of mid-long parafacial bristles. Head silvery dusted. Ctenidium poorly

developed, f, without strong av; m-cu vein sigmoid; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal section 1: 0.5-0.7.

Thorax dark grey pollinose. Srd abdominal tergite without mediomarginals. Abdominal tergites II and

III long setose, sternite IV with short hairs. Segment VII+VII distinctly elongate, twice als long as

broad, with fine marginals. Epandrium elongate (like in Heteronychia). Cercus long with broad bases,

apex narrower and pointed, moderately curved ventrally. Pregonite moderately curved and pointed,

shorter than long and arcuate. Membranal process protruding, auricula elongate, apical plate short,

projecting ventrally (Fig. 169).

? unknown.

Body length 6.5-13 mm.

Distribution: This is a montane, mostly calciphilic species, accompanying the Alps, the Carpathians,

and the (limestone) formations of the Balkan Peninsula occurring at elevations up to the rocky alpine

deserts above the timberline (e.g. High Tatra, Austrian and Bavarian Alps, Vichren in Bulgaria,

Biokovo in Dalmatia, Olympos in Greece). On the Adriatic sea coast and in Greece the species accurs

during early spring, but occasionally also in late summer on limestone cliffs near sea level (together

with the rather common Heteronychia bezziana). The closely related Helicophagella novercoides (Böttcher

1913) (Dt. ent. Z. 4: 367/Sarcophaga/) was erroneously confused (Povolny & Slameckovä 1969) and

synonymized (Verves 1986) with H. novella (Bar.). H. novercoides appears to be a purely mediterranean

taxon probably not ascending montane elevations. It is closely related to S. novella showing, however,

a different form of the apical membranous fold of the distiphallus which is differentiated ventrally

forming a detached ventral arm (Fig. 244). This situation is complicated by the fact that H. novella

shows a considerable hypsometrical potence in the Balkan maritime countries. Specimens from alpine

zones may reach body length of only 6.5 mm.

The further complication is the existence of a next morphologically distinct form of this complex

occurring in the foothills of the Olympos Mountains (Povolny 1995) in Greece. The complex of

Helicophagella novercoides deserves consequently a specialized study.

Helicophagella (s. str.) noverca (Rondani, 1860)

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 3: 386 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.20, at vertex 0.21-0.27 and at antennal base 0.29-0.34 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2 times wider frontoventrally, at frons middle as wide as parafrontal. 3rd antenno-

mere 1.3-1.7 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.16-0.21 and gena 0.22-0.29 eye

height. fr 8-11, parafacial with one row of bristles, upper bristles short and fine, lower ones strong and

155

as long as parafacial width. Facial ridge shortly bristled at lower 0.4-0.5. Head dark, densely yellowish

white pollinose. Ctenidium absent. Thorax dark, grey dusted. m-cu sigmoid, curved, relation between

3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.9. Abdominal sternites II-!V long-haired, tergite III without

mediomarginals. Genitalia large, protruding (Fig. 168). Segment VII+VIN 1.5 times broader than long,

with very fine marginals, epandrium quadrate. Cercus straight, medium-length, pregonites very short,

densely haired, postgonites longer, spine-like. Membranal process very small, strongly sclerotized,

protruding. Auricula short. Apical plate profile triangulate, with numerous small spines. Genitalia

lustrous black (Plate X, Fig. 168).

?. Frons 0.3-0.34 head width, 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.2 times longer than 2nd. Mid-femur organ big,

reddish, situated apically. Paired lateral plates of abdominal tergite VI with 7-10 long and strong

marginals outside and with numerous fine hairs inside. Tergite VII poorly developed, membranous,

bare.

Body length 5-14 mm.

Distribution: Europe up to southern Norway, absent from the British Isles; Georgia (Gruzia), Azerba-

ijan.

The species accompanies the western palaearctic forest belt but frequents chiefly the warmer lower

elevetions (vegetation tiers), and is rare in true mountain forests. Flies feed at flowers of Asteraceae,

Daucaceae, Euphorbiaceae and are readily attracted to decaying flesh and faeces, excrement. Larvae

develop in dead snails and are facultative (secondary) parasitoids of Helix pomatia (Schmitz 1910, 1917)

H. stauropolitana (Portschinskij 1887), in the laboratory the maggots have been reared on horse meat

(Eberhardt 1955).

Helicophagella (s.str.) rosellei (Böttcher, 1912)

Dt. ent. Z. 6: 714 (Sarcophaga).

Bellieria heathi Lehrer, 1975. Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 111: 284 (unnecessary new name for Sarcophaga rosellei).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.24, at vertex 0.23-0.29, at antennal base 0.38-0.45 head width.

Frontal vitta almost parallel-sided, 1.5-2.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.5 times

longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.14-0.2, gena 0.26-0.39 eye height; fr 7-11,

parafrontal with short black setae, parafacial with 1-2 rows of bristles, only lower pair longer than

parafacial width. Facial ridge at lower 0.4-0.5 with numerous black short setae. Head bright grey or

yellowish grey pollinose. Ctenidium consisting of numerous slender bristles; vein m-cu almost straight

or moderately sigmoid; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal section 1: 0.8-0.9. Thorax grey dusted, dark.

Abdominal sternite II with long hairs, sternites III and IV shortly setose. Abdominal tergite III with

strong mediomarginals. Segment VII+VIII 1.2-1.5 times longer that broad, with fine marginals.

Epandrium square. Cercus short with broad bases, distinctly narrower distally and pointed, almost

straight. Pregonite mid-long, shorter than postgonite, almost straight, apically shortly curved and

pointed; postgonite elongate, strongly curved ventrally, apex pointed. Membranal process short, well

sclerotized. Auricula mid-long not projecting over dorsal distiphallus ledge; stylus broad, apical plate

curved ventrally, its base narrow but apically wider and with numerous spines (Fig. 171).

2. Frons 0.3-0.35 head width. Frontal vitta 1.2-1.5 wider than parafrontal. Mid-femoral organ well

developed, reddish to brown, situated at mid-femur. Lateral plates of abdominal tergite VI with 7-9

long marginals (as long as tergal length) at outside % and with numerous marginal hairs at inside %.

Tergite VII absent.

Body length 5.5-12.5 mm.

156

Helicophagella (s.str.) verstraeteni (Lehrer, 1975)

Bull. Annls. Soc. r. Belg. 111: 281 (Bellieria).

Description

&. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.2, at vertex 0.22-0.25, at antennal base 0.32-0.37 head width. Frontal

vitta parallel-sided, 2 times wider than one parafrontal; 3rd antennomere 2-2.2 times longer than 2nd.

Parafaciale at antennal base 0.15-0.2, gena 0.2-0.29 eye height; fr 8-10. Parafrontal with short erect black

setae, parafacial bristles short and fine, lower pairs stronger, as long as parafacial width. Facial ridge

haired at lower 0.3-0.4. Head yellowsh grey or whitish grey pollinose. Ctenidium absent, f; without

strong av-bristles; vein m-cu strongly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal section 1:0.6-0.8.

Abdominal sternites II-IV with long hairs. Tergite III without mediomarginals. Genitalia medium-sized.

Segment VIIH+VII 1.25 times longer than broad, with very fine marginals. Epandrium square. Gonites

and aedeagus very similar to H. rosellei, but the distal margin of apical plate not concave.

? unknown.

Distribution: Natural forests of central Europe, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania etc.

Comments. The discrimination of Helicophagella rosellei (Bött.) and H. verstraeteni (Lehr.) is ambiguous

and a special attention should be paid to this situation (see also Verves 1993). H. rosellei (Bött.) is a

transpalaearctic species accompanying its forest belt and is characteristic especially of natural forest

stands in montane elevations. Moreover, the genitalia figures 480 (H. novella) and 486 (H. novercoides)

on pp. 468 and 471 (Verves 1993) are confused belonging correctly to H. novercoides (Fig. 480) and

H. novella (Fig. 486) respectively.

Subgenus Parabellieria Verves, 1987

Ent. Obozr. 66 (3): 664.

Type species: Sarcophaga melanura Meigen, 1826.

The subgenus comprises 7 species, only one of which (H. melanura) occurs in central Europe.

Helicophagella (Parabellieria) melanura (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 23 (Sarcophaga).

Description

. Frons at narrowest part 0.26-0.31, at vertex 0.28-0.33 and at antennal base 0.36-0.45 head width.

Frontal vitta slightly widening forewards, 1.5-2 times as wide as parafrontal. 3rd antennomere 1.4-1.9

times as long as 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.26-0.32 and gena 0.33-0.43 eye height. fr 7-11,

parafrontal short black setose, one or two rows of short and fine parafacial setae present, facial ridge

with 5-10 short bristles at lower 0.3-0.4. Head yellowish grey or golden grey dusted. Ctenidium present

consisting of medium-length bristles, m-cu strongly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections

1:0.5-0.8. Thorax silvery grey pollinose. Abdominal sternite II long haired, sternites III and IV with

short setae. Tergite III without mediomarginals. Genitalia medium-size (Fig. 172). Abdominal seg-

ments VII+VIII 1.5 times longer than broad, marginals present, epandrium square, cercus medium-

length, not very wide, Praegonite and postgonite claw-shaped, postgonite moderately longer than

praegonite. Paraphalus long and comparatively narrow, apex curved. Apical plate almost straight.

Membranal process band-shaped, apical point small (Fig. 172).

9. Frons 0.35-0.40 of head width. Mid femoral organ absent. Each lateral plate of abdominal tergite

VI 2 times wider than long, with 4-8 long lateromarginals. Tergite VII reduced.

Body length 5-14 mm.

Distribution: Holarctic, but widely distributed also in northern parts of the Oriental region and

reaching the Arctic Circle. Hemisynanthropic species, culturophile preferring mesophytic phyte-

coenoses with shrubs. Flies feed at flowers, faeces, decaying substrates etc. and are responsible for

11577

transfer of bacterial disease and eggs of helminths (Akakhwedyanz & Zakharova 1961, Greenberg et al.

1971 etc.). Larvae mostly coprophagous, less frequently necrophagous (Rohdendorf 1937, Seguy 1941,

James 1947, Sychevskaya 1960, etc.), found also in nests of Chelidon rustica (Hicks 1959), bred from larvae

of Oryctes nasicornis L. (Baer 1921) the scarabeid beetle, the mole cricket Chorthippus brunneus Thnb.

(Draber-Monko 1973), snails - Arion hortensis Fer. and Helix aspersa Müll. (Baer 1921, Seguy, 1941a),

producing myiasis (usually intestinal) in birds, mammals and man (James 1947, Emden 1954 etc.).

Hymenopterous pupal parasites are Alysia manducator Pz., Aphaereta minuta Nees (Vinogradova &

Zinovyeva 1972), Brachymeria minuta L., Eucolia trichopsila Hartig, Figites scutellaris Rossi (Belizin 1963,

Sychevskaya 1964).

Subtribe Heteronychiina

Rohdendorf 1965, Ent. Obozr. 44: 693.

Verves 1989, Zool. J. 68: 93-95.

This purely palaearctic subtribe comprises 4 genera and more than 100 species, Larvae are parasitoids

of snails (terrestrial Gastropodes).

Grey, small to medium-sized species, 3rd antennomere usually 1.2-2 times longer than 2nd, arista

plumose or at least shortly haired. Postsutural dc 3, rarely 4 pairs, rather strong. Abdominal segment

V of d genitalia Y-formed, with spinolate brush, segment VII+VIII usually elongate, 1.5-2.5 times

longer than broad, epandrium usually with prolongate hind ventral margin. Pregonite narrow and

long, postgonite hook-formed. Basiphallus elongate, epiphallus absent. Membranal process membra-

nous, unpaired, either elongate spine-like or in form of a process. Ventral plates well developed, with

or without lateral arms. Abdominal tergite VI usually complete, rarely divided into paired lateral

plates, tergites VII-X usually reduced, sternite VI elongate.

Genus Discachaeta Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. phylog. Ent. 1: 30.

Type species: Sarcophaga cucullans Pandell&, 1896.

Description

Generally similar to Heteronychia B. B., but d genitalia distinctly different by strongly sclerotized

apical plate with elongate lateral arms.

Body length 3-13 mm.

d frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.3, in ?s 0.3-0.4 of head width. 3rd antennomere 1.2-1.5 times longer

than 2nd, basal part (0.3-0.4 of its length) inflated, plumose. Frontal vitta widening ventrally, in ?

parallel-sided. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.3 and gena 0.2-0.4 eye height. Parafacial with 2-3 rows

of short setae, vte in d poorly developed, in ? strong; fr 5-9, strong and crossed. Parafacial bristles not

longer than parafacial width.Occiput with grey or whitish hairs. dc 2-3+3, strong; ia 0-1+2, h 3, ph 1-2

npl 2 long + 2 short, spl 1+1+1 or 2+1. Scutellum with strong bas and subap, 1-2 pairs of more or less

developed d, apical bristles weak, sometimes absent. d mid-femoral ctenidium absent, mid femoral

organ in Ps absent or located distally. All femora, mid- and hind tibia with more or less distinct, long

ventral hairs. Costal spine well developed, r, bar, occasionally (in D. amita) with hairs. 3rd costal

section moderately longer than 5th, m-cu sigmoid, in some cases nearly straight. Abdominal sternites

II-III in d long haired, sternite IV shortly haired. Apical plate of 3 distiphallus big and robust with well

sclerotized slender lateral arms. Ventral processes well developed, elongate.

Body dark with slight pollinosity, head silvery white or yellowish grey pollinose, frontal vitta

black, antenna and palpus black, thorax grey or yellowish grey dusted, blackish longitudinal stripes on

mesonotum well developed, legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow, squama white.

Abdomen grey with chequered pattern. Abdominal segment VII+VII in 4 black lustrous, epandrium

usually red, sometimes brownish red, rarely black. Abdominal sternite VI in ? reddish or black.

5 species are distributed in Europe and North Africa.

Reference: Verves 1993: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg., 11 (64 h.) Lf. 311: 491-496.

Key to species of Discachaeta

1. r, haired, cercus very broad (Fig. 153) .........sesenoseosesenrosenenssnensnnensnnensnennsnnnnennnnnr D. amita (Rond.)

2 a ERTL er ee RE to regeeete D8

2. Cercus with very acute dorsal spine apically. Ventral processes broad with apex obtuse and shortly

haneclEiss 154, 165)... ee D. cucullans (Pand.)

- Cercus without dorsal spine, ventral processes elongate and pointed ........ueeenen S

3. Cercus straight, towards tip very narrow (Fig. 163) ......neessenesnsensesensensesenseneen D. arcipes (Pand.)

- Cercus tip slightly curved ventrally, not very narrow (Fig. 164)... D. pumila (Meig.)

Discachaeta amita (Rondani, 1860)

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 3: 391 (Sarcophaga).

Description

ö. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.21, at vertex 0.27 and at antennal base 0.3-0.32 head width. Frontal

vitta 1.5 widening frontodorsally, frons middle 3 times wider than one parafrontal. 3rd antennomere

1.2-1.3 times longer than ?2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.19-0.2 and gena 0.24-0.27 eye height; fr 5-7,

facial ridge with few short setae at ventral 0.2-0.3. Parafrontal and parafacial silvery grey or silvery

white dusted, gena slightly grey pollinose. Propleuron bare, scutellum with short, crossed ap, discals

poorly developed. r, with short bristles basally; thorax with slight yellowish grey dusted. Abdominal

tergite III without mediomarginals. Cercus very broad and short, apically pointed, almost straight;

distiphallus broad, apical plate broad, apically pointed, ventral processes hook-formed, well sclero-

tized. Epandrium lustrous red or brownish red (Fig. 153).

9. Frons 0.4 of head width, abdominal tergite VI compgete, with elongate marginal bristles.

Body length 6-10 mm.

Distribution: Italy, southern France, southern Germany and Hungary. Ecology unknown.

Discachaeta arcipes (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 184 (Sarcophaga).

Description

&. Frons at narrowest part 0.18-0.3, at vertex 0.24-0.26 and at antennal base 0.35-0.4 head width.

Frontal vitta 2-2.5 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than one parafron-

tal. 3rd antennomere 1.2-1.4 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.22 and gena

0.22-0.26 eye height, vte well developed, strong, fr 6-9, facial ridge shortly bristled at lower 0.3-0.4.

Parafrontal and parafacial densely silvery white dusted. Propleuron bare. ac 0+1. Scutellum with small

crossed ap and one pair of discal bristles. r, bare. Thorax yellowish grey pollinose. Abdominal tergite

III vithout mediomarginals. Cercus narrow, almost straight apex pointed and narrow. Apical plate

elongate, lateral arms long and almost straight, ventral process hook-formed (Fig. 163).

2. Frons 0.3-0.35 head width. Abdominal tergite VI complete, reddish.

Body length 6.5-12 mm.

Distribution: Central and southern Europe, from Britain to Ukraine. The species accompanies or

prefers limestone and loess habitats with shrubs and is thermophilous. Larvae are parasites of the

snails Euomphalia strigella Drap. (Povolny & Groschaft 1959), Helicella obvia Menke (Verves & Kuzmov-

ich 1979) and most likely of further helicids.

159

Discachaeta cucullans (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 184 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.25-0.28, at vertex 0.28-0.31 and at antennal base 0.43-0.48 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-1.4 times wider frontoventrally. Frons at middle 1.1-1.5 times width of one parafrontal.

3rd antennomere 1.2-1.3 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.25-0.28 and gena 0.22-0.26

eye height. vte poorly developed. fr 6-8, facial ridge with several fine hairs on angular ledge. Head

densely silvery white pollinose. Propleuron bare. ac 2-3+1. Scutellum with weak and crossed ap and

1-2 discal pairs. Cercus profile medium-width, with preapical strong indentation dorsally. Apical plate

medium length, strongly curved ventrally, ventral processes (profile) broad and not pointed apically,

with numerous short hairs on ventral surface (Figs 154, 165). Epandrium yellowish red or dark red.

d. Frons 0.35-0.4 of head width, frontal vitta as broad as parafrontal. Mid-femur organ well

developed, situated apically. Abdominal tergite VI divided into two lateral ovate plates each 1.5-0.5

times longer than broad, with long marginals on interior part and with numerous exterior hairs. Mid-

femur organ reddish brown, abdominal tergite VI red or brownish red.

Body length 6-13 mm.

Distribution: Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, southern Moravia and Slovakia, Hungary, Balkan

countries, southern Ukraine, southern Russia and Northern Caucasus, Georgia (Gruzia), Armenia and

Azerbaijan. The species accompanies limestone habitats or very warm habitats in forest-steppes,

sometimes in vicinity of rivers. Bionomics is unknown, but most likely the species is a parasitoid of

snails.

Discachaeta pumila (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 24 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga inermis Strobl, 1894. Mitt. naturw. Ver. Steierm. 30: 63.

Sarcophaga latigena Pandelle, 1896. Revue Ent. 15: 199.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.18-0.21, at vertex 0.23-0.26 and at antennal base 0.3-0.34 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2 times wider frontoventrally, 1.3-1.8 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd antennomere

1.1-1.3 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.18-0.22 and gena 0.29-0.35 eye heigh, vte

well developed, medium-length, fr 6-9, facial ridge shortly bristled at 0.2-0.3 of its basal (ventral) part.

Head intensive grey or yellowish grey dusted. Propleuron bare. ac 0+0-1. Scutellum without ap, with

one pair of short discals. r, bare. Cercus almost straight, at apex moderately curved ventrally. Ventral

processes hook-formed, lateral arms of apical plate distinctly sigmoid (Fig. 164). Epandrium red,

brownish or black.

2. Frons 0.3-0.34 of head width. Mid-femoral organ absent. Abdominal tergite VI complete, with

a slight dorsal indentation, black or reddish.

Body length 3-8 mm.

Distribution: The species is widely distributed in western Europe and common especially in the

British Isles, France and Germany accompanying humid (lowland) forests. It becomes rare in highear

elevations and in the mountains, although it might occur also in (coniferous) montane stands of the

Carpathians and the Alps (up to 1.800 m). Where the continentality of the climate increases the species

becomes rare. It reaches its eastern limits in Ukraine and is known to occur also in North Africa.

Ecology is not known.

160

Genus Heteronychia Brauer & Begrenstamm, 1889

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 168.

Type species: Heteronychia chaetoneura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 (syn. of Sarcophaga dissimilis Meigen, 1826).

References. Rohdendorf 1965: Ent. Obozr. 44: 683-693; Mihälyi 1979: Fauna hung. 15: 140-151; Verves 1986: Cat.

Palaearct. Dipt., 12: 146-157; Pape 1987: Fauna ent. scand. 19: 133-144.

Pierretia Enderlein, 1928. Arch. klassif. Phylog. Ent. 1: 47 (not Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863).

Type species: Sarcophaga haemorrhoa Meigen, 1826.

Eupierretia Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19: 149.

Type species: Sarcophaga proxima Rondani, 1860.

Spatulapica Fan, 1964. Acta zootaxon. sinica 1: 313.

Type species: Sarcophaga haemorhoa Meigen 1826.

Small to medium-sized flies (3-14 mm) with grey coloration. 3 frons narrow, in $ usually as broad as

eye. 3rd antennomere 1.1-2 times longer than 2nd. Arista plumose or shortly haired, inflated in basal

0.2-0.4. Frontal vitta in d widening frontoventrally, parallel-sided in ?. Parafacial medium-width, gena

comparatively narrow, d vte both well developed or absent, in ? well developed. fr strong and crossed,

parafacial with 1-2 rows of medium length bristles, occiput haired whitish or yellowish. Parafrontal

and parafacial densely bright dusted, frontal vitta blacks or brownish black. Antenna and palpus black,

occasionally reddish or brownish. Propleuron bare. ia 0-1+2, h 3-4, ph 1-2, npl 2 long +1-4 short, spl

1+1+1 or 2-3+1. Scutellum with strong and long bas and subap, ap both present or absent, discal setae

1-2 pairs, t, with 2-3 ad. Ctenidium usually absent, rarely present. Mid-femoral organ in $s absent or

situated apically. All S femora, t,and sometimes t, with more or less numerous long hairs. R; usually

open, in rare instances closed. r, bare or with bristles, r ‚.; bristled basally. Thorax lightly dusted, black

longitudinal stripes on mesonotum more or less distinct. Legs black, sometimes brown, wings hyaline.

Abdomen with chequered pattern, sometimes lustrous black (e.g. Heteronychia dissimilis and others).

Segment VII+VII of 3 genitalia usually with marginals, basiphallus elongate, apical plate well

developed, lateral arms small, elongate, membranous spatulate or absent. Ventral plates well devel-

oped, usually with apophyses. Abdominal tergites VII-X absent in ?. Epandrium red, brown or red.

? with abdominal tergite VI black or red.

The genus comprises 6 palaearctic subgenera and about 80 species. 24 species are present in central

Europe (Czech Republic, incl. adjacent countries). The species of this genus are usually parasitoids of

snails.

Key to subgenera and species of Heteronychia

IN\enkalplate'very-Droad,apex rounded, without acns ra ee 2.

Se Nenkalhplateinartowerand with apicallarmisten er 3:

2. Apical plate short with distinct membranous, rounded, but short blister-shaped lateral lobe; cercus

narrow and almost straight (Fig. 173) ................. Heteronychia (subg. Boettcherella) mutila (Vill.)

- Apical plate with elongate, strikingly protruding tip, without membranous blister-shaped lobe,

gereusyBrosd iS] 5). res Heteronychia (subg. Pandelleola Rohd.) filia (Rond.)

3. Apical plate elongate, stout and obtusely rounded, with distinct petiolate lateral arms; r, bare;

gereus-distinetiy saddled’2.......................... Heteronychia (subg. Ctenodasypygia) minima (Rond.)

— Apical plate narrow, mid-long, lateral arms rod-like, long or short, spatulate (or spatulate petio-

late) and membranous with cercus moderately saddled and tipped ...........neene

Me a aaa He Reise tieenhsenne harechkensengnen Heteronychia s. str., incl. subgenus Spatulapica Fan

161

Key to species of Heteronychia (s. str. including subg. Spatulapica Fan)

1. Lateral arms of apical plate elongate, apex widened, spoon-shaped, r, still haired ...................... 2

— Lateral arms of apical plate short or absent, not spoon-shaped ...................e..eeusueueneueorsnansnensnseneonne 8.

2. 'Stylus'at apex'strikingly widened. ......0mnme seen Ne)

— "Stylus apieally nal widened........:su20s-.0nu0n020sn0tzennssansesnasune han ann anne Aare ee 4.

3. Apical plate shorter than its lateral arms, straight (Fig. 178) .............. H. rohdendorfi (Pov. & Slam.)

— Apical plate as long as its lateral arms or shorter, more of less sigmoid curved (Fig. 179) .............

BEE RBRERE 7 ORER BERGES NEN RR RIES EIER LEBE RE RE one sirctenesclecnreenn H. slovaca Pov. & Slam.

4... Apieal:plate longer or.as;long as its lateral arms... as Area ne a 5:

- Apical plate distinctly shorter than its lateral arms. (Figs 180-183) ..................- ner ne iR

5. Distiphallus not shortened, but distinctly longer than broad (high) (Fig. 177) .....ueeeenesenenenenennnenenennn-

dndnunkonnneuenenhra Inabnn hy Hnbuner trennen ande nner sus nr EcrheanenepFängnrnnahaneknrunzunien ee Ans arnntrsSRHen augen nurspeienehtnneneee H. ancilla (Rond.)

- Distiphallus not shortened, but distinctly longer than broad (tall) ............ueresesenesesesnsnenenennenenenenenenen 6

6. Cercus profile apically parallel-sided, apex rounded, dorsal protuberance situated medially be-

tween cercus apex and distal angle of surstylus (Fig. 183) .............neeee H. haemorrhoa (Meig.)

- Cercus profile apically narrow and pointed, dorsal protuberance situated closer to apex than to

Sturstylus (Pie. 182) 2..2eauur0n0nenrscanausnaenseunanunsaunanannansnnanna nn nen tun ananar nahen erregen een H. haemorrhoides (Bött.)

7. \Epandniumtblack (Eis180). 22.0.2 2 u ehe H. depressifrons (Zett.)

=" Epandrtumrred (Hie. 181)... nen een eregearersenee H. boettcheriana (Rohd.)

8... Praegonites obtuse; and usually widened’apically........................-. 2. mee 9,

= Praeßönites’apieallynarrow and) pointed 2... nee EEE 14.

9. Ventral arms of distiphallus very long and thin, bristle-like (Fig. 191) ................ H. schineri (Bezzi)

- Ventral arms of distiphallus short, beak-like ................... 0 en ee 10.

10. Lateral arms of apical plate long and narrow, sigmoid, apically close to medial plate of apical plate

KERLE SO ne ee tee ee ee re ee H. cepelaki Pov. & Slam.

= Kateralzanns’shortor absent ....... nee NE EEE Ik

11. Cercus profile dorsally inflated, apical part narrow, tip rounded (Fig. 192) ............eeeeenenenenenenen

ÄRA ML ARE EN RE ER SENN, H. pauciseta (Pand.)

=: Cercus without dorsal inflation, apieally pointed .....-. u... 2 ne 12

12. Cercus apically prolongate and pregonites sigmoid, apical plate elongate, stick-like (Fig. 176) ....

eikaagushdshankls hängen ann de naleaEnsnnnnsaushneah ae Tahnsarzh unge same zönnsrggebensuntertnsnngersennaparn een Tee rartere H. rondaniana (Rohg.)

—;. Gereus: apieally not prolonged\..:...us2..0..uu0n.n ee ee 13

13. Apical part of cercus medium-length, slightly curved ventrally; apical plate narrow, tip pointed;

pregonites! apically not: widened (His: 184) 8... un. ua ee H. proxima (Rond.)

- Apical part of cercus shortened, distinctly curved ventrally, apical plate broad, tip obtuse; prego-

nites distinetly widenins "apieally (Fig. 155)...>...- -......... An. H. lednicensis Pov.

14. Cercus profile with distinct dorsal inflation; lateral arms of apical plate well developed, stick-like

(Fi. IM... ee ee ee EN EN H. infixa (Bött.)

- Cercus profile without distinct inflation; lateral srms of apical plate poorly developed or absent

een 15.

15. Cercus narrow, almost straight, ventral arms of distiphallus very long ................ueeeeeeeeeeneenennn 16.

- Cercus broad, more or less eurved ventrally ....-........nu2u20-02000000en2u0e seen ee 19.

162

Es EI DEREN FIDEL LET RE a Br Bene 19

u Panel nn sn ee nern 18.

17. Cercus with apex distinctly pointed; membranal process strongly protruding (Fig. 190) ..............

RE en ENSERE T e eelerr. 2ar H. porrecta (Bött.)

- Cercus more or less obtuse apically, mebranal process (protuberance) not protruding (Fig. 189).

En ER Ene ocdenesnsneursnnteessonubnenssheänancshntenennn nes tagernugagsanshdsunkng een eNBeeahahrentes ne eratT ee H. vicina (Mcg.)

18. Apical part of cercus profile prolongate, straight, with tip obtuse, digitate (Fig. 187)...

RER Rn. SEN u RE nn. encscnkihensanshuesnnefännnasnetann enssssknternntsnadreteerdreeen ie H. rohdendorfiana Mih.

- Apical part of cercus profile not strongly prolongate and less protruding not straight, but moder-

Brei cimwech and shorter, UP NoL Aietlate ..............2.ceneeeeeesenensnereepensnerennesnnentnersenene H. dissimilis (Meig.)

19. Cercus profile short and broad, almost straight, wedge-shaped; membranal arm stick-like, well

Salena ae Me H. hirticrus (Pand.)

- Cercus profile not very broad, more or less elongate; membranal arm awl-shaped, membranous

ee Le ER RE or EEE EN 20.

20. Cercus apically with slight tip indentation, membranal process robust, protruding and sclerotized,

ventral arms of distiphallus short; epandrium reddish (Fig. 194)... H. vagans (Meig.)

- Cercus without apical indentation, membranal process (protuberance) small, not protruding,

membranous; ventral arms big and elongate; epandrium black (Figs 174, 175)...

Subgenus Boettcherella Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. phylog. Ent. 1: 49.

Type species: Sarcophaga setinervis Rondani, 1860.

References: Rohdendorf 1937: Fauna SSSR 19: 336-340; Povolny & Verves 1990: Acta ent. Mus. Natn.

Pragae 43: 312-317; Verves 1993: Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (64 h) Lf. 331: 499-502.

Thorax with 3 postsutural dc, ac 2-4 plus 1, r, usually haired, sometimes (H. boettcheri) bare. d with

abdominal segment VII+VIII with marginal bristles. Apical part of cercus strongly narrowed, apex

pointed. Basiphallus elongate, not very broad. Membranal arms short, spine-like and straight. Ventral

plate very broad, well sclerotized, without pointed arms. Apical plate of distiphallus big with well

developed lateral arms. Ctenidium absent. ? with abdominal tergite VI complete, sternites VI and VII

elongate. Three essentially mediterranean species ranging to central Asia.

Heteronychia (Boettcherella) mutila (Villeneuve, 1912)

Ann. Mus. Nat. hung. 10: 611 (Sarcophaga).

Heteronychia nedelkoffi Lehrer, 1977. Acta zool. bulg. 3: 32.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.22, at vertex 0.19-0.24 and at antennal base 0.31-0.35 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-1.5 times wider frontoventrally, frons at middle 2-3 times wider than one parafrontal.

3rd antennomere 1.2-1.8 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.2-0.24 and gena

0.20-0.25 eye height. 2-3 rows of postorbitals; vte short but well developed, fr 5-9, strong and crossed,

one row of medium-length parafacial bristles. Scutellum without ap, 1-2 pairs of fine discals. r, haired

at basal half. Abdominal tergite III without mediomarginal bristles. Cercus narrow and elongate,

almost straight, lateral arms of apical plate elongate and narrow (Fig. 173), epandrium lustrous red or

brownish red.

2. Frons 0.34-0.38 of head width. Frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1.5-2 times as wide as parafrontal.

Middle femora organ absent. Abdominal sternite VIII well sclerotized, with numerous spinose short

163

bristles. Tergite VI red.

Body length 4.5-9.5 mm.

Distribution: The species accompanies rather undisturbed xerothermophilous habitats, especially on

limestone with forest steppe or open steppe vegetation. It occurs in all Balkan countries and is locally

common, reaching its northern limit in southern Slovakia. It is known also from Cyprus, southern

Ukraine, northern part of Caucasus, Georgia and Armenia. The species is endangered like many

xerothermophilous taxa in its northern limits, where it is rare (Hungary and Slovakia). Larvae are

parasitoids of helicoid snails.

Subgenus Heteronychia s. str.

Eupierretia Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR, 19: 363.

Type-species: Sarcophaga proxima Rondani, 1860.

Spatulapica Fan, 1964. Acta zootaxon. sin. 1: 313.

Type-species: Sarcophaga haemorrhoa Meigen, 1826 (partly recognized as subgenus).

Grey flies of different size (3-14 mm). Postorbital setae 1-3 rows, parafacials mid-long, sometimes both

short or longer than parafacial width. Ctenidium usually well developed; 3-4 postsutural dc; propleu-

ron bare, r, both bare or setose. d genitalia with ventral processes apically pointed, more or less

elongate; apical plate long or short, not widening, lateral apical processes often absent, slender straight

or moderately curved spine- or rod-shaped. ? 6th abdominal tergite usually complete, sometimes

centrally separated into a pair of lateral lobes. More than 60 Palaearctic species; 20 central European

species. Larvae are parazitoids of terrestrial snails. The species of partly recognized subgenus Spatu-

lapica show a lobate, sometimes petiolate subterminal membrane on apical plate, and show a saddled

cercus with convexity on dorsal edge preapically.

Heteronychia (s. str.) ancilla (Rondani, 1865)

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 8: 226 (Sarcophaga).

Heteronychia belanovskyi Verves, 1973. Proc. Acad. Sci. Ukr. SSR, B 10: 946.

Heteronychia povolnyi Mihälyi, 1975. Acta Acad. Aci. hung. 21 (1-2): 104.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.20, at vertex 0.25-0.28 and at antennal base 0.31-0.35 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-1.5 times wider forwards, frons middle 2.5-3.5 times wider than parafrontal, 3rd

antennomere 1.5-1.8 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.25-0.27 and gena

0.24-0.32 eye height. 2-3 rows of postorbitals, vte short but well developed, fr 6-9, strong and crossed,

one row of medium-length parafacial bristles. Palpus long, apex moderately inflated ac 0-2+1.

Propleuron bare. Scutellum with well developed short ap-bristles, dense setose. Costal spine well

developed, r, with 2-6 bristles in basal 0.2-0.5, R; open, m-cu moderately sigmoid or nearly straight;

ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.7-0.9; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals,

sternite II and III with long hairs, sternite IV with short setae. “Brush” on sternita V poorly developed.

Segments VII+VII with row of marginals. Cercus profile with distinct dorsal inflation, with straight

apex, wedge-shaped (Fig. 177). Pregonite prolongate with obtuse apex. Distiphallus short and tall,

ventral processes short hook-formed. Lateral arms of apical plate well developed, spoon-shaped. Body

ground coloration bright grey, parafrontal and parafacial densely silvery dusted, frontal vitta, antenna

and palpus black, mesonotum with black longitudinal stripes, abdomen with chequaered pattern

distinct. Legs black, wings hyaline. Epandrium red, brownish or black, Segments VIIH+VIII black,

lustrous (Fig. 177).

?. Frons 0.3-0.32 head width. Frontal vitta rather parallelsided, as wide as parafrontal; scutellum

without ap. Mid-femoral organ very small, black, situated at apical third. Abdominal tergite VI

complete, with long marginals, black or reddish at hind margin.

Body length 3.5-7 mm (rarely more).

164

Figs. 173.-177. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 173. Heteronychia mutila

Fig. 174. Heteronychia bezziana

Fig. 175. Heteronychia bezziana to demonstrate genitalia variation of this species

Fig. 176. Heteronychia rondaniana (depressifrons auct.)

Fig. 177. Heteronychia ancilla (from a robust individual)

Distribution: Italy, all Balkan countries, Hungary, Slovakia, Moravia, Austria (northern borderline),

Russia (Voron&Z Region, northern Caucasus), Georgia (Gruzia), Armenia and Azerbajjan. This is a

thermophilic and obviously heliophilic species accompanying forest steppe and steppe habitats in its

northern central European limits (Hungary, Slovakia, Moravia). In the Balkans and Alps it occurs in

Figs. 178.-179. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 178. Heteronychia rohdendorfi

Fig. 179. Heteronychia slovaca

rather montane or xeromotane habitats with thin vegetation of shrubs, preferring dry soils (limestone

habitats, loess). Montane populations consist usually of stouter individuals than in lowland habitats

where the species occurs mostly in spring and late summer.

Heteronychia (s. str.) bezziana (Böttcher, 1913)

Dt. Ent. Z. 3: 242 (Sarcophaga).

Heteronychia (s. str.) ostensackeni Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 353.

Heteronychia drenskiana Lehrer, 1977. Acta zool. bulg. 7: 34.

Heteronychia vachai Povolny, 1986. Acta Univ. Agric. (Brno) ser. A, 34: 233-236.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.17, at vertex 0.19-0.24 and at antennal base 0.34-0.4 head width;

frontal vitta 2.5-4 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.5 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.22 and gena 0.24-0.3 eye

height; palpus medium-length; 2 rows of postorbital setae, vte usually distinct, fr 6-10, strong and long;

one row of parafacial bristles, lower ones longer than parafacial width; facial ridge with several black

setae at lower part; ac 1-2+1, delicate; propleuron bare; scutellum with very fine ap possibly missing,

and with one pair of d; ctenidium absent, f; with short and dense ventral hairs, t; with a single row of

long pv. Costal spine short and fine, R,both open or closed, r, with 1-3 basal hairs or bare, ratio between

3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1.2-1.5. Abdominal tergite III with pair of mediomarginals which are

sometimes very fime or absent; abdominal starnites II and III with long erect hairs, sternite IV short

setose; segment VII+VIII with long marginals. Cercus medium-thick, dorsal edge sigmoid, sometimes

preapically moderately inflated, apex pointed and moderately curved ventrally; pregonite medium-

length, almost straight, with apex obtuse, dorsally with several bristles, postgonite moderately shorter,

hook-shaped, with 1-2 short ventral bristles; membrane distinctly inflated, poorly sclerotized, dis-

tiphallus short and inflated, ventral lobes big, with wider basis, apically pointed, distinctly curved,

hook-shaped, apical plate medium-length, apex narrow and pointed with short dentate lateral arms;

166

Figs. 180.-183. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 180. Heteronychia depressifrons (obscurata auct.)

Fig. 181. Heteronychia boettcheriana

Fig. 182. Heteronychia haemorrhoides

Fig. 183. Heteronychia haemorrhoa

stylus narrow, medium length, sigmoid (Figs 173, 174).

Body ground coloration dark grey; head blackish, parafrontal and parafacial silvery grey dusted;

thorax black lustrous with grey pollinosity, mesonotal longitudinal stripes broad; legs black, wings

hyaline, most part fumose, basicosta and epaulet yellow or brownish yellow; abdomen mostly black

lustrous, sometimes with little distinct chequering pattern; genitalia lustrous black, segments VII + VIII

with posterior spot of grey pollinosity.

2. Frons 0.3-0.35 head width, mid femoral organ indistinct abdominal tergite VI complete and with

a row of strong marginals, black.

Body length 3.5-6.5 mm.

167

Distribution: Limestone districts of the Alps, Carpathians and Balkans, occurring in Switzerland,

Italy, Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece, Czechia, Slovakia and

Poland. In alpine habitats the species accompanies limestone cliffs in montane forests, usually not

exceeding the timberline. It may also occur in extrazonal (demontane) formations at elevations

between 400-500 m (Central Bohemia — Bohemian Karst). In Dalmatia and in Greece the species occurs

on coastal limestone cliffs, especially during spring or early summer; it is also known from southern

Sweden and Norway. Occasionaly individual specimens may be taken in limestone habitats at lower

elevations, but generally the species is montane and populations can reach considerable denstities in

some montane habitats. It is a parasitoid of snails of the genera Chondrina and Clausilia (Povolny &

Verves 1990).

The flies are usually small and delicate, but may show considerable variation both in size and

particularly in chaetotasy, body and genitalia proportions (a cause of confusion in identification and

numerous synonyms).

Heteronychia (s. str.) boettcheriana (Rohdendorf, 1937)

Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 345 (Pierretia).

Heteronychia fraterna Lehrer, 1977. Acta zool. bulg. 7: 27.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.13-0.21, at vertex 0.15-0.30 and at antennal base 0.28-0.4 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2.5 times wider frontally, frons middle 1.5-3 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.1-1.8 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.18-0.27 and gena

0.21-0.41 eye height. Palpus medium-length, thin, not inflated apically, 2-3 rows of postorbital setae,

vte present, or short, fr 7-11, strong and crossed, facial ridge shortly haired at lower 0.3-0.4; parafacial

with one row of bristles, upper setae short and fine, lower bristles strong, longer than parafacial width;

ac 0-3+1. Propleuron bare; scutellum with crossed ap, one pair of d; ctenidium absent, all femora and

hind tibia with not very dense ventral setae; costal spine well developed, r, with 5-10 setae at basal 0.4-

0.5; R; open, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal section 1: 0.8-1.2, m-cu sigmoid; abdominal tergite III

with one pair of strong marginals. Segment VII+VIII with 4-6 marginals. Cercus moderately curved

ventrally, with distinct dorsal inflation preapically, and with short pointed apical arm. Pregonite

prolonged, ends distinctly curved, medium-length, awl-shaped (Fig. 181). Body colour dark grey.

Parafrontal and parafacial densely whitish grey pollinose; frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black;

thorax grey or yellowish grey dusted with black longitudinal stripes on mesonotum; legs black, wings

hyaline, slightly yellowish to brownish basally; basicosta and epaulet yellow; abdomen silvery grey

dusted, dark chequered pattern distinct. Segments VII+VII lustrous black, epandrium usually red or

brownish (Fig. 181).

Body length 5.5-12 mm.

? unknown. -

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe to southern Sweden and Norway, and eastwards to the

Urals and Transcaucasia. Absent from the British Isles. The flies accompany warm and thin lowground

forests and river valeys including the lower vegetation tiers. This is an essentially forest species.

Heteronychia (s. str.) cepelaki Povolny & Slameckoväa, 1970

Acta ent. bohemoslovaca 67: 331.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.2, at vertex 0.25-0.27 and at level of antennal base 0.31-0.38 head

width. Frontal vitta 2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-5 times wider than one parafrontal.

3rd antennomere 1.3-1.5 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.22-0.35 and gena

0.25-0.3 eye height. 2-3 rows of postorbital setae, vte short but distinct, fr 7-9, strong and crossed,

168

Figs. 184.-186. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 184. Heteronychia proxima

Fig. 185. Heteronychia lednicensis

Fig. 186. Heteronychia cepelaki

parafacial with one row of short setae, facial ridge shortly haired, upper angular vi; ac 2+1. Propleuron

bare. Scutellum with well developed crossed ap, d absent; ctenidium absent; f, with a row of strong ad.

R;open, r, bare, m-vein bluntly angled, m-cu comparatively straight; costal spine well developed, ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1.2-1.4. Abdominal tergite III with pair of long mediomarginals,

sternites II-IV long setose. Segment VII+VIII with row of long marginal bristles. Cercus apically

pointed, without dorsal inflation, slightly curved ventrally. Pregonites moderately curved, tips obtuse.

Membrane distinctly widened, distiphallus comparatively long, ventral arms delicate, hook-shaped,

apical plate elongate, mostly straight, apex pointed, lateral arms long, dorsal wall curved (Fig. 186).

Ground coloration deeply grey to dark grey, parafrontal and parafacial silvery dusted, frontal vitta,

antenna and palpus black, thorax grey pollinose, longitudinal stripes on mesonotum distinct, legs

black, wings hyaline, base brownish. Abdominal pattern dark chequered. Genitalia entirely black

lustrous (Fig. 186).

? unknown.

Body length 4.5-5.5 mm.

Distribution: (West) Carpathian limestone cliffs and rocky sites at border of timberline, locally

common (e.g. in Malä Fatra Mountains of Central Slovakia and Ukraine), limestone ranges of the Alps

(Kärnten, Steiermark, Lunzer Alpen), at elevations of about 1.200-1.400 m a.s.l. The species is probably

a parasitoid of small (clausiliid) snails.

169

Heteronychia (s. str.) depressifrons (Zetterstedt, 1845)

Dipt. Scand. 4: 1293 (Sarcophaga).

Pierretia obscurata (Rohdendorf, 1937). Fauna SSSR, 19 (1): 346.

Sarcophaga parva Quo, 1952. Acta ent. sinica 2 (1): 67.

Heteronychia quoi Fan, 1964. Acta zootaxon. sinica 1 (2): 313.

Heteronychia petrovae Artamonov, 1980. Syst. ecol. anim. (Novosibirsk) 151.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.13-0.2, at vertex 0.18-0.25 and at antennal base 0.3-0.36 head width;

frontal vitta 1.5-3.0 times wider frontoventrally; 3rd antennomere 1.1-1.3 times longer than 2nd.

Parafacial at antennal base 0.18-0.25 and gena 0.23-0.3 eye height; palpus medium-length, apically not

essentially inflated; one regular row of postorbital setae, 2nd and 3rd row poorly developed; vte

distinct but short; fr 8-11, strong and crossed, one row of parafacial bristles, lower bristles 1.5 times

longer than parafacial width; lower part of facial ridge with thin short hairs; ac 0-3+1, propleuron bare;

scutellum without or with very fine ap, d absent or very short and fine; ctenidium absent, all femora

and hind tibia with fine long and not very dense ventral setae; costal spine long, R,open, rarely closed,

r, with 4-7 black hairs basally, ratio between 3rd and 5th sections 1: 0.8-1.1. Abdominal tergite I+1I with

or without mediomarginals, tergite III with pair of mediomarginals; sternites II and III long setose,

sternite [IV with short hairs, sternite V with distinct “brush”. Segment VII+VIII with 4-6 strong

marginals. Cercus moderately curved ventrally, with distinct dorsal inflation at apical 0.3 of length,

and with wedge-haped apical process. Pregonite same length as postgonite, pointed; distiphallus

medium-length, apical plate very short, anqular, shorter than elongate spoon-shaped lateral arms;

ventral process awl-shaped, more or less curved ventrally; stylus medium-length, strongly sigmoid.

(Plate XII, Fig. 180).

Body ground coloration very dark, blackish, parafrontal and parafacial grey or silvery grey dusted;

frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black, thorax black, with faint grey pollinosity, legs black, wing

membrane more or less fumose along veins. Abdomen with deeply dark chequered pattern, genitalia

entirely black.

?. Frons 0.31-0.35 of head width. Mid femoral organ not distinct; VIth abdominal tergite not

divided, with row of marginals interruped dorsally.

Body length 3.5-8.0 mm.

Distribution: Europe from the British Isles to northern Italy and transpalaearctic to Russian Far East,

China (including southern parts) and Japan. A forest species preferring shady humid stands at lower

forest elevations. Ecology unknown but probably a snail parasitoid.

Heteronychia (s. str.) dissimilis (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 25 (Sarcophaga).

Heteronychia chaetoneura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56 (1): 56.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.21, at vertex 0.19-0.26 and at antennal base 0.3-0.35 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2.5 times wider anteroventrally, frons at middle 2-3 times wider than one parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 1.2-1.6 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.15-0.2 and gena

0.18-0.22 eye height; palpus medium-length, apically moderately inflated. 2-3 rows of postorbitals, vte

short but comparatively strong, fr 6-9, strong and crossed, one row of parafacial bristles, lower bristles

1.2-1.5 longer than parafacial width; facial ridge with upper angular vi, and shortly black haired; ac

0+1; propleuron bare. Scutellum without or with very short and delicate ap, d delicate, 1-2 pairs;

ctenidium absent, f; with several fine av, f, fand t, with fine ventral hairs; costal spine usually strong

and long, rarely short; R,;open, sometimes closed, r, with 4-8 black setae basally, m-angle right, m-cu

sigmoid, occasionally nearly straight, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.7-1.1. Abdominal

tergite III with pair of long and strong mediomarginals, sternites II and III long setose, sternite IV

shortly haired; cercus almost straight, apically narrowed and moderately pointed; pregonite long,

170

Figs. 187.-190. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 187. Heteronychia rohdendorfiana (nigricauda Pov. & Slam.)

Fig. 188. Heteronychia dissimilis

Fig. 189. Heteronychia vicina (ebrachiata auct.)

Fig. 190. Heteronychia porrecta

curved, apically pointed, dorsal edge with some bristles, postgonite shorter, hook-shaped; distiphallus

medium-length; ventral process very long and narrow, bristle-shaped, apical plate medium-length,

pointed, with short dentate lateral arms (Fig. 188).

Body colour rather dark; head blackish, only parafrontal and parafacial densely silvery grey

dusted. Thorax black with blackish grey pollinosity, mesonotal longitudinal stripes poorly visible; legs

black, wing hyaline, considerable parts fumose. Abdomen with dark chequered pattern; genitalia

entirely black.

2. Frons 0.28-0.35 of head width; frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1-1.5 times wider than parafrontal.

171

Mid femoral organ indistinct. Abdominal tergite VI divided into a pair of lateral plates with long

marginal bristles. Genital segments black.

Body length 3.5-7.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe to Baltic Sea and Archangelsk, transpalaearctic up to Russian Far East (Primo-

rye). The species accompanies humid lowland forests and shady stands of lower vegetation tiers. It is

a snail parasitoid.

Heteronychia (s. str.) haemorrhoa (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Besch. 5: 29 (Sarcophaga).

For synonymy see Verves (1986).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.21, at vertex 0.17-0.25 and at antennal base 0.25-0.36 head width;

frontal vitta 1.5-3 times wider frontoventrally, frons at middle 1.5-3 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.8 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.26 and gena 0.2-0.34 eye

height. Palpus medium-length, narrow, apically not essentially inflated. 2-3 rows of postorbitals, vte

indistinct, fr 7-11, strong and crossed; facial ridge with short hairs at lower 0.3-0.4; one row of facial

bristles present, lower bristles same long as parafacial width; ac 0-2+1, propleuron bare; scutellum

with crossed and fine ap, one pair of dorsals; ctenidium poorly developed, all femora and t; with dense

ventral hairs, f, with a row of fine av, t, with a row of long pv; costal spine medium-length, sometimes

indistinct, r, with 5-10 black setae basally; m-cu sigmoid; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections

1:0.8-1.1. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginals; segments VII+VIII with 4-6 not

very distinct marginals. Cercus profile with distinct dorsal inflation, apical arm almost parallel-sided.

Pregonite slightly longer than postgonite, apically curved and more or less pointed; distiphallus

elongate, ventral lobes narrow, apically pointed, curved or almost straight. Apical plate elongate and

narrow, slightly curved ventrally, as long as (or longer than) spoon-shaped lateral arms (Fig. 183).

Ground coloration deeply grey to blackish; parafrontal and parafacial densely silvery grey or

whitish grey dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax grey or yellowish grey dusted,

longitudinal stripes of mesonotum distinct, blackish; legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet

yellow. Abdomen with dark chequered pattern; segments VII+VIII black, epandrium red.

2. Frons 0.26-0.32 of head width. Mid-femoral organ situated distally, reddish, sometimes absent.

Abdominal tergite VI complete, symmetrically curved, with row of marginals, interrupted dorsally;

genital segments red.

Body length 5-12 mm.

Distribution: Europe, and from British Isles to Bashkiria, in north up to southern Norway; an

essentially thermophilic species accompanying thin lowland forests and forest margins of lower

vegetation tiers. Maggots are parasitoids of helicoid snails (Portschinsky 1894), Cepaea hortensis (Mik

1890, Schmitz 1917, Keilin 1919).

Heteronychia (s. str.) haemorrhoides (Böttcher, 1913)

Dt. ent. Z. 3: 245 (Sarcophaga haemorrhoa var. haemorrhoides).

Heteronychia wahisi Lehrer, 1976. Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 112: 264.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.25, at vertex 0.18-0.3 and at antennal base 0.3-0.44 head width;

frontal vitta 1.4-2.5 times widening frontoventrally, frons at middle 1.5-3 times wider than one

parafrontal; 3rd antennomere 1.2-1.8 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.17-0.28 and

gena 0.18-0.36 eye height; palpus medium-length, apically poorly inflated; 2-3 rows of postorbitals, vte

indistinct; fr 7-11, strong; facial ridge shortly bristled at lower 0.3-0.5, one row of parafacials, lower

bristles same long as parafacial width; ac 0-2+1; propleuron bare; scutellum with a pair of short,

1722

m I

/ N

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—

man,

2 II

S ve ee on

Figs. 191.-194. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 191. Heteronychia schineri

Fig. 192. Heteronychia pauciseta (after Mihälyi 1979).

Fig. 193. Heteronychia hirticrus

Fig. 194. Heteronychia vagans

crossed ap, one pair of d well developed; ctenidium indistinct; all femora and t; with dense ventral

hairs; costal spine medium length, sometimes indistinct, r, with 4-9 short black bristles basally, ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.8-1.5; m-cu sigmoid; abdominal tergite III with pair of strong

mediomarginals; segments VII+VIII with 4-6 more or less distinct marginals; genitalia very similar to

those of H. haemorrhoa, but apical part of cercus narrower and more protruding, sometimes curved

ventrally and entire proportions of genitalia more robust, tips of pregonite more acute (Fig. 182).

?. Not distinguishable from ? of H. haemorrhoea.

Body length 5.5-12 mm.

Distribution: Europe, north to Germany and Poland (but very rare), absent from the British Isles. Asia

minor, Transcaucasia, western Siberia (Altaj Mountains) and Iran. This is a highly thermophilic species

accompanying both very warm and humid forests (e.g. in Danube basin of Lower Austria, southern

Slovakia and Hungary) and rather dry and sunny steppes (e.g. on loess or on limestone). The species

is endangered in northern and Central Europe and is becoming more prevalent in southeast Europe.

The species is a parasitoid of snails (Verves 1976b, Povolny 1992).

Heteronychia (s. str.) hirticrus (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 193 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.24, at vertex 0.26-0.29 and at antennal base 0.36-0.49 of head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2 times widening frontoventrally, frons at middle 1.2-2 wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.3-2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.2-0.25, gena 0.21-0.35

eye height; palpus long and narrow, apically moderately inflated; 2-3 rows of postorbital setae; vte

distinct; fr 7-9, strong and crossed, parafrontal with numerous erect hairs, 2-3 rows of parafacial

bristles, lower ones not longer than parafacial width; facial ridge at lower 0.2-0.3 with short pilosity;

propleuron bare; ac 0-4+1, delicate; scutellum with fine but distinct ap and one pair d. Ctenidium

absent; f, with a row of pv distinct only in distal 0.3-0.5; all femora with long and dense ventral hairs;

t, with numerous hairy pv and v; R; open, r, bare, m-vein right- or acutely-angled, m-cu sigmoid; ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.5-0.8. Abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals; sternite

II long pillose, sternites III and IV with medium-length hairs; segment VII+VIII without marginals,

with long dense pillosity, epandrium with numerous long hairs; cercus short with broad basis,

strongly narrowing apically, almost straight and pointed. Pregonite broad with hook-shaped apical

appendix, postgonites sligthly curved, almost straight, same length as pregonite; membranal lobe well

sclerotized, erect stick-like; distiphallus elongate, strongly sclerotized, apical plate long and narrow,

bristle-like, without lateral arms; stylus elongate, moderately widening, apically pointed, ventral

apophyses short, hook-shaped, pointed (Fig. 193). Ground coloration dark grey; head black, only

parafrontal and parafacial densely silvery grey or yellowish grey dusted; thorax grey dusted, mesono-

tal longitudinal stripes black and distinct; legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow.

Abdominal pattern dark grey chequered, genitalia lustrous black (Plate X, Fig. 193).

?. Frons 0.3-0.36 of head width, mid-femoral organ well developed, distinctly red, situated at distal

0.5; abdominal tergite VI complete, with strong marginals forming a somewhat irregular row, and with

numerous hairs, black.

Body length 5.5-13 mm.

Distribution: Europe including the British Isles, eastwards to northern Caucasus and reaching

southern Sweden in the north; north Africa and Transcaucasia. Flies are strongly heliophilic accompa-

nying sunlit habitats and hilltops, especially at lower elevations, with decreasing densities towards

mountain ranges. Larvae are parasitoids of Helix aspersa Müll. (Barfoot 1969, Beaver 1972) and flies

were reared from dead swallows and from snails.

Heteronychia (s. str.) infixa (Böttcher, 1913)

Dt. ent. Z. 2: 124 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.21, at vertex 0.23-0.25 and at antennal base 0.31-0.34 head width.

Frontal vitta 2 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.5-1.7 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.17-0.18 and gena 0.18-0.2 eye

height. Palpus long, apex inflated. 2-3 rows of postorbitals, vte indistinct, fr 6-7, strong and crossed,

174

one row of parafacials, longest of them not longer than parafacial width; facial ridge with 4-5 short

black bristles at lower 0.2-0.3; ac 0-2+1, delicate; propleuron bare; scutellum with comparatively long

ap and one pair d; ctenidium absent, f, and f, with thin ventral hairs; all tibiae without hairs;

R-narrowly opening, sometimes closed, costal spine long and strong, r, with 3-5 black hairs in basal

part, m-angle right, m-cu almost straight, ratio between costal section 3 and 5 as 1:1. Abdominal tergite

III without mediomarginals, sternites II and III with long erect hairs, sternite IV with short setae.

Segment VII+VII with marginals, cercus moderately curved ventrally, with well developed preapical

dorsal inflation, and with narrow apical arm; pregonites very long, curved, apically pointed, with

some dorsal bristles, postgonites short, hook-shaped. Membrane with distinct inflation, ventral

apophyses short, almost straight, pointed, stylus long, narrow, distinctly sigmoid, apex not widened,

apical plate same long as paraphallus, medium-broad, apex narrowed, but not pointed, its lateral arms

medium-length, distinctly shorter than apical plate, parallel-sided (Fig. 199) Ground coloration dark

grey; head densely silver dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax black, dark grey

dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes distinct; legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet

yellow; abdominal pattern dark grey chequered Segments VII+VII lustrous black, epandrium red

(Fig. 199).

Body length 4.5-6.5 mm.

? unknown.

Distribution: Southern Bavaria, Austria, southern Moravia, Hungary. Ecology not known. A very

rare and little known taxon.

Heteronychia (s. str.) lednicensis Povolny, 1986

Acta Univ. Agric. Brno, ser. C 53: 115. (in: Povolny & Verves, 1986)

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2, at vertex 0.25 and at antennal base 0.35 head width; frontal vitta 2.5

wider than parafrontal. 3rd antennomere 1.8 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.25

and gena 0.33 eye height; palpus elongate, apically inflated; 2 rows of postorbitals, vte well developed,

fr 9-10, strong, one row of parafacials, medium-length, facial ridge with short hairs at lower %.

Scutellum without ap, with one pair of d; ctenidium well developed; R; open, costal spine strong, r,

bare, m-angle right, m-cu sigmoid, ratio between costal section 3 and 5 as 1: 0.8. Abdominal tergite II,

without mediomarginals. Cercus short and tall, apex pointed and distinctly curved ventrally, with

short spine ventral bristles; gonites and sedeagus rather similar to H. proxima, but apical plate not so

high (Fig. 185).

Body ground coloration grey; head densely silvery white dusted; frontal vitta, antenna and palpus

black. Thorax black, grey dusted, longitudinal mesothoracic bands distinct; legs black, wings hyaline,

basicosta and epaulet yellowish white; abdominal pattern pale grey chequered. Segments VII + VII

black lustrous, epandrium red.

Body length 9 mm.

? unknown.

Distribution: The unique d type specimen comes from Lednice, South Moravia, where it was

collected in a humid warm lowland forest.

Heteronychia (s. str.) pauciseta (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 182 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.12-0.14, at vertex 0.16-0.19 and at antennal base 0.31-0.36 head width;

frontal vitta 2-3 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontale. 3rd

antennomere 1.1-1.5 and gena 0.15-0.24 eye height; palpus long, apex moderately inflated; one row of

postorbitals, vte indistinct, fr 9-12, long and crossed, one row of parafacial bristles, lower ones as long

as parafacial width; facial ridge with medium-length black hairs at lower 0.3-0.4; propleuron bare,

ac 0+1. Scutellum with ap well developed and crossed, one pair of d; ctenidium well developed, f, with

numerous elongate pa and p; t, with 2-3 ad, twith 2 long and 3-4 short ad near middle, all femora with

long and thin vetral setae. Costal spine sbort, distinct. R, open, r, bare, m-angle right, m-cu sigmoid,

sometimes nearly straight; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.9. Abdominal tergite III

with one pair of strong mediomarginals, sternites II and III long setose, sternite IV with short hairs,

sternite V with a short “brush”, and with numerous long hind bristles. Segments VII+VIII with 6-8

strong marginals. Cercus broad, almost straight, with a narrow stick-like apical apophyse showing

rounded tip, and with longitudinal lateral furrow; pregonite long and almost straight, apically curved

and inflated, with 3-5 long dorsal bristles; postgonite short and broad, hook-shaped, with 1-2 long

ventral bristles; membrane not widening, ventral apophysis medium-length, hook-formed, stylus long

and narrow, distinctly curved, apical plate short with numerous short spines and with short dentate

lateral arms (Fig. 192). Body ground coloration dark grey, head densely silvery dusted, frontal vitta,

antenna and palpus black; mesonotum with broad black longitudinal stripes, thorax grey dusted, legs

black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow; abdomen with blackish grey chequered pattern;

segment VII+VIII black lustrous, epandrium lustrous red (Fig. 192).

Body length 7.5-12 mm.

? unknown.

Distribution: Balkan countries (Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Greece), Bulgaria, Germany, Poland,

Estonia, Ukraine and Russia (Kaliningrad, Moscow, St. Petersbourgh, Bashkiria, western Siberia).

A forest species accompanying mesophytic formations. Its presence in central Europe is not clearly

evidenced and the species is obviously rare.

Heteronychia (s. str.) porrecta (Böttcher, 1913)

Dt. ent. Z. 4: 361.

Heteronychia bulgariensis Lehrer, 1977. Acta zool. bulg. 3: 29.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.25-0.27, at vertex 0.34-0.37 and at antennal base 0.38-0.4 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.3-1.5 longer than 2nd, parafacial at antennal base 0.32-0.36 and gena 0.3-0.33 eye height;

palpus long; one row of postorbitals, vte indistinct, fr 8-10, very strong and long, 1-2 rows of parafacial

bristles, longest ones shorter than parafacial width; propleuron bare, ac 2-3+1, dc 3-4+3, strong

(Fig. 162). Scutellum with distinct ap and d. Ctenidium absent, all femora and hind tibia with long and

dense ventral setae. Costal spine medium-length, R, open, r, bare; m-angle sharp, m-cu distinctly

sigmoid, ratio betwen costal section 3 and 5 as 1:0.7-0.8; abdominal tergite III without medial

marginals, sternites II and III with long erect hairs, sternite IV short setose; segments VII+VIII with 6-

8 strong marginals; cercus long and straight or with ventral edge moderately convergent towards tip,

which is either moderately tipped or obtuse. Pregonite and postgonite of nearly same length, pregonite

distinctly sigmoid, apically pointed and with several dorsal setae, postgonite rather straight, apically

distinctly hook-shaped, with 1-2 ventral bristles. Distiphallus elongate, ventral lobes big, with long,

narrow, rather straight bristle-like apophyses, apical plate very short, with short lateral spines

(Fig. 190).

Body ground coloration grey, head densely silvery dusted, frontal vitta black or brownish, antenna

and palpus black. Legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow; abdomen with chequered

pattern well developed; genitalia lustrous, segment VII+VII black, epandrium red, sometimes with

blackish ventral part or margin.

? undescribed.

Body length 10-14 mm.

Distribution: This is a purely alpine (montane) species accompanying thin alpine forests exclusively

on limestone near the timberline. Males display their courtship mostly in thin shadow of shrubs and

(coniferous) trees, or they are elevated by air currents on limestone cliffs. The species occurs in the

176

Alps, Carpathians (Malä and Velkä Fatra Mountains in Slovakia, Romanian Carpathians), Balkans (e.g.

Croatian Alps, Vichren Mountains, Macedonian Pindos-Mountains, Olympos Mountains).

Heteronychia (s. str.) proxima (Rondani, 1860)

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 3: 392

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.16-0.19, at vertex 0.19-0.24 and at antennal base 0.33-0.38 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2.5 times widening frontventrally; frons middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.6 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.24-0.4 and gena 0.2-0.26 eye

height. Palpus medium-length, apex poorly inflated; 2-3 rows of postorbitals, vte medium-length,

fr 8-13, strong, one row of parafacials, longest ones distinctly longer than parafacial width; facial ridge

at lower 0.2-0.3 with short black setae; ac 0-3+1, propleuron bare; scutellum with crossed ap and with

1-2 pairs of d; ctenidium indistinct, f, with a row of av in proximal 0.5-0.6, fz with a row of both av and

pv, all f with ventral hairs, t; with long pv-bristles; R, open, r, bare, costal spine medium-length,

m-angle 90° or obtuse, m-cu sigmoid or almost straight, ratio betwen 3rd and 5th costal sections

1:0.9-1.2. Abdominal tergite III usually without mediomarginals, but in some instances with their

indications; sternites I-IV with long erect setae. Segment VII+VIII with 8-12 marginal bristles; cercus

with 8-12 marginals; cercus profile broad, moderately curved ventrally, apex moderately pointed,

without dorsal inflation. Pregonite and postgonite of equal length, pregonite almost straight, broad,

slightly narrowing towards obtuse apex, with numerous dorsal chaetae; postgonite straight, apex

strongly curved hook-shaped and pointed, with 1-2 ventral bristles. Distiphallus elongate, membrane

well sclerotized, slightly widened, ventral apophysis short, sigmoid, apex pointed, apical plate

medium-length, almost straight, apically pointed, short lateral spines well developed; stylus narrow,

medium-length, sigmoid (Fig. 184). Body ground coloration dark grey; parafrontal and parafacial

densely yellowish white or silvery white dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax grey

dusted; longitudinal mesonotal bands well developed; legs black, wings hyaline, along veins slightly

yellowish or greyish, basicosta and epaulet yellow. Abdomen with pattern distinctly dark chequered;

segment VII+VII lustrous black with broad, more or less distinct rounded posterior spot of greyish

pollinosity (Fig. 184).

?. Frons 0.3-0.35 of head width; mid femoral organ very small and blackish, sometimes indistinct;

abdominal tergite VI reddish, complete, moderately membraneous dorsally, with a row of marginals,

interrupted dorsally.

Body length 6.5-11 mm.

Distribution: Europe to Sweden and Finland, (absent from the British Isles); western Siberia and

northwestern China. Flies prefer mesophytic habitats with thin vegetation of forest or shrub character.

It is a parasitoid of snails (Euomphalia strigella - Povolny & Groschaft 1959); Agriopis aurantaria (Kiev

Region, leg. Rafalsky, det. J. Verves). The species avoids elevations above 800 m in central Europe.

Heteronychia (s. str.) rohdendorfi (Povolny & Slameckova, 1959)

Acta ent. Mus. natn. Pragae 33: 427 (Pierretia).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.14-0.22, at vertex 0.2-0.27 and at antennal base 0.34-0.38 head width;

frontal vitta 1.5 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2.5-3 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.4 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.14-0.16 and gena

0.22-0.25 eye height. Palpus medium-length with apex distinctly inflated; one row of postorbitals, vte

short but well developed; fr 7-9, strong and long, crossed, parafaciale with one row of bristles, lower

ones longer than parafacial width; facial ridge at lower 0.2-0.3 with several blackish, short hairs;

propleuron bare; ac 2-3+1, distinct; scutellum with one pair of ap and one pair of d; ctenidium

indistinct, all femora with thin medium length pillosity on ventral surface; t, with a row of hairy av and

177

pv. R;open, sometimes closed, r, basally with 5-7 short bristles, costal spine medium-length, strong;

m-angle right, m-cu distinctly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1.1; abdominal

tergite III with pair of very strong, long mediomarginals, sternites II and III setose, sternite IV with

short hairs; segment VII+VIII with 4-8 strong marginals; cercus broad, more or less curved ventrally,

apically narrowing and nearly pointed, with preapical dorsal inflation; pregonite very long, narrow,

apically pointed, slightly curved with numerous dorsal hairs, postgonites shorter, hook-shaped,

pointed, with 1-2 dorsal bristles; membrane slightly widening, distiphallus protruding, apically

pointed; apical plate short, straight, apically pointed, shorter than its lateral srms which are spatulate

and projecting; stylus medium-broad, apically dilating, almost straight, strongly protruding over

apical plate (Fig. 178). Body ground coloration dark, parafrontal and parafacial silvery white dusted,

frontal vitta, antenna and gena velvety black. Thorax black, grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal

stripes well developed and broad; legs black, wings glassy transparent, base moderately fumose,

basicosta and epaulet yellow; abdomen with dark chequared pattern, nearly without pollinosity.

Genitalia bright reddish (Fig. 178).

? unknown.

Body length 6.5-10.5 mm.

Distribution: Switzerland, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Rumania and

Greece. The species accompanies dry habitats, primarily on limestone and loess, and occurs both in

lowlands (rather rare) and mountains (up to 1.800 m - Alps, Carpathians, Balkans) where it is

sometimes locally common (e.g. slopes of Olympos in Greece). Adults fly from June to early Septem-

ber, and might be confused with males of Heteronychia boettcheriana.

Heteronychia (s. str.) rohdendorfiana Mihälyi, 1975

Acta zool. hung. 21: 106.

Pierretia nigricauda Povolny & Slameckovä, 1959. Acta. ent. Mus. natn. Pragae 33: 431 (nom. preocc.).

Heteronychia nigricaudata Povolny & Slameckovä, 1982. Annot. zool.-bot. Bratislava 150: 1.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.16-0.2, at vertex 0.19-0.25 and at antennal base 0.3-0.42 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-3 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.6 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.18-0.23 and gena

0.21-0.24 of eye height; palpus medium-length, apex moderately inflated; 1-2 rows of postorbital setae,

vte long, fr 6-11, strong and crossed, parafacial with one row of bristles, 2-3 lower bristles longer than

parafacial width, facial ridge at lower 0.2-0.3 with several short, black setae (Fig. 161). Propleuron bare;

ac 0-2+1, delicate; scutellum with long and crossed ap, and with one pair d; ctenidium absent, all

femora with numerous long pv and 4-6 strong pv. R,open, r, with 4-8 black setae in basal half, costal

spine usually long and strong, sometimes (in small specimens) short and indistinct, m-cu distinctly

curved or nearly straight, m-angle right or obtuse, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.8-1.5;

abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginals, sternites II and III long setose, sternite IV

with short hairs, segment VII+VIII with 4-6 strong marginals; cercus profile with inflated bases,

otherwise very long, parallel-sided digitate with obtusely rounded tip; pregonite elongate, narrow,

curved, apically pointed, postgonite shorter, hook-shaped, with 1-2 ventral bristles; membrane only

moderately protruding; distiphallus elongate, moderately thick; ventral apophysis very long and

narrow, almost straight, apically pointed; apical plate short, pointed, lateral arms as long as apical

plate, claw-shaped; stylus narrow, medium-length, nearly straight (Fig. 187). Body ground coloration

dark grey; parafrontal and parafacial including lunula densely silvery dusted; frontal vitta, antenna

and palpus black; thorax blackish, grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal bands distinct; legs black,

wings hyaline, moderately fuscous at base and along veins, basicosta and epaulet yellow; Abdominal

pattern dark checkering, genitalia entirely black and lustrous (Fig. 187).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.28-0.33 head width; frontal vitta almost parallel-sided, frons middle

same wide as parafrontal; scutellum without ap, or ap very delicate, hairy; mid-femoral organ absent;

abdominal tergite VI complete, with numerous long marginals, black.

Body length 3.5-14 mm.

178

Distribution: Switzerland, southern Germany, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, southern Poland and

Ukraine (especially Carpathian district). Bred from the snails Arianta arbustorum, Brachybaena fruticum,

Monachoides incarnata (Povolny 1982). This is an overlooked forest species, obviously confused with

Heteronychia dissimilis and misidentified. It shows a considerable variation of size, small specimens

3.5-6 mm, rather similar to H. dissimilis, live in forests of lower elevation vegetation tiers, whereas big

individuals reaching up to 14 mm in body length occur in shady montane forests.

Heteronychia (s. str.) rondaniana (Rohdendorf, 1937)

Fauna SSSR 19: 361 (Pierretia).

Sarcophaga arvorum sensu Rondani, 1860. Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 3: 381 (nec Meigen, 1826).

Sarcophaga depressifrons auctorum (nec Zetterstedt, 1845).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.18-0.19, at vertex 0.23-0.24 and at antennal base 0.37-0.39 head width;

frontal vitta 1.4-2.2 times widening frontoventrally, frons at middle 2-3.5 times wider than parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 1.1-1.5 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at level of antennal base 0.17-0.2 and gena

0.17-0.21 eye height. Palpus medium-length, apical inflation slight, 1-2 rows of postorbitals vte

indistinct fr 8-9, strong and crossed; parafacial with 1-2 rows of setae, lower ones longer than parafacial

width; facial ridge setose at lower 0.3; propleuron bare, ac 2-3+1, comparatively strong; scutellum with

medium length and crossed ap and with one pair of fine d; ctenidium absent, all femora with short

ventral setae, t, with a row of hairy av in distal half; r, bare, R, open, costal spine medium-length,

m-angle right, m-cu almost straight, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 1-1.1. Abdominal

tergite III without mediomarginals, sternites II and III with long hairs, sternite IV shortly setose,

segments VII+VIII with 6-10 long marginals; cercus profile medium-wide, almost straight, apex

strongly curved ventrally and pointed; pregonite long and narrow, centrally curved, apex broad,

several dorsal setae; postgonite same long, straight, tip strongly curved, hook-shaped and pointed,

usually with one ventral bristle; membrane slightly widened; distiphallus elongate and narrow,

ventral process short hook-formed; apical plate elongate and broad, apex pointed, with small hook-

formed lateral arms; stylus medium-length, not protruding, curved (Fig. 176). Body ground coloration

dark grey, parafrontal, parafacial and lunula greyish white dusted, other head parts blackish, grey

dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes well developed; legs black, wings hyaline, along veins moder-

ately fuscous, basicosta and epaulet yellow; abdominal pattern dark chequered; genitalia black

lustrous (Fig. 176).

? unknown.

Body length 5-10 mm.

Distribution: Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Rumania, Spain, France, Italy, Croatia,

Bulgaria and Greece. The species is usually rare, accompanying humid lowland forests.

Heteronychia (s. str.) schineri (Bezzi, 1891)

Bull. Soc. ent. Ital. 23: 67 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.14-0.17, at vertex 0.18-0.21 and at antennal base 0.31-0.42 head width;

frontal vitta 2-3.5 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-3 times wider than one parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 1.4-1.8 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at level of antennal base 0.16-0.19 and gena

0.23-0.26 eye height; palpus medium length, apex poorly inflated; one row of postorbitals, vte

indistinct, fr 7-12, not very strong, crossed, parafacial with 2-3 irregular rows of setae, longest ones

shorter than parafacial width, facial ridge at lower 0.3-0.4 with numerous short black hairs; propleuron

bare; ac 0-3+1, short and indistinct; scutellum with fine ap and one pair of d bristles; ctenidium

indistinct, all femora with medium-length ventral setae, t;with a row of hairy pv; R,open, r, bare, costal

spine medium-length, sometimes very short or indistinct; m-vein right-angled, m-cu more or less

179

sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.8; abdominal tergite III with pair of strong

erect mediomarginals; sternite II with long erect hairs, sternites III and IV short setose. Segments

VII+VIII with several hairy marginals; cercus profile broad and curved ventrally at moderately

pointed apex; pregonite long with dilated apex and provided with numerous dorsal setae; postgonite

distinctly shorter, straight, apically hook-shaped and pointed, with 1-2 ventral bristles; membrane

distally inflated; distiphallus short and tall, ventral apophysis elongate, narrow and almost straight,

apical plate short and narrow, lateral processes spiny, stylus narrow and medium-length, not protrud-

ing (Fig. 191). Body ground coloration dark grey. Parafrontal, parafacial and lunula densely silvery

dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax blackish, grey dusted, longitudinal stripes on

mesonotum very broad and distinct; legs black, wings hyaline, membrane slightly fumose along veins;

basicosta and epaulet yellow; abdominal pattern dark chequered. Segments VII+VII black lustrous,

epandrium orange reddish (Fig. 191).

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.29-0.31 of head width; mid-femoral organ distinct, orange red, situated

distally at 0.3-0.4 of femoral length; abdominal tergite VI complete, elongate, distinctly protruding,

with numerous discal hairs and with row of strong marginals, interrupted dorsally.

Body length 9.5-14 mm.

Distribution: Ranging from French Alps eastwards to Ukraine, Balkan countries, northern Caucasus,

Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan. Occurs in central Europe in Czechia, Slovakia, Austria and Hungary.

The species is associated with both dry lowland forests (e.g. on sands or loess) and mountain ranges,

at elevations up to 2.500 m (Alps, Balkan), especially in limestone districts.

Heteronychia (s. str.) slovaca Povolny & Slameckovä, 1967

Acta ent. bohemoslovaca 64: 314.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.16-0.19, at vertex 0.17-0.22 and at antennal base 0.35-0.41 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-3 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.4-2 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.23-0.3 and gena 0.26-0.33 eye

height. Palpus medium length, apically poorly inflated; one row of postorbitals, vte distinct, fr 8-11,

strong and crossed, parafacial setae one row, the longest greater than parafacial width, facial ridge

with black setae at lower 0.3; ac 0+1, delicate; propleuron bare; scutellum with ap crossed and with one

pair of d; ctenidium indistinct, all femora and t,, with numerous medium-length ventral setae; R,open,

r, with 5-6 black setae basally, costal spine medium-length; m-angle straight, m-cu distinctly sigmoid;

ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.7-0.8; abdominal tergites II and III with strong erect pair

of mediomarginals; sternites II and III with long erect hairs, sternite IV shortly setose; segment

VI+VII with row of marginals; cercus profile with distinct dorsal inflation, moderately curved

ventrally, apically pointed; pregonite elongate and narrow, apically not widening and pointed, with

several dorsal setae; postgonite distinctly shorter, apically hook-shaped, with 2 bristles ventrally;

membrane almost without inflation; distiphallus elongate and slender, ventral apophysis long and

nearly straight, apical part narrow and pointed, apical plate elongate and narrow, more or less sigmoid

and apically pointed, as long as spoon-shaped lateral arms; stylus long, apically distinctly widening

and protruding (Fig. 179). Body ground coloration dark grey; parafrontal, parafacial and lunula

densely silvery grey dusted; frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax blackish, grey dusted with

mesonotal longitudinal stripes distinct; legs black, wings hyaline, epaulet and basicosta yellowish;

abdomen with pattern dark chequared; segment VII+VII black lustrous, epandrium both blackish or

red (Fig. 179).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.45 of head width, frontal vitta almost parallel-sided, 2 times wider than

parafrontal; mid-femoral organ indistinct, blackish; abdominal tergite VI complete, with numerous

marginals, black or reddish.

Body length 5-10 mm.

Distribution: Probably Carpathian and east European endemic inhabiting limestone formations of

Eastern Slovakia Carpathians and Ukrainian Carpathians, and Central Ukraine (Kiev district). Flies

frequent humid mountain forests and may descend to lower forest limits.

180

198

Figs. 195.-199. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 195.

Fig. 196.

Fig. 197.

Fig. 198.

Fig. 199.

Heteronychia filia

Heteronychia taurica

Heteronychia minor (fertoni auct.)

Heteronychia thalhammeri

Heteronychia infixa. (after Böttcher 1913).

Heteronychia (s. str.) thalhammeri (Böttcher, 1913)

Dt. Ent. Z. 3: 253 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.7, at vertex 0.18-0.2 and at antennal base 0.31-0.35 head width.

Frontal vitta 2 times widening frontoventrally; frons middle 2 times wider than parafacial. 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.4 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.18-0.19 and gena 0.19-0.2 eye

181

height. Palpus medium-length, apex without inflation. 1-2 rows of postorbitals, vte indistinct, fr 6-8,

strong and crossed. One row of parafacials, longest ones longer than parafacial width, facial ridge at

lower 0.3 setose. Propleuron bare, ac 2-3+1, short; scutellum with a pair of crossed ap and a pair of d.

All femora with thin ventral hairs, t; with several thick av and pv; R, open, r, bare, costal spine well

developed; m-vein right angled, m-cu almost straight, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal section as

1: 0.8-1.1; abdominal tergite III with a strong pair of mediomarginals, sternites II and III with long erect

hairs, sternite IV with short setae; segments VII+VIII with several marginals; cercus broad, almost

straight, apex strongly curved ventrally and pointed. Pregonite elongate, curved, apex rounded, not

widened, several dorsal setae; postgonite same long as pregonite, almost straight, apically hook-

formed and pointed, with 2 dorsal bristles; membrane with distinct ventral inflation; paraphallus

elongate, ventral processes short hook-shaped; apical plate elongate and narrow, apically rounded,

without lateral arms; stylus medium-length, not protruding (Fig. 198). Body ground coloration as in

H. rondaniana.

? unknown.

Body length 4.5-6 mm.

Distribution: Hungary, Bulgaria. — This taxon is not satisfactorily cleared.

Heteronychia (s. str.) vagans (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 26 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga frenata Pandelle, 1896. Revue Ent. 15: 182.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.21, at vertex 0.21-0.24 and at antennal base 0.33-0.37 head width;

frontal vitta 1.5-2.5 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.5-1.8 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.16-0.22 and gena 0.21-0.3

times wider than eye-height. Palpus medium-length, slightly inflated apically; 1-3 rows of postorbitals,

vte short but distinct, fr 7-10, medium length and crossed, 1-2 rows of parafacials, longest ones longer

than parafacial width; facial ridge at lower 0.4-0.5 densely but short setose; propleuron bare; ac 0+1,

short, scutellum with ap crossed, and with 1-2 pairs of discals; ctenidium indictinct, all femora with

numerous and long ventral hairs, hind femur with complete row of strong av, hind tibia with a row

of hairy elongate av and pv; R,open, r, bare, or with 1-4 basal bristles, costal spine well developed, m-

vein right angled, m-cu both sigmoid or more or lass straight, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections

1: 0.7-1; abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginals, sternite II and III with long erect

hairs, sternite IV short setose, segment VII+VIII with 4-8 medium-length marginals; cercus apically

moderately curved ventrally, with indistinct dorsal inflation and with slight apical indentation;

pregonites elongate, strongly curved ventrally, apically more or less dilated and rounded, with

numerous dorsal setae, postgonite distinctly shorter than pregonite, straight, apically hook-formed

and pointed, with 1-2 ventral bristles; membrane distinctly inflated, distiphallus comparatively short

and widened, ventral process shortly hook-shaped, apical plate short and narrow, with very short

spinose lateral processes, stylus narrow, medium-length, not protruding (Fig. 194). Body ground

coloration dark grey, parafrontal, parafacial and lunula densely silvery grey dusted, frontal vitta,

antenna and palpus black, thorax blackish, grey dusted with distinct mesonotal longitudinal stripes,

legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow; abdominal pattern dark chequered. Segments

VII+VII lustrous black, epandrium red (Fig. 194).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.29-0.33 head width. Mid-femoral organ situated distally, reddish or

brown, sometimes little distinct; tergite VI divided into pair of distinct lateral plates, each with a row

of strong marginals and hairy bristles forming nearly a doubled marginal row, terminalia red.

Body length 5.5-12 mm.

Distribution: Transpalaearctic from British Isles to Japan, in the North up to northern Norway and

Sweden, and in Jakutia. Absent from North Africa and Central Asia. The species accompanies thin

forests and bushy habitats and is mostly common at lower elevetions. Larvae are parasitoids of snails

of the families Succineidae (Verves 1976b) and Helicidae (Eulota maacki Gerstf. -— Artamonov 1985).

It seems that this species is absent from southern Italy, Sardinia and southern Spain and that its (shrub)

niches are occupied by Heteronychia pandellei (Rohdendorf, 1937) and possibly also by Heteronychia

siciliana (Enderlein, 1928).

Heteronychia (s. str.) vicina (Macquart, 1835)

Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt. 2: 225 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga ebrachiata Pandelle, 1896. Revue Ent. 15: 182.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.16-0.24, at vertex 0.21-0.27 and at antennal base 0.35-0.38 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-1.7 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 1.7-2.8 times wider than parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 1.2-1.5 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.19-0.28 and gena 0.19-0.3

eye height; palpus medium-length, not essentially inflated apically; 3 rows of postorbitals, vte absent,

fr 7-9, medium-length, crossed; Parafacial with 1-2 rows of bristles, longer ones shorter than parafacial

width; facial ridge with several black setae at lowest 0.2-0.3; propleuron bare, ac 0-3+1, short; scutellum

with crossed ap, and 1-2 pairs of discals; ctenidium absent; all femora, t, and t, with numerous long

ventral hairs, f, with a row of av at proximal 0.5-0.6, and with an apical row of strong pv, f; without av

except for subapicals; R,open, r, bare, costal spine medium-length, m-vein right-angled, m-cu distinctly

sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.7-1. Abdominal tergite II usually without

mediomarginals which are rarely present, sternites II and III with long hairs, sternite IV shortly setose;

segment VII+VIII with numerous long marginals; cercus profile almost straight and gradually tapering,

dorsal edge moderately excised; pregonite sigmoid, apically pointed, with numerous dorsal hairs,

postgonite same long as pregonite, straight, apically hook-formed and pointed, usually with one

subapical bristle ventrally; distiphallus rather elongate, membrane not inflated; plate medium-length,

pointed apically, with pair of very short lateral spines; stylus elongate, moderately protruding and

strongly sigmoid (Fig. 189). Body ground coloration dark grey, parafrontal, parafacial and lunula

densely silvery dusted; frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax blackish with grey pollinosity,

blackish longitudinal stripes on mesonotum distinct; legs black, wings hyaline, slightly fumose basally,

basicosta and epaulet yellow, squama white; abdominal pattern distinctly blackish chequered; segment

VII+VII black or brownish black lustrous, epandrium bright red or with brownish tinge (Fig. 189).

®. Narrowest frontal width 0.31-0.34 of head width; mid femoral organ situated at 0.2-0.3 of

femoral length, distinct and mostly bright red, occasionally with brownish or blackish tinge; abdom-

inal tergite VI complete, but poorly sclerotized dorsally, with long and strong marginals laterally.

Body length 7-11.5 mm.

Distribution: European Alps, Carpathians and Balkan mountain ranges, also Scandinavia (Norway,

Sweden, Finland), Ukraine (near Chernovtsi), northern Caucasus and Abkhazia. The species shows

essentially a boreomontane disjunction and distribution. There exist, however, extrazonal (demon-

tane) populations in limestone habitats outside high mountain ranges at considerably lower eleva-

tions, e.g. Bohemian Karst in Central Bohemia, and limestone formations of Thuringia, where the

species occurs at low elevations around 450 m a.s.l. The species accompanies mostly limestone

formations, being nearly absent from granites etc. In alpine lime-stone habitats populations can reach

high densities. Larvae parasitize snails.

Subgenus Pandelleola Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19: 328.

Type species: Sarcophaga filia Rondani, 1860.

Thorax with 3 post dc, ac 0 (in rare instances 1-2) +0-1, all very delicate; r, either haired or bare;

abdominal segments VII+VIII with marginals; ctenidium absent; R;open, rarely closed; ventral plate

of distiphallus without processes (arms); apical plate elongate, without lateral arms. 8 species in West

Palaearctic region, and one in central Europe.

Heteronychia (Pandelleola) filia (Rondani, 1860)

Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 3: 385 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.21-0.24, at vertex 0.27-0.29 and at antennal base 0.37-0.4 head width;

frontal vitta 1.5-1.7 times widening frontoventrally; frons middle 1.5-2 x wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.5 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.24 and gena 0.27-0.33 eye

height. Palpus long, apically not inflated; 3 rows of postorbitals, vte well developed; fr 6-8, strong and

crossed; parafacial with row of bristles, longest ones as long as parafacial width; facial ridge haired at

lower 0.2-0.3; propleuron bare; ac 0-2+1, very short; scutellum with crossed ap and with one pair of

d-bristles; ctenidium absent, all femora with long and dense ventral hairs, f, without av, t; with a row

of hairy elongate av and pv; R,open, r, bare, costal spine medium-length, m-vein right angled, m-cu

sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1-1.2. Abdominal tergite III with strong medi-

omarginals; sternites II and III with long hairs, sternite IV short setose, segment VII+VIII with 4-6

strong marginals; cercus profile rather broad and short, almost straight, apically pointed; pregonite

elongate, curved, apically pointed, postgonite short, apically hook-shaped, with 1-2 ventral bristles;

membrane moderately inflated; distiphallus medium-length and broad (tall); apical plate elongate and

narrow, apically pointed, curved ventrally, without lateral arms; stylus shortened and not protruding

(Fig. 195). Body ground coloration pale grey; orbits, parafacial and lunula silvery greyish or yellowish

dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax densely grey dusted; longitudinal mesonotal

stripes distinct, black. Legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow, squama white;

abdominal pattern bright chequered, segment VII+VIII black lustrous, epandrium red, sometimes with

brownish hue, rarely black (Fig. 195).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.31-0.33 of head width; frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1-1.4 times wider

than parafrontal; mid-femoral organ absent; abdominal tergite VI separated into two lateral plates

provided with long marginals. Terminalia reddish, rarely black.

Distribution: Europe except Scandinavia, eastwards to Russia (Voronezh district) and northern

Caucasus. The species shows dependency to dry habitats, especially forest steppes, preferring lime-

stone and loess formations and it is visibly endangered and disappearing from European north and

west to south and east representing obviously Mediterranean element.

Subgenus Ctenodasypygia Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. phylogen. Ent. 1: 40.

Type species: Sarcophaga fertoni Villeneuve, 1911.

Bercaea Rohdendorf 1937. Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 322 (nec Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863).

Type species: Sarcophaga penicillata Villeneuve, 1907.

Mediterranisca Rohdendorf, 1965. Ent. Obozr. 44: 684.

Type-species: Sarcophaga penicillata Villeneuve, 1907.

Leclercquiomyia Lehrer, 1976. Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 112: 195.

Type species: L. thirionae Lehrer 1976.

Benedenia Lehrer, 1970, ibid.: 200.

Type species: L. mousteti Lehrer (syn. of Sarcophaga fertoni Villeneuve, 1911).

References: Verves 1993, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 11 (311): 502-504 (unfinished).

Grey flies of different size (3-12 mm). Postorbital setae 2-3 regular rows, parafacial and gena mid-wide,

parafacials short or mid-long, not longer than parafacial width; ctenidium more or less distinct, r,-vein

bare or haired basally. Apical plate elongate and broad with complete lateral arms. Segment VII+VII

with well developed 6-10 marginal bristles. 8 thermophilic species are distributed in Mediterranean

region, one present in central Europe. Some species, e.g. H. penicillata (Villn.) and H. siciliensis (Bött.)

are parasites of terrestrial gastropods (Povolny 1992).

184

Heteronychia (Ctenodasypygia) minima (Rondani, 1862)

Dipt. ital. prodr. 5: 113 (Sarcophaga fertoni auct. nec Sarcophaga fertoni Villeneuve, 1911).

Pierretia (Bercaea) graeca Rohendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 327.

Description

ö. Frons at narrowest part 0.18-0.2, at vertex 0.25-0.28 at antennal base 0.34-0.36 of head width;

frontal vitta 2-3 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.3-1.6 longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.17-0.22, gena 0.22-0.3 of eye height.

Palpus mid-long, moderately wider apically; 2 rows of postorbital setae, vte absent, fr 5-8, not very

strong, facial ridge at lower 0.3 shortly bristled, parafacial setae one vertical row. ac 2-3+1. Propleuron

bare. Scutellum with fine long setae; ctenidium well developed, f, and f, with several ventral setae, all

tibiae without hairs. R, open or closed at wing margin, r, bare, costal spine long and strong, ratio

between 3rd and 5th section as 1: 1.2-1.4; 3rd abdominal tergite without mediomarginals. Cercus short

and broad, apically pointed, medially distinctly excised and with a slight preapical tubercle dorsally.

Apical plate wide, apically pointed, with obtuse, ventrally curved wall, distinctly clavate lateral arms

directed ventrally (Fig. 197).

Body colour dark; 3rd antennomere black or pale brown, palpus black; longitudinal stripes on

mesonotum poorly developed; epandrium red or black.

®. Frons vertex 0.3-0.4 of head width. Frontal vitta parallel-sided, 0.5-0.8 times wider than

parafrontal. vte strong. Mid-fermoral organ absent. 6th abdominal tergite complete, with long margin-

als, reddish or black.

Body length 3-9 mm.

Distribution: France, Italy, Hungary, Moravia, Greece, Israel, Egypt. Flies prefer dry sunlit habitats,

partly on forest margins. Ecology unknown. A rare species.

Subtribe Phallanthina Rohdendorf, 1965

Ent. Obozr. 44 (3): 677.

Bellieriina Rohdendorf, 1965. Ent. Obozr. 44 (3): 677 (pro parte).

Pierretiina Verves, 1987, Ent. Obozr. 66 (3): 665.

Frons in d narrower than eye, in 9s as wide as eye. 3rd antennomere usually not more than 2 times

longer than 2nd. Parafacial setose or haired. Parafrontal and gena moderately wide. Postsutural dc 3,

occasionally 4 (paired), of equal length; propleuron usually bare, sometimes haired. R, usually open,

r, bare or setose, apical plate, membranal and ventral arms of aedeagus well developed and complete.

2 with abdominal tergites VII and VIII more or less reduced. Abdomen usually with well developed

chequered pattern. Body length from 3-14 mm.

Larvae (maggots) schizophagous, sometimes parasitoids or predators of snails, arthropods, less

usually in vertebrate tissues. This tribe comprises 23 genera and more than 160 species distributed in

all zoogeographical regions; 7 genera in central Europe.

Genus Arachnidomyia Townsend, 1934

Revue Ent. 4: 111.

Type species: Sarcophaga davidsoni Coquillett, 1892.

Dark, medium-sized flies. Parafacial short or medium length. Occiput and postgena black-haired with

only few white hairs surrounding occipital foramen. Membranal lobes of aedeagus rounded, covered

by numerous spines, ventral arms shortened and connected with paraphallus, apical plate short and

wide, without lateral arms, stylus medium-length, widened, with preapical spine. ? with abdominal

tergites VII-X absent. Ist segment of Ist instar larva with numerous strong spines. Larvae are predators

on egg-cocoons of spiders. 16 species occur in the Holarctic and Neotropical regions. One species in

central Europe.

Arachnidomyia sexpunctata (Fabricius, 1794)

Ent. Syst. 4: 300 (Musca).

Sarcophaga clathrata Meigen, 1826, Syst. Beschr. 5: 25. Syst. Beschr. 5: 25.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.7-0.21, at vertex 0.21-0.25 and at antennal base 0.35-0.39 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2.5-4 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.3-2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial of antennal base 0.18-0.3 and gena 0.18-0.26 eye

height. Palpus slender. One row of postocular setae regular, other rows irregular; vte indistinct; fr 9-13,

3-4 fore pairs divergent, crossed; one row of parafacials, lowest of them longer than parafacial width;

facial ridge at lowest 0.3-0.5 with black hairs; propleuron bare, ac 4-5+1, dc 2-4+3-4, strong. Scutellum

with one pair of crossed ap and one pair d. Ctenidium consists of medium-length bristles, all femora

with several elongate ventral hairs, f, with numerous long and strong av and pv. t; with long pv and

av. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarsginal bristles, sternites II-IV with long erect

hairs; sternite V without “brush”, covered by medium-length hair-like setae. Segment VII+VIII

shortened, with few fine marginal hairs. Cercus straight, dorsal margin evenly convex, apex with

medium-sized hook. Pregonite elongate, more or less curved, apically widened, dorsally haired;

postgonite shorter, hook-shaped, with 1-2 ventral bristles. Membranal lobes well sclerotized, protrud-

ing, covered with numerous small spines. Distiphallus shortened but tall, apical plate wide and short,

with two apical spines, ventral plates united with paraphallus, hook-shaped. Stylus with short apical

indentation (Fig. 206).

Body ground colour dark. Head black, parafrontal, parafacial and gena with silvery or golden

pruinosity, antenna, frontal vitta and palpus black. Thorax grey or golden grey dusted, longitudinal

mesonotal stripes black, borders indistinct. Legs black, wings hyaline, slightly fuscous along veins,

basicosta brownish or yellowish, epaulet black or brownish black, Abdomen black with golden or

silvery grey chequered pattern, genital segments lustrous black.

?. Narrowest part of frons 0.28-0.33 head width; frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1.5-2 times wider than

parafrontal; vte well developed; scutellum without ap. Femora without long ventral hairs. Mid femoral

organ absent. Abdominal tergite VI divided dorsally, each of lobes with 6-10 marginals of medium

length. Genitalia black.

Body length 5.5-12 mm.

Distribution: A holarctic species found mostly at lower elevations, especially in humid warm low-

ground forests, and undisturbed habitats on forest margins up to foothills of mountains. Flies feed at

flowers of Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae etc. Bred from spider egg cocoons: Araneus cornutus Clerk and

Clubiona spp. (Mik 1890, Grunin 1964). The species is endangered.

Genus Ascelotella Enderlein, 1928

Arch. Klassif. Phylog. Ent. 1 (1): 50.

Type species: Ascelotella formosana Enderlein, 1928 (syn. of Sarcophaga calicifera Böttcher, 1912).

Dark, small or medium-sized flies. Parafacial narrow, gena medium tall; r, haired, ctenidium on d mid

femora absent. propleuron bare. d with abdominal tergite II and III with long and erect hairs. Apical

plate of distiphallus with well developed lateral arms, ventral arms distinctly separated from para-

phallus. ? with abdominal tergite VI divided into two lateral lobes. Tergite VII absent or small, paired

and membranous tergites VIII-X absent.

3 subgenera and 6 species distributed in Palaearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions, one species

in central Europe. Larvae schizophagous, facultative parasitoids and predators of snails, arthropods

etc.

186

Subgenus Mimarhopocnemis Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 166.

Type species: Sarcophaga granulata Kramer, 1908.

Lower 3-4 pairs of parafacials distinctly longer than parafacial width; 3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times

longer than 2nd. R,open. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginals. d postabdominal

tergite VII+VIII with fine marginals, cercus with dorsal protuberance covered by numerous short

spines; ventral arms poorly sclerotized, short and bilobate; 2 pairs of mebranal srms. One European

species.

Ascelotella (Mimarhopocnemis) granulata (Kramer, 1908)

Ent. Wbl. 153 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.22-0.25, at vertex 0.26-0.29 and at antennal base 0.36-0.4 head width.

Frontal vitta almost parallel-sided, frons middle 1.5-2.6 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd antennomere

1.6-2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of 3rd antennomere 1.6-2.0 times longer than 2nd.

Parafacial at antennal base 0.16-0.19 and gena 0.18-0.23 eye height. Palpus long, apically widened. One

or two rows of postorbitals, vte well developed, fr 7-9, strong and crossed; vibrissal ridge with several

black setae at lower 0.2-0.3; ac 0+0-1, very fine; dc 2+3, strong. Scutellum with one pair of crossed ap

and one pair of d. All femora with several short ventral hairs, f, with 3-7 strong av, t, with 2-3 long and

2-4 short av. R,open, r, in basal 0.3-0.5 haired, costal spine medium-length, m-vein right-angled, m-cu

more or less sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 1.2-1.5. Abdominal sternite V with

short, poorly developed “brush” and medium-length hind bristles. Cercus profile broad and short,

distinctly curved ventrally, apically abrupt-narrowed and pointed, with distinct preapical protuber-

ance covered by short striking spines. Pregonite medium-length and narrow, apex obruse, sigmoid,

with several dorsal hairs; postgonite shorter, hook-shaped, with 2-3 bristles ventrally. Membranal

arms paired, strongly sclerotized and protruding, distiphallus medium-length and tall, ventral apoph-

ysis short and narrow, apically bilobate; apical plate narrow and apically pointed, with a pair of

widened lateral arms, stylus medium-length, almost straight, not very protruding (Fig. 207).

Body ground coloration dark. Head black, only parafrontal, parafacial, gena and lunula densely

yellowish white dusted. Thorax black, grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes well developed,

black; legs black, wings hyaline, moderately fuscous at base, basicosta and epaulet yellow, squama

white. Abdominal pattern silvery grey and dark chequered. Genitalia lustrous black.

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.3-0.34 head width, frontal vitta almost as wide as parafrontale.

Scutellum without ap. Mid-femoral organ very distinct, big and situated in middle of femur, reddish

brown to brownish black. Abdominal tergite VI divided centrally, each of lateral lobes with 10-13

strong marginals; tergite VII membranous, bare, very narrow, ring-shaped, indistinctly interrupted

centrally. Genitalia black.

Body length 4-9 mm.

Distribution: France eastwards to Ukraine and European Russia, Italy, Balkan Peninsula (Bulgaria,

Romania, Serbia). The species is locally common in atlanto-mediterranean part of Europe with

decreasing population densities towards eastern Europe. It accompanies especially undisturbed

humid and warm lowland forests along major European rivers. Larval feeding is unknown.

187

Genus Bellieriomima Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 164 (subgenus of Thyrsocnema).

Type species: Sarcophaga laciniata Pandelle, 1896 (syn. of Sarcophaga subulata Pandelle, 1896).

Grey, medium-sized to big flesh-flies. Parafacial bristles comparatively short. 3, sometimes 4 pairs of

postsutural dc-bristles, prescutellar ac well developed, ventromedial part of hind trochanter in d with

long setae; propleuron bare. Abdominal strernites II-IV with long erect hairs in d. r, bare, R; open.

Apical plate of distiphallus elongate, broad, centrally interrupted and forming, together with elongate

paired membranal process, a nipper; ventral lobes elongate, distinctly separated from distiphallus,

styli long and narrow, bristle-like.

Mid-femoral organ absent in ?; ? with abdominal tergite VI interrupted centrally, marginal bristles

well developed, remaining postabdominal tergites absent or reduced, small, membranous and bare.

17 species distributed mostly in eastern Palaearctic, in Oriental region and in Solomon Islands [e.g.

Bellieriomima simplex (Lopes), comb. n.] Larvae are necrophagous. One European species.

Bellieriomima subulata (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 194 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga laciniata Pandelle, 1896: Revue Ent. 15: 195:

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.18-0.22, at vertex 0.24-0.26 and at antennal base 0.32-0.35 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.3-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons at middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than one parafron-

tal. 3rd antennomere 1.8-2.2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.19-0.22 and gena

0.2-0.29 eye height; vte indistinct; fr 8-10, strong and crossed. One row of parafacial bristles, lower 3-4

pairs same long or moderately longer than parafacial width; vibrissal ridge at lower 0.3-0.4 with

numerous black hairs. Postgena and occiput with numerous white hairs. Propleuron bare; ac 0+1, very

fine; dc 2-3+3, strong. Scutellar ap crossed, one pair of d. Ctenidium distinct consisting of short thin

bristles; all femora and hind tibia with numerous long ventral hairs; f, with a complete row of av and

pv, pv proximally more delicate. R,open, r, bare, m right-angled or acute, m-cu more or less distinctly

sigmoid; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections as 1: 0.7-0.8, costal spine small but well developed.

Abdominal segment III with or without a weak pair of mediomarginals. Sternite V with well

developed short “brush” and long distal bristles. Genitalia robust; segments VII+VIII square with

strong marginal bristles, cercus claw-shaped; pregonite mid-length, almost straight, apically rounded

with several dorsal bristles; postgonite nearly same long as pregonite, broad, hook-shaped, with 1-2

ventral bristles; membranal process trilobate, central lobe claw-shaped, strongly sclerotited, lateral

lobes elongate, narrow, apically protruding, moderately sclerotized; ventral process midlong, weakly

sclerotized, ligulate; apical plate very tall, apically obtuse, poorly sclerotized; stylus elongate and

narrow, medial process of interior parts of distiphallus well developed (Fig. 208).

Body ground coloration comparatively dark. Frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black or brownish

black, other head-parts densely yellowish white pollinose. Thorax black, grey dusted, longitudinal

mesonotal stripes distinct, legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet yellow, squama white.

Abdomen with usual grey chequered pattern. Genitalia black, segment VII+VIII densely grey pol-

linose, epandrium lustrous.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.27-0.3 of head width, frontal vitta nearly same broad as parafrontal,

scutellum without ap. Mid-femoral organ absent, abdominal tergite VI divided into a pair of lateral

plates, each with numerous long and strong marginals, black or brownish black.

Body length 5-12 mm.

Distribution: Europe (north to southern Sweden and Karelia), western Siberia, Georgia. The species

accompanies mesophytic sunlit forest margins at lower elevations, rarely ascending to higher eleva-

tions. Flies have been bred from pupae of Lymantria dispar (L) (Girfanova 1957, Herting & Simmonds

1976).

188

Genus Krameromyia Verves, 1982

Ent. Obozr. 61 (1): 189 (nom. nov. pro Kramerella sensu Rohdendorf, 1937).

Type species: Sarcophaga anaces Walker, 1849.

Kramerella Rohdendorf, 1937 (nec Enderlein, 1928).

Grey, medium-sized flies. 3rd antennomere not more than twice as long as 2nd. Parafacial moderately

Wide with a row of bristles, longest of them 2-3 times longer than parafacial width; propleuron bare;

ac 0+1, postsutural dc 3 pairs. Ctenidium absent, f; with a row of strong av. R,open, r, haired, 3rd and

5th costal sections equal length; d postabdomen medium-sized, segments VII+VII square without

marginals. Cercus broad and short, almost straight, apically hooklet-shaped, haired, but without

spines; pregonite medial part broadening, otherwise almost straight; membranal process unpaired,

elongate, mace-shaped; distiphallus short and tall, rounded; ventral process fused with strongly

sclerotized paraphallus and widening so that it surrounds distiphallus dorsally and laterally; stylus

long and narrow; apical plate bilobate, awl-shaped, without lateral arms. Abdominal tergite VI in ?

bilobate, tergites VII-X reduced; sternite VIII narrow, membranous and bare. Abdomen with dark

chequered pattern, genitalia black. One holarctic species.

Krameromyia anaces (Walker, 1849)

Dipt. Brit. Mus. 4: 833 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga setipennis Rondani, 1860. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 3: 389.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.28-0.3, at vertex 0.31-0.44 and at antennal base 0.34-0.38 head width.

Frontal vitta nearly parallel-sided, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times broader than parafrontal; 3rd antenno-

mere 1.5-2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base and gena 0.2-0.22 eye height. Palpus

medium-length, apically moderately widening; 2-3 rows of postorbital setae; vte long and strong;

ocellar bristles long; fr 6-9, strong and crossed; facial ridge at lower 0.2-0.3 with several black setae;

postgena and occiput with black and white haires. Scutellum with long crossed ap and one pair of d.

Ctenidium absent; all femora with thin and long ventral hairs; t, with a row of strong av. r, with a row

of bristles and interrupted at level of subcostal vein curve; m-cu vein distinctly sigmoid, ratio between

3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 1-1.2. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginals. Sternites

II-IV with long erect hairs. Sternite V with distinct “brush” and medium-long hind bristles. Genitalia

in Fig. 209.

Body ground coloration dark; head silvery grey or grey dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus

black or greyish black. Thorax grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes distinct; legs black, wings

hyaline, moderately fuscous at base and along costal margin.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.37-0.4 head width, frontal vitta as wide as parafrontal. Mid femoral

organ absent. Abdominal tegite VI dorsally interrupted with medium-length marginals.

Body length 4-8.5 mm.

Distribution: Holarctic, occurring in the Neartic region (detailed data lacking), and is widely distrib-

uted in Europe, but absent from Scandinavia and with decreasing densities in the North; also known

from Algeria.

The species frequents open sunlit, dry and warm habitats on sand, loess and generally poor soils,

avoiding higher elevations and dense vegetation of shrubs and trees. It has been bred from snails Helix

(Cochlicella) acuta Mill. (Böttcher 1912) and Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990).

189

203

Figs. 200.-203. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 200. Pierretia nemoralis

Fig. 201. Pierretia discifera

Fig. 202. Pierretia lunigera

Fig. 203. Pierretia nigriventris

Genus Pandelleana Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 189.

Type species: Sarcophaga protuberans Pandelle, 1896.

3rd antennomere about 2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial profile very broad, frons protruding, oral

margin not protruding and lower head margin distinctly narrower than head length at level of

antennal base. Propleuron bare. 3-4 pairs of strong postsutural dc; r, bare, R, open. d postabdomen

medium-sized. d abdominal tergite VII+VIII nearly square, without strong marginals. Pregonite

190

Figs. 204.-207. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 204. Pierretia soror

Fig. 205. Pierretia villenewvei

Fig. 206. Arachnidomyia sexpunctata

Fig. 207. Ascelotella granulata

elongate, and narrow. Membranal lobe large, protruding, wellsclerotized, consisting of 2 lateral arms

and medial part, spinose. Medial process of interior distiphallus long and broad, protruding; stylus

long and narrow, protruding. ? abdominal tergite VI divided into a pair of lateral lobes, each provided

with numerous long marginals, sternite VIII very short, membranous, with several setae. 4 species:

P. protuberans in western Palaearctic, P. shantungensis Yeh, 1964 and P. struthioides Xue, Feng & Li, 1986

in China and P. sabiensis (Zumpt 1953) in South Africa (Transvaal and Cape Province). Larval feeding

not known, but possibly snail parasitoids.

191

Pandelleana protuberans (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 187 (Sarcophaga).

Pandelleana kaszabi Mihälyi, 1975. Acta Zool. Hung. 21 (1-2): 101.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.23 at vertex 0.24-0.27 and at antennal base 0.38-0.42 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-2 x widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3.5 times wider than one parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.2-1.7 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.27-0.32 and gena 0.25-0.38 eye

height. Palpus moderately long, apically moderately inflated. One row of postorbitals; vte absent;

fr 9-16, medium-length, crossed; parafrontal with numerous erect hairs; parafacial with numerous

hairs and hairy bristles forming occasionally 3-5 irregular vertical rows, longest of them not exceeding

parafacial width; postgena and occiput whitish hairy. Facial ridge at lower 0.3-0.4 blackish bristled;

propleuron bare. ac 0+1, dc 2-4+3-4, strong. Scutellum with crossed ap and with one pair of discals.

Ctenidium well developed. All femora, t; and rarely t, with long and dense ventral hairs; f, with

numerous long and strong av and pv. R, open, r, bare, costal spine medium length, m-vein right-

angled, m-cu more or less sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.9. Abdominal

tergite III with strong mediomarginals, rarely absent or weak. Sternite II with long erect hairs, sternites

III and V short setose. Segments VII+VIII square, without strong marginals. Cercus profile mid-wide,

elongate, almost straight, apically hook-formed. Pregonite very long and narrow, curved, with several

dorsal setae; postgonite short claw-shaped with 2-3 ventral bristles. Distiphallus tall and short, ventral

lobes shortened, apical plate consists of a pair of well sclerotized lateral elongate arms, stylus narrow,

almost straight, not very protruding (Plate XII, Fig. 210).

Body ground colouration dark grey. Head silvery grey or yellowish grey dusted, frontal vitta,

antenna and palpus black, 2nd antennomere apically reddish. Thorax grey pollinose, longitudinal

mesonotal stripes greyish black, sometimes indistinct. Legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulet

yellow. Abdomen with dark chquered pattern. Abdominal tergite VII+VIII black, sometimes reddish

distally, moderately grey pollinose, epandrium lustrous red or yellowish red, rarely blackish.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.36-0.39 head width, frontal vitta 1-1.5 times wider than parafrontal.

Scutellum without ap. Mid femoral organ very big, situated in stoutest part of femur, reddish brown.

Abdominal tergite VI divided mediodorsally, each half with 4-7 long and several short marginals,

tergite VII small, membranous and bare, consisting of medium-sized central part and of a pair of very

small pointed lateral plates, tergites VIII and IX reduced, tergite X very small, shortly haired. Genitalia

reddish. Body colour paler than in d.

Body length 5-14 mm.

Distribution: Central and southern Europe including Germany and Poland, in Russia to Voronezh

and Perm in the North, and soutwards to Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and western

Siberia, and Northwest China.

Ecology: Flies accompany dry forest steppes or steppes preferring limestone, loess and other dry

edaphic substrates, ascending to 1.000 m a.s.l. or more — e.g. in mountain ranges in the Balkan

Peninsula. Larval hosts unknown, but probably feeding on snails.

Genus Pierretia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Hist. Nat. Dipt. Paris 2: 422.

Type species: Pierretia praecox Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (syn. of Sarcophaga nigriventris Meigen, 1826).

Mostly dark grey, medium-sized flies. Parafacials very long, exceeding parafacial width; postegena

and metacephalon with white or yellowish white hairs. Propleuron bare or haired; 3 pairs of postsu-

tural dc; r, always bare. Apical plate of distiphallus without lateral arms; stylus elongate and narrow,

bristle-shaped; ventral lobes well developed, distinctly separated from distiphallus; membranal lobes

complete, distinctly protruding. (Plate X, Figs 7, 8,9). ? with abdominal tergite forming a pair of lateral

plates, tergites VII-X reduced. Majority of species are necrophagous or are parasitoids of invertebrates

192

(snails and arthropods), but some are obligatory snail parasitoids. About 30 species are distributed in

different zoogeographical regions. 7 species occur in central Europe.

Key to subgenera and species (dd) of Pierretia

1. Apical plate of distiphallus short, poorly sclerotized (subg. Mehria End.). Membranal process

elongate, broad and serrate; ventral process broad and long, apically bilobate (Fig. 200) .............

ee MO RE ER IR Oi EEE AERORERE ENDEN. SCEFECHREIOR ERSAEREEREREE ER P. (M.) nemoralis (Kr.)

- Apical plate more or less elongate, well sclerotized (subg. Pierretia s. str.) une 2.

2. Apical plate narrow, elongate, directed distally and almost straight ........uneeenenne: 3.

- Apical plate short and widened, distinctly curved ........essesssnsensensensensensensensensenssnssnssnnsunsunsensenennne 4.

3. Scutellar apicals present but often weak; apical plate gradually narrowing towards apex; ventral

processes narrow, not serrate (Fig. Bo 0) RE Re EB SO P. (s. str.) socrus (Rd.)

- Scutellar apicals absent; apical plate acutely narrowing apically, ventral process widening and

Serie SL I ER. P. (s. str.) villeneuvei (Bött.)

4. Hind tibia without long hairs or with only single row of pv. Apical plate of distiphallus with short

membranous curved dorsal process apically; membranal lobes broad, ovate (Fig. 203) .......

ee P. (s. str.) nigriventris (Mg.)

- Hind tibia with long and dense hairs on pv and v surfaces, longest hairs often with wavy tips 5.

5. Membranal process short trilobate, with serrate hind lobe; ventral process elongate and with apical

arm directed forwards and protruding under dorsal surface of apical plate (Fig. 202) ...............

NR ER > ER P. (s. str.) lunigera (Bött.)

— Membranal process not lobate, elongate oval without serration. ........usenenensenenenenenenenne 6.

6. Presutural ac absent; apical plate obtuse apically (Fig. 201) ............. P. (s. str.) discifera (Pand.)

— Presutural ac present, apical plate pointed apically (Fig. 204)... P. (s. str.) soror (Rd.)

Subgenus Mehria Enderlein, 1928

Arch. Klassif. Phylog. Entomol. 1 (1): 29.

Type species: Sarcophaga nemoralis Kramer, 1908.

Propleuron bare. Apical plate of distiphallus shortened, poorly sclerotized; membranal process

serrate. 2 species occur in the Palaearctic region: P. nemoralis (Kramer 1908), P. otiophalla Fan & Chen,

1981, and one in the Nearctic: P. pulla (Aldrich 1916).

Pierretia (Mehria) nemoralis (Kramer, 1908)

Ent. Wbl. 25: 152 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.24, at vertex 0.26-0.29 and at antennal base 0.32-0.39 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.4-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons at middle 1.5-2.3 times broader than parafrontal.

3rd antennomere 1.5-2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.17-0.2 and gena 0.2-0.23 eye-

height. Palpus long, apically moderately inflated. One row of prostorbitals; vte short, but distinct; fr 6-

10, long and strong, crossed. Facial ridge at lower 0.2-0.3 with several short bristles. ac 0-2+1, de 3+3,

scutellum with crossed ap and 1-2 pairs of discals. Ctenidium indistinct; all femora and hind tibia with

long ventral hairs, f, with complete rows of av and pv. Costal spine mid long, m-vein right or obtusely

angled, m-cu sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:1-1.3. Abdominal tergite III with

pair of strong erect marginals, sternite II with long erect hairs, sternites II and IV short setose, sternite

198

Figs. 208.-211. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 208. Bellieriomima subulata

Fig. 209. Krameromyia anaces (setipennis auct.)

Fig. 210. Pandeleana protuberans

Fig. 211. Sarcotachinella sinuata

V without “brush”, but with short and dense hind hairs, segment VII+VIII square, without marginals.

Cercus straight, apically hook-shaped; pregonite basally curved, apically obtuse, medium-length,

postgonite almost same length as pregonite, hook-shaped, with 1-2 ventral bristles. Distiphallus tall

and medium-length: apical plate short, apically pointed, with distinct preapical ventral spine; ventral

process elongate and broad, apically bifurcate; membranal process trilobate, with serrate margina

(Fig. 200).

194

Figs. 212.-215. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 212. Pierretia socrus (spinosa auct.)

Fig. 213. Thyrsocnema incisilobata

Fig. 214. Thyesocnema kentejana

Fig. 215. Pseudothyrsocnema spinosa

Body ground coloration pale grey. Head densely silvery grey or yellowish grey pollinose; frontal

vitta black, moderately grey dusted, antenna and palpus black. Thorax pale grey dusted, longitudinal

mesonotal stripes distinct. Legs black, wings hyaline. Abdominal pattern pale chequered. Genitalia

black lustrous, segment VII+VII with distinct pollinosity in posterior half.

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.3-0.34 of head width, frontal vitta parallel-sided, as wide as parafron-

tal. Mid-femoral organ situated at distal 0.3 of femoral length, reddish or yellowish red.

Body length 5.5-11 mm.

Distribution: Central and northern Europe including Scandinavia to Karelia, southern Siberia and the

Far East. The species accompanies shady forests from low elevations (where it is rare) up to the

timberline (about 2.000 m a.s.l.) being focused in mountain beech stands simulating sometimes

boreomontane pattern. It favours limestone habitats. Larval feeding is unknown, but the species is

probably necrophagous and occasionaly parasitises in invertebrates such as snails and arthropods.

Subgenus Pierretia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Propleuron bare. Abdominal sternites II and III with erect hairs in d, sternite V without “brush”, but

with more or less long distal hairs. Cercus profile rather broad with apical hooklet, pregonite curved,

mid-long, distinctly widening apically, apical plate well sclerotized. Mid-femoral organ absent in ®s.

14 species occur in the Holarctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions. 6 central European species.

Pierretia (s. str.) discifera (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 196 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.23-0.25, at vertex 0.29-0.31 and at antennal base 0.39-0.42 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.4-1.8 wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2-2.5 times broader than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.4-1.8 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.21-0.23 and gena

0.24-0.28 eye height. Palpus long, apically moderately inflated. Two rows of postorbitals; vte short but

well developed, fr 7-10, strong, long, crossed. 1-2 rows of long parafacials; facial ridge at lower 0.2-0.3

shortly bristled; ac 0-2-1, scutellum with crossed ap and 1-2 pairs of discals. All femora and hind tibia

with long dense ventral hairs, f, with complete rows of av and pv. Abdominal tergite III with strong

mediomarginals. Costal spine long, m-vein right-angled, m-cu distinctly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd

and 5th costal sections 1: 1.1. Sternites II-IV with numerous long erect hairs. Segments VII+VIII square

and without marginals. Membranal lobes very distinct, and protruding, broad and elongate lobate,

directed distally. Distiphallus long and moderately tall, apical plate mid-long, well sclerotized,

ventrally concave, apically distinctly widening (Plate X, Figs 9, 201).

Body ground coloration dark grey. Head black, only parafacial, parafrontal, lunula and gena dark

yellowish grey dusted. Thorax black, yellowish grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes well

developed. Legs black, wings hyaline; abdomen with dark chequered pattern; genitalia lustrous black,

segment VII+VII distinctly grey pollinose.

? unknown.

Body length 6.5-10 mm.

Distribution: Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians. The species accompanies montane forests on lime-

stone and exceeds moderately the timberline (above 2.000 m). Demontane occurrence in Central

Moravia (Moravian Karst) on limestone with microclimate inversion. Larval feeding unknown, but

probably parasitoid of snails.

Pierretia (s. str.) lunigera (Böttcher, 1914)

Dt. Ent. Z. 434 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.29, at vertex 0.29-0.33 and at antennal base 0.34-0.38 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times broader than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.6-2.1 longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.19-0.25 and gena 0.21-0.27 eye

height. Palpus long, apically distinctly dilated. 2-3 rows of postorbitals; vte well developed, fr 5-8, long

and strong, crossed. One row of parafacials; facial ridge haired at lower 0.3; ac 1-3+1, weak; 1-2 pairs

of discals, one pair of scutellar ap. Ctenidium absent; all femora and hind tibia with long and dense

196

ventral hairs; f, with 3-4 strong av and 4-10 pv. Costal spine medium-length, m-vein right-angled, m-cu

distinctly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.9-1.1. Abdominal tergite III with

strong pair of mediomarginals. Segment VII+VIII without marginals. Membranal process consists of

3 pointed lobes, basal one serrate; distiphallus long and tall, apical plate medium-length, terminally

widening and obtuse, curved ventrally; harpe short and small; ventral arms elongate, consisting of

three processes distally, medial one prominent and directed dorsally; stylus long and narrow, not

exceeding tip of distiphallus (Plate X, Fig. 8, Fig. 202).

Body ground coloration dark grey. Head dark yellowish grey and/or whitish grey pollinose,

antenna and palpus black. Thorax grey pollinose, longitudinal mesonotal stripes greyish black,

distinctive. Abdominal pattern dark chequered. Segment VIIH+VII without pollinosity. Genitalia

lustrous black.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.27-0.3 times wider than parafrontal, frontal vitta parallel-sided, as

broad or slightly broader than parafrontal. Genitalia black.

Body length 5.5-10 mm.

Distribution: Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus. This montane species accompanies mountain forests,

preferring limestone habitats, frequently together with P. discifera, latter being more heliophilic.

Demontane occurrence in Moravian Karst in inversion mesoclimate.

Pierretia (s. str.) nigriventris (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 27 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.25-0.33, at vertex 0.3-0.37 and at antennal base 0.35-0.43 head width.

Frontal vitta 1-1.3 widening frontoventrally, frons middle 1.2-2.2 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.5-2.4 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.2-0.24 and gena

0.18-0.25 eye height. Palpus long, apically inflated. 1-2 rows of postorbitals, vte distinct, fr 5-8, strong

and crossed. One row of parafacials, facial ridge with some setae at lower 0.1-0.2; ac 1-3+0-1, weak.

Scutellum with crossed ap and 1-2 pairs of discals. Ctenidium absent; all femora with not very long and

thin ventral hairs, hind tibia without hairs at lower surface, or with some pv hairs showing, however,

straight tips. Costal spine long and strong, m-vein right-angled, m-cu distinctly sigmoid; ratio between

Srd and 5th costal sections 1: 1-1.4. 3rd abdominal tergite with pair of strong mediomarginals. Segment

VII+VII without marginals. Membranal process large, protruding, elongate and broad, directed

apically; harpe and ventral processes of same length, nearly straight and lanceolate; apical plate

narrow and pointed, with poorly sclerotized dorsal appendix (Fig. 203).

Body ground coloration dark grey. Head dark silvery grey or yellowish grey dusted, antenna and

palpus black. Thorax densely yellowish grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes distinct, blackish

and broad. Abdominal pattern dark chequered. Legs black, wings hyaline. Genitalia black lustrous,

smooth.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.35-0.4 of head width. Generally rather similar to ?s of Pierretia (s. str.)

soror but less setose.

Body length 3.5-8.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe, reaching Denmark in the North and spreading eastwards

through Ukraine and southern Russia to northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia up to Russian Far East; an

expansive mediterranean element.

Ecology: The species is very adaptive; it occurs especially in dry sunlit habitats of both natural and

secondary character, population densities distinctly decreasing in north of the distributional area and

at high elevations. Flies feed at flowers of Achillea, Rhamnus, Euphorbia, Pyrethrum, Bellis, Thymus etc.

Larvae breed in mumified invertebrates and parasitize snails and acridoid locusts: e.g. Brephulopsis

cylindrica, Cepaea nemoralis, Cornuella sp., Ebonia sp., Helicella ericetorum itala, Helix aspersa, H. cantianı-

formis, H. pomatia, Monacha sp., Theba cantiana, Helix nemoralis (Bowell 1917, Böttcher 1913, Keilin 1919,

Seguy 1941a, 1953, Miles 1968, Barfoot 1969, Beaver 1972, Cameron & Disney 1975, Pape 1987b, Richet

1990, and own observations); Schistocerca gregaria (Seguy 1932); carabid larvae (Carabus coriaceus), adult

197

Nicrophorus humator, Blaps macronata (Emden 1950), Bombus terrestris (Smith 1957). According to Pape

(1987b) larvae mature within the maternal uterus and are nourished by secretions from accessory

glands. The female larviposits second instar larvae directly on to a suitable host. This is one of the most

specialized reproduction strategies known in Sarcophaginae.

Pierretia (s. str.) socrus (Rondani, 1860)

Atti Soc. Ital. Sci Nat. 3: 387 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga rostrata Pandelle, 1896. Revue Ent. 15: 203.

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.23-0.28, at vertex 0.27-0.36 at antennal base 0.34-0.4 head width. Frontal

vitta 1-1.5 times wider frontoventrally (orally), frons middle 1.2-2 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.8-2.5 times longer than 2nd, arista haired, long hairs 3-4.5 times longer than 2nd

aristomere; parafacial at antennal base 0.31-0.26 and gena 0.23-0.33 eye height. Palpus long, apically

distinctly dilated. 1-2 rows of postorbital setae; vte distinct, fr 6-10, strong and crossed. 1-2 rows of

parafacials, facial ridge with some short bristles at lower 0.1-0.2; ac 1-3+1, rather delicate; scutellum

with crossed ap and one pair of d. Ctenidium absent, all femora with thin and short ventral setae,

f, with complete rows of av and pv, hind tibia with or without some pv and without ventral setae.

Costal spine mid-long, m-vein right-angled, m-cu distinctly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal

sections 1:1-1.2. Abdominal tergite III with one pair of strong mediomarginals. Segment VII+VII

without marginals, shortened. Membranal lobes short and rounded, tuberculate. Aedeagus elongate,

with long and narrow pointed apical plate; harpe distinct, elongate, right-angled curved ventrally,

apex obtuse; ventral process long and narrow, curved dorsally, apex pointed (Fig. 212).

Body ground coloration dark grey. Head densely yellowish grey or whitish grey dusted, antenna

and palpus black. Thorax grey pollinose, longitudinal mesonotal stripes distinct, legs black, wings

hyaline, abdominal pattern dark grey chequered; genitalia not dusted, lustrous black.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.31-0.36 head width, frontal vitta same long as parafrontal. Very similar

to 2 of Pierretia (s. str.) villeneuvei (Bött.), but aristal hairs distinctly longer (up to 3-4.5 times longer than

2nd aristomere).

Body length 4-8.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe except the British Isles, northern Germany, Finland, Baltic Republics, in Russia

to Perm and the Far East. The flies present ecological problems. They are strictly heliophilous and

ascend to considerable altitudes, showing distinct hilltopping strategy in mountains. At lower eleva-

tions they seek sunlit hilltops in forested habitats and occur also on sea shores (of the Mediterranean).

Larval feeding remains unknown.

Pierretia (s. str.) soror (Rondani, 1860)

Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 3: 386 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.23-0.28, at vertex 0.25-0.30 and at antennal base 0.31-0.38 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-1.5 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.2-1.7 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.5-2.4 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.19-0.35 and gena

0.23-0.30 eye heigth. Palpus long, apically distinctly inflated. 1-2 rows of postorbital setae; vte poorly

developed, fr 6-9, strong and crossed. One row of parafacial bristles, only 2-3 longer than parafacial

width. Facial ridge with few hairs at lower 0.1-0.2; ac 2-3+0, sometimes very weak prescutellar ac.

Scutellum with crossed ap and with 1-2 pairs of discals. Ctenidium absent, all femora with long and

dense ventral hairs, t; with long av and pv, longest of them showing wavy tips. Costal spine

moderately long, m-vein right-angled, m-cu strongly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal

sections 1:1-1.3. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong erect mediomarginals. Segment VII+VII,

quadrate without marginals. Membranal lobe very large, strongly protruding, elongate and broad,

without arms, not serrate. Harpe almost as long as membranal lobes, moderately broad, apex serrate.

198

Ventral process very long and narrow, bristle-like, close to ventral margin of apical plate, curved

ventrally. Apical plate moderately long, curved ventrally, apically pointed. Stylus moderately long

and narrow, not protruding (Fig. 204).

Body ground coloration dark grey. Head densely silvery white or yellowish white pollinose,

palpus and antenna black. Thorax and abdomen coloration same as in P. socrus. Genitalia lustrous

black.

9. From 2 P. nigriventris not essentially different, both species having white-haired gena on

posterior part adjacent to postgena.

Body length 3.5-10.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe to southern Norway and Sweden, and to St. Petersbourgh in the north and to

Perm in the east; recorded from Ireland, not from Great Britain; (northern) Caucasus. Flies are

heliophilic and prefer limestone habitats, mainly cliffs of mountain elevations, sometimes up to

2.000 m (in the Alps and Carpathians), Balkan Peninsula, less common at lower elevations and in other

edaphic conditions. Flies hatched from Helix aspersa (Seguy 1921) and from dead snails (Rohdendorf

1937).

Pierretia (s. str.) villeneuvei (Böttcher, 1912)

Dt. ent. Z. 4: 347 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.25-0.32, vertex 0.28-0.32 and at antennal base 0.33-0.36 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.1-1.3 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 1-2.3 times wider than parafrontal.

3rd antennomere 1.8-2.6 times longer than 2nd, arista with longest hairs 1.5-3 times longer than 2nd

antennomere. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.21-0.25 and gena 0.19-0.3 eye height. Palpus long,

apically inflated. One row of postorbitals, vte strong, fr 6-8, long and crossed. Parafacial with one row

of bristles, facial ridge with few hairs at lower 0.1-0.2, White postgenal hairs not expanding to posterior

part of gena. ac 1-2+0, sometimes very weak, prescutellar ac distinct. Scutellum without ap and with

one pair of discals. Ctenidium absent, all femora with thin medium-length ventral hairs, t; with few or

without pv. Costal spine long, m-vein right-angled, m-cu distinctly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th

costal sections 1:0.7-1.2. Abdominal tergite III with pair of strong mediomarginal bristles. Segment

VII+VIII quadrate without marginals. Membranal lobe short and rounded. Distiphallus moderately

long and tall, apical plate almost straight, apically sharply narrowing and pointed; harpe indistinct,

ventral process long and broad, curved with serrate margin (Fig. 205).

Body ground coloration deep grey; parafrontal, parafacial and gena densely deep silvery pollinose,

antenna and palpus black. Thorax grey dusted, with distinct longitudinal mesonotal stripes, legs black,

wings hyaline, abdomen with dark chequered pattern; genitalia lustrous black without pruinosity.

?. Very similar to 2 of P. socrus, but hairs on arista distinctly shorter.

Body length 3.5-7.5 mm.

Distribution: Europe including Scandinavia, western Siberia, Russian Far East (Primorye), northern

China. Flies accompany humid habitats, e.g. lowland forests near rivers and ponds, acid natural

meadows and swamps. A rare species. Larval feeding unknown.

Genus Thyrsocnema Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. Phylogen. Ent. 1 (1): 42.

Type species: Musca striata sensu Enderlein, 1928 (misidentification, nec Fabricius, 1794) (synonym of Sarco-

phaga incisilobata Pandelle, 1896).

Grey flies of different size. 3rd antennomere 1.5-2.5 times longer than 2nd, arista with very long hairs.

Occiput and postgena with numerous white or yellowish white hairs, gena black-haired. Parafacial

with 1-2 vertical bristle rows, longest of them as long as parafacial width. Propleuron bare. ac 0-2+1,

not very strong, or delicate; dc 2-3+3, long and strong. d scutellum with ap, ? scutellum without ap.

199

All d femora with long dense ventral hairs, f, with complete rows of av and pv t,;with long av and pv,

hind trochanter with short ventromedial setae; mid-femoral organ in ?s indistinct, small or medium-

sized, situated at middle of f,, brown or black; R, open, r, bare, r,,; with setose base; costal spine well

developed; m-vein right or obtuse-angled, m-cu distinctly sigmoid; d with abdominal segment V

without distinct “brush”, but with numerous thick hairs distally; segment VII+VIII square, without

marginals. Cercus long and moderately thick, rather parallel-sided apically widened and with distinct

and characteristic spine-shaped tip. Pregonite curved, obtuse with distinct longitudinal furrow distal-

ly, postgonite as long as pregonite, moderately curved, claw-shaped. Membranal process divided into

a single medial, and paired lateral lobe, densely spinolate. Distiphallus moderately long and moder-

ately high; harpe and ventral process elongate and narrow, rather protruding; stylus bristle-shaped,

projecting dorsally, moderately curved; apical plate elongate tapering into an obtuse or pointed tip and

with a pair of bristle-shaped lateral arms on dorsal surface of apical plate bases (Plate IX, Fig. 11).

?s with abdominal tergite VI divided dorsally, with widely spaced marginal bristles and long

marginal hairs; tergite VII very small but distinct, membranous and bare; tergites VIII-X absent.

Antenna and palpus black, legs black, wings hyaline, abdominal pattern dark chequered; d genitalia

black, ? genitalia black or reddish. About 9 plaearctic species, partly not cleared taxonomically.

2 species in central Europe.

Key to species (dd) of Thyrsocnema

1. Spinolate lobes of membranal process shorter than medial lobe; harpe regularly curved (Fig. 213)

aan Hu een Ba spnnägkensgennAteE ss Es Renten HnsEr denen aFERegene Hass heHgpche daneReR ehe narnanszeree hend rennen ee T. incisilobata (Pand.)

- Spinolate lobes of membranal process same long as medial lobe or longer; harpe sigmoid (Fig. 214)

Pe REEL EIER TEE EEENEE SEI LEEEIAE HERE VERS HER ERNERE LEROURLRT. EEE En T. kentejana Rohd.

Thyrsocnema (s. str.) incisilobata (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 197 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.22-0.35, at vertex 0.25-0.29 and at antennal base 0.35-0.4 head width;

frontal vitta 1.1-1.6 times wider frontoventrally; frons middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.7-2 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.26 and gena 0.22-0.27 eye

height. Palpus long, apically distinctly dilated; one or rarely two rows of postorbitals; vte either absent

or distinct, but short; fr 7-10, long and strong, crossed. Facial ridge with numerous black setae at lower

0.3-0.4; ac 0+1. Scutellum with 1-3 pairs of distinct d. Ctenidium well developed; ratio between 3rd and

5th costal sections 1:0.7-1. Abdominal tergite III usually without mediomarginals, or with one poorly

indicated pair; sternite II with long erect hairs. Sternites III and IV with short setae. Lateral lobes of

membranal process distinctly shorter than lateral lobe, harpe basally widening, apically narrow,

bristle-shaped and distinctly curved; apical plate distinctly longer than basal width (Fig. 213).

Head densely silvery dusted, frontal vitta black, slightly grey pollinose.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.32-0.36 head width. Abdominal VII tergite very small, rounded.

Body length 5.5-14.5 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed throughout West Palaearctic from British Isles to western Siberia,

and from southern Scandinavia to North Africa (Algeria). Euryoecious species with strong cul-

turophilic tendencies, occuring in secondary changed habitats. Flies feed at flowers, fruits, meat and

faeces. Larvae are predators of coprophagous fly larvae (maggots) in faeces, and predators and/or

parasitoids of snails (Helix lactea - Keilin, 1919), acridoid grasshoppers (Stauroderus maroccanus — Seguy,

1941a), pupae of Lymantria monacha (Komärek 1938) and may cause urinary myiasis in man (Povolny

& Pospisil 1980).

200

Thyrsocnema (s. str.) kentejana Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 174.

Thyrsocnema niculescui Lehrer, 1994, syn. nov. Bull. Soc. Ent. Mulhouse (1994) 37.

For other repeated synonyms by Lehrer see e.g. Verves (1986), Catal. Pal. Dipt. 12: 145.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.21-0.24, at vertex 0.24-0.29 and at antennal base 0.34-0.38 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.3-1.8 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.4-2 times wider than parafrontale. 3rd

antennomere 1.6-1.8 longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.18, gena 0.16-0.25 eye height. Palpus

long, apex distinctly dilated. Postorbitals 1-2 rows, vte short or indistinct; fr 7-12, strong and crossed,

parafacial with one row of bristles, facial ridge at lower 0.3-0.5 shortly haired; ac 1-3+1. Ctenidium well

developed; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.8-1. Abdominal tergite III without strong

mediomarginals, sometimes with delicate hairs. Abdominal sternites II-IV with long erect hairs.

Spinose lobes of membranal process as long as or longer than medial lobe; harpe fasciate, sigmoid,

apically pointed; apical plate short, as long as its basal width (Fig. 214).

Body ground coloration as in Th. incisilobata.

2. Not distinguishable from ? of Th. incisilobata.

Body length 4-11.5 mm.

Distribution: An exemplary boreomontane element occurring in northern Scandinavia and northern

Siberia to Far East and in the central European Alps (Switzerland, Austria, France), Carpathians

(Romania) and Balkan mountains (Bulgaria); mountain ranges of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and North of

China. Flies feed on fresh montane vegetation and show partly culturophile tendencies in eastern parts

of distribution (Petrova 1968).

Subtribe Parasarcophagina Rohdendorf, 1965

Ent. Obozr. 44 (3): 679.

Grey flies of various sizes. d frons at narrowest part not more than 0.3 of head width, 3rd antennomere

at least 2 times longer than 2nd; 4-7 postsutural dc, anterior 1-4 rather delicate and first of strong

bristles distinctly closer to second than to suture. Postgena and occiput with long and dense pale hairs.

d genitalia with segment VII+VII short, more or less square, membranal lobes well developed,

complete; apical distiphallus plate well developed, usually strongly sclerotized, often with lateral

arms; stylus long and narrow, bristle-shaped, sometimes shortened (Phallocheira) or covered by

membranous “envelope” (Liopygia); ? genitalia with tergite VI usually divided dorsally, tergites VII-

VII partly reduced, membranous but distinct; sternite VI short and broad.

The tribe comprises 34 genera and more than 270 species in all zoogeographical regions; 6 genera

and 18 species are found in central Europe. Larvae schizophagous, rarely parasitoids or predators of

invertebrates.

References: Rohdendorf, 1937: Fauna SSSR, 19 (1): 191-267; Kano et al. 1967: Sarcophagidae, Fauna jap.

7: 38-87; Povolny 1987: Acta ent. Mus. natn. Pragae 42: 149-187.

Genus Bercaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Hist. Nat. 2: 549.

Type species: Musca haemorrhoidalis Fallen 1817 (syn. Sarcophaga cruentata Meigen, 1826).

Coprosarcophaga Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19, 1: 293.

Type species: Musca haemorrhoidalis Fallen, 1817.

Medium-sized to large flies of grey coloration. 3rd antennomere 1.5-3 times longer than 2nd, arista

with long hairs; 2-3 rows of short, hairy parafacials, longest of them shorter than parafacial width.

201

Vibrissae situated at oral margin, last of them laterally protruding. Whitish hairs on postgena and

occiput extending at least to posterior half of gena; propleuron bare; prosternum hairy posteriorly;

lateral postscutellar plates setose; ac absent, postsutural dc 5-6, only posterior 2-3 strong; scutellum

with one pair of d, apical bristles present in d, absent in ?; R,open, r, bare; ctenidium well developed,

ventromedial parts of hind trochanter with numerous stout setae; surface of abdominal sternite II

covered with long erect hairs, sternites III and IV shortly setose, lateral and hind margins with long

hairs; sternite V deeply cleft and with spinose lobes on inner side distally. Segment VII+VIII moder-

ately elongate, 1.5 times longer than wide, with several moderately long and not very strong marginal

bristles; cercus more or less flattened dorsoventrally and distinctly separated distally with a longitu-

dinal keel apically, and apex pointed; pregonite longer than postgonite, both pointed apically;

basiphallus very short, paraphallus elongate, not less than 4-5 times longer than broad (tall); mem-

branal lobes long, well sclerotized, situated vertically to longitudinal distiphallus axis, foliate; ventral

lobes distinct, hook-shaped; apical plate shortened, tapering ventrally, with more or less developed

lateral arms, well widenied; apically stylus bristle-shaped, curved (Fig. 216).

d. Mid-femoral organ very large, but often less distinct, blackish. Abdominal tergite VI deeply

separated dorsally, with numerous moderately long marginals and in addition densely haired at apical

0.4-0.6; tergites VII-VII poorly developed or absent; tergite X small, crescent-shaped with numerous

short setae. Sternites VI and VII broad and short, sternite VI with straight hind margin and with 6-13

marginals, sternite VII with triangulate elevation at centre of hind margin and with 2-5 pairs of

lateromarginals. Body colour greyish (hardly dark grey), abdomen pattern chequered, genitalia red to

reddish yellow, wings hyaline.

5 Afrotropical species, one of them (B. cruentata) extending northwards to the temperate zone,

culturophile to synanthropic tending towards cosmopolitanism. Larvae schizophagous, mostly co-

prophagous and predators.

References: Rohdendorf 1937: Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 293-296; Kano et al. 1967: Fauna Japonica, Sarco-

phagidae, 9-11; Zumpt 1972: Explor. Parc. Nat. Virunga, Miss. G. F. De Witte, Fasc. 101; 42, 100-109;

Pape 1987: Fauna Entomol. Scand. 19: 158-160.

Bercaea cruentata (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 28 (Sarcophaga).

Musca haemorrhoidalis auctorum, nec Fallen, 1817.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.21-0.28, at vertex 0.24-0.31 and at antennal base 0.38-1.48 head width;

frontal vitta 1.3-1.7 times wider frontoventrally, frons at middle 1.8-3 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 2-3 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.24-0.28, gena 0.26-0.41 eye height.

Palpus long, apex moderately widening. Postorbitals one row, vte indistinct or absent, ocellar bristles

delicate, hairy; fr 9-14, only 3-5 pairs strong and crossed, facial ridge bristled at lower 0.4-0.5; all femora

and hind tibia long and densely haired ventrally; costal spine very small, often indistinct, m-vein right-

or acute-angled, m-cu vein distinctly sigmoid; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.5-0.7.

Abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals; cercus profile long and narrow, almost straight,

apically pointed, dorsally hunched at base of apex; pregonite almost straight, with broad base,

distinctly narrowing apically; ventral lobe small, almost straight, pointed, apical plate with short

lateral arms (Plate XII, Fig. 216).

Body ground coloration grey, orbits, parafacial and lunula silvery whitish or golden dusted, gena

dark yellowish grey pollinose, palpus and antenna black, 3rd antennomere mostly grey or brownish;

legs black, wings hyaline; abdominal segment VII+VIII complete, yellowish red, red brownish or

black, apical half dusted, epandrium reddish yellow to red, lustrous, in rare instances (late autumn

specimens) blackish.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.3-0.38 head width; tergites VII and VIII reduced. Genitalia red to

reddish yellow.

Body legth 6-15 mm.

202

218

Figs. 216.-219. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 216. Bercaea cruentata (haemorrhoidalis auct.)

Fig. 217. Liosarcophaga tibialis (beckeri auct.)

Fig. 218. Liosarcophaga aegyptica (parkeri)

Fig. 219. Liosarcophaga emdeni

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Holarctic, Afrotropical, Oriental and Neotropical regions.

Hemisynanthropic and culturophile. The species develops exclusively in urban populations in its

northern limits (e.g. northern Germany, Poland, Denmark etc.). Flies feed on faeces, animal carcasses

and decaying substrates; rarely at flowers. Frequently bred from human faeces (Böttcher 1913,

Rohdendorf 1937, Seguy 194la, Sychevskaya 1960 etc.), various kinds of dung (pork, loaf, fish and

fowl), meat (Zakharova 1961), maritime carcasses (Cephalopods and Echinoids -— Artamonov 1987)

producing facultative myiasis in man and animals (Aldrich 1916, Patton & Evans 1929, Zumpt 1965,

Jabbar 1974, Khan et al. 1984, etc.). Bred from bird nests (Troglodytes aedon - Eichler 1937), acridoid

grasshoppers, e.g. Melanoplis sp., M. differentialis, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Locusta migratoria, Schistocer-

ca gregaria, 5. cancellata (Rees 1973), Pachytylus migratorius (Baer 1921), snails — Helix aspersa, Euparyphia

pisana, Eobania vermicularis, Cepaea nemoralis (Berner 1960). Flies are passive mechanic vectors of

dysentery bacteria (Sychevskaya, Scopina & Petrova 1959; Sychevskaya, Grudicina & Vyrvichvost

1959), Sylmonella paratyphi A, B, S. typhi (Greenberg et al. 1971), protozoan cysts of Entomoeba histolytica,

Bodo caudata (Trofimov & Engelhardt 1965), oncosphaers of tapeworms Hymenolepis nana, Taeniarrhyn-

chus saginatus, eggs of nematode Trichocephalus trichiurus (Sychevskaya & Petrova 1958, Alakhverdyanc

& Sakharova 1961, Nadzhafarov 1967). Pupal parasitoids of B. cruentata are: Braconidae (Aphaereta

minuta), Chalcididae (Brachymeris fonscolombei, B. minuta, Euchalcidia blanda, Nasonia vitripennis), Eus-

coliidae (Euscolia trichopsila), Figitidae (Figites discordis, F. scutellaris), Pteromalidae (Mormoniella vitrip-

ennis), Spalangiidae (Spalangia sp.): see Baer 1921, Thompson 1943, Belizin, 1963, Sychevskaya 1964,

Raes 1973, Zhiang & Liang 1988).

Genus Liosarcophaga Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. Phylogen. Ent. 1 (1): 18.

Type species: Cynomyia madeirensis Schiner, 1868.

Grey flies of medium to large size. Parafacial narrow, rarely broad, gena 0.25-0.33 eye height. 3rd

antennomere 1.5-3 times longer than 2nd, arista with long hairs; 1-3 rows of parafacial bristles, longest

of them usually shorter than parafacial width. Vibrissae situated at oral margin, last distinctly

protruding in profile. Postgena and occiput with white hairs, gena black and white haired. Proboscis

long. Propleuron bare; ac usually O+1, sometimes praescutellar bristles poorly developed: postsutural

dc 4-7, only 2-3 posterior distinct; apicoscutellars more or less distinct in d, poor or absent in $; discals

usually one pair, rare 2-3 pairs; R; broadly open, r, bare; abdominal tergite III usually without

mediomarginals. d with sternite V- or Y-shaped, with well developed, spinolate “brush”. Segment

VII+VII shortened, square or quadrate, marginal bristles usualy weak or absent, rarely strong. Cercus

without dorsal protuberance, apically pointed, more or less curved ventrally or nearly straight, hairy

or bristled, never spinose; pregonite usually longer than hook-shaped postgonite; basiphallus short-

ened, distiphallus more or less elongate and robust or stout; ventral lobes distinctly differentiated; one

or two pairs of membranal lobes; apical plate with lateral arms well developed; stylus long and

narrow, bristle-shaped.

? Mid-femoral organ large, situated usually at strongest part of femur; abdominal tergite VI

complete or separated dorsally with long marginal bristles; tergite VIII membranous, but distinct;

tergite VII poorly developed or absent.

Body coloration as usual in sarcophagine flies, abdomen with chequered pattern, genitalia black,

red or reddish.

Larvae are mostly sarcophagous or coprophagous, facultative parasitoids or predators of inverte-

brates. Some species tend to culturophily and synanthropy. Some 90 species are distributed in different

regions, the genus being absent from the Neotropics and New Zealand. 10 species occur in central

Europe, several of them endangered.

Key to species and subgenera of Liosarcophaga

1. Two pairs of poorly sclerotized, pointed membranal processes; medial process of interior distiphal-

lus part very large, situated at apical plate, both processes nearly same length, epandrium black

(subgenus Pandelleisca — Fig. 226) ........2cue2ustgsenenesseenuscszensnesnen re ee L. (P.) similis (Meade)

— One. pair of membranal processes ............2es....222222c000020r22200u024%mnesat rear er 2.

204

2. Apical plate perpendicular to paraphallus and elongate (subgenus Curranea), with bristle-shaped

lateral arms, membranal processes broad, hook-shaped, epandrium red (Fig. 217) u...

A a ee ESSEN UERHTIEE RER L. (C.) tibialis (Macquart)

- Apical plate situated more or less longitudinally in elongate distiphallus axis as appendix of

paraphallus (subgenus Liosarcophaga S. Str.) uuuneneesenneensensennsensensennsensenssensenssensensennsesennsensennsensenntenenn 8.

3. Epandrium red or yellowish red, sometimes brownish red .......ueeensenssenssenssenssenssenseenseenseensennnne 4.

- Epandrium black or brownish black. ..........unesseesesensenseonsensenssensensennsensennsnnsenssnnssnssnnsonsenssensensnnsenseensennne 5.

4. Lateral arms of elongate, narrow apical plate distinctly sigmoid, apically with 2 short spinolate

appendages; ventral process broader than membranal process (Fig. 224) „een

FE ERBE ee nn. an eacnnennansätsennsnesnctee nee erenne Renee L. (s. str.) jacobsoni (Rohd.)

- Lateral arms of short and broad apical plate almost straight, apex obtuse, without spines; ventral

process as wide or slightly narrower than membranal process (Fig. 218) „nee

nn enenanasnssannsensucsenns ne enen aRagne eh ig RsrnTe se rer ernennen L.(s. str.) aegyptica (Salem)

5. Apical plate long and broad, as long as its lateral arms, centrally separated into two lateral lobes

VO) een ne nenecknatschnaneessrsenseanneenenernesneenshäenscnanannenns nun ons naeh endcer engeren edenunnzneenn L. (s. str.) emdeni (Rohd.)

- Apical plate distinctly shorter than lateral arms, complete ........unmmeeneeseeneesensensensensenesnesneeenennnnnen 6.

6. Stylus as broad as short and obtuse ventral lobe, apical plate almost as long as paraphallus, apex

ur.steneel (Mares u) ern L. (s. str.) teretirostris (Pandelle)

- Stylus distinctly narrower than elongate and pointed ventral lobe; apical plate shorter than

paraphallus, apically narrowed and pointed .........nsesesesensensenensensnnsnsensnnensnnsonensnsnnnnsnnsennenennennn Zi

7. Cercus apically narrow and distinctly sigmoid; dorsal spine of lateral arms situated nearer to their

SE a L. (s. str.) tuberosa (Pandelle)

— Cercus apically broader and not sigmoid ............neseeseussnenssescnsenennensonsnsenennensonsnnennenennansenannsunsunensnnsnnnnsene 8.

8. Cercus with a distinct ventral preapical protuberance; lateral arms with dorsal spine close to apex,

pregonite gradually tapering (Fig. 221) ................sessesesensosenensnnrnensrnensnnrnnnnre L.(s. str.) harpax (Pandelle)

— Cercus without preapical ventral dilatation .............esseuessesesesesnsensnenensennonnenenenensnennsnansnnnnnnensansenrarunsnn 9.

9. Pregonite centre distinctly inflated, apex sickle-shaped,; lateral arms with dorsal spine near their

ul ale NE a A ee re che: L. (s. str.) portshinskyi (Rohdendorf)

- Pregonite gradually tapering, dorsal spine of lateral arms situated preapically (Fig. 223) ............

N N RN ER a er L. (s. str.) pleskei (Rohdendorf)

Subgenus Curranea Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 255.

Type species: Sarcophaga beckeri Villeneuve, 1908 (syn. of Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart, 1850).

Light grey flies, medium-sized to big. d abdominal sternite IV shortly haired, apical plate perpendic-

ular to longitudinal phallus axis and having long and narrow lateral arms; paraphallus elongate,

ventral lobes small, harpes absent, one pair of membranal processes, stylus long and narrow. ? VI

abdominal tergite bilobate or membranous dorsally, VIII tergite very small, in form of 2 lateral plates,

but distinct.

Larvae schizophagous. 4 species - two Oriental — L. iwuensis (Ho) and L. kalimpongensis (Nandi);

one from Oceania - L. raiateai (Salem); and L. tibialis (Macq.) in Afrotropical region expanding to warm

habitats of Palaearctic region.

205

Figs. 220.-224. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 220.

Fig. 221.

Fig. 222.

Fig. 223.

Fig. 224.

206

Liosarcophaga teretirostris

Liosarcophaga harpax

Liosarcophaga portschinskyi

Liosarcophaga pleskei

Liosarcophaga jacobsoni

Liosarcophaga (Curranea) tibialis (Macquart, 1850)

Mem. Soc. Sci. Agr. Lille (1850): 232 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga beckeri Villeneuve, 1908. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 4: 122.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.22, at vertex 0.22-0.26 and at antennal base 0.32-0.4 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.4-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.7-2.5 times wider than one parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 1.7-2.3 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.14-0.2 and gena 0.16-0.28

eye heigth. Palpus long, distinctly widening apically; 1-2 rows of postorbital setae, vte distinct, ocellar

bristles strong; fr 10-14, long and strong, crossed; parafacial with 1-3 irregular rows of delicate bristles

and hairs, lower 0.3-0.5 of facial ridge densely short black setose; ac O+1, weak. Ctenidium present, all

femora and hind tibia with numerous dense and long; ventral hairs, hind femora with 4-8 strong

av-bristles. Costal spine very small, often indistinct, m-vein acute- or right-angled, m-cu vein sigmoid,

ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.7; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals,

segment VIIH+VII without mediomarginals but densely haired. Cercus profile medium width, moder-

ately curved ventrally, narrowing and pointed apically, with a small apical hooklet. Pregonite short

and broad, almost straight, apex pointed with several dorsal setae, postgonite as long as pregonite and

almost straight, apically pointed, 2-3 ventral bristles; membranal lobe elongate and protruding,

moderately broad, narrowing and curved apically, paraphallus elongate, ventral lobe poorly devel-

oped, apical plate long and narrow, apically obtuse, with a pair of bristle-like lateral arms, stylus long

and narrow, bristle-like, nearly straight (Fig. 217).

Body ground coloration grey (not very dark). Head silvery grey dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and

palpus black. Thorax grey dusted, longitudinal mesothoracic striae well marked, legs black, wings

hyaline, abdomen chequered. Segment VII+VIII brownish red to brownish black, white pollinose,

epandrium lustrous red or yellowish red.

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.29-0.33 head width, frontal vitta parallel-sided, 1.3-1.5 times broader

than parafrontal; mid-femoral organ elongate, distinct and reddish; abdominal tergite VI consisting of

broad, large lateral plates, each with numerous marginal hairy bristles; tergites VII and VII distinct,

each consisting of two plates, naked; tergite VII large and membranous; tergite VIII diminutive, but

distinctly sclerotized. Genitalia red or reddish.

Body length in both sexes 8-17 mm.

Distribution: Afrotropical region including Madagascar; North Africa, entire Mediterranean, Balkan

countries, Italy, France and Spain, reaching Hungary in central Europe. A thermophilic and heliophilic

species tending towards culturophily and synanthropy. Ecology: Larvae develop in carcasses and are

parasitoids of locusts (e.g. Dociostaurus maroccanus, Schistocerca gregaria, some may participate on

mammal myiases (Villeneuve 1922, Delassus 1929, Zumpt 1972, Disney 1973, Beaver 1986).

Subgenus Liosarcophaga s. str.

Grey flies of various size. d with abdominal tergite IV haired, one pair of membranal lobes, harpe

absent, apical plate situated in longitudinal axis of distiphallus, lateral arms longer than medial part

of apical plate. ? with abdominal tergite VI usually bilobate or at least membranous dorsally. Tergite

VII and VIII more or less distinct, but withdrawing and membranous. More than 60 species; 8 species

in central Europe.

Liosarcophaga (s. str.) aegyptica (Salem, 1935)

Publ. Egypt. Univ., Fac. Medic. 5: 56 (Sarcophaga dux var. aegyptica).

Parasarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) parkeri Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 217.

207

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.22, at vertex 0.24-0.27 and at antennal base 0.32-0.43 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.4-2.2 times wider frontoventrally, frons at middle 1.2-2.5 times wider than parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 1.6-2.5 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.16-0.25 and gena

0.16-0.31 eye height. Palpus long, apically moderately widening; two rows of postorbital setae, vte

indistinct; fr 8-13, long and strong, crossed; parafacial with 1-2 vertical rows of short setae; gena white

setose, only its fore part with few black hairs; lower 0.2-0.4 of facial ridge finely haired; ac O+1, not very

strong; scutellum with ap crossed and one pair of d. Ctenidium well developed, all femora and hind

tibia with long dorsoventral hairs, f; with a row of strong av. Costal spine small and indistinct, m-vein

right-angled, m-cu vein strongly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.5-0.8. Abdom-

inal tergite III without medio-marginals; sternite V without “brush”. Segments VII+VIII square, without

marginals. Cercus profile broad, almost straight, apex spinose pointed. Pregonite long, moderately

curved, apically widening and pointed, postgonite with broad basis, narrowing and hooklet-shaped

apically; membranal lobe elongate, well sclerotized, apex obtuse; ventral lobes elongate, apically

pointed, as wide or somewhat narrower than membranal lobe; apical plate very short, lateral srms

straight, pointed apically, not bifurcate; stylus narrow, moderately long, slightly curved (Fig. 218).

Body ground coloration dark grey. Head silvery white or silvery yellow dusted, frontal vitta,

antenna and palpus black, 2nd antennomere often brownish; thorax grey pollinose, longitudinal

mesonotal stripes brownish black to black, broad, legs black, wings hyaline, abdominal checquered

pattern pale or dark. Segment VII+VIII black or brown, densely grey dusted, epandrium lustrous red

or orange.

Q. Frons at narrowest part 0.31-0.35 of head width, frontal vitta nearly parallel-sided; mid-femoral

organ long and large, reddish or brownish, well develped; abdominal tergite VI complete, moderately

membranous centrally, with numerous medium-length marginal bristles and shortly haired; tergites

VII and VII small, membranous, complete and bare, tergite VII distinctly smaller than VII; sternite VII

with distinct posterior cavity and one pair of marginals. Genitalia reddish.

Body length 6.5-14.5 mm.

Distribution: Afrotropical region, eastern Mediterranean, Balkan countries, southern Ukraine and

Russia, Transcaucasia, central Asia up to Kazkhstan and northwestern China, Near and Middle East,

in central Europe reaching Hungary and southern Slovakia (rare in lowground xeric habitats).

A thermosphilic species. Larvae develop in (small) animal carcasses and are predators of copropha-

gous maggots of muscoid flies in (human) faeces (Rohdendorf 1937, Drensky 1957, Trofimov 1969,

Sychevskaya 1972, and own observation); bred from the beetles Pisterotarsa gigantea zoubkoffi and

Scarabeus sacer (Charykuliev & Nepesova 1972), participating in sheep cutaneous myiasis (Trofimov

1957). The species appears to be culturophile and synanthropic in subtropical and tropical habitats, but

is endangered in its northern distributional limits, representing there a very sensitive taxon and an

indicator of undisturbed xeric habitats.

Parasites of pupae: Chalcididae (Brachymeria minuta), Pteromalidae (Mormoniella vitripennis), Figitidae

(Figites sarcophagorum), Eucoliidae (Eucolia trichopsila) (Sychevskaya 1964).

Liosarcophaga (s. str.) emdeni (Rohdendorf, 1969)

Ent. Obozr. 48: 946 (Parasarcophaga).

Parasarcophaga teretirostris sensu Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 205 (misidentification, nec Sarcophaga

teretirostris Pandelle, 1896).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.18-0.24, at vertex 0.22-0.27 and at antennal base 0.32-0.40 head width;

frontal vitta 1.4-2.2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.6-2.3 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.17-0.27 and gena

0.2-0.33 eye height; palpus long, apex distictly inflated; 1-3 rows of postorbital setae, vte indistinct, fr

7-13, not very strong, crossed; parafacial setae forming 1-3 indistinct rows, shorter than parafacial

width; facial ridge at lower 0.4-0.5 dense and short blackish bristled; ac 0+1, strong. Scutellar ap

208

crossed, one pair of d bristles. Ctenidium well developed, all femora and hind tibia with a row of long

pv. Costal spine very small, indistinct, m-vein right-angled, m-cu vein strongly sigmoid, ratio between

3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.5-0.9. Abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals, sternite V slightly

keeled, “brush” poorly developed. Cercus nearly straight, apically pointed. Segment VII+VIII square,

without marginals; pregonite almost straight, narrow, apically pointed; postgonite distinctly curved,

base inflated, hook-shaped, 2 ventral bristles; membranal lobe elongate, moderately wide, obtuse

apically, poorly sclerotized; ventral lobe short, obtuse, well sclerotized; apical plate elongate, membra-

nous and deeply bilobate, lateral arms almost straight, apically obtuse, not bilobate; stylus narrow

mid-length, sigmoid (Fig. 219).

Body ground coloration deeply grey, head silvery whitish or yellow whitish grey dusted, frontal

vitta, antenna and palpus black; thorax blackish, grey pollinose, longitudinal mesonotal stripes black,

broad and distinct, wings hyaline, legs black, abdominal pattern deeply grey and blackish, chequered;

genital segments black, segments VII+VIII pale dusted; epandrium lustrous.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.3-0.34 head width; mid-femoral organ large, elongate, reddish;

abdominal tergite VI dorsally interrupted, each lateral lobe with 1-2 rows of strong marginals and with

numerous short setae. Tergite VII membranous, in form of quadrate plate more or less interrupted

medially; tergite VII in form of a pair of membranous, broadly separated plates. Genitalia black.

Body length in both sexes 6.5-14 mm.

Distribution: Eastern Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Poland northwards to southern Finland,

Sweden, southern Norway and Denmark, eastern Germany, Balkan peninsula and eastwards through

Ukraine and Russia to Caucasus slopes, Kazakhstan, Siberia to Lake Baikal and northwestern China.

Comments: The species vicariates with the closely related Liosarcophaga (s. str.) teretirostris (Pandell&

1896) (Fig. 220) distributed in western Europe and differring mainly by essentially shorter tip of apical

plate in the d.

Ecology: Larvae are necrophygous and facultative parasitoids of lepidopterous bombycoid larvae,

especially Lymantriidae (L. dispar and L. monacha — see Khicova 1967, Trofimov 1969), snails (Helicella

obvia - Verves & Kuzmovich 1979). Flies were reared from Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990). It accompanies

lower elevations, both lowland forests and xeric habitats and is obviously rather thermophilic.

Liosarcophaga (s. str.) harpax (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue Ent. 15: 189 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.21-0.26, at vertex 0.23-0.29 and at antennal base 0.34-0.52 head width;

frontal vitta 1.1-1.5 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2.5-4 times wider than parafrontal;

parafacial at antennal base 0.17-0.23 and gena 0.24-0.35 eye height; palpus long, apex moderately

inflated; one regular row of postorbital setulae; vte indistinct; fr 9-13, strong and crossed; one or two

rows of parafacial setulae, longest of them shorter than paarafacial width; facial ridge at lower 0.4-0.6

short bristled; ac 0+1, distinct; scutellum with one pair of ap and d; ctenidium distinct, all femora and

hind tibia with numerous long ventral hairs, f; with a row of strong av, t,; with numerous long av and

pr; costal spine minor or absent, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.5-0.7, m-cu vein more

or less sigmoid; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals; segment VII+VIII moderately pro-

longed, without marginals; sternite V with poorly developed “brush” and with moderately long

marginal bristles; cercus profile broad, moderately curved ventrally, apex short hooklet-shaped,

subterminally with protuberance; pregonite elongate, almost straight, narrow, apically pointed; post-

gonite hook-shaped, with two ventral bristles; membranal and ventral lobes of same length and width,

medium-sclerotized and pointed; apical plate very short, spinose, lateral arms almost straight, with

elongate preapical ventral appendix, stylus mid-lenth, narrow, strongly sigmoid (Fig. 221).

Body dark grey; head golden or silvery white pruinescent, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black;

thorax grey or yellowish grey dusted, blackish mesonotal stripes distinct, legs black; wings hyaline,

abdomen with chequered pattern, genitalia lustrous black, segment VII+VIII often brownish, grey

dusted.

209

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.32-0.35 head width; mid-femoral organ large, reddish or blackish,

sometimes less distinct; abdominal tergite VI bilobate, each lobe with a row of strong marginal bristles

and with numerous short setae; tergite VII consisting of two rounded, poorly separated, bare and

membranous plates; tergite VIII membranous, complete, annulate; genitalia black.

Body length in both sexes 8-16 mm.

Distribution: Holarctic, partly in Oriental region. The species accompanies mostly deciduous forests

at lower elevations, and is uncommon in the higher coniferous zone.

Ecology: Larvae develop as parasitoids of arthropods, mainly insects, but may avoid as predators of

fly maggots in animal carcasses and occasionally cause myiasis (Kano et al. 1967, Artamonov 1987,

1988). Larvae were found to parasitize pupae of Lepidoptera: Aporia crataegi, Dasychira albodentata,

Dendrolimus pini, D. sibiricus, D. spectabilis, Dictyoploca japonica, Lymantria dispar, L. monacha, Stilpnotia

salicis (e.g. Rohdendorf 1937, Shapiro 1956, Ryvkin 1958, Kolomyiec 1958, 1966, Girfanova 1962,

Ishijima 1967, Khitzova 1967, Entin 1971, Nakonechnyi, Ivliev & Jazchenkov 1973, Artamonov 1978,

1983, 1985, Fan 1992 etc.). Parasitoids of puparia: Braconidae (Dibrachus cavus), Bombyliidae (Anthrax

morio, A. velutina) (Ryvkin 1958).

Liosarcophaga (s.str.) jacobsoni (Rohdendorf, 1937)

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 220 (Parasarcophaga).

sachtlebeni Lehrer, 1959 (Parasarcophaga). Beitr. Ent. 9 (7-8): 903.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.22-0.26, at vertex 0.23-0.29 and at antennal base 0.3-0.44 head width;

frontal vitta 1.5-2.3 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.8-3 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.8-2.3 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.32 and gena 0.18-0.35 eye

height; 2 rows of postorbital setulae, vte indistinct or very short; fr 9-13, strong and crossed, 1-2 rows

of parafacial setulae, longest shorter than parafacial width; facial ridge at lower 0.3-0.4 short bristled;

palpus long, apex distinctly inflated; ac 0+1, both delicate or well developed; scutellum with a pair of

ap and d; ctenidium distinct, all femora and hind tibia with long, dense ventral hairs, f; with a row of

9-12 av, t; with a row of elongate pv; costal spine delicate, m-cu vein more or less sigmoid, ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.9; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals; sternite

V distinctly keeled, without “brush”, with several long hind marginal hairy bristles; segment VII+VIH

square, without marginals. Pregonite moderately curved, pointed, postgonite almost same length as

pregonite, broad, hook-shaped, with 2-3 ventral bristles. Membranal lobes protruding, well sclero-

tized, moderately broad, apically pointed and curved; ventral lobes wider than membranal lobes,

poorly sclerotized, with apical spine; apical plate elongate and narrow, pointed awl-shaped, lateral

arms sigmoid, apically bifurcate, stylus medium-length, narrow, sigmoid (Plate X, Fig. 4, Fig. 224).

Body pale grey, head densely yellowish grey or silvery white pollinose; frontal vitta, antenna and

palpus black, legs black, wings hyaline, abdomen with bright (sometimes dark) chequered pattern;

segment VII+VIII brownish red to blackish, slightly grey dusted, epandrium reddish, occasionally

blackish brown, lustrous.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.29-0.33 head width; mid-femoral organ large, elongate, reddish or

brownish; tergite VI complete with strong marginals, tergites VII and VIII absent. Genitalia red.

Body length 6.5-14 mm.

Distribution: Mediterranean region to southern Ukraine and southern Russia, Transcaucasia, central

Asia, Mongolia, northern China, Korea. The species reaches central Europe in Hungary and southern

Slovakia, is rather heliophilic. It attains considerable densities along the sea shores of the British

Channel, in northern Germany and Denmark as a culturophile, partly synanthropic species. It

reattacks carcasses and is predatory on fly maggots in faeces, and a typical scavenger (Drensky 1957,

Trofimov 1969, Sychevskaya 1972, Artamonov 1987). It is a passive vector of protozoan cysts, e.g. Bodo

caudata, Lamblia intestinalis, Herpetomonas muscorum (Trofimov & Engelhardt 1965). Flies were reared

from Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990).

210

Liosarcophaga (s. str.) pleskei (Rohdendorf, 1937)

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 231 (Parasarcophaga).

Sarcophaga tuberosa verticina Ringdahl, 1945. Opusc. ent. 10: 35.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.21-0.22, at vertex 0.26-0.29 and at antennal base 0.37-0.4 head width;

frontal vitta 1.1-1.5 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2.5-3.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.7-2.5 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.17-0.31 and gena

0.25-0.36 eye height; palpus long, apically distinctly inflated; 2-3 rows of postorbital setae, vte

indistinct; fr 8-13, strong and crossed; 1-2 rows of parafacial bristles, longest of them corresponding to

parafacial width, facial ridge setose at lower 0.4-0.5; ac O+1, strong; scutellum with ap and one pair of

d; ctenidium poorly developed, all femora and hind tibia with long dense ventral hairs, f; with a row

of 7-12 strong av. Costal spine small or indistinct, m-cu vein more or less sigmoid, ratio between 3rd

and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.8. Abdominal tergite III without marginals, sternite V with more or less

distinct “brush” and with long hind hairs, base distinctly convex but not sharply keeled, and with a

distinct angular profile. Segment VII+VIII short, without marginals; pregonite gradually tapering,

postgonite almost as long as pregonite, cercus profile moderately broad, apex pointed, moderately

curved ventrally; distal part of membranal process very narrow, hook-shaped, base medium-width,

ventral process distinctly broader than membranal process, apically pointed; apical plate narrow,

medium-length and pointed, lateral arms almost straight, tip bifurcate; stylus elongate, almost

straight, widening apically, reaching tips of lateral arms (Fig. 223).

Body dark grey, head golden yellow or whitish grey dusted; frontal vitta, antenna and palpus

black, thorax grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes distinct, black, legs black, wings hyaline,

abdominal chequered pattern dark grey, genitalia black. Segment VII+VIII moderately pale dusted,

epandrium lustrous.

? unknown.

Body length 7.5-14.5 mm.

Distribution: A Holarctic boreomontane taxon known from Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria,

Russia (north Caucasus, Siberia, north and central Far East), Georgia, Kirgizia, Tadjikistan, Mongolia,

northwestern China and Canada. Larvae are necrophagous (Artamonov 1987).

Liosarcophaga (s. str.) portschinskyi (Rohdendorf, 1937)

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 226 (Parasarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.25, at vertex 0.22-0.29 and at antennal base 0.35-0.41 head width;

frontal vitta 1.2-1.6 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.2-2.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.8-2.3 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at level of antennal base 0.18-0.22 and gena

0.21-0.32 eye height; palpus long, apically well dilated; 2-3 rows of postorbital setulae, vte indistinct;

fr 7-13, not very strong, at fore frontal part crossed; 1-2 rows of parafacial bristles, longest 0.5-0.6 of

parafacial width; facial ridge in lower 0.4-0.5 shortly haired; ac 0+1, strong; scutellum with crossed ap

and one pair of discals. Ctenidium formed by short bristles; all femora and hind tibia with long ventral

hairs; f, with a complete row of av and apical row of pv, f; with apical row of av, t; with a row of long

pv; costal spine small or indistinct, m-cu vein more or less sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal

sections 1:0.5-0.7; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals, segment VII+VIII square, without

marginal bristles; pregonite elongate, broad, distinctly sigmoid, apically sickle-shaped, dorsally

haired, postgonite distinctly shorter, almost straight, pointed apically; cercus almost straight, pointed

apically; membranal lobe elongate, partly membraneous, apex curved basally and pointed, distinctly

narrower than membranous ventral lobe; apical plate very short, with long lateral arms, their dorsal

spine (bifurcation) in proximal 0.3-0.4; stylus sigmoid, shorter than tip of lateral arms (Plate X, Fig. 1,

Bie. 222):

Body ground coloration dark grey; head silvery grey to yellowish white dusted; frontal vitta,

211

antenna and palpus black; thorax grey dusted, dark grey with longitudinal mesonotal stripes distinct;

legs black, wings hyaline; abdominal chequered pattern dark; genitalia lustrous black, segment

VII+VII distinctly grey pollinose laterally.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.32-0.35 head width; mid-femoral organ large, reddish or brownish;

abdominal tergite VI bilobate, with strong dense marginal bristles and otherwise very shortly haired;

tergite VII small, square, membranous and bare; terminalia black, sometimes with reddish hue.

Body length 7-15 mm.

Distribution: Europe except British Isles (reaching Arctic Circle in Sweden and Karelia), Transcauca-

sia, southern Siberia, Asia Minor, central Asia, Far East, Mongolia and China.

The species tends towards culturophily preferring dry to xeric habitats and warm lowland

(deciduous) forests. Adults feed on decomposing substrates, flowers etc. Larvae are predators of

muscoid maggots in faeces, animal carcasses etc. (Trofimov 1969, Zhang 1982, Artamonov 1987); flies

were bred from pupae of the moth Lymantria dispar (Girgfanova 1962) and from grass snake (Pape

1987).

Liosarcophaga (s. str.) teretirostris (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue ent. 15: 190 (Sarcophaga).

Parasarcophaga kroeberi Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 211.

Parasarcophaga decellei Lehrer, 1976. Annot. zool.-bot. Bratislava 115: 3.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.22, at vertex 0.23-0.25 and at antennal base 0.37-0.4 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.3-1.6 times wider frontoventrally, frons at middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.7-2.7 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.17-0.22 and gena 0.25-0.37 eye

height. Palpus long, apex inflated; 2-3 rows of postorbital setulae, vte indistinct; fr 10-14, crossed; 1-2

rows of parafacial bristles, longest of them shorter than parafacial width, facial ridge haired at lower

0.4-0.5; ac O+1, delicate. Scutellum with paired ap and d. Ctenidium consists of short bristles, all femora

and hind tibia with dense ventral hairs, f; with 6-8 strong av, t, with few long av and pv. Costal spine

indistinct, m-cu vein sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.7; abdominal tergite III

without mediomarginals; segment VII+VIII moderately elongate, without marginal bristles. Cercus

profile broad, almost straight, apically pointed; pregonite elongate and narrow, disnctictly curved,

apex obtuse, postgonite shorter, broad and spine-like; membranal lobes straight, poorly sclerotized,

medium-width, apically rounded, ventral lobes well sclerotized, short, stick-like; apical plate medium-

length, widening and not separated longitudinally, apex obtuse, with almost straight lateral arms

without preapical spines; stylus broad medium-length, sigmoid, apex pointed (Fig. 220).

Ground coloration dark grey, head yellowish grey to whitish grey dusted, frontal vitta, antenna

and palpus black, thorax black, grey pollinose, longitudinal mesonotal stripes blackish, legs black,

wings hyaline, abdomen with usual chequered pattern, genitalia lustrous black, segment VII+VII

moderately pale pollinose.

? unknown.

Body length 7-13.5 mm.

Distribution: Western Europe including Great Britain and Ireland, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland,

western Austria, western and southern Germany.

Ecology: Larvae develop in decaying flesh and meat, animal carcasses, and are parazitoids of snails

Helicella candicans (Lopes 1940), Helix lacten (Seguy, 1941a, Beaver 1973).

Comments. The species vicariates with its sibling Liosarcophaga emdeni (Rohd.) (Fig. 219) as its western

counterpart; but the geographical demarcation of the two taxa in central Europe is unclear.

22:

Liosarcophaga (s. str.) tuberosa (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue ent. 15: 192 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.24, at vertex 0.22-0.28 and at antennal base 0.34-0.43 head width;

frontal vitta 1.3-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-3 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 1.5-2.1 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.17-0.24 and gena

0.26-0.3 eye height. Palpus long, apex distinctly inflated; 1-3 rows of postorbital setulae, vte absent;

fr 8-13, strong and crossed; 2-3 rows of parafacials, longest distinctly shorter than parafacial width;

facial ridge shortly haired at lower 0.3-0.5; ac 0+1, strong; scutellum with crossed ap and one pair d;

ctenidium well developed, all femora and hind tibia densely long haired, f, with a row of long and

strong av, t, with numerous long av and pv; costal spine small or absent, m-cu vein sigmoid, ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.8; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals. Sternite

V without “brush”, with moderately long marginals, segment VII+VIII moderately elongate, without

marginals; cercus profile slender, apical part distinctly sigmoid with tip pointed. Pregonite long and

narrow, apex pointed, postogonites distinctly shorter, broadly foliate with tip short hooklet-shaped;

membranal lobes elongate, nearly straight, apex pointed, distinctly narrower and longer than ventral

lobes, well sclerotized; ventral lobes broad and shorter, weakly sclerotized, with short apical spine;

apical plate medium-length and narrow, pointed, lateral arms more or less sigmoid, apex shortly

bifurcate; stylus distinctly concave, not very thin, apically rounded (Fig. 225).

Ground coloration dark grey, head densely golden or yellowish white dusted, frontal vitta,

antenna and palpus black; thorax black, grey pollinose, longitudinal mesonotal stripes blackish,

distinct; legs black, wings hyaline, abdomen as usual with dark chequered pattern; genitalia lustrous

black, segment VII+VIII pale dusted.

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.32-0.35 head width, frontal vitta 1-1.5 times wider than parafacial; mid-

femoral organ large, distinctly elongate, reddish to brownish; tergite VI bilobate with numerous

marginal bristles, tergite VII complete, with a row of setae, sternite VII with short marginal hairs;

genitalia black or brownish black.

Body length 6-16 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the Palaearctic region, reaching northern Germany,

Poland and St Petersbourgh; Russia and extending into North America; in the south entering the

Oriental region. It is a forest species accompanying especially warm deciduous, undisturbed stands at

lower elevations. Flies visit flowers, ripe fruits and decaying substrates. Larvae are facultative

parasitoids of lepidopterous bombycoid pupae, e.g.: Lymantria dispar, L. monacha, Dendrolimus pini

(Shapiro 1956, Khitzova 1967, Artamonov 1985, Baer 1921 etc.) but may also develop in other insects

and in snails (Rohdendorf 1937, Artamonov 1987), and James (1947) mentions their participation in

cutaneous myiasis.

Comments. Liosarcophaga tuberosa offers a characteristic example of anthropophobic species sensitive-

ly reacting to environmental change gradually withdrawing from western and central Europe together

with some other taxa of Liosarcophaga and generally in company with forest-bound species of Sarcoph-

agini.

Subgenus Pandelleisca Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 238.

Type species: Sarcophaga similis Meade, 1876.

Grey, medium-sizd to big flies, r, bare, parafacial bristles short or medium-length, shorter than

parafacial width. d abdominal sternite IV shortly haired, sternite V with “brush”, cercus without

spines, two pairs of long, narrow, pointed membranal lobes, harpes absent, ventral lobe elongate,

apical plate short with a pair of elongate lateral arms, stylus long and narrow. ? mid-femoral organ

large and long, reddish or brownish; abdominal tergite VI divided into a pair of lateral plates with long

marginal bristles, tergite VII well developed, large, short and wide, membranous; sternite VI wide but

213

short. 10 species in Palaearctic and Oriental regions; one central European apecies. Larvae are

schizophagous.

References: Kano, Field & Shinonaga 1967; Fauna japon. (Sarcophagidae): 63-69.

Liosarcophaga (Pandelleisca) similis (Meade, 1876)

Ent. Month. Mag. 12: 268 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.23, at vertex 0.18-0.29 and at antennal base 0.35-0.39 head width;

frontal vitta 1.3-1.7 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 1.3-2.3 times wider than parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 1.7-2.5 times longer than 2nd; parafaciale at antennal base 0.8-0.26 and gena 0.23-0.35

eye height. Palpus long, apically inflated; 1-3 rows of postorbital setulae, vte distinct; fr 9-14, lower 3-4

pairs divergent; 1-2 rows of parafacials, longest of them distinctly shorter than parafacial width; facial

ridge shortly haired at lower 0.4-0.5; ac O+1, rather strong; scutellum with crossed ap and with one pair

of discals; ctenidium poorly developed; all femora and hind tibia with long ventral hairs; f, with a

complete row of av and one apical row of slightly elongate pv; costal spine small or indistinct, m-cu

vein more or less sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.9; abdominal tergite III

without mediomarginals; segment VII+VIII moderately elongate, without marginal bristles; cercus

profile mid-broad, narrowing apically, slightly concave ventrally, claw-shaped; pregonite moderately

wide, regularly curved ventrally, pointed apically, with dorsal setae; postgonite shorter than pregon-

ite, hook-shaped, with 2 ventral bristles; basal pair of membranal lobes distinctly longer than distal;

apical plate broad, membranous, its lateral arms slender, not bifurcate, tapering towards membranal

lobes, but distinctly curved apically; medial process very large, situated under apical plate with tip

protruding in form of a distinct sclerotized spine under apical plate margin; stylus very narrow,

moderately sigmoid and not very long (Plate X, Fig. 5, Fig. 226).

Body ground coloration dark grey; head with silvery or golden pruinescence, antenna and frontal

vitta black, palpus brownish to black; thorax silvery to golden dusted, mesonotal longitudinal stripes

black, distinct; legs black, wings hyaline, abdominal chequered pattern silvery grey; genitalia lustrous

black, segment VII+VIII greyish pruinescent.

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.3-0.34 of head width, mid-femoral organ large; tergite VI divided, the

halves videly separated, with long marginals and mid-length hairs; tergite VII membranous, medium-

sized, tergite VIII divided into a pair of very small membranous sclerites without membranous

connection. Genitalia black.

Body length 7-15 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed across the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, but avoiding forestless

territories (e.g. North Africa and central Asia) and accompanying entire forest zone from the British

Isles to Japan. Flies are locally common (but withdrawing from western and Central Europe) in

mesophytic forest habitats feeding at flowers and on decaying substrates. The species is necrophagous,

coprophagous and a parasitoid of noctuid and bombycoid moths (e.g. Lacanobia oleracea — Tiensuu

1939), succineid snails (Artamonov 1983), and other invertebrates (Rohdendorf 1937, Mihälyi 1964,

Kirchberg 1954, Artamonov 1967, Kano et al. 1967 etc.) and is involved in myiasis in man (James 1947,

Kano et al. 1967, Park 1977).

Pupal parastitoids: Braconidae (Alysia manducator and Aphaereta minuta (Zinovyeva & Vinogradova

1972).

Genus Liopygia Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. Phylogen. Ent. 1 (1): 41.

Type species: Musca ruficornis Fabricius, 1794.

Grey flies, medium-sized to large. Parafacial bristles distinctly shorter than parafacial width; occiput,

postgena and partly gena with white hairs. Propleuron bare. R; open, r, bare; abdominal tergite II

214

Figs. 225.-228. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 225. Liosarcophaga tuberosa

Fig. 226. Liosarcophaga similis

Fig. 227. Liopygia crassipalpis (securifera auct.)

Fig. 228. Liopygia argyrostoma (barbata auct.)

without mediomarginals; ac O+1, rather weak; all d femora and hind tibia with long and dense ventral

hairs; abdominal sternite IV with short setulae; stylus elongate, proportionally widening with mem-

branous spiral “envelope”, often with short spinose apical bristles; lateral arms of distiphallus apical

plate elongate, apex more or less widened; harpe absent. ? mid-femora with femoral organ large and

elongate, reddish to brownish; abdominal tergites VII-X entirely reduced.

5 subgenera (Engelisca Rohdendorf, Jantia Rohdendorf, Liopygia s. str., Thomsonea Rohdendorf and

Varirosellea Hsue), comprising 8 species in different zoogeographical regions; 3 subgenera and 3

species in central Europe; larvae schizophagous, some are predators of lepidopterous pupae.

215

Key to subgenera and species of Liopygia

1. Cercus apically spinose; ventral processes poorly separated from paraphallus (subg. Thomsonea

Rohd.); lateral arms of apical plate spatulate (Fig. 228) ......uuneeneeeeeeeeeeeeenn L. (T.) argyrostoma (R.-D.)

-— Cercus apically not spinolate, only with bristles; ventral processes distinctly separated from

Paraphallus...-:.......su30002400n00n0n020 onen en ne ea ee ee 2;

2. Cercus with longitudinal furrow and dorsal tuft of erect hairs apically, without distinct dorsal

inflation (Fig. 230). Epandrium black (subg. Varirosellea Hs.) .............u.. L. (V.) uliginosa (Kr.)

— Cercus without longitudinal furrow and without dorsal hairs-tuft, with distinct apical inflation

(subg. Jantia Rohd.) (Eig. 227); epandnium red. „rn m 2... ne L. (J.) crassipalpis (Mcg.)

Subgenus Jantia Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 251.

Type species: Sarcophaga securifera Villeneuve, 1908 (syn. of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart, 1839).

Cercus without spines, apex distally inflated, tip hooklet-shaped; membranal lobe short ledge-like;

lateral arms of apical plate very prolonged, slender widening apically; gena with white hairs, no black

setulae. Includes two species: L. cultellata Pand. which is purely west-Mediterranean, and L. crassipalpis

which tends towards culturophily in subtropical and tropical biomes.

Liopygia (Jantia) crassipalpis (Macquart, 1839)

in: Webb & Berthelot Hist. Nat. Canaries 2 (2): 112 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga securifera Villeneuve, 1908. in: Becker, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 4: 123.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.22-0.25, at vertex 0.26-0.28 and at antennal base 0.36-0.4 head width;

frontal vitta 1.6-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 0.7-1.2 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 2-3 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.18-0.28 and gena 0.25-0.34 eye

height; palpus medium-length, apically almost not wider; one row of postorbitals, vte indistinct;

fr 8-13, not very strong, crossed; parafacial bristles very delicate, short and hairy; facial ridge at lower

0.3-0.4 shortly bristled; ac 0+1, rather delicate; scutellum with crossed ap and one pair of discals;

ctenidium well developed, f; with numerous strong av, t; with long pv, without long av; costal spine

small or indistinct, m-cu vein sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.5-0.7; abdominal

tergite III without mediomarginals, sternite [IV with short setae, sternite V with “brush” poorly

developed and with elongate hairy marginal bristles; segment VII+VIII moderately elongate, with 6-10

strong marginals; cercus profile broad, almost straight and with a distinct preapical dorsal inflation,

apex beak-shaped; pregonite long and slender, concavely curved and apically pointed, postgonite

short, apically pointed, with two ventral bristles; membranal lobe very short, inflated; ventral lobe

distinctly separated from paraphallus, claw-shaped; apical plate very short, its lateral arms, slender

sigmoid, apex distinctly flat inflated; stylus not very long, more or less curved (Fig. 227).

Head densely golden to yellowish grey dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black or dark

brown; thorax blackish with silvery golden pruinescence, mesonotal longitudinal stripes blackish, legs

black, wings hyaline, abdomen silvery grey chequered; segment VII+VIII reddish brown to red and

with blackish distal margin, lustrous with very delicate pollinosity, epandrium lustrous red or

brownish red (Plate XII, Fig. 227).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.31-0.34 head width; abdominal tergite VI complete, marginal bristles

and hairs of different length, central bare, colour lustrous red or brownish; sternite VII without medial

tubercle, with one pair of very distinct and long marginal bristles.

Body length 8-18 mm.

216

Distribution: This thermophilic species is found in tropical and subtropical zones of all biogeograph-

ical regions due to its culturophily and synanthropy. In Europe, it reaches central France, central

Germany, southern Moravia and Slovakia, Lower Austria and Hungary, and ranges eastwards to the

Voronezh region and further to central Asia, China and Japan.

Biology: The immature stages develope in decaying meat and in invertebrate and vertebrate carcasses

(Rohdendorf 1937, Seguy 1941, Artamonov 1983 etc.) and is a causative of cutaneous myiasis in sheep

(Trofimov 1957) and man (James 1947, Nagakura, Isozaki et al. 1984, Cutrupi et al. 1986, Morris 1987

etc.); flies were also bred from oothecae of locusts — Schistocerca gregaria (Bogush 1959) and S. cancellata

(Silveira et al. 1956).

Subgenus Thomsonea Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 247.

Type species: Sarcophaga barbata Thomson, 1869 (syn. of Myophora argyrostoma Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).

d. Cercus apically with a field of short spines and preapically inflated; membranal lobes well

developed, distinctly protruding, broad, apically spinose; ventral lobes distinct, poorly separated from

paraphallus; apical plate short, but distinct, lateral arms spatulate. Includes a single rather cosmopol-

itan species.

Liopygia (Thomsonea) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)

Essai Myod.: 340 (Myophora).

Sarcophaga barbata Thomson, 1869. Kgl. svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa 2 (1): 533.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.23-0.26, at vertex 0.24-0.32 and at antennal base 0.36-0.42 head width;

frontal vitta distinctly wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.2-2.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.7-2.6 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.17-0.3 and gena

0.22-0.34 eye height; palpus long, distinctly widening apically; 1-2 rows of postorbital setae, vte poorly

developed or indistinct; fr 8-14, medium-length; parafacial bristles short and weak, facial ridge with

numerous short black setae at lower 0.4-0.6; ac 0+1, weak, scutellum with crossed ap and one pair of

discals; f, often with hairy pv, f, with rows of short av and pv, f; with a row of strong av, t;, with

numerous long av and pv; costal spine small or absent, m-cu vein more or less sigmoid, ratio between

3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.5-0.8. Abdominal tergite II without medial marginals, sternite V

without “brush”, with numerous short marginal hair-like bristles and with a large “window”. Segment

VII+VIII moderately elongate, with several hairy marginals. (Genitalia see Fig. 228).

Head densely silvery grey or yellowish white dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black,

palpus sometimes reddish brown distally; thorax with grey pruinescence and black longitudinal

stripes; legs black, wing hyaline, abdominal pattern chequered. Segment VII+VIII black or brownish

red, lustrous, with grey pollinosity, epandrium shining red.

?. Frons narrowest part 0.32-0.34 head width, abdominal tergite VI brown to reddish, grey dusted,

complete, with long and short marginal bristles and hairs; sternite VII with marginal tubercle near

anterior margin and 1-2 pairs of short lateromarginals.

Body length 7-17 mm.

Distribution: Excepting Australia and New Zealand the species occurs in all zoogeographical regions,

due to its culturophily and synanthropy. In northerly latitudes the species inhabits only human

agglomerations. Late summer males or “cold weather” males show blackish abdominal lip.

Ecology: Flies visit decaying substrates, faeces, carcasses, and fead also at flowers. Larvae develop in

decaying meet or they pursuit fly maggots in faeces (Aldrich 1916, Rohdendorf 1937, Zakharova 1961,

1965, Leclercq 1976). Flies were reared from dead snails (Groth & Reismüller 1973), fish (Artamonov

1987, and pers. observation), cat excrement (Kühlhorn 1987), bird droppings (Yates 1966) and nests

217

[Troglodytes aegon (McAtee 1927)], dead pidgeon (Woodroffe 1953); larvae are also known predators

and parasitoids of snails (Lundbeck 1927), acridoid oothecae — Schistocerca gregaria, S. paranensis,

Dociostaurus maroccanus (Seguy 1941a), adults of Locusta migratoria (Rohdendorf 1937), scarabeid

beetles (Melolontha hippocastani — Rohdendorf 1937), Lachnosterna (Aldrich 1916), cerambicid beetles

(Aelostes sorta — personal observation), pupae of Lymatria monacha (Baer 1921, Slameckovä 1961); larvae

are involved with human myiasis (Tölg 1913, Sacca 1945, James 1947, Burgess 1966) and secondary

myiasis of sheep (Baranov & Jezic 1928, Trofimov 1957).

Pupal parasites: Chalcididae — Brachymeris minuta; Eucoliidae — Eucolia trichopsila (Sychevskaya 1964)

Braconidae — Alysia manducator, Aphaereta minuta (Vinogradova & Zinovyeva 1972; Zinovyeva &

Vinogradova 1972).

Subgenus Varirosellea Hsue, 1979

Acta Entl. Sinica 22 (2): 192.

Type species: Sarcophaga uliginosa Kramer, 1908

Cercus without spines, distinctly sattled dorsally and with a longitudinal furrow combined with a hair

tuft apically; membranal lobe consists of rounded proximal and hook-shaped distal part; ventral lobe

very small, rounded, but distinctly separated from paraphallus, and well sclerotized; apical plate

narrow, elongate and membranous, lateral arms long and broad, apex moderately pointed. Abdominal

tergite VI in ? complete but membranous along a narrow dorsal longitudinal stripe. One holarctic

species.

Liopygia (Varirosellea) uliginosa (Kramer, 1908)

Ent. Wbl. 25: 152 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.15-0.23, at vertex 0.18-0.27 and at antennal base 0.37-0.42 head width;

frontal vitta 1.2-1.7 times widening frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3.5 times wider than parafrontal;

Srd antennomere 2-3.5 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.19-0.26 and gena 0.25-0.33

eye height. Palpus long, apex moderately inflated; one row of postorbital setae, vte indistinct, fr 9-14,

crossed; parafacial with 2-3 rows of bristles, longest of them distinctly shorter than parafacial width;

facial ridge densely black setose at lower 0.4-0.6. Gena with long black bristles, its hind part whitish

setose; ac 0-3+1, delicate, sometimes only hairy; scutellum with crossed ap and a pair of discals;

ctenidium distinct, consisting of short thick bristles; t; with numerous long pf, without elongate av;

costal spine small or indistinct, m-cu vein distinctly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections

1:.0.6-0.9. Abdominal tergite III without medial marginal bristles; segment VII+VIII almost square,

without marginal bristles. Genitalia see on Fig. 230.

Body ground coloration dark grey; head golden to silvery grey pollinose, frontal vitta, antenna and

palpus black; thorax with silvery to golden pruinescence, longitudinal stripes on mesonotum distinct,

blackish; legs black, wings hyaline; abdomen with dark chequered pattern; genitalia lustrous black,

segment VII+VIN slightly pale dusted.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.33-0.36 of head width, frontal vitta 1.2-2 times wider than parafrontal;

abdominal tergite VIII with numerous long and delicate marginals; genitalia black.

Body length 8-17 mm.

Distribution: Holarctic; in Europe reaching Denmark and St. Petersbourgh in north, expanding to

Transcaucasia, central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Japan and North America. The

species accompanies the forest zone. Larvae are obligatory predators of lepidopterous pupae: Aporia

crataegi, Dasychira albodentata, Dendrolimus pini, D. sibiricus, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Euxoa segetum,

Leucoma candida, Lymantria dispar, L. monacha, Porthesia similis, Malacosoma neustria, Orgyia antiqua,

Selenephera lunigera, Stilpnotia salicis, Vanessa xanthomelas (Kramer 1911, Baer 1921, Grunin 1954,

Girfanova 1957, Kolomyiec 1958, 1966, Khitzova 1968, Nakonechnyi, 1973a,b, Nakonechnyi, Ivliev &

218

Jascenkov 1973, Herting & Simonds 1976, Stepanova, Girfanova et al., 1977, Yafaeva, 1978, Artamonov,

1985, Pape 1987b, Wyatt & Sterling 1988).

Pupal parasites: Gemiocerus sp. (Khanislamov et al. 1958), Pteromalidae (Dibrachus cavus), Chalcididae

(Brachymeria minuta), Ichneumonidae (Exolytus splendens), Bombyliidae (Hemipentes maurus — Kolo-

myiec 1957).

Comments: The species is in decline in western Europe, possibly due to insecticides applied in forest

protection and by general deforestation.

Genus Parasarcophaga Johnston & Tiegs, 1921

Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 33: 86.

Type species: Sarcophaga omega Johnston & Tiegs, 1921 (syn. of Sarcophaga sericea Walker, 1852).

Grey flies, medium-sized to robust. Parafacial bristles shorter than parafacial; 3rd antennomere not

less than 2-2.5 times longer than 2nd; costal spine short or indistinct; d abdominal sternite IV shortly

haired; segment VII+VIII square or moderately elongate; membranal process complete, trilobate;

ventral lobes more or less connected with paraphallus, elongate and well sclerotized; apical plate

elongate and bilobate, lateral arms absent or very short; stylus long and narrow, bristle-like; ? mid-

femoral organ distinct, large and long, reddish to brownish black; abdominal tergite VI divided or

complete; tergite VII and often VIII membranous, but distinct. Includes more than 60 species distrib-

uted in different geographical regions; one species in central Europe.

Subgenus Parasarcophaga (s. str.)

r, bare, propleuron bare; d abdominal tergite IV with short hairs; pregonite distinctly longer than

postgonite; membranal lobes petiolate; ventral process hook-shaped; apical plate without lateral arms;

stylus medium-length. ? abdominal tergite VI bilobate, sternite VIII poorly sclerotized. Includes 6 Old

World species, one occurrning in central Europe; larvae are schizophagous.

References: Kano, Field & Shinonaga 1987. Fauna japon. (Sarcophagidae): 39-47.

Parasarcophaga (s. str.) albiceps (Meigen, 1826)

Syst. Beschr. 5: 22 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.26, at vertex 0.22-0.31 and at antennal base 0.34-0.46 head width;

frontal vitta 1.2-1.8 times wider frontoventrally; frons middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontal. 3rd

antennomere 2-3 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at level of antennal base 0.17-0.24 and gena 0.22-0.38

eye height. Palpus medium-length, apex distinctly inflated. One row of postorbital setulae, vte

indistinct; fr 9-13, crossed. Parafacial with 1-2 vertical rows of bristles, longest not exceeding 0.3-0.6 of

parafacial width; facial ridge shortly haired at lower 0.4-0.6 of parafacial width; facial ridge shortly

haired at lower 0.4-0.7. Gena posterior part with white hairs, anterior part blackish bristled. ac 0-1+1,

very delicate and short, sometimes hairy. Ctenidium well developed, f; with several strong av, t; with

a row of long pv, long av absent; m-cu vein distinctly sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal

sections 1:0.6-0.8. Abdominal tergite III without medio-marginals or with their indication; sternite V

without “brush”, with dense marginal bristles and hairs; segment VII+VIII square, without marginals.

Cercus profile medium-width, almost straight, pointed apically, with short distinct saddle between

basal and apical part of dorsal ledge, without spines; pregonite almost atraight, apically slenderer, tip

rounded, postgonite with rather broad bases, strongly narrowed and apically pointed, moderately

curved, with 2 ventral hairs; medial part of membranal lobe short and rounded, lateral parts elongate

proximally and curved dorsally, apically pointed; apical plate very narrow, tapering ventrally, apex

more or less pointed, stylus short (Fig. 229).

219

Figs. 229.-232. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 229. Parasarcophaga albiceps

Fig. 230. Rosellea uliginosa

Fig. 231. Kramerea schuetzei

Fig. 232. Rosellea aratrix

Ground coloration dark grey; head silvery grey to golden pollinose, frontal vitta, antenna and

palpus black; thorax black, with silvery to golden pruinescence, mesothoracic striae blackish, legs

black, wings hyaline; abdominal pattern silvery grey and dark grey chequered, genitalia lustrous

black, segment VII+VIII densely grey dusted.

9. Frons narrowest part 0.27-0.32 head width; abdominal tergite VI with bristles as strong as

tergite V marginals and with a distinct dorsal fold; tergite VII complete and bare; sternite VII without

posterior excision, with a row of marginal bristles; terminalia black to reddish black.

Body length 8-17 mm.

Distribution: A common culturophile and synanthropiec species, widely distributed in the Palaearctic,

Oriental and Australian regions; found in Europe up to Norway, Finland and Karelia.

Ecology: Flies belong to frequent visitors of faeces, decaying meat and similar substrates. Schizopha-

gous larvae develop in animal carcasses (Senior-White 1924, Rohdendorf 1937, Sukhova 1951, Gregor

& Povolny 1961, Trofimov 1965, 1969, Zakharova 1967, Sychevskaya 1972, Artamonov 1983, 1987, 1988,

Pape 1987b, Blackith & Blackith 1988). Larvae attack lepidopterous larvae and pupae, e.g. Aporia

crataegi, Dasychira albodentata, Dendrolimus albolineatus, D. pini, D. segregatus, D. sibiricus, Lymantria

dispar, L. monacha, Nonagria sp., Orgyia antiqua, Selenephera lunigera (Vasiliev 1902, 1913, Baer 1921,

Matsumura 1926, Senior-White at al. 1940, Kolomyietz 1958, Girfanova 1962, Nakonechnyi 1973,

Herting & Simonds 1976), beetles Saperda populnea, Melolontha, Polyphylla fullo, Oryctes nasicornis (Baer

1921, van Emden 1950); tenthredinid larva Acantholyda postialis (Lee 1963). The maggots are involved

in cases of myiasis in cattle and man (Senior-White 1924, James 1947).

Parasites in puparia: Figitidae (Figites scutellaris) (Sychevskaya 1964).

Genus Robineauella Enderlein, 1928

Arch. klassif. Phylogen. Ent. 1 (1): 23.

Type species: Sarcophaga scoparia Pandelle, 1896 (syn. of Sarcophaga caerulescens Zetterstedt, 1838).

Propleuron and r, bare, 3rd antennomere not less than 2-2.5 times longer than 2nd; parafacial bristles

not exceeding parafacial width or even shorter; occiput and postgena pale setose. d abdominal sternite

IV with long erect hairs; 2 pairs of membranal process; apical plate bilobate, elongate, without lateral

arms; stylus slender, short. ? mid-femoral organ large and elongate, reddish to brownish black;

abdominal tergite VI bilobate. Includes 2 subgenera and 11 species in Holarctic and Oriental regions;

2 species in central Europe. Larvae necrophagous, predators or facultative parasitoids of insects etc.

Key to subgenera and species (dd) of Robineauella

1. Abdominal sternite V with a pair of short processes on interior surface of apical arm base; f, with

ctenidium (subg. Digitiventra Fan). Cercus with distinctive preapical dorsal tuft of hairs, tip of

apical plate curved dorsally (Fig. 233) ..........sescensssneornsenenenenrurnsnsenenene R. (D.) pseudoscoparia (Kr.)

- Sternite V without processes, f, without ctenidium (subg. Robineauella s.str.). Cercus without dorsal

hair tuft; tip of apical plate straight (Fig. 224) ...........unen nennen R. (s. str.) caerulescens (Ztt.)

Subgenus Digitiventra Fan, 1964

Acta zootaxon. sin. 1 (2): 306.

Type species: Sarcophaga pseudoscoparia Kramer, 1911.

d. Mid-femur with ctenidium; abdominal sternite V with pair of digitate short processes on interior

surface of apical arm base. ? abdominal sternite VI short, not protruding; tergite VII distinct. Includes

5 species, one in central Europe.

221

Robineauella (Digitiventra) pseudoscoparia (Kramer, 1911)

Abh. naturforsch. Ges. Görlitz 27: 142 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.23, at vertex 0.22-0.27 and at antennal base 0.33-0.38 head width;

frontal vitta 1-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.6-3.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 2-3 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at level of antennal base 0.21-0.25 and gena 0.24-0.34

eye height; palpus moderately long, apex distinctly inflated; one row of postorbital setulae, vte

indistinct; fr 8-11, strong and crossed; 1-2 rows of parafacial bristles, longest of them distinctly shorter

than parafacial width; facial ridge at lower 0.5-0.7 shortly haired; occiput and postegena partly pale

setose, gena antirely blackish bristled; ac 0+1, rather delicate; scutellum with crossed ap and with one

pair of discals; ctenidium distinct; all femora and hind tibia with long dense ventral hairs, t, with

numerous long pv hairs, without av; costal spine absent or very short; m-cu vein distinctly sigmoid,

ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.9. Abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals;

sternite V without “brush”, with digitate paired short processes at apical arm base. Segment VII+VIII

distinctly elongate, without marginal bristles; genitalia in Fig. 233 and Plate IX, Fig. 15.

Body ground coloration dark grey; head yellowish grey or yellowish white pollinose; frontal vitta,

antenna and palpus black; thorax grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal stripes blackish, distinct, legs

black, wings hyaline; abdomen with usual dark and grey chequered pattern; segment VII+VIII black,

grey pollinose; epandrium lustrous black.

Q. Frons at narrowest part 0.32-0.35 head width; each part of abdominal tergite VI at least 3-3.5

times wider than long, with numerous long and fine marginals and short discals; tergite VII complete,

subtriangulate, membranous and bare. Genitalia black.

Body length 8-17 mm.

Distribution: Holarctic taxon distributed from Europe to Japan and North America, accompanying

the holarctic forest belt.

Ecology: Larvae are necrophagous, predators and parasitoids, especially of lepidopterous pupae:

Aporia crataegi, Cosmotriche potatoria, Dasychira albodentata, Dendrolimus sibiricus, Lymantria dispar and

L. monacha, Malacosoma neustria, Orgyia antiqua, Selenephera lunigera (Kramer 1911, Kolomyietz 1958,

Girfanova 1962, Nakonechnyi 1973a, b, Orlov & Jurchenko 1978, Artamonov 1985, Coulson et al. 1986).

Parasites of puparia: Gemiocerus sp., Brachymeria minuta (Girfanova 1957), Exotylus splendens, Hemipen-

thes maurus (Kolomyietz 1957).

Comments. Together with other forest-belt species such as Liosarcophaga tuberosa and Liopygia uligino-

sa, R. pseudoscoparia is endangered by forest disintegration and is disappearing from many habitats.

Robineauella (s. str.) caerulescens (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Ins. Lapp. 650 (Sarcophaga).

Sarcophaga scoparia Pandelle, 1896. Revue Ent. 15: 189.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.25, at vertex 0.22-0.29 and at antennal base 0.35-0.41 head width;

frontal vitta 1.2-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 2-2.6 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.26-0.35 and gena 0.28-0.4 eye

height; palpus long and narrow, apex moderately inflated; one row of postorbital setulae, vte

indistinct, fr 9-14, long and crossed; parafacial with 3-5 rows of fine bristles, longest of them as long

as parafacial width; facial ridge short-bristled at lower 0.3-0.5; ac 0+1, delicate, de 4-5+4, strong;

scutellum with ap and d one pair each; ctenidium indistinct; all femora, mid and hind tibia long and

densely haired ventrally; t; with a row of long pv. Costal spine small, m-cu vein distinctly sigmoid,

ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.9; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals,

sternite V without “brush” and long bristled; segment VII+VII wide and elongate, with more or less

222

Figs. 233.-236. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 233. Robineauella (Digitiventra) pseudoscoparia

Fig. 234. Robineauella caerulescens (scoparia auct.)

Fig. 235. Sarcophaga moldavica

Fig. 236. Stackelbergeola mehadiensis

distinct bristles; cercus base broad and moderately narrower apically, apex curved and pointed;

pregonite curved ventrally with lateral narrow groove preapically, and with a moderately protruding

obtuse tip; postgonite moderately long, narrow, hook-shaped, pointed apically, distinctly shorter than

pregonite, with 2 ventral bristles; membranal lobe short spinose, both pairs of equal size; ventral

process vell sclerotized, distinctly tipped in posterior ventral angle; stylus short; each lobe of apical

plate with distinct ventral spine and forming an open circle in apical view (Fig. 234).

Body ground colour dark grey; head silvery to golden pollinose; frontal vitta, antenna and palpus

black; thorax with silvery grey to golden greyish pruinescence, mesonotal longitudinal stripes broad,

blackish, legs black, wings hyaline, abdomen with usual dark chequered pattern; genitalia black,

segment VII+VIII densely pollinose, epandrium lustrous black.

(09)

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.29-0.35 head width; lateral lobes of abdominal tergite VII triagulate,

distinctly protruding, with a row of marginals, black, grey pollinose. Tergite VII reduced.

Body length 7-19 mm.

Distribution: Holarctic, occurring in Europe up to Sweden, Norway and Karelia in the North; and

eastwards to Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, south Siberia, Far East, China, Korea and Japan; and in

Alaska.

Biology: The species prefers forested or at least bushy formations in lowland and montane elevations

up to the timberline; unlike several declining taxa of Parasarcophaga (s. lat.) accompanying forest

habitats, it appears not to be very sensitive to loss of habitat or environmental change, and shows

considerable ecological potence. Flies feed at flowers and visit decaying organic substrates. Larvae

decompose invertebrate and vertebrate carcasses (Kano et al. 1967, Eberhardt 1955, Sychevskaya 1970,

Hanski & Kuusela 1980, Artamonov 1987 etc.) or predate especially on lepidopterous pupae (Lymantria

dispar and L. monacha — Kramer 1908, Girfanova 1962). They can be easily reared in laboratory

conditions on animal meat, liver, fish etc.

Genus Stackelbergeola Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 257.

Type species: Sarcophaga mehadiensis Böttcher, 1912

Grey, stout flies, 3rd antennomere 2-4 times longer than 2nd; parafacial broad, shortly haired. Occiput

and postgena with white hairs; ac 0+1, short, postsutural dc 5-7, fore 2-3 dc rather delicate; propleuron

bare, r, bare, R,broadly open, m-cu vein more or less sigmoid, 3rd costal section distinctly longer than

5th; abdominal tergite III without mediomarginals; abdomen with bright chequered pattern, mesono-

tal longitudinal stripes black and distinct; and a medial longitudinal black stripe also distinct on

abdominal tergites II-V; S ctenidium well developed, abdominal sternite IV with long erect hairs,

sternite V U-shaped, without “brush”, segment VII+VII large and broad, moderately elongate, with a

row of strong marginals; apical part of cercus slender (narrow) and provided with a terminal hooklet,

basal part inflated, separated from apical part by a transverse alate fold; pregonite elongate and

narrow, distinctly curved ventrally, apex obtuse, postgonite short and broad, hook-shaped, with 2-3

ventral bristles; membranal process trilobate, two apical lobes spinose, basal lobe both with or without

spine; ventral process well sclerotized, hook-shaped; apical plate elongate and wide, apex more or less

pointed, bilobate, without lateral arms, stylus short, medial process large, more or less visible laterally.

? unknown. 5 species found in arid mountains of Palaearctic region; one species in Europe.

Stackelbergeola mehadiensis (Böttcher, 1912)

Ent. Mitt. 1 (4): 114 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.24-0.25, at vertex 0.27-0.28 and at antennal base 0.4-0.42 head width.

Vitta frontalis 2-2.5 times wider frontoventrally, at frons middle 1.1-1.3 times wider than parafrontal;

3rd antennomere 2-2.5 times longer than 2nd. Parafacial at antennal base 0.28-0.33 and gena 0.29-0.35

eye height. Palpus long, apex moderately inflated; one row of postorbital setulae; vte indistinct; fr 9-12,

long and strong; p parafacial with 3-4 irregular rows of short setulae; facial ridge shortly bristled at

lower 0.3; scutellum with crossed ap and 1-2 pairs of discals; all femora and hind tibia long densely

haired ventrally; f, with a row of 6-8 strong av bristles. Costal spine indistinct; ratio between 3rd and

5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.7, basal lobe of membranal processes as long or shorter than apical ones,

without spine; postgonite comparatively narrow (slender), rounded apically; apical plate rather broad

(Fig. 236).

Body ground coloration pale grey, head densely silvery white dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and

palpus black; thorax grey pollinose, longitudinal stripes on mesonotum broad and blackish; abdomen

with bright grey chequered pattern and with a distinct dark longitudinal stripe; legs black, wings

hyaline; genitalia lustrous, segments VII+VIII black, epandrium reddish brown.

? unknown.

Body length 10-14.5 mm.

Distribution: Occurs in foothills of the French Alpes Maritimes, eastern foothills of Alps, southern

Moravia, Rumanian Carpathian foothills, North Caucasus (Dagestan), Armenia and Azerbajjan.

Ecology unknown.

Subtribe Boettcheriscina Verves, 1989

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 84 (4): 540.

d. Frons narrower than eye-width, 2 frons as wide as eye. 3rd antennomere usually more than 2-2.5

longer than 2nd; parafacial setose or bristled; parafacial and gena medium-width or broad; propleuron

bare or setose; postsutural dc multiple (4-8 pairs); R, usually open, r, bare; membranal lobes, ventral

processes and apical plate of aedeagus well developed, often at least partly spinose; stylus widening,

spinose or with processes. Abdominal tergites VII and VIII partly reduced or membranous in 2.

13 genera and about 50 species distributed in the Old World, Oceania, Australia and North

America. Two genera and two species in central Europe. Maggots generally schizophagous.

Genus Kramerea Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19: 274.

Type species: Sarcophaga schuetzei Kramer, 1909.

Dark, medium-sized flies. Parafacial with 1-2 vertical rows of fine bristles, longest of them as long as

parafacial width, upper part with numerous short hairs; occiput and postgenae with numerous hairs

and several black setae; propleuron setose. ac 0+1, de 2-3+4-5; R,open; d f, with ctenidium. d genitalia

with sternite V without ventral protuberance; cercus short and distinctly widened, almost straight,

spinose, apically pointed; distiphallus short and dilated; paired lateral process of apical plate spinose.

? with abdominal tergite VI bilobate, tergites VII and VIII reduced (absent). Body colour dark; entenna

and palpus black; thorax black, greyish pollinose, legs black; wing hyaline, abdomen with dark

chequered pattern, genitalia black. One species.

Kramerea schuetzei (Kramer, 1909)

Ent. Rdsch. 26: 14 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part corresponding to 0.17-0.25, at vertex to 0.2-0.27, at antennal base to

0.3-0.41 of head width; frontal vitta 1.5-2.4 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2 wider than

parafrontal; 3rd antennomere 2.4-3.2 x longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.22-0.32, gena

0.25-0.4 of eye height; palpus medium length, distinctly inflated apically; 3 rows of postorbital setae,

vte distinct, fr 11-14, long and crossed. Lower 0.6-0.7 of facial ridge with numerous black short setae.

Scutellum with ap crossed, one pair discals. All femora and hind tibia with numerous black setae on

ventral surface; f, with 7-10 strong av. Costal spine indistinct, m-vein right-angled, m-cu vein distinctly

sigmoid, ratio between 3rd and 5th costal section as 1:0.6-0.8. Abdominal tergite III without mediomar-

ginals; sternite V without “brush”, but with strong bristles on hind lobes; segment VII+VIII short and

broad, without marginals. Genitalia with gonites short; pregonite very broad, hook-shaped, strongly

curved dorsally, postgonite moderately wide, almost straight, apically pointed. Apical plate elongate

narrow and curved ventrally (Fig. 231).

Parafacial and parafrontal yellowish grey or golden grey dusted; frontal vitta black. Longitudinal

mesonotal stripes distinct, brownish black. Abdominal segment VII+VIII distinctly grey dusted,

epandrium lustrous.

Q. Frons at narrowest part 0.33-0.35 of head width; mid-femoral organ distinct, reddish; both parts

of abdominal tergite VI with numerous long marginals.

Body length 7-14.5 mm.

Distribution: From Germany and Switzerland in the West throughout Europe and palaearctic Asia

(Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russian Far East, northern China, Korea and Japan.

Ecology: The species prefers forested territories and areas between 200-1.500 m a.s.l. Larvae develop

in small animal cercasses (Artamonov 1987, 1988) and are facultative predators of lepidopteran

caterpillars and pupae: e.g. Aporia crataegi, Dasychira albodentata, Dendrolimus pini, D. sibiricus,

D. spectabilis, Dyctioploca japonica, Lymantria dispar, L. monacha, Orgyia antiqua, Selenephera lunigera (e.g.

Kramer 1909, Baer 1921, Nakonechnyi 1973a,b, Nakonechnyi et al. 1973, Herting & Simonds 1976,

Artamonov 1985, 1987, 1988 etc.).

Comments. The species is endangered in Europe, and is disappearing especially from disintegrated

forest ecosystems.

Genus Rosellea Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19: 242 (subgenus of Parasarcophaga Johns. & Tiegs).

Type species: Sarcophaga aratrix Pandelle, 1896.

Grey flies, medium-sized to big. Parafacial with short setae, longest of them not exceeding 0.5-0.7 of

parafacial width. Occiput and postgena with numerous long whitish hairs; propleuron bare; ac 0+1,

dc 2-3+4-6. Open R;, costal spine very short, indistinct; d f, with more or less developed ctenidium.

d with abdominal sternite V strongly arched, its profile forming a dentate appendix; cercus elongate,

without spines; membranal and ventral lobe weli developed, elongate, without spines; apical plate

well developed, elongate, with short dentate lateral processes, not spinose; stylus large and broad, not

dentate, complete; abdominal tergite VI of ? complete, but more or less membranous dorsally; tergites

VII and VIII reduced (absent).

Maggots necrophagous. 6 species in Holarctic and Oriental regions. One central European species.

Rosellea aratrix (Pandelle, 1896)

Revue ent. 15: 191 (Sarcophaga).

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.17-0.24, at vertex 0.2-0.27, at antennal base 0.3-0.41 width of head.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2.1 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than parafrontal; 3rd

antennomere 1.8-2.7 times longer than 2nd; parafacial at antennal base 0.28-0.36, gena 0.28-0.39 of eye

height; palpus long, apically widening, 2-3 regular rows of postorbitals, vte indistinct, fr 10-13 strong

and long; 1-2 vertical rows of short parafacial setae. Facial ridge shortly haired at lower 0.3-0.5;

scutellum with ap and one pair of d-bristles. All femora with long ventral hairs; f, with a complete row

of av and with a distal row of short pv; t; with a row of long pv and v; m-vein right-angled, m-cu

distinctly sigmoid; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections as 1: 0.6-0.9. Abdominal tergite III with

a pair of delicate mediomarginals (sometimes absent); sternite V with short but strong bristles, but

“brush” absent. Abdominal segment VII+VIII shortened, without marginals. Cercus long, almost

straight moderately thick, apex elongate spinose, protruding ventrally; gonites of equal length, hook-

curved; membranal process trilobate. Two broad lateral parts and a narrow central part; ventral

process short, apically pointed; apical plate bilobate (Fig. 232).

Body color grey. Head golden or yellowish grey dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black;

2nd antennomere usually reddish or brown apically. Thorax grey dusted, longitudinal mesonotal

stripes black, well developed; legs black, wings hyaline. Abdomen grey with chequered pattern;

segment VII+VIII black, grey pollinose, epandrium lustrous black.

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.3-0.34 head width. Mid-femoral organ elongate, reddish. Tergite VI

with 1-2 rows of strong marginals, complete, moderately desclerotized dorsally. Membrane under

226

tergite VII with a central, almost square sclerotization (possibly a rudiment of tergite VII). Sternite VII

shortened, without distinct caudal fold, with few short setae posterolaterally; terminalia black.

Body length 6-15 mm.

Distribution: Transpalaearctic from Ireland to Kamchatka, introduced into North America; absent

from arid zones and habitats.

Ecology: The species prefers forest sites and tends towards culturophily; larvae are facultative

predators (parasitoids) of lepidopteran pupae, especially Lymantria monacha (Kramer 1910), and adults

of cerambycid beetles [Prionus coriarius (Saalas 1943)], but may avoid predation developing in insect

and small animal carcasses generally (e.g. Eberhard 1955, Zakharova 1967, Kuusela & Hanski 1982,

Blackith & Blackith 1984). Like many other forest dwelling flesh-flies, this species is withdrawing from

the west to the east of Europe.

Subtribe Sarcophagina Macquart, 1835

d. Frons narrower than width of head, ? frons width as eye. 3rd antennomere medium-length, 1.5-2.5

times longer than 2nd, arista with long hairs. Parafacial and gena broad, haired or bristled. 3 genitalia

with abdominal sternite V Y-shaped, apically with dense hairs, but without “brush”. Abdominal

segment VII+VIII elongate 1.5-2 times longer than broad, marginal bristles distinct. Cercus long,

almost parallel-sided, distinct terminal hooklet, haired, without spines. Distiphallus medium-length,

membranal lobes well sclerotized, widened and adjacent to the distiphallus apex. Ventral arms bristle-

shaped. Stylus broad, apically funnel-formed. Apical plate membranous, without lateral processes

(Figs 237-243, 246-247). 2 mid-femoral organ well developed, elongate and reddish. Abdominal tergite

VI bilobate, tergite VII membranous and haired; tergite X missing. The only genus Sarcophaga is purely

palaearctic, most of the species being concentrated in Europe. Larvae are - so far as known - parasites

of earthworms but may avoid towards schizophagy as most Sarcophagini do.

Genus Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826

Syst. Beschr. 5: 14.

Type species: Musca carnaria Linaeus, 1758.

Medium-sized to big grey flies. Parafacial at antennal base 0.2-0.3, gena 0.25-0.45 head width. Palpus

moderately long, apex moderately inflated; one regular row of postorbitals; vte in d indistinct, in ?

distinct; ocellar bristles fine, hairy, but one pair stronger and proclinate; fr 6-14, medium-length,

crossed; parafacials one row, longest as long or moderately longer than width of parafacial; upper part

of parafacial in addition shortly setose. Lower %-% of facial ridge shortly black setose; occiput and

postgena white haired. ac 0+1, dc 3-4+4-5. d scutellum with short ap absent in ?, and 1 pair of discals;

f,in d with ctenidium, all femora and t,, with numerous long ventral hairs, f, with apical row of short

pv. R,open, r, bare, m-vein right-angled, without appendix, m-cu vein strongly sigmoid, 3rd costal

section distinctly longer than 5th section. Abdominal tergite III with more or less distinct paired

mediomarsinals.

Body colour grey. Head grey or yellowish dusted, frontal vitta, antenna and palpus black, 2nd

antennomere often reddish to brown; thorax grey or yellowish grey pollinose with distinct black

longitudinal stripes on mesonotum. Legs black, wings hyaline, basicosta yellow, epaulet black to

brownish yellow. Abdominal pattern black and grey chequered. d genitalia black, ? abdominal tergite

VI reddish to brown.

Body length 6-20 mm.

19 (west) palaearctic species and one species from South Africa (probably mislabelled). 11 central

European species.

References: Baranov 1930: Encycl. ent. B2 (Diptera) (1929), 5: 19-25; Rohdendorf 1937: Fauna SSSR 19

(1): 280-291; Lehrer 1973: Annot. zool. bot. (Bratislava) 89: 1-21; Povolny & Verves 1987: Acta ent. Mus.

Natn. Pragae 42: 89-147 (a revision).

227

Key to species of Sarcophaga

1. Stylus apically not wider; membranal lobes big and broad, alate (Fig. 242) ....... S. ukrainica Rohd.

=, ‚Stylusiapieally distinelly. wider center sun dö nennen sense rn en Fe 2:

2. Stylus broad, apex axe-shaped and wider; membranal lobes shorter; apical plate comparatively

large, with numerousıspines an: u .n0n0s0etennnes e: u enh ea ee ee 3.

— Stylus narrow, apically moderately broader; membranal lobes elongate or short; apical plate short,

NOESPINOSE A REEL ÄE e 4.

3. Stylus almost straight, membranal lobes narrow, ventral processes short and broad (Fig. 241) .....

Me RENNER 6001 NEE EVER ESSENER EEE ME le aloe 5. zumptiana Lehr.

— Stylus distinctly curved ventrally, membranal lobes medium-width, ventral processes long and

NaTFOW. (Fig. 246 )2.20unlesnerensunursnnunaunnnanasnesnngehrnnsnsnann Tele HDeAnnnRa nn anna Te sHerenBne Kanne nee S. novaki Bar.

4. Apical part of cercus distinctly curved dorsally; pregonite almost straight (Fig. 283) ................

Senanasnatnnnunasunnnannaandnnn seite nbuNarnaunsarsntennEnäsenNhgrTehsnnberhnnennnn Bere Teer engn ae Eee See re ee S. moravica Pov.

-— Apical part of cercus straight or moderately curved ventrally; pregonite distinctly curved ventrally

enter 5.

5. 'Membranal lobe'not reaching the end of style... Nntnensnsneee E 6.

—. .Membranal lobe raching the end of stylus................sur.uu002u2auscassnsseneseneen een ne er 8.

6. Membranal lobes broader than long (alate) (Fig. 248) ........eneeeeseessesessessnsnenenenennnnn S. bachmayeri Lehr.

- 'Membranal lobe distinctly narrower than long (non-alate) ...............2.2.2u000u0n20s0ensenunnaesrnserene vE

7. Cercus apex dorsally inflated; pregonite almost as long as postgonite, with an obtuse inflation in

the middle of ventral margin, stylus vith rounded lateral lobes (Fig. 247) ................ S. serbica Bar.

-— Cercus apically not inflated; pregonite distinctly longer than postgonite, without central inflation;

stylus’wathouf lateral/lobes (Fig. 235) .......200.2.0000n00000000020. 200 Venen ans eene ee S. moldavica Rohd.

8. Stylus situated in a right angle towards longitudinal distiphallus axis ...........eneeeeesesesssnenenenenennnnennn 9.

— ‚Stylus parallel to longitudinal distiphallus axis ..................2.s424..220222220000na022201 00222022002 22000 ee 10.

9. Membranal lobe narrow, bean-shaped; distiphallus profile with a broad membranal “window”

centrallylPie. 237)... S. variegata (Scop.)

-— Membranal lobe broad, subtriangulate; distiphallusprofile with a narrow membranal “window”

eenkrally (Fig. 238) .....2..-0r20.:nsu.2.s2502nauun2024.anennnnnsnungsesunsenennersnenunnnennnnennhngennenneHncaernen ern S. lasiostyla Mcgq.

10. Paraphallus elongate; inside margin of membranal lobe distinctly arched (Fig. 240) ..........eee.......

rn ARE ET ek a a ee A EEE S. carnaria (L.)

-— Paraphallus short; inside margin of membranal lobe almost straight (Fig. 239) ........u.u2u2u22020eeeeeeennnn

saniehnsnäsdnsunun dns geghnnsen drehe neRhatheen ruhe rennen nennen sen errang are ee S. subvicina Rohd.

Sarcophaga bachmayeri Lehrer, 1978

Bull et Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 114: 130.

Sarcophaga subvicina schulzi sensu Gregor & Povolny, 1961 (nec Müller 1922). Folia zool. (Brno) 24: 25-34.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.23, at vertex 0.25-0.29, at antennal base 0.35-0.45 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.4-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3 times wider than one parafacial. Ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal section 1:0.6-0.8. Pregonite long and narrow, distinctly longer than

postgonite which is short hook-shaped. Cercus apically with a short curved spine. Paraphallus stout

and strongly protruding ventrally. Ventral process shorter than stylus. Membranal lobe protruding,

228

but not reaching the end of stylus, broader than long, alate. Stylus elongate, comparatively narrow.

Apical plate narrow and elongate. (Fig. 248).

? unknown.

Body length 10-19 mm.

Distribution: The species accompanies (beech) forests of Carpathian systems preferring mountain

elevations (800-1.200 m a.s.l.). Slovakia, Carpatho-Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, eastern Austria.

Sarcophaga carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. 10: 596 (Musca).

Sarcophaga schulzi Müller, 1922. Arch. Naturgesch. A 88: 91.

Sarcophaga subvicina vulgaris Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19 (1): 287.

Sarcophaga romanica Lehrer, 1967. Zool. Ant. 178: 211.

Sarcophaga dolosa Lehrer, 1967. Zool. Anz. 178: 215.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.24, at vertex 0.25-0.32, at antennal base 0.36-0.5 head width. Frontal

vitta 1.5-2 times wider dorsofrontally, frons middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontal; ratio between 3rd

and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.8. Cercus almost straight with short apical hooklet; pregonite elongate

and narrow, moderately curved ventrally, distinctly longer than hook-shaped postgonite. Paraphallus

distinctly protruding ventrally. Membranal lobes longer than broad and almost reaching the end of

elongate stylus which is distintly dilated apically; interior margin of membranal lobe more or less

arched. (Fig. 240).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.32-0.38 head width; tergite VII reduced forming usually a paired,

setose, membranous sclerite, sometimes complete.

Body length 8-19 mm.

Distribution: Europe including the British Isles, north to Norway and Kola Peninsula; Transcaucasia,

southern Siberia to Baikal.

Ecology: Larvae are essentially parasitoids of earthworms (Eberhard 1955, Kirchberg 1954, 1961,

Grunin 1964, Viktorov-Nabokov, Verves 1975), but may be occasionally schizophagous. The species

prefers the vicinity of forests or sometimes the forest interior but is rather heliophilic.

Sarcophaga lasiostyla Macquart, 1843

Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt. 2: 257.

Sarcophaga cognata Rondani, 1860. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 3: 385.

Sarcophaga lehmanni Müller, 1922. Arch. Naturgesch. 88 A (2): 91.

Sarcophaga carnaria meridionalis Rohdendorf, 1937. Fauna SSSR 19: 284.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.21-0.27, at vertex 0.25-0.32, at antennal base 0.34-0.45 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.5-2 times wider frontoventrally; frons middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontal; ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.5-0.9. Cercus almost straight with short apical hooklet;

pregonite elongate and narrow, almost straight, distinctly longer than postgonite; paraphallus stout

and distinctly protruding ventrally; membranal lobe broad, triangulate, not reaching tip of stylus;

stylus medium-width, apex distinctly wider and forming angle of 90°-110° to longitudinal phallus axis;

apical plate very short and small, membranous. (Fig. 238).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.42-0.55 head width; abdominal tergite VII complete, trapezium-

shaped, with lateromarginal setae.

Body length 7-16.5 mm.

229

Figs. 237.-240. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 237. Sarcophaga variegata (carnaria auct.)

Fig. 238. Sarcophaga lasiostyla (lehmanni auct.)

Fig. 239. Sarcophaga subvicina

Fig. 240. Sarcophaga carnaria (schulzi auct.)

Distribution: Europe (absent from the British Isles) north to southern Norway and the Kola Peninsu-

la, North Africa, Transcaucasus, Near and Middle East, southwestern Siberia, central Asia. Expansive-

Mediterranean distribution.

Ecology: Larvae are predators or parasitoids of earthworms, but are occasionally schizophagous

(Khitzova 1967, Viktorov-Nabokov & Verves 1975); flies prefer warm, sunlit habitats in or near

(lowland) forests.

Figs. 241.-244. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 241. Sarcophaga zumptiana

Fig. 242. Sarcophaga ukrainica

Fig. 243. Sarcophaga moravica

Fig. 244. Helicophagella novercoides

Sarcophaga moldavica Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19: 287 (S. subvicina moldavica).

Sarcophaga congesta Lehrer, 1967. Zool. Anz. 178: 213.

Sarcophaga dispulata Lehrer, 1967. ibid. 178: 216.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.24, at vertex 0.23-0.27, at antennal base 0.36-0.41 head width;

frontal vitta 2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2 times wider than parafrontal; cercus

en ER

Figs. 245.-246. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 245. Helicophagella inopinata

Fig. 246. Sarcophaga novaki

Fig. 247. Sarcophaga serbica

Fig. 248. Sarcophaga bachmayeri

almost straight with small apical hooklet. Pregonite narrow, distinctly longer than postgonite. Parap-

hallus elongate, distinctly protruding ventrally; membranal lobes as long as broad with a well

developed, short and narrow apical process; stylus almost parallel with longitudinal phallus axis,

moderately curved ventrally, apex slightly wider; apical plate very narrow and medium-length,

distinctly shorter than stylus (Fig. 235).

? unknown.

Body length 11-19 mm.

(09)

159]

Figs. 249.-250. Male genitalia profile of:

Fig. 249. Sarcophaga palavae (genitalia of dried d Holotype)

Fig. 250. Sarcophaga palavae (dissected genitalia of d Paratype)

Distribution: Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Rumania, Hungary, Slovakia, Moldova, Ukraine. The

species is essentially endemic in the Carpathian mountain system accompanying especially the natural

dry forest(oak) stands at lower elevations.

Sarcophaga moravica Povolny, 1986

Acta Mus. Morav. 71: 197.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.24, at vertex 0.25, at antennal base 0.42 head width; frontal vitta 1.2

times wider frontoventrally; frons middle 2.7 times wider than parafrontal; ratio between 3rd and 5th

costal sections 1:0.7. Cercus apically distinctly saddle-shaped; pregonite very long, straight, longer

than postgonite; membranal lobe very short with narrow basis, apical part wider and trilobate; stylus

apex distinctly wider, forming nearly a right angle to longitudinal phallus axis; apical plate very short,

wider and comparatively well sclerotized. (Fig. 243).

? unknown.

Only 3 holotype known from Moravian Karst (Czechia).

Sarcophaga novaki Baranov, 1941

Veter. Archiv 11 (9): 119 (S. subvicina novaki).

Sarcophaga hennigi Lehrer, 1978. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belge 114: 127.

233

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.22, at vertex 0.24-0.27, at antennal base 0.36-0.46 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.2-2.5 x wider than parafrontal; ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.8.

Cercus almost straight, apical hooklet medium-length; pregonite elongate and straight, longer than

postgonite; paraphallus medium-sized, distinctly protruding ventrally; membranal lobes short and

thick with short apically pointed process; ventral processes strongly sigmoid, with moderatly inflated

base; stylus thick, apex distinctly wider, almost parallel with the longitudinal paraphallus axis; apical

part membranous short and broad, with numerous dorsal spines (Fig. 246).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.31-0.32 head width; tergite VII consisting of a paired membranous

haired plate.

Body length 10-19 mm.

Distribution: Austrian, Slovenian and Croatian Alps, Serbia. A montane (alpine) species inhabiting

alpine zone near or above the timberline.

Ecology: Unknown.

Sarcophaga serbica Baranov, 1930

Encyel. ent. B 2, Diptera (1929): 24.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.25-0.27, at vertex 0.32-0.34, at antennal base 0.45-0.5 head width;

frontal vitta rather parallel-sided, frons middle 1.5-2 times wider than parafrontal; ratio between 3rd

and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.7; cercus rather straight, apically moderately inflated dorsally, apical

hooklet medium-sized; pregonite and postgonite of same length, but pregonite with obtuse tubercle in

the middle of posterior edge; membranal lobe membranous, elongate, apex pointed or rounded, not

reaching tip of stylus; stylus almost parallel with longitudinal phallus axis, apex wider and membra-

nous, with rounded lateral lobes; apical plate same long as stylus, medium-width, without spines

(Fig. 247).

? unknown.

Body length 6-16 mm.

Distribution: Plains of Serbia, Croatia, Romania, Hungary, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine and western

Russia (environs of Moscow).

Flies prefer warm, moderately humid forests.

Sarcophaga subvicina Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19: 285 (nom nov. pro Sarcophaga vicina Villeneuve, 1899). Bull. Soc. Ent. France 27 (nom. preocc.,

nec Macquart 1835).

Sarcophaga subvicina susteri Lehrer, 1959. Beitr. Ent. 9: 901.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.22-0.25, at vertex 0.24-0.33, at antennal base 0.4-0.5 head width; frontal

vitta wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than parafrontal; ratio between 3rd and

5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.9. Cercus almost straight, with short apical hooklet; pregonite and postgo-

nite of nearly same length; paraphallus small, poorly protruding ventrally; membranal lobe stout, long

and broadly flap-shaped, interior margin more or less straight with a short rounded apical process.

Stylus nearly parallel to longitudinal phallus axis, apically wider; apical plate medium-width, without

spines (Fig. 239).

?. Frons at narrowest part 0.31-0.35 head width. Abdominal tergite VII complete, very membra-

nous, with several moderately long lateromarginals.

Body length 8-19 mm.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Europe from the British Isles to Ural and from Fennoscandia to

southern Italy; north Caucasus, Tadjikistan.

Ecology: Larvae are parasitoids of earthworms (Kirchberg 1954, 1961), but have been reared in the

laboratory from a dead slug (Limax) and on meat and liver (Pollock 1972, Baudet 1982, Blackith &

Blackith 1984, Pape 1987b), corresponding to a similar feeding strategy of related species (S. variegata,

S. carnaria etc.).

Sarcophaga ukrainica Rohdendorf, 1937

Fauna SSSR 19: 288 (S. subvicina ukrainica).

Sarcophaga baraschi Lehrer, 1977. Bull. Soc. Ent. Mulhouse (1977): 13.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.23-0.26, at vertex 0.25-0.34, at antennal base 0.38-0.52 head width.

Frontal vitta 1.4-1.9 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.5 times wider than parafrontal;

ratio between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1: 0.6-0.8. Cercus almost straight with short apical hooklet;

pregonite distinctly longer than postgonite. Paraphallus medium-sized, protruding ventrally; mem-

branal lobe with rather petiolate base, but essentially long, and broadly alate, extending to apex of

stylus; stylus parallel to longitudinal paraphallus axis, moderately sigmoid, apically not wider; apical

plate rather long and narrow, awl-shaped (Fig. 242).

? unknown.

Body length 9-16.5 mm.

Distribution: Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, southern and eastern Slovakia, Moldova, Ukraine.

The species accompanies dry steppe habitats on mountain slopes of the Carpathian system as an

endemic.

Biology is unknown.

Sarcophaga variegata (Scopoli, 1763)

Ent. Carniol. 326 (Musca).

Sarcophaga carnaria auct., nec Linnaeus 1758.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.2-0.27, at vertex 0.23-0.3, at antennal base 0.35-0.48 head width. Frontal

vitta 1.2-2.2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 2-3 times wider than parafrontal; ratio between

3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.6-0.9. Cercus almost straigth, with delicate apical hooklet. Pregonite

distinctly longer than postgonite; paraphallus distinctly protruding ventrally; membranal lobe

straight, elongate ovate, not reaching tip of stylus; stylus forms an angle of 100°-130° with the

longitudinal paraphallus axis (Fig. 237).

2. Frons at narrowest part 0.33-0.4 head width. Terminalia like in S. carnaria.

Body length 6-19 mm.

Distribution: Transpalaearctic, from the British Isles to Kamchatka.

Ecology: Maggots are parasitoids of earthworms (Eberhard & Steiner 1952, Kirchberg 1954, 1961, Pape

1987b), pupae of Lepidoptera (Agrotis segetum, Lymantria monacha /Baer 1921, Seguy 1941a/, Den-

drolimus pini /Jermansevic 1970/, Hyphantria cunea /Nagy et al. 1953/, Barathra brassicae /Povolny &

Verves 1987/), snail Euparyphia pisana (Berner 1960). The data on breeding this species from Orthoptera

(Seguy 1941a) and on myiasis by this species in vertebrates (James 1947) should be reexamined. Larvae

have been successfully bred in the laboratory on liver and meat (Sukhova 1951, Kirchberg 1954,

Draber-Monko 1971a). The flies show the same euryoecious tolerance as the larvae, occurring from low

elevations up to mountain sites above timberline (Alps, Carpathians), frequently very common and

tending towards culturophily.

235

Sarcophaga zumptiana Lehrer, 1959

Beitr. Ent. 9: 899.

Sarcophaga mouchajosefi Lehrer, 1978. Bull. Soc. Ent. Mulhouse (1978) 1-3.

Description

d. Frons at narrowest part 0.19-0.25, at vertex 0.24-0.33, at antennal base 0.37-0.48 head width;

frontal vitta 1.4-2 times wider frontoventrally, frons middle 1.5-2.6 times wider than parafrontal; ratio

between 3rd and 5th costal sections 1:0.5-0.8. Cercus almost straight, with small apical hooklet;

pregonite distinctly longer than postgonite; paraphallus strongly protruding ventrally; membranal

lobe shortly subtriangulate; stylus long and thick, apex distinctly wider, almost parallel with the

longitudinal phallus axis; apical plate wide, with numerous dorsal spines (Fig. 241).

? unknown.

Body length 6-19 mm.

Distribution: Hungarian, Slovak, Moravian, Austrian, Rumanian, Ukrainian Carpathians. The species

accompanies warm, natural oak and beech stands up to submontane elevations. It reaches its western-

most limits in Moravian Karst (north to Brno) and in the Mountains of Hainburg (east to Vienna) on

the Danube.

Ecology unknown.

236

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Sarcophagidae). - Trudy Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. Kaz. SSR 42: 154-163 (in Russian)

Alakhverdyanc, 5. A. & N. F. Zakharova 1961. The investigation of sarcophagids at presence of helmints eggs. —

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Artamonov, S. D. 1978. The Sarcophagidae of Far East. — Izv. sib. Otdel. akad. Nauk SSSR 3: 52-57 (in Russian)

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-- 1972. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrhapha). Part 4. Sarcophaginae - Explor. Parc natn. Wirunga. Miss. G. F.

de Witte, Bruxelles 101: 1-264

-- 1973. The genus Phylloteles Loew (Diptera, Sarcophagidae, Miltogramminae) in Africa and Europe. — Bull.

Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 109: 308-319

-- & J. H. Heinz 1950. Studies in the sexual armature of Diptera. II. A contribution to the study of the

morphology and the homology of the male terminalia of Calliphora and Sarcophaga (Dipt., Calliphoridae). —

Ent. mon. Mag. 86: 207-216

255

Appendix II

During the press of this paper several new data and some nomenclatural changes resulted from

literature or from other sources. These additions are combined to the present appendix.

Notes on bionomy

Subfamily Miltogrammatinae

First instar larvae of the genera Senotainia, Taxigramma, Metopia, Paragusia are usually deposited on

decomposing corpses of such insects as wasps, bees, flies, crickets and orthopterans. In the abdomen

of female Metopia usually only 6 or 7 larvae are capable of development and are usually stouter than

the other ones which are obviously less active and not capable of successful development (Richet 1990,

own experience).

Subfamily Sarcophaginae

In the genera Ravinia, Bellieriomima, Helicophagella, Krameromyia, Pierretia, Sarcotachinella, Thyrsocnema,

Heteronychia, Bercaea, Parasarcophaga, Liosarcophaga, Robineauella, Sarcophaga the larvae may generally

deveplop (and partly succesfully reared in laboratory) on beef meat on snails, insects including

edaphic insect larvae (own experience and Richet 1990).

Helicophagella hirticrus was reared from dead swallows and from snails.

Liosarcophaga teretirostris was reared from Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990).

Liosarcophaga jacobsoni was reared from Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990).

Sarcophila latifrons was reared from Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990).

Pierretia nigriventris was reared from Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990).

Krameromyia anaces was reared from Helix nemoralis (Richet 1990).

Nomenclatorial notes

Concerning the synonymy of taxa treated in this paper we refer the reader to the Catalogue of

Palaearctic Sarcophagidae (Verves 1986), in which the essential synonyms of this group have been yet

presented. The synonyms presented in this paper should only draw the attention either to such names

which were frequently used in the past or which involve species of some special (e.g. economic)

importance. Several new synonyms are also indicated.

Genus Xiphidiella Zumpt (South Africa) belongs to the Eumacronychiini of the subfamily Paramacro-

nychiinae.

It results from Pape (1994) that Blaesoxipha redempta (Pand.) is a different species, known to occur only

in France The correct name is:

Blaesoxipha lapidosa Pape, 1994

Pape, 1994, Entomol. scand., suppl. 45: 37.

Holotype from Hungary

The correct spelling of the genus Mesomelaena Rd. is Mesomelena Rd.

New and little known synonyms

Metopia argentata Macquart, 1850

syn.: Metopia roserii Rondani, 1859, syn.n.

Metopia stackelbergi Rohdendorf, 1955, syn.n.

257

Blaesoxipha lapidosa Pape, 1994

syn.: Blaesoxipha redempta Verves, 1990 (nec Pandelle, 1896) syn.n.

Blaesoxipha lineata auctorum (nec. Fallen, 1819.

Metopodia pilicornis (Pandelle, 1895)

syn.: Metopodia grisella auctorum (nec Meigen, 1824).

Heteronychia (s.str.) rohdendorfi (Povolny & Slameckovä, 1959)

syn.: Sarcophaga borodorf Pape, 1996, syn.n. (unnecessary new name for Pierretia rohdendorfi Povolny

& Slameckovä, 1959).

Heteronychia bulgarica (Enderlein, 1936)

syn.: Pierretia boettcheriana Rohdendorf, 1937

Genus Sarina Enderlein, 1928

Type species: Sarcophaga nigrans Pandell&, 1896 (Musca sexpunctata Fabricius, 1805)

syn.: Arachnidomyia Townsend, 1934 (Type species: Sarcophaga davidsonii Coquillett, 1892), syn.n.

Genus Myorhina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Type species: Myorhina campestris Robineau-Desvoidy. 1830 (Sarcophaga nigriventris, Meigen, 1826).

syn.: Pierretia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (type species: Pierretia praecox Robineau-Desvoidy, 1836)

(Sarcophaga nigriventris Meigen, 1826).

Myorhina (s.str.) soror (Rondani, 1860)

syn.: Sarcophaga soror Pape, 1995, syn.n. (unnecessary new name for Sarcophaga soror Rondani, 1860).

Thyrsocnema kentejana Rohdendorf, 1937

syn.: Thyrsocnema niculescui Lehrer, 1994.

Bercaea africa (Wiedemann, 1824)

syn.: Sarcophaga cruentata Meigen, 1824.

Liosarcophaga (s.str.) parkeri (Rohdendorf, 1937)

syn.: Sarcophaga aegyptica auctorum (nec Salem, 1935).

Sarcophaga cognata Rondani, 1860

syn.: Sarcophaga lasiostyla auctorum (nec Macquart, 1843).

Unclear nomenclatorial situation exists within the species rosellei Böttcher, 1912 — novella Baranov,

1929 - and cepelaki Lehrer, 1975 of the genus Helicophagella Enderlein, 1928 (s.str.).

Additional literature

Blackith, R.M. & R. E. Blackith 1994. A check-list of Irish flesh-flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophagini) and

their known distribution. — Irish Natur. Journ. 24: 428-434

Bornemissza, G. F. 1957. An analyzis of arthropod succession in carrion and the effect of its decoposition on the

soil fauna. — Aust. J. Zool. 5: 1-12

Grigoryan, A. J. 1987. On parasites of main lepidopterous pests of apple in Gugar Region of Armenian SSR. —

Manuscript deposited in VINITI 24.12.1987, No. 9068 - sign. B 87,9 pp. (in Russian)

Ishijima, H. 1967. Revision of the third stage larvae of synanthropic flies of Japan (Diptera: Anthomyidae,

Muscidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae). - Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. 18: 47-100

Jabbar, K. M. A. 1974. Morphological studies of second instar larvae of Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Fallen (Diptera:

Sarcophagidae), a causative agent of wound myiasis in dog in Karachi. — Pakist. J. Sci. and Ind. Res. 17:

217-218

Lehrer, A. Z. 1985. Sarcotakaops arnaudiella n. gen., n. sp. de Formose (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). - Bull. Ann. Soc.

roy. belg. Ent. 121: 307-310

258

-- 1989. Sarcophaga carnaria var. schulzi Mueller, 1922, un taxon fictif du genre Sarcophaga Meigen et une

nouvelle espece: Sarcophaga wallenbergi n. sp. - Anal. Stiint. Univers. “AlI.Cuza”, Iasi (s.n.), Sect. IICA) Biol.,

35: 57-61

Pape, T. 1994a. The World Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). - Entomol. scand., suppl. 45: 1-247

-- 1994b. A key to genera and subgenera of Palaearctic Miltogrammatinae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) with a

description of a new genus. — Dipterol. Res. 5: 239-247

-- 1995. A Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae (Insecta: Diptera) described by G. Enderlein. - Steenstrupia 21: 1-30

Povolny, D. 1966. Die Feststellung des Befalles von Microtus transcaspicus (Satunin, 1905) durch Wohlfahrtia bella

(Macquart, 1838) (Dipt. Sarcophagidae) in Afghanistan. - Acta Mus. Mor. 51: 243-250

-- 1992. Zum Schneckenparasitismus und zur Taxonomie einiger Sarcophagini-Arten (Diptera, Sarcophagi-

dae). - Acta Univ. Agric. (Brno) 40: 169-185 v

-- 1973c. Sarcophaga palavae sp.n., a striking new taxon of flesh-flies (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) from South

Moravia. — Acta Univ. Agric. (Brno) 41: 221-229

-- 1995. Die unbekannte Fleischfliege Thyrsocnema transpyrenaica sp.n. — eine Schwesterart der transpaläark-

tischen Thyrsocnema incisilobata (Pandelle, 1896) aus Spanien (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). — Beitr. Ent. 45:

261-268

-- 1996. Taxonomisch-ökologische Bemerkungen zu mittel- und südeuropäischen Fleischfliegen mit Besch-

reibung von zwei neuen Arten. — Spixiana 19: 89-114

Richet, R. 1986. L’identit& de le “Mouche ä damier”, Sarcophaga carnaria (Linne, 1758). — Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 91:

131-135

-- 1990. Elevage de larves de dipteres sarcophagides. - Imago 39: 9-13

-- 1991. Les sarcophagides presentation et repartition en France (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). - Imago. 43: 3-14

-- Richet, R. 1991. Preparations microscopiques des pieces genitales mäles et femelles de Sarcophagides. —

L’entomologiste. 47: 121-123

-- ,‚Pape, T., Blackith, R.E.& R.M. Blackith 1995. A new species of Sarcophaga (s.str.) from France and Spain

(Diptera, Sarcophagidae). — Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 100: 431-436

Rognes, K. 1991. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia. - Fauna entomol. scand., vol. 24 (E. ]J. Brill,

Scand. Sci. Press Ltd.), Leiden-New York-K/obenhavn-Köln, pp. 1-272

Sacca, G. 1945. Miasi da Sarcophaga falculata Pand. - Rs. Inst. sup. Sanita 8: 301-302

Smith, G. V. K. 1986. A manual of forensic entomology, pp- 1-205 - British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Department of

Entomology, London

Tölg, F. 1913. Biologie und Morphologie einiger in Nonnenraupen schmarotzender Fliegenlarven. - Centr. Bakt.

Paras. Ins. Krank. 37: 392-412

Verves, Y. G. & V. A. Gorobehishyn 1995. New data on trophic relations of sphecoid wasps (Hymenoptera,

Sphecidae) and sarcophagid flies (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). - Vestink zool. 1: 54 (in Russian)

Yafaeva, Z. C. 1977. Orgyia antiqua in Bashkiria. In: The isect pests of Bashkirian forests. - Ufa, pp. 65-72 (in

Russian)

Zumpt, F. 1967. Blasoxipha malgache n. sp., a new sarcophagid fly from Madagascar (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). —

Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 78: 308-310

Endangered species of flesh-flies

A serious problem involving the ecology of Sarcophagidae and especially of the flesh-flies (s.str. —

Sarcophagini) is presented by the decline and/or withdrawal of several species (especially from the

European Northwest to the Southeast). This process is mainly observed in some species accompanying

the forest stands, but also certain stenoecious hygrophilic taxa (accompanying swamps and humid

habitats) and stenoecious xerothermophilic (especially calciphilic) species are concerned. As for the

species accompanying the lower elevation deciduous and mixed forests, no evidence exists of its exact

start. It seems, however, that its dramatic phase has been started during the fifties of this century

coinciding with the general forest degradation due to air pollution (especially acid rainfalls, heavy

metal impact etc.) and mass application of insecticides. An analogous phenomenon of that time was

observed especially in the butterflies (believed to represent a model group of the environmental

disintegration). This phenomenon comprehended even species of which we know that they were

rather common at the time of their description (Povolny 1988). Such examples are Rosellea uliginosa

(Kram.), Robineauella pseudoscoparia (Kram.) recently followed by Liosarcophaga tuberosa (Pand.). The

same decline seems to be less apparent in such species as Kramerea schuetzei (Kram.) or Rosellea aratrix

(Pand.) possibly surviving at least in locally limited or little disturbed habitats. The next group of

endangered stenoecious species are those accompanying lowland forests, natural humid habitats such

259

as swamps etc. These are especially Ascelotella granulata (Kram.), Pierretia villeneuvei (Bött.) and partly

Discachaeta pumila (Meig.). Their habitats disappear especially with various kinds of water manage-

ment and with the general destruction of swamps.

A different situation has developed within the group of thermophilic, partly subtropical or tropical

taxa accompanying xeric and xerothermophilic habitats of the European lowgrounds, especially those

of mediterranean facies. With the period of extremely hot and dried seasons (starting with the year

1947) occasional invasions of the mediterranean element were observed especially in Hungary and in

its adjacent areas of southern Slovakia, southern Moravia and Lower Austria. Most important seems

to be the case of the invasions of the blowfly species Chrysomyia albiceps (Wied.) which repeatedly

invaded the above territory (but also Switzerland) during late fifties and repeatedly in seventies and

eighties of our century. A similar invasion was observed in Liosarcophaga tibialis (Macq.) during the

myxomatosis pandemic infestation which has decimated the populations of the rabbit (Oryctolagus

cuniculus /L./) after the year 1950. The flies were mainly observed along the railways connecting

Hungary with the Balkan countries (Romania, Bulgaria) where the synanthropic populations are

permanently established. The next synanthropic flesh-fly of subtropical origin is Liopygia crassipalpis

(Macq.) — a species which was known to occur near Vienna during the last decades of the 19th century.

This species expands since the north and it reached the vicinity of Brno (southern Moravia) during the

hot summer of 1995-1996. There exist, however, very characteristic representatives of the mediterrane-

an element especially in limestone habitats of central Europe the presence of which there is not only

autochthonous, but it represents at the same time the northern limits of their distribution there. These

are such rare taxa as Discachaeta amita (Rond.), D. cucullans (Pand.) and Heteronychia mutila (Villn.).

Discachaeta cucullans is known to occur in southern Moravia, Heteronychia mutila reaches its northern

limit in southern Slovakia (Nitra) and Discachaeta amita is known from Hungary, all these three taxa

representing true rarities. They are endangered by the destruction of their habitats (mainly limestone

quarries. Some other calciphilic taxa — obvious rarities of which only limited knowledge exists so far

- are seriously endangered (Heteronychia infixa /Bött./).

In some flesh-fly taxa also their monophagy or other specializations represent limiting factors of

their existence. For instance Arachnidomyia sexpunctata (Fabr.) is endangered in its entire vast distribu-

tional area representing a specialized feeder (predator) of egg cocoons of great spiders.

These few examples are a serious indication that the so-called “Red lists” of endangered animals

are insufficient as long as they do not include the protection of habitats of the endangered species. Such

formal, more or less purely “administrative” protection is ineffective in most cases and it attracts

frequently attention of individuals concentrating on collecting of endangered taxa. It is obvious that

several taxa of the flesh-flies fulfil all preconditions to be registered as endangered insect species.

260

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Zeitschrift für Zoologie

Revision of the carpetana-group

of Phyllodromica Fieber

from Spain, Portugal and France

(Insecta, Blattaria, Blatellidae, Ectobiinae)

Horst Bohn

SPIXIANA + Supplement 25 * München, 30. Juli 1999 « ISSN 0177-7424 + ISBN 3-931516-64-4

Revision of the carpetana-group

of Phyllodromica Fieber

from Spain, Portugal and France

(Insecta, Blattaria, Blattellidae, Ectobiinae)

Horst Bohn

Weibchen von Phyllodromica carpetana (Bolivar)

Abbildung aus der Erstbeschreibung von Bolivar (1873)

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Revision of the carpetana-group of Phyllodromica Fieber

from Spain, Portugal and France (Insecta, Blattaria, Blattellidae, Ectobiinae)

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Zeitschrift für Zoologie

Supplement 25

Revision of the carpetana-group

of Phyllodromica Fieber

from Spain, Portugal and France

(Insecta, Blattaria, Blattellidae, Ectobiinae)

Horst Bohn

Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft

Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil «e München, 30. Juli 1999 e ISSN 0177-7424 « ISBN 3-931516-64-4

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SPIXIANA | Supplement 25 | 1-102

München, 30. 7. 1999 | ISSN 0341-8391 | ISBN 3-931516-64-4

Revision of the carpetana-group

of Phyllodromica Fieber

from Spain, Portugal and France

(Insecta, Blattaria, Blattellidae, Ectobiinae) *

Horst Bohn

Bohn, H. (1999): Revision of the carpetana-group of Phyllodromica Fieber from

Spain, Portugal and France. (Insecta, Blattaria, Blattellidae, Ectobiinae). — Spixiana

Suppl. 25: 1-102

The carpetana-group of Phyllodromica is a group of closely related species endemic

to the Iberian peninsula. It comprises 3 known species: P. carpetana (Bolivar),

P. moralesi Fernandes, P. sacarraoi Fernandes, and 21 new species: P. septentrionalis,

P. delospuertos, P. isolata, P. laticarinata, P. javalambrensis, P. sulcata, P. clavisacculata,

P. tenebricosa, P. brevisacculata, P. globososacculata, P. porosa, P. barbata, P. acuminata,

P. lativittata, P. rhomboidea, P. acuminata, P. bolivariana, P. tenuirostris, P. crassirostris,

P. atlantica, and P. fernandesiana.

The revision contains the characterization of the group, considerations about its

relationship with other groups, descriptions and pictures of all species and their

distribution, a key for the determination of the males, and a cladogram showing the

assumed phylogenetic relationships between the species.

Prof. Dr. Horst Bohn, Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Karlstr. 23, D-80333

München, Germany

Contents

ITEracBuCHORL ....2.--.t274s0080r04a0n0u0enäneegnensnen asus nen Frpanpasae ae han enspenengoensnrHenesteunsnr ans aalnnesherenge Aanrrrerbne Sinnen 6

Methods, depositories, localities, and abbreyiations ...................2.00242c2020222rs22ren22202re gene tetaneee rn ee 6

Eharacteristies"of'fhecarpelana-gtoup neu nenndens lehnen hand nnn annannneneer ner ee 13

Kiiylosenelieteonsiderationsz..tesn.csesensuanssaninesaanensentnennnnasnnnnnansshehersnanansngnenesuenanpennannnnAnsReaendee Hanne SaER seen 16

Genptaphieal distmibution;...........csneesrssscnszesrasessenzaragnagnnessanassnsenens snnssrdenn garsnnge stannn eur tanne tn aan ea nugnseree 22

Key for the determination of the males of the carpetana-group ..................2.2u2u202000000000000000000000000020000 25

Beseription of’ species iin... senanensenunnessnersennnehennarernene nennen er TaRnmRenE In EEesnaHaFsnEeneer Reederei 27

er Noralest SUbEROUP..:.......2ennnsnnsne nen nnassnnensnenransenssonetrendarsnunenennnn nenn ende noncnenn Re Reue nee Deren ee 27

Pruliodromien moralest Fernandes, 1962. .nnae..oreaeekeeestesanneonnene ne neue denne ee ee DI

Bhllodremiea septentmonalis, spee: NOW. were eeneeenene een re are seceensnnensesräuneeslhenstaes 28

Phllodromiea delospuertos, spec. Nov. -.......20.....#2r000022neeusnedensessecensnanenensnensnenensnsne na Rennens denn nessne rare 29

PHUlloaromIcH: solata Spee. NOV.P. u neeateaesseenne mar nenesee ee ee a rer 30

PRyllodromica Iahiearinaia, spec NOV:N... ee ee 31

in part supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bo 453/16-1

Phyllodromica javalambrensis, SPeC.. MOV. .uccnnuennensensanuennunacsunaninenusennnean nach ienneeh ans an ne 32

Phyllodromica. sulcata, spec. NOV: zu...sanissnaunenanaennunsnnnsunaonumEnsanneAumarente nenne RE Run 32

2. SSBCAFAOL-SUbETOUP ...02.2.022420 era nnesnnnehedenesenuneneRencanannnenzenshER BEE Cana eur 33

Phyllodromica clavisacculata, spec. NOV. u....u00uesusesuunseunserannenen seen uun zen en 33

Phyliodromieg tenebricosa,’Spec.- NOV. ...nsentenusonsansrnuusnenuandanten sungen rnnnsunn ge Genenare ren eree 34

Phyllodromien. sacarraoı Bernandes, 1967 ....2...02u2e20000n0kenesseneen nennen enns en eeeer ee e 35

Phyllodromiea:brevisacculata, sSpec..NOV. wu. sau ssanehntelhesnnenenn beugen ae san ae 36

Phyliodromich globososaceülate,; Spee. NOV. 2.2. n..usnserne rasen kan eh salzen ee 37

Phyjliodromien: porosa,.spec. NOW neh nn anne rhına neh nsuhlnnnnapnnsnEnL ana nare nee 38

3. Barbata-subELOUP ....... ERTL. REN FE EEE ERCEER ne aree 33

Phyliodromica barbata, Spec. NOV. uesauaasasnsasundunsenn nn nennen en renn nern en ee 34

Phyllodromiea acuminata, SPee. NOV: ::....usus20u0unnassassgannnnugsanunnnnangerarnsrnsneheatädnHannenensesHnneneHAa«TeenareneeTEnFee 40

Phyllodromica‘ latidittata, spec. NOV... .nameneuen onen aus unerene nenn nee nna Tas Re 41

Phyllodromica rhomboidea, spec; NOV. .......0..muen..eueuscasten nee ans enkneenune ne teen nenerer EE 41

Phyliodromiea:carpetana (Bolivar, 1873) ......1uu002020100000800un020n0000naHnRAR1nzUBn Ten chRhe nee ehr anmne een ee seen 42

Phyliodromica aearinata,. spec; Nov... 00H ARE nennen nn snsuan genen nennen. ee 43

Phyllodremicalcrassiröstris, SPec: NOV... ..00us-snensasncusmeneauuedenenenenehehERennHegEn ar AeannEE Re 44

Phyllodromicatenuirostris, spec: NOV. ..saussnssaunasaenteneusnesannansnadanansennnrenrtnnsnrnuhn sun nennen een 45

Phyllodromica. bolivariana, Spee.. NOV.........2..:04:0200un0000n000:0nunsaHegen nn esgee anne nnd chen en nennen 46

Phyllodromica allantiea,speaNoY.....r... enge unse en en ee ee 47

Phyllodromica fernandesiana,. spec. NOV. ...:.:2nsasasasasunnsanneneundenebannhe nennen denne ern 48

Unidentified. femäles. from Spain..........280:.082.2252022200000: Heosnınnsuugene nnenstanseeeRn neu aan ans er 49

Acknowledgements rn endeten neun nee ne Taerar 49

Releremeesin ..sraneeststsnsnenucnserenun none denne ee SEHEN 50

Plates: ‚Bies 7457. .:..uu.1 40508242002 062022: agnasuens ahave ten er rede ern ren en a 51

Introduction

The carpetana-group of Phyllodromica is a group of closely related species endemic to the Iberian

peninsula but widely distributed within this area. As defined here, the group comprises 3 known

species: P. carpetana (Bolivar), P. moralesi Fernandes, and P. sacarraoi Fernandes, which were formerly

placed in two different subgenera, the first in Lobolampra, the latter two in Phyllodromica s.str.. 21 species

are described as new.

The late discovery of many of the species is not astonishing considering the great similarity between

them. The main distinguishing features of the males, the tergal glands of tergites 7 and 8, are usually

completely hidden below the overlapping tergites and only visible after unnatural stretching or during

preparation. Moreover, because of the short lifespan of the males mostly females, which are almost

indistinguishable, had been collected. The entomology collection of the Museo nacional de historia

natural de Madrid contained 85 specimens from 43 localities; males from only 14 localities were

represented.

Personal collectings soon revealed an unexpectedly high species diversity within the carpetana-

group. In order to cover the group as completely as possible thorough collectings in various regions

of the Iberian peninsula were undertaken finally comprising about 500 localities covering most

montane regions in Spain and Portugal. Though there are still some regions which are not or not

sufficiently investigated the collected material certainly includes the majority of the species of this

group giving a solid base for the present revision.

Methods, depositories, localities, and abbreviations

Preparation

The specimens collected by the author are preserved in 5% formaldehyde.

The light microscopic photographs were made from slide preparations of KOH-treated cuticular

structures mounted in Canada Balsam. Because of the high similarity of most species at least one, often

more, representatives per species and locality were prepared and studied.

For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the abdominal tergites were also treated with KOH, after

washing transferred to acetone, dried on a Polaron E3000 CP dryer from CO2, mounted on alumium

stubs with adhesive carbon tabs, and sputtered with gold in a BioRad SEM coating system and then

inspected with a Philips XL 20 SEM at 10-12kV.

For the histological sections the formalin fixed tissues were dehydrated, embedded in Durcopan,

cut with a glass knife (1 um) on a RMC ultrotome III, stained with Richardson’s, and mounted with

Eukitt on microscopic slides.

Figures

In several cases the species as defined here show a great variability between different localities. Future

studies might suggest a further splitting into different subspecies or even species. In order to allow a

clear identification of the species by other workers, the type specimens were dissected completely and

mounted on microscope slides, and photographs of all relevant cuticular structures were taken. In few

cases, when either a part had been damaged during preparation, or had an unsuitable position for

photographing the respective figures of the type were replaced by those of a similar specimen.

In some cases the dark pigmentation of the tergite surface did not allow a photographic reproduc-

tion of the glandular pits of T7 and T8. An artificial bleaching of the type specimens necessary for a

better depiction of the gland structures seemed inapt. In these cases other specimens with naturally or

artificially (prolonged treatment with KOH) lighter pigmentation had to be used to demonstrate the

species specific structures of the glandular pits. The bleaching is always mentioned in the figure

captions.

In the figures the objects are usually depicted in dorsal view with anterior end on top. There is one

exception: The hook of the left phallomere is shown with the posterior end on top.

The photographs of a given species (beginning with Fig. 9) are usually arranged in two plates. The

first plate shows pictures of the thoracic segments of male and female (left row) and SEM pictures of

male tergites 7 and 8 (right row). In both cases deviations from the natural conditions have to be taken

into consideration. The pronotum during mounting may become slightly deformed; in contrast to what

is seen in most pictures the anterior border of the pronotum normally is well rounded. In the SEM

pictures the shape of the segments very much depends on the angle under which it is scanned. The

outline of a segment (for example, depth of excavation of the posterior border) is therefore better

realized on the light microscopic reproductions of plate 2.

In the second plate are depicted: T5 of the female and T5-10 of the male (usually left row);

phallomere structures (hook) of the male (upper right corner); subgenital plate of the male (lower right

corner); details of the male glandular pits of T7 and T8 (sometimes also on the first plate) and forewings

of male and female (remaining pictures in the median part of the plate).

T5 of male and female (which is usually larger than the male) are brought to about the same size

and thus reproduced in different enlargement. The wings of male and female are reproduced in

identical enlargement; in species with shorter wings they have the same enlargement as the male

tergites, in species with longer wings they have the same enlargement as the female T5.

Because of the mostly consistent arrangement of the various structures on the plates a consequent

citing of the figure numbers in the text seemed unnecessary. I have restricted it to the descriptions of

the T7 and T8 glandular structures, where often extra photographs are shown, and to those cases in

which different alternatives have to be demonstrated.

Females

Because of the difficulty in specifying females special care was taken in selecting the specimens for

figures and description: Only those females were used which either had been found in copula with an

identifiable male, or which were from localities where only one species had been found.

The scarcity of distinguishing characters does not allow the presentation of a determination key for

the females. In connection with the distribution maps a fairly reliable determination is possible in most

cases. In the descriptions the accompanying species are always mentioned and the differences between

the females - if present - specified.

Localities at which only females had been found are specifically marked: in the material lists by the

addition of (?) behind the locality number, in the distribution maps (Figs 3-6) by a specific symbol. The

determination of the female specimens has to be considered with some reservation; it is fairly reliable

only under the assumption that the distribution areas of the species do not deviate too much from the

picture shown in this paper. Undeterminable female material is listed on p. 100 after the descriptions.

Material

The investigation was mainly based on material from two collections: The collection of the Museo

nacional de historia natural de Madrid (MNHNM) and the author’s own collection obtained during

several trips through Spain and Portugal. A few specimens were also from the Museum national de

Histoire naturelle de Paris (MNHNP) and from the Museum Alexander König in Bonn (MAKB).

The holotypes of the newly described species are deposited in the Madrid Museum.

List of localities, identification of specimens

The locality data of the material collected by the author are presented here in full length. In the text

the localities will be mentioned only by their indices consisting of an abbreviation of the country (Sp,

Po, F) and the locality number. Subsequent collectings at the same locality are marked with small letters

behind the number (a, b etc.). Example for the locality citing in the material section: Sp 12 (a) means

that animals were collected at Sp 12 and 12a; Sp 12a means that animals were collected only at 12a.

Further explanations of the locality labels:

“Ykm SE place 1”: Y9km (by road!) SE of place 1

“btw. place 1 & place 2”: approximately in the middle between place 1 and place 2

“place 1 - place 2°: somewhere on the way between the two places

Specimens used for microscopic preparations (slides, SEM) and photographs have an identification

number consisting of the locality index and - separated by a diagonal —- an individual number.

Specimens grown from a larva are additionally marked by the underlining of the locality number

(s. figure captions).

The listing of Portuguese districts and Spanish provinces under descriptions/material are arranged

geographically from north to south and from west to east.

Spain (Sp)

4 Prov. Soria, Pto. Esteras (S Medinaceli), 1000 m, 12.V111.1983

5 Prov. Madrid, 2 km NE Miraflores de la Sierra (N Madrid), 1200 m, 11.V111.1983

5a Prov. Madrid, 2 km NE Miraflores de la Sierra (N Madrid), 1200 m, 1.V1.1985

6a Prov. Madrid, Pto. de la Morcuera (W Miraflores d. 1. Sa., N Madrid), 1600-1780 m, 1.V1.1985

7 Prov. Madrid, S. de Guadarrama, Pto. de Penialara, 2200 m, 13.V111.1983

il Prov. Ciudad Real, Campo de Montiel, 10 km NNE Villahermosa, 950 m, 17.VI11.1983

lla Prov. Ciudad Real, Campo de Montiel, 10 km NNE Villahermosa, 900 m, 3.V1.1985

12 Prov. Albacete, Sa. de Alcaraz, ca. 2 km NNW Pto. del Barrancazo, 1200 m, 17.VII.1983

12a Prov. Albacete, Sa. de Alcaraz, ca. 2 km NNW Pto. del Barrancazo, 1200 m, 3.V1.1985

13 Prov. Albacete, Sa. de Alcaraz, ca. 4 km ESE Pto. del Barrancazo, 1200 m, 17.VII1.1983

13a Prov. Albacete, Sa. de Alcaraz, ca. 4 km ESE Pto. del Barrancazo, 1200 m, 3.V1.1985

14a Prov. Albacete, Sa. de Alcaraz, Pto. de las Crucetillas, 1450 m, 17.V1.1991

15 Prov. Albacete, Sa. de Alcaraz, near Riöpar (SW Pto. de las Crucetillas), 1200 m, 18.VIII.1983

16 Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Segura, Siles - Los Arroyos, 1000-1500 m, 18.VIII.1983

16a Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Segura, Siles - Los Arroyos, 1000-1500 m, 17.V1.1991

17a Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Cazorla, Emb. del Tranco, near Bujaraiza, 700 m, 19.V1.1984

18a Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Cazorla, Pto. de las Palomas (NE Cazorla), 1300 m, 18.V1.1984

19 Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Cazorla, 5 km S Puente de las Herrerias, 1300 m, 20.VI11.1983

19a Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Cazorla, 5 km S Puente de las Herrerias, 1300 m, 18.V1.1984

20 Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Pozo, W slope of Mt. Cabanas, 1600 m, 20.VI11.1983

24a Prov. Almeria, Sa. de los Filabres, 5 km SW Observatorio del Calar Alto, 2000 m, 12.V1.1984

28 Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pto. de la Ragua, 1993 m, 23.V111.1983

28a Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pto. de la Ragua, 1993 m, 12.V1.1984

32a Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, S slope of Mulhacen, Loma de Piedra Blanca, 2100-2350 m, 16.V1.1984

32b Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, S slope of Mulhacen, Loma de Piedra Blanca, 2100-2350 m, 12.V1.1991

33 Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, S slope of Mulhacen, Loma de Piedra Blanca, 2600 m, 25.VII1.1983

33a Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, S slope of Mulhacen, Loma de Piedra Blanca, 2600 m, 16.V1.1984

Prov.

Granada, Sierra Nevada, 5 slope of Mulhacen, Loma de Piedra Blanca, 2600 m, 11.V1.1991

Granada, Sierra Nevada, Solynieve (Sierra Nevada), 2250 m, 25.V11I.1983

Granada, Sierra Nevada, Collado de las Sabinas, 2000 m, 25.V111.1983

Granada, Sierra Nevada, Collado de las Sabinas, 2000 m, 14.V1.1984

Granada, Sierra Nevada, 2 km NE Tocön (NE Granada), 1300 m, 13.V1.1984

Granada, Sierra Nevada, Solynieve (Sierra Nevada) — Pinos Genil, 1750 m, 14.V1.1984

Granada, Sierra Nevada, Solynieve (Sierra Nevada) — Pinos Genil, 1500 m, 14.V1.1984

Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pto. de la Mora (NE Granada), 1390 m, 9.V1.1989

Jaen, Sa. de Pozo, 2 km S slope of Mt. Cabanas, 1700 m, 18.V1.1984

Jaen, Sa. de Cazorla, 6 km SSW Cotorrios, 800 m, 18.V1.1984

Logrono, Sa. de la Demanda, above Anguiano, 900 m, 30.V.1985

Logrono, Sa. de la Demanda, 3 km SW Anguiano, 700 m, 30.V.1985

Logrono/Burgos, Sa. de la Demanda, 5 km W Canales, 1200 m, 30.V.1985

Burgos, 2 km E Santo Domingo de Silos, 1000 m, 31.V.1985

Burgos, 2 km E Santo Domingo de Silos, 1000 m, 5.V.1992

Burgos, 2 km E Santo Domingo de Silos, 1000 m, 13.V.1996

Segovia/Madrid, Sa. de Guadarrama, Pto. de Navafria, 1700 m, 31.V.1985

Madrid, Sa. de Guadarrama, btw. Pto. de Navafria & Lozoya, 1400 m, 31.V.1985

Madrid, 4 km SSW Robledo de Chavela (NE S. Martin de Valdeiglesias), 900 m, 1.V1.1985

Madrid/Toledo, 9 km SE San Martin de Valdeiglesias, 700 m, 2.V1.1985

Cuenca, 20 km SW Cuenca (Carret. N 420), 900 m, 5.V1.1985

Cuenca, Serrania de Cuenca, 2 km NNW La Ciudad Encantada, 1300 m, 5.V1.1985

Cuenca, Serrania de Cuenca, Embalse de la Toba, 1100 m, 5.V1.1985

Cuenca, Serrania de Cuenca, 8 km WSW Pto. de El Cubillo, 1400 m, 5.V1.1985

Teruel, Montes Universales, 5 km W Frias de Albarracin, 1600 m, 5.V1.1985

Teruel, Montes Universales, 5 km W Frias de Albarracin, 1600 m, 2.V1.1997

Teruel, 10 km SE Albarracin, 1400 m, 6.V1.1985

Navarra, Sa. de Urbasa, 3 km W Pto. de Urbasa (20 km NW Estella), 700 m, 25.V.1986

Burgos, Sotovellanos (30 km S Aguilar de Campöo), 850 m, 25.V.1986

Palencia, near Mave (8 km S Aguilar de Campöo), 850 m, 26.V.1986

Palencia, Embalse de la Requejada (near Cervera d. P.), 1100 m, 26.V.1986

Palencia, Pto. de Piedrasluengas (ca. 50 km N Cervera d. P.), 1300 m, 26.V.1986

Cantabria, Picos de Europa, btw. La Vega & Enterrias, 600 m, 26.V.1986

Cantabria/Leön, Picos de Europa, Pto. de San Glorio, 1600 m, 27.V.1986

Leön, Picos de Europa, 3 km W Llänaves de la Reina, 1300 m, 27.V.1986

Leön/Palencia, Alto de las Portillas (6 km N Guardo), 1250 m, 27.V.1986

Palencia, Emb. de Compuerto (4 km NE Otero de Guardo), 1300 m, 27.V.1986

Palencia, Membrillar (ca. 30 km NNW Carriön d. los Condes), 1000 m, 27.V.1986

Palencia, 5 km ENE Villaeles de Valdavia (40 km N Carriön d. los Condes), 900 m, 27.V.1986

Burgos, 3 km E Sarracin (S Burgos), 900 m, 28.V.1986

Soria, 10 km W Abejar (30 km W Soria), 1100 m, 28.V.1986

Soria, 2 km E Abejar (30 km W Soria), 1100 m, 28.V.1986

Soria, 2 km E Abejar (30 km W Soria), 1100 m, 14.V.1996

Zaragoza, Sa. del Moncayo, below Santuario del Moncayo, 1400 m, 29.V.1986

Leön, btw. Almanza & Mondreganes (N Sahagün), 900 m, 8.V1.1987

Leön, Sotillos (12 km NW Cistierna), 1200 m, 8.V1.1987

Leön, Sa. de los Fuentes de Invierno, Isoba (SE Pto. de San Isidro), 1500 m, 9.V1.1987

Oviedo, Sa. de los Fuentes de Invierno, 6 km NW Pto. de San Isidro, 1400 m, 9.V1.1987

Oviedo, Collado de la Cobertoria (W Pola de Lena), 1000-1170 m, 9.V1.1987

Leön/Oviedo, Puerto Ventana (SW Pola de Lena), 1500 m, 10.V1.1987

Leön, Villasecino (NW Emb. de los Barrios de Luna), 1100 m, 10.V1.1987

Leön, 3 km NW Villafranca del Bierzo (WNW Ponferrada), 500 m, 10.V1.1987

Lugo, btw. Pedrafita do Cebreiro & Cebreiro (SW Pto. de Pedrafita do C.), 1000 m, 11.V1.1987

Lugo, btw. Cebreiro & Linares (SW Pto. de Pedrafita do Cebrieiro), 1000 m, 11.V1.1987

Lugo, 10 km NNE Quiroga, 900 m, 11.V1.1987

Orense, btw. Cambela & Alto de Covelo (S A Rua), 1000 m, 11.V1.1987

Zamora, Padornelo (W Puebla de Sanabria), 1300 m, 11.V1.1987

Zamora, Sa. de la Cabrera, 5 km N San Martin de Castaneda, 1700 m, 11.V1.1987

Zamora, Sa. de la Cabrera, 5 km ESE San Martin de Castaneda, 1000 m, 12.V1.1987

Zamora, Sa. de la Culebra, San Pedro de las Herrerias (25 km N Alcanices), 900 m, 12.V1.1987

170

171la

172

172a

173

173a

174

174a

175

175a

176

176a

177.

178

179

180

181

18la

182

182a

183

184

185

191

202

225

226

227

233

235

Prov. Salamanca, Sa. de la Pena de Francia, surr. of El Cabaco, 900-1100 m, 13.V1.1987

Prov. Salamanca, Sa. de la Penia de Francia, Pena de Francia, 1400-1700 m, 13.V1.1987

Prov. Salamanca, Sa. de la Pena de Francia, Pena de Francia, 1400-1700 m, 26.1V.1992

Prov. Salamanca, Sa. de la Pena de Francia, El Portillo (near La Alberta), 1150 m, 14.V1.1987

Prov. Salamanca, Sa. de la Pena de Francia, El Portillo (near La Alberta), 1150 m, 25./26.1V.1992

Prov. Salamanca/Cäceres, 9 km NW Vegas de Coria (near Emb. de Gabriel y Galän), 400 m, 14.V1.1987

Prov. Salamanca/Cäceres, 9 km NW Vegas de Coria (near Emb. de Gabriel y Galän), 400 m, 25.1V.1992

Prov. Salamanca, Lagunilla (SW Bejar), 900 m, 14.V1.1987

Prov. Salamanca, Lagunilla (SW Bejar), 900 m, 25.1V.1992

Prov. Cäceres, Montes de Tras la Sierra (NE Plasencia), Pto. de Honduras, 1200-1450 m, 15.V1.1987

Prov. Cäceres, Montes de Tras la Sierra (NE Plasencia), Pto. de Honduras, 1200-1450 m, 25.1V.1992

Prov. Cäceres/Avila, Pto. de Tornavacas (ca. 50 km NE Plasencia), 1280 m, 15.V1.1987

Prov. Cäceres/Avila, Pto. de Tornavacas (ca. 50 km NE Plasencia), 1280 m, 25.1V.1992

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Villafranca, NW Pto. de la Pena Negra, 1700 m, 15.V1.1987

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Gredos, 3 km W Hoyos del Collado (NW Arenas de S. Pedro), 1300 m, 15.V1.1987

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Gredos, 5 km SE Hoyos del Espino (NNW Arenas de S. Pedro), 1300 m, 16.V1.1987

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Gredos, 10 km SSW Hoyos del Espino (NW Arenas de S. Pedro), 1500 m, 16.V1.1987

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Gredos, Pto. del Pico (NE Arenas de S. Pedro), 1360 m, 16.V1.1987

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Gredos, Pto. del Pico (NE Arenas de S. Pedro), 1360 m, 24.1V.1992

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Gredos, Pto. de Casillas (W S. Martin d. Vald.), 1480 m, 17.V1.1987

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Gredos, Pto. de Casillas (W S. Martin d. Vald.), 1480 m, 23.1V.1992

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Guadarrama, 3 km NW EI Hoyo de Pinares (SE Avila), 1000 m, 17.V1.1987

Prov. Avila, Sa. de Guadarrama, 4-8 km SW Pto. de Guadarrama, 1500-1700 m, 17./18.V1.1987

Prov. Segovia/Guadalajara, Sa. de Ayllön, Collado de la Quesera, 1700 m, 18.V1.1987

Prov. Almeria, Sierra Alhamilla, btw. Mts. Colativi & Sa. Alhamilla, ca. 1200 m, 15.V.1989

Prov. Granada, Sa. de la Sagra, btw. Puebla de Don Fadrique & Cortijos Nuevos de la Sierra, 1300 m,

5.1V.1991

Prov. Salamanca, Villasrubias (33 km SSW Ciudad Rodrigo), 900 m, 23.1V.1991

Prov. Salamanca/Cäceres, Sa. de Gata, Pto. de Perales (ca. 40 km SSW Ciudad Rodrigo), 950 m, 23.1V.1991

Prov. Salamanca/Cäceres, Sa. de Gata, btw. Navasfrias & Valverde del Fresno, 1000-1100 m, 23.1V.1991

Prov. Cäceres, Sa. de Guadalupe, btw. Eremita del Humilladero & Mt. Villuercas (near Guadalupe),

1100 m, 25.1V.1991

Prov. Almeria, Sa. de Gädor, N slope of Mt. Dos Hermanos, 1700-1950 m, 6.V1.1991

237-241 Prov. Almeria, Sierra Nevada, N slope of Mts. Buitre & Polarda (S Fihana -— Abrucena), 1400-1800 m,

242

243

244

245

246

247

249

254

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

268

269

269a

270

274

278

279

7.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, N slope of Mt. Chullo (N Bayärcal), 2000-2150 m, 7./8.V1.1991

Prov. Almeria, Sierra Nevada, E slope of Mt. Chullo (N Bayärcal), 2400-2600 m, 8.V1.1991

Prov. Almeria, Sierra Nevada, Loma de la Majada de las Vacas (NW Laujar de Andarax), 1650-2200 m, 8./

9.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Barranco del Hornillo (N Laroles), 2000 m, 9.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, SW slope of Mt. Morron (N Mecina - Alfahar), 2050-2550 m, 9.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Loma del Riachuelo (N Mecina Bombarön), 2150-2600, 10.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Rio Lanjarön (above Lanjarön), 1900 m, 12.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Barranco La Solana (ENE Guejar — Sierra), 1800-1900 m, 14./15.V1.1991

Prov. Almeria, Sa. de los Filabres, near Observatorio del Calar Alto, 2000 m, 16.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sa. de la Sagra, Collado Blanco, 1650 m, 16.V1.1991

Prov. Granada, Sa. de Segura: Sa. de Guillimona, 3 km N La Losa, 1700 m, 16.V1.1991

Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Segura: Sa. de Almorchön, 4 km WNW Santiago de la Espada, 1700 m, 16.V1.1991

Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Segura: Sa. de Almorchön, 4 km ESE Pontones, 1600 m, 16.V1.1991

Prov. Albacete, Sa. de Alcaraz, Pto. del Arenal, 1150 m, 17.V1.1991

Prov. Tarragona, surr. of Los Puertos (ca. 20 km W Tortosa), 750-1400 m, 11.1V.1992

Prov. Castellön, Pto. de Querol (50 km W Vinarös), 1030 m, 11.1V.1992

Prov. Castellön, btw. Cinctorres & Portell de Morella (SW Morella), 1200 m, 12.IV.1992

Prov. Teruel, Sa. del Rayo, btw. Cantavieja & Mosqueruela, 1500 m, 12.1V.1992

Prov. Teruel, Sa. del Rayo, btw. Cantavieja & Mosqueruela, 1500 m, 17.IV.1995

Prov. Teruel, Sa. de Nogueruelas, 16 km NNE Rubielos de Mora, 1600 m, 12.1V.1992

Prov. Teruel, Sa. de Javalambre, btw. Collado de El Gavilän & Mt. Javalambre, 1600 m, 13.1V.1992

Prov. Cuenca, Sa. de Mira, Mt. Rebollo, 1250 m, 13.1V.1992

Prov. Murcia, Sa. de Taibilla, Mt. Revolcadores, 1450-1550 m, 15.I1V.1992

Prov. Granada, Sa. de la Hoya del Espina, Pto. del Pinar, 1500-1600 m, 15.IV.1992

280

282

283

285

287

290

291

294

295

296

297.

298

299

301

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

313

314

315

316

317.

318

319

320

321

322

323

325

326

327,

328

329

330

331

332

833

334

335

365

368

369

370

372

373

374

375

377

378

379

379a

399

Prov.

Almeria, btw. Casablanca & Maria (NW Velez Rubio), 1200 m, 15.1V.1992

Almeria, S. de Maria, ca. 4 km N Chirivel (W Velez Rubio), 1400 m, 16.1V.1992

Granada/ Almeria, Sa. de Lucar, btw. Oria & Cuüllar Baza, 1200 m, 16.1V.1992

Jaen, Sa.de Alta Coloma, Mt. Cerro Quemado, 1150-1450, 17.1V.1992

Jaen, Sa. Almaden, btw. Mancha Real & Mt. El Almaden, 1300-1550 m, 18.1V.1992

Ciudad Real, Sa. de la Garganta, 3 km S Pto. Valderrepisa (SW Puertollano), 850 m, 20.1V.1992

Ciudad Real, Sa. del Rey, Mt. Chorreras (SW Puertollano), 1050 m, 20.1V.1992

Ciudad Real, Mtes. del Toledo, Sa. de los Torneros, Mt. Becerra, 1300 m, 21.1V.1992

Toledo, Mtes. de Toledo, Mt. Corral de Cantos (10 km S Navahermosa), 1000 m, 22.1V.1992

Toledo, Sa. de San Vicente (NE Talavera), 2 km N EI Real de San Vicente, 900 m, 22.1V.1992

Toledo, Sa. de San Vicente (NE Talavera), Mt. San Vicente, 1250-1350 m, 23.1V.1992

Avila, Sa. de Gredos, near Cassillas (18 km W San Martin d. V.), 1200 m, 23.IV.1992

Ävila, Sa. de Gredos, btw. Mijares & Pto. de Mijares (W Piedralaves), 1200-1570 m, 23.1V.1992

Ävila, Sa. de la Paramera, Pto. de Navalmoral, 1450-1500 m, 24.1V.1992

Avila, Sa. de la Paramera, 3 km W Navalacruz, 1300 m, 24.IV.1992

Ävila, Sa. de la Paramera, Pto. de Menga, 1560 m, 24.IV.1992

Cäceres, Sa. de Gredos, near Guijo de Sta. Bärbara (N Jarandilla d. L.V.), 800-900 m, 24.1V.1992

Cäceres, Pto. del Piornal (NE Plasencia), 1200 m, 24./25.1V.1992

Salamanca, btw. El Cubo de Don Sancho & Traguntia (W Salamanca), 800 m, 26.1V.1992

Orense, btw. Vilamea & Fondevila (ca. 40 km S Celanova), 500 m, 30.1V.1992

Pontevedra, Parque natural del Monte Alhoya (near Tui), 400-600 m, 1.V.1992

Pontevedra, near Portela (20 km N Pontevedra), 200 m, 1.V.1992

La Coruna, near Villar da Torre (5 km NE Negreira), 400 m, 1.V.1992

La Corufa, 4 km S Susana (13 km SE Santiago d. C.), 200 m, 2.V.1992

Pontevedra, near Toboada (14 km NW Lalin), 500 m, 2.V.1992

Pontevedra, 3 km NW Castro (12 km SE Lalin), 700 m, 2.V.1992

Orense, Alto del Couso (22 km E Orense), 750 m, 2.V.1992

Orense, 2.5 km NW Alto del Rodicio (ca. 32 km E Orense), 1050 m, 2.V.1992

Orense, 2 km SW Covas (NE O Barco), 600 m, 3.V.1992

Leön, hill S Ponferrada, 500 m, 3.V.1992

Leön, btw. Molinaseca & Riego de Ambros (E Ponferrada), 750-850 m, 4.V.1992

Leön, Montes de Leön, btw. Aceto & Monjarin, 1300 m, 4.V.1992

Leön, Montes de Leön, btw. Foncebadon & Rabanal del Camino, 1350 m, 4.V.1992

Leön, 7 km E Astorga, 850 m, 4.V.1992

Burgos, btw. Iblas de J. & Arlanzön (E Burgos), 900 m, 5.V.1992

Burgos, 3 km E Herreros (20 km E Burgos), 1100 m, 5.V.1992

Burgos, Sa. de la Demanda, Mt. Mencilla, 1425 m, 5.V.1992

Burgos, Sa. de la Demanda, Cöllado el Manquillo, 1400 m, 5.V.1992

Burgos/Soria, Sa. de la Demanda, Pto. del Hierro (8 km SE Quintanar de la Sa.), 1200-1375 m,

6.V.1992

Prov.

Soria, near Lubia (15 km S Soria), 1050-1100 m, 6.V.1992

Soria, 4 km S Adradas (23 km N Medinaceli), 1100 m, 6.V.1992

Guadalajara, btw. Alcolea del Pinar & Luzaga (S Medinaceli), 1200 m, 6.V.1992

Guadalajara, btw. Huertahernando & Olmeda de Cobeta (ca 30 km W Molina d. A.), 1200 m,

7.4.1992

Prov.

Guadalajara, 6 km E Cobeta (ca. 20 km W Molina de Aragon), 1225 m, 7.V.1992

Guadalajara, btw. Embid & Eta. de Sto. Domingo (SW Daroca), 1125 m, 7.V.1992

Castellön, 2 km E Pto. de Torre Mirö (11 km N Morella), 1200 m, 17.I1V.1995

Teruel, Pto. de Cuarto Pelado (89 km NE Teruel), 1600 m, 18.1V.1995

Teruel, 2 km SE Pto. de Cuarto Pelado (89 km NE Teruel), ca. 1600 m, 18.1V.1995

Teruel, Pto. de Villaroya (ca. 70 km NE Teruel), 1700 m, 18.1V.1995

Teruel, Pto. de Cabigordo (27 km NE Teruel), 1550 m, 18.1V.1995

Teruel, Mt. Castelfrio (32 km NE Teruel), 1600 m, 19.1V.1995

Teruel, 3 km SW Aliaga (ca. 70 km NE Teruel), ca. 1200 m, 19.IV.1995

Teruel, Pto. de Majalinos (90 km NE Teruel), 1450 m, 19.1V.1995

Teruel, Pto. de Fonfria (ca. 30 km SE Daroca), 1470 m, 19.1V.1995

Teruel, btw. Calamocha & Tornos (S Daroca), 1100 m, 20.1V.1995

Zaragoza, Sa. de Sta. Cruz (W Daroca), Pto. de Used, 1200 m, 20.1V.1995

Zaragoza, Sa. de Sta. Cruz (W Daroca), Pto. de Used, 1200 m, 3.V1.1997

Navarra, below Pico Gorramakil (ESE Irun), 1000 m, 4.V.1996

400

404

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

417

418

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

437

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

460

461

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

Prov.

Navarra, 2 km W Pto. de Artesiaga (ca. 30 km NNE Pamplona), 1140 m, 5.V.1996

Navarra, Sa. de Aralar (S San Sebastian), Sant. de San Miguel de Aralar, 1200 m, 5.V.1996

Älava, Pto. de Opacua (5 km SE Salvatierra), 1020 m, 6.V.1996

Guipüzcoa, btw. Arantzazu & Mt. Aitzgorri (SE Onati), 1150 m, 6.V.1996

Guipüzcoa, btw. Onati & Legazpia, 600 m, 7.V.1996

Guipüzcoa, btw. Vidania & Regil (NW Tolosa), 750 m, 7.V.1996

Vizcaya, E Pto. Urquiola, 650 m, 7.V.1996

Vizcaya, Mt. Sollube, 600 m, 7.V.1996

Älava, 3 km N Pto. de Orduna (S Amurrio), 600 m, 8.V.1996

Älava/ Burgos, Pto. de Orduna (S Amurrio), 900 m, 8.V.1996

Burgos, near Villaventin (ca. 20 km NE Medina de Pomar), 700 m, 8.V.1996

Cantabria, 3 km S Pto. del Asön (ca. 50 km SE Santander), 850 m, 8.V.1996

Burgos, near Espinos de los Montreros (ca. 70 km WSW Bilboa), 775 m, 9.V.1996

Burgos, 2 km SE Sancillo (ca. 75 km S Santander), 940 m, 9.V.1996

Burgos, 1 km W Cornudilla (18 km NW Briviesca), 670 m, 9.V.1996

Burgos, 3.5 km W Poza de la Sal (23 km NW Briviesca), 950 m, 9.V.1996

Burgos, btw. Masa & La Nuez de Arriba (ca. 34 km N Burgos), 1050 m, 9.V.1996

Burgos, 2 km NE Urbel del Castillo (40 km SE Aguilar d. C.), 950 m, 10.V.1996

Burgos, btw. La Riba d.V. & Humada (ca. 20 km SE Aguilar d. C.), 1000 m, 10.V.1996

Burgos, 2 km W Rebolledo de Traspena (SE Aguilar d. C.), 1000 m, 10.V.1996

Palencia, 12 km NW Villela (15 km S Aguilar d. C.), 950 m, 10.V.1996

Cantabria, Pto. Pozazal (12 km S Reinosa), 950 m, 10.V.1996

Cantabria, Monumento (7 km NW Pto. de Palombera, NW Reinosa), 800 m, 11.V.1996

Palencia, near San Cebriän de Buena Madre (20 km SE Fromista), 850 m, 11.V.1996

Palencia, btw. Duenas & Sta. Cecilia del Acor (SW Palencia), 850 m, 11.V.1996

Valladolid, 6 km NE Uruena (ca. 44 km NNW Valladolid), 850 m, 12.V.1996

Segovia, 1 km W Sepülveda, 1000 m, 12.V.1996

Segovia, btw. Navares d. 1. C. & Aldeanueva d.l.S. (S Aranda d.D.), 1150 m, 13.V.1996

Burgos, 3 km NE Oquillas (ca. 20 km N Aranda d.D.), 950 m, 13.V.1996

Burgos, 3.5 km S Tejada (W Sto. Domingo d. S.), 1075 m, 13.V.1996

Burgos, Pico de la Sierra (W Sto. Domingo d. S.), 1300 m, 13.V.1996

Burgos, btw. Carazo & Hacinas (E Sto. Domingo d. S.), 1050 m, 14.V.1996

Soria, 2 km N Pto. del Madero (btw. Soria & Tarazona), 1220 m, 14.V.1996

Soria, Sa. de Madera, Mt. Vaniegras (btw. Soria & Tarazona), 1400 m, 14.V.1996

Teruel, Sa. de Javalambre, near Torrijas, 1400-1500 m, 1.V1.1997

Teruel, Sa. de Javalambre, SE slope of Mt. Javalambre, 1900 m, 1.V1.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, below (S) Mt. Carbonera (SE Albarracin), 1300 m, 1.V1.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, Pto. de Valdecuenca, 1400-1450 m, 2.V1.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, btw. Calomarde & Frias de Albarracin, 1550 m, 2.V1.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, El Portillo (SW Guadalaviar), 1700 m, 2.V1.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, btw. El Portillo & Guadalaviar, 1500 m, 2.V1.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, 2 km E Orihuela del Tremedal, 1400 m, 2.V1.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, Pto. de Bronchales (NE Bronchales), 1500 m, 2.VI.1997

Teruel, Montes Universales, 2 km SW Tramacastilla, 1500 m, 2.V1.1997

Portugal (Po)

VON UPON H

Distr.

de Beja, Alentejo, 10 km SE Serpa, 100 m, 17.IV.1991

de Beja, Serra do Caldeiräo, Moimentos, ca. 500 m, 17.IV.1991

de Beja/Faro, Serra de Monchique, 5 km S Nave Redonda, 300 m, 17.IV.1991

de Faro, Serra de Monchique, Mt. Föia, 800 m, 18.1V.1991

de Beja, 3km N Santa Clara-a-Velha (Rio Mira), 100 m, 18.1V.1991

de Setubal, Serra de Grändola, ca. 13 km S Grändola, ca. 200 m, 18.1V.1991

de Setubal, Palma (16 km NW Alcäcer do Sal), 50 m, 19.1V.1991

de Lisboa, Serra de Sintra (W Lisboa), near Malveira de Cima, 200 m, 19.1V.1991

de Lisboa, Cheleiros (10 km S Mafra), 50 m, 19.1V.1991

de Lisboa, Serra do Montejunto, 2 km WSW Quartel, 500 m, 19./20.1V.1991

de Leiria, Serra dos Candeeiros, Bezerra (near Serro Ventoso), 400 m, 20.1V.1991

de Santar&m, 2 km NW Carregueiros (near Tomar), 150 m, 20.1V.1991

de Coimbra/Leiria, Serra da Lousä, btw. Espinhal & Campelo, 800 m, 21.1V.1991

de Leiria, Serra da Lousä, 10 km N Castanheira de P&ra, 800 m, 21.1V.1991

15 Distr. de Coimbra, 3 km N Mouronho (btw. Coimbra & Guarda), 300 m, 21.1V.1991

16 Distr. de Guarda, Serra da Estrela, Sabugueiro (10 km ESE Seia), 1000 m, 22.1V.1991

107 Distr. de Guarda, Serra da Estrela, 10 km S Sabugueiro (10 km ESE Seia), 1500 m, 22.1V.1991

18 Distr. de Castelo Branco, Serra da Estrela, Penhas da Saüde (10 km NW Covilhä), 1500 m, 22.IV.1991

22. Distr. de Braganga, Serra de Mogadouro, 1 km E Santiago (E Mogadouro), 750 m, 27.1V.1992

23 Distr. de Braganga, Serra de Bornes, Mt. Ladaino, 1050 m, 27.1V.1992

24 Distr. de Braganca, Serra de Nogueira, N slope of Mt. Nogueira, 1000-1300 m, 27./28.1V.1992

26 Distr. de Vila Real, btw. Argemil & Algeriz (ca. 35 km NE Vila Pouca d. A.), 700 m, 28.1V.1992

27. Distr. de Vila Real, Serra da Padrela, Mt. Padrela (15 km NE Vila Pouca d. A.), 1100-1147 m, 28.1V.1992

28 Distr. de Vila Real, Serra do Maräo (SW Vila Real), 2 km SE Soutelo, 700 m, 29.1V.1992

30 Distr. de Vila Real, 2 km S Alto de Veläo (ca. 20 km W Vila Real), 800 m, 29.1V.1992

33 Distr. de Vila Real, 7 km W Boticas (WSW Chaves), 1000 m, 29.1V.1992

34 Distr. de Vila Real, btw. Gralhos & Montalegre, WNW Chaves, ca. 1000 m, 29./30.1V.1992

35 Distr. de Vila Real, Serra do Larouco, btw. Pardornelos & Sendim, 1150 m, 30.1V.1992

36 Distr. de Braga, Serra do Geres, Portela de Leonte, 850 m, 30.1V.1992

37 Distr. de Viana de Castelo, Touvedo (4 km E Ponte da Barca), 150 m, 30.1V.1992

38 Distr. de Viana de Castelo, 4 km W Bico (4 km SE Paredes de Coura), 450 m, 1.V.1996

France (F)

43 Dept. Aude, Montagne de Tauch (near Tuchan), Tour de Geographes, 870-900 m, 8.1V.1995

43a Dept. Aude, Montagne de Tauch (near Tuchan), Tour de Geographes — Pech de Fraysse, 870-900 m, 20.V.

1996

69 Dept. Pyr&nees-Atlantiques, Col de Lecharria (ca. 20 km SSW Mauleon-Licharre), 800 m, 4.V.1996

70 Dept. Pyrenees-Atlantiques, Ahusquy (ca. 20 km ESE St.Jean-Pied-de-Port), 1000 m, 4.V.1996

73 _ Dept. Haute-Garonne, Col de Portet d’Aspet (28 km W St. Girons), 1000 m, 18.V.1996

74 Dept. Ariege, 1 km NW Col de la Core (btw. Seix & Castillon-en-Couserans), 1300 m, 18.V.1996

8 Dept. Aude, Mt. Milobre de Mossac (btw. Soulatge & Auriac), 850-900 m, 21.V.1996

Abbreviations

SEM scanning electron microscope

T6) (5th) abdominal tergite

pron. pronotum

meson. mesonotum

metan. metanotum

L larva(e)

Characteristics of the carpetana-group

Legs (Common characteristics of the genera Phyllodromica and Ectobius)

Front femur at anteroventral edge with 2-3 proximal, 2 distal spines, and tiny bristlelike spinules in

between (Type B2); middle and hind femora at the anteroventral edge with 1-3 spines in the middle

and 1 distal spine. Pulvilli on the four proximal tarsal segments of all legs; claws asymmetrical,

unspecialized; arolia well-developed.

Wings

Forewings strongly reduced, never surpassing the second abdominal segment; outer (anterior) border

more or less straight, inner (posterior) border strongly convex, wings, therefore, always broadest in the

middle or behind. Colouration: Forewings, except at the costal area, scattered with dark spots, at the

base fusing to a larger patch.

Male. Forewings variously long and broad, from scarcely longer than the mesonotum to reaching

up to the second abdominal segment; broadly to narrowly egg-shaped (obtuse pole posteriorly, at the

apex) (Fig. 12M) or reversely egg-shaped (obtuse pole anteriorly, at the base) (Fig. 54M), from medially

touching each other to widely separated. Hindwings in species with longer forewings developed as

short lobes of the length of the segment, but absent especially in species with shorter forewings.

Female. Forewings reversely egg-shaped or hatchet-shaped, scarcely longer than mesonotum,

widely separated. Hindwings absent.

Differences to other groups. Long-winged species: baetica-group with similarly coloured forewings,

but basal patch missing and wings truncate. Short-winged species: subaptera- and nana-group with

narrower wings having almost parallel borders, broadest near the base (Figs 7I-L); species of the panteli-

group and the north African Lobolampra species may have similar wing size and shape but are missing

the typical colouration pattern.

Male

Glandular structures: Tergites 7 and 8 each with a pair of glandular pits near the anterior border of

the segments, usually mostly hidden below the overlapping tergites of the preceding segments.

T7 typically with a pair of bowl-shaped pits (p in Fig. 9F) completely separated by a longitudinal

median ridge (mr in Fig. 9F). The anterior part of the ridge is often elevated to a noselike structure, the

anterior process (ap in Fig. 35F). Opposite the anterior process on the surface of the tergite behind the

pits there is a bipartite bristle field, the bristle tuft (bt in Fig. 9F), continuing on the posterior part of

the ridge up to the anterior process. The bristles of the tuft are specialized, being strongly broadened

and curved at the tip (Fig. 7F); in P. sacarraoi the bristle tuft is missing (Figs 27E,F). Among the species

there is much variability in the shape of the pits and associated structures: The anterior process may

be weakly set off from the ridge (P. moralesi, P. septentrionalis, sacarraoi-subgroup).The ridge can be

reduced (P. carpetana) or even missing (P. acarinata). The pits in their extent are seldom completely

visible in dorsal view, i.e. truly open bowl-shaped; they are often deepened anteriorly or medioante-

riorly beneath the anterior borders of the openings to variously extended pouches, in the slide

preparations appearing as dark areas (Figs 14G,H, 15C); in the sacarraoi-subgroup the pouches are

deepened further to large, saclike structures (Figs 26D,G). In some cases the pits are reduced to more

or less narrow transversal deepenings or furrows (P. sulcata [Figs 21D-F], P. lativittata, P. rhomboidea).

The bristle tuft is in some of the species (more derived species of the moralesi-subgroup) not on the

segment surface but as a whole invaginated, on the photographs recognizable by a broad dark lining

(Figs 14G, 15C, 18G) representing the steep walls of the invagination. In other cases the bristle tuft and

the adjacent surface is moulded to a longitudinal groove (Figs 44G-I, 50G,H, 51D,E) with the median

parts of the tuft on the bottom, the borders of the tuft running along the walls or borders of the groove.

In this case the bristle tuft is described as being “recessed“, for instance, into a mound.

The glandular pits of T8 occur in two different forms. In the moralesi- and sacarraoi-subgroup the

pits are well-developed, more or less open bowl-shaped (Fig. 9G). The posterior borders of the pits

follow a rather high elevation in the center of the segment; the posterior walls, therefore, are usually

higher and steeper than the anterior. The pits in T8 are - as in T7 - often deepened, though only to

rather shallow pouches, posteriorly or medioposteriorly beneath the posterior borders of the openings

(Figs 12H, 15D). The pits are separated by a median ridge; crest of the ridge often membraneous,

posteriorly more or less elevated and ending in a knoblike structure bearing short straight bristles, the

bristle knob (Figs 9G,H). In some species the bristles are mostly lost (P. javalambrensis [Figs 19G,H],

P. sulcata), in others the knob is reduced, incorporated into the ridge, the site of incorporation still

recognizable by the bristles (P. globososacculata [Figs 31G,H], P. porosa). In the barbata-subgroup the pits

are tiny and shallow, in several species obsolete or even completely missing (P. rhomboidea [Fig. 41H],

P. acarinata),; a clear median ridge is not developed; the “pits” are either separated by a very low

swelling or elevation (Fig. 43H) or they are united to a common depression (P. acuminata, P. lativittata

[Fig. 39H], P. barbata).

Membrane glands. Apart from the glandular pits on T7 and T8 there is another set of presumably

glandular structures: the intersegmental membranes of T4/5 and T5/6 near the lateral borders of the

segments show saclike invaginations, internally with alveolate cuticular structure (Figs 8E-H, 21E).

Similar structures may also be found in the preceding and following segments, but more weakly

expressed. Often two membrane sacs are developed in succession (Figs SE,G) on each side of the

intersegmental region. The size of the sacs varies considerably between species and segments. At the

position of the membrane glands the tergites usually show a - depending on the size of the gland -

more or less pronounced excavation (Fig. 49E), indicating that part of the tergite region has been

transformed to membrane glands.

Tergites 9 and 10 in the longitudinal midline elevated to a rooflike structure. Posterior lobe of T10

(behind insertion of cerci) either long (posterior border of T10 narrowly parabolic, Fig. 10F), of

intermediate length (posterior border broadly parabolic or semicircularly rounded, Fig. 22F), or short

(posterior border broadly rounded, Fig. 26F). In the descriptions only the shape of the posterior border

will be mentioned. In the figures these differences in the shape of T10 are not always obvious since

during mounting the terminalia may become dorsoventrally compressed. Left paraproct as in all

species of Phyllodromica and Ectobius with a short spiny process.

Subgenital plate (Fig. 20M). Posterior lobe (visible, more or less sclerotized part) rounded triangular,

slightly asymmetrical, with one (left) unspecialized, short stylus (s); anteriorly with two very long

apodemal processes (a) of unequal length.

Genitalia. Not much different from the usual Ectobiinae pattern except for a quite specialized hook in

some species. Left phallomere: with hook and spatular endophallic apodeme (e) (Fig. 20M), both

connected by muscles with and lying parallel to the longer left apodeme of the subgenital plate. Hook

(L3 according to McKittrick, 1964) with a long shaft (sh) bearing at its apical part a sclerotized

longitudinal trough measuring % or less of the length of the shaft (Fig. 8B); shaft apically tapering to

a short stalk (st) followed by an angularly bent claw (cl). - Sacarraoi-subgroup partly with aberrant hook

structures, the most extreme found in P. sacarraoi (Figs 28K, 57N): shaft with a spinelike process at the

apical end, stalk very long, widely curved, with a shovellike claw. - Right phallomere (Fig. 20M):

consisting of the cleft sclerite (cs) continuing into a rather weakly developed R3 apodeme. Between the

phallomeres with a well-developed helmet sclerite (h).

Female

Genitalia. Not much differing from the usual Ectobiinae pattern. Dorsal complex (Fig. 8I): Recently

Klass (1997) has reinvestigated the homologies of the sclerites and proposed a new terminology for

some of them. Laterodorsal sclerites of basivalvula (bd; McKittricks “anterior arms of first valvifer”)

slightly converging anteriorly but not fused, broader in the posterior, narrower in the anterior half;

accompanying lateroventral sclerites of basivalvula (bv; McKittricks “basivalvula”) anteriorly often

broadened, forming a laterally or ventrally open trough. Ventral complex (Fig. 8K): Laterosternal shelf

(l) with a rounded central part including the vestibular sclerite, and with two short posteriorly

diverging arms; between the arms the intersternal folds (i). Subgenital plate undivided, broadly

rounded, posteriorly with a tiny median emargination.

Ootheca short, smooth, without longitudinal ridges, rotated 90% prior to deposition as in all

Ectobiinae (keel at the right).

Colouration

Male: Mostly dark except for some whitish-transparent areas: margins around the pronotal disk,

lateral and posterior margins of meso- and metanotum (Fig. 17A), posterior part of lateral margins and

posterior margin of abdominal tergites and sternites (Figs 18B-E); transition zone between whitish

posterior margin and the dark anterior part of the tergites, especially in species with broader whitish

margins, with dispersed dark spots on a more yellowish ground colour (Figs 10B,C, 42B,C); tergites 9

and 10 in the middle usually with a whitish longitudinal stripe widening towards the the posterior

borders; tergites 7 and 8 usually further lightened (Figs 50D,E), sometimes for the most part lightly

coloured (Figs 54D,E). Head mostly dark; interocular space posteriorly in all species with a narrow

whitish transversal band, anteriorly in the moralesi- and sacarraoi-subgroup reddish, in the barbata-

subgroup as dark as the remaining parts of the head. In the following descriptions the larger anterior

part of the interocular space will be referred to just as “interocular space”. In some species of the first

two subgroups the reddish colour may be still more extended: up to the antennae or, in the extreme,

all over the face. Antenna dark, at the base yellowish. Legs mostly dark. Lateral borders and distal part

of coxa (inclusively part of the adjacent trochanter) whitish: in most species the whitish distal part of

the coxa comprises "4 or less of its length; in P. bolivariana and P. atlantica about the distal half of the

coxa is whitish (“coxa half dark half whitish”); in P. moralesi, P. septentrionalis, and P. fernandesiana the

extent of the whitish zone is variable and may also measure up to a half of the coxa length. Another

regularly lightened area is at the base of the tarsus; in lightly coloured species tibia and femur may also

be lightened to a various extent. Female: Usually lighter coloured and with lightened areas more

extended than in male. Dark central areas of meso- and metanotum in some species interrupted by

yellowish patches (Fig. 31D). Abdominal tergites in dark specimens/species mostly dark, with narrow

whitish margins (Fig. 16A). In lighter coloured specimens/species posterior part of the dark area

broken up into patches or spots on a yellowish ground colour, either only laterally (Fig. 50A) or over

the entire breadth of the tergite (Fig. 42A) (in the descriptions called “patchy zone”). Dark areas at five

positions of the segment often more extended (Fig. 10A) giving the abdomen - the dark basal part of

the respective tergite is usually covered by the lightly pigmented posterior part of the preceding tergite

- the appearance of being lightly coloured with five dark longitudinal stripes. Legs as in male, but more

often and to a larger extent lightened, sometimes completely yellowish. Cerci usually dark as in male,

in lighter pigmented species or specimens some intermediate segments dorsally lightened.

Disk of pronotum either semicircular (Fig. 35A) or with lateral extensions possibly reaching the

lateral borders of the pronotum (Fig. 37A). In some species the pronotum disk may occur in two colour

variations, either dark or red-orange (Figs 9A,C,D), as is also observed in other Ectobiinae (P. subaptera,

P. marginata).

Biology

The species of the carpetana-group are mainly found in montane regions. They usually prefer higher

altitudes but - especially those inhabitating localities near the western or northern Atlantic coast — can

also be found at lower altitudes (P. moralesi: 50 m; P. fernandesiana: 150 m). They seem to prefer grassy

localities but may also occur in other low vegetation and under leaf litter. The imagos appear in the

spring; the longer-living females may be found till September. The oothecae presumably need a winter

period for the larvae to hatch. The larvae mainly grow during the following vegetation period, winter

once more nearly full grown, and moult to imagos in the following spring.

Phylogenetic considerations

The carpetana-group belongs to those Ectobiinae having a helmet sclerite and a small unspecialized

stylus. Other members of this category are, among others, the sylvestris-group (Bohn 1989), the panteli-

group (Bohn 1993), and the brevipennis-group.

The closest relatives of the group are the subaptera-, the nana- (group of species not yet described,

occurring in and around the Pyrenees), and the panteli-group, which all together seem to form a

monophyletic category characterized by the possession of membrane glands in the intersegmental

areas especially of tergites 4/5 and 5/6 (Fig. 1, Table 1) [apomorphy 2].

The close relationship of carpetana-, nana-, and subaptera-group is based on three synapomorphies:

presence of glandular pits on tergites 7 and 8 (Figs 7A-D; in other species only on tergite 7) [8], the

shortened sclerotized trough in the shaft of the hook (in other species in full length of the shaft, Figs

8A-D) [9], and the modified bristles of the T7 glandular pit [4]. The modification mainly concerns the

upper part of the bristles being strongly broadened and curled, with an irregular tip (Figs 7F-H). The

plesiomorphic structure is undoubtedly a bristle with a long straight shaft and a curved apical part with

a conical tip which is found in the T7 glandular pits of many groups of the Ectobiinae (sylvestris-

[Fig. 7E], pallidus-, vittiventris-, brevipennis-group).

The closer relationship of the carpetana- and subaptera-group can be inferred from two common

features: the more pronounced specialization of the bristles (Figs 7F,G) [5] as compared to the nana-

group (Fig. 7H), and the concentration of the bristles at the posterior border of the glandular pit (Figs

7A, 9E) [6]. The more or less equal distribution of bristles over the bottom of the pit as found in the nana-

group (Fig. 7C) is undoubtedly the plesiomorphic state of this character.

The elucidation of the phylogenetic position of the panteli-group is impeded by the strong special-

izations found in the hook and the T7 glandular pit which do not allow a comparison with the other

groups. But the relatively long sclerotized trough in the shaft of the hook would argue for a position

basal to the three other groups.

The cladogram shown in Fig. 1 requires the assumption of a repeatedly independent reduction of

wings. Since several species of the carpetana-group still have rudimentary hindwings and relatively

long forewings, the disappearance of the hindwings and reduction of the forewings to squamiform

structures not surpassing the mesonotum [1] must have occurred in all groups independently, twice

even within the carpetana-group (not indicated in the cladogram). The extreme reduction found in the

nana- and subaptera-group (forewings very narrow, broadest at the base, Figs 7K,L), accordingly, should

Fig. 1. Cladogram showing the assumed relationships between the carpetana-group and related groups of the

Ectobiinae. The numbers represent apomorphic characters listed in Tab. 1; homoplasies marked with an asterisk.

Autapomorphies of the other groups not shown. The sylvestris-group only serves here as a representative of the

more basal groups; it is not necessarily the sister group of the other four groups.

also have been independent events (not indicated in the cladogram). The independent evolution of

similarly reduced wings does not seem to be extremely unlikely. Wing reduction obviously was a very

frequent event in cockroach evolution. Similar reduction stages can be found at virtually all taxonomic

levels.

A tentative cladogram of the species of the carpetana-group is shown in Fig. 2 (Table 2). It shows

a basal dichotomy separating the species having reddish interocular space [5] and a pair of well-

developed T8 glandular pits separated by a median ridge with a bristle knob [21] (moralesi- and

Tab. 1. List of characters used for the reconstruction of the cladogram of Fig. 1.

Characters No. Apomorphic state Plesiomorphic state

Wings:

forewings 1) widely separated, scarcely long- touching each other, at least

er than mesonotum reaching to 2. abdominal segment

hindwings absent present

Tergite structures:

membrane glands 2 present absent

T7 glandular pit:

median ridge 3 present absent

shape of bristles 4 modified not modified

5 - strongly modified moderately modified

distribution of bristles 6 bristles concentrated at posteri- distributed over the entire bot-

or border of pit tom of the pit

7 —- bristles united to a tuft two more or less separated por-

tions of bristles

T8 glandular pit 8 present absent

Genitalia, hook of left phallomere:

sclerotized trough of shaft 9 inthe apical % in full length of the shaft

1 The reduction of fore- and hindwings is considered here as one character.

1174

moralesi - subgroup

Q) Rn)

See &

Ex Ca

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& i

Es —& S E NG &

SER SS THES

Sa 30,4, K203 N SEED 7

10*

17,25

3*,4*,13*

5,21

sacarraoi - subgroup

barbata - subgroup

NZ NZ S RK

Nr ©” & & eo „

ESEL E Ve Sg _ 2

Es sg CR 8 Es & & g > 0

DS RS a I RS2 FE X

a ie ee SET ESESE

9,19“,

28,33 23*

20,34 + 2'8,18, 10* 12,

27,32,37 23

3° 29,31 6,22 3,4, +4 33 2.4"

A B

4",30,36 195

7,35 1

13*

Fig. 2. Cladogram of the species of the carpetana-group showing the assumed phylogenetic relationships. The

three main branches represent subgroups designated as moralesi-, sacarraoi-, and barbata-subgroup. The numbers

represent the main apomorphic characters listed in Table 2; homoplasies marked with an asterisk.

Tab. 2. List of male characters used for the reconstruction of the cladogram of the carpentana-group (Fig. 2);

apomorphies 5-8 are also valid for females.

Characters

Wings:

forewings?

hindwings 4

Colouration:

head, interocular space 5

pronotum disk 6

T7 glandular structures:

pits 7

No. Apomorphic state”

widely separated

— long, surpassing the metanotum

- of intermediate length

— short, not longer than mesonotum

not or not clearly set off

reddish

regularly with lateral extensions

with deep pouches

— pouches opening into a lowered atrium

Plesiomorphic state

touching each other

clearly set off

dark

not regularly with extensions”

open bowl-shaped

openings on segment surface

1 The further modification of a previous apomorphic state is indicated by a dash (apomorphies 7-9 etc.).

2 Apomorphies 1-3 represent the three most frequently observed reduction forms of the forewings; they do not

necessarily represent successive reduction steps.

3 In the apomorphic state the extensions are present in all individuals (males and females), in the plesiomorphic state

extensions may be present, but in the females only exceptionally (see remarks under P. acuminata).

Tab. 2. (continued).

Characters

median ridge 11

anterior process 13

bristle tuft 16

T8 glandular structures:

pits 21

median ridge 25

bristle knob 27

surface behind pits 29

No. Apomorphic state”

— pouches reduced to flat baglike struc-

tures

reduced to transversal furrows

strongly lowered behind anterior process”

- almost completely missing

very distinct

with transversal folds/furrows

— transversal furrows deepened to slits

invaginated

longitudinal ridge within the bristle tuft

complete bristle tuft on a broad bulge

forming a long band with parallel borders

absent

well-developed, with median ridge

forming a kidney shaped transversal trough

absent

margins with huge glandular pores

membranous crest regularly folded

— crest forming a torus with a posterior

extension

mainly sclerotized

lowered, almost incorporated into ridge

with median longitudinal elevation and

adjacent lateral depressions

Genitalia, hook of left phallomere:

shaft 30

stalk 33

hook 34

Other structures:

supraanal plate (T10) 35

sclerotized trough much shorter than % of

its length

spine or dent at apical end

curved

long, claw not reaching to spine (dent)

highly specialized”

short, posteriorly broadly rounded

apical sclerotization slightly reduced ®

— strongly reduced

Plesiomorphic state

not reduced

well-developed

not lowered

weakly set off

without

no slits

not invaginated

without

not so

present

shallow, no median ridge

not so

present

with small or no pores

not regularly folded

not forming a torus

membranous

strongly elevated

without elevations and depres-

sions

longer

without spine or dent

straight

short, claw reaching or sur-

passing the spine (dent)

not specialized in this way

long, less broadly rounded

not reduced

In P. bolivariana there is — due to the ascending anterior process — also a deep step between anterior process and the

Because of the absence of the median ridge pits of both sides combine to a common transversal furrow similar to

apomorphy 13, but differing by the stronger deepness of the furrow and the presence of a prominent anterior process

subgenital plate 36

median ridge behind, but the ridge itself is not lowered.

partly covering the furrow.

6 see discussion on p. 14, 3rd paragraph.

7 see discussion on p. 20, 4th paragraph.

8 see discussion on p. 20, 4th paragraph.

sacarraoi-subgroup) from those having a dark interocular space and, on T8, only rather obsolete

depressions (barbata-subgroup). Comparison with the outgroups indicates that the latter more likely

represents the plesiomorphic state: The species of the nana-group have very similar TS glandular pits

(Fig. 7D); in the subaptera-group these structures vary considerably, from well-developed to nearly

obsolete; but the median ridge — typical of the left branch - is never found. Other features of the

presumable stem species of the carpetana-group are: relatively long, rounded wings reaching at least

up to the posterior border of T2 and a pair of T7 glandular pits completely separated by a ridge

[3 in Table 1], posteriorly bearing the tuft [7 in Table 1], anteriorly with a little pronounced noselike

projection, the anterior process. The anterior process becomes more pronounced in the more derived

species of the moralesi- and barbata-subgroup [13].

The three main branches of the dendrogram represent three well-defined subgroups. A common

feature of the species of the moralesi-subgroup is the formation of transversal cuticular folds/furrows

on and above the anterior process of T7 glandular pit [14]. In the more derived species (P. laticarinata,

P. javalambrensis) the furrows are deepened to pronounced slits [15]. The close relationship of the five

terminal species is well-founded by a series of apomorphic characters: pronounced anterior process on

the median ridge of the T7 glandular pit [13]; invagination of the tuft area already indicated in

P. septentrionalis [16]; very short and narrow forewings [3], no hindwings [4]. Important steps in the

evolution of this group are: Development of a longitudinal ridge within the bristle tuft [17]; the

membraneous crest of the ridge separating the glandular pits of T8 becoming regularly folded [25] and

finally transforming to a round swelling (torus) [26]. In P. sulcata the glandular pits of T7 are reduced

to narrow transversal furrows [10].

Considering the great similarity between P. isolata and P. javalambrensis in the regular folding of the

membranous crest of the median ridge of T8 (Figs 15H, 19H) one might argue for a closer relationship

of the two species. But the great similarities of the T7 glandular pits between P. delospuertos and P. isolata

on the one hand, and between P. laticarinata and P. javalambrensis on the other hand (not contained in

Table 2) and the common possession of deep slits on the anterior process [15] in P. laticarinata and

P. javalambrensis but not in P. isolata clearly argue for the relationship shown in Fig. 2. The absence of

transversal slits in P. sulcata (not specified in Table 2) has to be seen in connection with the reduction

of the complete complex. The less regular arrangement of the folds in P. laticarinata (Fig. 17I) then

would be due to a secondary reduction possibly in connection with the broadening of the ridge. The

proposed phylogeny is additionally supported by the steady shortening of the anterior process at least

from P. isolata to P. javalambrensis (not specified in Table 2).

The species of the sacarraoi-subgroup are characterized by deep glandular pouches on T7 [7]

which, however, in one of the terminal species (P. porosa) are secondarily reduced to small and flat

baglike structures [9]. Another characteristic is the rather short and posteriorly broadly rounded (in

P. sacarraoi transversely cut) supraanal plate (T10) [35]. The hook, which in the species of the other

subgroups is almost invariable, shows various modifications useful for the reconstruction of the

phylogeny: shortening of the sclerotized trough of the shaft to less than half of its length [30],

development of a dental process at the apical end of the shaft [31], curvature of the shaft [32], elongation

of the stalk of the claw [33]. An extremely aberrant hook is found in P. sacarraoi [34] (see below).

Another structure variable within the subgroup is the length of the apical sclerotization of the subgen-

ital plate (Table 3). In the sequence of the assumed phylogeny the sclerotization is steadily reduced. For

the construction of the cladogram only the two steepest steps in the reduction series are considered as

apomorphies: 62% —> 56 % [36] and 53% > 48 % [37]. Other apomorphic characters of the more derived

species are sclerotization of the bristle knob [27], and finally its diminishment and disappearance [28].

Obviously, the hindwings were reduced very early in the evolution of the group [4]; forewings at least

twice independently reduced [2,3].

The position of P. sacarraoi as indicated in the cladogram seems to be contradictory to some of its

characters. The apparent discrepancies are due to its highly aberrant hook. P. sacarraoi should, for

example, have apomorphy [30], but the sclerotized trough of the hook measures about half of its length

(Fig. 57N). However, the strong narrowing of the shaft towards the base suggests a diminuation of the

Tab. 3. Length of apical sclerotization of the male subgenital plate in the sacarraoi-subgroup (compared with

P. moralesi), in % of total length; points of measurements see Fig. 24L.

N mean [%] + SD range [%]

. clavisacculata 8 62 + 1.4 61-65

P. tenebricosa 20 56 +3.1 51-61

P. sacarraoi 16 53 + 2.6 47-56

P. brevisacculata 10 48 + 2.5 44-51

P. globososacculata 16 46 +3 42-51

P. porosa 7 44 + 2.2 40-47

. moralesi 10 61 + 2.6 60-65

basal parts; the relative size of claw and trough is not different from that of P. tenebricosa (Fig. 261)

having apomorphy [30]. Whether the angle in the shaft is correlated with apomorphy [32, curvature

of the shaft] remains unclear. Apomorphy [33, elongation of the stalk] seems also to be realized in

P. sacarraoi and would suggest a possible positional exchange with P. brevisacculata. Similarities in the

shape of the median ridge with P. globososacculata would also point in this direction. But a series of

synapomorphies [8, 18, 27, 37] shared by P. brevisacculata and P. globososacculata, and partly also by

P. porosa, in my eyes argues for the relationships as shown in Fig. 2. The elongation of the stalk in

P. sacarraoi is thus considered as an independent development in connection with the strong transfor-

mation of the hook [34].

The close relationship of P. porosa with P. globososacculata is - apart from synapomorphies [28, 33]

- further supported by other features not contained in Table 2. The shape of the pits in T7 (flat pouches)

and T8 (very low pits) in P. porosa suggest that a dorsal-ventral flattening of the structures of the tergites

had occurred. The shape of the bristle tuft in P. porosa (longitudinal band) is quite unusual for the

subgroup, but can easily be deduced from a shape found in P. globososacculata when it is assumed that

the longitudinal bulge bearing the bristle tuft is strongly reduced in height (compare Figs 32H and

34G). The assumed flattening could also have caused the disappearance of the atrium in P. porosa (not

specified in Table 2). The two species also share the elevations between bristle tuft (or bulge with bristle

tuft) and the lateral borders of the pouch openings; however, this structure is not found in the southern

population of P. globososacculata (see there under remarks).

The species of the barbata-subgroup have, as a plesiomorphic feature, mostly obsolete glandular

pits on T8. While P. barbata has - a presumably plesiomorphic feature — long, broadly rounded

forewings nearly touching each other, in the other species distinctly shaped forewings have been

developed: The wings are long, passing beyond the metanotum, but narrow and well separated,

broadest near the middle [1]. Wings have been further reduced: only hindwings in P. crassirostris and

P. tenuirostris [4], both pairs of wings in P. carpetana and P. acarinata [3,4], and, to a lesser degree, in

P. fernandesiana [2,4]. The glandular structure of T7 originally (P. barbata, as presumably also in the stem

species of the whole carpetana-group) consists of a pair of bowl-shaped pits separated by a median

ridge. This shape is maintained with only little variation in all species of branch C; in the other branches

the median ridge [11,12] (branch B) or the pits including the ridge may be reduced [10] (branch A).

Reduction of the pits of T8 obviously has occurred several times independently (P. rhomboidea,

P. acarinata, P. tenuirostris) [23].

There is little doubt about the close relationship of the species within branch A or B, but the

proposed mutual relationships are less well-founded. The common feature in the T7 glandular pits [19]

is also found in a similar expression in P. porosa (sacarraoi-subgroup), a fact which may relativize the

value of this synapomorphy though I am quite certain that both structures are homoplasies (see p. 21,

2nd paragraph). The geographical distribution of the species of both branches - they are mainly

restricted to the central sierras of the Iberian peninsula (Figs 5,6) - also supports the proposed

relationships.

Macroscopically, P. carpetana and P. acarinata (branch B) are very similar to the species of the upper

branch of the moralesi-subgroup (P. delospuertos through P. sulcata). Similar colouration and wing

structures [3,4] make them nearly indistinguishable in the field (geographically they are separated).

They also share a distinct anterior process [13] neither found in the two basal species of the moralesi-

subgroup nor in the sacarraoi-subgroup. However, the species of the two groups show strong differ-

ences in the glandular structures of T8 [21] and in the colouration of the interocular space [5]; moreover,

the transversal furrows/folds on the anterior process [14] and the invagination of the bristle tuft [16]

are not found in the species of branch B. The assumption of an independent reduction of the wings

(s. above) and independent development of amore pronounced anterior process seems to be the more

likely hypothesis.

There is another similarity with species of the moralesi-subgroup: P. lativittata and P. rhomboidea

(branch A) have similarly reduced T7 glandular pits as P. sulcata [10]. But the strong differences

between the two groups just mentioned [5,21] and, in addition, the differences in the shape of the

pronotum disc [6] and in the wing structures [1] make a close relationship quite unlikely. Independent

reduction of the glandular pits of T7 in both groups is, in my eyes, the more parsimonious assumption.

The phylogeny of the species of branch C cannot be resolved satisfactorily. The species in various

combinations share certain features which, however, in no case can be convincingly used as synapo-

morphies for the establishment of sister-group relationships: 1. P. crassirostris and P. tenuirostris have

similarly reduced hindwings [4], a characteristic they also share with P. fernandesiana which, in

addition, has shortened forewings [2]; but wing reductions are susceptible to homoplasies. 2. There are

similarities between P. tenuirostris and P. bolivariana in the shape of T7 (posterior border strongly

concave) and the T7 glandular pits (narrow anterior process, relatively steep mound behind openings);

but the differences in the shape of the T7 gland within one species (P. fernandesiana) are nearly as great

as between the species. 3. P. bolivariana has in common with P. atlantica and P. fernandesiana a similarly

coloured coxa (half dark half whitish); but this feature is not realized in all individuals of P. fernande-

siana. 4. Finally P. atlantica and P. fernandesiana are similar in the light pigmentation of T7 and T8; but

P. barbata, the most basal species of the subgroup, may have similarly lightened tergites.

Geographical distribution

The four closely related groups of Phyllodromica shown in Fig. 1 seem to have evolved and radiated

within the Iberian peninsula: the carpetana-group is found only within the peninsula (s. below); the

nana-group is restricted to its northeastern corner; the panteli-group is distributed in the southern part

of the peninsula and in northern Morocco - in the latter region only with the more derived species;

subaptera is the only group with a wider distribution including most Mediterranean countries. But the

fact that males of this group are only found within the Iberian peninsula argues for an Iberian origin

of the subaptera-group, too, with a subsequent spreading of presumably parthenogenetic strain(s) over

the Mediterranean region.

For a possible candidate as the sister taxon of the whole complex one must look in the sylvestris-

group, of which four species inhabit mainly northern Spain: Ectobius lucidus, E. brunneri, Phyllodromica

pyrenaicus, and P. chopardi. Among these P. pyrenaicus seems to be the most likely candidate since it has

a similar T7 glandular pit as the species of the nana-group and at least slightly shortened wings. But

the lack of unique synapomorphic characters does not allow a clear decision at the moment.

The geographical distribution of the species of the carpetana-group (Figs 3-6) is in good agreement

with the proposed relationships (Fig. 2). Most species have a rather restricted distribution. The

obviously low mobility of the species is at least partly due to the inability to fly and the preference for

higher altitudes. As a consequence many species are still found near to their presumable sites of origin.

Thus, closely related species inhabit, in most cases, neighbouring regions. Under favorable conditions

it is even possible to project the cladogram upon the distribution map and follow spreading and

branching of the species.

The sacarraoi-subgroup, for example, as seen from the geographical distribution (Fig. 4), had its

origin in the western part of the Sierra Nevada and spread and radiated from there towards the east

and north. P. globososacculata, the only species of this subgroup with a wider distribution, presumably

originated in the area of the Sierra de Segura and then spread over the most part of northern Spain.

The congruence of phylogeny and geographical distribution is also quite obvious in the barbata-

subgroup despite considerable overlap between species (Figs 5, 6). The two main branches of this

subgroup are geographically separated, the left (branches A and B) being restricted to the central, the

right (branch C) to the northern sierras, while P. barbata, which is closest to the common stem species,

is found in both regions.

The distribution of the basal species of the moralesi-subgroup (Fig. 3) supposes an initial spreading

from south to north. The radiation of the terminal species finally took place within a rather small area

in the east, in the area SW of the Ebro Delta. The great distance of P. isolata from its next relatives

suggests that it has reached its present habitat passively by over-long-distance-dispersal, maybe by

birds.

So far, no species of the carpetana-group has been found in the southwestern corner of the peninsula

and in the region between the Pyrenees and the Ebro, up to its tributary Arga in the west (Fig. 3) inspite

of extensive collectings in both areas. Two smaller distributions gaps in montane regions - in Portugal

between the rivers Mondego and Douro and in northern Galicia — are most likely due to collecting gaps.

Two species have succeeded in colonizing the French Pyrenees and the Corbieres: P. bolivariana (Fig. 5),

presumably coming from the west, and P. isolata (Fig. 3, see preceding paragraph).

A further spreading of the group outside the Iberian peninsula does not seem to have occurred.

Among the museum material which I could study there were three specimens of supposedly North

Phyllodromica

eo septentrionalis

mo moralesi

* laticarinata

%* javalambrensis

AA sulcata

* isolata

BOOK AA

Fig. 3. Geographic distribution of the species of the moralesi-subgroup. In cases with two symbols for one

species, filled symbols: both sexes found, empty symbols: only female(s) found. At the lower right margin: the

cladogram for this subgroup. In the stippled areas so far no representatives of the carpetana-group had been

found.

Phyllodromica

eo globososacculata

AA Sacarraoi

* brevisacculata

%* porosa

=D tenebricosa

%* + clavisacculata

AuAxroO*

Fig. 4. Geographic distribution of the species of the sacarraoi-subgroup; stippled area enlarged at the left. Full

symbols: both sexes found, empty symbols: only female(s) found. At the lower right margin: the cladogram for

this subgroup.

Phyllodromica

=0 barbata

%* atlantica

%* _ crassirostris

v tenuirostris

AA acuminata

* rhomboidea

BAOX VvOo#

| pe me:

Fig. 5. Geographic distribution for part of the species of the barbata-subgroup. In cases with two symbols for one

species, full symbols: both sexes found, empty symbols: only female(s) found. At the lower right margin: the

cladogram for the subgroup with the species treated in this figure.

Phyllodromica

A fernandesiana

©Oo carpetana

* acarinata

Fig. 6. Geographic distribution for part of the species of the barbata-subgroup. In cases with two symbols for one

species, full symbols: both sexes found, empty symbols: only female(s) found. At the lower right margin: the

cladogram for the subgroup with the species treated in this figure.

African origin. The material from the museum in Madrid contained two females labelled with “Azrou?

Fez?”. Morales Agacino (1948) had already mentioned the two specimens which presumably belong to

P. sacarraoi. The third specimen, a male of P. fernandesiana from the museum in Paris, did not have any

locality label. It was hidden among material from Algeria determined as Hololampra algerica (Chopard).

The doubtful and incomplete labellings of the specimens in connection with the fact that I had

repeatedly collected cockroaches in North Africa and never found any representative of the carpetana-

group there makes a North African origin of the three specimens highly unlikely. The carpetana-group

is obviously endemic to the Iberian peninsula.

Key for the determination of the males of the carpetana-group

(Due to its variable wing length P. porosa appears twice in the key)

Forewings considerably longer than mesonotum, reaching or surpassing the posterior border of

hesmelanotum.(Bis: INA) hindwingsiset off arinot...ae ee en ee 2)

Forewings at the most reaching the middle of the metanotum (Fig. 25A); hindwings not set off (Fig.

EN LE N N En N A ee 14.

Hindwings clearly set off, incision at least up to the middle of the segment (Fig. 37B) ............... 6.

Hindwings not set off or only indicated by a shallow emargination at the posterior border of the

EIEFSHOLEEH SD. -2AB)i...eersne nase dessunkesenenenneesaskenentüneknneaetee ke rare ee ee RE, 9:

Posterior border of T10 (supraanal plate) transversely cut (Fig. 28F); T7 glandular pits with a pair

of deep pouches, bristle tuft missing (Fig. 28D); forewings nearly touching each other ...............

N ER e IRRE NEEER LO RR TREE ES RENNER NERKORRTH FERNER P. sacarraoi Fernandes

Posterior border of supraanal plate rounded (Fig. 34F); T7 glandular pit with very short or no

pouches, bristle tuft present; foreyrings widely: separated ..........:.........sugmsssessuensoansenensnnnesesnnnansnensenne 4.

Posterior borders of T6 and T7 nearly straight (Figs 34C,D); T7 glandular pits developed as short

flat pouches, tuft area extending far beyond opening (Fig. 34G); T8 strongly sculptured, with two

wellsleveloped glandular pits (Fig, SA ern. era nennen: P. porosa, spec. nov.

Posterior borders of T6 and T7 concave; T7 glandular pits open bowl-shaped, tuft area ending

shortly behind opening (Figs 48G, 50G); T8 scarcely sculptured, pits obsolete (Figs 48E, 50E) .....

Posterior borders of T6 and T7 strongly concave (Figs 50C,D), anterior process of T7 gland narrow

and long (Figs 50G,H); posterior border of the dark central marking of T7 in the middle transverse-

ly cut, laterally with posterior extensions (Fig. 50D) ...............eee P. tenuirostris, spec. nov.

Posterior border of T6 and T7 less strongly concave (Figs 48C,D), anterior process of T7 gland

broad and short (Figs 48G,H); dark central marking of T7 in the middle with a broad trigonal

Besp-norrexiensiom (bie ASlD) Ur on ee P. crassirostris, spec. NOV.

Forewings egg-shaped, broadest behind the middle, apex broadly rounded, nearly touching each

Bherionseparated (Fig SoB)e mn uns sa ar N. 41.

Forewings reversely egg-shaped, usually broadest in or near the middle, apex narrowly rounded,

BSH Separateel” (to. SSH rt A en EN NE 72

Disk of pronotum semicircular, without lateral extensions (Fig. 51A); distal % of coxa whitish ...

Eu RE ER a en herr ren ee 10.

Disk of pronotum posteriorly with lateral extensions possibly reaching the lateral border of the

Prenotumm(Bie37A); at most.distal.% of coxa whitsh re N 8.

Lateral extensions usually not reaching lateral borders of the pronotum (Fig. 41A); surface of T8

more or less smooth, without glandular pits (Fig. 41H)... P. rhomboidea, spec. nov.

14.

15.

18.

19!

Lateral extensions reaching lateral borders of pronotum; surface of T8 strongly sculptured,

anteriorly with a narrowly kidney-shaped transversal groove posteriorly followed by a rounded or

triariguları elevation.. 2... REN RE LEE NIOLRE 9.

Lateral extensions very broad (Figs 39A,C); T7 glandular pits reduced to a broad transversal

furrow (Figs 39E-G); elevation of T8 broadly rounded (Fig. 40H) ............... P. lativittata, spec. nov.

Lateral extensions less broad (Fig. 37A); T7 glandular pits well-developed (Fig. 37E); elevation of

18 .telangular. (Figs SEHR aeg one P. acuminata, spec. nov.

. Forewings very narrow (length/breadth 1.72-1.84), T8 anteriorly dark (Fig. 52E), behind pits of T7

with'a relatively steep Riound......u.a.ss00n0n0.010baunsuuagennnannann nennen ee P. bolivariana, spec. nov.

Forewings broader (length/breadth 1.55-1.67), T8 anteriorly lightly coloured (Figs 54E,H), behind

pits of T7/ with’ a flat mound.n..... et ne een res rehennsen P. atlantica, spec. nov.

. T7 glandular pits with deep pouches, openings occupying most of the tergite length (Fig. 24D);

posterior border of T6 strongly concave (Fig. 24C) „nennen P. clavisacculata, spec. nov.

T7 glandular pits without deep pouches, openings much smaller; posterior border of T6 less

strongly@eoneave 2.2.2.2. ine are 12,

. Posterior border of T10 broadly rounded (Fig. 36F), T8 with very shallow glandular pits (Fig. 35G),

mterocular space dal ren en ee ee P. barbata, spec. nov.

Posterior border of T10 narrowly parabolic (Fig. 10F), T8 with a pair of deep pits, separated by a

high ridge (Fig. 9G), interocular space reddish............a.uzu2u202u<nenreonunsnsnsnannne een ern 13.

. T7 glandular pits in outline semicircular, posterior borders quite distinct (Figs 9F,G); knob of T8

slandular‘pits at the level. ofithe-remaining erest ..... une ee ne P. moralesi Fernandes

T7 glandular pits without definable posterior border (Fig. 11E); knob of T8 glandular pits much

hisher, than remaining erest 2.2... si are ee P. septentrionalis, spec. nov.

Forewings relatively broad, distance between wings not larger than wing breadth (Figs 29A, 33C)

Geh a a ee nnd annn aha eh kan kenne ennenneh eh Sheet arnene den Anne ee ee 13:

Forewings narrow, distance between wings considerably larger than wing breadth (Figs 25A, 13A

AR nn ae ren ee 18

Distal % of coxae whitish (in most cases), T8 glandular pits obsolete, interocular space dark .......

IE REDE PERIEHELN USB. ERENCHNERTEERARRER. 1: DUEEEN REED SPLBEREC: INNERE P. fernandesiana, spec. nov.

At most distal %4 of coxae whitish, T8 glandular pits well-developed, interocular space reddish .

KO TRRE KERNE RL REEL HERE NER Er EL ee eeiehunicccc: 16.

. T7: posterior border nearly straight, glandular pits forming short pouches not surpassing the

anterior 'border.of the,serment (Big. SAD)... Aus nee P. porosa, spec. nov.

T7: posterior border strongly concave, glandular pits forming large pouches considerably surpass-

ing, the anterior border of'ihe' segment ..............2.0u.0...:.1.- Mo... 002000 gehn nee 17.

. Pouches not or only slightly widening beyond opening, shorter than length of tergite (Figs 30D,H)

RUCHENRRCR EESFERRNEEN TEEN AS O.CHL A HERE EHRE kencen P. brevisacculata, spec. nov.

Pouches strongly widening beyond opening, globular, at least of the length of the segment (Fig.

32). ee NE AN P. globososacculata, spec. nov.

T8 slandular.pits well-developed, interocular space reddish ............. use ee ee 20.

T8 glandular pits obsolete or missing, interocular space dark ............ueuseesenessuenenenenenenenenssenennnnnnenene 19:

Anterior process of T7 glandular pit sinusoid, gradually tapering towards the rounded tip (Figs

46D,F,G); T8: without pits (Fig. 46E) ........0 220.2 en ee P. acarinata, spec. nov.

Anterior process dentiform, with almost parallel borders (Figs 44D,G-I); T8 with shallow pits, at

least anterior borders clearly visible (igJA5H) m an en eeeere P. carpetana (Bolivar)

20. T7 gland with a pair of deep pouches extending far beyond anterior border of tergite (Fig. 26D)

ee ne 2, P. tenebricosa, spec. nov.

- T7 with no or only short pouches not extending beyond the anterior border of the tergite....... 21.

21. Anterior process and median ridge of T7 pit almost missing, pits reduced to narrow transversal

EEE Tr 15) re N RE LER EA RER NEL ENE PERLE LEER P. sulcata, spec. nov.

Ze mtenion process, median ridge and pits well-developed ..........z..z...u000s0eunssoenenensuenecennn a nngeresesuepen 22.

22. Median ridge nearly not extending behind anterior process, tuft area invaginated below surface,

Bosmkiseltiplaniei(Figs 14G N... cn za P. delospuertos, spec. nov.

- Median ridge continuing well behind anterior process and elevating the tuft area medially more or

SE Imle men (dire LOE) väter seceetcarsnunsannnenanasnegennsenznsenenssnnensgeeranenennnnedngmecne ent 23.

23. Tuft area much narrower than the laterally remaining parts of the pit openings (Fig. 15C); surface

behind openings elevated to a relatively high, broad mound modelling the pits to oblique broad

troughs opening in the lateroposterior edges (Figs 15E, 166)... P. isolata, spec. nov.

- Tuft area as broad as or broader than the laterally remaining parts of the pit openings (Fig. 18G);

surface behind openings nearly not elevated, gland openings directed posteriorly (Figs 17E, 19D)

ae ee SR ER NERR EI EL AEEEN ER RREEN EEE N... 24.

24. T7: ridge in tuft area low and broad (Fig. 19D), pits relatively shallow; T8: median ridge narrower,

crest forming a membraneous, posteriorly tapering torus regularly segmented by narrow slots,

Bertlesseedueedh(Bies/l IC HI). ee en eilt P. javalambrensis, spec. nov.

- T7: ridge in tuft area high and narrow (Fig. 18G), pits rather deep; T8: median ridge unusually

broad, crest membraneous, with widely separated transversal folds, at the posterior end with

Hamerousibristlesi (Kies: 17HL]) en neeensnensnesensesnesnusnsscnnnessssnennereenennennee P. laticarinata, spec. nov.

Description of species

1. Moralesi-subgroup

The species of this subgroup (P. moralesi, P. septentrionalis, P. delospuertos, P. isolata, P. laticarinata,

P. javalambrensis, P. sulcata) are characterized by the transversal folds/furrows above the anterior

process. Glandular pits of T8 well-developed, with median ridge and bristle knob; interocular space

reddish.

Phyllodromica moralesi Fernandes, 1962

Figs 3, 9A-H, 10A-P

Phyllodromica moralesi Fernandes, 1962: 207, figs 10 A,B; Princis 1965: 37, 45; 1971: 1106; Harz 1976: 297, figs

1027-1031.

Types. Holotype: d, Tapada de Mafra; allotype, ? and 4 paratypes, 233, 279, same data as holotype (Museu

Bocage, Lisboa); 13 paratype, Soure (Laboratörio de Biologia Florestal de Lisboa). All types destroyed by a fire.

Neotype, herewith designated, 3, Portugal, Distr. Lisboa, Cheleiros (10 km S Mafra), 50 m, 19.1V.1991, leg. Bohn

(on two slides, Po9/5).

Additional material. Portugal. Distr. Lisboa: Po 8, 9 (same data as neotype), 10. Distr. Leiria: Po 11. Distr.

Santarem: Po 12. Spain. Prov. Salamanca: Sp 170 (?), 171a, 172a, 174(a), 225. Prov. Salamanca/Cäceres: Sp 173a,

226. Prov. Cäceres: Sp 175 (?), 233. Prov. Cäceres/Avila: 176 (?). Prov. Segovia: Sp 439. Prov. Madrid: Sp 5a.

Prov. Toledo: Sp 295. Prov. Ciudad Real: Sp 11a, 290, 291, 294. Prov. Guadalajara: Sp 335. Prov. Cuenca: Sp 95 (2).

Description

Size. Portuguese specimens. Length of pronotum: d 1.86-2.05 (mean 1.98) mm, ® 2.11-2.37 (mean

2.23) mm; length of wings: d 2.08-2.53 (mean 2.31) mm. Spanish specimens. Length of pronotum: d

1.54-1.79 (mean 1.7) mm, $ 1.92-2.18 (mean 2.08) mm; length of wings: & 1.73-2.14 (mean 1.95) mm.

27.

Wings. Male: Forewings from touching each other to well separated, reaching or surpassing the

posterior border of the metanotum, egg-shaped, broadest behind the middle, apex broadly rounded.

Hindwings clearly set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, hatchet-shaped (Fig. 10P) or rounded

hatchet-shaped (Fig. 100). Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark (Fig. 9A) or orangish (Fig. 9C), semicircular or rounded

triangular, anteriorly often extending up to the anterior border of the pronotum, and interrupting there

the whitish transparent margin. In animals with orange disk central part of mesonotum also orange.

Tergites. Lightly coloured margins relatively broad. Head. Interocular space reddish. Legs. Whitish

distal zone of coxa may comprise nearly half of the coxa length. -— Female: Pronotum as in male;

individuals with reddish pronotum may also have a variously lightened meso- and metanotum, but

individuals with dark pronotum never with yellowish patches in the dark central area of meso- or

metanotum (compare with females of P. septentrionalis and of the sacarraoi-subgroup). Tergites. Patchy

zone broad, nearly as broad as the remaining dark anterior area. Head. Interocular space or complete

face reddish. Legs variously lightened, often almost completely vellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 more strongly, of T8 weakly

concave, of T10 convex, narrowly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 9E,F, 10D,H,I) open bowl-

shaped, in outline semicircular, anterior walls often deepened to shallow pouches (Fig. 10H); median

ridge well-developed, relatively narrow, anterior process not well set off, posterior part of ridge

broadening to a pyramidal structure bearing the very extended bristle tuft (Figs 10H,I); above (ante-

riorly) the ridge with weak transversal folds (arrow in Fig. 9F); segment surface behind the pit openings

with an extended and rather prominent dome-shaped elevation (Fig. 9E). Pits of T8 (Figs 9G,H, 10E,G)

open bowl-shaped, posterior walls deepened to shallow pouches; median ridge well-developed, crest

of ridge membraneous (Fig. 10G) posteriorly ending in a well-developed bristle knob (Fig. 9H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, with sclerotized trough along its apical %.

Remarks. The type material has been lost in 1979 by a fire in which the complete collection of the Museu

Bocage was destroyed. Since I could not find any other species of the carpetana-group in the further

surroundings of the locus typicus (Tapada de Mafra) — the next locality with other species is as far as

about 160 km away - I have no doubt about the correct designation of the neotype. The Portuguese

specimens differ in several aspects from those of central Spain: 1. They are considerably larger (see

size). 2. They have broader wings almost touching each other; the Spanish forms usually have well

separated wings. 3. Forms with reddish pronotum disk are mainly found among the Portuguese

populations; there was only one Spanish locality (Sp 225) near the Portuguese frontier containing one

female with orange pronotum.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 3). Dispersed in the central and western part of the Iberian peninsula,

at altitudes between 50 (Atlantic coast) and 1700 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. acuminata (Sp 171, 172, 174, 225): pronotum disk

with lateral extensions, interocular space dark; P. carpetana (Sp 5) and P. acarinata (Sp 295): Wings

narrower, interocular space dark; P. globososacculata (Sp 11, 335): indistinguishable except for individ-

uals which have a pair of light markings on the meso- or metanotum.

Phyllodromica septentrionalis, spec. nov.

Figs 3, 11A-H, 12A-N

Holotype: 3, Portugal, Distr. Coimbra/Leiria, Serra da Lousä, betw. Espinhal & Campelo, 800 m, 21.1V.1991, leg.

Bohn (on two slides, Po 13/3).

Additional material. Portugal. Distr. Braganga: Po 24 (2). Distr. Vila Real: Po 26. Distr. Guarda: 222, Guarda;

1?, Manteiga, Sa. Estrela, 5.V1.59, Morales (MNHNM); Po 16, 17. Distr. Coimbra: Po 15. Distr. Coimbra/Leiria:

Po 13 (same data as holotype). Distr. Leiria: Po 14. Spain. Prov. Orense: Sp 318. Prov. Leön: Sp 152 (2), 153, 159

(?), 320, 323. Prov. Salamanca/Cäceres: Sp 227. Prov. Palencia: Sp 133, 134. Prov. Valladolid: Sp 433. Prov.

Burgos: Sp 84a (?). Prov. Soria: Sp 330.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the more northern distribution of the species as compared to the

very similar species P. moralesi.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.6-1.86 (mean 1.76) mm, ? 1.92-2.24 (mean 2.12) mm; length of

forewings: ? 1.92-2.37 (mean 2.12) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings touching each other or nearly so, at least reaching or surpassing the

posterior border of the metanotum, egg-shaped, broadest behind the middle, apex broadly rounded.

Hindwings clearly set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, hatchet-shaped (Fig. 12N) or rounded

hatchet-shaped (Fig. 11D). Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark (Fig. 11A), sometimes orangish (Fig. 11C), semicircular;

whitish margin anteriorly often very narrow, but disk rarely reaching the anterior border of the

pronotum; in individuals with orangish disk central part of the mesonotum also of the same colour.

Head. Interocular space reddish. Legs. Whitish distal part of the coxa may comprise half of its length,

tibia and femur often variously lightened. Female: Pronotum as in male with dark or orangish disk.

Individuals with dark disk may have yellowish patches on meso- and metanotum (Fig. 11D), usually

close together and often near to or in connection with the light posterior border (compare with

P. globososacculata, Fig. 31D). Tergites. Patchy zone broad, nearly as broad as remaining anterior dark

area. Head. Interocular space or complete face reddish. Legs. Variously lightened, often nearly com-

pletely vellowish; but dorsal (anterior) edge of femora at least partly dark (difference to the otherwise

very similar P. moralesi and P. globososacculata).

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 strongly, of T8 weakly concave,

of T10 convex, narrowly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 11E,F, 12D,G) with ill-defined lateral and

posterior borders, rather shallow, with only weak pouches; median ridge broad, anterior process not

set off, above ridge (anteriorly) with weak tranversal folds (Fig. 11F); bristle tuft less extended than in

preceding species but still quite large, more or less invaginated, on top of an elevation which is not

much broader than the bristle tuft and which gradually slopes down towards the posterior border of

the segment (Fig. 11E). Glandular pits of T8 (Figs 11G,H, 12E,H) open bowl-shaped, separated by a

well-developed median ridge with membraneous crest (Fig. 12H); bristle knob highly elevated above

the crest (Fig. 11H); posterior walls of pits possibly deepened to very shallow pouches (arrow in

Fig. 12H). Elevation behind the pits tripartite by two shallow longitudinal depressions near the middle

(Fig. 11G).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, or nearly so, with sclerotized trough along

its apical %.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 3). Dispersed in the northern part of the Iberian peninsula, at altitudes

of 300-1500 m. The gap in the distribution between the rivers Mondego and Douro in Portugal is

presumably due to the absence of collecting data in this region.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. fernandesiana (Po 17, Sp 134, 153): coxa usually

half dark and half whitish, interocular space dark; P. acuminata (Sp 227): pronotum disk with lateral

extensions, interocular space dark; P. carpetana (Po 26, Sp 227): wings narrower, interocular space dark;

P. barbata (Sp 134): legs for the most part dark, interocular space dark; P. globososacculata (Sp 134, 330):

often not unambiguously distinguishable, more central position of yellow markings on meso- and

metanotum (if present), femora without dark dorsal edge.

Phyllodromica delospuertos, spec. nov.

Figs 3, 13A-H, 14A-O

Holotype: Ö, Spain, Prov. Tarragona, surr. of Los Puertos (ca. 20 km W Tortosa), 750-1400 m, 11.1V.1992, leg.

Bohn (on two slides, Sp 265/1).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Tarragona: Sp 265 (same data as type). Prov. Castellön: Sp 266, 365.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the distribution area, frequently in combination with the name

puertos — Puertos de Beseit, Los Puertos (locality and region).

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.76-1.86 (mean 1.78) mm, ? 1.92-2.11 (mean 2.02) mm; length of

wings: d 1.28-1.47 (mean 1.39) mm.

Wings. Both sexes. Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-

shaped, apex acutely (Fig. 140) or obtusely (Fig. 14N) rounded. Hindwings missing.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, lateroposterior edges sometimes with weak

lateral extensions. Tergites with relatively broad light posterior margins (as compared to the following

three species). Head. Interocular space reddish. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than % of

its length; often tibia and, sometimes, also distal part of femur slightly lightened. Female: Pronotum

as in male. Tergites very dark, patchy zone almost missing except possibly laterally. Head. Interocular

space, sometimes complete face, reddish. Legs often moderately lightened to a various extent. Wings

(both sexes) often with infuscated margins.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 strongly angularly, of T8 weakly

concave, of T10 convex, between narrowly and broadly parabolic (usually less broadly rounded than

appearing on Fig. 14F). Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 13D-F, 14D,G,H) forming rather deep posteriorly

diverging troughs (Figs 13D, 14G,H) medially ending at the median ridge in relatively deep pouches

(arrows in Figs 14G,H); between the troughs posteriorly with a rounded elevation bearing the bristle

tuft (Fig. 13E). Anterior process well set off (Figs 13E,F), completely covering the median ridge, in

dorsal view rounded triangular, along its posterior border with a sharp edge, surface above (anteriorly)

with a wide transversal depression with weak transversal furrows/folds. Bristle tuft behind the

median ridge deeply invaginated, narrow, much narrower than the remaining parts of the pit openings

on either side of the tuft. Glandular pits of TS (Figs 13G,H, 14E,I) open bowl-shaped, posterior walls

rarely deepened to very shallow pouches, median ridge with a crest consisting of an unregularly folded

membrane and ending posteriorly in a little prominent bristle knob (Fig. 13H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight or nearly so, with sclerotized trough along

its apical % (or slightly more).

Remarks. This and the following four species (P. isolata, P. laticarinata, P. javalambrensis, P. sulcata) are

very closely related. They are characterized by the narrow and short forewings being scarcely longer

than the mesonotum in both sexes; other species with similar wing size have very different T7

(sacarraoi-subgroup: P. tenebricosa) or T8 gland structure (barbata-subgroup: P. carpetana, P. acarinata). T7

glandular pits of males with a distinct anterior process (not found in P. moralesi and P. septentrionalis)

and a strongly invaginated bristle tuft (already indicated in P. septentrionalis). One may ask whether it

is justified to consider the five forms as different species. Their distribution - at least three of the forms

have a more or less extended distribution with only little variation in their structures — indicates that

the five forms should at least be treated as subspecies. Thus an eventually necessary change of the

status, from species to subspecies, would cause only relatively slight nomenclatory changes. Until

either asympatric occurrence of the species is observed or intermediate forms are found a final decision

about their state is impossible. I prefer to consider them preliminarily as different species.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 3). Found in the mountains west of the Ebro Delta: Puertos de Beseit

and the southern adjacent mountains, at altitudes of 750-1400 m.

Phyllodromica isolata, spec. nov.

Figs 3, 15A-I, 16A-N

Holotype: 3, France, Dept. Aude, Mt. Milobre de Mossac (btw. Soulatge & Auriac), 850-900 m, 21.V.1996, leg.

Bohn (on two slides, F 81/2).

Additional material. France. Dept. Aude: F 43(a), 81 (same data as holotype).

Etymology. The name of the species refers to its occurrence far from its next relatives.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.79-1.92 (mean 1.89) mm, 2 2.08-2.27 (mean 2.16) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.34-1.6 (mean 1.49) mm.

Wings. Both sexes. Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-

shaped, apex acutely or obtusely rounded. Hindwings missing.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, rounded trigonal, lateroposterior edges usually acutely

produced. Head. Interocular space reddish. Tergites. Lightly coloured posterior margins quite narrow.

Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than Y of its length, tibia rarely lightened. Female:

Pronotum. Disk similar as in male, but edges less pronounced, almost semicircular. Tergites. Lightly

coloured posterior margins very narrow, patchy zone except possibly laterally almost missing. Head

as in male. Legs. Dark as in males or, to a various extent, moderately lightened. Wings (both sexes)

often with infuscated margins.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 strongly angularly, of TS weakly

concave, of T10 convex, narrowly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 15C,E,F, 16D,G) very similar to

the preceding species forming broad oblique troughs, medioanteriorly ending in shallow pouches (Figs

15C, 16G), between the troughs posteriorly with a rounded elevation bearing the tuft area (Fig. 15E).

Anterior process with rounded edges, surface above (anteriorly) with a transversal depression with

weak transversal furrows/folds (Fig. 15F). Median ridge behind anterior process continuing into the

deeply invaginated tuft area leaving only laterally, along the border, unelevated narrow stripes (Figs

15C, 16G); ridge anteriorly narrower than posteriorly. Tuft area long and narrow, broadest posteriorly

and slightly narrowing anteriorly, at its broadest position much narrower than the width of the pit

openings on either side of the tuft area. Glandular pits of T8 (Figs 15 D,G-I, 16E,H) open bowl-shaped,

posterior walls deepened to very shallow pouches (Figs 15D, 16H), median ridge relatively narrow,

with a membraneous crest moulded in regular transversal folds, at the end with bristles (bristle knob)

(Figs 15H,)).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, with sclerotized trough in its apical %.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 3). Found at two neighbouring localities in the Corbieres, in southern

France near the Pyrenees, at altitudes of 850-900 m.

Phyllodromica laticarinata, spec. nov.

Figs 3, 17A-L 18A-O

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Teruel, Montes Universales, 5 km W Frias de Albarracin, 1600 m, 5.V1.1985, leg. Bohn

(on two slides, Sp 99/5).

Additional Material. Spain. Prov. Teruel: Sp 99 (same data as type) (a), 465, 468.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the unusually broad median ridge of the glandular pits of T8.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.6-1.82 (mean 1.69) mm, 2 1.86-2.14 (mean 2.02) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.25-1.44 (mean 1.32) mm.

Wings. Both sexes. Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-

shaped, apex acutely (Fig. 180) or obtusely rounded (Fig. 18N). Hindwings missing.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular (Fig. 17A) or -— when the posterior part is

slightly more extended - rounded triangular (Fig. 17B); the whitish-transparent margins often, espe-

cially near the lateroposterior edges, infuscated. Tergites. Lightly coloured posterior margins very

narrow. Head. Interocular space reddish. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than % of its

length, tibia rarely lightened. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites. Lightly coloured

posterior margins very narrow, patchy zone restricted to the lateral parts of the tergites. Head as in

male. Legs often moderately lightened to a various extent. Wings (both sexes) often with infuscated

margins.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 strongly angularly, of T8 weakly

concave, of T10 convex, semicircularly rounded (usually less broadly rounded than appearing on Fig.

18F). Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 17E-G, 18D,G). Central elevation behind openings very low (Fig. 17F),

posterior borders of pits, therefore, ill-defined; pits anteriorly with relatively deep pouches opening

posteriorly (Figs 17E, 18G). Anterior process short, in dorsal view broadly rounded, with a sharp-edged

posterior border, surface above (anteriorly) with transversal ridges and slits (arrow in Fig. 17G).

Median ridge posteriorly continuing into the invaginated tuft area and elevating it medially in full

length, anteriorly narrower than posteriorly (Fig. 18G). Tuft area broad, borders anteriorly diverging,

at its broadest part much broader than the width of the pit openings on either side of the tuft area.

Glandular pits of T8 (Figs 17H,1L, 18E,H,I) open bowl-shaped, posterior walls often deepened to shallow

pouches (Figs 18H,l), median ridge unusually broad, crest covered with a series of membraneous

transversal folds, posteriorly diminishing in size and at the end provided with bristles (bristle knob)

(Fig. 171).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, with sclerotized trough in its apical % (or

slightly more).

Geographical distribution (Fig. 3). Found at three neighbouring localities in the Montes Universales

in eastern central Spain, at altitudes of 1400-1600 m.

Phyllodromica javalambrensis, spec. nov.

Figs 3, 19A-H, 20A-O

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Teruel, Sa. de Javalambre, btw. Collado de El Gavilän & Mt. Javalambre, 1600 m,

13.IV.1992, leg. Bohn (on two slides, Sp 272/4).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Teruel: Sp 272 (same data as holotype), 461.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the type locality.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.54-1.66 (mean 1.61) mm, 2 1.82-1.92 (mean 1.87) mm (only two

specimens); length of forewings: d 1.15-1.38 (mean 1.29) mm.

Wings. Both sexes. Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than the mesonotum, reversely

egg-shaped, apex usually acutely rounded, sometimes obtuse or subtruncate. Hindwings missing.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Head. Interocular space reddish. Tergites.

Lightly coloured posterior margins relatively broad. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than

Ya of its length, tibia sometimes with lightened dorsal surface. Female: Pronotum and head as in male.

Tergites. Lightly coloured posterior margins rather narrow, patchy zone missing except possibly

laterally. Legs. Tibia and femur moderately lightened. Wings (both sexes) often with infuscated

margins.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 quite strongly angularly (usually

stronger concave than visible on Figs 20D,I), of T8 weakly concave, of T10 convex, broadly parabolic.

Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 19D-F, 20D,G,I) very similar to P. laticarinata but usually less deep; anterior

process still shorter (Figs 19E,F), posterior border with a sharp edge, surface above (anteriorly) with

strong transversal slits; median ridge quite low, of the same breadth throughout its length, especially

anteriorly sparsely covered with bristles (Figs 19D, 20G) (in the two preceding species broadening

towards posterior and densely covered with bristles). Glandular pits of T8 (Figs 19G,H, 20E,H) open

bowl-shaped, posterior walls deepened to very shallow pouches (Fig. 20H), median ridge with crest

consisting of a membraneous torus regularly segmented by narrow deepenings (Figs 19G,H); torus

broad anteriorly and strongly tapering towards posteriorly, last part protruding over the surface,

without bristles (or hidden beneath the posterior end of the torus as in the following species?).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, with sclerotized trough in its apical %.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 3). Found at two neighbouring localities in eastern Spain, in the Sierra

de Javalambre (NW of Valencia), at an altitude of 1600 m, preferrably under Juniperus.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. globososacculata (Sp 272): wings broader, legs

often nearly completely yellowish, meso- and metanotum sometimes with yellow markings.

Phyllodromica sulcata, spec. nov.

Figs 3, 21A-H, 22A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Castellön, btw. Cinctorres & Portell de Morella (SW Morella), 1200 m, 12.1V.1992, leg.

Bohn (on two slides, Sp 268/1).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Castellön: Sp 268 (same data as holotype). Prov. Teruel: Sp 269(a), 270, 368,

369, 370,:372.(2), 373, 373.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the shape of the glandular pits of T7.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.50-1.79 (mean 1.64) mm, ? 1.92-2.11 (mean 2.02) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.21-1.41 (mean 1.28) mm.

Wings. Both sexes. Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-

shaped, apex acutely or obtusely rounded. Hindwings missing.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, lateroposterior edges sometimes slightly

produced. Tergites. Lightly coloured posterior margins rather broad. Head. Interocular space reddish.

Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than % of its length, tibia often lightened. Female:

Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites. Lightly coloured posterior margins relatively narrow but

broadest among the last five species, patchy zone narrow in the middle, but relatively extended

laterally. Head as in male. Legs often moderately lightened to a various extent. Wings (both sexes) often

with infuscated margins.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 strongly angularly, of T8 weakly

concave, of T10 convex, between narrowly and broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 21D-F,

22D,G) reduced to narrow transversal furrows, median ridge and anterior process strongly reduced,

bristle tuft well-developed on a rather flat mound, invaginated as in the preceding species. Glandular

pits of T8 (Figs 21G,H, 22E,H) very similar to P. javalambrensis, open bowl-shaped, posterior walls rarely

deepened to very shallow pouches (Fig. 22H), median ridge with a crest consisting of a torus of

regularly folded membrane (Fig. 21H), torus with parallel borders, at the end protruding over the

surface, with some bristles beneath the posterior end.

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight or nearly so, with sclerotized trough in its apical

% (or more).

Geographical distribution (Fig. 3). Occurring in eastern Spain in the sierras between Teruel and

Morella: Sa. de Güdar and Sa. del Rayo, at altitudes of 1200-1600 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. globososacculata (Sp 368, 370, 372): see under

P. javalambrensis (p. 41).

2. Sacarraoi-subgroup

The species of this subgroup (P. clavisacculata, P. tenebricosa, P. sacarraoi, P. brevisacculata, P. globososac-

culata, P. porosa) are well-characterized by the structure of the glandular pits of T7 which are deepened

to large pouches (secondarily reduced in P. porosa). Glandular pits of T8 well-developed with median

ridge and bristle knob. T10 short, broadly rounded, giving the animals a rather stout appearance.

Interocular space reddish. Females often with yellow patches in the dark central areas of meso- and

metanotum.

Two structures which in the other subgroups are rather constant show considerable variation: the

hook (see p. 20, 4th paragraph) and the subgenital plate. In the latter case the length of the apical

sclerotization is to a various degree reduced (Table 3 and p. 20) presumably in connection with an

elongation and/or narrowing of the posterior lobe of the subgenital plate (compare Figs 24L and 32L).

Phyllodromica clavisacculata, spec. nov.

Figs 4, 23A-H, 24A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Solynieve (Sierra Nevada) - Pinos Genil, 1750 m, 14.V1.1984,

leg. Bohn (on two slides, Sp 66/5).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Granada: 19, Alfacar, Chicote! [MNNHM]; Sp 35 (?), 36(a), 66 (same data as

holotype), 67.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the club-shaped gland pouches of T7.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.66-1.82 (mean 1.74) mm, ? 1.98-2.18 (mean 2.03) mm; length of

wings: d 2.05-2.37 (mean 2.21) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings touching each other or nearly so (Fig. 23A, the wings of the holotype are

unusually narrow), reaching the middle of T2, broadly egg-shaped, broadest behind the middle, apex

broadly rounded. Hindwings well set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than

mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites. Lightly coloured posterior mar-

gins relatively broad, especially in T6. T7 with large light lateroposterior edges. Head. Interocular space

reddish. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than '4 of its length. Tibia sometimes, especially

on the dorsal side, lightened. Female: Pronotum as in male. Meso- and metanotum often with pairs of

yellowish patches (Figs 23C,D). Tergites. Patchy zone broad, nearly as broad as remaining dark anterior

area. Head as in male. Legs variously lightened, sometimes almost completely yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 deeply angularly concave, of T8 very

weakly concave, of T10 convex, broadly rounded. T6 rather long; anterior border with deep lateral

excavations, towards the middle forming pronounced edges. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 23E,F, 24D,G)

with wide openings leading into large club-shaped pouches surpassing the anterior border of the

segment at least by a segment length (Fig. 24D). Bristle tuft on the broad median ridge separating the

openings (Fig. 24G), no anterior process set off (Fig. 23F). Openings at the lateroposterior edges

continuing into rims running to the posterior border of the segment, area in between slightly elevated

(Fig. 23E). Pits of T8 (Figs 23G,H, 24E,H) open bowl-shaped, posterior borders more or less transversal,

regularly with shallow pouches (Fig. 24H); median ridge with a very prominent bristle knob, posteri-

orly set off from the ridge by lateral furrows with short bristles (Fig. 23H); crest of ridge membraneous

(Fig. 24H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough in the apical % of its

length.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 4). Restricted to a small area in the western part of the Sierra Nevada,

at altitudes of 1500-2000 m.

Phyllodromica tenebricosa, spec. nov.

Figs 4, 25A-L, 26A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Granada, Sierra Nevada, Loma del Riachuelo (N Mecina Bombarön), 2150-2600 m,

10.V1.1991, leg. Bohn (on two slides, Sp 247/2).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Granada: 19 (terminalia on slide Bo 162), 1?, Sierra Nevada, Puerto de la

Ragua, 1.Mateu-A.Cobos; 4? 2, Pto. Ragua, 2000 m, 12.V11.1903, Escalera; 2??, Sierra Nevada, Horcajo Trevelez,

15.-30.V1.1953, 1.Mateu-A.Cobos [MNNHM]; Sp 28(a), 32a,b, 33(a,b), 65 (2), 71 (2), 242, 245, 246, 247 (same data

as holotype), 249, 254. Prov. Almeria: Sp 24a, 191, 235, 237-241, 243, 244, 259.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the dark colouration (pronotum, wings) of the animals.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: 3 1.54-1.79 (mean 1.64) mm, 2 1.86-2.14 (mean 2.03) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.18-1.41 (mean 1.31) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings widely separated, slightly longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-shaped,

apex obtusely rounded, sometimes nearly truncate. Hindwings absent. Female: Forewings similar as

in males, usually more acutely rounded, scarcely longer than mesonotum. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular (Fig. 25C), whitish margins often infuscat-

ed, in the extreme reduced to narrow lines (Fig. 25A). Wings very dark: dark patches larger than

normal, margins infuscated. Tergites. Whitish margins often infuscated, T7 almost completely dark.

Head. Interocular space in most cases reddish, occasionally dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not

longer than % of its length, tibia rarely lightened. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, whitish

margins of pronotum usually not infuscated. Meso- and metanotum without light patches. Tergites.

Lightly coloured posterior margins narrow, patchy zone only laterally more extended. Head. Interoc-

ular space reddish. Legs. Variously, in most cases only moderately lightened, but sometimes nearly

yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately concave, of T8 very weakly

concave, of T10 convex, broadly rounded. Anterior borders of T6 with deep lateral excavations,

towards the middle forming pronounced edges (Fig. 26C). Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 25F,G, 26D,G)

similar to the preceding species, but openings further away from the posterior border of the segment

(Fig. 26G), with wide openings leading into large club-shaped (Fig. 26D,G) or globular pouches

(Fig. 25F) surpassing the anterior border of the segment by at least a segment length. Bristle tuft on the

broad median ridge separating the openings; anterior process not set off. Openings continuing at the

lateroposterior edges into rims running to the posterior border of the segment, area in between weakly

elevated (Fig. 25G). Pits of T$ (Figs 25H,l, 26E,H) open bowl-shaped, posterior borders strongly

converging towards the median ridge, regularly with shallow pouches (Fig. 26H). Median ridge with

a prominent bristle knob, as in the preceding species posteriorly set off from the ridge by lateral

furrows with short straight bristles (Fig. 25I). Crest of ridge (and knob) membraneous (Fig. 26H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, with sclerotized trough in its apical %.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 4). In the southeastern sierras of Spain: Sierra Nevada, Sa. de los

Filabres, S. de Gädor, and Sa. Alhamilla, at altitudes of 1200-2600 m.

Phyllodromica sacarraoi Fernandes, 1967

Figs 4, 27A-H, 28A-N, 57H-N

Phyllodromica sacarraoi Fernandes, 1967: 57, figs 1A, B; Harz 1976: 296, figs 881, 882, 908, 1018-1026.

Types. Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Jaen, Sa. de Cazorla, Pnte. las Herrerias, Mateu-Cobos coll. (terminalia on slide

Bo 161); allotype, ?, same data as holotype; paratype, 19, same data as holotype (not seen) [MNHNM].

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Jaen: Sp 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 (?), 73, 74, 263, 285, 287. Prov. Granada: Sp 261, 279.

222, Azrou? Fez? [MNHNM].

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.86-2.14 (mean 1.98) mm, ? 1.86-2.24 (mean 2.12) mm; length of

forewings: d 2.24-2.88 (mean 2.53) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings touching each other or nearly so, reaching the middle of T2, rounded

hatchet-shaped, broadest behind the middle. Hindwings not well set off, posterior border of metano-

tum only with shallow emarginations. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than

mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular or, more often, by lateral extensions round-

ed triangular or transversely rhomboidal, sometimes pronotum, except for a narrow whitish border,

completely dark. Head. Interocular space reddish. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than Y

of its length. Legs may be variously lightened. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, rarely with

weak lateral extensions. Mesonotum and metanotum often with yellowish patches (Fig. 27D), some-

times occupying most of the segment surface. Tergites. Patchy zone broad, nearly as broad as remain-

ing anterior dark area. Head. At least interocular space, often complete face reddish. Legs. Variously

lightened, often almost completely yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 very deeply angularly concave, of T8 very

weakly concave, of T10 truncate. T6 long; anterior borders with deep lateral excavations, towards the

middle forming rather pronounced edges; transversal ridge in the middle strongly curved anteriorly

(Fig. 57H) (a characteristic not found in any other species of the carpetana-group, Fig. 57B). - Glandular

pits of T7 (Figs 27E,F, 28D,G, 57I) deepened to large club-shaped pouches which are at least reaching

the length of the segment (Figs 28D,G, 571). Bristle tuft missing (Fig. 27F), behind the median ridge with

a longitudinal elevation flanked by shallow depressions, in the middle of the elevation often with a

longitudinal furrow. Segment surface behind the openings slightly elevated laterally followed by a

variously extended longitudinal depression (Fig. 27E). Pits of T8 (Fig 27G,H, 28E,H,L, 57K,L). Bottom

of pits rather small and shallow, without pouches, in outline rounded or square (Figs 27, 28EN, 575)

in the lateroposterior edges elongated into troughs ascending towards the segment surface and ending

at posteriorly curved transversal mounds (Fig. 27H). Median ridge low and broad; anterior part higher,

about at the height of the anterior borders of the pits, and posteriorly ending with an often very slightly

elevated bristle knob (arrow in Fig. 27H); posterior half of ridge very low. Highest point of the segment

some distance behind the posterior border of the pits, surface from here descending towards the pits,

in the middle - in continuation of the median ridge - with a low longitudinal elevation, on both sides

flanked by depressions often provided with low transversal folds (Fig. 27H). Crest of bristle knob and

of median ridge anterior to it membraneous (Figs 28H,l).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft angularly bent, tapering towards the base (Fig. 57N)

with sclerotized trough in about its apical %, apically with an erect spike; neck of claw extremely long

and curved, claw broadened, shovel-like.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 4). Occurring in the sierras north of the Sierra Nevada: Sa. de Alta

Coloma, Sa. Almaden, Sa. de Cazorla, and S. de Segura, at altitudes of 700-1700 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. globososacculata (Sp 263) and P. brevisacculata

(Sp 279): The females are virtually indistinguishable.

Phyllodromica brevisacculata, spec. nov.

Figs 4, 29A-H, 30A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Granada, Sa. de la Sagra, Collado Blanco, 1650 m, 16.V1.1991, leg. Bohn (on two slides,

Sp 260/8).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Murcia: Sp 278. Prov. Granada: Sp 202, 260 (same data as holotype), 279.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the comparatively small size of the glandular pouches of T7.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.54-1.76 (mean 1.68) mm, ? 1.92-2.14 (mean 2.03) mm; length of

forewings: 3 1.41-1.86 (mean 1.65) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated (slightly less than wing breadth), reaching approximately

the middle of the metanotum, rounded hachet-shaped to broadly egg-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, (rounded) hatchet-shaped.

Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular (Fig. 29A), rarely — by lateral extensions —

elliptical (Fig. 29C). Tergites. Whitish margins relatively broad. Head. Interocular space, often complete

face reddish. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than " of its length. Legs often variously

lightened, sometimes nearly completely yellowish. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, rarely

with weak lateral extensions (Fig. 29D). Meso- and especially metanotum often with pairs of yellowish

patches. Tergites. Patchy zone usually broad, nearly as broad as remaining anterior dark area. Head

as in male. Legs variously lightened, often almost completely yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately concave, of T8 nearly straight,

of T10 convex, broadly rounded. Lateral excavations at the anterior border of T6 moderately deep,

towards the middle with or without (Fig. 30C) pronounced edges. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 29E,F,

30D,H) deepened to thimble-shaped pouches of less than segment length, scarcely broadening beyond

openings (Figs 29E, 30D,H). Pouches not opening on the surface of the segment but into a lowered

atrium (Fig. 29F). Median ridge integrated into a large longitudinal elevation (bulge) on the floor of the

atrium; bulge broadly conical, tapering towards posterior, almost completely covered by the bristle

tuft, at its broadest part about as broad as the pit opening (Figs 29E, 30H). Segment surface behind the

atrium slightly elevated, laterally on each side bordered by a depression leading at the lateroposterior

edges down to the atrium (Fig. 29F). Pits of T8 (Figs 29G,H, 30E,G) open bowl-shaped; posterior walls

regularly deepened to shallow pouches (Fig. 30G), posterior borders transversal. Median ridge bearing

a prominent bristle knob (higher than in P. sacarraoi), bristle knob usually fully sclerotized, crest of

ridge anteriorly to the knob membraneous. Behind pits with a towards the pits descending surface

having a longitudinal median elevation, on both sides flanked by depressions (not well seen in Fig.

29G).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft slightly curved, sclerotized trough only in the apical

's or less, at the apical end of the shaft with a strong dent; stalk of the same length as the claw, claw

reaching up to the dent.

Geographical distribution. (Fig. 4) The species is found in the mountains east of the Sa. de Segura: Sa.

de la Sagra and Sa. de Taibilla, at altitudes of 1300-1650 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. sacarraoi (Sp 279): The females cannot be

distinguished.

Phyllodromica globososacculata, spec. nov.

Figs 4, 31 A-H, 32A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Cuenca, Sa. de Mira, Mt. Rebollo, 1250 m, 13.1V.1992, leg. Bohn (on two slides, Sp

274/1).

Additional material. Portugal. Distr. Braganca: Po 23 (2). Spain. Prov. Leön: Sp 154, 158, 319. Prov. Leön/

Palencia: Sp 131. Prov. Palencia: Sp 123, 134, 431, 432. Prov. Burgos: Sp 84 (a), 135, 414, 423, 440, 441, 442. Prov.

Segovia: Sp 437. Prov. Madrid: Sp 88. Prov. Toledo: Sp 296, 297. Prov. Ciudad Real: Sp 11. Prov. Jaen: Sp 263.

Prov. Logrono/Burgos: Sp 83. Prov. Soria: Sp 4 (2), 330, 331, 444. Prov. Segovia/Guadalajara: Sp 185. Prov.

Guadalajara: Sp 332, 333. Prov. Cuenca: Sp 96, 97, 98, 274 (same data as holotype). Prov. Albacete: Sp 12(a), 13(a),

14a, 264. Prov. Zaragoza: Sp 379. Prov. Teruel: Sp 99a, 100, 272, 368 (2), 370, 372, 374, 377, 378, 460, 464, 465, 466,

467, 468, 469, 470 (2), 471 (2). Prov. Cantabria: Sp 429.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the globular shape of the glandular pouches of T7.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.70-1.98 (mean 1.88) mm, 2 2.18-2.37 (mean 2.21) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.54-2.02 (mean 1.78) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated by about the breadth of the wings, approximately reaching

the middle of the metanotum, rounded hatchet-shaped. Hindwings absent. Female: Forewings widely

separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped to reversely egg-shaped (Fig.

30N). Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular or, quite often by lateral extensions, trans-

versely elliptical. Head. Interocular space reddish. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than "4

of its length, distal parts sometimes variously lightened. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular,

rarely with weak lateral extensions. Meso- and metanotum often with yellowish pairs of patches.

Tergites. Patchy zone broad, nearly as broad as remaining anterior dark area. Head. Interocular space

or complete face reddish. Legs. Variously lightened, often almost completely yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 strongly, of T8 weakly concave,

of T10 convex, broadly rounded. Lateral excavations on the anterior border of T6 relatively shallow,

but with prominent edges towards medial. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 31E,F, 32D,H) deepened to large

globular pouches of at least segment length, as in the preceding species opening into a lowered atrium

(Fig. 31E); longitudinal bulge bearing the bristle tuft much smaller than in P. brevisacculata, very weakly

conical or oval, at its broadest part not broader than half of the pit opening (Fig. 32H); bottom of atrium

between the bulge and the lateral borders of the pouch openings elevated to a low mound of irregular

shape. Segment surface behind atrium slightly elevated. Pits of T8 (Figs 31G,H, 32 E,G) quite variable,

in outline circular or oval, rounded square or rounded rectangular; posterior walls regularly deepened

to shallow pouches (Fig. 32G). Median ridge similar as in P. sacarraoi, anterior half higher than posterior

half, bristle knob very low, almost integrated into the completely sclerotized ridge (arrow in Fig. 31H).

Behind pits with a surface descending towards the pits, having a median longitudinal elevation, on

both sides flanked by depressions (Fig. 31G). Anterior and lateral borders of the pits often with

numerous small glandular pores (Figs 31H, 32G).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft curved, with sclerotisized trough only in its apical

Y, apically with a sharp dentlike edge; stalk long and slender, claw not reaching the dental edge.

Remarks. The species shows considerable variation in the structures of the glandular pits of T7 and T8,

which is at least partly correlated with its distribution. The southern population (south of the 39th

parallel) - separated by a larger gap from the northern population — deviates from the typical form

especially by its T8 glandular pits having no posterior pouches and nearly no glandular pores; in T7

the elevations on the bottom of the atrium are missing. Since I am not sure that there is really a gap

in the distribution I hesitate to consider it as a separate subspecies.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 4). P. globososacculata is one of the most widely distributed species of

the carpetana-group occurring from the Sa. de Cazorla in the south up to the Picos de Europa in the

north, at altitudes of 500-1700 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. fernandesiana (Sp 82, 83, 123, 132, 154): coxa

usually half dark half whitish, interocular space dark; P. carpetana (Sp 297, 322) and P. acarinata (Sp 185):

wings narrower, legs for the most part dark; interocular space dark; P. javalambrensis (Sp 272) and

P. sulcata (Sp 370): wings narrower, legs for the most part dark; P. septentrionalis (Sp 134): dorsal edges

of femora at least partly dark; P. barbata (Sp 123, 131, 134, 158): interocular space dark, legs for the most

part dark; P. sacarraoi (Sp 263) and P. moralesi (Sp 11, 335): females not distinguishable.

Phyllodromica porosa, spec. nov.

Figs 4, 33A-H, 34A-O

Holotype: 3, Spain, Pov. Granada/ Almeria, Sa. de Lucar, btw. Oria & Cuüllar Baza, 1200 m, 16.1V.1992, leg. Bohn

(on two slides, Sp 283/2).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Granada/ Almeria: Sp 283 (same data as holotype). Prov. Almeria: Sp 280,

282.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the large and numerous glandular pores found on T8.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.63-1.92 (mean 1.80) mm, ? 1.98-2.18 (mean 2.04) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.6-2.11 (mean 1.84) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings. Size and shape variable, well separated, mostly by less, sometimes by

more than wingbreadth, length from slightly longer than mesonotum up to nearly reaching the

posterior border of the metanotum, egg-shaped, broadest behind the middle. Hindwings absent.

Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than the mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped

(Fig. 34N) or obliquely so (Fig. 340).

Colouration. Male: Rather dark. Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, variously extended (Figs.

33A,C), in the extreme the whitish margins reduced to narrow lines. Wings rather dark: Dark patches

larger and more numerous than usual, margins often infuscated. Tergites. Whitish margins usually

very narrow. Head. Interocular space reddish. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than % of

its length, tibia may be lightened. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, with broad whitish

borders. Metanotum often with yellowish patches. Tergites. Patchy zone broad, nearly as broad as

remaining anterior dark area. Head. Interocular space, or complete face reddish. Legs. Variously

lightened, often almost completely yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 very weakly concave, of T7 and T8 nearly straight,

of T10 convex, broadly rounded or subtruncate. T6 very long, anterior border laterally only shallowly

excavated. Surface of T7 and TS flatter, less vaulted than in the other species of the subgroup. Glandular

pits of T7 (Figs 33E,F, 34D,G) anteriorly deepened to very flat (dorsoventrally compressed) and short,

in outline rounded bag-shaped pouches (Fig 34G) with narrow, crescent-shaped openings; median

ridge almost absent, bristle tuft on a very slight elevation forming a longitudinal band behind the

median ridge (Fig. 33F); surface between bristle tuft and the lateral borders of the pouch openings

nearly in full breadth elevated to a very low mound. Posterior half of the segment covered by numerous

transversal folds (Fig. 33E). Pits of T8 (Figs 33G,H, 34E,H) very shallow, triangular, anteriorly and

laterally bordered by broad margins perforated by numerous large glandular pores (Figs 33H, 34H);

anterior part of ridge and bristle knob (arrow in Fig. 33H) integrated into the median part of the anterior

margin of the pits; median ridge behind the knob very shallow, almost obsolete, behind pits continuing

into a low but clearly set off longitudinal elevation, on each side flanked by an extended but very

shallow depression with numerous transversal folds (Figs 33G,H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft curved, with sclerotized trough in its apical 13-"%,

apically with a knoblike protrusion bearing a small apically directed denticle; stalk long but thick, claw

not reaching to denticle.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 4). The species is found in the mountains north of the Sierra de los

Filabres: Sa. de Maria and Sa. de Lucar, at altitudes of 1200-1400 m.

3. Barbata-subgroup

The species of the barbata-subgroup (P. barbata, P. acuminata, P. lativittata, P. rhomboidea, P. carpetana,

P. acarinata, P. crassirostris, P. tenuirostris, P. bolivariana, P. atlantica, P. fernandesiana) are characterized

by the T8 glandular pits being very shallow and having no median ridge or being completely absent.

Interocular space dark.

Phyllodromica barbata, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 35A-H, 36A-M

Holotype: 3, Prov. Leön/Palencia, Alto de las Portillas (6 km N Guardo), 1250 m, 27.V.1987, leg. Bohn (on two

slides, Sp 131/4).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Leön: Sp 153 (?), 158. Prov. Leön/Cantabria: Sp 129. Prov. Leon/Palencia:

Sp 131 (same data as holotype). Prov. Palencia: Sp 123, 134. Prov. Burgos: Sp 424, 427. Prov. Avila: Sp 177.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the very extended bristle tuft of T7, appearing on REM

photographs like a beard.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.66-1.86 (mean 1.75) mm, 2 1.92-2.05 (mean 1.98) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.92-2.43 (mean 2.26) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings touching each other or nearly so, reaching up to the posterior border of

the second abdominal tergite, broadly egg-shaped, broadest behind the middle, apex broadly rounded.

Hindwings well set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, round-

ed hatchet-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. T1-6 with relatively narrow lightly col-

oured borders, T7,8 variously lightened, sometimes for the most part lightly coloured, T7 at least

around pits with dark markings. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal part of coxa not

longer than "4 of its length, tibia rarely lightened. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Meso-

and metanotum without yellowish patches. Tergites. Lightly coloured posterior margins narrow,

patchy zone almost missing except possibly laterally. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Variously,

but only moderately lightened.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately concave, of T8 weakly concave,

of T10 convex, semicircularly rounded. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 35D-F, 36D,G) rather small, open

bowl-shaped, in outline semicircular, sometimes with very shallow pouches anteriorly or posteriorly;

median ridge very broad, with well-developed anterior process. Behind the openings with a well

demarcated oval transversal elevation not reaching the posterior border of the segment (Figs 35E,F).

Bristle tuft large, for the most part lying on the elevation behind the anterior process (Figs 35D, 36G).

Pits of T8 obsolete, usually forming together a very shallow bipartite depression (Figs 35G,H); T8 (Fig.

36E) otherwise unsculptured.

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, with sclerotized trough along its apical %.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Occurring in and south of the Picos de Europa (between 3°40' and

6°W) and - at one locality - in the Sierra de Gredos, at altitudes of 850-1700 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. fernandesiana (Sp 123, 129, 131, 134, 424): coxa

usually half dark half whitish; P. globososacculata (Sp 123, 131, 134, 442) and P. septentrionalis (Sp 134):

legs often for most part yellowish, interocular space reddish.

Phyllodromica acuminata, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 37A-H, 38A-P

Holotype: d, Spain, Prov. Salamanca, Sa. de la Pena de Francia, Pena de Francia, 1400-1700 m, 26.1V.1992, leg.

Bohn (on two slides, 171a/2).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Salamanca: Sp 171(a, same data as holotype), 172(a), 174a, 225.

Prov.Salamanca/Cäceres: Sp 227. Prov. Cäceres: Sp 175(a). Prov. Cäceres/Avila: Sp 176(a). Prov. Avila: Sp 178,

179 (2), 181(a). Prov. Madrid: Sp 87.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the shape of the elevation behind the glandular groove of T8.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.70-1.92 (mean 1.82) mm, 2 2.08-2.24 (mean 2.14) mm; forewings of

d: length 2.08-2.37 (mean 2.19) mm, length/breadth: 1.35-1.61 (mean 1.5) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated, approximately reaching the middle of T2, at least surpass-

ing the metanotum, reversely egg-shaped, apex acute-angularly rounded, broadest approximately in

the middle. Hindwings well set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesono-

tum, reversely broadly egg-shaped to rounded hatchet-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, broadly triangular or rhomboid by lateral extensions

mostly reaching the lateral borders of the pronotum. Tergites. Whitish margins of T1-6 moderately

broad. T7 usually with extended lightenings in the lateroposterior edges, the dark central marking

behind pits with a posterior extension nearly reaching the posterior border of the segment. T8 mostly

dark, triangular elevation yellowish. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa

not longer than 4 of its length, dorsal half of tibia usually lightened. Female: Pronotum. Disk dark (Fig.

37C) or (rarely) reddish (Fig. 37D), broadly rounded triangular or rhomboid, lateral extensions slightly

less extended than in male. Tergites. Patchy zone broad, as broad as the remaining dark anterior area.

Interocular space dark. Legs. Variously, but only moderately lightened.

Male tergite structure. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 deeply concave, of T8 weakly

concave, and of T10 convex, broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 37E,F, 38D,G) open bow]-

shaped, in outline semicircular or triangular, with ill-defined lateral borders, separated by a relatively

narrow median ridge and a much broader prominent conical anterior process (Figs 37E,F). Bristle tuft

forming a relatively narrow band (Fig. 38G) running from the ridge up to a mound, arising behind the

pits and sloping down towards lateroposterior edges of the openings and towards the posterior border

of the segment (Fig. 37E). Pits of T8 (Figs 37G,H, 38E,H-K) together forming a kidney- or crescent-

shaped, moderately deep trough (Figs 37G,H); in the posterior excavation with a, in outline, rectangu-

lar to acuteangular elevation (Figs 38H-K).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, with sclerotized trough in its apical %.

Remarks. This and the following two species (P. lativittata and P. rhomboidea) are without doubt very

closely related. A common feature is the characteristic colouration pattern of the pronotum which is

found in all individuals (males and females) of the three species. (Lateral extensions of the pronotum

disk may also be observed in the males of P. sacarraoi and P. brevisacculata [quite frequently], and in

P. globososacculata [occasionally], but the females of the three species only occasionally have lateral

extensions). Another common characteristic is the colouration of T7 with a dark central marking

reaching up to the posterior border of the segment. P. acuminata and P. lativittata show great similarities

in the unique pit structures of T8, while in the pit structures of T7 the greater similarity is between

P. lativittata and P. rhomboidea.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Occurring in the central sierras of Spain: Sa. de Gata, Sa. de la Pena

de Francia, Sa. de Gredos, Sa. de Guadarrama, at altitudes of 900-1700 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. moralesi (Sp 171, 172, 174, 225): disk without

lateral extensions, interocular space reddish, legs often for most part yellowish; P. carpetana (Sp 176,

178, 181) and P. acarinata (Sp 175): disk without lateral extensions, wings narrower; P. rhomboidea

(Sp 176): indistinguishable.

Phyllodromica lativittata, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 39A-H, 40A-N

Holotype: 3, Portugal, Distr. Castelo Branco, Serra da Estrela, Penhas da Saüde (10 km NW Covilhä), 1500 m,

22.1V.1991, leg. Bohn (on two slides, Po 18/7).

Additional material. Portugal. Distr. de Castelo Branco: Po 18 (same data as holotype): 684, 10??, 1L (all

imagines grown from larvae).

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the black marking of the pronotum forming a broad transversal

band.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.6-1.86 (mean 1.7) mm, ? 1.87-2.11 (mean 1.96) mm; forewings of &:

length 1.86-2.05 (mean 1.94) mm, length/breadth 1.54-1.57 (mean 1.55) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated, approximately reaching the middle of T2, at least surpass-

ing the metanotum, reversely egg-shaped, broadest in or slightly behind the middle, apex narrowly or

more broadly rounded. Hindwings well set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer

than mesonotum, hatchet-shaped or rounded hatchet-shaped.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, with very broad lateral extensions reaching the lateral

borders of the pronotum. Tergites. Whitish margins of T1-6 moderately broad. T7 with lightly coloured

lateroposterior edges, dark marking behind the pits with a posterior extension reaching the posterior

border of the segment. T8 similar as T7, with a median extension of the dark area reaching the posterior

boder of the segment; elevation behind pits usually yellowish. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs.

Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than "4 of its length. Female: Pronotum. Similar as in male, but

lateral extensions usually less broad. Tergites. Patchy zone about as broad as remaining dark anterior

area. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Tibia variously lightened.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 moderately, of T7 strongly, of T8 weakly concave;

of T10 convex, broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 39E-G, 40D,G) ill-defined, shallow, median

ridge and anterior process strongly reduced, pit region forming a reverse w-shaped broad transversal

furrow (Figs 39E-G). Bristle tuft large, opposite the anterior process. Posteriorly adjacent segment

surface with a moderately elevated mound soon sloping down towards laterally and posteriorly

(Fig. 39E). Pits of T8 (Figs 39H, 40E,H) together forming a crescent-shaped, moderately deep groove;

in the posterior concavity with a rounded mound.

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough along its apical %.

Remarks. The species is only known from one locality; all specimens had been collected as larvae and

had moulted to imagines in captivity. Description of a new species based on animals grown from larvae

is problematical since artefacts caused by inadequate cultivation conditions cannot be excluded. But the

small differences between the specimens (738, 102?) and the pronounced differences to the neigh-

bouring species (P. acuminata, P. rhomboidea) in colouration and in the structure of the glandular pits

of T7 and T8 leave no doubt that the establishment of a separate species for them is justified.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Found only at one locality in the Serra da Estrela (Portugal), at an

altitude of 1500 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. fernandesiana (Po 18): Pronotum disk without

lateral extensions, coxa usually half dark half whitish.

Phyllodromica rhomboidea, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 41A-H, 42A-N

Holotype: Ö, Spain, Prov. Cäceres, Pto. del Piornal (NE Plasencia), 1200 m, 24./25.1V.1992, leg. Bohn (on two

slides, Sp 306/3).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Cäceres: Sp 306 (same data as holotype); Prov. Cäceres/Avila: Sp 176(a).

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the shape of the pronotum disk.

Description

Size. Length of Pronotum: d 1.79-1.98 (mean 1.89) mm, ? 2.02-2.24 (mean 2.13) mm; forewings of

d: length 2.11-2.43 (mean 2.25) mm, length/breadth 1.61-1.71 (mean 1.65) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated, approximately reaching the middle of T2, narrowly

reversely egg-shaped, broadest approximately in the middle, apex narrowly rounded. Hindwings well

set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, hatchet-shaped or

rounded so. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk broadly triangular or transversely rhomboid, lateral exten-

sions reaching or nearly reaching the lateral borders. Whitish margins of T1-6 moderately broad, in T6

laterally much broader than in the middle. T7 with lightly coloured lateroposterior corners separated

by a broad dark marking reaching the posterior border of the segment. T8 almost completely dark.

Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than % of its length, dorsal

half of tibia usually lighter coloured. Female: Pronotum similar as in male. Tergites. Patchy zone

broad, as broad as remaining dark anterior area. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Variously, but

only moderately lightened.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 rather deeply, of T7 deeply, of T8 weakly concave,

of T10 convex, broadly parabolic or semicircularly rounded. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 41E-G, 42D,G,H)

very shallow and small, in outline triangular or crescent-shaped, median ridge and anterior process

very low, behind pits with a low transversely oval elevation, steeper anteriorly and gradually sloping

down towards, but not reaching, the posterior border of the segment, and bearing the more or less

circular bristle tuft (Fig. 42H). T8 without pits and without any sculpturing (Fig. 41H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight or nearly so, sclerotized trough along its

apical %.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Found at two localities in the western part of the Sa. de Gredos, at

altitudes of 1200-1300 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. carpetana (Sp 176, 306): disk without lateral

extensions, wings narrower; P. acuminata (Sp 176): indistinguishable.

Phyllodromica carpetana (Bolivar, 1873)

Figs 6, 43A-H, 44A-O, 57A-G

Blatta carpetana Bolivar, 1873: 214, figs 1A-C.

Phyllodromica (Lobolampra) carpetana: Fernandes 1962: 210, Figs 11 A,B; Princis 1965: 39, 45; 1971: 1111; Harz 1976:

303, Figs 868 B(?), 1061.

Holotype: 4, [Spain, Prov.] Madrid, Navacerrada, Bolivar (terminalia on slide Bo 156) [MNHNM].

Additional material. Portugal. Distr. Braganga: Po 22. Distr. Vila Real: Po 26. Spain. Prov. Salamanca: Sp 307.

Prov. Salamanca/Cäceres: Sp 227. Prov. Cäceres: Sp 306. Prov. Cäceres/Avila: Sp 176. Prov. Avila: Sp 177, 178,

179, 180, 181(a), 182(a), 183, 298, 299, 301, 303, 304. Prov. Segovia: 13, La Granja, V1.1908, Arias (terminalia on

slide Bo 163); 1 L[MNHNM]. Prov. Segovia/Madrid: Sp 86. Prov. Madrid: 23595,5??, 2 L, Cercedilla, C. Bolivar

(terminalia of 13 on slide Bo 157);1 L, Cercedilla, III.1957, G. Menor; 522, Cercedilla, Estaciön Alpina, 1500 m,

V11.1933, E. Morales; 12, Cercedilla, Estaciön Alpina, 1480 m, VIII.1959, J.Abajo; 13, 2??, El Chaparral, Montejo

de la Sierra, 14.-22.V1.[19]48, Exp. Ent. Inst. Esp. Entomologia (terminalia of 3 on slide Bo 160); 19, 1L, El Paular,

X.1908, Arias (terminalia of d on slide Bo 159) [MNHNM]; Sp 5a, 6(a). Prov. Madrid / Toledo: Sp 90. Prov. Toledo:

Sp 297. Prov. Burgos/Soria: Sp 329. Prov. Guadalajara: Sp 322, 334. Prov. Zaragoza: Sp 37%(a).

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.54-1.79 (mean 1.65) mm, ? 1.86-2.11 (mean 2.04) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.22-1.54 (mean 1.37) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings widely separated, slightly longer than mesonotum, narrowly reversely

egg-shaped, apex narrowly (Fig. 44N) or broadly (Fig. 43A) rounded. Hindwings absent. Female:

Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-shaped. Hindwings

absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites with relative broad lightly col-

oured margins. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than % of

its length; tibia often, femur less frequently, variously lightened. Female: Pronotum and head as in

male. Tergites. Patchy zone broad, nearly as broad as remaining dark anterior area. Legs. Variously

lightened, sometimes nearly yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately, of TS weakly concave, of T10

convex, between narrowly and broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 43D-G 46D,G-I) at least

anteriorly and posteriorly well demarcated, in outline semicircular or triangular, mostly open bowl-

shaped, anteriorly sometimes deepened to very shallow pouches; anterior process strong, conical or

with parallel lateral borders, posteriorly rounded or truncate; median ridge behind the anterior process

very low, with a deep gap between the posterior end of the anterior process and the bristle tuft (not

visible on the figures); behind the pits with a rather steep but not very extended mound; bristle tuft

forming a narrow band considerably recessed into this mound (Figs 43D, 44G-]). Pits of T8 (Figs 43H,

44E) shallow, but with pronounced anterior borders, separated by a broad median swelling (Fig. 43H),

T8 otherwise unsculptured.

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough along its apical %.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 6). In the central sierras of the Iberian peninsula, radiating also into

northern Portugal, up to Sa. de la Demanda in the northeast and nearly up to the Serrania de Cuenca

in the east, at altitudes of 700-1800 m.

Remarks. The type of P. carpetana (Figs 57A-G) differs in one respect from all other specimens: The

right-left-asymmetry of the genitalia (phallomeres, paraprocts, subgenital plate with stylus) is re-

versed. Reversal of the right-left-asymmetry is a characteristic of some Blattellid taxa as, for instance,

the subgenus Capraiellus of the genus Ectobius (Brown 1975) and Plectopterinae, and of the Blaberidae.

The reversal of the symmetry has been interpreted as being caused by the mutation of a developmental

gene which must have occurred several times independently during the evolution of the Blattaria

(Bohn 1987, Klass 1997). The symmetry reversal in the type specimen may have been an individual

event, either by mutation or by a developmental error, or the specimen is a representative of a larger

population showing the same symmetry reversal. The latter possibility is not supported by the

collected material: another male from a locality near by (Cercedilla) shows normal symmetry.

It is not known whether individuals with reversed symmetry are able to cross with individuals

having normal symmetry. In the case of a sexual isolation of the individuals or populations with

reversed symmetry one would have to consider nomenclatorical consquences. But as long as the

circumstances are not clarified and as long as the type specimen does not show any remarkable

differences other than in right-left-asymmetry I feel no necessity not to consider it as the type specimen

of the respective animals with normal symmetry.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. globososacculata (Sp 297, 332), P. moralesi (Sp 5),

P. septentrionalis (Po 26, Sp 227): wings broader, interocular space reddish; P. fernandesiana (Sp 329):

wings broader, coxa usually half dark half whitish; P. acuminata (Sp 176, 178, 181, 227) and P. rhomboidea

(Sp 176, 306): wings broader, disk with lateral extensions; P. barbata (Sp 177): wings usually broader,

but not always unambigously distinguishable.

Phyllodromica acarinata, spec. nov.

Figs 6, 45A-H, 46A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Toledo, Mtes. de Toledo, Mt. Corral de Cantos (10 km S Navahermosa), 1000 m,

22.1V.1992, Bohn (on two slides, Sp 295/2).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Cäceres: Sp 175(a). Prov. Avila: Sp 184. Prov. Segovia/Guadalajara: Sp 185.

Prov. Madrid: 13, 222, 1 L, El Escorial, V.[19]34, E. Morales (terminalia of d on slide Bo 158); 1 L, El Escorial,

18.11.1906, Arias [MNHNM|]. Prov. Toledo: Sp 295 (same data as holotype).

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the glandular structure of T7 where a median ridge is almost

completely missing.

Description

Size. Length of the pronotum: d 1.47-1.76 (mean 1.63) mm, 2 1.92-2.08 (mean 1.99) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.12-1.44 (mean 1.34) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings widely separated, slightly longer than mesonotum, narrowly reversely

egg-shaped, apex acutely to obtusely rounded. Hindwings absent. Female: Forewings widely separat-

ed, scarcely longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites with relatively broad whitish

margins. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than " of its length.

Dorsal half of tibia often lightened. Female: Pronotum and head as in male. Tergites. Patchy zone may

be as broad as remaining dark anterior area, usually slightly darker than in P. carpetana. Legs variously

lightened, sometimes almost completely yellowish.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately concave, of T8 very weakly

concave, of T10 convex, between narrowly and broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 45D-H,

46D,G,H) poorly demarcated except anteriorly, with a well-developed anterior process forming a short,

narrowly (Fig. 46H) or broadly rounded dent (Fig. 45D); median ridge strongly reduced, beneath the

anterior process weakly developed, posteriorly (between anterior process and bristle tuft) completely

missing, pits of both sides, therefore, widely communicating and together forming a transversal

furrow; furrow either rather wide, posteriorly ill defined by a very low mound behind the anterior

process (Figs 45D, 46H), or, when the mound is higher, narrower and posteriorly, at least in the middle,

better delineated (Figs 45E, 46G). Bristle tuft forming a more or less narrow band on the mound

opposite the anterior process. Pits beneath the anterior process sometimes anteriorly deepened to very

narrow pouches. T8 (Fig. 46E) without glandular pits, unsculptured.

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, or nearly so, sclerotized trough along its

apical %.

Remarks. Very similar to the preceding species (P. carpetana) but easily distinguished, at least on slide

preparations, by the different structure of the T7 glandular pit (shape of anterior process, median

ridge). There is considerable variation in the shape of the anterior process, the breadth of the bristle tuft,

and width of the pit furrow between the animals from different localities, but also between different

specimens from one locality.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 6). Found at only few localities - approximately within the distribution

area of P. carpetana, but not at the same localities - in the central Iberian sierras: Montes de Tras la Sierra,

Sa. de Guadarrama, Sa. de Ayllön, and Montes de Toledo, at altitudes of 1000-1700 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. moralesi (Sp 295) and P. globososacculata (Sp 185):

broader wings, interocular space reddish; P. acuminata (Sp 175): broader wings, pronotum disk with

lateral extensions.

Phyllodromica crassirostris, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 47A-H, 48A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Leön, Montes de Leön, btw. Aceto & Monjarin, 1300 m, 4.V.1992, Bohn (on two slides,

Sp 321/4).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Leön: Sp 321 (same data as holotype): 2134, 12729, 1L, 32? exL.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the broad and short anterior process of T7 (as compared to the

following species, P. tenuirostris).

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.79-1.98 (mean 1.91) mm, ? 1.86-2.21 (mean 2.11) mm; forewings of

d: length 2.05-2.30 (mean 2.13) mm, length/breadth 1.64-1.82 (mean 1.7) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated, reaching approximately the posterior border of the

metanotum, narrowly reversely egg-shaped, broadest near the middle, apex narrowly rounded. Hind-

wings only weakly set off by superficial furrows and/or slight emarginations at the posterior border

of the segment. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, reversely egg-

shaped or rounded hatchet-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular, quite extended, whitish-transparent mar-

gins of pronotum, therefore, relatively narrow. Wings rather dark: dark patches large, margins infus-

cated. Tergites 1-6 with relatively narrow whitish posterior margins; T7 and T8 lighter coloured than

preceding segments, dark central marking on both segments in the middle mostly with a characteristic

triangular posterior extension; pit region of T8 normally lightly coloured. Head. Interocular space dark.

Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than ' of its length, tibia rarely lightened in its dorsal half.

Female: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites. Patchy zone usually restricted to the lateral parts

of the segment. Head as in male. Legs. Rarely and only moderately lightened.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately concave, of T8 weakly concave,

of T10 convex, broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 47E-G, 48D,G,H) open bowl-shaped, in

outline semicircular, separated by a broad median ridge and a rather short anterior process often not

much longer than % of the ridge (Figs 48G,H), broad at the base and gradually tapering towards its

broadly rounded tip; posterior borders of the openings straight; bristle tuft on the posterior part of the

median ridge and on a posteriorly following moderate elevation gradually sloping laterally and

posteriorly. Pits of T8 (Figs 47H, 48E) forming a shallow transversely oval depression, sometimes

divided by a low median swelling; tergite surface otherwise unsculptured.

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough along its apical %.

Remarks. In the T7 gland structures the species is very similar to the western forms of P. fernandesiana

(Figs 49G-I, 55D), but differs in longer forewings and the incompletely reduced hindwings. It is only

known from one locality, and - having in mind the obvious ease by which wings can be reduced - one

might ask whether it is justified to consider it as a separate species. Arguments for a separate species

are: The pit structures are not really identical: the pits are longer and the bristle tuft is narrower than

in the western population of P. fernandesiana (not visible on the REM photographs), the pigmentation

of T7 and T8 is darker, and the dark pigmentation of the pronotum is much more extended. Moreover,

the locality where P. crassirostris is found is still within the area of the eastern form of P. fernandesiana

(the next locality with this species, Sp 322, is only about 10 km away) having a quite different T7 pit.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Known only from one locality in the Montes de Leön, in the NE of

the Iberian peninsula, at an altitude of 1300 m.

Phyllodromica tenuirostris, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 49A-D, 50A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Zamora, Padornelo (W Puebla de Sanabria), 1300 m, 11.V1.1987, Bohn (on two slides,

Sp 164/5).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Leön: 15, 17, Monte Teleno, 10.VII.[19]59, Cobos (terminalia of d on slide Bo

167); 17, El Teleno, 13.V11.[19]55, Mateu [MNHNM]. Prov. Zamora: Sp 164 (same data as holotype): 14, 8? 2; Sp

165: 388, 1522.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to the comparatively (see P. crassirostris) narrow and long anterior

process of T7.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.73-1.86 (mean 1.81) mm, ? 1.92-2.14 (mean 2.05) mm; forewings of

S: length 1.73-2.05 (mean 1.93) mm, length/breadth 1.5-1.67 (mean 1.61) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated, approximately reaching the posterior border of the

metanotum, reversely egg-shaped, broadest near the middle, apex narrowly (Figs 49C, 50M) or, rarely,

broadly rounded (Fig. 49A). Hindwings only very weakly set off by superficial furrows. Female:

Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped. Hindwings

absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites 1-6 with slightly broader whitish

margins than in P. crassirostris; T7 variously lightened, often only central area around pits dark; behind

pit openings characteristically with a dark transversal bar, on both sides with posterior extensions; T8:

central dark area often broken up into 3 longitudinal patches. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs.

Whitish distal zone of coxa not longer than Y of its length, dorsal half of tibia often lightened. Female:

Pronotum and head as in male. Tergites. Patchy zone usually restricted to the lateral parts of the

segment, but more extended than in P. crassirostris. Legs often, but only moderately lightened.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 rather strongly concave, of T8 weakly

concave, of T10 convex, broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 50D,G,H) open bowl-shaped, in

outline semicircular. Median ridge narrower than in P. crassirostris, anterior process with almost

parallel lateral borders and a rounded or truncate tip, reaching nearly to the posterior end of the ridge.

Bristle tuft narrow. Posterior borders of pit openings not straight but protruding anteriorly on both

sides of the bristle tuft, walls of the pits beneath these protrusions posteriorly hollowed out to shallow

pouches; elevation behind openings higher than in P. crassirostris and posteriorly well set off forming

a rather narrow transversal lip (less than '% of the segment length behind the openings); bristle tuft

recessed considerably into this elevation. Pits of T8 (Fig. 50E) obsolete and very shallow depressions;

segment surface otherwise unsculptured.

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough along its apical %.

Remarks. Externally very similar to the preceding species (P. crassirostris), but well distinguishable by

the more deeply concave posterior borders of T6 and T7, and the different pit structure and colouration

oL.TZ.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Found within a small region in the NW of the Iberian peninsula,

in the Montes de Leön, Sa. del Teleno, and Sa. de la Cabrera, at altitudes of 1300-1700 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. fernandesiana (Sp 164): Coxa usually half dark

half whitish.

Phyllodromica bolivariana, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 51A-H, 52A-N

Misidentification: Phyllodromica carpetana: Fernandes 1962: Fig. 11 D; Harz 1976: Figs. 903, 1056, 1057, 1059.

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. Cantabria, Picos de Europa, btw. La Vega & Enterrias, 600 m, 26.V.1986, Bohn (on two

slides, Sp 127/6).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. Asturias: Sp 155. Prov. Cantabria: 15, 2??, S. Vicente de la Barquera, VII-IX,

Bolivar (terminalia of d on slide Bo 169); 13, 1?, Santander, VII, Delgras (terminalia of d on slide Bo 168)

[MNHNM]; Sp 127 (same data as holotype), 415, 430. Prov. Palencia: Sp 125. Prov. Viscaya: Sp 410, 411. Prov.

Burgos: Sp 417, 418. Prov. Burgos/Älava: Sp 413. Prov. Älava: Sp 406, 412. Prov. Guipuzcoa: 19, San Sebastian,

Escalera [MNHNM]; Sp 407, 408, 409. Prov. Navarra: Sp 121, 399, 400, 404. France. Dept. Pyrenees-Atlantiques:

F 69, 70. Dept. Haute-Garonne: F 73. Dept. Ariege: F 74.

Etymology. The species is dedicated to the Spanish orthopterologist I. Bolivar who first discovered and

described differences between P. carpetana and a representative of the new species.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: J 1.73-2.14 (mean 1.98) mm, 2 2.05-2.37 (mean 2.21) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.76-2.5 (mean 2.27) mm, length/breadth: 1.72-1.84 (mean 1.76) mm.

Wings. Male: Forwings well separated, nearly reaching the posterior end of T2, very narrowly

reversely egg-shaped, narrower than in any other species of the subgroup, broadest near the middle,

apex narrowly rounded. Hindwings well set off. Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer

than mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites 1-6 with moderately broad whitish

margins; T7 posteriorly and especially in the lateroposterior corners with extended light areas, central

dark marking often with three triangular posterior extensions (Figs 51D,E, 52G,H); T8: anterior half

mostly dark, dark marking posteriorly split into three bands, the median usually strongly trigonal.

Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa comprising about % of its length; tibia

and femur variously, but usually only moderately lightened. Female: Pronotum and head as in male.

Tergites. Patchy zone usually restricted to the lateral parts of the segments. Legs variously lightened,

but the dark-whitish contrast in the middle of the coxa usually well visible.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 quite strongly concave, of T8 moderately

concave, of T10 convex, broadly parabolic. T6 relatively long. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 51D-H,

52D,G,H) open bowl-shaped, quite large, in outline semicircular, separated by a well-developed

median ridge. Anterior (and lateral) wall of pits slowly declining towards the bottom of the pits (in

other species with bowl-shaped pits the anterior walls are steep, in most cases even hollowed out

anteriorly); posterior walls hollowed out to shallow pouches beneath the posterior borders of the pits

(Figs 51D,E); posterior borders on both sides of the narrow bristle tuft protruding anteriorly. Anterior

process often slightly club-shaped by a weak basal constriction (Fig. 51H), in contrast to all other

species of the subgroup ascending towards posteriorly, giving rise to a deep step between its tip and

the posteriorly following median ridge with the bristle tuft. Surface behind openings elevated to an

at least posteriorly well demarcated transversely oval lip (Figs 51F-H); bristle tuft considerably re-

cessed into this elevation. Structure of T8 glandular pits somewhat similar to P. lativittata though much

lower: pits forming together a crescent-shaped depression, posterior concavity with a rounded very flat

mound; T8 otherwise unsculptured (Fig. 52E).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough along its apical % or %.

Remarks. Representatives of this species had already attracted the attention of earlier authors. Bolivar

(1897) in his Catalogo sinoptico had mentioned an individual from Santander (slide Bo 168, s. above

under material) having larger wings than the other P. carpetana specimens. Fernandes reported a

second specimen from S.Vicente de La Barquera (not very far from Santander) (slide Bo 169) with the

same characteristics and mentioned the possibility that the two might represent a local form or race.

B. bolivariana shares the colouration of the coxa being half dark half whitish with the two following

species.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Distributed in the northern part of the Iberian peninsula between

Picos de Europa in the west, the river Ebro in the south, and the river Arga in the east. The species has

also been found in the northern Pyrenees in France. Altitudes: 600-1400 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. fernandesiana (Sp 125, 127, 418): no distinction

possible.

Phyllodromica atlantica, spec. nov.

Figs 5, 53A-H, 54A-N

Holotype: 3, Spain, Prov. La Coruna, near Villar de Torre (5 km NE Negreira), 400 m, 1.V.1992, Bohn (on two

slides, Sp 311/3).

Additional material. Spain. Prov. La Coruna: Sp 311 (same data as Type): 733, 12, 18 ex L, 6%? exLL.

Etymology. The name of the species refers to its habitat near the Atlantic Ocean.

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.98-2.24 (mean 2.09) mm, ? 2.14-2.24 (mean 2.22) mm; length of

forewings: d 2.11-2.56 (mean 2.36) mm, length/breadth: 1.55-1.67 (mean 1.60) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated, reaching nearly to the posterior end of T2, reversely egg-

shaped, broadest near the middle, apex narrowly rounded. Hindwings well set off. Female: Forewings

widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped. Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites 1-6 with relatively broad whitish

posterior margins, especially broad on T6; T7 and T8 for the most part lightly coloured, dark marking

sometimes reduced to few patches. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa

comprising about % of its length; femur and tibia variously lightened. Female: Pronotum and head as

in male. Tergites. Patchy zone restricted to the lateral parts of the segments. Legs usually strongly

lightened, coxa for the most part light, at the base with sharply delineated dark areas.

Male tergites structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately concave, of T8 weakly concave,

of T10 convex, broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 53D-G, 54D,G) open bowl-shaped, in

outline semicircular, separated by a broad median ridge; anterior process broad at the base, gradually

tapering towards the rounded tip; posterior borders of the pits nearly straight; behind openings with

a rather flat elevation. Pits of T8 shallow depressions (Fig. 53H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough along its apical % to %.

Remarks. In gland structure and in the light colouration of the last tergites very similar to the next

species (P. fernandesiana), but easily distinguished by the longer forewings and the hindwings being

clearly set off. Externally also very similar to the preceding species (P.bolivariana) from which it is

distinguished by the broader wings, the darker colouration of T8, and the different gland structures of

T7 and T8.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 5). Known only from one locality in the extreme NW corner of the

Iberian peninsula near Santiago de Compostela; altitude 400 m.

Phyllodromica fernandesiana, spec. nov.

Figs 6, 49E-I, 55 A-G, 56A-N

Figs in earlier papers under Phyllodromica carpetana: Fernandes 1962: Fig. 11c.

Holotype: d, Spain, Prov. Zaragoza, Sa. del Moncayo, below Santuario del Moncayo, 1400, 29.V.1986, Bohn (on

two slides, Sp 138/22).

Additional material. Portugal. Distr. Viana de Castelo: Po 37, 38. Distr. Braga: Po 31, 32, 36. Distr. Vila Real: Po

27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35. Distr. Vila Real/Porto: Po 29. Distr. Porto: 17, Porto, Nobre [MNHNM]. Distr. Braganca:

Po 23, 24. Distr. Guarda: Po 17. Distr. Castelo Branco: Po 18. Spain. Prov. La Coruna: Sp 313. Prov. Pontevedra:

Sp 309, 310, 314, 315. Prov. Lugo: 12, Piedrafita del Cabrero, 1100 m, 28.-30.VI1.1949, Exp. Inst. Esp. Entomologia

[MNHNM]; Sp 160, 161. Prov. Orense: 19, Carballino, G.Varela [MNHNM]; Sp 163, 308, 316, 317. Prov. Oviedo:

Sp 156. Prov. Oviedo/Leön: Sp 157. Prov. Leön: 13, 12, Truchas, VII.1959, A.Cobos (terminalia of d on slide Bo

165); 14, Sa. de Bayos, 1400 m, 1.-10.VIII.1950, Exp. Inst. Esp. Entomologia (terminalia on slide Bo 166); 1?,

Villablino, 1000 m, VII.1949, E. Morales; 27%, Villablino, 1000 m, 4.-12.VIIL.1949, Exp. Inst. Esp. Entomologja; 17,

Pto. Cerredo, 4.-12.VIII.1949, Exp. Inst. Esp. Entomologia [MNHNM]; Sp 130, 153, 154, 322. Prov. Leön/Palencia:

Sp 131. Prov. Zamora: Sp 164, 166, 167. Prov. Cantabria: 15, 272, Picos Europa, Espinama, M. Escalera

(terminalia of d on slide Bo 170) [MNHNM], Sp 127. Prov. Cantabria /Leön: Sp 129. Prov. Palencia: Sp 123, 124,

125, 132, 134, 428. Prov. Burgos: Sp 84a,b, 122, 325, 326, 327, 328, 418, 422, 424, 425, 426, 443. Prov. Burgos/

Logrono: Sp 83. Prov. Logrono: Sp 81, 82. Prov. Soria: Sp 136, 137(a), 329, 445. Prov. Zaragoza: 1789, 11?2,7L,

Moncayo, 17.VI.1940, E. Morales (terminalia of 13 on slide Bo 164); 2??, Moncayo, F. Navarro; 1?, Moncayo,

VI11.1908, Navas [MNHNM]; Sp 138 (same data as holotype). Prov. Cuenca: 1d, Ucles (terminalia on slide Bo

209) [MAKB].

Etymology. The species is dedicated to the Portuguese orthopterologist J. de A. Fernandes who in his revision

of the Iberian Ectobiinae had already pointed out the distinct appearance of the specimens from the Sa. de

Moncayo representing possibly a local form or race of P. carpetana (Fernandes 1962, p. 211).

Description

Size. Length of pronotum: d 1.79-2.05 (mean 1.94) mm, ? 2.05-2.30 (mean 2.16) mm; length of

forewings: d 1.6-1.92 (mean 1.77) mm.

Wings. Male: Forewings well separated, approximately reaching the middle of the metanotum,

rounded hatchet-shaped (Fig. 56C) or, rarely, reversely egg-shaped (Fig. 56M). Hindwings absent.

Female: Forewings widely separated, scarcely longer than mesonotum, rounded hatchet-shaped.

Hindwings absent.

Colouration. Male: Pronotum. Disk dark, semicircular. Tergites with relatively broad whitish

margins; T7 and T8 usually for the most part lightly coloured, dark areas often reduced to a few

patches, in T7 around the pits. Head. Interocular space dark. Legs. Whitish distal zone of coxa in most

cases comprising about % of its length, but sometimes, especially in the western populations, only %

of its length or less; distal parts of legs often lightened. Female: Pronotum and head as in male. Tergites.

Patchy zone variously extended, either only laterally or over the segment breadth. Legs up to nearly

completely yellowish but usually coxa with dark basal half.

Male tergite structures. Posterior borders of T6 and T7 moderately (to weakly) concave, of T8

weakly concave, of T10 convex, broadly parabolic. Glandular pits of T7 (Figs 49G-I, 55D-F, 56D,G) open

bowl-shaped, in outline semicircular, separated by a relatively broad median ridge with well-devel-

oped anterior process; posterior borders of pits almost straight; behind openings with a flat, poorly

demarcated elevation. The pits of T7 vary considerably between the different regions. In the eastern

forms (holotype) the anterior process is more slender (Figs 55E,F), the pits are anteriorly deepened

below the borders to shallow pouches (Figs 56D,G). The specimens from Portugal show a broader

anterior process and flatter pits without pouches (Figs 49 G-I, 55D). Pits of T8 shallow depressions (Figs

55G,H).

Male genitalia. Hook of left phallomere. Shaft straight, sclerotized trough along its apical % or %.

Remarks. The wide distribution of the species is accompanied by a considerable variation in the pit

structure of T7 (s. above). The differences in pit structures are correlated with differences in the size

of the membranous glands: In the eastern forms the membrane glands of T5/6 are larger than those

of T4/5 (Figs 56B,C); in specimens from Portugal the reverse is true (Figs 49E,F). The two populations

are connected by a very broad transition zone with intermediate forms around the line connecting

Santiago de Compostela and Salamanca. The differences in gland structure may justify the establish-

ment of subspecies for the two populations, but the breadth of the transition zone makes me hesitate

to do so at the moment.

Geographical distribution (Fig. 6). Widely distributed in the northern part of the Iberian peninsula,

but - apart from one locality S of Santander - not occurring E and N of the Ebro. The distribution gap

in Portugal between the Rivers Mondego and Douro is presumably an artifact: there are no collecting

data from this region nor from the northern parts of the provinces La Coruna, Lugo, and Asturias. In

the east of central Spain there is one very isolated occurrence in the Province Cuenca, near Tarascon.

The reference is based on a single male labelled only with “Ucles” [MAKB]. Though there is obviously

no other locality in Spain with this name I have some doubt whether the labelling is correct. At altitudes

of 150-1500 m.

Accompanying species, discrimination of females. P. globososacculata (Sp 83, 84, 123, 131, 134, 154) and

P. septentrionalis (Po 17, Sp 134, 153): interocular space reddish; P. lativittata (Po 18): pronotum disk with

lateral extensions; P. barbata (Sp 123, 129, 131, 134, 424) and P. tenuirostris (Sp 164): coxa for most part

dark; P. carpetana (Sp 329): narrower wings, coxa for most part dark; P. bolivariana (Sp 125, 127, 418):

indistinguishable.

Unidentified females from Spain

(Sp: author’s collection, all others: MNHNM)

P. moralesi or P. globososacculata? Prov. Segovia: 17, La Granja, Arias. Prov. Madrid: 1?, Madrid, 1.Bolivar; 12, El

Pardo, IV.[1]932, # 1560, E.Morales; 19, Escorial, Arias; 1?, Cercedilla, Estaciön Alpina, 1500 m, IV.1930,

J.Hernandez. Prov. Guadalajara: 1?, Brihuega, VII.1900, L.Navas. Prov. Cuenca: 3?, Tragacete, Julio 1906,

Arias; 19, Canada del Cubillo, Julio 1906, Arias; 2??, Canizares, Selgas.

saccaraoi-group: Prov. Granada: 3??, Sp 262.

P. barbata? Prov. Logrono: 1?, Sierra de la Demanda, Sn. Lorenzo, J.Carandell.

P. acuminata or P. rhomboidea ? Prov. Salamanca: 17, La Hoya, 1300 m, Presa 15 Q, 24.V11.[19]78, S.Fdez.Gayubo.

P. carpetana or P. acarinata? Prov. Salamanca: 19, Sp 174. Prov. Cäceres: 19, Sp 305. Prov. Avila: 17, Navarredon-

da, V1.1909, # 1566, Exp. del Museo; 22%, Valle de Iruelas, V.1920, C.Bolivar. Prov. Segovia: 1?, Balsain; 12, San

Rafael, 1300 m, 1.Bolivar; 19, San Rafael, 15.V1.1929, Escalera; 1 L, San Rafael, 5.V.1912, C.Bolivar. Prov. Madrid:

2?2, El Ventorillo, VII.[19]35, E.Mor.; 1?, En el Hayelo de Monteja de la Sierra, 14.V.1965; 17, Monteja de la

Sierra, C.Bolivar; 222, Pto. Navacerrada, V11.[19]35, E.Mor.; 1?, Guadarrama, Pto. Navacerrada, 1700 m,

VI.[19]60, J.Abajo; 3??, Sp 7.

P. bolivariana or P. fernandesiana? Prov. Oviedo: 1?, Rondiella, P.N. Cavadonga, C.Bolivar; 2??, Somiedo, Valle

del Lago, 1565 m, 4-12.VIIl.1949, Exp. Inst. Esp. Entomologia. Prov. Leön: 3??, Torrebarrio, 1212 m,

1.-10.VIIL.1950, Exp. Inst. Esp. Entomologia; 3??, Torrebarrio, 4.-12.VIII.1949, Exp. Inst. Esp. Entomologia; 377,

Sp 152. Prov. Cantabria: 5? 2, Picos Europa, VIII, # 1567, Bolivar. Prov. Palencia: 17, Sp 123.

P. atlantica or P. fernandesiana? Prov. La Coruna: 1, Villa Rutis, Bolivar.

P. fernandesiana? 1?, Castro Loureiro [= Castro Laboreira, Sa. da Peneda, Portugal ?], A.Casares.

Acknowledgements

The skillful assistence of Ms. Teresa M. Saks is gratefully acknowledged. She has done the histological work and

large part of the photographic work, especially at the REM. I also thank her for reading the manuscript and for

improving the English language.

I am very grateful to my wife, who has accompanied me on all my often quite inconvenient excursions and

helped me collect the animals.

I also have to thank the curators of the museums for their kindness in providing me with material from their

collections: V. Llorente (MNHNM), C. Amedegnato (MNHNP) and H. Ulrich (MAKB).

References

Bohn. H. 1987. Reversal of the right-left asymmetry in male genitalia of some Ectobiinae (Blattaria: Blattellidae)

and its implications on sclerite homologization and classification. - Ent. scand. 18: 293-303

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Revista port. Zool. Biol. ger. 3: 149-246

-- 1967. Phyllodromica (Phyllodromica) sacarraoi nouvelle espece de Blattidae (Ectobiinae) d’Espagne. — Eos,

Madr. 43: 57-59

Harz, K. 1976. Blattaria. - In: Harz & Kaltenbach: Die Orthopteren Europas. 3: 169-305. The Hague

Klass, K.-D. 1997. The external male genitalia and the phylogeny of Blattaria and Mantodea. - Bonner Zool.

Monogr. 42: 1-341

Morales Agacino, E. 1948. Apuntes sobre los Dictyoptera marroquies del Instituto Espanol de Entomologia. —

Eos, Madr. 24: 335-368

Princis, K. 1965. Ordnung Blattariae (Schaben). - In: Beier (Ed.): Bestimm. Büch. Bodenfauna Europ. 3: 1-50

-- 1971. Blattariae: Subordo Epilamproidea, Fam. Ectobiidae. — In: Beier (Ed.): Orthopterorum Catalogus 14:

1041-1221. s’Gravenhage

Tables

(Figs 7-57)

Fig. 7. Male structures of the carpetana-group and related groups. (A-D) Specializations on T7 (A,C) and T8 (B,D)

in the subaptera- (A,B) and nana-group (C,D). (E-H) Bristles of the glandular pits of T7: Unspecialized bristles in

P. brevipennis (E); specialized bristles with broadened tips in the carpetana- (F), the subaptera- (G), and the nana-

group (H). (I-L) Forewings in the carpetana- (I), the subaptera- (K), and the nana-group (L). Identification: (A,B)

Sp 330/4, (C,D) Sp 113/1, (E) Yu 34/2, (F) Sp 278/4 (P. brevisacculata), (G) Sp 203/4, (H), Sp 414/3, (I) Sp 461/5

(P. javalambrensis), (K) Sp 365/3, (L) Sp 374/2. Same scale (in mm) for (A,B), (C,D), and (E-H).

Fig. 8. (A-D) Hook of left phallomere with a long trough (arrows) in Ectobius lucidus (A) but a short trough in

the carpetana- (B), the subaptera- (C), and the nana-group (D). (E-H) Membrane glands in the carpetana-group.

SEM pictures: (E) Intersegmental region between T5 and T6 with two pouches, internal view, soft tissues

removed by KOH; (F) membrane pouch at the left anterior border of T7 (detail of Fig. 15/E). (G) Phase contrast

picture of the left anterior border of T5. (H) Histological sagittal section through the intersegmental region of

T5/6 showing the alveolate structure of the membrane gland (arrow points to opening of the gland). (I,K)

Female genital sclerites: (I) dorsal, (K) ventral complex. Identification: (A) It 48/3, (B) Sp 175a/2 (P. acuminata),

Fig. 9. P. moralesi, male (A-C, E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A,C) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

(D) complete thorax. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F, arrow points to cuticular folds), gland region

of T8 (G; bristle knob: H). Identification: (A,B) Po 10/1, (C) Po 9/1, (D) Po 10/4, (E-H) Po 9/3. Same scale (in

mm) for (A-D). - Abbreviations: (bk) bristle knob, (bt) bristle tuft, (mr) median ridge, (p) glandular pit.

< (P. laticarinata), (,K) Po 18/10,13 (P. lativittata). Scale in (A-D,G,I,K) in mm, in (H) in um; same scale for (I,K).

—- Abbreviations: (bd, bv) dorsal, ventral sclerite of basivalvula, (c) cercus, (cl) claw, (g) gonangulum, (i)

intersternal fold, (l) laterosternite, (m) membrane gland, (pt) paratergites 8+9, (sh) shaft, (st) stalk, (v) valves.

Fig. 10. P. moralesi, male (B-N), female (A,O,P). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: H,I), T8 (E; gland region:

G), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (K,L), subgenital plate (M), forewings (N-P). Identification: (A) Po 10/4,

(B-E,M) Po 10/1, (G,]) Sp 290/1, (H) Po 9/1, (K,L) Po 8/1, (N) Sp 11a/6, (O) Po 8/10, (P) Po 8/9. Same scale

(in mm) for (A,N-P), (B-F,M), and (G-K).

Fig. 11. P. septentrionalis, male (A-C,E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A,C) pron. and meson., (B)

metan., (D) complete thorax (and first abdominal segment). (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; ridge and bristle tuft: F),

T8 (G; median ridge and bristle knob: H). Identification: (A,B) Po 13/1, (C) Po 15/2, (D) Po 26/5, (E,F) Po 14/4,

(G,H) Po 14/3. Scale in mm in (A), in um in (F-H); same scale for (A-D).

Fig. 12. P. septentrionalis, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E; gland region:

H, arrow points to shallow pouch), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings

(M,N). Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N), (B-F,L), and (G,H,]). Identification: (A) Po 13/7, (B-F,I-M) Po 13/3

(Holotype), (G,H) Sp 227/3, (N) Po 13/8.

Fig. 13. P. delospuertos, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

bristle knob: H). Identification: (A,B) Sp 265/1 (Holotype), (C) Sp 265/10, (D) Sp 266/2, (

(G) Sp 265/8. Scale in (C,D) in mm, in (H) in um; same scale for (A-C).

E,F,H) Sp 265/7,

Fig. 14. P. delospuertos, male (B-N), female (A,O). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G,H, arrows point to

shallow pouches), T8 (E; gland region: I), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (K,L), subgenital plate (M),

forewings (N,O). Identification: (A) Sp 265/10, (B-G,I-M) Sp 265/1 (Holotype), (H) Sp 266/1, (N) Sp 266/3, (O)

Sp 265/11. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,M-O) and (G-K).

Fig. 15. P. isolata, male (A,C-I), female (B). (A,B) Thoracal segments. (C,D) Gland region of T7 (C) and T8 (D),

arrows point to shallow pouches. (E-I) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F), T8 (G; median ridge and bristle

knob: H‚I the latter in dorsolateral view). Identification: (A) F 81/12, (B) F 81/10, (C,D) F 43a/1, (E,F,I) F 81/3,

(G,H) F 81/4. Scale in (A,C) in mm, in (E-H) in um; same scale for (A,B) and (Hj]).

Fig. 16. P. isolata, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E,H), T9+10 (F), hook

of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A,N) F81/10, (B,C,E-L) F 81/2

(Holotype), (D,M) F 81/13. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,L-N) and (G-]).

4100 um

Fig. 17. P. laticarinata, male (A-C,E-I), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) pron.,

slits and ridges), T8 (H; median ridge with bristle knob: I). Identification: (A) Sp 99/9, (B, C) Sp 99/5 (Holotype),

(D) Sp 99/13, (E) Sp 99/3, (F-D) Sp 99/10. Scale in (A,E) in mm, in (G) in um; same scale for (A-D).

Fig. 18. P. laticarinata, male (B-N), female (A,O). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E, gland region:

H,D), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (K,L), subgenital plate (M), forewings (N,O). Identification: (A) Sp 99/13,

(B-G,I-N) Sp 99/5 (Holotype), (H) Sp 99/3, (O) Sp 99/11. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,M-O) and (G-K).

Fig. 19. P. javalambrensis, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B)

metan., (C) complete thorax. (D) gland region of T7. (E-H) SEM pictures : T7 (E; gland region: F), T8 (G; gland

region: H). Identification: (A,B) Sp 272/4 (Holotype),

in mm, in (H) in um; same scale for (A-C).

(

C) Sp 461/2, (D) Sp 272/3, (E-H) Sp 272/9. Scale in (A,D)

Fig. 20. P. javalambrensis, male (B-N), female (A,O). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D,I; gland region: G), T8 (E,H), T9+10

(F), hook of left phallomere (K,L), subgenital plate (M), forewings (N,O). Identification: (A) Sp 461/2, (B-H,K-M)

Sp 272/4 (Holotype), (I) Sp 272/5, (N) Sp 272/9, (O) Sp 461/4. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,I,M-O) and (H;,K).

— Abbreviations: (a) apodemes of the subgenital plate, (cs) cleft sclerite, (e) endophallic apodeme, (h) helmet

sclerite, (R3) R3 sclerite, (s) stylus.

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Fig. 21. P. sulcata, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan., (C)

complete thorax. (D) gland region of T7 (bleached, arrow points to transversal furrow). (E-H) SEM pictures: T7

(E, arrow points to membrane pouch; gland region: F, arrow points to transversal furrow), T8 (G; median ridge

and bristle knob, in dorsolateral view: H). Identification: (A,B) Sp 268/1 (Holotype), (C) Sp 268/7, (D) Sp 269a/1,

(E) Sp 269/9, (F-H) Sp 269/8. Scale in (A,D) in mm, in (E,G) in um; same scale for (A-C).

Fig. 22. P. sulcata, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D,G, the latter bleached), T8 (E; gland region,

bleached: H), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A)

Sp 268/7, (B-F,L) Sp 268/1 (Holotype), (G) Sp 269a/1, (H) Sp 269a/2, (I,K) Sp 268/2, (M) Sp 269/4, (N) Sp 268/8.

Same scale (in mm) for (B-G,L-N) and (H,]).

Fig. 23. P. clavisacculata, male (A,B,E-H), female (C,D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B)

metan., (C,D) complete or nearly complete thorax. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland openings: F), T8 (G; median

ridge and bristle knob, in dorsolateral view: H). Identification: (A,B) Sp 66/5 (Holotype), (C) Sp 66/7, (D) Sp

66/8, (E,H) Sp 66/6, (F,G) Sp 67/6. Scale in (A) in mm, in (H) in um; same scale for (A-D).

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Fig. 24. P. clavisacculata, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E; gland region:

H), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L, white arrows indicate length of apical

sclerotization, black arrows the remaining part of the subgenital plate), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp

66/7, (B-L) Sp 66/5 (Holotype), (M) Sp 66/4, (N) Sp 66/9. Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N), (B-F,L), and (G-]).

Fig. 25. P. tenebricosa, male (A-D,F-I), female (E). (A-E) Thoracal segments: (A,C) pron. and meson., (B,D)

metan., (E) complete thorax. (F) gland region of T7. (G-I) SEM pictures: T7 (G), T8 (H; bristle knob: 1).

Identification: (A,B) Sp 247/2 (Holotype), (C,D) Sp 242/3, (E) Sp 247 /5, (G-I) Sp 247/3, (F) Sp 246/3. Same scale

(in mm) for (A-E).

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Fig. 26. P. tenebricosa, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E; gland region:

H), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A,N) Sp 247/6,

(B-E,I-L) Sp 247/2 (Holotype), (F) Sp 254/1, (G,H) Sp 242/3, (M) Sp 33a/2. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,L-N) and

(G-]).

Fig. 27. P. sacarraoi, male (A,B,E-H), female (C,D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B,D) metan.,

bristle knob). Identification: (A,B) Sp 74/6, (C) Sp 19/8, (D) Sp 19/9, (E,F,H) Sp 19a/5, (G) Sp 19a/4. Same scale

(in mm) for (A-D).

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Fig. 28. P. sacarraoi, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D,G), T8 (E; gland region: H,I), T9+10 (F),

hook of left phallomere (K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp 19/9, (B-F,LK) Sp 74/6,

(G) Sp 285/1, (H) Sp 19a/3, (L) Sp 18a/3, (M) Type, (N) Sp 19/10. Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N), (B-G,L), and

(H,K).

Fig. 29. P. brevisacculata, male (A-C,E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A,C) pron. and meson., (B)

metan., (D) complete thorax. (E) T7. (F-H) SEM pictures: T7 (F), T8 (G,H: gland region, the latter in dorsolateral

view). Identification: (A,B) Sp 260/8 (Holotype), (C) Sp 279/1, (D) Sp 260/12, (E) Sp 202/1, (F-H) Sp 278/4. Same

scale (in mm) for (A-D).

Fig. 30. P. brevisacculata, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: H), T8 (E,G), T9+10 (F),

hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp 260/14, (B-F,I-L) Sp

260/8 (Holotype), (G,H) Sp 260/9, (M) Sp 165/3, (N) Sp 260/13. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,L-N) and (G-]).

Fig. 31. P. globososacculata, male (A-C,E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A,C) pron. and meson.,

(B) metan., (D) complete thorax. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; bristle tuft: F), T8 (G; gland region: H, arrow points

to bristle knob). Identification: (A,B) Sp 274/1 (Holotype), (C) Sp 14a/2, (D) Sp 13a/6, (E-H) Sp 274/4. Scale in

(A) in mm, in (H) in um; same scale for (A-D).

Fig. 32. P. globososacculata, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: H), T8 (E; gland

region: G), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp

274/5, (B-L,L) Sp 274/1 (Holotype), (K) Sp 263/5, (M) Sp 98/2, (N) Sp 274/6. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,L-N)

and (G-J).

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Fig. 33. P. porosa, male (A-C,E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A,C) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

(D) complete thorax. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F), T8 (G; gland region: H, arrow points to bristle

knob). Identification: (A,B) Sp 283/2 (Holotype), (C) Sp 280/1, (D) Sp 283/5, (E) Sp 283/3, (F-H) Sp 280/4. Scale

in (A) in mm, in (F,G) in um; same scale for (A-D).

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Fig. 34. P. porosa, male (B-M), female (A,N,O). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E; gland region: H),

T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M-O). Identification: (A) Sp 283/4,

(B-I,L) Sp 283/2 (Holotype), (K) Sp 282/1, (M) Sp 283/3, (N) Sp 280/4, (O) Sp 283/6. Same scale (in mm) for

(A,M-O), (B-F,L) and (G-]).

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Fig. 35. P. barbata, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan., (C)

complete thorax. (D) gland region of T7. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F), T8 (G; gland region: H).

Identification: (A,B) Sp 131/4 (Holotype), (C) Sp 123/7, (D) Sp 158/3, (E-H) Sp131/10. Same scale (in mm) for

(A-C). — Abbreviations: (ap) anterior process.

Fig. 36. P. barbata, male (B-L), female (A,M). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E), T9+10 (F), hook

of left phallomere (HI), subgenital plate (K), forewings (L,M). Identification: (A) Sp 123/7, (B) Sp 129/3, (C-K)

Sp 131/4 (Holotype), (L) Sp 131/8, (M) Sp 123/8. Same scale (in mm) for (A,L,M), (B-F,K), and (G,H).

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Fig. 37. P. acuminata, male (A,B,E-H), female (C,D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A,D) pron. and meson., (B)

metan., (C) complete thorax. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F), TS (G; gland region: H). Identification:

(A,B) Sp 171a/2 (Holotype), (C) Sp 171/14, (D,E) Sp 171a/4, (F-H) Sp 171a/3. Scale in (A) in mm, in (H) in um;

same scale for (A-D).

Fig. 38. P. acuminata, male (B-O), female (A,P). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E; gland region:

H-K), T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (L,M), subgenital plate (N), forewings (O,P). Identification: (A) Sp

174a/4, (B-H) Sp 171a/2 (Holotype), (I,L,M) Sp 175a/2, (K) Sp 87/4, (N) Sp 174a/2, (O) Sp 176a/4, (P) Sp 171/15.

Same scale (in mm) for (A,O,P), (B-F,N), and G-K,L).

Fig. 39. P. lativittata, male (A-C,E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

Identification: (A) Po 18/4, (B,C) Po 18/7 (Holotype), (D) Po 18/10, (E,F,H) Po 18/8, (G) Po 18/9. Scale in (A)

in mm, in (F) in um; same scale for (A-D).

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Fig. 40. P. lativittata, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E; gland region: H),

T9+10 (F), hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Po 18/12,

(B-M) Po 18/7 (Holotype), (N) Po 18/11. Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N), (B-F,L), and (G,H,]).

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Fig. 41. P. rhomboidea, male (A-C,E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

306/2, (B,C) Sp 306/3 (Holotype), (D) Sp 306/13, (E,F,H) Sp 306/15, (G) Sp 306/16. Same scale (in mm) for

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Fig. 42. P. rhomboidea, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D,G; gland region: H), T8 (E), T9+10 (F),

hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp 306/13, (B-E,L,M) Sp

306/3 (Holotype), (F) Sp 260/2, (G,H) Sp 176a/7 (bleached to show the shape of the gland), (1,K) Sp 176a/2, (N)

Sp 306/14. Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N) and (B-G,L).

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Fig. 43. P. carpetana, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan., (C)

complete thorax. (D) gland region of T7. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F,G), gland region of T8 (H).

Identification: (A,B) Sp176a/1, (C) Sp 183/4, (D) Sp 332/2, (E,F) Sp 306/20, (G) Sp 306/4, (H) Sp 306/17. Scale

in (A,D) in mm, in (E,F,H) in um; same scale for (A-C).

Fig. 44. P. carpetana, male (B-N), female (A,O). T5 (A, B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G-I), T8 (E), T9+10 (F), hook

of left phallomere (K,L), subgenital plate (M), forewings (N,O). Identification: (A) Sp 183/4, (B-G,K-M) Sp

176a/1, (H) Sp 178/2, (I) Sp 334/1,(N) Sp 6a/1, (O) Sp 183/5. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,M-O) and (G-K).

Fig. 45. P. acarinata, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan., (C)

complete thorax. (D,E) T7. (F-H) SEM pictures: T7 (F; gland region: G,H). Identification: (A,B) Sp 295/3, (C) Sp

184/5, (D) Sp 175a/3, (E) Sp 185/1, (F,G) Sp 295/6, (H) Sp 184/4. Scale in (A,D) in mm, in (G) in um; same scale

for (A-C) and (D,E).

0.3

Fig. 46. P. acarinata, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D,G; gland region: H), T8 (E), T9+10 (F), hook

of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp 184/5, (B-E,H-M) Sp 295/2

(Holotype), (F) Sp 295/3, (G) Sp 184/2, (N) Sp 184/6. Same scale (in mm) for (B-F,L-N) and (G-I).

Fig. 47. P. crassirostris, male (A-C,E-H), female (D). (A-D) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

(©) pron., (D) complete thorax. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F,G), T8 (H). Identification: (A) Sp

321/5, (B,C) Sp 321/4 (Holotype), (D) Sp 321/8, (E,F,H) Sp 321/11, (G) Sp 321/10. Scale in (A) in mm; same scale

for (A-D) and (F,G).

Fig. 48. P. crassirostris, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G,H), T8 (E), T9+10 (F),

hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp 321/8, (B,C,H-M) Sp

321/4 (Holotype), (D,E,G) Sp 321/5, (F) Sp 321/3, (N) Sp 321/9. Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N), (B-F,L), and

(G-D).

Fig. 49. (A-D) P. tenuirostris, male (A-C), female (D). Thoracal segments: (A,C) pron. and meson., (B) metan., (D)

complete thorax. (E-I) P. fernandesiana, male. T5 (E), T6 (F), T7 (G,H; SEM picture of gland region: ]). Identifica-

tion: (A,B) Sp 164/5 (Holotype), (C) Sp 164/4, (D) Sp 165/4, (E-H) Po 30/1, (I) Po 29/6. Same scale (in mm) for

(A-D) and (E-G). - Abbreviations: (m) membrane pouch.

Fig. 50. P. tenuirostris, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G,H), T8 (E), T9+10 (F),

hook of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp 165/4, (B-F,H,L) Sp

164/5 (Holotype), (G,1,K) Sp 165/1, (M) Sp 165/3, (N) Sp 164/8. Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N), (B-F,L), and

(G-]).

Fig. 51. P. bolivariana, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

(Holotype), (C) Sp 155/3, (D) Bo 168, (E) Sp 121/2, (F) Sp 155/5, (G,H) Sp 155/6. Scale in (A,D) in mm; same

scale for (A-C), (D,E) and (F,G).

IRZEER ERNST

, r N‘, ”ı'» A

etzye ER /

AI ENTE TFT /

ne" anne

: 0.5 MT;

Fig. 53. P. atlantica, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan., (C)

complete thorax. (D) T7. (E-H) SEM pictures: T7 (E; gland region: F,G), gland region of T8 (H). Identification:

(A,B) Sp 311/3 (Holotype), (C) Sp 311/7, (D) Sp 311/4, (E,F,H) Sp 311/10, (G) Sp 311/5. Scale in (A,D) in mm,

in (G) in um; same scale for (A-C).

Fig. 54. P. atlantica, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E,H), T9+10 (F), hook

of left phallomere (I,K), subgenital plate (L), forewings (M,N). Identification: (A) Sp 311/12, (B-G,I-L) Sp 311/3

(Holotype), (H) Sp 311/2, (M) Sp 311/4, (N) Sp 311/8. Same scale (in mm) for (A,M,N), (B-F,H,L), and (G,)).

Fig. 55. P. fernandesiana, male (A,B,D-H), female (C). (A-C) Thoracal segments: (A) pron. and meson., (B) metan.,

H). Identification: (A,B) Sp 138/2 (Holotype), (C) Sp 138/5, (D) Po 18/6, (E,H) Sp 138/3, (F) Sp 138/4, (G) Sp

164/9. Scale in (A,D) in mm, in (H) in um; same scale for (A-C).

100

Fig. 56. P. fernandesiana, male (B-M), female (A,N). T5 (A,B), T6 (C), T7 (D; gland region: G), T8 (E), T9+10 (F),

hook of left phallomere (H,I), subgenital plate (K), forewings (L-N). Identification: (A) Sp 138/7, (B-E,G-I) Sp

138/2 (Holotype), (F,K) Sp 329/1, (L) Sp 83/2, (M) Po 27/4, (N) Sp 138/6. Same scale (in mm) for (A,L-N),

(B-F,K), and (G,H).

101

sr vo‘ Y

Fig. 57. (A-G) P. carpetana, holotype. T5 (A), T6 (B), T7 (C; gland region: D), T8 (E), hook of ‘left’ phallomere

(G,F). (H-N) P. sacarraoi, holotype. T6 (H), T7 (1), T8 (K; gland region: L), T9+10 (M), hook of left phallomere (N).

Same scale (in mm) for (A-G,E), (D,F), (H-K,M), and (L,N). - Photographs B and H are slightly underexposed

in order to show the different shape of the transversal ridge on T6.

102

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oPIAINN

Zeitschrift für Zoologie

Revision der europäischen Mesochorinae

(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae)

Wolfgang Schwenke

SPIXIANA * Supplement 26 * München, 30. Juli 1999 + ISSN 0177-7424 + ISBN 3-931516-65-2

Revision der europäischen Mesochorinae

(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae)

Wolfgang Schwenke

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oPIAIAN

Zeitschrift für Zoologie

Supplement 26

Revision der europäischen Mesochorinae

(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae)

Wolfgang Schwenke

Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil e München, 30. Juli 1999 «e ISSN 0177-7424 e ISBN 3-931516-65-2

SiDolOe&- OT

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Revision der europäischen Mesochorinae

(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae)

Wolfgang Schwenke

Schwenke, W. (1999): Revision der europäischen Mesochorinae (Hymeno-

ptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae). — Spixiana Suppl. 26: 1-124

This is the first revision of European Mesochorinae since Schmiedeknecht (1910)

who distinguished 4 genera and 87 species. The present revision contains 7 genera

and 300 species of which 231 species are newly described. Contrary to other

opinions, all 7 of the genera which have been established between 1829 and 1933

in Europe are upheld. The known facts demonstrate all of Mesochorinae species

being hyper-(secundary) parasites of caterpillars of Lepidoptera (-60 %) or of

larvae of Tenthredinoidea (-30 %) or of adults of Coleoptera (-10 %). As secundary

hosts serve many species of Ichneumonoidea and Braconidae as well as some

species of Tachinidae.

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schwenke, Brennerstraße 88, D-82194 Gröbenzell.

Inhalt

NEE ee sn 6

Hr rngolgeie, Maße, Kürzel ......... nen erenabeetennseesnansre css rtreneere ee 6

[enereuichtese Matentall.......2.:::00.0. ee ern ee ee een 7

ee nosersertind, Verbreitung nn een g

Besimnmpmastabelle.der Gattungen :.......:...20.2..20e2e2n2n2000aneraneasznan seen nnenerene ne ee 10

Batktmes Bund Arbeschreibüngen es... eresee teren de er N 11

NSemts@ 149915, HOTsten eek enneienanean esn lee a are re 11

a SEenuspPolichochprus"StLobl nen en N 12

Sa eenus-Mlesochorella Szeplieete.... nee ee ee ER 13

TAISENUSISHDRTLENNIE OrStET ee RR 15

SEKHONMIE SATA ee 16

SER EIN 2 SPICEDITNE ae nnannne nes arneseneenne nennen er anne anne ee 17

SEKFION 3. SPENDE Se ee OR 18

Brtppe 3. |S uralemn ze. m a RR a Se RE RBRL UNE 18

Grup pe"3. 2.00 es ne ee ee 20

BSEnS PLEcHIcHeT US ua ee SE LER. 25

OS enus StieinBlsinus@lhomsen ne ee LE 26

SER Han SCHerahs 28

SEKLON 2SJOTMIOSUST AR. serien ansszägeneneuengendte ee ee N 28

SER UNE 3 TIERE ee 31

FASEmuSElylesgehoru Metayenlorstme ee. en 33

NSS TTSH TEE Se rer re ch)

Sektors HIylodeeiger. 2... ae ee 85

Sektion 2. CUTOUUS an: eneshassecaonenann Bee rare erenese sangen ernennen ee SE EN 35

Sektion:.3. NiSTiDeSsiessaesssussauemnasnesmensnescnsnnend nnenssnEnemehEnnEr nun ee enn Ren er RE 42

Abteilung 2. Villator nennen nnealenen eher nee nee een re 45

Sektion’ 4. POlUS“...:..040r suchen nennen tennen onen Ben en nun KaneE ann nme he ehren 45

Sektion. ÄISBRF :...:.de0 ssecnsnanensuekrannanesnnhransänekaene denne Hehe re 48

Sektion. 6. SUIORFIRM =... seen eher anne ee 59

Sektion‘. DitHeollissen..e. ee ee NO ER FE SEEN 62

Gruppe 7.1. ORDIRAUS” etaenneanstanenenunenenrana nn dnan nn nun een ea Re 62

Grüppe 7.2. [UIOUS enus.ru024.00sähnanen ernennen aan ende near N 68

Gruppe 73: angustalisuseealeiuuenrgee nee een nennen 71

Gruppe'7.4: rufopehiolatus:...:....uuuu.012000lopantin tassanen ee N 80

Grüppe 7.3, decHinans en unse hnanenensenhedeen nennen ehren srarangnnnerneesene nen re 80

Gruppe’746, Peclöralis une sedange.sc ernennen ee en 95

Gattunss- und Arten-Index. ..n2-.e. ernennen ee ee BE 119

Literature. eseneeettenerennentenessneesse sense res testen OO 122

Einleitung

Die bislang einzige Revision der europäischen Arten der Schlupfwespen-Subfamilie Mesochorinae

(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae) geht auf Schmiedeknecht (1910) zurück. Dieser

charakterisierte die bekannten Arten, zog einige von ihnen ein und machte andere zu Varietäten,

vermied jedoch jegliche Neubeschreibung. Seine Revision umfafst 4 Gattungen mit 87 Arten. Von

anderen Regionen revidierte Dasch (1971) die nearktischen (nordamerikanischen) sowie derselbe

Autor (Dasch 1974) die neotropischen (süd- und mittelamerikanischen) Mesochorinae. In Nordamerika

nördlich von Mexiko unterschied er 4 Gattungen mit 127 Arten, im südlich davon gelegenen Amerika

8 Gattungen mit 277 Arten.

Die hier vorgelegte Revision der europäischen Mesochorinae umfaßt 7 Gattungen mit 300 Arten

(einschließlich je 1 Art aus den Randgebieten Marokko, Ägypten und Israel), von denen 231 Arten neu

sind.

Wahl (1993) nennt die Mesochorinae eine kleine Subfamilie der Ichneumonidae mit etwa 600

beschriebenen Arten. Diese Zahl erhöht sich mit den Neubeschreibungen dieser Revision auf etwa 830

Arten.

Terminologie, Maße, Kürzel

Die Terminologie der morphologischen Körpermerkmale folgt im wesentlichen jener von Townes

(1969).

Für die Bestimmungsschlüssel und Artbeschreibungen wurden nur solche Merkmale verwendet,

die einfach erkennbar sind und keine wesentliche Variabilität aufweisen. Daher blieben z.B. die sehr

variablen Fühlermerkmale (Länge, Gliederzahl) unberücksichtigt. Auf absolute Meßwerte wurde — mit

Ausnahme der Körperlänge - verzichtet. Die Maße wichtiger Körperteile wurden relativ, im Vergleich

zu anderen Körperteilen gekennzeichnet, so z.B. die Länge des Legebohrers in Beziehung zur Länge

des 1. Hintertarsus-Gliedes gesetzt.

Kürzel für Maße: < = kleiner als; > = größer als; < = gleich groß oder kleiner; 2 = gleich groß oder

größer.

Als Vertexbrücke (Abb. 3) wird die Distanz zwischen Lateralocellus und Augenrand, bezogen auf

den Durchmesser des Lateralocellus, bezeichnet.

Zum Beispiel heißt “Ocellus = 1.5 Vertexbrücke”: der Lateralocellus ist 1.5 mal so breit wie die

Entfernung zwischen Ocellus und Augenrand.

Schläfe > Augenbreite heißt: die Schläfenbreite bei senkrechtem Blick auf die Mitte des hinteren

Augenrandes (Abb. 3) ist breiter als die Augenbreite in dieser Sicht. Hierbei werden Schläfen- und

Augenbreite auf einer waagerechten Linie durch den Blickpunkt, ohne Rücksicht auf die Krümmungen

von Auge und Schläfe, geschätzt.

Wangenfurche = vom Maxillus-Hinterrand zum unteren Augenrand verlaufende Furche

(Abb. 6-8).

Die apikale Schwärzung oder Verdunklung der Tibia III bezieht sich auf die größte Ausdehnung

an der Schienen-Außenseite.

Vespoid = Hell/Dunkel-Bänderung von mehreren aufeinanderfolgenden Tergiten.

Von den in der Literatur enthaltenen Wirtsangaben wurden nur die sicher erscheinenden über-

nommen.

Die Angabe eines Primärwirtes besteht im allgemeinen aus dem Gattungsnamen ohne Artname

sowie dem in Klammer gesetzten Familiennamen; z.B. Bupalus (Geometridae). Die Primärwirt-

Herkunft ist mit “ex”, die Sekundärwirt-Herkunft mit “via” gekennzeichnet, z.B.: Ex Bupalus (Geo-

metridae) via Apanteles (Braconidae).

Der Name des Informanten, der über eine Wirtsbeziehung informiert, ist der Wirtsangabe in

Klammer, zumeist als Kürzel, beigefügt. Es bedeuten: (Aub.)ert, (Bau.)er, (Bign.)ell, (Brisch.)ke,

(Cap.)ek, (Cress.)on, (Curt.)is, (Dan.)iel, (Del.Jucchi, (D.J.) De Jong, (D.T.) Dalla Torre, (Eich.)horn,

(Fied.)ler, (B.d.F.) Boyer de Fonscolombe, (F.P.M.) F. P. Müller, (Füh.)rer, (Gir.)aud, (Hab.)ermehl,

(Haes.)elbarth, (Haeuss.)ler, (Hal.)iday, (Hart.)ig, (Hed.)wig, (Hz.) Hinz, (Holm.)gren, (Horst.)mann,

(Jä.)ckel, (Jod.)al, (Jourdh.)eul, (Kok.)ujew, (Kriech.)baumer, (No.)ack, (Pet.)ers, (Pfank.)uch, (Plan.)ica,

(Psch.W.) Pschorn-Walcher, (Puhl.)mann, (Ra.)tti, (Ratz.)eburg, (Rin.)homäki, (Ryr.)holm, (Schmied.)

eknecht, (Schw.)enke, (Str.)obl, (Szepl.)igeti, (Thoms.)on, (Thun.)berg, (Vid.)al, (Zah.)radnik,

(Zett.)erstedt.

Untersuchtes Material

Das Untersuchungsmaterial stammt aus folgenden Sammlungen: American Entom. Inst. (AEI), Gain-

sville/USA; Andrews, Sir Christopher, Salisbury/UK; Aubert, J. F., Lausanne/CH; Bachmeir, F. (7),

München (ZSM = Zoolog. Staatssammlg. München)/D; C.A.B., Int. Inst. of Biol. Contr., Europ. Station,

Del&mont/CH; Cymorek, S. (7), Krefeld (Naturkd.-Museum, Krefeld)/D; Dt. Ent. Inst. (DEI), Eber-

swalde/D; Diller, E., München (ZSM)/D; Eichhorn, O., Heitersheim/D; Eidgen. Techn. Hochschule,

Ent. Inst., Zürich/CH; European Paras. Labor., Orgerus-Behoust/F; Forschungsinst. Senckenberg,

Frankfurt/M./D; Franz, J. (t), Darmstadt/D; Führer, E., Wien/A; Glavendekic, Milka, Belgrad/YU;

Haeselbarth, E., Gauting (ZSM)/D; Hinz, R. (f), Einbeck (ZSM)/D; Horstmann, K., Würzburg/D; Inst.

v. Plantenziekt. Onderzoek, Wageningen/NL; Jussila, R., Turku/SF; Landesmuseum Linz/A; Mar-

tinek, V., Strnady/CS; Mey, W., Inst. f. Pflanzenschutz, Eberswalde/D; Mus. Nat. History, Ent. Dept.

Prag/CS; Naturhist. Riksmuseum, Ent. Avdel, Stockholm/S; Norwich Castle Museum, Norwich/ UK;

Oehlke, J., Eberswalde/D; Olafson, E., Naturufraedistofnun Islands/IL; Pagliano, G., Turin/l; Peters,

G., Bonn/D; Pschorn-Walcher, H., Admont/A; Scaramozzino: L., Turin/I; Schwarz, M., Zwettl/A;

Schwenke, W., Gröbenzell (ZSM)/D; Sedivy, J., Inst. of Plant Protection, Praha/CS; Seyrig, A., Paris

(Mus. nat. hist. Paris)/F; Station Centr. Zool. (NRA), Versailles/F; Swedish Museum Nat. Hist., Dept.

Ent., Stockholm/S; Szepligeti, V., Budapest (ungar. Nat. Mus. Budapest)/H; Univ. of Lund, Zool. Inst.

Ent. Dept., Lund/S; Univ. of Uppsala, Zool. Inst. Ent. Dept., Uppsala/S; Zoerner, H., Dessau/D;

Zoolog. Museum Univ., Berlin/D; ZSM/D; Zoologisk Mus. Kopenhagen/DK.

Subfamilie Mesochorinae

Diagnose. Länge 2.0 mm (Stictopisthus) bis 19.0 mm (Cidaphus); Clypeus nicht durch Grube vom

Gesicht getrennt; Mandibeln mit 2 Zähnen; zwischen Mandibel-Basis und unterem Augenrand mit

oder ohne Wangenfurche; Fühler fadenförmig mit 25-55 Gliedern, deren Zahl im Prinzip proportional

der Körperlänge ist; apikaler Rand der Tibia Iohne Außenzahn; Klauen meist gezähnt; Areola gewöhn-

lich groß und rhombisch; Metanotum vollständig gefeldert; Abdomen ab Tergit 3 bis Apex etwas

seitlich zusammengedrückt; Tergit 1 (Stiel) mit Luftlöchern nahe der Mitte; Legebohrer (Abb. 1)

vorstehend, 2.5-13 mal so lang wie breit, meistens etwa so lang wie die Tibia III; ? Subgenitalplatte

groß, in der Mitte gefaltet; d Abdomenende mit zweizinkiger Gabel (Aftergriffel, Griffel) (Abb. 2).

€

Abb. 1. Legebohrer von Mesochorus-Arten. A. Mesochorus anthracinus Kriechbaumer. B. M. corvulus Thomson.

C. M. curvicaudus Thomson.

Die Hauptkennzeichen der Subfamilie Mesochorinae sind: die große rhombische Areola, die den

rücklaufenden Nerv kurz vor oder in der Mitte aufnimmt, die zweizinkige Gabel (Aftergriffel) am

Abdomenende des d und die sekundärparasitische Lebensweise (s.u.).

Die Larven der Mesochorinae (Short 1976) ähneln jenen der nahestehenden Subfamilien, vor allem

der Ophioninae, doch sind ihre Kopfstrukturen stärker zurückgebildet.

Die bis dahin als Tribus Mesochorini der Ichneumonidae-Subfamilie Ophioninae betrachtete

Gruppe wurde von Townes (1945, 1969) zur Subfamilie Mesochorinae erhoben und neben die Ophio-

ninae gestellt.

Nachdem von den 7 zwischen 1829 und 1933 beschriebenen europäischen Mesochorinae-Gattun-

gen die Gattung Stictopisthus Thomson, 1886 von Townes (1943) zu Meochorus Gravenhorst 1829 gestellt

worden war und Townes et al. (1965) Dolichochorus Strobl, 1904 und Mesochorella Szepligeti, 1911 mit

Astiphromma Förster, 1868 synonymiert hatten, zog Wahl (1993) auch noch Plectochorus Uchida, 1933 zu

Mesochorus. Das zum wesentlichen Teil auf Larvenmerkmalen beruhende cladistische System von

Wahl (1993) enthält somit nur noch 3 europäische Gattungen: Mesochorus Gravenhorst, 1829, Cidaphus

Förster, 1868 und Astiphromma Förster, 1868.

Im Gegensatz dazu werden in der vorliegenden Revision alle 7 bisher in Europa beschriebenen

Gattungen als eigenständig anerkannt. Ihre wichtigsten Unterscheidungsmerkmale sind im Gattungs-

Schlüssel (S. 10) zusammengestellt. Wahl (1993) erkennt nur in den 3 genannten Gattungen “mono-

phyletic groups” und bezeichnet alle anderen Gruppierungen als “Phantoms that hinder the efficency

of classifications”. Jedoch bildet die Klassifizierung der höheren Kategorien oberhalb der Gattungen

nur die eine Seite der Systematik. Die andere Seite ist die Determination der Arten, die mit der

Gruppierung von Arten zu Gattungen zusammenhängt. Die hier vorgelegte Revision steht im Dienste

der Arten-Determination. Sie führt zur Erleichterung der Bestimmungsarbeit eine Artengruppierung

innerhalb der Gattung ein, die drei hierarchische Stufen aufweist: 1. Abteilungen aufgrund wesent-

licher biologischer Merkmale. 2. Sektionen aufgrund von Körperbau-Merkmalen. 3. Gruppen aufgr-

und von Farbmerkmalen. In diesem Sinne werden die 3 artenreichen Gattungen untergliedert: Asti-

phromma in 2 Sektionen und 2 Gruppen, Stictophisthus in 3 Sektionen und Mesochorus in 2 Abteilungen,

7 Sektionen und 7 Gruppen.

* c

Abb. 2. Aftergriffel von Mesochorinae-Arten: A. Mesochorus anthracinus Kriechbaumer. B. Astiphromma leuco-

grammum Holmgren. C. Mesochorus subfuscus, spec. nov.

Lebensweise und Verbreitung

Es wird in dieser Revision an dem alten Terminus “Parasit” festgehalten, da die neuere Bezeichnung

“Parasitoid” (”Raubparasit”, der seinen Wirt letztlich tötet) nicht eingebürgert ist.

Die Mesochorinae sind Sekundärparasiten (Hyperparasiten), die in primärparasitischen Schlupf-

wespen- oder Trachinen-Larven parasitieren, welche in nicht parasitischen Insekten (Primärwirten)

schmarotzen. Bei der namentlichen Nennung der drei Partner ist die Reihenfolge: Hyperparasit ex

Primärwirt via Primärparasit (Sekundärwirt), also z.B. Mesochorus rubeculus ex Bupalus piniarius

(Geom.) via Campoplex angustatus (Ichn.).

In der Reihenfolge ihrer Häufigkeit treten als Primärwirte der Mesochorinae auf: Larven von

Lepidoptera und Tenthredinoidea sowie Imagines von Coleoptera, als Sekundärwirte: Larven von

Braconidae, Ichneumonidae und Tachinidae.

Muesebeck (1977) zählt auch einige Psocoptera und Heteroptera (Miridae) zu den Primärwirten

von Mesochorinen, doch sind diese Angaben ungesichert und völlig unwahrscheinlich. Den einzigen

konkreten Hinweis auf die primärparasitische Lebensweise einer Mesochorine findet sich bei Häussler

(1940) für Plectochorus iwatensis Uchida als Primärparasit bei Grapholita molesta. Jedoch bezeichnet Wahl

(1993) auch diese Angabe als unklar und nicht gesichert.

Interessant ist, daß Tachiniden als Sekundärwirte nur bei je einer kleinen Artengruppe der Gattun-

gen Astiphromma und Mesochorus auftreten und daß diese beiden, im Mesochorinen-System weit

auseinanderliegenden Artengruppen durch ein gemeinsames morphologisches Merkmal ausgezeich-

net sind: einen Chitindorn auf dem Scutellum. Offensichtlich dient dieser zum Aufsprengen des

Tachiniden-Tönnchens beim Schlüpfvorgang.

Rechnet man die gesichert erscheinenden Wirtsangaben hoch, ergibt sich, daß von den eu-

ropäischen Mesochorinae-Arten rund 89 % Larven- (62 % Lepidoptera, 27% Tenthredinoidea) und

11 % Adulten- (Coleoptera) Hyperparasiten sind. Nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand hyperparasitieren

alle europäischen Mesochorinae-Arten nur jeweils eine der drei Primärwirte-Gruppen. Man hätte

vermuten können, daß manche Mesochorinen sowohl Schmetterlingsraupen als auch Blattwespenlar-

ven hyperparasitieren. Dafür gibt es aber keinen Beleg.

Die meisten Arten der europäischen Mesochorinae sind nur in sehr geringer Individuenzahl, oft

nur als Einzelexemplar, bekannt, so daß man diese Subfamilie insgesamt als “selten” einstufen muß.

Mit Ausnahme von Schadinsekten-Massenvermehrungen spielt sie nur eine eng begrenzte Rolle in der

Populationsdynamik der phytophagen Insekten. Zur Abschätzung dieser Rolle wurden 1986 und 1988

in zwei verschiedenen Laubmischwäldern bei München - außerhalb von Insekten-Massenvermehrun-

gen - je 100 an Blättern haftende Schlupfwespen-(Primärparasiten-)Kokons gesammelt. Aus ihnen

schlüpften 4 bzw. 7 Mesochorinen. Rechnet man (immer außerhalb von Massenvermehrungen) mit

einer mittleren Primärparasitierung phytophager Larven, z.B. Raupen, von 10 %, so würde damit die

Hyperparasitierung der Primärwirte durch Mesochorinen etwa 0,5 % betragen.

Wenn eine Mesochorinen-Art in größerer Anzahl gefangen wird, kann dies zwei Ursachen haben:

Erstens die Massenvermehrung einer Insektenart, bei der sich auch der Hyperparasit “aufschaukeln”

kann, oder zweitens die Polyphagie, die eine geringe Anzahl von Mesochorinen-Arten aufweist. So

hyperparasitiert z.B. Mesochorus vittator Zett. Hunderte von Lepidopteren-Arten und kommt daher

auch außerhalb von Massenvermehrungen in relativ großer Zahl vor.

AB SB

Abb. 3. Schema eines Mesochorinae-Kopfes in Seitenansicht. Bestimmung der Relationen Schläfenbreite (SB)/

Augenbreite (AB) sowie Ocellusbreite / Breite der Vertexbrücke (VB).

Über die Verbreitung der Mesochorinae in Europa ergibt sich noch kein klares Bild, da noch zu

viele Gebiete zu wenig besammelt sind. Immerhin ist auffällig, daß die weitaus meisten Arten in Mittel-

und Hochgebirgen sowie in mittel- und nordeuropäischen Regionen gefunden wurden. Aus den

Mittelmeer-Ländern, zumindest aus deren südlichen Teilen, wurden bisher kaum Mesochorinen

bekannt. Das spricht dafür, dafs die Mesochorinae ihren Verbreitungsschwerpunkt in den nördlichen

gemäßigten Breiten haben.

Die nordamerikanische und europäische Mesochorinen-Fauna berühren sich nur in wenigen

Arten.

Bestimmungstabelle der Gattungen

1(8) Gesicht ohne Wangenfurche

2(3) Ocellus 6- bis 8 mal so breit wie Vertexbrücke; Auge innen tief eingebuchtet (Abb. 4) .............

EIER RE aa een 1. Cidaphus Förster (S. 11)

3(2) Ocellus max. 3 mal so breit wie Vertexbrücke; Auge innen nicht tief eingebuchtet

4(5) Kopf von vorn dreieckig; Nervellus ungebrochen ........................- 2. Dolichochorus Strobl (S. 12)

5(4) Kopf nicht dreieckig; Nervellus fast immer gebrochen

6(7) Postpetiolus mit 2 Randleisten (Abb. 8); Tibia III innen konkav; d mit schwarzem Gesicht;

Primärwirte: Kafer-Imagines.......... ebenen ee 3. Mesochorella Szepligeti (S. 13)

7(6) Postpetiolus nur mit 1 Randleiste (Abb. 5); Tibia III innen gerade; d mit gelbem Gesicht;

Primärwirte: Schmetterlings- und Blattwespen-Larven .............. 4. Astiphromma Förster (S. 13)

8(1) Gesicht mit Wangenfurche

910) Abdomen ab Segment 2 messerförmig schmal; Propodeum bis Coxa-IIl-Ende verlängert

(AbBAO) Ne NER I BERN 5. Plectochorus Uchida (S. 25)

10(9) Abdomen nicht messerscharf; Propodeum nicht verlängert

11(12) Sutur vor dem Scutellum schmal, linienförmig; Fühler weiter von der Stirnmitte entfernt als

vom Auge; Postpetiolus dicht längsrissig (Abb. 7) ..................- 6. Stictopisthus Thomson (S. 26)

12(11) Sutur vor dem Scutellum breit, grubenförmig; Fühler nicht weiter von der Stirnmitte entfernt als

vom Auge; Postpetiolus nicht dicht längsrissig (Abb. 8) ........ 7. Mesochorus Gravenhorst (S. 33)

Abb.4. Cidaphus thuringiacus Brauns. Habitus seitlich; Kopf von vorn; Metathorax + 1. Gastersegment (Stiel) von

oben. Verändert nach Townes (1971).

Gattungs- und Artbeschreibungen

1. Genus Cidaphus Förster

Abb. 4

Cidaphus Förster, 1868: 149. Typus: C. thuringiacus Brauns, 1889; design. Viereck, 1914.

Plesiophthalmus Förster, 1868: 170. Name präokkupiert durch Presiophthalmus Motschoulski, 1858 (Dasch 1971: 7);

syn. Moczär 1969: 1. Typus: Mesochorus alarius Gravenhorst, 1828.

Mater Schulz, 1911: 22. Nom. nov. für Plesiophthalmus.

Ophthalmochorus Roman, 1925. Nom. nov. für Plesiophthalmus.

Diagnose. Vertex stark verengt; Ocellen 6-8 x Vertexbrücke; Augen tief eingebuchtet; Gesicht ohne

Wangenfurche; Stigma und Radialzelle sehr lang und schmal; Areola stark verschoben; Nervellus

gebrochen; Klauen gekämmt; Tergite 2 und 3 länger als breit.

In Europa 3 Arten.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (?? + dd)

1(2) Mit durchgehender Facialorbiten-Furche;Bohrer bauchig, ca. 4,5 mal so lang wie breit (Abb. 4)

ee re Le BR 1. thuringiacus Brauns (S. 11)

2(1) Ohne durchgehende Facialorbiten-Furche; Bohrer parallel, ca. 6 mal so lang wie breit

3(4) Gesicht $, d schwarz; Areola lang gestielt; Griffel-Ende stumpf..... 2. potanini Kokujev (S. 12)

43) Gesicht 9, d rot; Areola kurz gestielt; Griffel-Ende spitz ............. 3. alarius Gravenhorst (S. 12)

1.1. Cidaphus thuringiacus Brauns

Abb. 4

Cidaphus thuringiacus Brauns, 1889: 78, d.

Plesiophthalmus thuringiacus, Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1940, 22.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 7-15 mm; Hauptmerkmale s. Artenschlüssel; Körper gelbrot; Mesoscutum mit

braunen Wischen; Abdomen ab Segment 4 = verdunkelt oder geschwärzt.

Typen. Verschollen.

Fundorte in Deutschland, Frankreich, Österreich, Italien, Mazedonien, N-Afrika.

Europa außer Norden; N-Afrika.

1.2. Cidaphus potanini Kokujew

Cidaphus potanini Kokujew, 1906: 166, 24.

Plesiophthalmus melanocephalus Habermehl, 1909: 566, 3; syn. Townes 1965: 1941.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 10-16 mm; Hauptmerkmale s. Artenschlüssel; Färbung wie C. thuringiacus, jedoch

Gesicht ? d schwarz.

Typen. Coll. Kokujew. - C. (S.) melanocephalus Habermehl. Holotypus: d, Wildw. Juli 04, Habermehl (Senck.).

Ex Mamestra (Noctuidae) via Enicospilus (Ichneumonidae) (Hz.).

Zahlreiche europäische Fundorte.

Europa außer Süden; bis Japan.

1.3. Cidaphus alarius (Gravenhorst)

Mesochorus alarius Gravenhorst, 1829: 977, d.

Plesiophthalmus alarius, Brischke 1880: 105, 9G.

Cidaphus alarius, Brauns 1889: 78, 24.

Mesochorus gigas Kriechbaumer, 1897: 232, $; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1941.

Diagnose. %, 3: 15-19 mm; Hauptmerkmale s. Artenschlüssel; Färbung wie C. thuringiacus.

Typen. Verschollen. -— Mesochorus gigas Kriechbaumer. Holotypus: ?, Meran, Lebenberg Nr. 97, 160, Kriech-

baumer (ZSM).

Ex Catocala (Noctuidae) (Bri.).

Fundorte in Polen, Deutschland, Frankreich, N-Italien, Mazedonien.

M- und SE-Europa.

2. Genus Dolichochorus Strobl

Dolichochorus Strobl, 1902: 108.

Diagnose. Gattungsmerkmale s. Artbeschreibung. Nur eine Art, die wegen ihrer abweichenden Kopf-

form Gattungsstatus besitzt.

Dolichochorus longiceps Strobl

Dolichochorus longiceps Strobl, 1902: 108, 2.

Diagnose. 2: 5.5 mm; Kopf von vorn dreieckig, Augen sehr kurz und breit, Wangen auffallend lang;

Wangenfurchen fehlend; Ocellen sehr klein (0.5 Vertexbrücke); Schläfe etwas > Augenbreite; Nervellus

ungebrochen; Tergit 1 dicht gerieft; Coxa III sehr groß; Hinterbeine extrem lang; Bohrer dünn, viel <

Tarsus III, 1, Ende aufgebogen; Gesicht gelb, mit 5 ein “W” bildenden schwarzen Flecken; Thorax und

Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal mit breitem gelbem Saum; Tergit-3-Mitte gelb; Coxa I, II weiß, Coxa

III rot, seitlich schwarz; Tibia-Ill-Ende % schwarz.

Typen. Verschollen.

Einzelfunde in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, England, Österreich, N-Italien.

N-, M- und W-Europa.

3. Genus Mesochorella Szepligeti

Mesochorella Szepligeti, 1911: 48.

Diagnose. Gattungsmerkmale s. Arbeschreibung. Nur eine Art, die durch fehlende Wangenfurche

von Mesochorus sowie fehlende obere Stiel-Leiste und schwarzes Gesicht des d von Astiphromma

unterschieden ist. Einzige Nicht-Mesochorus-Art mit Käfern (Chrysomelidae) als Primärwirte.

Mesochorella nigriceps (Brischke)

Mesochorus nigriceps Brischke, 1880: 1920.

Astiphromma nigriceps, Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1949, d.

Mesochorella nigriceps, Szepligeti 1911: 48, d.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 5.8-6 mm; Schläfe sehr breit (1.5 mal Augenbreite); Ocellen sehr klein (< 2 Vertex-

brücke); Unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer; Kopf und Thorax grubig punktiert; Nervulus praefurkal;

Klauen gekämmt; Tibia III innen auffällig konkav; Bohrer lang (Tarsus III, 1 + 2), breit, zum Ende stark

verdünnt; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, gleich breit bleibend. ? 3 gleich gefärbt; Kopf und Thorax schwarz;

Coxa I, II, III schwarz, mit roter Spitze; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 und folgende rot, mit Verdunklungen.

Typen. Verschollen. ? und d, Berlin 22.7.47, F. P. Müller (DEI); 15, Danzig, Brischke.

Ex Colaphellus sophiae (Chrysomelidae) (Senfkäfer, an Cruciferen) (F.P.M.).

Polen, Deutschland.

4. Genus Astiphromma Förster

Abb. 5

Astiphromma Förster, 1868: 170.

Demophorellus Hedwig, 1955: 90/91, 378; syn. S. Dasch 1971: 14.

Diagnose. Stirn glatt und glänzend; Wangenfurche zwischen Auge und Mandibel-Basis fehlend;

Nervulus meist postfurkal; Nervus parallelus meist aus der Mitte der Brachialzelle; Nervellus fast

immer gebrochen: Postpetiolus mit unterer und oberer Seitenleiste; Gesicht schwarz oder gelb, beim

ö stets gelb; Stirn stets schwarz.

Bestimmungstabelle der Sektionen und Gruppen

12), Seutellumsmikaufreehter Spitze... 2en2...0nuesssentgedenessnstoneneesestinehsnrgen Sektion 1. dorsale (S. 16)

2(1) Scutellum ohne Spitze

3(4) Postpetiolus in ganzer Länge dicht feinrissig ............eeeeee Sektion 2. pictum (S. 17)

213),01 Bostpebiolusiniehh so)... nr. .destsennsuresenanenchengne nt es eeateteaeeesterebenen Sektion 3. splenium (S. 18)

DIE) an GESicht Tine N nen assninnseneiennnestnentannnen ge euere ee Gruppe 3.1. anale (S. 18)

BIO)ER Gesicht SrschwWarz ng lenens on anna hend hen nel are n annpenrnanseene ee Gruppe 3.2. varipes (S. 20)

15(14)

16(17)

17(16)

18(19)

19(18)

20(21)

21(20)

221)

23(26)

24(25)

25(24)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (??)

Sceutellum mit aufrechter Spitze u... BEN Sektion 1. dorsale (S.

Mesopleuren schwach punktiert; Scheitel kaum eingeengt; Bohrer = Tarsus IN ...............

BE ee 1. dorsale Holmgren (S.

Mesopleuren stärker punktiert; Scheitel stark verengt; Bohrer < Tarsus II...

er ee: 2. granigerum Thomson (S.

Scutellum ohne aufrechte Spitze

Postpetiolus in ganzer’ Länge dicht feintissig........n..enmsnnnsesneunee Sektion 2. pictum (S.

Postpetiolus sehr breit, Nervulus postfurkal .......neeeee 3. rimosum, spec. nov. (S.

Postpetiolus schmaler; Nervulus interstitial

Clypeus schwarz, mit weißen Ecken; Mesopleuren rot... 4. pictum Brischke (S.

Elypeus’gelbrot;"Mesopleuren schwarz 2. nme een 5. luridum, spec. nov. (S.

Postpetiolus höchstens am Endrand mit einigen Rillen .................... Sektion 3. splenium (S.

Gesicht gelb 21.2.2... .Assasnensennsessnsntunssraennunnsnunnsenne Baperenne een Inner RER Gruppe 3.1.anale (S.

Schultern mit großem gelbem Hakenfleck .........eeneeeeeesneeneeeneenenenn 6. hamulum Thomson (S.

Schultern ohne Hakenfleck

Unterer Mandıbelzahn > oberer .....21r2s20.00ne20e2neeshanrernnnnsee ar rannneererne 7. mandibulare Thomson (S$.

Beide Mandibelzähne gleich

Mesopleuren SChWanze......0n2222r2eB0nsnonssnnannnnzennsnasnnenrnnns erden sae entnene term aerpeere 8. anale Holmgren (S.

Mesopleuren mehrfarbig

Mesopleuren 3- bis 4farbig: weiß, gelb, rot, (schwarz) in fleckiger Verteilung ............

Ka A Een N 9. simplex Thomson (S.

Mesopleuren 2farbig: oben schwarz, unten rot, scharf getrennt

Schläfe > Augenbreite, Stigma dunkelbraun ..................... 10. leucogrammum Holmgren (S.

Schläfe < Augenbreite, Stigma hyalinbraun ............eeeeeee 11. tenuicorne Thomson (S.

Gesicht. SCHWATZ ............2402u08002u2nn 12.2 rennen ee Gruppe 3.2. varipes (S.

Clypeus gelbrot

Gelber Fleck über dem Clypeus ca. % der Gesichtslänge; Schläfe < Augenbreite ..............

BRRRSSE N ES RRIIHRSCHERERREEROHRRRSRIERN. PN RER N ee 12.tridentatum, spec. nov. (S.

Weißer Fleck über dem Clypeus, ca. % der Gesichtslänge; Schläfe 2 Augenbreite .............

Be EN EN N eisen 13. dispersum, spec. nov. (S.

Clypeus schwarz

Tergite.47 468... en en 14. splenium Curtis (S.

Tergite 4-7 schwarz (und rot)

Coxa III (z.T.) geschwärzt

Bohrer 'stabförmig, Nervulus intersätial....nannaseansemueenege 15. nigrocoxatum Srobl (S.

Bohrer 'bauchig, Nervulus: postfurkale......errezeree res 16. albitarse Brischke (S.

21)

32(29)

33(34)

34(33)

35(42)

36(37)

37(36)

38(39)

39(38)

40(41)

41(40)

42(35)

43(46)

44(45)

45(44)

46(43)

47(50)

48(49)

49(48)

50(47)

51052)

52(51)

1(4)

2(3)

3(2)

4(1)

5(10)

6(7)

7(6)

8(9)

98)

1065)

11(14)

Coxa III rot, höchstens etwas gebräunt

Belilaier ie ernbreule cu. nsunHanngnenensunsnaunsnsnneenennmebsesnarnsnen ehren ee 17. buccatum Thomson (S.

Schläfe < Augenbreite

Stigma extrem schmal und lang; Radialzelle sehr lang und spitz

BeninallllSschvV az nee 18. varipes Holmgren (S.

Femur III rot

Bi A Bobirewifasihepike. 132...-..2.20 unse cnneeanns anna nen EHRE ESTER 19. italicum, spec. nov. (S.

6-8 mm; Bohrer am Ende wenig verdünnt

Mesopleuren und Scutellum schwarz, Nervulus stark postfurkal .........ueeeeee

eo 20. marginellum Holmgren (S.

Mesopleuren und Scutellum rot; Nervulus schwach postfurkal oder interstitial .............

EEE ER HET RERE 21. scutellatum Gravenhorst (S.

Stigma und Radialzelle normal

Abdomen-Hinterhälfte vespoid

6.5 mm; Mesopleuren dicht punktiert ...........uneeeseneneeesesseeneneneenen 22. consertum, spec. nov. (S.

Bram, Mesopleirennelatk m... nn 23. uliginosum, spec. nov. (S.

Abdomen-Hinterhälfte nicht vespoid

Clypeus ganz schwarz

Poirer- Ende nicht VER HDSE ... nneeenennecensesereronteesannnnnratsonsenenennncanne 24. contum, spec. nov. (S.

Pobter-Euide’stark Verjumsk umso meenzanesnenssaresdsecnenssepnnersesnneneneer 25. diversum, spec. nov. (S.

Clypeus unten rot, oben schwarz

Hersit Sr gelber Zeichnung 2.2 een eresereesernensnenennepen 26. barbatulum, spec. nov. (S.

Bet ev Seliuatz me 27. caecum, spec. nov. (S.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd)

Scutellum mit aufrechter Spitze

Mesopleuren schwach punktiert; Vertex nicht eingeengt .............. 1. dorsale Holmgren (S.

Mesopleuren ziemlich stark punktiert; Vertex eingeengt ........... 2. granigerum Thomson (S.

Scutellum ohne aufrechte Spitze

Postpetiolus in ganzer Länge dicht feinrissig

Terette 3 + Aauissedehnk LOR 2... .aeununsseosaurusnananauenenssenndsneneneönzense 3. rimosum, spec. nov. (S.

Tergite 3 + 4 schwarz, apikal schmal weiß

Mesopleüuren überwiegend 108... 2.2... nnnenenenns ste ensseranchnenne 4. pictum Brischke (S.

Mesppleuren EeHWwaßz 2... ......224.0202u0202nasenspanennonzsnserzapensasnnosnsusneusasseranze 5. luridum, spec. nov. (S.

Postpetiolus höchstens am Ende mit einigen Längsrillen

Unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer

22)

23)

24)

16)

17)

18)

12(13) 7 mm; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit roter Mitten. 2 7. mandibulare Thomson (S. 18)

13012): 569m] Tergil!2:8992 schwarz. u. nun arena ee 19 .italicum, spec. nov. (S. 22)

14(11) Beide Mandibelzähne gleich

15(20) Coxa III (überwiegend) schwarz

16(17) Gritfel lang. Tarsus DI 2 u 3) Sa Een 16. albitarse Brischke (S. 21)

17(16) Griffel kurz (= Tarsus III, 2)

18(19)) Griffel-Ende:blattförmig; verbreitert „ann. us suuannee, 10. leucogrammum Holmgren (S. 19)

19(18). Griffel-Ende nicht verbreitert... EN RTER 15. nigrocoxatum Strobl (S. 21)

20(15) Coxa III gelbrot

21(22) Schulter mit großem weißem Hakenfleck .....................022.00000000000000 6. hamulum Thomson (S. 18)

22(21) Schulter ohne solchen Fleck

23024) Femur III oberseits (braun )schwarz u... een 18. varipes Holmgren ($. 22)

24(23) Femur II oberseits höchstens etwas gebräunt

25(26), Grittel sehr lans: (Tarsus Il, 24 9 Sy... euere 20. marginellum Holmgren (S. 23)

26(25) Griffel kürzer

27(34) Mesopleuren ganz oder teilweise rot

28(29) Mesopleuren zweifarbig schwarz-rot, mit scharfer Grenze ....... 11. tenuicorne Thomson (S. 19)

29 28) Mesopleuren anders gefärbt

Mesopleuren rot; Tergit 2 mit weißem Dreieck... ng 9. simplex Thomson (S. 19)

Färbung anders

Griffel < Tarsus IN, 2, gelb, Tarsi IT hell... ne 14. splenium Curtis (S. 20)

Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, schwarz, Tarsi III geschwärzt........... 21. scutellatum Gravenhorst (S. 23)

Schläfe > Augenbreite „2.82. :.5.....u0250u08ee ig. destnsar ann ee 17. buccatum Thomson (S. 22)

Schläfe < Augenbreite

)

34(27) Mesopleuren schwarz

)

) Postpetiolus glatt; Tergit 2 ohne Delle

)

Sektion 1. dorsale

Diagnose. Scutellum mit aufrechter Spitze; Sekundärwirte: Tachinidae (einzige Ausnahme: Astiph-

romma dorsale hat außer Tachinidae auch Meteorus albus (Braconidae) als Sekundärwirt).

1. Astiphromma dorsale (Holmgren)

Mesochorus dorsalis Holmgren, 1858: 117, 24.

Mesochorus scutellatum Brischke, 1880: 180, ?; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1946.

Mesochorus hirsutus Bridgman, 1883: 168, ?d; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1947.

Astiphrommus dorsalis, Thomson 1885: 328, 24.

Diagnose. ?, d: 7.8-10 mm; Vertex kaum verengt; Mesopleuren schwach punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus

III, 1; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2. Thorax überwiegend schwarz; Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalen helleren

Tergit-Endrändern; Tibia-IIl-Ende %-% geschwärzt.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Bisher nur aus Panolis flammea (Noctuidae) via Tachinidae und - selten - Meteorus albus (Braconidae.)

bekannt.

Fundorte: N-, M- und W-europäische Kiefernwälder, vor allem bei Panolis-Massenvermehrungen.

N-, M- und W-Europa.

2. Astiphromma granigerum Thomson

Astiphromma graniger Thomson, 1885: 328, 24.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 5.5-8.2 mm; wie A. dorsale, aber i. M. kleiner und graziler; Vertex deutlich verengt;

Mesopleuren stärker punktiert; Bohrer länger (> Tarsus III, 1) und schmaler; Tibia-Ill-Ende schmaler

(Yr-Vs) schwarz.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Hinz, 1962 (UZI Lund).

Ex Alsophila (Geometridae) und Amphipyra (Noctuidae) via Tachinidae (Hz., Schw.).

Schweden, Polen, Deutschland.

N- und M-Europa.

Sektion 2. pictum

Diagnosis. Mesopleuren dicht punktiert; Postpetiolus stark längsrissig; Coxa III oben schwarz oder

verdunkelt; Tergit-Endränder auffällig (schmal) weiß.

3. Astiphromma rimosum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.5-6 mm; s. 0. Sektionsmerkmale; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1:

Griffel = Tarsus II, 2, klobig; Gesicht gelb, mit schwarzem Fleck in der Gesichtsmitte; Thorax schwarz;

Stigma hyalin; Coxa III mit 2 schwarzen Längsstreifen; Postpetiolus schwarz, bei ? mit roter Endhälfte;

Tergit 2 rot, mit 2 schwarzen Beulen; Tergit 3 rot, mit schwarzen Seiten.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 5 km NE, 13.5.88, Alopecurus-Wiese, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 22, Polen

“Pa” und “Saw.” (Warschau); 18, Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Polen, östl. Deutschland.

4. Astiphromma pictum (Brischke)

Mesochorus pictus Brischke, 1880: 186, G.

Astiphromma incidens Thomson, 1885: 365, ?d; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1952.

Astiphromma pictum, Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1952, 2 &.

Diagnosis. ?, d: 5.2-7.7 mm; s. o. Sektionsmerkmale; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1,

bauchig; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2. Kopf schwarz, beim ? mit rotem Clypeus-Vorderrand und weißen

Wangen, beim d mit gelbem Gesicht und breiten gelben Orbiten bis zur Vertex-Hälfte; Prothorax und

Mesopleuren überwiegend rot, mit schwarz und weiß; Mesoscutum rotbraun, mit gelber Zeichnung;

Scutellum gelb; Abdomen schwarz, mit weißlichen, zum Abdomen-Ende zunehmend breiteren Tergit-

Endrändern.

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Apethymus (Tenthredinidae) (Hz.), Periclista (Tenthredinidae) (Psch.W.).

Funde in Polen, Deutschland, England, N-Frankreich.

M-Europa und England.

5. Astiphromma luridum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 5.1-5.7 mm; s. o. Sektionsmerkmale; wie pictum, aber: Schläfe = Augenbreite;

Bohrer schmal, fast parallelseitig; Thorax ganz schwarz; Clypeus ? ganz rot; gelbe Orbiten des d über

den Fühlern nur kurz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Wolfsegg a.H./Oberösterr., 15.5.37, M. Schwarz (Schwarz). — Paratypus 13, München/

D an Larix, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

S-Deutschland, Österreich.

Sektion 3. splenium

Diagnose. Ohne Merkmale der Sektionen 1 und 2.

Gruppe 3.1. anale

Diagnose. Gesicht ? gelb.

6. Astiphromma hamulum Thomson

Astiphromma hamulus Thomson, 1885: 330, 2d.

Diagnose. ?, 8:6 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht gelb;

Thorax und Abdomen schwarz, Mesonotum mit je einem gelben Schulter-Hakenfleck; Mesosternum

mit 2 gelben Längslinien.

Typen. Verschollen.

Fundorte in Dänemark, Deutschland, Spanien.

Europa.

7. Astiphromma mandibulare Thomson

Astiphrommus mandibulare Thomson, 1885: 330, 90.

Diagnose. ?, 4: 7-9 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer; Stigma schmal;

Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus II, 2; Gesicht gelb, mit schwarzem Mittelstrich; Thorax schwarz;

Stigma gelblich; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit gelbem Dreieck bis zur Hälfte; Tergit 3 mit gelber

sanduhrförmiger Zeichnung.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Townes, Momoi & Townes 1965 (UZI Lund).

Ex Geom.-Raupe an Vaccinium myrt. (Haes.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Tschechien, Österreich.

N- und M-Europa.

8. Astiphromma anale (Holmgren)

Meschochorus analis Holmgren, 1858: 120, 24.

Astiphrommus analis, Thomson 1885: 331, 22.

Diagnose. %, 3: 4.5-7 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht

gelb; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-braun; Tibia-IIl-Ende %4-% verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-

2-Ende schmal gelbrot; die folgenden Tergite gelbrot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Fundorte in Finnland, Schweden, Deutschland, Österreich, Schweizer Alpen.

N- und M-Europa.

9. Astiphromma simplex Thomson

Astiphromma simplex Thomson, 1885: 332, 9Ö.

Diagnose. ?, d: 4.3-5.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Nervellus ungebrochen; Tibia-IIl-Sporn sehr kurz

(< % Tarsus II, 1); Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2. Thorax schwarz; Prothorax überwiegend

gelb; Mesopleuren 2- bis 4farbig (weiß, gelb, rot, schwarz) gefleckt; Stigma gelb-braun; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand und Tergit-3-Seiten gelblich.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke, 1968 (UZI Lund).

Ex Semiothisa (Geometridae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Fü.); ex Enonomus (Geometridae) via Apanteles

(Braconidae) (Haes.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Österreich.

N- und M-Europa.

10. Astiphromma leucogrammum (Holmgren)

Mesochorus leucogrammum Holmgren, 1858: 121, 2 &.

Astiphrommus leucogrammus, Thomson 1885: 331, 9d.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 4.0-5.7 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, klobig,

am Ende spatelförmig verbreitert (Abb. 2B); Prothorax rot; Meso- und Metathorax schwarz; Coxa II

verdunkelt; Tergite schwarz, mit gelben Endrändern; Tergite 3 + 4 mit gelber Mittellinie.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Ex Eupithecia 4 spp. (Geometridae) via Meteorus, Rogas (Braconidae) und Campoplex (Ichneumonidae) (Schmied.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Finnland, Polen, Deutschland.

N- und M-Europa.

11. Astiphromma tenuicorne Thomson

Astiphrommus tenuicornis Thomson, 1885: 332, Pd.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 5-7 mm; wie leucogrammum, aber: Schläfe schmaler (< Augenbreite), Bohrer länger (2

Tarsus III, 1), Griffel schmal, nicht verbreitert, Stigma hyalin-braun, Coxae III hell, letzte Tergite fast

ganz gelb.

Typen. Lectotypus: $, Hinz, 1962 (UZI Lund).

Ex Monophadnus, Scobla, Pachynematus (Tenthredinidae) (Hz., Cap.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Österreich, Tschechien, Bulgarien.

N-, M- und E-Europa.

Gruppe 3.2. varipes

Diagnose. Gesicht ? schwarz.

12. Astiphromma tridentatum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Gesichtsränder nach vorn divergierend; Bohrer =

Tarsus III, 1 bauchig; Gesicht schwarz; über dem gelbroten Clypeus ein dreieckiger gelber Fleck bis %

Gesichtshöhe; beiderseits des Clypeus ebensolcher Fleck bis % Gesichtshöhe; Thorax schwarz; Stigma

hyalin-braun; Abdomen schwarz, 2. Tergit mit gelbem Endrand, 3. Tergit mit gelber Sanduhr-Zeich-

nung.

Typen. Holotypus: %, Rila-Kloster/Bulgar., E 232100/N 420900, 9.7.74, R. Hinz (ZSM).

Bulgarien.

13. Astiphromma dispersum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.5-6.5 mm; wie tridentatum, aber: Schläfe breiter (2 Augenbreite); Gesichtsränder

parallel; die 3 gelben Gesichtsflecken maximal % der Gesichtshöhe; 3. Tergit schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Kvikkjokk/S, 11.7.64, R. Hinz (ZSM). -— Paratypen: 32?, Helv., H. Pschorn-Walcher

(Pschorn-Walcher); 2??, Rogow/PL, J. Sawoniewicz, Huflejt (Warschau); 17, Hindelang/D; 19, Kiruna/S; 62%,

Courmayeur/l, alle R. Hinz (ZSM).

Ex Pristiphora (Tenthredinidae) (Psch.W.).

N- und M-Europa.

14. Astiphromma splenium (Curtis)

Mesochorus splenium Curtis, 1833: 424, Ö.

Mesochorus sericans Curtis, 1833: 424, 2; syn. Stelfox, It. Muesebeck 1977: 705.

Mesochorus strenuus Holmgren, 1858: 199, ?J; syn. Perkins 1976, It. Muesebeck 1977: 705; überprüft von Townes

1977.

Astiphromma plagiatum Thomson, 1885: 329, d; syn. nov. nach Syntypus in CM Norwich (s.u.).

Beschreibung. ?: 6.5-9.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma sehr schmal und lang; Radialzelle sehr

lang und spitz; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn. ?: Gesicht schwarz, mit rotem

Vorderrand; Thorax schwarz, Prothorax und Scutellum partiell rot; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit

2 schwarz, mit gelbem Dreieck vom Endrand bis Mitte; ab Tergit 3 gelbrot, z.T. mit Verdunklungen.

d wie $, aber: Gesicht gelb, Prothorax gelb, Mesopleuren und Scutellum rot.

Typen. Holotypus verschollen. 2 Syntypen von A. plagiatum Thomson bekannt: a. 15, Skäne/S (UZI Lund),

geprüft W. Schwenke; b. 16, coll. Bridgman (CM Norwich, It. Fitton 1982, 549).

Ex Eupithecia (Geometridae), Panolis (Noctuidae), Dasychira, Leucoma, Malacosoma (Lymantriidae) via

Meteorus (Braconidae), Phobocampe (Ichneumonidae) (Schw., Muesebeck 1977: 705).

Fundorte in allen Teilen Europas.

Eurasien, N-Amerika.

Abb. 5. Astiphromma albitarse Brischke. Habitus seitlich; Kopf von vorn; Metathorax + 1. Gastersegment (Stiel)

von oben. Verändert nach Townes (1971).

15. Astiphromma nigrocoxatum Strobl

Astiphromma anale Holmgren var. nigrocoxatum Strobl, 1902: 103, 3. A. anale und nigrocoxatum sind getrennte

Arten (s. Nr. 8 + 15).

Demophorellus mimulus Hedwig, 1955: 379, d; syn. nov. nach Beschreibung.

Astiphromma interstitiale Constantineanu et Mustafa, 1969: 314, 5; syn. nov. nach Beschreibung.

Diagnose. ? (neu), d: 5.0-6.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Nervulus

postfurkal oder interstitial; Bohrer schlank, > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht, Coxae und Femora III schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit breitem gelbem Endrand.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht gelb, manchmal mit schwarzen Flecken; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2, breit.

Typen. Verschollen.

Fundorte in österr. und deutschen Alpen, Schweizer Jura, Schwarzwald, Fläming.

Alpen und mitteleurop. Mittelgebirge.

16. Astiphromma albitarse (Brischke)

Abb. 5

Mesochorus albitarsus Brischke, 1880: 191, S.

Astiphromma albitarse, Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1957, &.

Astiphromma nigrum Pfankuch, 1921: 156, 9; syn. nov. Synonym nach Holotypus s.u.

Astiphromma heydeni Habermehl, 1922: 270, ?; syn. nov. nach Holotypus s.u.

Von A. albitarse sind nur dd, von A. nigrum und A. heydeni nur 2? bekannt. Sie bilden zusammen A.

albitarse Brischke Pd.

Diagnose. ?: 7.5-10.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma lang und schmal; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1.

Kopf, Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Coxa III und Femur III schwarz; Tibia-Ill-Ende ca. % schwarz,

Tarsi weißlich. Tergit-2-Endrand schmal, rot.

d wie ? aber: Gesicht gelb; Coxa III nur oberseits schwarz; Tibia-Ill-Ende nur % schwarz; Tergit-

2-Ende Y gelb. Tergit-3-Mitte gelb; Griffel lang (Tarsus III, 2 + % 3).

Typen. Verschollen. - Holotypus: A. nigrum Pfank.: ?, Bremen/D, 22.6.16 K. Pfankuch (ZSM). — Holotypus:

A. heydeni Habermehl: ?, Königsdorf/D, 1922, H. Habermehl (Senck.).

Fundorte in Polen, Deutschland, N-Frankreich.

M-Europa.

17. Astiphromma buccatum Thomson

Astiphrommus buccatus Thomson, 1885: 329, ? Ö.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 7-9 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Mesopleuren dicht punktiert; Nervulus schwach

postfurkal; Bohrer < Tarsus IIL, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2. Thorax schwarz, beim d schwarz und gelbrot;

Tergit-2-Ende schmal, rot; Tergit-3-Mitte verwaschen rot.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Ex Lophyrus und Pachynematus (Tenthredinidae) (Psch.W.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Frankreich, Spanien, Schweiz, Italien, Österreich.

Europa außer Osten.

18. Astiphromma varipes (Holmgren)

Mesochorus varipes Holmgren, 1858: 120, 2.

Astiphrommus varipes, Thomson 1885: 329, Pd.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 7-9 mm; wie marginellum, aber: Schläfe schmaler (0.5-0.7 Augenbreite); Griffel kürzer

(Tarsus III, 2 + %4 3), Femur III schwarz; 3 Tergite 2 + 3 überwiegend rot.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Ex Bupalus (Geometridae) via Campoplex (Ichneumonidae) (Schw.); ex Panolis (Noctuidae) via Meteorus

albidus (Braconidae) (Schw.).

Fundorte: Kiefernwälder in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Österreich.

N- und M-Europa.

19. Astiphromma italicum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.7-5.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren fein punktiert; Nervulus post-

furkal, Nervellus gebrochen; Stigma schmal; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schlank, am Ende stark verjüngt;

Gesicht schwarz, über Mandibeln mit 2 roten Flecken; Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Tibia-Il-Ende

3 schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende schmal rot; Tergit-3-Mitte rötlich, Tergite 4 und folgende grau-braun.

d wie $, aber: Gesicht gelb-weiß; Tibia III Verdunklung undeutlich; Tergit 2 von Endrand bis Mitte mit

gelbem Keil; Tergit 3 mit gelber Sanduhr-Zeichnung; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Pizzighettone/l, 12.5.73, F. Frilli (AEI). - Paratypen: 2??, 83, dto.

N-Italien.

20. Astiphromma marginellum (Holmgren)

Mesochorus marginellus Holmgren, 1858: 121, ?G.

Astiphrommus marginellus, Thomson 1885: 329, ?G.

Diagnose. 2: 7.4-9.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren fein punktiert; Stigma verschmälert;

Radialzelle lang und spitz; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit rotem Vorderrand; Körper

schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende schmal rot; Tergit-3-Mitte mit rotem Fleck.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht gelb; Mesopleuren rot, gefleckt; Tergit 3 mit gelber Eieruhr-Zeichnung;

Griffel lang (Tarsus II, 2 + % 3), zur Spitze verdünnt.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Fundorte in Polen, Deutschland, Frankreich, Österreich.

M-Europa.

21. Astiphromma scutellatum (Gravenhorst)

Mesochorus scutellatus Ratzeburg, 1848: 111, $; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1950.

Mesochorus festivus Holmgren, 1858: 121, ?d; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1950.

Astiphrommus scutellatus Thomson, 1885: 332, 25; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1950.

Diagnose. ?, d: 6-8 mm; wie marginellum, aber: Stigma und Radialzelle normal; Bohrer breiter; Ner-

vulus interstitial oder schwach postfurkal; Mesopleuren rot und schwarz; Scutellum + rot; Griffel etwas

> Tarsus III, 2, viel dicker und kürzer als A. marginellum.

Typen. Verschollen. -— Typen M. festivus Holmgren, coll. Holmgren ((Stockholm).

Ex Diprion (Tenthredinidae) (Hz., Schw.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Spanien.

Europa außer Osten.

22. Astiphromma consertum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren dicht punktiert; Nervulus interstitial;

Nervellus ungebrochen; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1, breit; Kopf schwarz, über den Mandibeln je eine roter

Fleck; Körper schwarz; Tergite 2 und folgende mit breiten gelben Endrändern (vespoid).

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Leymen/Alsace/F, 6.60/4.61, F. Daniel (ZSM).

Ex Periclista (Tenthredinidae) (Dan.).

N-Frankreich.

23. Astiphromma uliginosum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesopleuren glatt; Postpetiolus mit 3 Längsgruben;

Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, am Ende stark verjüngt; Körper schwarz; Tibia-Ill-Ende % schwarz; Tergit 2 mit

rotem Dreieck von Ende bis Mitte; die folgenden Tergite vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Gröbenzell/D, Dachauer Moos, 7.91, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Ex Epione (Geometridae) an Salix (Schw.).

S-Deutschland.

24. Astiphromma contum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesopleuren fein punktiert; Nervulus postfurkal;

Nervellus gebrochen; Stigma braun; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schmal, stabförmig; Tibia-III-Ende %

schwarz; Kopf und Körper schwarz; Tergit 2 mit schmalem gelbem Endband; Tergit 3 mit rötlicher

Mitte.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Ovindoli/l, Dint. 23.6.88, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino).

N-Italien.

25. Astiphromma diversum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.5-6.6 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer; Mesopleuren

fein punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schlank, zum Ende stark verjüngt; Griffel schlank, etwas < Tarsus

III, 2; Kopf und Körper schwarz; Tergit 2 Endrand gelb; Tergit 3 mit gelbroter Mitte, beim d ausgedeh-

nter als beim 2.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 4,4 km SW, 17.5.93, H. Zoerner (DEI). Paratypen: 1%, Dessau/D (wie Typus);

13, Souzenboz/Schweizer Jura, H. Pschorn-Walcher (Pschorn-Walcher); 13, Iburg/D, R. Hinz (ZSM); 19,

Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Ex Pristiphora (Tenthredinidae) via Trematopygus (Ichneumonidae) (Psch.W.).

Deutschland, Schweiz.

26. Astiphromma barbatulum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.8 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren glatt; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, bauchig;

Gesicht schwarz, mit breitem gelbem Vorderrand; Körper schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende breit, gelb; Tergit 3

mit gelber Eieruhr-Zeichnung.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Riva, Gardasee/l, 1.400 m, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

N-Italien.

27. Astiphromma caecum, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.5 mm; von barbatulum verschieden durch: Mesopleuren dicht punktiert; Gesicht

mit rotem Vorderrand; neben dem Clypeus je ein kleiner gelber runder Fleck; Tergit-2-Ende mit

schmalem gelbem Saum.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, It., VI, Ricoaro, Campogrosso, 1.500 m, 1.7.85, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Italien. Alpen.

28. Astiphromma laricis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 4: 5.1 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren mäßig stark punktiert; Postpetiolus-

Mitte längsgerunzelt; Tergit 2 mit großer Mittel-Delle; Griffel extrem kurz (< Tarsus III, 2); Gesicht und

Wangen weiß-gelb, übriger Kopf sowie Körper schwarz; Stigma hyalin-braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende ca.

geschwärzt; Tergit-2-Ende schmal weiß-gelb; Tergit 3 mit gelber Sanduhr-Zeichnung.

Typen. Holotypus: d, 60 L 41 A, 1960, H. Pschorn-Walcher (Pschorn-Walcher).

Ex Pristiphora (Tenthredinidae) (Psch.W.).

M-Europa.

Abb. 6. Plectochorus iwantensis Uchida. Habitus seitlich; Kopf von vorn; Metathorax + 1. Gastersegment (Stiel)

von oben. Verändert nach Townes (1971).

5. Genus Plectochorus Uchida

Diagnose. Nur eine Art, die besonders durch das messerförmige Abdomen und das stark verlängerte

Propodeum gekennzeichnet ist (Abb. 6).

Plectochorus iwatensis (Uchida)

Abb. 6

Mesochorus iwatensis Uchida, 1928: 262, 2.

Plectochorus iwatensis, Uchida 1933: 163, 64, ®.

Plectochorus iwatensis, Townes 1956: 259, 24.

Diagnose. ?, d: 4-5 mm; Gesicht stark quer, gewölbt; Fühler auffallend kurz; Mesopleuren stark

punktiert; Propodeum (Epinotum) stark verlängert bis Ende der Coxa III; Nervulus stark postfurkal;

Nervellus ungebrochen; Bohrer kurz und breit, zungenförmig, viel < Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III,

2; Gesicht gelbrot; Thorax rot, mit schwarzen Flecken; Stigma gelbweißs; Abdomen schwarz; Postpet-

iolus-Ende rot; Tergit-2-Mitte gelbrot; Tergit 3 gelb und braun gefleckt.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Twate, Honshu, Sapporo/Japan, 1928, Uchida (Uchida). - Paratypen: 6??, 234, 1933-1940

Japan, Uchida (Uchida); 12, Turku/F, 8.67 “am Fenster” (Jussila); 37%, Udine/E-Italien, 8.85, Allegro (Scara-

MOoZzino).

Ex Grapholita (Tortricidae) (Uch.); ex Gypsonoma (Tortricidae) (All.).

Finnland, N-Italien, Japan.

6. Genus Stictopisthus Thomson

Abb. 7

Stictopisthus Thomson, 1885: 327.

Genotypus: Mesochorus bilineatus Thomson, desig. Viereck 1914.

Diagnose. Kleinste bis kleine Arten (2.0-5.5 mm); Antennen voneinander weiter entfernt als vom

Augenrand; Schläfen breit (2 Augenbreite), Ocellen klein (< Vertexbrücke); Scutellum-Grube schmal,

eine Querrinne bildend; Areola sitzend; Nervulus postfurkal; Nervus parallelus unterhalb der Mitte

der Brachial-Zelle; Nervellus ungebrochen; Postpetiolus dicht längsrissig. Die Arten dieser Gattung

zeigen eine + starke Abplattung des Pro- und Mesonotums, wodurch ihr Thorax, seitlich betrachtet,

quadratisch bis rechteckig erscheint.

Primärwirte: Microlepidoptera.

10)

2(1)

3(4)

4.3)

9(8)

10(11)

11(10)

12(13)

13(12)

14(15)

15(14)

16(17)

Bestimmunsgstabelle der Sektionen (auf ?? bezogen)

Mesothorax bis Anfang der Coxa II bei seitlicher Aufsicht quadratisch, so lang wie hoch ......

EN RE SEN Et EN Sektion 1. cuspidatus (S. 28)

Mesothorax in dieser Betrachtung länger als hoch

Mesothorax in dieser Betrachtung 1%- bis 1% mal so lang wie hochSektion 2. formosus (S. 28)

Mesothorax in dieser Betrachtung > 2 mal so lang wie hoch .......... Sektion 3. unicinctor (S. 31)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (?2)

Mesothorax bis Anfang der Coxa II in seitlicher Aufsicht quadratisch; 2 mm, kleinste Art,

Bohrer-fast.spitz..2....2 u Le an tn Sektion 1. - 1. cuspidatus, spec. nov. (S. 28)

Mesothorax in dieser Betrachtung rechteckig, länger als hoch

Mesothorax breit rechteckig (1%4-1% mal so lang wie hoch) .............seseseensessenseseenenneennen Sektion 2.

Mesonotum mit 2 gelben Längslinien, die Schultern umgreifend

Mesopleuren schwarz, normalllang rss areeetesn east 2. bilineatus Thomson (S. 29)

Mesopleuren rot, nach hinten verlangen un ne 3. maroccanus, spec. nov. (S. 29)

Mesonotum ohne 2 gelbe Längslinien

Mandibeln und Gesicht aufgebläht; Stigma (überwieg.) hyalin .................u.use0ssus0sesosososonenesenenenenenene

oe Reg correct 4. macrocephalus Strobl (S. 29)

Nicht diese Merkmals-Kombination

Gesicht geschwärzt oder verdunkell een nen nn 5. formosus Bridgman (S. 29)

Gesicht hell

Bohrer fast.spitz;-Tergit 2. gelb... a man 6. dilutus, spec. nov. (S. 30)

Nicht diese Merkmals-Kombination

Bemunsllisyverdiekt undverdunkelter 7. nemoralis, spec. nov. (S. 30)

Femur III unverdickt und hell

Mesopleuren schwarz, Coxa II schwarz... meer 8. sacromontis, spec. nov. (S. 30)

Abb. 7. Stictopisthus spec. Habitus seitlich; Kopf von vorn; Metathorax + 1. Gastersegment (Stiel) von oben.

Verändert nach Townes (1971).

17(16)

18(3)

19(20)

20(19)

Mesopleuren (überwiegend) rot; Coxa II rot... 9. flavescens Fonscolombe (S. 30)

Mesothorax schmal rechteckig, 2 mal so lang wie hoch) ..............ueeenseeneene Sektion 3.

Gesicht gewölbt; Sigma hyalin ...........ueueesensesescosesnesnsnenenennenensenenenn 10. unicinctor Thunberg (S. 31)

Besiche normal, Siemabraun ur ren nenn 11. madeirensis, spec. nov. (S. 31)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd)

Griffel spitz

Hinteres Abdomendrittel vespoid; Griffel >Tarsus III, 2, dünner werdend .......ueeee:

N ee 9. flavescens Fonscolombe (S. 30)

Hinteres Abdomendrittel schwarz; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, gleich breit .........neeee

RE N ee 10. unicinctor Thunberg (S. 31)

Griffel stumpf

Mesonotum braun, mit 2 gelben, die Schultern umgreifenden Lanessireifen 2. nr

a N 2. bilineatus Thomson (S. 29)

Mesonotum ohne solche Streifen

Tergit 2 mehr als 2 mal so lang wie breit... 12. tenuigaster, spec. nov. (S. 31)

Tergit 2 weniger als 2 mal so lang wie breit

27,

9(10)

10(9)

11(14)

12(13)

13(12)

14(11)

19(20)

20(19)

21(22)

22(21)

23(24)

24(23)

25(26)

26(25)

> 5 mm; Augenränder nach vorn divergierend .......une 4. macrocephalus Strobl (S.

< 5 mm; Augenränder parallel

Stigma braun

29)

Mesoscutum mit 2 nach hinten konvergierenden gelben Streifen ................2.22222220000000n2000nen onen 0

I N TE EN Rz 11. madeirensis, spec. nov. (S.

Mesoscutum ohne gelbe Streifen, in der Mitte umfangreich, rot 7. nemoralis, spec. nov. (S.

Stigma (überwiegend) hyalin

Terzit 2 8Elb.........neuasosssuneustneasunessesne rn aseRBrannaer nee un eeenene nn 13. oranae, spec. nov. (S.

Tergit 2 z.T. schwarz

Kibia-lU-Ende schwarz ee. ee ER 14. hispanicus, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-IIl-Ende schmaler schwarz oder undeutlich verdunkelt

Stiema verbreitert.....Nssseesesrsnsnsuensesnnekeenkansenerinnn. eererhanansnsuunhere rare 15. russicus, spec. nov. (S.

Stigma normal

Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, quadratisch ....................22.2220222000200. 16. fraxini, spec. nov. (S.

Mesothorax rechteckig

Hinteres Abdomen-Drittel, schwarz .............z0se0uenssonetassenssnsenesaenn 5. formosus Bridgman (S.

Hinteres Abdomen-Drittel vespoid

Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, ca. 1.25 mal so lang wie hoch; Griffel = Tarsus IIL, 1

AN a EEE ERDE TEE. EHEM IN 17. polonius, spec. nov. (S.

Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, ca. 1.75 mal so lang wie hoch; Griffel > Tarsus II, 1

BR Te 18. moravius, spec. nov. (S.

Sektion 1. cuspidatus

Diagnose. ? Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, quadratisch (so lang wie hoch).

1. Stictopisthus cuspidatus, spec. nov.

32)

Beschreibung. ?: 2.0 mm; Mesothorax bis Coxa II, seitlich betrachtet, quadratisch; Bohrer = Tarsus III,

1, schmal, fast spitz; Gesicht gebräunt; Mesopleuren oben rot, unten schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Il-

Ende % schwarz; Abdomen schwarz, 2. Tergit apikale Hälfte rot.

Typen.

Holotypus: $, La Cassa, Tor., Piem./I, 8.1992, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino).

N-Italien.

Diagnose. ? Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, breit rechteckig (1%- bis 1% mal so lang wie hoch).

Sektion 2. formosus

2. Stictophisthus bilineatus Thomson

Stictopisthus bilineatus Thomson, 1885: 344, 28.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 3.5 mm; Mesothorax ca. 1.5 mal so lang wie hoch; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel dünn,

= Tarsus III, 2. Thorax schwarz(-braun); Mesonotum mit 2 auffälligen gelben Längsstreifen, die

Schultern umgreifend; Stigma hyalin-braun; Coxa III verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 ab Mitte

gelb, Tergit 3 bis Mitte gelb (?) oder ganz gelb (9).

Typen. Lectotypus: 9, Schwenke, 1968 (UZI Lund).

Fundorte in Schweden, Deutschland, Niederlande, Frankreich, Italien, Spanien.

N-, M- und S-Europa.

3. Stictopisthus maroccanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 3 mm; wie bilineatus, aber: Mesopleuren bis Mitte Metathorax verlängert; Prothorax

und Mesopleuren rot, übriger Thorax braun; die 2 gelben Streifen etwas blasser.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Maroc, Dariet Aoua, 20.7.58 (AED).

Marokko.

4. Stictopisthus macrocephalus Strobl

Stictopisthus macrocephalus Strobl, 1902: 106, Ö.

Diagnose. ?, d: 5-5.5 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite, stark gewölbt; Gesicht und Mandibeln aufgebläht;

Thorax (seitlich gesehen) ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Mesothorax ca. 1% mal so lang wie hoch; Bohrer

kurz, ca. % Tarsus III, 1; Griffel lang und dünn (= Tarsus Ill, 2 + % 3). Prothorax gelbrot; Mesopleuren

gelb- und dunkelrot; Mesonotum schwarz, mit 2 roten Längsstreifen; Coxa III schwarz; Tibia-IIl-Ende

Y4-Ys geschwärzt; Stigma (überwiegend) hyalin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende ” gelb; Tergit 3

Anfang % rot, mit roter Lasche bis %.

1?, Göttingen, R. Hinz (ZSM); 17, Banska Stavnica/CSFR, A. Capek (Capek).

Ex Ancylis (Tortricidae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Cap.).

Fundorte in Deutschland, Tschechien, Österreich.

M-Europa.

5. Stictopisthus formosus (Bridgman)

Mesochorus formosus Bridgman, 1882: 154, ?d.

Mesochorus convexicollis Thomson, 1885: 344, 25; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Stictopisthus formosus, Schmiedeknecht 1910: 2008, FG.

Diagnose. ?, d: 2.5-3.3 mm; Mesothorax ca. 1% mal so lang wie hoch; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel =

Tarsus III, 2 + 4 3; Gesicht verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz, mit rötlicher Mesoscutum-Makel; d rot, nur

Metathorax braun; Stigma hyalin-braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % verdunkelt; Coxa III verdunkelt; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit 2 mit % gelber Endbinde: Tergit 3 mit % gelber Basalbinde.

Typen. Verschollen. - Mesochorus convexicollis Thomson: Lectotypus: 2, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Ex Lithocolletis (Gracillariidae) (Schw.).

Fundorte: Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Tschechien, Österreich, N-Italien.

N- und M-Europa.

6. Stictopisthus dilutus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.3 mm; Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Mesothorax ca. 1.5 mal so lang wie hoch;

Stigma verbreitert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, dünn fast spitz; Thorax schwarz, mit rötlicher Mesoscutum-

Makel; Stigma hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-IlI-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit-1-Ende rot; Tergite 2 +

3 rot, mit seitlicher Trübung, ab Tergit 4 verschwommen vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Cukorova/ Türkei 1./2.34, Citrus, Acatay (coll. Schwenke) (ZSM).

Türkei.

7. Stictopisthus nemoralis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 3.7-4.4 mm; Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Mesothorax 1% mal so lang wie

hoch; Stigma verbreitert; Femur III verdickt; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, dick; Thorax schwarz, mit brauner

Mesoscutum-Makel; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III geschwärzt; Femur III stark gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-

Ende "4 schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit % gelbem Endband; Tergit 3 mit % gelbem Basalband.

d& wie 9, aber: Thorax-Seite, Mesoscutum-Mitte, Scutellum und Coxa Ill rot; Femur III nur schwach

gebräunt; Abdomen ab Tergit 3 vespoid; Griffel lang und dünn, = Tarsus III, 2 + 3.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 4 km SW-SSW, 18.5.93, Nr. 100/93, H. Zoerner (DEI). — Paratypen: 53,

Dessau, dto.

Deutschland.

8. Stictopisthus sacromontis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.8-3 mm; Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig, Mesothorax 1.5 mal so lang wie hoch;

Bohrer dünn, = Tarsus III, 1; Thorax schwarz, Mesoscutum-Mitte und Scutellum-Seiten rot; Stigma

braun; Coxa III schwarz; Tibia-IIl-Ende undeutlich verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, 1. Tergit Ende rot,

2. Tergit Ende "4 gelb; 3. Tergit überwiegend rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Sacro Monte di Crea, AL, Piem./1, 29.7.86, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino). — Paratypen:

229, Ital. VT, Lago Vico Caprarola (Scaramozzino).

N-Italien.

9. Stictopisthus flavescens (Boyer de Fonscolombe)

Mesochorus flavescens Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1852: 434, Ö.

Stictopisthus flavescens, Dalla Torre 1901: 54, 4.

Diagnose. 3: 3.4 mm; Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Griffel = Tarsus Ill, 2 + 14 3, dünner werdend;

Thorax gelbrot; Mesonotum mit braunen Wischen; Metanotum basal % schwarz; Stigma schmutzig-

hyalin; Abdomen schwarz(-braun), 1. Tergit mit roter Basis, 2. Tergit Ende mit % gelbem Band:

folgende Tergite undeutlich vespoid.

2: 3.6 mm; Mesothorax ca. 1.6 mal so lang wie hoch; Bohrer = Tarsus IIL, 1. Färbung wie d, aber:

Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot, mit Verdunklungen; Mesoscutum schwarzbraun, mit helleren

Wischen; Metanotum schwarz: Tergite 1 und 2 mit schmalen gelben Endbändern.

Typen. Holotypus: d, coll. Boyer de Fonscolombe (Paris). -— 522, Leicester/UK, Owen (AEI); 12, Dessau-

Wörlitz/D, H. Zoerner (DEI);1d, CSFR, 6.44, Vicitil (ZSM).

Fundorte in England, Frankreich, Deutschland, Tschechien.

M- und W-Europa.

Sektion 3. unicinctor

Diagnose. ? Mesothorax > 2 mal so lang wie hoch (schmal rechteckig).

10. Stictopisthus unicinctor (Thunberg)

Cryptus (Mesochorus) unicinctor Thunberg, 1824: 315, 3; überprüft von Roman s.u.

Cryptus (Mesochorus) complanatus Haliday, 1839: 1142; syn. nov. nach Beschreibungen unicinctor Thun. b. Roman

1912 sowie complanatus Hal. b. Schmiedeknecht 1910.

Mesochorus tipularis Ratzeburg, 1852: 120, ?; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 2006.

Mesochorus complanatus, Holmgren 1858: 131, 24; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 2006.

Mesochorus aciculatus Bridgman, 1882: 162, ?J; syn. Aubert 1965.

Stictopisthus aciculatus Thomson, 1885: 344, ?d; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910, 2007.

Stictopisthus laticeps Thomson, 1885: 344, 25; syn. Roman 1912, 292.

Diagnose. 2: 3-4 mm; Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Mesothorax > 2 mal so lang wie hoch; Bohrer

= Tarsus III, 1. Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit undeutlicher roter Makel; Stigma hyalin(-braun);

Coxa III verdunkelt; Tergit 2 % schwarz, % rot; Tergit 3 fast ganz rot; ab Tergit 4 vespoid.

d: Aftergriffel = Tarsus III, 2. Länge und Färbung wie 9, aber: Prothorax sowie Pro-, Meso- und

Metapleuren rot; Metanotum apikal rot.

Typen. Holotypus: 4, überprüft von Roman 1912, 287 (UZI Lund); dort 1968 nicht mehr aufgefunden. —

S. laticeps Thomson: Lectotypus: 9, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Ex Lithocolletis (Gracillariidae) (Schw.). Ex Tortrix (Tortricidae) via Microgaster (Braconidae) (Fü.).

Europa.

11. Stictopisthus madeirensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3 mm; Gesicht etwas gewölbt; Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Mesothorax = 2 mal

so lang wie hoch; Stigma kurz und breit; Bohrer = Tarsus IH, 1; Gesicht gebräunt; Thorax-Seiten rot;

Mesoscutum braun, mit 2 unscharfen hellen Längsstreifen; Metanotum basal schwarz, apikal rot;

Stigma dunkelbraun; Coxa III schwarzbraun; Tibia-III-Ende 4 schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2

mit 1 gelbem Endrand, in der Mitte dreieckig hochgezogen; Tergit 3 apikale Hälfte gelbrot.

d: Griffel dünn, etwas > Tarsus III, 2; sonst wie ?, aber: Mesothorax nur 1% mal so lang wie hoch.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Madeira, Machico/P, 5.82, Vidal (Vidal). - Paratypus: 1d, dto.

Ex Palpita (Pyralidae) via Chocyas (Braconidae) (Vid.).

Madeira/Portugal.

12. Stictopisthus tenuigaster, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesothorax 1Y mal so lang wie hoch; Griffel = Tarsus

III, 2; auffällig lang-schmales 2. Tergit (Länge > 2 mal Breite), auch Tergit 3 länger als breit; Griffel =

Tarsus III, 2; Thorax gelbrot, mit braun-schwarzen Mesonotum-Seiten und Metanotum-Basis. Tibia-Ill-

Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz (Tergit 1 basal) - weiß (Tergit 1 apikal bis Tergit 3 basal) -

schwarz (Tergit 3 apikal) - rot (folgende Tergite).

Typen. Holotypus: d, München/D, 5.6.69, W. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypen: 234, Dessau /D,H. Zoerner (DEI).

Via Braconidae. Kokon an Crataegus (Schw.).

Deutschland.

13. Stictopisthus oranae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 2.8 mm; wie tenuigaster, aber: Schläfe = Augenbreite; Tergite 2 + 3 breiter als lang;

Tergit 1 basal rot, apikal breit weiß; Tergit 3 apikale Hälfte und anschließende Tergite schwarz(-braun);

Abdomen-Färbung somit: rot-schwarz-weiß-schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Serooskerke/NL, 24.8.67, De Jong (De Jong).

Ex Adoxophyes orana (Tortricidae.) (D.J.).

Niederlande.

14. Stictopisthus hispanicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 3 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Mesothorax 1.5 mal so lang wie hoch; Griffel lang, >

Tarsus IIL, 2; Färbung wie oranae, aber: Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergite 4 und folgende vespoid; Tibia-Ill-Ende

U geschwärzt.

Typen. Holotypus: d, El Soldado, Sierra Morena/E, 26.7.26, Seyrig (Paris); (ohne Flügel; Kopf und Thorax

genadelt, Abdomen geklebt).

Spanien.

15. Stictopisthus russicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 4mm; wie hispanicus, aber: Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Stigma verbreitert;

Griffel kürzer, = Tarsus III, 2; Tergit 2 Apikal-Hälfte gelb bogenförmig; Tibia II hell.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Kishinev/Rußland, 6.08., Talitzkij (Moskau).

Europa. Rußland.

16. Stictopisthus fraxini, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 2.8 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesothorax so lang wie hoch; Griffel = Tarsus II,

2. Thorax gelbrot, mit schwarzbrauner Mesoscutum-Mittelmakel und schwarzbraunen basalen % des

Metanotums; Tibia-Ill-Ende undeutlich verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarzbraun, Tergit-1-Basis rot; Tergit

2 mit %4 gelbem Endrand; Basalhälfte des Tergits 3 gelb; letztes Tergit gelblich.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Harrlach, N-Bay./D, 17.7.72, an Fraxinus, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Deutschland.

17. Stictopisthus polonius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesothorax 1Y4 mal so lang wie hoch; Griffel = Tarsus

III, 2; Thorax Oberseite schwarz, Mesoscutum mit 2 roten Längswischen; Thorax-Seite rot-gelb; Tergit

1 schwarz, mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit 4 gelbem Endrand; Tergit 3 fast völlig gelb; folgende

Tergite rötlich-vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Polen, Nr. 399 (Warschau).

Polen.

Abb. 8. Mesochorus spec. Habitus seitlich; Kopf von vorn; Metathroax + 1. Gastersegment von oben. Verändert

nach Townes (1971).

18. Stictopisthus moravius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.4 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Thorax ausgeprägt kastenförmig; Mesothorax = 1%

mal so lang wie hoch; Griffel lang, Tarsus III, 2 + % 3; Thorax rot, mit Verdunklungen auf Mesonotum

und basalem Metanotum; 1. Tergit schwarz; 2. Tergit schwarz, mit gelber Apikal-Hälfte; 3. Tergit

gelblich; ab 4. Tergit bräunlich-vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Litovel, Moravia/CSFR, 6.58, leg. ? (ZSM).

Ex Archips (Tortricidae) (leg. ?).

Tschechien.

7. Genus Mesochorus Gravenhorst

Abb. 8

Mesochorus Gravenhorst, 1829: 960. - Genotypus: Mesochorus splendidulus Gravenhorst, des. Curtis, 1833.

Edrisa Cameron, 1907: 111 (syn. Dasch 1971, 49). Genotypus: Edrisa pilicornis Cameron, des. Townes, 1965.

Diagnose. Subocular-Furche zwischen Augen und Mandibel-Basis vorhanden; Scutalsutur breit, gru-

benförmig; Nervus parallelus über der Mitte der Brachialzelle entspringend; Nervellus nicht gebro-

chen; Postpetiolus nur mit einfacher Seitenleiste.

Artenreichste Gattung der Unterfamilie (246 europäische Arten = 81% der Mesochorinae-Arten).

Als Primärwirte fungieren, in der Reihenfolge ihrer Häufigkeit: Lepidoptera, Tenthredinoidea, Coleo-

ptera. Als Sekundärwirte: Braconidae, Ichneumonoidea, Tachinidae.

Bestimmungstabelle der Abteilungen, Sektionen und Gruppen

Mit einer der Merkmals-Kombinationen der Sektionen 1, 2 oder 3 (Primärwirte: adulte Coleo-

Balz) ERS SER, ARD RER EEE RE Rn re Abteilung 1. nigriceps (S. 35)

?d Area petiolaris extrem groß, bis % der Länge des Metanotums; Abdomen rhomboid

(Primanwunte. Ehrysomelinae). Nur 1 Arten... nenne ge Sektion 1. phyllodectae (S. 35)

Area petiolaris und Abdomen anders

?G Radialzelle extrem lang; Radius geschwungen; Flügelstigma verbreitert (Primärwirte:

Haltieitael..........u.n0c hen een ern Re AN RO Sektion 2. curvulus (S. 35)

?& Radialzelle normal; schwarze Gesichtsfarbe zumindest im oberen Gesichtsbereich bis zu

den Augen; Wangen 2 Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Coxa III schwarz oder stark

verdunkelt (Primarwirte: Cureulionrdae)..... ma. ern Sektion 3. nigripes (S. 42)

Ohne Merkmals-Kombinationen der Sektionen 1, 2 oder 3 (Primärwirte: larvale Lepidoptera

und. kenfihredineidea)......un. una Abteilung 2. vittator (S. 45)

Scutellum ohne Spitze (Sekundärwirte: Lepidoptera und Tenthredinoidea)

?d Nervulus postfurkal, Areola sitzend und Bohrer stabförmig ............ Sektion 5. dispar (S. 48)

Ohne diese Merkmals-Kombination

?3 Abdomen-Hinterhälfte etwas zusammengedrückt; $ Bohrer breit zungenförmig; 3 Griffel

lang, nadelspitz; Mesopleuren rot; Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalem hellem Tergit-1-Endrand

ae Se ocs as ee Sektion 6. sylvarum (S. 59)

2’ ohne Merkmale von!sektion 6... Sektion 7. vitticollis (S. 62)

28 Frontalorbiten breit weiß, bis Vertex durchgehend ..................... Gruppe 7.1. orbitalis (S. 62)

28 Frontalorbiten nicht durchgehend breit weiß ...............nu..u2nsurnsnanıucnedensnsnnas ang zen re en

kurs lunssnansbusns lt snsansssbrähHunganeEnuree sus nnasnshasaanee re: 5 Gruppen mit verschiedenem Abdomen-Farbmuster:

?8 Abd.-Farbmuster H (Hell) Abdomen einfarbig rot .................... Gruppe 7.2. fulvus (S. 68)

?d Abd.-Farbmuster D (Dunkel) Abdomen schwarz, evtl. mit schmalen gelbweißen apikalen

Tergit-Grenzen ....ersunansesennnesnsesmenseneesenn nern ger Gruppe 7.3. angustatus (S. 71)

23 Abd.-Farbmuster HD (Hell/Dunkel) T, T, rot/T, bis T, schwarz(-braun). Nur 1 Art ........

De Gruppe 7.4. rufopetiolatus (S. 80)

? Abd.-Farbmuster DH (Dunkel/Hell); mindestens T, und T; (part.) schwarz(-braun), danach

bis Abdomenspitze gelb, rot oder gelb-braun. ...............neee Gruppe 7.5. declinans (S. 80)

? Abd.-Farbmuster DHD (Dunkel/Hell/Dunkel); Abdomen schwarz oder bräunlich, mit

gelber oder roter Mittelbinde; letztes Abd.-Drittel kann auch gebändert (vespoid) sein ...

I ER re a Gruppe 7.6. pectoralis (S. 95)

d DH und DHD nicht immer mit 9 übereinstimmend, daher gemeinsamer d Arten-Schlüssel DH +

DHD + D part. (jene dd der angustatus-Gruppe, die in der Abdomen-Mitte + rot gefärbt sind).

Abteilung 1. nigriceps

Diagnose. Mit einer der Merkmals-Kombinationen der Sektionen 1, 2 oder 3.

Sekundär-Parasiten von adulten Coleoptera

Sektion 1. phyllodectae

Sekundär-Parasiten von Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae. Nur 1 Art:

1. Mesochorus phyllodectae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Area petiolaris sehr groß, = %-% der Metanotum-

Länge; Abdomen rhombisch, Tergite 1 + 2 viel breiter als lang; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1 + 2, zur Spitze

verjüngt; Gesicht schwarz, mit weißen Orbiten bis über die Fühleransätze; Thorax schwarz; Coxae und

Beine hell, Femora etwas verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit dunkelroter Tergit-1-Basis und schmalem

gelbem Tergit-2-Endrand.

d: Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Bau und Färbung wie ?, aber: Gesichtsmitte nur verdunkelt; Tergit-1-Basis

breiter und heller rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Neusatz (Novi Sad)/YU, 1965, leg. Jodal, coll. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypen: 19, 238,

dto.

Ex Phyllodecta vitellinae (Chrysomelidae) an Populus (Jod.).

Serbien.

Sektion 2. curvulus

Diagnose. 1.8-4 mm; Radialzelle ungewöhnlich lang mit + geschwungenem Radius; Stigma kurz und

breit; Ocellen klein; Bohrer stabförmig (Abb. 1B); Griffel kurz.

Sekundär-Parasiten von Chrysomelidae, Halticinae

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (2?)

2(1) Tergit 3 ohne zwei gelbe Binden

3(12) Bohrer sehr lang: = Tarsus II, 1+2 +3

er Bohreröndch unten gebogene... bee enenecnensetnsuertenienngee 2. söderlundi, spec. nov. (S. 37)

5(4) Bohrer gerade

SIDE Gesicht, geschwarzt. 1. ernennen gen 3. minutus Szepligeti (S. 37)

7(6) Gesicht gelbrot

BEE Mesopleurenzschwarr Mannes 4. palus, spec. nov. (S. 38)

9(8) Mesopleuren gelbrot

IDREIEStel- Basis Tot ee 5. halticae, spec. nov. (S. 38)

INDIE Shel-Basis-schwata zes er ehe 6. religiosus, spec. nov. (S. 38)

12(3) Bohrer kürzer; max. Tarsus II, 1 + 2

13(14)

14(13)

15(18)

16(17)

17(16)

18(15)

19(22)

20(21)

21(20)

22(19)

23(24)

24(23)

25(32)

26(27)

27(26)

28(29)

29(28)

30(31)

31(30)

32(25)

33(34)

34(33)

38)

40)

41)

37)

. 41)

. 38)

Gesicht und Abdomenischwarz. 2 NE 7. subniger, spec. nov. (S.

Gesicht und Abdomen (partiell) gelb

Coxa III geschwärzt oder verdunkelt

Schläfe = Augenbreite; Basalrand von Tergit 3 schmal gelb ........... 8. curvulus Thomson (S.

Schläfe > Augenbreite; Basalrand von Tergit 3 mit gelber Lasche ........................2u2.222202020220nen2000

REN ER I EB 9. turbidus, spec. nov. (S.

Coxa III hell

Schläfe < Augenbreite

2 mm; Tergit-2-Ende 334085... ie... een 10. montanus, spec. nov. (S.

Sana, Tereit2-Endeys gelkn..... een ee 11. bipartitus, spec. nov. (S.

Schläfe 2 Augenbreite

Metanotum rot; Thorax fast ganz rot... une 12. fuscus, spec. nov. (S.

Metanotum schwarz; Thorax dunkler

Länge 2.5-3.3 mm

Bohrer kaum verjüngt; Tibia-Ill-Ende Ys-Yıo verdunkelt ................ 13. cinctus, spec. nov. (S.

Bohrer stark verjüngt; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-Y verdunkelt

Prothorax schwarz; Tibia-III-Ende 4 verdunkelt ........................ 14. frondosus, spec. nov. (S.

Prothorax rot; Tibia III % verdunkelt

2,8 m; ‚Bohrer: seht-sehmal, fast spitz... en oeerer 15. flexus, spec. nov. (S.

3,8: mm; "Behrer. breiter;;wenig verjünstr..2... a. er 16. ingentis, spec. nov. (S.

Länge 1.8-2.1 mm

Bohrer fast spitz; Tergit-1-Basis schmal rot ............................2.2....... 17. owenae, spec. nov. (S.

Bohrer-Ende stumpf; Tergit-1-Basis breit rot ....................0..- 18. lacassus, spec. nov. (S.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd)

Tergit 3 braun(-schwarz) mit gelber Basal- und Apikalbinde ..... 1. bicinctus, spec. nov. (S.

Tergit 3 ohne zwei gelbe Binden

Tergit 3 schwarz(-braun), höchstens mit schmaler gelber Apkal-Binde

Schläfe > Augenbreite; Coxae III hell

Mesopleüren, schwaßz..........e0en02nessesssneesraessuenenessesenae ae ee re 2. söderlundi, spec. nov. (S

Mesopleuren rot su. een ER 19. vejanus, spec. nov. (S

Schläfe < Augenbreite; Coxae III hell

Schläfe = Augenbreite; Tibia-IIl-Ende % verdunkelt ................... 7. subniger, spec. nov. (S

Schläfe < Augenbreite; Tibia-Ill-Ende hell ...........................- 20. illustris, spec. nov. (S

Tergit 3 mit ausgedehnter Gelb-Färbung

Tergit 3 mit breitem gelben Basalband von %-% der Tergit- Länge

. 41)

213) Mesopleuzensschwarz nennen nie 3. minutus Szepligeti (S. 37)

BETEN ERplEUTeRWMEOT 22... ehe sseeesnantein essen arniunrnnehendesttheeen eisen 4. palus, spec. nov. (S. 38)

14(11) Tergit 3 (fast) ganz gelb oder mit gelber Mittellasche

15(18) Tergit 3 (fast) ganz gelb

NL Te Erin rel es ET 1 A el 21. sedis, spec. nov. (S. 41)

Berl harsas De een 22. parilis, spec. nov. (S. 42)

18(15) Tergit 3 mit gelber Mittellasche von der Basis zur Tergit-Mitte

BErTeopleurenktot en een lnekebenees 8. curvulus Thomson (S. 39)

20(19) Mesopleuren schwarz

BNB2)F ıhla I-Einde 4-6 SESCHWALZE .........uucusecsessuusnsosussesehnauananesnsunkecsenneneneen 15. flexus, spec. nov. (S. 40)

2221), IHbia-Ml-Ende: ca. Yo verdunkelt ........usssaseusnenssereesnesneenennenknsenene 14. frondosus, spec. nov. (S. 40)

1. Mesochorus bicinctus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1 + "4 2;

Gesicht braun, verdunkelt; Prothorax rot, Meso- und Metathorax schwarz, Mesoscutum mit braunen

Wischen; Tergit 1 braun, mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 braun, mit "4 gelbem Endrand; Tergit 3 braun, mit

gelbem Basal- und Apikal-Band; weitere Tergite braun.

d wie 9, aber: Schläfe > Augenbreite; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, am Ende spatelförmig.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Niedzwindy BNw at Miasko/PL, 21.-25.7.77, Ekipa, IOLID AR (Warschau). - Paratypen:

13, Hamernia at Warszawa/PL, Ekipa, IZ PAN (Warschau); 12, Pfullingen, Württ./D, 720 m, E. Haeselbarth

(ZSM).

Polen, Deutschland.

2. Mesochorus söderlundi, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1+2 +

3, im letzten Drittel nach unten gebogen; Thorax schwarz, Mesoscutum mit rötlicher Makel; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 braun-schwarz, mit schmalem gelbem Endrand; Tergit 3 braun, mit 5 gelb-braunem

Basalband; weitere Tergite braun, mit schmalen hellen Endrändern.

d: 3 mm, wie 9, aber: Schläfe > Augenbreite; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, etwas spatelförmig; Prothorax

überwiegend rot; gelber Tergit-2-Basalstreifen mit Lasche zur Tergit-Mitte.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Göteborg Angered/S, Vg., Laubgehölz, 9.9.79, M. Söderlund (Söderlund). — Paratypus:

13, Göteborg, Sanna Sjöbergen/S, Vg., Laubgehölz v. a. Birke, M. Söderlund (Söderlund).

Schweden.

3. Mesochorus minutus Szepligeti

Mesochorus minutus Szepligeti, 1914: 432, 2.

Mesochorus minutus, Aubert 1968: 174.

Mesochorus phyllotretae Jourdheuil, 1957: 41-45, ?5 (syn. Aubert 1968).

Diagnose. ?: 1.8-2.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1+2+3;

Gesicht geschwärzt;Thorax schwarz; Coxae III verdunkelt; Tibia-Ill-Ende ca. % geschwärzt; Abdomen

schwarzbraun; Tergit 1 mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 mit gelbem Apikalband; Tergit 3 mit gelbem Basalband;

folgende Tergite mit gelben Apikalrändern.

d: Schläfe = Augenbreite; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Größe und Färbung wie 9, aber: Gesicht und Coxa

III weniger verdunkelt (selten unverdunkelt).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Hym. Typ Nr. 108 (Budapest).

Ex Phyllotreta 6 spp. (Jourd., Lo.) und 1 Aphthona sp. (Jourd.) via Microctonus spp. (Braconidae) (Sommer

1981).

Fundorte in Deutschland, Frankreich, N-Italien, Österreich, Ungarn.

M-, W- und SE-Europa.

4. Mesochorus palus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1 +2 +

3. Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot; Mesoscutum schwarz, mit roten Längsstreifen; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-

II-Ende hell; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 mit breiter hellroter Basis; Tergit 2 mit gelbem bogenför-

migem Endband bis zur Mitte; Tergit 3 mit gelbem Basalband bis Mitte; folgende Tergite mit schmalen

hellen Endstreifen.

d wie 9, aber: Thorax außer braunen Mesonotum-Wischen gelbrot; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, etwas

spatelförmig.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Srbija Räska, Bukovice/YU, M. Glavendekic (Glavendekic). — Paratypen: 23, dto.

Jugoslawien.

5. Mesochorus halticae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 2.6 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Thorax rot, mit braunen

Wischen auf Mesoscutum und Metanotum; Stigma hyalin, weiß schillernd; Tergite 1 und 2 schwarz-

braun; Tergit 1 mit breiter roter Basis; Tergit 2 mit bogenförmiger gelber Hinter-Hälfte; ab Tergit 3

braun-rot, mit schmalen gelben Endrändern. Bohrer wie M. palus.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Sion, Wallis/CH, 20.9./3.11.77, leg. ? (ZSM). - Paratypus: 1d, dto.

Ex Haltica carduorum.

Schweiz.

6. Mesochorus religiosus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.3 mm; s. Genus-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1+2 +3,

gerade, stabförmig; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax, Mesoscutum-Makel, Scutellum z.T. rot; Stigma sch-

mutzig-hyalin; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 basale Hälfte schwarz, apikale Hälfte rötlich; Tergit 3 rot;

Tergit 4 und folgende Tergite braun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Kapernaum/lIsrael, Wiese am Seeufer Genezareth, 13.2.80, M. Söderlund (Söderlund).

Israel.

7. Mesochorus subniger, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, zum

Ende dünner und etwas aufgebogen; Gesicht schwarz, schmale Orbiten rot; Thorax schwarz; Stigma

hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-IIl-Ende % verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalen hellen

Tergit-Endrändern.

d: 3.4 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2; sonst wie 2, aber: Gesicht gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Feldthurns, Bozen/I, 1.200 m, 11.9.78, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). - Paratypus; 13, Mühlbach,

Pustertal/I, 800 m, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

N-Italien.

8. Mesochorus curvulus Thomson

Mesochorus curvulus Thomson, 1885: 343, 2 &.

Diagnose. 2: 2.3-3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1

(Abb. 1B); Gesicht gelbrot, manchmal etwas verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt;

Coxa III geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand und Tergit-3-Basalrand schmal gelb.

d: Griffel = Tarsus II, 2, kurz und dick; Größe und Färbung wie ?, aber: Prothorax und Mesopleu-

ren rot; Coxa III weniger verdunkelt bis hell.

Typen. Lectotypus: d, Schwenke 1968, Örtofta/S (UZI Lund).

Fundorte in Schweden, Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz, ital. Alpen, französ. Alpen.

N- und M-Europa einschließlich Alpen.

9. Mesochorus turbidus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.7 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1, schmal,

am Ende aufgebogen; Gesicht geschwärzt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-

III-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal breit gelb-weißs; Tergit 3 mit roter Lasche

von Basis zur Mitte.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Villanders, Bozen/l, 21.9.78, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Ital. Alpen.

10. Mesochorus montanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.0 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, am

Ende etwas aufgebogen; Gesicht rot; Thorax oberseits schwarz, seitlich rot; Coxa III rot; Abdomen

schwarz(-braun); Tergit 1 basal breit gelbrot; Tergit 2 apikal % rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Gampenjoch, Südtirol/l, 1.350 m, 23.7.66, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

N-Ialien.

11. Mesochorus bipartitus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.0 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer etwas > Tarsus III, 1;

Gesicht verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma obere Hälfte hyalin, untere Hälfte braun; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand schmal weiß; Tergit-3-Basis breit rötlich.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Bramwald, Niedersachsen/D, 30.7.67, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

N-Deutschland.

12. Mesochorus fuscus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1 + % 2;

Gesicht gelb, etwas dunkel gefleckt; Thorax rot, mit braunen Wischen auf Mesoscutum und Mesopleu-

ren; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis rot; Tergit-2-Ende schmal gelb; Tergit-3-Ende breiter gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Leicester/UK, 7.73, Jennifer Owen (AEI).

England.

13. Mesochorus cinctus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 3.1 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht

gelbrot; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax rötlich; Stigma hellbraun; Coxa III hell; Tibia-II-Ende schmal

undeutlich verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal und Tergit 3 basal schmal gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, St. Peter, Ahrntal, Südtirol/I, 1.300 m, 31.7.66, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Italienische Alpen.

14. Mesochorus frondosus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 2.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, am

Ende schmaler; Gesicht stark verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende '/ıo

verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit breiter roter Tergit-1-Basis, mit % gelbem Tergit-2-Endband und

mit gelber Lasche von Tergit-3-Basis zur Mitte.

d: 2.5 mm; Griffel = Tarsus II, 2; Färbung wie 2.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 7.5 km Süd, 5.7.88, Nr. 154/88, Waldweg, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 19,

Coswig, Fläming/D, 1988, Laubwald; 13, Roßlau, Fläming/D, 1988, Waldweg, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

15. Mesochorus flexus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 2.8-3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1,

am Ende etwas aufgebogen, sehr schmal, fast spitz; Gesicht gelbrot bis leicht verdunkelt; Färbung wie

M. cinctus, aber: Stigma hyalin, mit braunem Grundwinkel und Tibia-Ill-Ende %-% geschwärzt.

d: Griffel = Tarsus II, 2, mit sehr großen Basalkörpern; Färbung wie ?, aber: Tergit 3 basal breiter

gelb, mit gelber Lasche zur Tergit-Mitte.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 4,5 km NW, 21.6.88, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 6? 7, Polen (Mus. Warsz.);

322, 638, Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Polen, Deutschland.

16. Mesochorus ingentis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tasus III, 1, erhe-

blich breiter als bei flexus, kaum verjüngt; Prothorax rot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Stigma bräunlich-

haylin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand schmal gelb; Tergit 3 mit verwaschenem roten Mittel-

längsband.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Polen, Nr. 220 (Warschau).

Polen.

17. Mesochorus owenae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.1 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1, dünn,

fast spitz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis schmal rot; Tergit-2-Endrand und Tergit-3-Basalrand

schmal gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Leicester/UK, 23.7.72, Jennifer Owen (AEI).

England.

18. Mesochorus lacassus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 1.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus Ill 1, stumpf;

Prothorax rot, Mesonotum und Mesopleuren schwarz, mit roten Wischen; Metathorax schwarz; Abdo-

men wie bei M. owenae, aber: Tergit-1-Basis breit rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Piemonte/l, La Cassa, To., 8.82, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino).

N-Italien.

Von den folgenden Arten sind nur die dd bekannt.

19. Mesochorus vejanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.0 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Griffel dick = Tarsus III, 2;

Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot; Mesonotum braun; Metathorax braun-schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-

II-Ende schmal gebräunt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand und Tergit-3-Basalrand schmal gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, La Veja, Sierra Morena/E, 28.4.26, Seyrig (Paris).

Spanien.

20. Mesochorus illustris, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.2 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Radialzelle und Stigma s.

Genus; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot; übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesonotum mit

braunen Wischen; Stigma hyalin; Coxa II leicht verdunkelt; Tibia-IIl-Ende hell; Abdomen schwarz,

nur Tergit 2 mit schmalem gelbem Endband,

Typen. Holotypus: d, Stiege, Harz/D, 1,5 km SE, Nr. 37/88, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Deutschland.

21. Mesochorus sedis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.0 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2; Prot-

horax, Meso- und Metapleuren rot-gelb; Mesoscutum rot, mit braunen Wischen; Metanotum basal

braun, apikal rot; Tibia-Ill-Ende hell; Tergit 1 gelbrot-braun-gelbrot; Tergit 2 braun, mit % gelbem

Endrand; Tergit 3 fast ganz gelbrot; folgende Tergite schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Roßlau/D, 4,5 km NE, Fläming, Waldweg, Nr. 144/92, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Deutschland.

22. Mesochorus parilis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 2.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Griffel dünn = Tarsus III, 2;

Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot, übriger Thorax braun(-schwarz); Stigma hellbraun; Coxa III hell;

Tibia-III-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit-1-Basis hellrot; Tergit 2 apikal fast 2 gelb; Tergit 3 fast ganz gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Erlangen, Mfr./D, 15.8.79, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Ex Altica cypareraceorum (Schw.).

Deutschland.

Sektion 3. nigripes

Diagnose. Merkmals-Kombination: Coxa III, meist auch Coxa II, verdunkelt oder geschwärzt; Schläfe

breit (2 Augenbreite); Ocellen sehr klein; Gesicht schwarz, beim 2 bis Augenrand; Mesopleuren vor

allem beim 2 stark punktiert.

Primärwirte: adulte Curculionidae.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (??)

1(4) Coxa II unverdunkelt

2(3) Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, zum Ende aufgebogen .........uneessesesensnsenenene

ER EEE IRRE. ERRS 2 BVe ie de ARTEN Sl Saar eh 1. haeselbarthi, spec. nov. (S. 43)

3(2) Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 2, gerade.............. 2. amplitudinis, spec. nov. (S. 43)

4(1) Coxa II geschwärzt oder verdunkelt

5(6)) CEemumlIkhschwars. nalen 3. nigripes Ratzeburg (S. 43)

6(5) Femur Ill höchstens gebräunt

7(10) Stigma rein hyalin

8(9), ‚Länge 2.8 3.0mm; Bohrerfast spitz ran. ee 4. rivanus, spec. nov. (S. 44)

9(8) Länge 4.4-4.8 mm; Bohrer nur wenig verjüngt .....neeeeeeeene: 5. frigidus, spec. nov. (S. 44)

10(7) Stigma gelblich oder bräunlich

11(12) Länge 3.3 mm; Pro- und Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, quadratisch ............eeeeeeee

ne 6. compactus, spec. nov. (S. 44)

12(11) Länge 4.8-6.3 mm; Pro- und Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, rechteckig .........eee

are 7. nigriceps Thomson (S. 44)

(2), 7 Femur Ill schwarz nee arneeateeene nee senken ee ee ee ee re seesrerdeeer 3. nigripes Ratzeburg (S. 43)

2(1) Femur III höchstens gebräunt

(4) EoxallL.unverdunkelt 2. er. ee ee 2. amplitudinis, spec. nov. (S. 43)

4(3) Coxa II geschwärzt oder stark verdunkelt

5(6)" Abdemen-Flinterhalfte vespeid ee ee 8. montis, spec. nov. (S. 45)

65) Abdomen-Hinterhälfte schwarz(-braun)

7(10) Facialorbiten in ganzer Länge rot

BL ET EL SL SCHWALZE Ne nennen eHne echte esesn hen eh hinenn sentnne then eerendenernnene 9. spessartaeus, spec. nov. (S. 45)

ER ker aae 3 20l... 2 eeadeanenunnnsnsnsnaninsnaunsensziensanen rächen enensnssassnshensnnesatntnene 10. mellumiensis, spec. nov. (S. 45)

10(7) Facialorbiten bis Gesichtsmitte rot

AN 2JMlanse’s mm; Pemurlll gebraunt n.0-esssansesenssesagentasnnaesrerssueenneer 6. compactus, spec. nov. (S. 44)

BrENran2s 4.2.6.2. 0m; Femur, II gelbrot....:iacerceseresscssusneesenlenne seen 7. nigriceps Thomson (S. 44)

1. Mesochorus haeselbarthi, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.4-5.5 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Nervulus prae-

furkal; Bohrer viel < Tarsus III, 1, zum Ende aufgebogen; Griffel extrem kurz (< '% Tarsus III, 2), mit

sehr großen Basalkörpern; Kopf schwarz; Mandibeln gelbweiß; die basal verbreiterten bis zur Augen-

mitte reichenden, spitz auslaufenden roten Orbiten ergeben mit dem roten Clypeus eine W-Form des

schwarzen unteren Gesichts; Schläfenfleck rot; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schmutzig-hyalin; Coxa II ?

hell, d verdunkelt; Coxa III geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, ab 2. Tergit mit breiten, gelbweißsen,

apikalen Bändern (vespoid).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Lechtaler Alpen, Tirol/A, Bleispitze 2.200 m, 14.8. 74, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). — Paratypen:

15, Berwang, Tirol/A; 17, Ditztal, Riffelsee 2.350 m, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM); 1?, Klausenpaß, N-Italien, R. Hinz

(ZSM).

M-Alpen.

2. Mesochorus amplitudinis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 3.9-4.6 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus

II, 1, zum Ende verjüngt; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, stabförmig; Gesicht schwarz; Thorax schwarz; Stigma

hellbraun; Coxa II rot, Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-II-Ende unscharf, schmal, verdunkelt; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit 2 mit %-1/7 rotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, im apikalen Drittel gebräunt; die folgenden

Tergite braun-schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Feldthurns, Südtirol/I, 1.200 m, 11.7.78, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). - Paratypen: 8??, 1135,

Polen, Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz, Frankreich, N-Italien, (Krefeld, ZSM, Warschau, (DEI).

Europa, außer S und E.

3. Mesochorus nigripes Ratzeburg

Mesochorus nigripes Ratzeburg, 1852: 119, 2.

Mesochorus melas Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1852: 440, ? 3; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Mesochorus gibbulus Holmgren, 1858: 124, ? 3; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1970.

Mesochorus alpigenus Strobl, 1902: 104; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 3.5-4.2 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, am Ende aufgebogen; Griffel

> Tarsus III, 2, am Ende etwas verbreitert; Kopf, Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; alle Coxae schwarz;

Femur III schwarz; Tergit 2 mit schmalem gelbem Endrand, beim d etwas breiter.

Typen. Verschollen. - Mesochorus melas Fonscolombe: Lectotypus: 9, Horstmann 1980, coll. Sichel (Paris). —

Mesochorus alpigenus Strobl: Lectotypus: 2, Schwenke 1969 (Admont).

Ex Phytonomus posticus (Alfalfa Weevil) (Curculionidae) via Bathyplectus (Ichneumonidae) (Cham.

1824); ex Phytonomus sp. (Curculionidae) (Ratzeburg 1852).

Fundorte in Schweden, Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweiz, Österreich, N-Italien.

N- und M-Europa, nördl. S-Europa.

4. Mesochorus rivanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.8-3.0 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer schmal, zum Ende unterseits stark ver-

jüngt, fast spitz, = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz; untere Hälfte des Clypeus und untere Orbiten rot;

Stigma hyalin; Körper schwarz; alle Coxae verdunkelt; apikale Segment-Grenzen ab Tergit 2 schmal

gelb(-rot).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Campi Riva s. Gardi, E-Italien, 7.9.67, 1.500 m, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). — Paratypus: 1%,

Giagleone, TO/I, R. Bassi (Scaramozzino).

N-Italien.

5. Mesochorus frigidus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4.4-4.8 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Stigma schmal; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, am Ende

wenig verjüngt; Kopf schwarz, Clypeus gelbrot, breite Facial- und schmale Frontal-Orbiten rot; je ein

Vertex-Fleck rot; Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Stigma hyalin; alle Coxae geschwärzt; apikale Seg-

ment-Grenzen ab Tergit 2 sehr schmal gelblich.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Kiruna/S, 22.7.64, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypus: 12, dto, 19.7.69, R. Hinz (ZSM).

N-Schweden.

6. Mesochorus compactus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2, d: 3 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Pro- und Mesothorax, seitlich betrachtet, quadra-

tisch; Bohrer stabförmig, > Tarsus II, 1, am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Kopf

schwarz, Mandibeln gelblich; Clypeus-Vorderrand rot; Gesicht schwarz bis zu den Augen; Stigma

hellbraun; Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; alle Coxae verdunkelt oder schwarz; Femur III gebräunt;

Tergit-2-Endrand schmal rot; Tergit-3-Basalrand und Mitte (undeutlich) rot (?) oder ganz rot, mit

Verdunkelungen (Ö).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Bichlbach, Tirol/A, 1.600 m, 9.7.76, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). — Paratypen: 19, Kochel,

Bay./D, 1.000 m; 222, 235, Tirol, Bayer. Alpen, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Mittlere Alpen.

7. Mesochorus nigriceps Thomson

Mesochorus nigriceps Thomson, 1885: 334, 24.

Mesochorus punctipleuris Thomson, 1885 334, 25; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Mesochorus thomsoni Dalla Torre, 1901: 59, ?3; syn. Szepligeti 1911.

Diagnose. ?, d: 4.2-6.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, schmal, am Ende etwas

verjüngt; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2; Kopf schwarz, Mandibeln und zuweilen Clypeus-Vorderrand

(gelb-)rot; Scheitelflecken rot; Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin; Coxae I und II

partiell geschwärzt, Coxa III ganz schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand schmal rot; Tergit-3-Mitte rot (?) oder

fast ganz rot (Ö).

Häufigste Art der Sektion. Gleichwohl fehlen gesicherte Primärwirt-Angaben. Dasch (1971) nennt unter

den Primärwirten neben dem Curculioniden Hypera postica Gyll., Idaho/USA, auch Lepidopteren, was

unglaubhaft erscheint.

Typen. Mes. punctipleuris Thomson: Lectotypus: ?, Aubert 1966 (UZI Lund).

C. E. Dasch, 1971, 199, stellt M. nigriceps Thomson, 1885 synonym zu M. agilis Cresson, 1865. Jedoch

differiert laut Beschreibung sein nordamerikanisches Material von meinem europäischen in zahl-

reichen Merkmalen. M. agilis Cresson ist daher nicht identisch mit M. nigriceps Thomson.

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweiz, Österreich, Italien.

N-, M- und nördl. S-Europa.

8. Mesochorus montis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 6 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Stigma verkleinert;

Griffel abgebrochen; Gesicht schwarz; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schmutzig hyalin; Coxa II braun,

verdunkelt; Coxa III geschwärzt; Tibia-IIl-Ende undeutlich schmal verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz;

Tergit 1 mit sehr schmalem hellem Endrand; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Yıo weißem Endsaum; folgende

Tergite braun (dominierend) / gelb-gebändert, mit sehr schmalen weißen Endrändern.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Berang, Tirol/A, Bichlbächler Joch, 1.900 m, 21.7.72, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Österr. Alpen.

9. Mesochorus spessartaeus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. : 3.8 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren fast glatt; Griffel kurz, = Tarsus III, 2,

kompakt; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schmutzig hyalin;

Coxae II + III geschwärzt; Tibia-IlI-Ende unscharf schmal verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit je einer

schmalen roten Tergit-2-Endbinde und ebensolcher Tergit-3-Basalbinde.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Wiesen, Spessart/D, 1.6.60, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Deutschland.

10. Mesochorus mellumiensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 2.4 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2,

stabförmig; Gesicht untere Hälfte rot, obere Hälfte braunschwarz, mit mittelbreiten roten Orbiten;

Thorax schwarz; Stigma schmutzig hyalin; Coxa II braun-schwarz; Coxa III schwarz verdunkelt; Tibia-

III-Ende undeutlich schmal verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit schmalem rotem Endsaum; ab

Tergit 3 rot/braun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Insel Mellum/D, FS 15/W, Nr. 746, 17.-24.5.86, H. Horstmann (Horstmann).

N-Deutschland.

Abteilung 2. vittator

Sekundär-Parasiten von larvalen Lepidoptera und Thenthredinoidea

Sektion 4. politus

Diagnose. Scutellum mit aufrechter Spitze; Sekundärwirte: Tachinidae.

Auffällige Entsprechung zwischen Astiphromma dorsale-Gruppe (s. dort) und Mesochorus politus-

Gruppe: beide mit Höcker auf dem Scutellum bei gleicher Lebensweise als Sekundär-Parasiten von

Tachinidae. Erklärung: Dorn dient dem Aufbrechen des Tachinen-Tönnchens.

1(6) _Mesopleuren dicht und tief punktiert

23) Bohrer>"Tarsus I, l, fast stabförmie nr re een 1. zoerneri, spec. nov. (S.

3(2) Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, breiter

4(5) Stigma breit, schwarzbraun; Tergit-Endbänder sehr schmal gelblich ...............eeususenseeeeeeennn.

a 2. politus Gravenhorst (S.

5(4) Stigma schmaler, hell-bräunlich; Tergit-Endränder breit rot :........2.......m2uuussrueunenonuaranarsennnneee

Ed nee ken Per ee 3. scandinavicus, spec. nov. (S.

6(1) Mesopleuren schütter und relativ fein punktiert

7(8) ; Klauenglieder, etwas aufgebläht. 2... 2-.as=2.. 00er. ent 4. hinzi, spec. nov. (S.

52)? Klauenglieder Moral. enseeunsraneesessssnnt nun unnaenenennseentnennee nee ee 5. tuberculiger Thomson (S.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd)

1(2) Griffel gamshornförmig nach oben gebogen, am Ende verbreitert ..........eneeeenneenenenenenenenenenen

Rn ENTE 3. scandinavicus, spec. nov. (S.

2(1) Griffel gerade

S(4)a mEridelidiekumndiklobis Zimt 2 ER EEE 4. hinzi, spec. nov. (S.

4(3) Griffel schlank

56). SGHiffel-Ende verbreitert ara. een 1. zoerneri, spec. nov. (S.

6(5) Griffel-Ende nicht verbreitert

Z8)0 - ‚Gcellenz>sVertexbrücker: m ee 2. politus Gravenhorst (S.

8(7) Ocellen < Vertexbrücke

910), "Tange > Amm;'Schläte = Ausgenbreite.. ur... enseheraraneneranneee 5.tuberculiger Thomson (S.

10(9) < 4 mm; Schlälfe < Augenbreite

KI2)E@ritfel>oTarsus 11, 22Gesichrdunkele ee en 6. sincerus, spec. nov. (S.

120) “Grittel= Tarsus IE 2,Gesichehell u... ernennen 7. contractus, spec. nov. (S.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (2?)

1. Mesochorus zoerneri, spec. nov.

47)

46)

47)

48)

Beschreibung. ?: 4.3-5.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht und

tief punktiert; Scutellum mit aufrechter Spitze; Stigma verbreitert; Bohrer schmal, stabförmig = Tarsus

III, 1 + 2; Gesicht schwarz oder stark gebräunt, mit roten Orbiten; Thorax und Abdomen schwarz, nur

Tergit-2-Endrand schmal rötlich.

d wie 9, aber: Gesichts-Verdunklung schwächer; Mesopleuren schwächer punktiert; Griffel lang und

dünn, > Tarsus II, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Dessau/D, 6,6 km SSW, 13.8.85, Nr. 178/85, frischer Waldweg, H. Zoerner (DEI). -

Paratypen: 5?9, 685, Dessau/D; 1, Siptenfeld, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

2. Mesochorus politus Gravenhorst

Mesochorus politus Gravenhorst, 1829: 974, 20.

Mesochorus errabundus Hartig, 1838: 2622; syn. K. Horstmann 1988, 20.

Diagnose. ?: 5.5-8.0 mm; Schläfe sehr schmal, < % Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Scutellum mit

aufrechter Spitze; Stigma verbreitert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, Clypeus rot, Facialorbiten

breit weiß; Prothorax schwarz und rot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Abdomen schwarz, mit roter Stielbasis

und ca. '/s schmalem rotgelbem Tergit-2-Endrand; folgende Tergit-Endränder sehr schmal hell.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht hell oder gebräunt; Abdomen ab Tergit 3 verwaschen-vespoid; Griffel >

Tarsus III, 2, schlank, von Basis zur Spitze gleichmäßsig dünner.

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Bupalus, Ematurga (Geometridae) via Blondelia (Tachinidae) (Schw.); ex Deilinia (Geometridae) via

Privaldskia (Tachinidae) (Hz.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Tschechien, N-Frankreich.

N- und M-Europa.

3. Mesochorus scandinavicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.5-6.3 mm; wie M. politus, aber i. M. kleiner und graziler; Mesopleuren flacher

punktiert, mit Rotschimmer; Stigma viel schmaler, heller braun; Tergite 3 und folgende mit breitem

rötlichen Endrand; Griffel gamshornartig nach oben gebogen, am Ende verbreitert.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Skäne/S, 7. u. 8.69, in Fallen, Bo Svenssen (AEI). - Paratypen: 4? ?, 33d, dto.

Schweden.

4. Mesochorus hinzi, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.0-4.7 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellen < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren fein punk-

tiert; Scutellum mit aufrechter Spitze; Stigma verbreitert; Klauenglieder etwas aufgebläht; Postpetiolus

sehr breit, längsgerieft; Tergite 2 + 3 in der Mitte mit flacher Delle; Bohrer relativ breit, am Ende

verschmälert, > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit gelbem Clypeus und breiten, roten Facialorbiten;

Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Tergite 2 und folgende mit feinen gelben Endrändern.

ö wie ?, aber mit normalen Klauengliedern; Tergit 1 mit breitem rotem Endrand; Tergite 2 + 3 mit

breitem gelbem Endrand; Tergit 3 auch in der Mitte gelb; Griffel kurz und klobig, = Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Kiruna/S, 22.7.64, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 7??, 988, Kiruna/S, R. Hinz (ZSM).

N-Schweden.

5. Mesochorus tuberculiger Thomson

Mesochorus tuberculiger Thomson, 1885: 333, 24.

Diagnose. ?, S: 5-7 mm; M. politus sehr ähnlich, aber i. M. kleiner und graziler; Schläfe breiter

(> Augenbreite); Mesopleuren fast glatt; Bohrer am Ende etwas nach oben gebogen.

Typen. Lectotypus; ? Townes, Momoi & Townes, 1965 (UZI Lund).

Ex Hibernia (Geometridae) via Tachinen-Tönnchen, Spessart (Haes.); ex Hibernia, via Tachinidae,

Hannover (Hz.).

Es scheint, daß M. politus Nadelholz-Geometridae und M. tuberculiger Laubholz-Geometridae als

Primärwirte haben.

Fundorte in Schweden, Deutschland, N-Frankreich, Österreich, N-Italien.

N- und M-Europa.

6. Mesochorus sincerus, spec. noV.

Beschreibung. 4: 3.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesopleuren obere Hälfte stark punktiert; Griffel

dünn, > Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht in Mitte gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax rot und schwarz; Meso-

pleuren mit Rotschimmer; Mesonotum mit schwach braunen Längsbändern; Abdomen schwarz, mit

roter Stielbasis und ca. % rotem Tergit-2-Endrand.

Typen. Holotypus: d Messaure/Sv., 13.7.72, K. Müller (AEI). - Paratypus: 1d, dto, 7.9.72.

Schweden.

7. Mesochorus contractus, spec. noV.

Beschreibung. d: 3.3 mm; Gesichtsränder konvergierend; Schläfe schmal, 0,5 Augenbreite; Ocellus <

Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht und tief punktiert; Stigma verbreitert; Radialzelle breit und kurz;

Scutellum mit senkrechtem Höcker; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht ganz gelb; Prothorax rot,

übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesopleuren mit Rotschimmer; Abdomen schwarz, mit roter Stielbasis und

ca. % gelbem Tergit-2-Endrand; folgende Tergite vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: d Varese (Istrien)/l, 6.75, E. Ratti (Ratti).

Via Tachinidae-Tönnchen, ex ? (Ra.)

Istrien.

Sektion 5. dispar

Diagnose. 4 Merkmal-Kombination: < 5 mm (nur M. maximus bis 5.5 mm) + Nervulus postfurkal +

Areola sitzend + Bohrer lang, stabförmig.

Sekundärwirte: Apanteles, Microgaster (Braconidae).

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (2?)

1(34) Gesicht gebräunt oder geschwärzt

2(17) Stielbasis rot

3(6) Mesopleuren rot

45), Lanse2.32.6:mm, Femurlliiihell une 1. cognatus, spec. nov. (S. 51)

5(4) Länge 3.8-4.5 mm; Femur III stark gebräunt ..........eeee 2. scaramozzinoi, spec. nov. (S. 51)

6(3) Mesopleuren schwarz

7(12) Coxa III schwarz oder verdunkelt

8(9) Tergit-2-Ende bandförmig hell, Abdomen-Ende gelb .................. 3. larentiae, spec. nov. (S. 51)

%8) _ Tergit-2-Ende bogenförmig hell; Abdomen-Ende nicht gelb

101) Lanse2 65mm} Eoxallilschwauzen ner nn 4. gibbosus, spec. nov. (S. 52)

1110). Lanse 82 Imm,eoxanliIrgebraunt en 5. dispar Brischke (S. 52)

12(7) Coxa III hell

13(14) Tergit-3-Basis mit breitem gelbem Band .............uneeeee 6. bulgaricus, spec. nov. (S. 52)

14(13) Tergit-3-Basis mit gelber Mittellasche

15(16)HPestpetiolus"glatt u... een een 7. albionis, spec. nov. (S. 53)

16(15) Postpetiolus mit 2 breiten divergierenden Furchen ...........ueeeee- 8. incisus, spec. nov. (S. 53)

170)

18(21)

19(20)

20(19)

21(18)

22(23)

23(22)

24(27)

25(26)

26(25)

27(24)

28(29)

29(28)

30(31)

31(30)

32(33)

33(32)

34(1)

35(38)

36(37)

37(36)

38(35)

39(44)

40(41)

41(40)

42(43)

43(42)

44(39)

45(48)

46(47)

47(46)

48(45)

49(50)

50(49)

51(52)

52(51)

53(54)

54(53)

Stielbasis schwarz

Schläfe = Augenbreite

Baspea om, Bohrer Tarsus Il, In. nennen 9. maximus, spec. nov. (S.

Pose a, Bohrer > Tatsus ll, Io on nn len enneeereesenenenee 10. lanceolatus, spec. nov. (S.

Schläfe < Augenbreite

a ee ae Mine 11. dumosus, spec. nov. (S.

Stigma hyalin-braun bis schwarzbraun

Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1

Tora NN Se es 12. sawoniewiczi, spec. nov. (S.

SE EEE. 13. perticatus, spec. nov. (S.

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1

Suiema verbreitert, schwarzbraum ..........2..c0 sun eoeeeesehreeneseennnnheteneen 14. jacobus, spec. nov. (S.

Stigma normal, heller braun

erxanikhell’oder leicht verdunkelt eu... rennen 15. anomalus Holmgren (S.

Coxa III geschwärzt

Postpetiolus apikal und Tergit 2 basal dunkel .................... 16. acuminatus Thomson (S.

Postpetiolus apikal und Tergit 2 basal partiell gelb ...................... 17. betuletus, spec. nov. (S.

Gesicht hell (gelbrot)

Stielbasis schwarz

Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1; ab Tergit-5-Ende gelb ................ueu 18. tumidus, spec. nov. (S.

Bahnen Tarsusll, 1.ab Tergit-5-Endebraun na... een 19. sulcatus, spec. nov. (S.

Stielbasis rot

Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1

Sehlater Ausenbreite ......esn aussen meeneeeensnemnseneche lehnen er eränge 20. latus, spec. nov. (S.

Schläfe < Augenbreite

| 21. velox Holmgren (S.

Tieteit S!schwarz, mit basaler-gelber Tasche... en ainneenee 22. townesi, spec. nov. (S.

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1

Mesopleuren schwarz

Stigma klein und schmal; Tibia-IIl-Ende %-% schwarz ................. 23. baueri, spec. nov. (S.

SHemamormal, "TibialU-Ende 4 schwarz....n.unessassneeserneneen 24. abraxator, spec. nov. (S.

Mesopleuren ganz oder partiell rot

Abdomen mit gelbweiben/Spitzer.....z.uszurrzssnsosusnsssnsanzensennanenanssessnanseees 25. pictilis Holmgren (S.

Abdomen ohne gelbweiße Spitze

Abdomen hinter Tersit einfarbig TOL...umensestesessnnsageaeneenniunsennsnsessunsgen 26. gilvus, spec. nov. (S.

Abdomen hinter Tergit 3 nicht gelbrot

Abdomen hinter Nermif 3 Vespold ...:...usnennanssestannesusnesasnnestsnnebenns ran 27. facialis Bridgman (S.

Abdomen hinter Tereit a schwarz... nenne 28. arietinus, spec. nov. (S.

53)

54)

55)

56)

57)

Merkmal-Kombination: 1 +2 +3 siehe ??, 4. Merkmal: Griffel schlank, Länge ca. = Tarsus III, 2.

1(6)

2(3)

3(2)

4(5)

5(4)

6(1)

7(18)

8(9)

9(8)

10(13)

11(12)

1211)

13(10)

14(17)

15(16)

16(15)

17(14)

18(7)

19(26

20(21

21(20

22(23

23(22

24(25

25(2

)

26(19)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd)

Griffel nadelspitz

Stielbasisıbreit Tot re ee 30. aculeatus, spec. nov.

Stielbasis schwarz

Tergit-2-Ende und Tergit-3-Anfang mit einem gelben Band ...... 29. pungens, spec. noV.

Tergit-2-Ende mit gelbem Dreieck, Tergit-3-Basis mit gelber Lasche ............muesnsssenssssnsssenennene

De 15. anomalus Holmgren (S.

Griffel mit stumpfem Ende

Gesicht verdunkelt oder geschwärzt

Schlafe > Ausenbreife, ange 4.59.51 „un an nn een. 9. maximus, spec. nov. (S

Schläfe < Augenbreite, < 4,5 mm

Stigma dunkelbraun

Mesopleuren gelbrob 2. zurseneussscennenter ernennen een 2. scaramozzinoi, spec. nov. (S

Mesepleüren Schwanz. 24. .:2202.u20100rcaen seen srandeeederssnennenenene enter nenne 31. obscurus, spec. nov. (S

Stigma (bräunlich-)hyalin

Coxa III verdunkelt

Tibia-Il- Ende, %, seschwärzt .......mumneeaun neue 10. lanceolatus, spec. nov. (S

Kibia-l-Ende% geschwärze.....nn.0 ee 3. larentiae, spec. nov. (S.

CEXaslIiänell en a NUR 32. luminis, spec. nov. (S.

Gesicht hell

Coxa III verdunkelt

Stielbasis.rot, Schläfe = Augenbreite .......recnmensueneneseerseoune 33. pizzighettoneus, spec. nov. (S

Stielbasis schwarz; Schläfe < Augenbreite

Stuema verbreitert, dunkelbraum Sum. 34. roccanus, spec. nov. (S

Stigma normal, hyalin

Srittel->,.Tarsust a2 ee Me WER 16. acuminatus Thomson ($.

Griffel. Tarsus MN, 24... 2.2 ee een 4. gibbosus spec. nov. (S.

Coxa III hell

Stielbasis schwarz

Stiema SchWarzbratumen.. une aee seen anne nene ee 35. sordidus, spec. nov. (S

Stigma hyalin

Länge 2.2. mm; Gesicht: quadratisch. 2... nes 36. inversus, spec. nov. (S

länge 3.8:mm; Gesicht quer. nern sense emekennenensnaunlepernnsensnniernee 37. tyroliensis, spec. nov. (S

Stielbasis rot

198)

.51)

. 58)

58)

51)

58)

. 58)

. 59)

54)

52)

. 59)

33(36) Tergit-2-Ende bandförmig gelbrot

Sg) Iihorax Oberseite ‚selbrot ......... u.a 21. velox Holmgren (S. 56)

Sa eher Oberseite schwarz 2: 2. ae nen karheae 25. pictilis Holmgren (S. 57)

36(33) Tergit-2-Ende bogenförmig oder dreieckig, gelbrot

37(40) Schläfe = Augenbreite

Ba Kanse 2.5 mm; Postpetiolus glatt «....nsenssensenenensnenunrnssennannnnnsnnssnnunsnne 1. cognatus, spec. nov. (S. 51)

89(88) Länge 3.3 mm; Postpetiolus’längsgefurcht............ nn... en 5. dispar Brischke (S. 52)

40(37) Schläfe < Augenbreite

il Z, sl all or ee a RR ee Be ARE RER ARE ERIUNEe 52 SERIEEE ER ARE FERENIEER ARE! 27. facialis Bridgman (S. 57)

42(41) Stigma hyalin

Era lereit.] basal und opikal rote... saseteereenesrestennessnnuntnenenanenangene 26. gilvus, spec. nov. (S. 57)

BIENIEL Bull Beuel) UNS DaSalltoR 2... 0n2 een chnesessnengrensnzeeneneennsendenen nern enegegennanentene 23. baueri, spec. nov. (S. 56)

1. Mesochorus cognatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 2.3-2.6 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark

punktiert; Postpetiolus mit Rillen; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, schmal, unterseits zum Ende verjüngt; Griffel

> Tarsus III, 2, dünn, gleich breit bleibend; Gesicht ? verdunkelt, 3 hell; Prothorax rot; Meso- und

Metathorax oberseits schwarz, Seiten rot; Scutellum $ braun, d rot; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal

dunkelrot; Tergit-2-Ende bogenförmig % rotgelb, Tergit 3 basal mit % breiter rotgelber Lasche.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Gauting, Obb./D, 20.7.88, Ex Apanteles, Z 300, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). — Paratypen: 19,

288, dto.

S-Deutschland.

2. Mesochorus scaramozzinoi, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 3.8-4.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesopleuren grubig

punktiert; Bohrer sehr dünn, am Ende verdünnt und etwas aufgebogen, > Tarsus III, 1; Griffel dünn,

> Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht gebräunt; Thorax schwarz, Mesoscutum-Makel + Scutellum + Metanotum-

Absturz + Thorax-Seiten rot; Stigma dunkelbraun; Coxa III + Femur III verdunkelt; Tibia-II-Ende %

schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit dunkelroter Basis; Tergit 2 apikal % dreieckig gelb; Tergit 3 basal % gelb;

danach Abdomen gelb/braun, vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Sacro Monte di Crea (AL), Piemonte/I, 29.7.86, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino). —

Paratypen: 32%, 238, dto.

N-Italien.

3. Mesochorus larentiae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 3.5-4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma lang und schmal;

Bohrer relativ dick, am Ende aufgebogen, < Tarsus IIL, 1; Gesicht gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma

haylin; Coxa III gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit gelber Spitze; Tergit 1

basal gelbrot; Tergit-2-Ende % bandförmig gelb; Tergit 3 von Basis aus % keilförmig gelbrot; S wie 9,

aber: Thorax Seite rotgelb; Tergit-3-Keil nur %; Abdomen-Spitze dunkel; Griffel dünn, = Tarsus II, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Rauchenbühel, Salzburg/A, 10.9.88, M. Schwarz (Schwarz). — Paratypen: 13, Timmen-

dorf, Ostsee/D, v. Ghika (ZSM); 14, Taufkirchen, Obb./D, 6.67, W. Schwenke (ZSM); 238, Kassel/D, R. Hinz

(ZSM).

Ex Larentia, Habryntis (Geometridae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Hz.).

M-Europa.

4. Mesochorus gibbosus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Kopf kurz und breit; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Gesicht

gewölbt, unter den Fühlern mit erhabenem Feld, in der Mitte mit Längsfurche; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1;

Gesicht verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz;

Tergit 1 basal rot; Tergit 2 apikal % bogenförmig gelb; Tergit 3 basal 1/8 bandförmig gelb, danach %

bandförmig braun.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht gelbrot; erhabenes Feld unter den Fühlern weniger ausgeprägt; Thorax-

Oberseite braunrot, mit gelber Makel; Thorax-Seiten rotgelb; Stigma hyalin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit

1 apikal mit gelbem Endfleck; Tergit 2 gelb, mit dunklem Seitenfleck; Tergit 3 basal % bandförmig gelb;

Griffel = Tarsus II, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Oppach, Thür./D, 2,2 km NNE, 12.8.93, Nr. 294/93, H. Zoerner (DEI). — Paratypen: 16,

Roßlau/D, via Microplitis-Kokon an Rubus sp., W. Schwenke (ZSM); 339, Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

5. Mesochorus dispar Brischke

Mesochorus dispar Brischke, 1880: 190, 94.

Diagnose. ?: 3.2-4.0 mm; s. Sektions-Mermale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma klein; Postpetiolus mit

Längsrillen; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1. Gesicht geschwärzt; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin; Thorax schwarz; Coxa

III verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal dunkelrot; Tergit 2 apikal % dreieckig gelb; Tergit 3

basal %-% bandförmig gelb.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht gelb; Thorax Seiten gelbrot; Stigma hyalin; Coxa (fast) hell; Griffel etwas >

Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Cucullia (Noctuidae), Harpyia, Lophopteryx (Notodontidae) via Apanteles, Microgaster (Braconidae),

Smerinthus (Sphingidae) (Hz., Bri. Schw.).

Fundorte in Polen, Deutschland, Tschechien, Österreich, N-Italien.

M-Europa.

6. Mesochorus bulgaricus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren grob punktiert;

Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1. Gesicht etwas verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma braun; Tibia-III-Ende %

schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal dunkelrot; Tergit 2 apikal % bogenförmig gelb; Tergit 3

basal % bandförmig gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Batak/Bulg., 2.7.70, R. Hinz (ZSM).

SE-Europa.

7. Mesochorus albionis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht

verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit braunen Wischen; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdo-

men schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis dunkelrot; Tergit-2-Ende mit Yıo gelbem Band; Tergit 3 basal mit % gelbem

Band, das sich in der Mitte bis % vorwölbt.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Oxford/UK, 8.81, C 12, Denis Owen (AEI). - Paratypen: 2??, dto.

England.

8. Mesochorus incisus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 2.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Postpetiolus auffallend groß,

mit 2 großen divergierenden Gruben; Bohrer gerade, zum Ende verdünnt, > Tarsus II, 1; Gesicht

verdunkelt; Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal dunkelrot; Tergit 2 apikal mit 4 gelbem

Band; Tergit 3 basal mit % rötlicher Zunge.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Gabcikovo /CSFR, 9.57, M. Capek (Capek).

Via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Cap.).

Tschechien.

9. Mesochorus maximus, spec. noV.

Beschreibung. 2: 4.8-5.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Flügelgeäder auffällig dick, braun; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1; Gesicht dunkel; Thorax schwarz;

Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot und schwarz; Stigma graubraun; Femur III gebräunt; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit 1 apikal schmal gelbrot; Tergit 2 apikal % bogenförmig gelbrot; Tergit 3 basal "2 gelbrot.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht hell; Prothorax rotgelb; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Einbeck/D, 7.7.68, R. Hinz (ZSM). - Paratypen: 234, Harz/D, 33, Einbeck/D, R. Hinz

(ZSM).

N-Deutschland.

10. Mesochorus lanceolatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 9, d: 3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer sehr lang und dünn,

= Tarsus III, 1 und % 2; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht schwarz (2), braun (d), mit breiten roten Orbiten;

Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt; Coxa II

schwach, Coxa III stark verdunkelt; Tergit 2 apikal % bogenförmig gelbrot; Tergit 3 basal % laschen-

förmig rötlich.

Typen. Holotypus: ? Messaure/S, 22.9.72, K. Müller (AEI). - Paratypen: 12, 233, dto.

Schweden.

11. Mesochorus dumosus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 3.1 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma schmal; Bohrer =

Tarsus II, 1; Gesicht unter den Fühlern verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Coxa III verdun-

kelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand schmal (Yıo) gelbrot; Tergit 3 basal bogenförmig " gelbrot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Messaure/S, 6.7.72, K. Müller (AEI).

Schweden.

12. Mesochorus sawoniewiczi, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma vergrößert; Bohrer >

Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun;

Coxa III rot; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 rotbraun; Tergit 3 bis Ende dunkel vespoid (braun/schwarz).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Polen, Nr. 258, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau).

Polen.

13. Mesochorus perticatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.2 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Postpetiolus gerieft; Bohrer >

Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit breiten rotgelben Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma dunkelbraun;

Coxa III stark gebräunt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal bandförmig "4 rotgelb; Tergit 3 basal

laschenfrömig % rotgelb.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Oxford/UK, 6.80, C 40, Denis Owen (AEI).

England.

14. Mesochorus jacobus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Postpetiolus und Tergit 2 mit

Längs-Eindruck; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit mäßig breiten roten Orbiten; Thorax

schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III geschwärzt; Tibia-Ill-Ende "4 geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz,

mit gelbrotem Sanduhr-Fleck von Tergit-2-Endrand bis Tergit-3-Mitte.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Vollershof b. St. Jacob, Salzburg/A, 26.9.86, M. Schwarz (Schwarz).

W-Österreich.

15. Mesochorus anomalus Holmgren

Mesochorus anomalus Holmgren, 1858: 130, ? d.

Diagnose. 2: 3.2-4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus IIL, 1; Gesicht

+ gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma dunkelbraun; Tibia III weiß, apikal % geschwärzt; Coxa III hell

oder leicht verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende % dreieckig gelbrot; Tergit 3 basal %-%

laschenförmig gelbrot.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht manchmal hell; Thorax-Seiten rotgelb; Coxa III hell; Stigma etwas heller

braun; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, nadelspitz.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Hinz 1962 (Stockholm).

Ex Cucullia (Noctuidae) und Argynnis (Nymphalidae) via Microgaster (Brischke); ex Euchelia (Arctiidae)

via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Schmied.); ex Geometridae-Raupe an Salix via Apanteles (Schw.); ex Abraxas

(Geometridae) (Cap.).

Fundorte in Schweden bis Tschechien, N-Italien und N-Frankreich.

N- und M-Europa.

16. Mesochorus acuminatus Thomson

Mesochorus acuminatus Thomson, 1885: 343, ? &.

Diagnose. 2: 3-4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma verschmälert; Bohrer =

Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax und Abdomen schwarz; Stigma

schmutzig hyalin; Coxa II schwach-, Coxa III stark-verdunkelt; Tergit-2-Ende % bogenförmig rotgelb;

Tergit 3 basal % dto

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht und Thorax-Seiten gelbrot; nur Coxa III schwach verdunkelt; Griffel > Tarsus

I; 2.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Tschechien, Alpenländer, N-Frankreich.

N- und M-Europa.

17. Mesochorus betuletus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, breit-

stabförmig; Gesicht schwarz, mit breiten roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa

III geschwärzt; Tibia-Ill-Ende % schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-1-Ende mit rotem Mittelfleck;

Tergit 2 basal mit je einem gelben Seitenfleck, apikal mit % gebogener gelber Binde; Tergit 3 braun, mit

apikaler Mittellasche bis %; Tergite 4 und folgende rot/braun vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Etzenricht, Bay./D, 9.66, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Ex Geometridae-Raupe an Betula via Ichneumonidae-Kokon mit schwarz-weiß-schwarzer Mittelbinde

(Schw.).

S-Deutschland.

18. Mesochorus tumidus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Augenränder divergierend;

Stigma verbreitert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht gelb, mit weißen Orbiten; Thorax schwarz, Seiten

gelbrot und schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende % bandförmig gelb; Tergit 3

ganz gelb; ab Tergit 5 bis Ende apikale Hälfte jeweils gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Polen, Nr. 151 (Warschau).

Polen.

19. Mesochorus sulcatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht

gelbrot, mit weißen Orbiten; Thorax oben schwarz, seitlich rot + braun; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-

Ende % bogenförmig gelb; Tergit-3-Basis % laschenförmig gelb, sonst braunrot; ab Tergit 4 braun/rot

vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Leicester/UK, 11.73, Jennifer Owen (AEI).

England.

20. Mesochorus latus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht

weiß; Thorax schwarz, Propleuren gelb; Stigma schmutzig-hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis dunkelrot; Tergit-2-Ende % bandförmig gelb; ab Tergit 3 braun, mit schmalen

gelben Endrändern.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Oxford/UK, 9.81, C 12, Denis Owen (AEI). - Paratypus: 1%, dto., C 40, 7.81.

England.

21. Mesochorus velox Holmgren

Mesochorus velox Holmgren, 1858: 127, ? Ö.

Diagnose. 2: 3-3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Stigma verbreitert; Bohrer >

Tarsus IIL, 1; Prothorax rot; Meso- und Metathorax oben schwarz(-braun), seitlich rot; Mesoscutum mit

gelbroter U-förmiger Makel; Scutellum mit 2 gelben Streifen; Metanotum-Absturz rot; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis rot; Tergit-2-Ende mit % rotem Band; folgende Tergite gelbrot.

d wie 9, aber: Thorax oben rotgelb; Abdomen überwiegend gelblich; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Fundorte in Schweden und Deutschland.

N- und M-Europa.

22. Mesochorus townesi, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma verbreitert; Postpetiolus

gerieft; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Thorax schwarz, nur Prothorax überwiegend rot; Stigma schmutzig-

hyalin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis dunkelrot; Tergit-2-Ende % bandförmig gelb; Tergit 3 von

Basis bis Mitte laschenförmig gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Moskau/USSR, 4.8.68, H. & M. Townes (AEI).

Europ. Rußland.

23. Mesochorus baueri, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Stigma klein, hyalin; Postpeti-

olus und Tergit 2 mit Längsgrube; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Thorax schwarz(-braun), mit roter Mesoscu-

tum-Makel; Scutellum z.T. rot; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal rot; Tergit 2 apikal % bogenförmig

gelb; Tergit 3 basal % bandförmig gelb; folgende Tergite braun/gelbrot vespoid.

d wie 9, aber: Pro- und Mesothorax rot; Mesoscutum mit braun gesäumter gelber Makel; Griffel

= Tarsus II, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Polen (Ort ?), 7.58, Hartmann, Ex Zygaena via Microgaster, coll. E. Bauer (ZSM). -

Paratypen: 7??,3dd, dto; 1?, Muldenstein/D, H. Zoerner (DEI); 12, Rivalta, Piem./I, G. Brussino; 12, Condova,

Piem./I, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino).

Polen, Deutschland, N-Italien.

24. Mesochorus abraxator, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Postpetiolus und Tergit-2-

Anfang mit länglicher Grube; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, zum Ende unterseits verjüngt; Thorax schwarz,

Prothorax rot; Mesoscutum mit 2 roten Striemen; Stigma hyalin-braun; Tibia-III-Ende 4 schwarz;

Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis rot; Tergit-2-Ende bogenförmig gelb; Tergit 3 bis % mit gelber

Mittellasche.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Gabcikovo/CSFR, 23.-30.5.57, Capek (Capek). — Paratypus: 19, dto.

Ex Abraxas (Geometridae) (Cap.)

Tschechien.

25. Mesochorus pictilis Holmgren

Diagnose. ?: 3.0-3.7 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; innere Augenränder diver-

gierend; Postpetiolus und Tergit 2 mit flacher Grube; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht weißlich; Thorax-

Oberseite schwarz, Seiten rot; Stigma hyalin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis dunkel; Tergit 2 apikal

% bandförmig gelb; Tergit 3 basal % bandförmig gelb; Abdomenspitze gelb.

d wie 9, aber: Tergit 1 basal rot; Tergit 3 fast ganz gelb; Griffel etwas > Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Ex Taeniocampa (Lymantriidae) via Braconidae (Hz.); ex Geometridae an Salix via Apanteles (Braconi-

dae) (Schw.); ex Bupalus (Geometridae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Schw.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Österreich.

N- und M-Europa.

26. Mesochorus gilvus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 3.3-3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Tergit-2-Mitte flach

eingedrückt; Bohrer = Tarsus Ill, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Thorax gelbrot, mit Verdunklungen auf

Mesoscutum und Metanotum; Stigma hyalin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal und apikal rot; Tergit

2 apikal % bogenförmig gelbrot; Tergit 3 ganz gelbrot; Tergit 4 bis Spitze braun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Guttau, Thür./D, 7.86, Nr. 4295, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 3??, dto.; 17, 16,

Gollnow, Pomm/PL, S. Lüderwald (Warschau); 19, Giaglione, To./I, 630 m, R. Bassi (Scaramozzino).

M-Europa (S-Polen bis N-Italien).

27. Mesochorus facialis Bridgman

Mesochorus facialis Bridgman, 1884: 431, ? d.

Diagnose. ?, d: 3.5-4 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesopleuren grob punktiert;

Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, zum Ende schmaler; Griffel = Tarsus II, 2; Thorax braun(-schwarz); Mesoscu-

tum-Makel, Scutellum, Metanotum-Apikalhälfte und Thorax-Seiten rot; Stigma grau- bis schwarz-

braun; Tibia-IlI-Ende %-% schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende ca. % bogenförmig oder dreieck-

ig rotgelb; ab Tergit 3 rotgelb, mit braunen Bändern.

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Plutella (Plutellidae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) und Angitia (Ichneumonidae), (Delucchi et al. 1954).

Fundorte in Schweden, Dänemark, England, Deutschland, Jugoslawien.

Europa.

28. Mesochorus arietinus, spec. noVv.

Beschreibung. ?: 3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, etwas

säbelförmig; Thorax gelbrot, mit braunem Metanotum und braunen Flecken auf Mesoscutum und

Mesopleuren; Stigma hyalin-braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-1-Basis

rot; Tergit 2 apikal % gelblich; Tergit 3 basal % rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Bela/CSFR, 1970 (Capek).

Ex Zygaena spinephialtes. Capec (Capek).

Tschechien.

29. Mesochorus pungens, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Postpetiolus gerunzelt; Grif-

fel = Tarsus III, 2, nadelspitz; Prothorax gelb; Meso- und Metathorax Oberseite schwarz, Seiten gelb;

Mesoscutum mit ausgedehntem roten Fleck; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal mit % gelbem Band;

Tergit 3 basal mit % gelbem Band.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Dessau/D, Nr. 167/88, 4.7.88, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

30. Mesochorus aculeatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. S: 3.2 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Pro- und Mesothorax, seitlich

betrachtet, quadratisch; Stigma verlängert; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, nadelspitz; Prothorax rot, Meso- und

Metathorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit rotem H-Fleck; Stigma hyalin, schwach gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende

"a geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 mit roter Basis und rotem Apikalfleck; Tergit 2 apikal %

bogenförmig gelbrot; Tergit 3 basal % bogenförmig gelbrot.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Haut Rhin/F, Chalampi, 10.5.31, A. Seyrig (Paris).

Frankreich.

31. Mesochorus obscurus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.1 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, dünn;

Gesicht verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax rot gefleckt; Stigma graubraun; Coxa III verdunkelt;

Femur III gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende s gebräunt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende % bandförmig gelb;

Tergit 3 in Mitte durchgehend rot.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Dessau/D, 1,3 km SE, 15.9.93, Nr. 347/93, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

32. Mesochorus luminis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Griffel etwas > Tarsus III, 2;

Thorax gelbrot, mit braunen Flecken auf Mesonotum, Mesopleuren und basalem Teil des Metanotums;

Stigma hyalin; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal rot; Tergit 2 apikal "4 bandförmig gelb; Tergit 3 ganz

rotgelb; folgende Tergite dunkelbraun.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Wittenberg/D, 10.-30.8.64, Lichtfalle, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

33. Mesochorus pizzighettoneus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 3 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Griffel < Tarsus Ill, 2; Gesicht

gelbweiß; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax gelb; Mesoscutum basal gelb, apikal braun; Stigma hyalin; Coxa

III dunkel; Tibia-IIl-Ende % gebräunt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 mit

schmalem gelbem apikalem Rand; Tergit 3 mit gelber Lasche.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Pizzighettone/l, 5.3.73, F. Frilli (Scaramozzino).

Italien.

34. Mesochorus roccanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Stigma verbreitert; Tergit 1

durchgehend mit Längsfurche; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht gelb, mit breiten weißen Orbiten;

Prothorax rot; Mesoscutum schwarz, mit rotem Latzfleck; Scutellum rot; Mesopleuren rot, braun

gefleckt; Metathorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-IIl-Ende '% schwarz;

Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal % bogenförmig gelb; Tergit 3 basal % bogenförmig gelbrot; übriges

Abdomen braun/gelbrot vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Garda Rocca/lI, VR, 100-250 m, 20.5.83, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

N-Italien.

35. Mesochorus sordidus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 4: 3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert;

Stigma verbreitert; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht weiß; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax und Mesopleuren

rot und schwarz; Mesoscutum mit braunen Wischen; Tibia-Ill-Ende %4-" geschwärzt; Stigma schwarz-

braun, Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal mit sehr schmalem rotem Band; Tergit 3 gelbrot, mit

schwarz-verschwommener Mitte.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Oppach, Thür./D, 1,2 km O; 10.6.93, Nr. 174/93, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

36. Mesochorus inversus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 4: 2.1 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Gesicht quadratisch; Griffel

etwas > Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht weißgelb; Thorax rotbraun; Prothorax, Mesopleuren und Scutellum

gelbrot; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende % gebräunt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 apikal rot; Tergit 2

apikal mit Ys gelbem Band; Tergit 3 basal mit gelbem Dreieck bis zur Mitte; Tergit 4 basal mit "4 gelber

Lasche.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Gröbenzeller Moor b. München/D, 8.80, W. Schwenke (ZSM); via Apantelus-Kokon an

Betula-Blatt (Schw.).

S-Deutschland.

37. Mesochorus tyroliensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 3.5 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Mesopleuren stark punktiert;

Postpetiolus mit Längsgrube; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht gelbrot; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax rot;

Mesoscutum und Scutellum schwarz und rot; Meso- und Metapleuren rot; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-

Ende Y geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal breit, undeutlich rötlich; Tergit 3 basal %

bogenförmig gelbrot; Abdomenspitze gelb.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Walchsee, Tirol/A, 800 m, 4.6.68, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Österr. Alpen.

Sektion 6. sylvarım

Diagnose. ? Bohrer sehr kurz (= Tarsus Ill, 1) und breit, zungenförmig. d Griffel robust und nadel-

spitz, > Tarsus III, 2, (braun-)schwarz (Abb. 2A).

Von den Mesochorinae-3d mit spitzem Griffel und mehr als 4 mm Körperlänge haben nur die dd

der M.-sylvarum-Sektion keine schwarzen, sondern rote Metapleuren.

Die Sektion gründet sich auf die von allen Mesochorus-Arten grundlegend abweichende Bohrer-Form.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (2?)

1(2) Stigma weiß irisierend; Ocellen 0,65 der Vertexbrücke; Bohrer-Seiten parallel ...........................

RE IL 1. campestris, spec. nov. (S. 60)

2(1) Stigma nicht irisierend; Ocellen 0,8-1,0 der Vertexbrücke; Bohrer-Seiten konvex

3(4) Länge 4.2-5.8 mm; Schläfe < Wangenbreite; Stigma gleichseitig .............eueeeseeseeeeeneeseenenennnnenen

ER VRR RER ER EEE eiersse che 2. sylvarım Curtis (S. 60)

4(3) Länge 6.3-9.0 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Stigma ungleichseitig

5(6) Körper i. M. kleiner, graziler; Bohrer schmaler, 3.5 mal so lang wie breit (Abb. 2A) ................

ION EEE AREREREBRSBE 5:06 EEE such it Ester töccn 3. anthracinus Kriechbaumer (S. 61)

6(5) Körper i. M. größer, robust; Bohrer breiter, nur 3 mal so lang wie breit

7(8) Frontalorbiten breit weiß; Abdomen-Mitte rot .......uneeesssneeesnnnenesnnnneenennnn 4. pini, spec. nov. (S. 61)

8(7) Frontalorbiten schmal rötlich; Abdomen-Mitte schwarz .............. 5. eichhorni, spec. nov. (S. 61)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd)

12) > Schläfe = Augenbreite; Stema gleichseitig m... em sen, 2.sylvarım Curtis (S. 60)

2(1) Schläfe 2 Augenbreite; Stigma ungleichseitig

3(4) Frontalorbiten schwarz; Stiel > 4mal so lang wie breit ................ 6. svenssoni, spec. nov. (S. 61)

4(3) Frontalorbiten weis; Stiel < 4mal so lang wie breit

56), , Pre- und. Mesonetum ScHWäarz wansnesnensenerneesensseeter nenn 3. anthracinus Kriechbaumer (S. 61)

6(5) Pro- und Mesonotum rot und braun

7(8)., | Abdomen'ab Mitte weigschend rot........2......2u..2a.0222000ur0n2u0nunsunnesaseensheneeeene 4. pini, spec. nov. (S. 61)

S(A)e = AbdomensschWarze ee ee N OR 5.eichhorni, spec. nov. (S. 61)

1. Mesochorus campestris, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellen ca. % der Vertex-

brücke; Bohrer parallel-seitig; Gesicht schwarz, Clypeus und Orbiten gelbrot; Thorax schwarz; Pro-

und Mesopleuren rot; Mesoscutum mit 2 bräunlichen Längsstreifen; Stigma hyalin, weiß irisierend;

Tibia-III-Ende schmal, ca. Yı2 verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit sehr schmalem gelbem

Endrand.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Niedzwiady at Miastiko:B., Bsw./PL, 31.3.-8.11.74, IOLID, AR, leg. Ekipa (Warschau).

Polen.

2. Mesochorus sylvarum Curtis

Mesochorus sylvarım Curtis, 1833: 404, 2.

Mesochorus atriventris Cresson, 1872: 262, 21, d; syn. Dasch, 1971, Z37.

Diagnose. 9, 3: 4.2-5.8 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellen 0,8-1,0 der Vertex-

brücke; Bohrer konvex-seitig; Gesicht schwarz (braun) ?, gelb 3, Orbiten gelbweiß; Thorax schwarz,

beim 2 mit braun-geflecktem Mesoscutum, beim d mit roten Pleuren; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende ca.

Yı verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand schmal weißlich; die folgenden Tergit-Enden

schmal gebräunt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, England, Dasch 1971, 237.

Ex Spilonota (Tortricidae) via Campoplex (Ichneumonidae) an Sorbus (Schw.).

Fundorte in allen Teilen Europas und mehreren Teilen Asiens sowie N-Amerikas.

Europa, Asien, N-Amerika.

3. Mesochorus anthracinus Kriechbaumer

Mesochorus anthracinus Kriechbaumer, 1890: 484, W.

Diagnose. 2: 7.4-8.1 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Körper grazil; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellen %-1

Vertexbrücke; Bohrer konvex (Abb. 1A); Gesicht geschwärzt, mit weißen Orbiten; Thorax schwarz;

Mesoscutum und Scutellum mit 2 schwachen rötlichen Wischen; Mesopleuren manchmal = rötlich;

Stigma gelblich- bis bräunlich-hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende ca. Yı verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr

schmalen Tergit-Endrändern.

3 (neu): Griffel s. Abb. 2A; Färbung wie ?, aber: Gesicht gelb; Pro-, Meso- und Metapleuren rot.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, St. Egyd, Nieder-Österr./A, 1884, Kriechbaumer (Wien).

Ex Lobophora (Geometridae) via Campoplex (Ichneumonidae) (Kriech.); ex Tortrix (Tortricidae) via

Phytodietus (Ichneumonidae) (Horstm.).

Europa.

4. Mesochorus pini, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 7.5-9.0 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Körper etwas robuster als anthracinus, doch

nicht so kompakt wie bei eichhorni; Schläfe 2 Augenbreite; Ocellen 0,8-1,0 der Vertexbrücke; Area

postica groß, rechteckig, glatt; Bohrer ca. 4mal so lang wie breit, Seiten konvex; Färbung wie anthra-

cinus, aber ? Mesoscutum-Fleck heller rot; Scutellum fast ganz rot; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin; Tibia-Ill-

Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit-2-Ende mit schmalem weißem Rand.

3 wie $, aber Tergite 3 und folgende überwiegend rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Heideck, N-Bayern/D, 5.72, W. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypen: 3dd, dto.

Ex Panolis flammea (Noctuidae) via Ichneumonidae (Schw.)

Europa (Kiefernwälder).

5. Mesochorus eichhorni, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, S: 7.0-7.9 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellen 0,8-1,0 der

Vertexbrücke; Area postica kleiner und runder als bei pini, gerunzelt; Bohrer ca. 3,5mal so lang wie

breit, Seiten konvex; Färbung wie pini, aber ? Frontalorbiten rot, Tergit-2-Ende mit schmalem rötlichem

Band; d Abdomen ganz schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Woringen, Allgäu, Bayern/D, 7.68, W. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypen: 3?9, 384, dto.

Ex Cephalcia abietis (Tenthredinidae.) via Ichneumonidae (Eich., Schw.).

Europa (Fichtenwälder).

6. Mesochorus svenssoni, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 6.0 mm; s. Sektions-Merkmale; Schläfe 2 Augenbreite; Ocellen = Vertexbrücke; Stiel

schmaler als bei den anderen Arten, > 4mal so lang wie breit; Griffel etwas nach oben gebogen; Gesicht

gelb, mit breiten weißen Facialorbiten; Frons schwarz; Thorax rot, Mesonotum überwiegend schwarz-

braun; Metanotum schwarz, mit roten Pleuren; Beine rotgelb, mit weißen Tibien und Yı2 apikaler

Verdunkelung; Abdomen schwarz; Tergite 2 und folgende schwarz/bräunlich vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Skäne/S, VII 69, Falle 1, Bo Svensson (AEI).

S-Schweden.

Sektion 7. vitticollis

Diagnose. Ohne Merkmal-Kombinationen der Sektionen 1-6.

Gruppe 7.1. orbitalis

Diagnose. Über den weißen Facial-Orbiten durchgehend breite weiße Frontal-Orbiten bis mindestens

zu den Ocellen.

Besimmungstabelle der Arten (??)

1(8) Abdomen ganz schwarz, nur Tergit-Endränder schmal hell

2/5) + Ocellen = Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus Il, Ir... .areer.. nn 1. salicis Thomson (S. 64)

3(2) Ocellen = Vertexbrücke; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1

4(5), ** Mesppleuren schwarz, fast glakt.n..e isn ne nen nn 2. orbitalis Holmgren (S. 64)

5(4) Mesopleuren überwiegend rot, ziemlich stark punktiert

62), Gesichbiilächisischwarz, (Beine rohr atmen een een 3. temporalis Thomson (S. 64)

7(6) Gesicht zweilappig schwarz; Beine weiß ......ueeenene 4. varius, spec. nov. (S. 64)

8(1) Abdomen schwarz (braun) mit ausgedehnt roter Färbung

9(10) Unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer; Thorax gelbrot ..................... 5. monacensis, spec. nov. (S. 65)

10(9) Beide Mandibelzähne gleich; Thorax anders gefärbt

11(16) Coxa III verdunkelt

12(15) Stigma braun

13(14), Lange Amm> Petiolus extrem kurz arg en 6. brevipetiolatus Ratzeburg (S. 65)

14(13), Länge 5.5:mm; Petiolus normal... er man nee rn ae 7. callis, spec. nov. (S. 65)

15(12)uStiema kyalın; Lange 3 a mmee.. as rt Sen er Ar ee 8. fuscicornis Brischke (S. 66)

16(11) Coxa III hell

17(22) Stiel-Basis gelbrot

Tall9)EStHemarhyalını nee ee 9. hyalinus, spec. nov. (S. 66)

19(18) Stigma schwarzbraun

20121)2Mesopleltrenrotgelbr u. nenne 10. pallidus Brischke (S. 66)

21(20)7Mesopleuren’ schwarz. een ee en gen 11. dessauensis, spec. nov. (S. 66)

22(17) Stiel-Basis dunkel

23(26) Stigma dunkelbraun bis schwarzbraun

24(25)

25(24)

26(23)

27(28)

28(27)

29(30)

30(29)

31(32)

32(31)

1(4)

2(3)

3(2)

41)

5(6)

6(5)

7(10)

8(9)

98)

10(7)

11(14)

12(13)

13(12)

1411)

15(18)

16(17)

17(16)

18(15)

19(22)

20(21)

21(20)

22(19)

23(24)

24(23)

Thai Ende 45 seschwanztnet nn nn 12. ibericus, spec. nov. (S. 67)

IS-NEEnRdEe Yo verdunkelt. een een rn 13. albarascae, spec. (S. 67)

Stigma (bräunlich-)hyalin

Mesopleuren gelbrot; Stigma hyalin ...............eeesoenenseensesenseenenn 14. samarae, spec. nov. (S. 67)

Mesopleuren (überwiegend) schwarz(-braun); Stigma hyalin-braun

Länge 4 mm; Ocellen viel < Vertexbruckenme een 15. juranus, spec. nov. (S. 67)

Länge 5.5-6.5 mm; Ocellen = Vertexbrücke

Gesicht schwarz; die 2 weißen Frontalorbiten zusammen schmaler als die schwarze Gesichts-

EN A a a En a ar ahesuese 16. flaemingus, spec. nov. (S. 67)

Gesicht braun; die 2 weißen Frontalorbiten zusammen so breit oder breiter als die schwarze

FESSUCHISTMITEe. rennt onen een scanner ge nenn nnnn en een Vernnage en steh hung perene 17. zygaenae, spec. nov. (S. 68)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd)

Griffel nadelspitz

Abdomen. ab Tergit3 vespoid' gebändert.........nan.eneuennn 2. orbitalis Holmgren (S. 64)

Abdomen ab Tersit 3 Schwarz... een unensesnssnenensnedenrdsuenedarsrnsnsnehansnsrnen 4. varius, spec. nov. (S. 64)

Griffel stumpf

Betrelisstexttemm KURZ. er eesnneerereensnugeghesennshneneerasn erregen huakecasrrens 6. brevipetiolatus Ratzeburg (S. 65)

Petiolus normal

Coxa III verdunkelt

Britelkompakt, = Tarsus Il, 2 1... ee ee eraeraneanetareeterkecenn 7. callis, spec. nov. (S. 65)

Einem, Slate Ar ROarore 8. fuscicornis Brischke (S. 66)

Coxa III hell

Stiel-Basis gelbrot

Grriiel - Tarsıs IN, 2, Versi weißer. nee nen 10. pallidus Brischke (S. 66)

Griffel > Tarsus II, 2; Tergit 2 rot und schwarz... 12 ibericus, spec. nov. (S. 67)

Stiel-Basis dunkel

Griffel-Querschnitt rechteckig

Erittelkdunn: Tarstulihell® seen een een 1. salicis Thomson (S. 64)

Gritfeliklobie; Tarsı Il dunkel... namen sen ee 3. temporalis Thomson (S. 64)

Griffel-Querschnitt kreisförmig

Stigma schwarzbraun; Mesopleuren stark punktiert

Mesoscutum in der Mitte in ganzer Länge gelb... 18. exquisitus, spec. nov. (S. 68)

Mesoscutum basal schwarz, apikal braun ............... een 19. scopulus, spec. nov. (S. 68)

Stigma hyalin-braun; Mesopleuren nicht stark punktiert

Länge 5.3-6.4 mm; Postpetiolus schwarz .........neeeeeeeneenenenene 17. zygaenae, spec. nov. (S. 68)

Länge 3.0-3.5 mm; Postpetiolus weitgehend rot... 20. albolimbatus, spec. nov. (S. 68)

1. Mesochorus salicis Thomson

Mesochorus salicis Thomson, 1885: 338, 2 d.

Diagnose. 9, S: 6-7 mm; Schläfe 0.6 (?), 0.8 (3) Augenbreite; Ocellen > Vertexbrücke; Mesopleurum

dicht, fein punktiert; Bohrer % Tarsus III, 1; Griffel kompakt, = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht etwas (3) oder

stärker (?) gebräunt bis geschwärzt; Facial- und Frontalorbiten breit weiß; Thorax gelbrot, mit 2

braunen Mesoscutum-Streifen und braunem Metanotum; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende Yı2 geschwärzt;

Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende sehr schmal gelb; Tergit-3-Mitte und breiter Endrand gelblich.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Ex Depressaria (Gelechiidae) an Centaurea (Schw.)

Fundorte in Schweden und Deutschland.

N- und M-Europa.

2. Mesochorus orbitalis Holmgren

Mesochorus orbitalis Holmgren, 1858: 188, 2.

Mesochorus orbitalis, Brischke 1880: 180, .

Diagnose. 2: 4.7-5.2 mm; Schläfe ca. 0.6 Augenbreite; Ocellen < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren glatt;

Tergit 1 mit Mittelfurche; Bohrer relativ breit, > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz; Facial-Orbiten schmal

weiß, Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-III-Ende

% schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende sehr schmal hell.

d wie 9, aber: Griffel nadelspitz, etwas > Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht weißgelb; Prothorax, Meso- und

Metapleuren rotgelb; Meso- und Metanotum schwarz; Mesoscutum und Scutellum mit braunen

Wischen; Tergit 2 mit % rotem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 vespoid.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Ex Semasia (Tortricidae) (Schw., Cap.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Ungarn.

N-, M- und SE-Europa.

3. Mesochorus temporalis Thomson

Mesochorus temporalis Thomson, 1885: 336, 2 6.

Diagnose. 9, 3: 5-7.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht flach

punktiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Griffel kompakt, im Querschnitt rechteckig, = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht

verdunkelt oder geschwärzt; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax rot, nur Metathorax

schwarz; Stigma (bräunlich-)hyalin; Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalen hellen Tergit-Endrändern; oder:

Tergite 2 + 3 rötlich aufgehellt, folgende Tergite vespoid.

Typen. Syntypus: %, in coll. Bridgman (Norwich; It. Fitton, 1982, 54).

Ex Zygaena (Zygaenidae) (Bign., lt. Dalla Torre, 1902).

Fundorte in Schweden, England, Deutschland, Österreich, N-Italien, Pyrenäen.

N-, Mi und W-Europa, südlich bis N-Italien und Pyrenäen.

4. Mesochorus varius, spec. noV.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 4.8-5.3 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Griffel im Querschnitt rechteckig, nedelspitz, etwas > Tarsus III, 2;

Gesicht ? 2lappig geschwärzt, d gelbweiß; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Pro- und Mesotho-

rax rot, Metathorax schwarz; Stigma schmutzig hyalin; Beine weiß; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-% schwarz;

Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalen hellen Segment-Endrändern.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Condove, Piem./l, 18.-28.7.79, Malaise-Falle, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino). — Para-

typus: 15, Mongrando, Piem./I, 400 m, G. Botta (Scaramozzino).

N-Italien.

5. Mesochorus monacensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 7.0 mm; unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertex-

brücke; Mesopleuren schwach punktiert; Bohrer ca. 7% Tarsus II, 1; Clypeus gelb; Gesicht gelbweiß;

Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Körper gelbrot; Mesoscutum mit braunen Wischen; Stigma

schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende "4 geschwärzt; Stiel-Mitte braun; Tergite 2 + 3 basal breit schwärzlich.

Typen. Holotypus: ? München/D, Leopold-Palais, 6.6.41 (leg. ?) (ZSM).

M-Europa.

6. Mesochorus brevipetiolatus Ratzeburg

Mesochorus brevipetiolatus Ratzeburg, 1844: 148, ?.

Mesochorus brevipetiolatus, Ratzeburg 1852: 117, 2 d.

Diagnose. ?, d: 3.8-4.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Stigma etwas vergrößert;

Petiolus extrem kurz; Postpetiolus mit großer Grube; Bohrer dünn, säbelförmig (Ende nach oben

gebogen), etwas > Tarsus III, 1; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht stärker (?) oder schwächer gebräunt (0);

Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax braun gelb- bis schwarzbraun, mit gelber Mesoscutum-

Makel und (partiell) gelbem Scutellum; Stigma schwarzbraun, mit hyalinen oberen Ecken; Coxa III

verdunkelt; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit schwarz(-braun), mit % gebogenem gelbem Endsaum;

Tergit 3 rotgelb (3), mit schmaler dunkler Binde im letzten Drittel (2); folgende Tergite schwarz(-

braun).

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Tmetocera (Sphingidae) (Puhl.), Smerinthus (Sphingidae) (Noack), Hibernia (Geometridae) (Schm.).

Fundorte in Polen, Deutschland, Frankreich.

M-Europa.

7. Mesochorus callis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren fein dicht

punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht gebräunt oder schwarz gefleckt; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten

breit weiß; Stigma hyalin-braun; Coxa III verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit schulterum-

greifendem gelbem Streifen und gelber H-Zeichnung; Scutellum seitlich gelb; Abdomen schwarz;

Tergit 2 mit % rötlichem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 rot/braun vespoid.

d: 4.8-5.2 mm; Griffel kompakt, = Tarsus III, 2; Färbung wie 9, aber: Gesicht nur leicht gebräunt;

Tergit-2-Ende schmaler gelbrot; Tergit 3 überwiegend oder ganz rot; ab Tergit 4 braun(-schwarz).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Fouesnant (Finistere)/F, 18.8.23, Nr. 927, A. Hemon (Paris). - Paratypen: 222, 234, Sent

Surains, Val Gronda/CH, Gr., 1.500 m, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM); 13, Le Puy/F, H. Maneval (Paris); 13, Passiria/

A, AD, 1.100 m, F. Hartig (ZSM).

Alpen.

8. Mesochorus fuscicornis Brischke

Mesochorus fuscicornis Brischke, 1880: 185, 2 d.

Diagnose. 9, S: 3.3-3.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht fein

punktiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht geschwärzt (?), hell (3), Facial-Orbiten schmal, Frontal-

Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax schwarz; ? Mesoscutum mit schulterumgreifendem gelbem Streifen und

gelbem H-Fleck; Scutellum seitlich gelb; bei d Mesonotum-Zeichnung nur schwach angedeutet; Abdo-

men schwarz; Tergit 2 mit %-% gelbem Endband; Tergit 3 fast ganz gelb; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Abraxas (Geometridae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Bign.).

Fundorte in Polen, Deutschland, England, Frankreich, N-Italien.

M- und W-Europa.

9. Mesochorus hyalinus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Stigma verlängert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht rotgelb, mit glasig-weißen breiten durch-

gehenden Orbiten; Thorax rotgelb, mit dunklen Mesoscutum-Wischen; Stigma hyalin; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit 1 basal breit rot; Tergit 2 mit apikalem Bogenfleck bis Mitte; ab Tergit 3 gelbrot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Jena, Thür./D, 10 km NE, 19.6.88, Nr. 96/88, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

10. Mesochorus pallidus Brischke

Mesochorus pallidus Brischke, 1880: 184, 90.

Mesochorus stigmaticus Thomson, 1885: 341, ?d; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1987.

Mesochorus orgyiae Dalla Torre, 1901: 56, 23; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1987.

Diagnose. %, 3: 4.5-6.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > (2), = (3) Vertexbrücke; Stigma verbre-

itert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel dünn, = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht gelbrot; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten

breit weiß; Thorax gelbrot; Mesoscutum mit weißer H-Zeichnung und braunen Wischen; Scutellum

braun, mit gelber Mitte; Stigma schwarzbraun, mit helleren oberen Ecken; Tibia-Ill-Ende Ys-Yıo ge-

schwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit breiter roter Basis; Tergit 2 braun, mit %-% rotem bogenförmigen

Endband; Tergit 3 ganz rot(-gelb); ab Tergit 4 gelb/rot vespoid.

Typen. Verschollen. - M. stigmaticus Thomson: Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund.).

Ex Erannis (Geometridae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Schw.); ex Cucullia (Noctuidae), Amphidasis

(Geometridae), Smerinthus (Sphingidae) via Microgaster (Braconidae) (Bri.); ex Porthesia (Lymantriidae)

via Rogas (Braconidae) (Bri.).

Fundorte in Schweden und Deutschland.

N- und M-Europa.

11. Mesochorus dessauensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.5-4.3 mm; wie M. pallidus, aber: kleiner; Frontal-Orbiten viel schmaler weiß; Tho-

rax schwarz, mit heller Mesoscutum-Zeichnung; Bohrer schmaler und länger, > Tarsus III, 1; Tergit 3

nur basale Hälfte rot; Abdomen danach braun(-schwarz)/rot vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Dessau/D, 4 km SW, 19.9.85, Nr. 266/85, Taube-Ufer, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypus: 19,

Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI); (ohne Kopf; Abdomen gesondert geklebt).

M-Deutschland.

12. Mesochorus ibericus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.5-5.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren beim 2

stärker, beim d schwächer punktiert; Stigma verbreitert; Bohrer relativ breit, < Tarsus II, 1; Griffel lang

und dünn, fast Tarsus III, 2 + 3; Gesicht gebräunt (?), braun gefleckt (8); Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten

breit weiß; Thorax rot; Mesoscutum mit braunen Wischen; ? Metanotum basal braun; Stigma dunkel-

(schwarz-)braun); Tibia-IIl-Ende %-"4 geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz (2), braun (d), mit % rotem En-

drand (G); Tergit 3 und folgende rot/braun vespoid (?); Tergite 3 + 4 rot, folgende braun (J).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Moreira/E, Alicante, 90 m, 14.-20.10.89, Malaise-Falle R. Wahis (Wahis). - Paratypen: 19,

13, El Soldado/E, Sierra Morena, A. Seyrig (Paris).

Iberische Halbinsel.

13. Mesochorus albarascae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma etwas verbreitert;

Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1; Gesicht gebräunt; Facial-Orbiten schmal weiß, Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß;

Thorax rot; Mesoscutum mit schwacher heller H-Zeichnung; oberes Metanotum bräunlich; Stigma

schwarzbraun; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, apikal % rot; ab Tergit 3 rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Piemonte (AL)/I, Albarasca 519 m, Berio leg. (Scaramozzino). — Paratypus: 1, dto.

Nord-Italien.

14. Mesochorus samarae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1;

Gesicht stark gebräunt; Facial-Orbiten schmal weiß, Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax rot; Mesoscu-

tum mit gelber H-Zeichnung; Metanotum basal braun; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y geschwärzt;

Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, apikal %4-% rot; ab Tergit 3 rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Samara/USSR, 1.9.29, leg. Lubischew; coll. A. Seyrig (Paris). - Paratypus: 1?, dto.

Rußland.

15. Mesochorus juranus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellen klein; Bohrer relativ breit, = Tarsus III, 1;

Gesicht schwarz; Facial-Orbiten schmaler, Frontal-Orbiten breiter weiß; Prothorax gelbrot; Mesothorax

schwarz; Mesoscutum mit weißlicher H-Zeichnung; Scutellum rot; Mesopleuren oben etwas rot, sonst

schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit Y gelbem Endrand; Tergit 3 in der Mitte durchgehend gelb;

ab Tergit 4 braun.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Eichstätt, Bay./D, 7.80, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

S-Deutschland.

16. Mesochorus flaemingus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1 +2

(Tarsi III fehlend); Gesicht schwarz; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscu-

tum mit brauner H-Zeichnung; Scutellum seitlich braun; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende %

schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Y rotem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 rot, mit Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Wiesenburg, Fläming/D, 6.85, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Östl. Deutschland.

17. Mesochorus zygaenae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 5.3-6.4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Postpetiolus mit Längsgrube; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht gebräunt; Facial-Orbiten mäßig

breit, Frontal-Orbiten übermäßig breit weiß; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax seitlich rotgelb; Mesoscutum

mit gelber H-Zeichnung; Scutellum seitlich gelblich; Mesopleuren schwarz und rot und gelblich;

Metanotum unten rötlich; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y-Yıo gebräunt; Tergite 1 + 2 schwarz, letzteres apikal %-V

gelbrot; ab Tergit 3 rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Umgeb. Bremen/D, 14.7.04, Pfankuch (Krefeld). -— Paratypus: ? Celle/D (leg. ?) “ex

Zygaena filipendula”. Bohrer beschädigt (ZSM).

M-Europa.

18. Mesochorus exquisitus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 4.7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Stigma verbreitert; Postpetiolus mit 3 Längsgruben; Griffel lang, = % Tibia II, am Ende etwas

verbreitert (Tibiae und Tarsi III fehlend); Gesicht gelb; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax

schwarz; Prothorax rot; Mesoscutum gelbrot, mit 2 breiten schwarzen Seitenbändern; Scutellum und

Postscutellum rot; Metanotum basal % schwarz, apikal rot; Meso- und Metapleuren rot; Stigma

schwarzbraun, mit helleren oberen Ecken; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % apikaler gelber

Binde; Tergit 3 fast ganz rot; ab Tergit 4 braun/gelbrot vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Alpes mar./F, Peira cava 1.500-2.000 m, 1931, A. Seyrig (Paris).

Französ. Alpen.

19. Mesochorus scopulus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. S: 7.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Radialzelle lang und spitz; Griffel lang und dünn, fast Tarsus III, 2 + 3; Gesicht gelb, unter den

Fühlern braun gefleckt; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit

brauner H-Zeichnung; Scutellum seitlich braun; Stigma dunkelbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende '% geschwärzt;

Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % weißgelbem Endband; Tergit 3 gelbrot, seitlich verdunkelt;

ab Tergit 4 braun/gelbrot vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Ramosch, 1.650 m, Graubünden/CH, 4.8.73, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Schweizer Alpen.

20. Mesochorus albolimbatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 3.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2;

Gesicht gelb; Facial- und Frontal-Orbiten breit weiß; Stigma hellbraun; Thorax rotgelb; Mesoscutum

mit je einem braunen breiten Randstreifen; Tergit 1 basal dunkelbraun, apikal rot; Tergit 2 und 3 rot,

seitlich verdunkelt; ab Tergit 4 rot, schwach vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Alpes mar./F, Peira cava, 1.500-2.000 m, 1931, A. Seyrig (Abdomen angeklebt) (Paris). —

Paratypen: 23d, dto., ohne Abdomen.

Französ. Alpen.

Gruppe 7.2. fulvus

Diagnose. Abdomen ganz rot: H (höchstens mit schwachen Bräunungen).

10)

21)

3(4)

4(3)

5(10)

6(7)

7(6)

8(9)

9(8)

1065)

1112)

1211)

102)

2(1)

3(6)

4(5)

5(4)

6(3)

7(8)

8(7)

9(10)

10(9)

1112)

1211)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (??)

SBEWE unkelbraum..uincanemgenesneaesanieinssseneneissenetecteresnn ehem 1. lapponicus Thomson (S.

Stigma hyalin, gelblich oder hyalin-braun

UnteresManchbelzahn, >joberer near 2. fulgurans Curtis (S.

Beide Mandibelzähne gleich

Klauen ungezähnt

Tergit 3 verdunkelt; Klauenglieder etwas ballonförmig ............. 3. agnellonis, spec. nov. (S.

Tergit 3 unverdunkelt; Klauenglieder normal

Beirendick, rot: Gesichtquer...........urs2Hs#en20r20encuneensesennscnestsänsenseneteunnennnne 4. fulvus Thomson (S.

Bohrer schlank, schwarz; Gesicht quadratisch ....................... 5. macrophyae, spec. nov. (S.

Klauen gezähnt

Klauen)lane pezahnt; Bohrer gerade er nunseetnseneeeessnesenenäsaeneneerteentnnen 6. suecicus D.T. (S.

Klauen kurz gezähnt; Bohrer-Ende nach oben gebogen ........... 7. britannicus, spec. nov. (S.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (88)

SEIEIDAR SEI WyATZBLAUIN n..nessantansnnensnnaseeenarunesn ns aneenet nen lecnnsisamentunnenkaen 1. lapponicus Thomson (S.

Stigma hyalin bis hyalin-braun

Klauen verlängert und sichelförmig gekrümmt

@cellus = Mertexbrücke; Mandibeln rot... unse 8. falcatus, spec. nov. (S.

Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Mandibeln weiß .................eneene 9. hamatus, spec. nov. (S.

Klauen normal

Schläte - Ausenbreite ......2..2.2.u.S20musssutsnopasgnuunserusnnsnsensksnaderensensesne herren 2. fulgurans Curtis (S.

Schläfe < Augenbreite

Schlafe > % Augenbreite; Gesicht quer............seuessnenesesanesessnnnesensneunene 4. fulvus Thomson (S.

Schläfe = % Augenbreite; Gesicht quadratisch

lerent Sreelbrot, Grittel patallel 2... een nennen ensaszennnen essen nen 6. suecicus D.T. (S.

Tergit 3 verdunkelt; Griffel gebogen und gekreuzt .......... 3. agnellonis, spec. nov. (S.

1. Mesochorus lapponicus Thomson

Mesochorus lapponicus Thomson, 1885: 336, ? Ö.

69)

70)

71)

69)

71)

70)

71)

70)

Diagnose. ?, 3: 7-8 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus etwas > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1;

Griffel dünn, zur Spitze verjüngt, etwas > Tarsus III, 2; Körper gelbrot; Stigma in auffälligem Gegensatz

dazu schwarzbraun.

Typen.

Lectotypus: $, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Mehrere Fundorte in Lappland.

N-Europa.

2. Mesochorus fulgurans Curtis

Mesochorus fulgurans Curtis, 1833: 464, 2.

Mesochorus laricis Hartig, 1838: 273, ? (syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910, 1976).

Mesochorus laricis Ratzeburg, 1844: 149, ?5 (syn. Schmiedeknecht, s.o.).

Diagnose. 9, d: 5-7 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus viel < Vertexbrücke; unterer Mandibelzahn >

oberer; Gesicht ? quer, d quadratisch; Bohrer ca. % von Tarsus III, 1; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2; Körper

gelbrot; Stigma gelblich-hyalin.

Typen. Verschollen.

Häufiger Sekundärparasit bei Diprionidae.

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, England, Tschechien, Österreich; offenbar stets in Kiefern-

wäldern.

N-, M- und W-Europa.

3. Mesochorus agnellonis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.8-5.0 mm; Schläfe < % Augenbreite; Gesicht quadratisch; Ocellus > Vertex-

brücke; Radialzelle auffällig lang; Klauen-Glieder etwas ballonförmig; Bohrer = % Tarsus III, 1; Griffel

= Tarsus III, 2, nach innen gekrümmt, gekreuzt; Stigma fast hyalin; Körper rot, mit Verdunklungen in

Abdomen-Mitte.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Pontecchianale, CN, Piem./I, Colle Agnello 2.050 m, 2.8.86 A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzi-

no). — Paratypus: 14, dto.

Ital. Alpen.

4. Mesochorus fulvus Thomson

Mesochorus fulvus Thomson, 1885: 336, 24.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 6.7-8.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Gesicht quer; Mesopleu-

ren dicht flach punktiert; Bohrer = % Tarsus III, 1; Griffel dünner werdend, > Tarsus III, 2; Körper

gelbrot; Stigma bräunlich-hyalin.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Townes, Momoi & Townes 1965 (UZI Lund).

Häufiger Sekundär-Parasit bei Diprionidae (Tenthredinidae.).

Fundorte in allen Teilen Europas.

Europa.

5. Mesochorus macrophyae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Gesicht quadratisch; Meso-

pleuren dicht flach punktiert; Bohrer schlank, = Tarsus III, 1; Körper gelbrot; Tibia-III-Ende Yı2 verdun-

kelt; Tergit-1-Ende und Tergit-2-Anfang etwas verdunkelt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Ahlfeld, Hannover/D, 30.8.61, ex Macrophya punctum album (Tenthr.), K. Hinz (ZSM).

Deutschland.

6. Mesochorus suecicus Dalla Torre

Mesochorus suecicus Dalla Torre, 1901: 58, 2.

Mesochorus pectinipes Thomson, 1885: 336, ?3 (non Bridgman, 1883). Da der Name durch Bridgman okkupiert

wurde, benannte Dalla Torre die Art neu.

Diagnose. ?, d: 6-7.5 mm; Schläfe = % Augenbreite; Gesicht quadratisch; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke;

Klauen ? lang gezähnt; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Körper gelbrot; Stigma schmutzig-

hyalin.

Typen. Verschollen. — M. pectinipes Thomson: Lectotypus; ?, Townes, Momoi & Townes 1965 (UZI Lund).

Ex Lepidoptera: Abraxas (Geometridae) (Schmied.), Lygris (Geometridae) (Haes.), Cymatophora (Cymat-

ophoridae) via Rogas (Braconidae) (Schw.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Deutschland, N-Italien.

N- und M-Europa.

7. Mesochorus britannicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Gesicht quer; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Klauen kurz

gezähnt; Mesopleuren fein punktiert; Bohrer am Ende aufgebogen, viel < Tarsus III, 1; Körper rot;

Stigma bräunlich-hyalin, Unterseite weiß schillernd; Gesicht 2farbig: weißs = Mandibeln, untere Wan-

gen und untere Facial-Orbiten, sonst rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Oxford/UK, 7.81, C 12, Denis Owen (AEI).

England.

8. Mesochorus falcatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. : 7.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Gesicht quer; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Stigma ver-

längert und verbreitert; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Klauen auffällig schmal, lang, sichelförmig

gebogen; Griffel = Tarsus IIL, 2 mit langen Basalkörpern, fast spitz endend; Körper rot; Stigma hyalin.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Dessau/D, 4 km SSW, 7.8.86, Nr. 100/86, Taube-Ufer, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Europa.

9. Mesochorus hamatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 4: 6.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Gesicht quer; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Mesoscutum

mit großer flacher Grube; Klauen sichelförmig wie M. falcatus; Mandibeln weiß; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Riva rocchetta, E-Italien, 400-600 m, 20.5.82, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

N-Italien.

Gruppe 7.3. angustatus

Diagnose. Ganzes Abdomen dunkel (schwarz): D (höchstens mit schmalen helleren Tergit-End-

rändern; zuweilen Abdomen-Mitte mit rötlichem Schimmer).

1(32)

2(13)

3(6)

4(5)

(4)

(3)

7(10)

8(9)

9(8)

10(7)

11(12)

121)

13(2)

14(23)

15(18)

16(17)

17(16)

18(15)

19(20)

20(19)

21(22)

22(21)

23(14)

)

24(2

(24

26(29

(28)

28(27)

29(26)

30(31)

31(30)

32(1)

33(36)

34(35)

35(34)

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (22)

Coxa II hell

Ocellus > Vertexbrücke

Stigma hyalin

MESOBJEUNUEN. TOM TAE ee nen nen ie 1. oppacheus, spec. nov. (S.

Mesopleurum. schwarz, stark punktiett...... une nenne 2. argus, spec. nov. (S.

Stigma braun

Thorax (überwiegend) schwarz; Länge 4.5-7.5 mm

Schwarzes Gesicht ohne helle Facial-Orbiten ...............uucceenaeeeeennnnen 3. opacus, spec. nov. (S.

Schwarzes Gesicht mit hellen Facial-Orbiten ......................eene 4. rubeculus Hartig (S.

Thorax (partiell) rot; Länge 8.8-9.3 mm

Thorax rot; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y-Yıo verdunkelt ............uccnneeenneeen 5. bavaricus, spec. nov. (S.

Thorax rot und schwarz; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt ............. 6. procerus, spec. nov. (S.

Ocellus < Vertexbrücke

Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1

Stigma hyalin

Eibia-II-Ende Ys geschwätzt ..... --essnesessninneaasnanehnehe daentene teen 7. giberius Thunberg (S.

Tibia-II-Ende % geschwärzt. +... nn een esssnnnesnn 8. discolor, spec. nov. (S.

Stigma braun

Fanee:6.8:mm; Neryulus,postfüunkalen.n...2:0:.4 <a ee 9. piceanus, spec. nov. (S.

Länge 4-5 mm; Nervulus interstitial

Postpetiolus'mit langeräbreltemhürchen....r..ce. 10. canalis, spec. nov. (S.

Postpetiolus ohne lange Furche [Indiv. mit hellen Coxae II ....... 16. tetricus Holmgren] (S.

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1

[Stigma (gelb-)hyalin (Indiv. mit kürzerem Bohrer) ................. 7. giberius Thunberg] (S.

Stigma braun

Hbia-- Endes undeutlich en 11. fraterculus, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-IIl-Ende max. % geschwärzt

Tibia-1ll-Ende hell; Gesicht verdunkele rn na 12. fulvipes, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-IIl-Ende %-% geschwärzt; Gesicht schwarz

Stlaıarschwarzbraum „er een 13. sublimis, spec. nov. (S.

Stesmarhellbraun.2..1:2...,0 ee ee 14. pyrenaeus, spec. nov. (S.

Coxae III verdunkelt

Bohrer viel > Tarsus III, 1

Bohrer nachlunten gebogen (Abb IC) ee 15. curvicaudus Thomson (S.

Bohrer gerade ...:....0.. 0 en ee 16. tetricus Holmgren (S.

73)

74)

75)

73)

75)

76)

75)

76)

77)

36(33)

37(42)

38(39)

39(38)

40(41)

41(40)

42(37)

43(44)

44(43)

45(46)

46(45)

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1

Tibia-II-Ende 4-1 schwarz

Tibia-IIl-Ende "4 geschwärzt; Bohrer = Tarsus III 1 ............... 17. perugianus, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-Il-Ende % geschwärzt; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1

Mesoscutum rot; Bohrer-Ende relativ breit .................ee 18. mirabilis, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-II-Ende hell oder undeutlich verdunkelt

BRellus>=Vertexbrücke ..........sssirassnneseetenssnnerkenenenungeremerstes rennen 20. angustatus Thomson (S.

Ocellus < Vertexbrücke

EEE NONE Re 21. caliginosus, spec. nov. (S.

ES a ee N 22. parvioculatus, spec. nov. (S.

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (dd) mit durchgehend schwarzem Abdomen

(35 mit partiell rotem Abdomen s. S. 115)

Mesopleuren schwarz

Ocellus < Vertexbrücke

Se ee re 7. giberius Thunberg (S.

Suemardiunkelbraum. ..ı...seasasssensoennassensnsenssnngsürdonsarenesnebsnesanastnanesee 11. fraterculus, spec. nov. (S.

Ocellus > Vertexbrücke

enlielldnnestabIGrmie.......00n kennen ee 4. rubeculus Hartig (S.

Brrelikompakt :..........u.nnen nn rer 3. opacus, spec. nov. (S.

Mesopleuren (partiell) rot

Mesopleuren:rot; schlafe = Augenbreite >... een 12. fulvipes, spec. nov. (S.

Mesopleuren rot und schwarz(-braun); Schläfe < Augenbreite

Gesicht sgelbweiß, Griffel Stumpf un. een 23. albifacies, spec. nov. (S.

Gesicht rot und schwarz; Griffel spilzr........ ae 24. trentinus, spec. nov. (S.

1. Mesochorus oppacheus, spec. nov.

77)

78)

79)

75)

76)

74)

76)

79)

Beschreibung. ?: 5.1 mm; Schläfe viel < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Gesicht quadratisch;

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen gelblichen Facial-Orbiten; Prothorax rot und

schwarz; übriger Thorax rot, mit undeutlicher brauner Mesoscutum-Zeichnung; Stigma schmutzig-

hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende % verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergite 2 und 3 mit rotem Schimmer.

Typen.

Holotypus: $, Oppach, Thür./D, 15.8.93, Nr. 304/93, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

2. Mesochorus argus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2:5 mm; Schläfe viel < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Tergit 1 apikal und Tergit

2 basal mit Längseindruck; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1, am Ende aufgebogen; Gesicht schwarz, mit rötlichen

Facial-Orbiten; zwischen Augenrand und Fühlern gelber Fleck; Thorax-Seiten rot; Mesoscutum hell-

braun, mit schwacher gelblicher H-Zeichnung; Mesonotum schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-III-Ende ca.

Yıo geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr schmalem hellem Tergit-2-Endrand.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Piemonte (AL)/I, Albarasca, 519 m (Datum ?), Berio leg. (Scaramozzino). — Paratypen:

222, Ardeche/F, St. Thome, R. Wahis (AEI).

N-Italien, Frankreich.

3. Mesochorus opacus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 9, d: 4.5-5.0 mm; Schläfe viel < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus

III, 1; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht ? ganz schwarz ohne hellere Facial-Orbiten, d nur in der Mitte

schwarzbraun; Thorax schwarz, d Prothorax überwiegend rot; Stigma braun; Coxae rot; Tibia-IIl-Ende

1% geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalem hellem Tergit-2-Endrand, beim J Tergit 2 apikal und

Tergit 3 basal mit Rotschimmer.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Oppach, Thür./D, 1,3 km 0, 3.8.93, Nr. 275/93, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 19, 288,

dto.; 12, Niedis/PL, Al., Bioc. (leg. ?) (Warschau); 13, Nürnberg/D, Schwenke (ZSM).

Via Braconidae-Kokon an jg. Kiefer (Schw.)

M-Europa.

4. Mesochorus rubeculus Hartig

Mesochorus rubeculus Hartig, 1838: 273, ?.

Mesochorus ocellatus Brischke, 1880: 187, 3; syn. nov. nach Beschreibung.

Diagnose. ?, d: 4.8-7.5 mm; Schläfe viel < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer %-%# Tarsus

II, 1; Griffel dünn < Tarsus II, 2; Gesicht schwarz, mit helleren Facial-Orbiten (?) oder gebräunt (0);

Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Zeichnung; Stigma (schwarz-)braun; Tibia-III-Ende %

(oft undeutlich) geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalem hellem Tergit-2-Endrand; d: Tergit 2

apikal und Tergit 3 basal mit Rotschimmer.

Typen. Holotypus: $, “rubeculus HTG.”, coll. Hartig (ZSM).

Ex Bupalus (Geometridae) via Campoplex (Ichneumonidae); ex Semiothisa (Geometridae) via Apanteles

(Braconidae); ex Panolis (Noctuidae) via Meteorus (Braconidae) (Schw.).

Aus allen Teilen Europas bekannt.

Europa.

5. Mesochorus bavaricus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 8.8-9.5 mm; Schläfe viel < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer ca. % Tarsus

II, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen hellen Facial-Orbiten; Thorax rot, mit gelblicher Mesoscutum

H-Zeichnung; Stigma rotbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende Ys-Yı geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr

schmalem hellem Tergit-2-Endrand.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Ellmau, Obb./D, 600 u. 700 m; E. Bauer (ZSM). - Paratypen: 2? 2, Garmisch, Obb./D, 600

und 700 m; E. Bauer (ZSM).

Bayer. Alpen.

6. Mesochorus procerus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 9 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht flach

punktiert; Tergit 1 apikal mit Furche, die sich, verflacht, bis zu Tergit 3 fortsetzt; Bohrer < Tarsus II,

1; Gesicht schwarz, ohne helle Orbiten; Stigma dunkelbraun; Thorax rot, nur Metanotum basal dun-

kelbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr schmalen hellen Segmentgrenzen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Italien, IM, Renaldo, Colla Sanson, 26.7.86, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino).

N-Italien.

7. Mesochorus giberius Thunberg

Mesochorus giberius Thunberg, 1822: 263, 24.

Mesochorus thoracicus Gravenhorst, 1829: 971, ?3; syn. Roman 1912.

Mesochorus marginatus Thomson, 1885: 339, ?5; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 5-7.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Gesicht quer, mit diver-

gierenden Augenrändern; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Klauen gekämmt; Postpetiolus gerieft, wobei

eine Astiphromma-ähnliche Steitenleiste vorgetäuscht werden kann; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1; Griffel etwas

> Tarsus III, 2, klobig, am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Gesicht verdunkelt bis schwarz, mit breiten

gelbweißen Facial-Orbiten und weißem Dreiecksfleck neben den Fühlern; Thorax farblich variierend

von überwiegend schwarz bis überwiegend rot; Stigma gelb-hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal undeutlich

verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit schmalen weißlichen Tergit-Endrändern, bei ?? selten, bei dd

überwiegend Tergite 2 + 3 mehr oder weniger rot gefärbt.

Typen. Verschollen. - M. marginatus Thomson: Lectotypus: ?, Aubert 1966 (UZI Lund).

Ex Zygaena (Zygaenidae) (Gir. lt. Schmiedeknecht 1910). Angaben über diverse adulte Coleoptera als

Primär-Parasiten (s. Schmiedeknecht 1910) sind nicht glaubhaft.

Fundorte in allen Teilen Europas.

Europa.

8. Mesochorus discolor, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punktiert;

Stigma etwas verbreitert; Nervulus postfurkal; Postpetiolus mit Furche; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht

schwarz, mit breiten roten Facial-Orbiten; Frontal-Orbiten neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax

schwarz; Mesopleuren, Mesoscutum-Zeichnung und Scutellum-Seiten rot; Stigma hyalin, untere Ecke

dunkelbraun; Tibia III weiß, am Ende % schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Leicester/UK, 7.74, Jennifer Owen (AEI).

England.

9. Mesochorus piceanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.8 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Nervulus postfurkal; Postpetiolus mit Mittelfurche, diese, abgeflacht, bis Tergit 3; Bohrer am Ende

breit, > Tarsus III, 1 (Tarsus III + % Tarsus III, 2); Gesicht schwarz, mit rötlichen Facial-Orbiten; Stigma

tiefbraun; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum flächig gelb; Scutellum seitlich rot; Tibia III weiß, mit %

schwarzem Ende; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende schmal hell, apikal ca. % mit rotem Schimmer.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Zborov/CSFR, 4.3.65, Capec (Capek).

Ex Cacoecia piceana (Tortricidae) (Cap.).

Ostl. M-Europa.

10. Mesochorus canalis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.0 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren relativ stark

punktiert; Stigma verlängert; im linken Vorderflügel (rechts fehlend) Außenrand der 3. Discoidal-Zelle

winklig eingezogen (wahrscheinlich individuelle Aberration); Petiolus kurz; Postpetiolus breit, kasten-

förmig, mit sehr großer wulstiger Längsfurche; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen

roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Tibia-Ill-Ende % unscharf verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-

Endrand schmal rötlich.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Oppach, Thür./D, 1,3 km ONO; 8.6.93, Nr. 165/93, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

11. Mesochorus fraterculus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.5-4.9 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreit; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren relativ

stark punktiert; Stigma gleichschenklig; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, zur Spitze stark verjüngt; Gesicht

schwarz, Orbiten bis Ocellen heller; Thorax schwarz; Stigma dunkelbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende % verdun-

kelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr schmalen hellen Tergit-Endrändern (?), Tergit 3 sanduhrförmig

gelblich (9).

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Messaure/S, 1.7.71, K. Müller (AEI). - Paratypen: 2??, 239, dto.

Schweden.

12. Mesochorus fulvipes, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 6-6.7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren relativ

stark punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, am Ende relativ stark verjüngt; Gesicht gebräunt; Orbiten

gelbweiß; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-III-Ende hell; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr

schmalem hellem Tergit-2-Endband.

d: 5.7-6.4 mm; wie 9, aber: Gesicht gelbweißs; Thorax-Seite gelbrot; Mesoscutum-Zeichnung und

Scutellum-Seiten rot; Griffel schmal, zur Spitze dünner, = Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Hildesheim/D, 25.7.52, E. Bauer (ZSM). - Paratypen: 19, 13, Dessau/D, Nr. 121/88 und

86/92 sowie 18, Jena/D, Nr. 115/88, H. Zoerner (DEI); 1?, Luko, Fläming/D, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Ex Pachyprotasis (Tenthredinidae) via Stiphrosomus (Ichneumonidae) (Bauer).

Deutschland.

13. Mesochorus sublimis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 5-5.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Postpetiolus mit großer Längsgrube und einigen Längsrippen; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1; Gesicht

schwarz, mit hellen schmalen Facial- und breiteren Frontal-Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum und

Scutellum-Seiten mit verwaschen-brauner Zeichnung; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-%

schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit schmalem, folgende Tergite mit sehr schmalem hellem

Endrand.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Graubünden/CH, Sent Surains, Val Gronda, 1.500 m, 30.7.73, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). —

Paratypen: 19, dto; 1?, Limonetto, CH, Piem./I, 1.700 m, A. Scaramozzino; 329, Schweizer Jura/CH, A. Seyrig

(Paris).

Westalpen.

14. Mesochorus pyrenaeus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.3mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit rötlichen schmalen Facial- und breiteren Frontal-

Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Scutellum-Seiten verwaschen braun; Stigma hellbraun; Tibia-III-Ende %

geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit schmalem hellem Endrand.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Eyne-Tal, Pyren./F, 18.7.62, ? leg. (Paris).

Pyrenäen.

15. Mesochorus curvicaudus Thomson

Mesochorus curvicaudus Thomson, 1885: 335, 2 &.

Diagnose. ?, S: 5.5-5.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellen < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren ziemlich

stark punktiert; Stigma vergrößert und verbreitert; Postpetiolus mit Delle; Bohrer sehr lang (= Tarsus

II, 1 + 2) und breit, auffällig nach unten gebogen (Abb. 1C); Gesicht und Clypeus schwarz, mit

rötlichen Facial-Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum und Scutellum mit braunen Wischen; Stigma

schwarzbraun; Thorax schwarz; Coxa Ill rot, braun gefleckt; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt.

d wie ?, aber: Gesicht über rotem Clypeus nur gebräunt; Thorax ganz schwarz; Mesopleuren nur

schütter punktiert; Tergit-2-Endrand ca. 1/12 weiß; Tergit 3 von Basis bis Mitte mit weißlicher Lasche;

Griffel schlank, etwas > Tarsus III, 2.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, W. Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).-12, 18, Schweden, coll. Thomson; 1%, Halle/D (“Lett.

Moor”) (ZSM); 15, Pyrenäen/F, Col. Pourtalet (Paris).

Fundorte in Schweden, Deutschland, Frankreich (Pyrenäen).

N-, M- und SW-Europa.

16. Mesochorus tetricus Holmgren

Mesochorus tetricus Holmgren, 1858: 122, ? Ö.

Mesochorus macrurus Thomson, 1885: 342, d; syn nov. nach Lectotypus.

Diagnose. ?, S: 5-5.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer sehr lang (= Tarsus

II, 1 + 2), breit; Gesicht und Clypeus schwarz, mit schmalen hellen Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscu-

tum und Scutellum meist mit braunen Wischen; Mesopleuren manchmal schwarz und rot; Stigma

schwarzbraun; Coxa III braun gefleckt; Tibia-III-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-

Endrand schmal hell, zuweilen Tergit 2 apikal mit Rotschimmer; d wie 9, aber: Gesicht gelbweiß;

Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot und schwarz; Stigma heller braun; Coxa III hell; Tergit-2-Endrand

breiter hell; Tergit-3-Basalrand gelblich.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm). — M. macrurus Thomson: Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Ex Laspeyresia (Gauss), Zeiraphera (Del.), Epiblema (Füh.) (alle Tortricidae).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Tschechien, Österreich, Schweiz, Frankreich, N-Italien.

Europa außer England und E-Europa.

17. Mesochorus perugianus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Stigma klein; Area petiolus sehr groß; Postpetiolus mit Delle; Bohrer zur Spitze verdünnt, =

Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht und Clypeus schwarz; Facial-Orbiten schmal, heller; Pro- und Mesothorax

schwarz und rot; Metathorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III dunkelbraun; Femur III außen

stark gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr schmalen hellen Segment-

grenzen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Perugia/l, Mte de Peglia, 550 m, 1.-9.11.78, leg. F. Bin (Scaramozzino).

E-Italien.

18. Mesochorus mirabilis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Postpetiolus mit Delle; Bohrer am Ende mäßig verdünnt, < Tarsus II, 1; Gesicht und Clypeus

schwarz; Facial-Orbiten relativ breit, weiß; Frontal-Orbiten neben Fühlern mit weißem Dreieck; Thorax

schwarz; Mesoscutum und Scutellum rot, mit undeutlichen braunen Wischen; auch Pronotum und

Mesopleuren rot; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III rot, braun gefleckt; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt;

Abdomen schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Alpes mar./F, Peira Cava, 1.500-2.000 m, 1931, A. Seyrig (Paris).

Französ. Alpen.

19. Mesochorus plebejanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4.8-5.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer fast spitz,

< Tarsus III, 1; Clypeus und Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen hellen Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscu-

tum mit rotbrauner H-Zeichnung; Scutellum seitlich rot; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III braun verdun-

kelt; Tibia-III-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand schmal, heller.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Margetshöchheim b. Würzburg/D, 19.7./4.8.92, K. Fiedler (Horstmann), Ex Polyommatus

(Zygaenidae) via Campoplegini (Ichneumonidae) (Fied.). - Paratypus: 17, dto.

Deutschland.

20. Mesochorus angustatus Thomson

Mesochorus angustatus Thomson, 1885: 343, 2 Ö.

Diagnose. ?, d: 3.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren relativ stark

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, am Ende aufgebogen; Gesicht rot, Clypeus braun-fleckig; Facial- und

Frontal-Orbiten heller; Thorax schwarz, mit brauner Zeichnung auf Mesoscutum und Scutellum;

Stigma hyalin; Coxa III braun verdunkelt; Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz, mit

sehr schmalen hellen Endrändern, selten: Tergit 2 und folgende mit Rotschimmer.

d wie 9, aber: Gesicht nur gebräunt; Abdomen ab Tergit 3 mit Rotfärbungen auf den Segmenten;

Griffel > Tarsus II, 2.

Typen. Lectotypus: 9, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Österreich, N-Italien.

N- und M-Europa.

21. Mesochorus caliginosus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 9, d: 6.2-6.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1; Griffel etwas > Tarsus III, 2; Postpetiolus mit Furche; Gesicht schwarz

(2), gebräunt (d); Facial-Orbiten schmal rot, Frontal-Orbiten breiter rot, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß;

Stigma bräunlich(-hyalin); Coxa III stark verdunkelt; Tibia-III-Ende unscharf schmal gebräunt; Thorax

und Abdomen schwarz, beim d Tergite 3 + 4 apikal rötlich.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Mittenwald, Obb./D, Ferchensee, 8.67, W. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypus: 13, Glonn,

Obb./D, 7.71, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Nördl. Alpen und bayer. Alpenvorland.

22. Mesochorus parvioculatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus sehr klein; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht

schwarz, mit schmalen rötlichen Orbiten, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax schwarz; Stigma

schmutzig hyalin; Coxa III schwarz; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz, mit sehr

schmalen hellen Segment-Endrändern; Tergit 3 mit Rotschimmer.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Piemonte, To./l, Pietrabianca di Bussoleno, 900 m, 6.81, G. Boffa (Scaramozzino). —

Paratypus; 19, dto.

N-Italien.

23. Mesochorus albifacies, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus viel < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht flach

punktiert; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht weiß; Thorax schwarz; Mesopleuren oben (%4) schwarz, unten

(%) rot; Stigma braunschwarz; Coxa Ill rot; Tibia-IIl-Ende % schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit

schmalem rötlichem Endrand.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Eisenberg, Thür./D, Nr. 196/88, 19.8.88, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

24. Mesochorus trentinus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 4.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Griffel = Tarsus Ill, 2, kurz-nadelspitz; Gesicht rot, mit schwarzen Flecken; Thorax rot; Mesoscu-

tum braun, mit gelber H-Makel; Metanotum basal % braun; Mesopleuren rot, braun gefleckt; Stigma

hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarzbraun, mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarzbraun, mit

'% rötlichem Apikalsaum; Tergit 3 dunkelrot, mit dunkelbraunen Seiten; folgende Tergite schwarz-

braun.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Tiarno de Sopra, Trentino/l, 850 m, 28.4.66, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Ital. Alpen.

25. Mesochorus kirunae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. J: 4.8 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma fast gleichschenklig;

Nervulus praefurkal; Postpetiolus mit Furche, Tergit 2 basal mit Längseindruck; Griffel > Tarsus III,

2, etwas nach unten gebogen; Gesicht gelb, etwas braun gefleckt, mit weißen Orbiten; Prothorax

gelbrot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesosternum mit roter H-Zeichnung; Scutellum seitlich rot; Coxa Ill

schwach gebräunt; Stigma dunkelbraun; Tibia-IlI-Ende "4 schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 apikal

und Tergit 3 basal verwaschen rot.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Kiruna/S, 2.8.68, H. Hinz (ZSM).

N-Schweden.

26. Mesochorus rupesus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. J: 5.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Griffel dünn, = Tarsus III,

2; Gesicht gebräunt, mit helleren Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma (oben hyalin, unten:) graubraun;

Coxa III gelbrot, Oberseite verdunkelt; Tibia-III-Ende % schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende

schmal weiß; Tergit 3 mit rotem Schimmer.

Typen. Holotypus: 3, Oberfennberg, Kurtasch/l, 1.300 m, 1.6.76, E. Diller (ZSM). — Paratypus: 12, ohne

Abdomen, dto.

SE-Alpen.

Gruppe 7.4. rufopetiolatus

Diagnose. Abdomen: Hell-Dunkel (HD)

Mesochorus rufopetiolatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 3.5-4.5 mm; Schläfe viel < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Stigma lang und

schmal; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2; Kopf schwarz, mit schmalen helleren Orbiten;

Thorax rot, mit braunen Mesoscutum-Wischen; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende '%-% unscharf verdun-

kelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergite 1 + 2 + Basis 3 rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Arzberg, Bay./D, 6.68, via Apanteles-Kokon an Pinus-Nadel, W. Schwenke (ZSM). —

Paratypen: 19, dto; 17, Kassel/D, E. Führer (ZSM); 15, Piemysl/PL, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau).

Ex Semiothisa (Geometridae) (Füh.).

Deutschland, Polen.

Gruppe 7.5. declinans

Diagnose. Abdomen: Dunkel-Hell (DH) [auch helle (gelbe, rote) Tergite mit seitlichen Verdunklungen

gelten als hell].

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (??)

1(32) Stigma (überwiegend) hyalin, gelb oder weiß

2(17) Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1

3(8) Tibia-Ill-Ende breit (min. %) dunkel

45) " Stisma'weils,; Tereit 2'oan2 Kofn.........eueomsansntekeressseeranannerngee tes erngene 1. malaiseus, spec. nov. (S. 83)

5(4) Stigma hyalin; Tergit 2 schwarz + rot (-gelb)

6(7) [Tergit 2 mit weißem Endband (Exemplar mit Rotfärbung ab Tergit 4)...

A ET anne Men p4. septentrionalis, spec. nov.] (S. 99)

7(6): Tereit. 2 mit rotem Dreieck ............. seen anennegeeene sdeennensenese 2. veluminis, spec. nov. (S. 83)

8(3) Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal (max. Y,) dunkel

910), Ocellus’> Vertexbrücker 2. en 3. pharaonis, spec. nov. (S. 83)

10(9) Ocellus < Vertexbrücke

11(12).,Schläfe: > Augenbreite ..........0..u. 0.20.22 sr nenne 4. robustus, spec. nov. (S. 84)

12(11) Schläfe < Augenbreite

13(16) Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1

14(15) [Postpetiolus längsgerieft (Exemplar mit roter Abdomen-Mitte) ......ueeeeeseesenenenenenenensnennennennnn

15(14) Postpetiolus glatt... enanreger 5. aquilonis, spec. nov. (S. 84)

16(13)

170)

18(19)

19(18)

20(21)

21(20)

22(27)

23(24)

24(23)

25(26)

26(25)

27(22)

28(29)

29(28)

30(31)

31(30)

32(1)

33(48)

34(35)

35(34)

36(37)

37(36)

38(41)

39(40)

40(39)

1(38)

42(45)

3(44)

4(43)

45(42)

46(47)

47(46)

48(33)

49(84)

50(59)

ro H#

Bralmınad 25 easy A er 6. clarus, spec. nov. (S.

Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1

Untere Mandıbelzahn>.oberen.. „n.nlseelen en 7. vitticollis Holmgren (S.

Beide Mandibelzähne gleich

Iesen-Endelieden’verbreiternt ....sassunnansnsesoaannnnssuunnneuene here snse een 8. globulatur Thunnerg (S.

Tarsen-Endglieder normal

Tibia-Ill-Ende breit (min. %) dunkel

ee Siene ID ON eee eraeren 9. alveus, spec. nov. (S.

Gesicht braun verdunkelt

Mesoseiitium + Seutellum. schwarz. 2 er 10. lacus, spec. nov. (S.

Mesasemtun + Scutellum: Schwarz + TOB .-...2.0-20eeeesnasenkenunserannee 11. prothoracicus, spec. (S.

Tibia-III-Ende schmal (max. %) dunkel

Mesopleuren SChWArZ2 .....H...u0u0..: 22.200000 12. castellanus, spec. nov. (S.

Mesopleuren rot oder braun

Hereit- 1 basal Schwarz... eus0s0aceenerees nase res ue rene 13. pallipes Brischke (S.

Her itelNbasal tor... ee 14. boreomontanus, spec. nov. (S.

Stigma (überwiegend) braun

Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1

Tibia-IN-Ende schmal (max. Y) verdunkelt; Gesichtsränder divergierend ...........ee:

N NE 15. dimidiator Aubert (S.

Tibia-IIl-Ende breit (min. %) dunkel

Behlate > Auıgenbreife..........-20. res nenne nenne gran 16. caligator, spec. nov. (S.

Schläfe < Augenbreite

Tibia-II-Ende %-% geschwärzt

Tereıte I°+ 2 sehr lang und;sehmal.. 1... 0 eng 17. tenuis, spec. nov. (S.

kereite 14. 2 kürzer und'breiter...... ec. 2 18. columbinus, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-II-Ende %-% geschwärzt

Gesicht gelb oder rot

Geellus = Vertexbrücke ............u. uses... ek ernesseenereenee 19. confusus Holmgren (S.

Beellus<, Vertexbrücke ....22.. nennen annenenetenennesmesnnssrneeeeenseee 20. calidus, spec. nov. (S.

Gesicht braun oder schwarz

Were 2 KOR 2er anne sn re 21. valdierius, spec. nov. (S.

[Tergit 2 schwarz + rot (Indiv. mit Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1)....... 30. semirufus Holmgren] (S.

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1

Tibia-Ill-Ende breit (min. %) dunkel

Schläfe 2 Augenbreite

84)

85)

86)

87)

88)

90)

62)

64(65)

65(64)

66(73)

67(68)

68(67)

69(70)

70(69)

(72)

7271)

73(66)

74(77)

75(76)

76(75)

77(74)

78(81)

79(80)

80(79)

81(78)

82(83)

83(82)

84(49)

85(90)

86(87)

Areola-Nerv 33. fEhlend... tee a BER 22. obliterator Aubert (S. 88)

a3 vorhanden

Neruulas pestturkal. 2... 23. extraordinarius, spec. nov. (S. 89)

Nervulus interstitial

Mesopleuren.(überwiegend) rot +... 24. tenthredinidis, spec. nov. (S. 89)

Mesopleuren schwarz

Bohrer-Ende breit... eu.:..enu.n me NEE IE 25. slawicus, spec. nov. (S. 89)

Böhrer-Ennde fast Spitz... ncusuunsnssaensnsnntsrnmnansannnnannessrornsesenihneh 26. longurius, spec. nov. (S. 89)

Schläfe < Augenbreite

Areola-Nerv a4 + ableitender Nerv unterbrochen .................- 27. intermissus, spec. nov. (S. 90)

Nerven vollständig

Femur III + Tibia III extrem (ca. %) geschwärzt ..........ee. 28. declinans Habermehl (S. 90)

Femur III und Tibia III weniger geschwärzt

fiersit’2 mit dreieckigem rotem Fleck... .unuennenen nee 29. triangulus, spec. nov. (S. 90)

Tergit 2 anders gefärbt

Scutellum schwarz

erg 2-Ende 6 Toben ne ennatesesnertu ei dernemnnenset Eee 30. semirufus Holmgren (S. 90)

Tergit-2-Ende ca. Yıo weißgelb

Tergit 3 ganz 10 en ER gan 31. suomiensis, spec. nov. (S. 91)

Tergit 3 schwarz + rot

BEOEHOTAR SCHW lee, 32. acutus, spec. nov. (S. 91)

PROFNOraR ae es susnsakenznenentneregenenensean strengen tigen 33. iburganus, spec. nov. (S. 91)

Scutellum rot, braun oder schwarz + rot

Scutellum rot oder braun

Seutellumrot/?Suomaischwarzbraunsn. zer... ae 34. mellis, spec. nov. (S. 91)

seutellum!braun; Susmanhellbraun..esa.meennsnssenehnreernesee inneren 35. skaneus, spec. nov. (S. 92)

Scutellum schwarz + rot(-braun)

Mesopleuren schwarz

Klauen gezähnt.....rassersseencanensnansaensnintgenarenansesnenreas heran ee 36. vittator Zetterstedt (S. 92

Klauen: ungezähnt --..........2sc2402u002402020n&2u2HHBanRB0S nasHannerenKunsegennenennee re 37. zyganaus, spec. nov. (S. 92)

Mesopleuren (überwiegend) rot

Stigma hyalın-braum: -......epenscrnrasesnnecanthapeneneasnnnesteten anne en 38. orbis, spec. nov. (S. 92)

Stigma Schwarzbraun. ...:.......ss.ucseesssnsnensensaenrsnndinsae tenusneneeregeee 39. anglicus, spec. nov. (S. 93)

Tibia-Ill-Ende schmal (max. %) dunkel

Gesicht schwarz oder verdunkelt

Oeellus; > Vertexbrücken....... 0 Se hen er NER 40. artus, spec. nov. (S. 93)

87(86) Ocellus < Vertexbrücke

88(89) Stigma dunkelbraun; Mesopleuren dicht punktiert .......ee. 41. rufoniger Brischke (S. 93)

89(88) Stigma hellbraun; Mesopleuren glatt oder schütter punktiert......... 42. doleri, spec. nov. (S. 93)

90(85) Gesicht (gelb-)rot

91(94) Mesopleuren (gelb-)rot

Zar ubBeinestof: Bostpehiolus‘gefürcht.......n. nee 43. fennicus, spec. nov. (S. 94)

Bar PisBeine weiß, Rostpetiolus glatt ..........n2222.. Aires 44. moskwanus, spec. (S. 94)

94(91) Mesopleuren (rot +)schwarz(-braun); unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer...

ED ehrec des decnassuehestueuhkede std nur 45. testaceus Gravenhorst (S. 94)

Die 83 der Gruppe declinans Habermehl sind wegen farblicher Überschneidungen mit einem Teil der

Sd der Gruppe angustatus Thomson sowie mit den dd der Gruppe pectoralis Ratzeburg zum Schlüssel

“36 mit Rotfärbung im mittleren oder/und hinteren Abdomen” zusammengefaßt (S. 115).

1. Mesochorus malaiseus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1,

schmal; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma weiß, schillernd; Coxa

III verdunkelt; Tibia-III-Ende "4 geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal rot; Tergit 2 ganz rot;

Tergit-3-Spitze rot; folgende Tergite rot.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Skäne/S, 8.69, Falle 1, Bo Svensson (AEI) (verloren).

S-Schweden.

2. Mesochorus veluminis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht gelbrot; Prothorax rot und schwarz, übriger Thorax

schwarz; Mesoscutum mit flächiger roter Makel; Scutellum fast ganz gelbrot; Stigma schmutzig-hyalin;

Tibia III weiß, am Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 1 basal dunkelrot; Tergit-2-Endrand

% gelb, von ihm aus zur Tergit-Mitte ein schmales gelbes Dreieck, vorhangartig (Name); Tergit 3

gelbrot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Polen, Nr. 925 (Warschau).

Polen.

3. Mesochorus pharaonis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 9, 3: 4-4.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus extrem groß (2mal Vertexbrücke);

Nervulus praefurkal; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, breit; Griffel kurz und breit, < Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht rot, mit

Verdunklungen; Thorax rot, größter Teil des Mesoscutum und Metanotum basal braun; Mesoscutum

mit 4 schmalen Längsstreifen; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-III-Ende unverdunkelt; Petiolus 1 Basalhälfte

dunkelrot, Apikalhälfte % braun, % gelb; Tergite 2 + 3 braun, mit je einem gelben Dreieck von der Basis

zur Tergit-Mitte; ab Tergit 4 gelb/braun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Wadi Katara, Niltal/ Ägypten, 10 km nördl. Assuan, 23.3.88, M. Schwarz, Abdomen auf

Fundort-Etikett geklebt (Schwarz). — Paratypus: 1d, dto.

Ägypten.

4. Mesochorus robustus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.5 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert und gerunzelt; Stigma schmal; Postpetiolus und Tergit 2 mit Rinne; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, am Ende

dünner; Gesicht rot, dunkel gefleckt; Vertexbrücke gelbweiß Thorax schwarz; Stigma überwiegend

hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Endrand schmal weiß, von diesem undeut-

liche Rotförbung bis % der Länge; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich verdunkelt; ab Tergit 4 rot.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Kiruna/S, 19.7.64, R. Hinz (ZSM).

N-Schweden.

5. Mesochorus aquilonis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.8-5.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren ziem-

lich dicht punktiert; Tergite 1 + 2 + 3 beim d lang und schmal; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Griffel

> Tarsus III, 2, dünn, unverjüngt; Gesicht gebräunt; Facial-Orbiten weißlich; Pro- und Mesothorax

schwarz und rot, Metathorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-Y, verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit breitem roten Endrand oder -fleck; ab Tergit 3 rot, beim % mit seitlichen

Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Abisko/S, 16.7.64, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 5722, 354, Schweden, Bo Svensson (AEI);

Polen, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau); Deutschland, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Schweden, Polen, östl. Deutschland.

6. Mesochorus clarus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. %: 5.5-7.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark

punktiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, breit, etwas gebogen; Gesicht verdunkelt, Orbiten heller, neben

Fühlern kleines weißes Dreieck; Prothorax und Mesoscutum schwarz und rot, übriger Thorax schwarz;

Stigma hyalin; Tibia-III-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-Ys rotem

Endrand; folgende Tergite gelbrot, mit leichten Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Courmajor/l, 6.7.76; E 670000/N 454800, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 3?2, Piemonte

Cuneo/l (Scaramozzino); 2??, Col des Montets/F, 12, Kandersteg/CH, R. Hinz (ZSM).

W- und S-Alpen.

7. Mesochorus vitticollis Holmgren

Mesochorus vitticollis Holmgren, 1858: 128, 2 Ö.

Mesochorus hungaricus Szepligeti, 1914: 1842; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 6.8-9.3 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; unterer Mandibelzahn >

oberer; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1; Griffel > Tarsus Ill, 2, klobig; Gesicht gelb,

mit weißen Orbiten; Thorax schwarz und rot; rot bei ?: Prothorax und meist Mesopleuren, Mesoscu-

tum und Scutellum, bei d: ganzer Thorax, außer schwarzer Metanotum-Basalhälfte; Stigma hyalin-

gelb; Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz, Tergit 2 schwarz, mit \4 bogenförmigem roten

Ende, ab Tergit 3 gelbrot, mit Verdunklungen. Beim d Rotfärbung dunkler, ab Tergit 4 rot oder heller /

dunkler vespoid.

Typen. Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm). - M. hungaricus Szepligeti: Lectotypus: ?, Moczär 1968, 124 (Budapest).

Häufige Art; trotzdem kaum Wirtsnachweise.

Ex Fidonia (Geometridae) via Campoplex (Ichneumonidae) und ex Cucullia (Noctuidae) via Microgaster

(Braconidae) (Schmied.).

In allen Teilen Europas; Türkei, Rußland.

Europa, Asien.

8. Mesochorus globulator (Thunberg)

Ichneumon globulator Thunberg, 1822: 266, 9.

Mesochorus dimidiatus Holmgren, 1858: 118, 3; syn. Roman 1912, 229-293.

Mesochorus crassimanus Holmgren, 1858: 125, d?; syn. Roman 1912, 229-293.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 5.1-6.7 mm; Schläfe < Wangenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; $2 Klauenendglieder

etwas ballonförmig aufgebläht, d normal; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, dick; Gesicht gelbrot, in der Mitte

gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schmutzig hyalin; Tibia-III-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Ys-% gelbrotem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 rot, mit schwachen (?) bzw.

stärkeren (3) Verdunklungen; 3 Mittelstreifen rot, seitlich dunkel.

Typen. Verschollen. -— M. crassimanus Holmgren: Lectotypus: ?, Aubert 1962 (Stockholm). -— M. dimidiatus

Holmgren: Lectotypus: d, Hinz 1962 “Lp. Bhn. 30/6” (Stockholm).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, Alpenländern.

N- und M-Europa einschl. Alpen.

9. Mesochorus alveus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma gleichschenklig;

Postpetiolus mit Delle und Furchen; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, dünn; Gesicht rot; Thorax schwarz;

Mesoscutum mit brauner Makel; Scutellum mit roten Seiten; Stigma oben hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende mit %4-

1% schwarzem Ende; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit 4 gelbem Endband; folgende Tergite

gelbrot.

Typen. Holotypus:?, Hamernia at Warszawa/PL, 27.5.77, c2, IZ PAN Ekipa (Warschau).

Polen.

10. Mesochorus lacus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4-4.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1,

dick; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, stabförmig; Gesicht d gelb, ? rot, mit braunen Flecken; Thorax schwarz;

beim d Prothorax rotgelb; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Makel; Scutellum seitlich rot; beim d Mesopleu-

ren braun und rot; Stigma trüb-hyalin; Femur III gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1

schwarz, mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit schmalem weißen Endband; übrige Tergite rot, beim d

dunkler als beim 9, seitlich etwas verdunkelt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Campi Riva Garda/I, 1.500 m, 7.9.67, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). — Paratypus: 13, Brunnsee/

A, (leg. ?) (ZSM).

Ex Pristiphora (Tenthredinidae) (leg. ?).

Deutschland, Österreich.

11. Mesochorus prothoracicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, dick,

am Ende stark verjüngt; Gesicht gebräunt, Orbiten breit gelbweiß, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß;

Prothorax rot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Tibia III weiß, Ende % schwarz; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende Yı2 weiß; folgende Tergite gelbrot, mit leichten Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Skäne /S, 9.69, Falle 4, Bo Svensson (AEI).

Schweden.

12. Mesochorus castellanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.3-5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1;

Griffel = Tarsus Ill, 2, stabförmig, am Ende etwas verbreitert; Gesicht rot, in der Mitte gebräunt; Thorax

schwarz; Stigma trüb-hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit

%-Ys roter Endbinde; ab Tergit 3 rot (?), vespoid (J).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Wittenberg/D, 10.-30.8.64, Lichtfalle H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 1?, Wittenberg, 15,

Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI); 12, (ohne Bohrer) Berlin-Wannsee/D, W. Schwenke (ZSM); 14, Harz/D, Eikertal,

30.5.37, E. Bauer (ZSM).

M-Europa.

13. Mesochorus pallipes Brischke

Mesochorus pallipes Brischke, 1880: 190, 9.

Mesochorus albipes Thomson, 1886: 341, 2; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Diagnose. 9, 3: 5-7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, dick;

Griffel 2 Tarsus III, 2, zum Ende gleichmäßig verdünnt; Gesicht gelbrot bis braunrot, aber nicht

verdunkelt; Orbiten gelbweiß; Thorax gelbrot, Mesoscutum mit brauner Makel; basale Hälfte des

Metanotum braun; Stigma hyalin; Tibiae weiß, III-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2

schwarz, mit 14-% rotem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 rot, z.T. seitlich verdunkelt.

Typen. Verschollen. - M. albipes Thomson: Lectotypus: $, Hinz 1962 (UZI Lund).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Alpenländern.

N-, Mi und W-Europa, inkl. Alpen.

14. Mesochorus boreomontanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.6-5.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Nervulus postfurkal;

Mesopleuren dicht, aber flach punktiert; Bohrer £ Tarsus III, 1, zum Ende dünner und etwas aufgebo-

gen; Gesicht rot, braun verdunkelt; Thorax braun; Mesoscutum-Makel, Scutellum-Seiten und Meso-

pleuren rot; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-IlI-Ende schmal undeutlich verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit roter

Basis; Tergit 2 mit variierend breitem rotem Apikalteil; ab Tergit 3 rot, mit schwachen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Hinteres Sonnwendjoch/ A, 1.300-1.500 m, 21.6.59, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). - Paratypen: 19,

Valdieri, Piem./I, 980 m, G. Della-Beffa (Scaramozzino); 1?, Oshobotria/SF, R. Müller (AEI); 12, Schnett, Thür.

Wald/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

N-Europa, mitteleurop. Mittelgebirge, Alpen.

15. Mesochorus dimidiator Aubert

Mesochorus dimidiator Aubert, 1970: 73, 2 &.

Mesochorus dimidiatus Brischke, 1880: ? d. Da dieser Name okkupiert ist von M. dimidiatus Holmgren, 1858, J,

und dieser synonym ist zu M. globulator Thunberg, 1822, ? (s. Nr. 8), schuf Aubert den neuen Namen

M. dimidiator.

Diagnose. 9, 3: 5.5-7.3 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Gesicht stark quer, mit divergierenden Augen-

rändern; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren + stark punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel viel >

Tarsus III, 2, zum Ende stark verjüngt, fast spitz; Gesicht gelbweiß, mit breiten weißen Orbiten;

Prothorax gelbrot; übriger Thorax schwarz, Meso- und Metapleuren sowie Metanotum apikales Drittel

rot; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende schmal undeutlich verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit roter

Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem Endrand; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich verdunkelt; ab Tergit 4? rot,

schwarzbraun, Mittel-Längsband undeutlich rot.

Typen. M. dimidiatus Holmgren, Lectotypus: ?, Hinz 1962, “Lp Bhn. 30/6” StockHolmgren

Ex Pristiphora, Pteronidea, Macrophya (Tenthredinidae) via Olesicampe (Ichneumonidae) (Hz., Psch.W.).

Fundorte in Schweden, Polen, Deutschland, N-Frankreich.

N- und M-Europa.

16. Mesochorus caligator, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 7 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Postpetiolus mit Längsgru-

ben; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, breit stabförmig; Gesicht gelbrot, Orbiten weiß, neben Fühlern weißes

dreieck; Thorax gelbrot, nur obere % des Metanotums schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende

Ya schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit rotem Apikalfleck; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem Endband; folgende

Tergite rot, mit schwachen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Frankavilla, Basilicato/l, 6.6.34, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino).

Italien.

17. Mesochorus tenuis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Tergite 1 + 2 sehr schmal,

langgestreckt; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht gelbrot, braun gefleckt; Prothorax gelbrot, Mesothorax rot

und braun, Metathorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-graubraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y4-% verdunkelt; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit '4 gelbem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 rot, schwach vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Messaure/S, 6.9.71, K. Müller (AEI). - Paratypen: 6?, dto.

Schweden.

18. Mesochorus columbinus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5-6.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1;

Griffel viel > Tarsus III, 2, stabförmig; Gesicht gelbrot, Orbiten gelbweiß, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß;

Thorax gelbrot, mit Bräunungen auf Meso- und Metanotum; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-

% verdunkelt; Tergit 1 braun; Tergit 2 basal % braun, apikal % gelbrot; ab Tergit 3 gelbrot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Taubenberg, Obb./D, 7.77, W. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypus: 14, Umg. Mittenwald,

Karwendel, Obb./D, 19.7.58, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

S-Deutschland.

19. Mesochorus confusus Holmgren

Mesochorus splendidulus Ratzeburg, 1844: 148, ?3 partim; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1988.

Mesochorus splendidulus Holmgren, 1854: 59, ?3 partim; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1988.

Mesochorus confusus Holmgren, 1858: 129, 94.

Mesochorus sulphuripes Brischke, 1880: 188, 3; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1989.

Mesochorus sericeus Brischke, 1880: 188, 3; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1989.

Mesochorus gracilentus Brischke, 1880: 188, 3; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1990.

Mesochorus rufipes Brischke, 1880: 189, 3; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1990.

Mesochorus crassicrus Thomson ‚1885: 330, ?d; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Mesochorus longicaudus Thomson, 1885: 338, ?d; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Mesochorus picticrus Thomson, 1885: 340, ?J; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Mesochorus gallicator Aubert, 1963: 23; syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

Diagnose. 9, 3: 5.4-7.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Areola sehr schief (al sehr

kurz); Mesopleuren dicht flach punktiert; Bohrer dick und lang, = Tarsus II, 1; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2,

dünn; Gesicht gelbrot, weiße Orbiten bis neben Fühlern; $ Pro- und Mesothorax gelbrot, Mesoscutum

mit brauner H-Makel; Metanotum schwarz(-braun); d Thorax ganz rot; braune H-Zeichnung auf

Mesoscutum angedeutet; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende %-% schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergite

2 + 3 in unterschiedlichem Maße schwarz und/oder rot, am häufigsten: Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-%

rotem Endband; Tergit 3 rot, mit schwachen Verdunklungen; ab Tergit 4 rotgelb.

Typen. Lectotypus: $, Aubert 1968 (Stockholm). — M. crassicrus Thomson: Lectotypus: 9, Schwenke 1968 (UZI

Lund). - M. longicaudus Thomson;; Lectotypus: ?, Aubert 1972 (UZI Lund). - M. picticrus Thomson: Lectotypus:

?, Hinz 1962 (UZI Lund).

Ex Yponomauta (Yponomeutidae) via Angitia (Braconidae) (Vukasovic, 1928); ex Lymantria (Lymantri-

idae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Schedl 1936); ex Gonapterys (Pieridae) via Eulimneria (Ichneumonidae)

(Bri.); ex Eupithecia (Geometridae) (Schmied.).

In allen Teilen Europas nachgewiesen.

Europa.

20. Mesochorus calidus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schmal;

Gesicht rot, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax rot, mit brauner Mesoscutum-H-Makel; Stigma

schwarzbraun; Coxa Ill verdunkelt; Tibia-Ill-Ende 4 schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz(-braun); Tergit 2 braun,

in rot übergehend; Tergit 3 und folgende Tergite rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Alicante/E, Moreira, 900 m, 14.-22.5.89, Malaise-Falle, R. Wahis (Wahis).

Iberische Halbinsel.

21. Mesochorus valdierius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.8 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2,

stabförmig; Mesopleuren dicht punktiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht rot, in Mitte stark gebräunt;

Thorax rot, mit braunen Wischen auf Mesoscutum und Mesopleuren; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-

Ende % schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 und folgende: mit durchgehend roter Mitte, seitlich

gebräunt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Valdieri, Piem./I, 980 m, 8.8.-23.9.88, G. Della Beffa (AEI). - Paratypus: 19, dto.

N-Italien.

22. Mesochorus obliterator Aubert

Mesochorus obliterator Aubert, 1965: 22, 2.

Diagnose. ?: 7.4mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Augenränder divergierend;

Areola-Nerv a3 unvollständig; Femur-IIl-Sporn auffällig kurz, < % Tarsus III, 1; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1;

Gesicht gelb; Thorax gelbrot; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende % schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit

breiter roter Basis und breitem rotem Endsaum; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbem Dreieck; Tergit 3 und

folgende Tergite rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, St. Imoges, Marne, 22.5.54, leg. Caruel (Aubert).

Frankreich.

23. Mesochorus extraordinarius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 6.8 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punkti-

ert; Stigma verschmälert; Nervulus postfurkal; Postpetiolus gefurcht; Bohrer etwas < Tarsus III, 1,

schmal; Gesicht gelbrot; Thorax gelbrot; Mesoscutum + Scutellum + Metanotum + Fleck auf Mesop-

leuren schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende %-"4 geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2

schwarz, mit % bogenförmigem rotem Endband; Tergit 3 rotbraun, schwach vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Harzburg/D, Radau-Tal, 9.9.56, E. Bauer (ZSM).

M-Europa.

24. Mesochorus tenthredinidis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.3-7.2 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren deutlich

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal, zum Ende unterseits lang verdünnt; Griffel = Tarsus II, 2,

schlank; Gesicht gelbrot; Thorax ? schwarz, Prothorax + Mesopleuren + Metapleuren rot, Mesoscutum

mit brauner H-Makel und partiell rotem Schildchen; Thorax d gelbrot, mit brauner H-Makel auf

Mesoscutum und schwarzer Basal-Hälfte des Metanotums; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit

breitem rotem Endband; ab Tergit 3 rot, meist mit Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Garmisch, Obb./D, 700 m, 20.8.1950, E. Bauer (ZSM). — Paratypen: 142%, 1533, aus

verschiedenen Teilen N- und M-Europas [Bauer (ZSM), Hinz (ZSM), Pschorn-Walcher (ZSM), Seyrig (Paris),

Ulbrich (Krefeld)].

Ex Pteronidea, Caliroa (Psch.W.), Arge, Phymatocera (Hz.) (Tenthredinidae) via Ipectorhinus (Ichneumo-

nidae) (Hz.).

N- und M-Europa bis N-Italien.

25. Mesochorus slawicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 9, d: 5.6-6.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Griffel sehr lang, = Tarsus III, 2 + 3, rot, stark verjüngt; Gesicht

gelbrot; Thorax 9 schwarz, d Oberseite schwarz, Seiten braunrot; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz,

mit %-% gelblichem Endrand; ab Tergit 3? braun/gelb gebändert, mit durchgehend roter Mitte; S

gelbrot.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Durmitor, Jugoslaw., Zabljak, LJM, 16.6.88 (ZSM). — Paratypen: 32%, dto; Goszieradöw/

PL, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau).

Polen, Balkan.

26. Mesochorus longurius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren deutlich

punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig, dünn, zum Ende verjüngt; Gesicht rot; Thorax schwarz;

Tibia-Ill-Ende %-% schwarz; Stigma überwiegend trüb-hyalin; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit schmalem weißem

Endband; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbem Endband; folgende Tergite in der Mitte durchgehend rot,

Seiten verdunkelt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Kochelsee, Obb./D, 650-1.150 m, 12.7.85, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Bayer. Alpen.

27. Mesochorus intermissus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung 2: 5.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; mehrere Nerven in und um

Areola unterbrochen; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, dick, bauchig; Gesicht schwarz, mit rotem Clypeus und

breiten roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-graubraun; Tibia-III-Ende %-) schwarz; Tergit

1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Y gelbweißem Endband; Tergit 3 schwarz, mit gelber Sanduhr-

Zeichnung; folgende Tergite rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Messaure/S, 1.8.71, K. Müller (AEI).

Schweden.

28. Mesochorus declinans Habermehl

Mesochorus declinans Habermehl, 1922: 348-359, 2 &.

Diagnose. 9, 3: 4.6-8.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren = punktiert;

Bohrer < Tarsus IIL, 1; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht gelbrot, meist gebräunt bis geschwärzt; Thorax

schwarz oder schwarz + rot in unterschiedlicher Verteilung, meist Oberseite schwarz, Seiten rot;

Stigma graubraun; Femur III auffällig stark verdunkelt; Tibia III % bis Yı geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 mit schmalem, bis % breitem gelbem Endband; folgende Tergite gelbrot, mit Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Neugraben, 20.6.13, Habermehl (Senck.).

Ex Diprionini und Nematini.

Fundorte in Deutschland, Tschechien, Österreich, Schweiz, N-Italien.

M-Europa mit Alpengebiet.

29. Mesochorus triangulus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.8-5.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren flach

punktiert; Stigma verlängert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht gelbrot, mit breiten gelbweißen

Orbiten; Prothorax schwarz + rot; übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Makel; Metan-

otum-Absturz = rot; Stigma dunkelbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-% geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2

schwarz, mit 1/1 rotem Mittel-Dreieck; folgende Tergite rot, schwach vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Harzburg, Radau-Tal/D, 19.8.43, E. Bauer (ZSM). — Paratypen: 4?%, Harz/D, E. Bauer

(ZSM); 12, östl. Deutschland, H. Zoerner (DEI); 1%, Polen (?) (Warschau).

Polen, Deutschland.

30. Mesochorus semirufus Holmgren

Mesochorus semirufus Holmgren, 1858: 125, 2 G.

Diagnose. %, 3: 4,8-6,5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren ? deutlich,

ö schwach punktiert; Bohrer < (selten =) Tarsus III, 1, schmal, am Ende verjüngt; Griffel 2 Tarsus III,

2, stabförmig; Gesicht gelbrot, meist in der Mitte gebräunt bis geschwärzt, mit breiten gelbweißen

Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax vor allem beim S oft partiell rot; Mesopleuren selten partiell rot;

Mesoscutum mit + deutlicher brauner H-Zeichnung; Stigma heller oder dunkler braun; Tibia-IIl-Ende

? 4-1, 8 %-Ya geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit + breitem rotem Endband; ab Tergit

3 mit roter Mitte und seitlichen Verdunklungen, selten ganz rot.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Aubert 1961, Coll. Holmgren (Stockholm).

Ex Arge (Psch.W.), Eulimneria (Hz.) (Tenthredinidae).

Fundorte in Schweden, Deutschland, Tschechien, Österreich, Schweiz, Frankreich, N-Italien.

N-, M- und W-Europa bis N-Italien.

31. Mesochorus suomiensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren punktiert und

gerunzelt; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal, fast spitz; Gesicht rotbraun, mit gelbweißen Orbiten; Thorax

schwarz, Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende Y4-% geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 dto., mit

sehr schmalem weißem Endrand; folgende Tergite rot.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Oshobotria bor./SF, 6.82, K. Müller (AEI).

Finnland.

32. Mesochorus acutus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5-6.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Augenränder etwas

divergierend; Mesopleuren fein punktiert; Stigma verlängert; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1, schmal; Griffel

sehr lang (Tarsus III, 2 + 3), nadelspitz; Gesicht ? schwarz, mit breiten gelbweißen Orbiten, d: gelbweiß;

Thorax schwarz, d mit gelbrotem Prothorax und roten (+ schwarzen) Seiten, ? selten mit rot +

schwarzem Prothorax und Mesopleuren; Stigma hyalin-braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-Y4 geschwärzt; Tergit

1 schwarz; Tergit 2 dto., mit schmalem rötlichem Endrand; folgende Tergite rot, mit Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Garmisch, Obb./ D, Kreuzeckweg 1.400-1.600 m, E. Bauer (ZSM). — Paratypen: 13, Col des

Mosses/CH, R. Hinz (ZSM); 8??, 73, Österreich, Schweiz, Deutschland. [Haeselbarth (ZSM), Hinz (ZSM),

Schwarz (Schwarz), Zoerner (DEI)].

Ex Lartentia (Geometridae) via Eulimneria (Ichneumonidae) (Hz.); ex Eurois (Geometridae) via Micro-

gaster (Braconidae) (Hz.).

Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz.

33. Mesochorus iburganus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.9 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, kaum

verjüngt; Gesicht-Mitte gebräunt; Prothorax rot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Stigma dunkelbraun; Tibia-

III-Ende 4 schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 dto., mit Yı2 gelbweißem Endband; Tergit 3 rot, mit

seitlichen Verdunklungen; folgende Tergite rot.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Iburg/D, 9.50, R. Hinz (ZSM).

Ex Larentia (Geometridae) via Eulimneria (Ichneumonidae) (Hz.).

Deutschland.

34. Mesochorus mellis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren relativ stark

punktiert; Postpetiolus mit mehreren Furchen; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht rot + schwarz,

mit breiten weißen Orbiten, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Prothorax rot; übriger Thorax schwarz;

Mesoscutum mit großem rotem Fleck; Scutellum rot; Mesopleuren schwarz + rot; apikale Hälfte des

Metanotums rot; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende 4 geschwärzt; Tergit 1 mit schmaler roter

Endbinde; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Y4 roter bogenförmiger Endbinde; ab Tergit 3 honigfarbig.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Hohenschwangau, Bay./D, 830-1.050 m, 16.7.74, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Bayer. Alpen.

35. Mesochorus skaneus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.5-5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Postpetiolus mit Furch-

en; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, deutlich verjüngt; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, am Ende etwas breiter; Gesicht

gelbrot, mit helleren Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax und Mesopleuren rot + schwarz, Mesoscu-

tum mit brauner H-Makel; Scutellum-Seiten rot; Stigma (hyalin-)braun; Tibia-IIl-Ende $ % schwarz, d

% verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit dunkelroter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem Endrand; ?

Tergite 3 + 4 rot, mit dunklen Seiten, danach rot; d ab Tergit 3 rot.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Skäne/S, 9.69, Falle 4, Bo Svenssen (AEI). - Paratypen: 19, dto., Falle 3; 15, dto., Falle 1.

Schweden.

36. Mesochorus vittator (Zetterstedt)

Tryphon (Mesoleptus) vittator Zetterstedt, 1838: 387, d.

Mesochorus vittator, Holmgren 1858: 126, 2Ö.

Mesochorus brunneus Brischke, 1880: 184; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1988.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 4.2-6.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Hinterklauen gezähnt;

Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht rot, selten etwas gebräunt; Prothorax ? rot +

schwarz, d gelbrot; übriger Thorax schwarz; beim ? Mesoscutum mit + deutlicher brauner H-Makel;

Scutellum seitlich rot; beim d gelbrote Mesoscutum- und Scutellum-Färbung ausgeprägt; Meso- und

Metapleuren rot; Stigma heller oder dunkler braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-% geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit schmalem gelbem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 rot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen, diese

beim d ausgedehnter.

Typen. Verschollen.

Häufigste Art der Mesochorinae. Primärwirte vornehmlich Microlepidoptera (Yponomeuta, Plutella,

Tortrix u.a.).

Fundorte in allen Teilen Europas.

Europa, Asien.

37. Mesochorus zyganaus, spec. noV.

Beschreibung. %, d: 5.5-6.1 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III,

1, fast spitz; Griffel dünn, = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht gelbrot; Prothorax ? rot + schwarz, d schwarz; übriger

Thorax schwarz; Scutellum 2 mit roten Seiten; Stigma ? dunkelbraun, d braun; Coxa III verdunkelt

Tibia-III-Ende '4 schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbrotem Endrand; Tergit 32 rot,

mit breitem schwarzbraunem Mittel-Querband, 3 gelbrot, mit schwärzlichen Seiten; ab Tergit 4? rot,

d vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Zygana-Paß/Türkei, 26.7.73, E 393100, N 404100, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypus: 1, dto.

Türkei.

38. Mesochorus orbis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 45.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1,

schmal, am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Gesicht gelbrot, schwach gebräunt; Prothorax rot; Mesothorax-

Oberseite schwarz, Mesopleuren rot + schwarz, Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Makel; Scutellum rot,

basal schwarz; Metathorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % unscharf schwarz; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-% rötlichem Endsaum, zur Mitte vorgezogen; Tergit-3-Mitte rot,

Seiten schwarz; ab Tergit 4 rot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Kiruna/S, 15.7.69, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 10??, dto.

N-Schweden.

39. Mesochorus anglicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.1-6.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III,

1, schmal; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Prothorax $ gelbbraun, d gelbweiß; Mesothorax schwarz;

Mesoscutum bei ? mit roter H-Makel, beim 4 flächig rot; Scutellum-Seiten rot; Mesopleuren gelbbraun,

manchmal oben schwarz gefleckt; untere Mesopleuren und Mesosternum weißlich; Beine gelbrot (?),

weiß (d); Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-4 schwarz; Metathorax schwarz, mit roten Seiten

und rotem Metanotum-Absturz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Y gelbweißem Endsaum;

folgende Tergite gelbbraun bis gelbweiß, seitlich verdunkelt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Leicester/UK, 6.73, Jennifer Owen (AEI). - Paratypen: 13, 23? 9, dto.

England.

40. Mesochorus artus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.9-6.1 mm; Schläfe extrem schmal; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III,

1, schmal; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht braun bis schwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax

schwarz(-braun); Mesoscutum + Scutellum mit helleren Wischen; Stigma dunkler (?) oder heller (3)

braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende undeutlich schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz(-braun), mit %-

% rötlicher Endaufhellung; Tergit 3 und folgende rot (2) oder braun bis schwarz (J).

Typen. Holotypus: $, Niedis/PL, 13 v, 21.-26.7.77, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau). — Paratypen: 17, ex Zygaena sp.

(Burgeff); 15, Niedzwiady/PL, leg. Ekipa, IOLID AR (Warschau); 13, (Kopf auf Etikett geklebt), Roßlau/D, Nr.

45/92, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Polen, Deutschland.

41. Mesochorus rufoniger Brischke

Mesochorus rufoniger Brischke, 1880: 185, 2.

Mesoschorus brevigenas Thomson, 1885: 338, ? S; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1981.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 5.4-6.6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht fein

punktiert; Petiolus mit Furchen und Runzeln; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, etwas bauchig; Griffel < Tarsus

II, 2; Gesicht ? schwarz(-braun), mit weißen Orbiten, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß, 3 gelbrot; Thorax

? schwarz, mit braunen Wischen auf Mesoscutum und Scutellum, Mesopleuren schwarz + rot; Stigma

dunkelbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % undeutlich schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbro-

tem Endrand; folgende Tergite rot, mit schwachen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Verschollen. — M. brevigena Thomson: Lectotypus: ?, Horstmann 1966 (UZI Lund).

Ex Laspeyresia (Tortricidae) (Puhl.), Zygaena (Zygaenidae) (Bur.), Leucoma (Lymantriidae) (Brischke).

Fundorte in Schweden, Rußland, Polen, Deutschland.

N-, E- und M-Europa.

42. Mesochorus doleri, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.0-6.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren (fast)

glatt; Postpetiolus mit Delle; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig, dünn; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht

braun(-schwarz), mit roten Orbiten, neben den Fühlern dreieckig rot; Prothorax schwarz + rot, übriger

Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum + Scutellum mit braunen Wischen, bei d Mesopleuren rot + schwarz;

Stigma hellbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende %-Yı geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem

Endband; folgende Tergite ? rot, d Tergit 3 (+ 4) rot, danach verdunkelt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Einbeck/D, 28.8.59, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 17, Harz/D; 14, Zwiesel, Bay./D; 15,

Kassel/D - alle R. Hinz (Z5SM); 234, Tomna Stas./PL, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau).

Ex Dolerus vertigalis (Tenthredinidae) via Trematopygum (Ichneumonidae) (Hz.); ex Loderus sp. (Ten-

thredinidae) (Hz.).

M-Europa.

43. Mesochorus fennicus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht fein

punktiert; Stigma verbreitert; Tergit 1 mit 2 Längsfurchen; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, ziemlich breit, Ende

gerundet; Kopf und Thorax schwarz, Metathorax rot; Mesoscutum mit braunen Striemen; Stigma

braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-Y geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem Endrand, dieser

in der Mitte dreieckig bis % Tergitlänge; folgende Tergite rot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Utsjoki/SF, Nr. 190, 1986, Rinohomäki (Rinohomäki). — Paratypus: 1?, dto, (ohne Abdo-

men).

Ex Dineura virid. (Tenthredinidae) (Rin.).

Finnland.

44. Mesochorus moskwanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mespleuren dicht flach

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal, fast spitz; Gesicht gelbweiß; Prothorax sowie Seiten von Meso-

und Metathorax rot; Mesoscutum mit rotem H-Fleck; Scutellum überwiegend rot; Stigma schwarz-

braun; Coxae und Beine weiß; Tibia-IlI-Ende % schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %

gelbem Endrand; folgende Tergite rot, mit schwachen seitlichen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Moskau/USSR, 9.8.68, H. & M. Townes (AEI).

Russland.

45. Mesochorus testaceus Gravenhorst

Mesochorus testaceus Gravenhorst, 1829: 1973, &.

Mesochorus testaceus Holmgren, 1858: 128, ? d. (22???)

Diagnose. ?, d: 6-8 mm; Schläfe 2 Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; unterer Mandibelzahn >

oberer; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig; Griffel > Tarsus II, 2, dünn;

Gesicht gelbrot; Thorax % rot, mit schwarzem Mesonotum und Metathorax, Mesoscutum mit rotem H-

Fleck; Scutellum partiell rot, selten schwarz; selten Prothorax und Mesopleuren (partiell) schwarz; &

Thorax ganz rot, mit braunen Flecken oberseits; Stigma braun; Tibia-Ill-Ende schmal undeutlich

verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz, selten schwarz + rot; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-Y, gelbrotem Endrand;

folgende Tergite rot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Seytropia (Yponomeutidae) (Jä.); ex Olethreutes (Tortricidae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Schw.).

Fundorte in Finnland und Schweden bis N-Frankreich und Tschechien.

N- und M-Europa.

46. Mesochorus schwarzi, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 3: 4 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht fein

punktiert; Griffel > Tarsus IIL, 2; Gesicht über Clypeus stark verdunkelt; Prothorax schwarz + rot;

übriger Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal undeutlich verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Yıe weißem Endrand; Tergit 3 schmal gelbweiß, % schwarz, % rot; folgende

Tergite rot, mit Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Zellreit b. Krispl, Salzburg/A, 29.7.88, M. Schwarz (Schwarz).

Salzburger Alpen.

47. Mesochorus minutulus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 4: 2.4 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma verbreitert; Postpet-

iolus mit Gruben und Runzeln; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, zum Ende verbreitert; Gesicht gelbrot; Prothorax

rot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesopleuren mit roten Flecken; Stigma braun; Tibia-III-Ende % undeut-

lich verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz mit Yıo weißem Endrand; Tergit 3 rotbraun, basal

1 gelbweiß, mit Y gelbweißer Zunge; folgende Tergite hellrot, mit dunkelroten Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Werneck/D, 29.9.66, K. Horstmann (Horstmann).

Deutschland.

Gruppe 7.6. pectoralis

Diagnose. Abdomen: Dunkel-Hell-Dunkel (DHD). Tergit 1 schwarz(-braun); Abdomen-Mitte =

Tergite (2 +) 3 (+ 4) hell (gelb, rot, hellbraun); folgende Tergite dunkel (schwarz, grau, dunkelbraun)

oder hell/dunkel gebändert (vespoid).

Bestimmungstabelle der Arten (2?)

1(44) Stigma (überwiegend) hyalin, gelb oder weiß

2(29) Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1

3(12) Tibia-III-Ende breit (min. %) verdunkelt

4(9) Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1

Sa ee RO 1. virgatus, spec. nov. (S. 99)

6(5) Gesicht schwarz

7(8) Länge 6 mm; Bohrer-Ende aufgebogen ................„erssmenseosnensensssensnnene 2. alternus, spec. nov. (S. 99)

8(7) Länge 3mm; Bohrer gerade ........usueescsensnsosreenensorosnernonzernrosonenenensnsnscnenense 3. rapae, spec. nov. (S. 99)

9(4) Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1

IB) Fereit 1 Basıs schwarzen... anne nenne nen een ne 4. septentrionalis, spec. nov. (S. 99)

TUN leroit | Basıszrof .. 0.2.0.2... nennen nee redete ee 5. provocator Aubert (S. 100)

12(3) Tibia-III-Ende schmal (max. Y) verdunkelt

13(18) Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1

AS) Tereit 2 Ende Yo, weibgelb nu.2.n rennen neeenereeae en 6. bucculentus, spec. nov. (S. 100)

15(14) Tergit-2-Ende %-% rot

Jana @esicht, heil u. 2, eu. ren ensure annnnegnedene 7. tenebricosus, spec. nov. (S. 100)

17(16) [Gesicht verdunkelt (Exemplar mit gebänd. Abdomen-Hinterhälfte) clarus, spec. nov.] (S. 84)

18(13) Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1

IS OD) Stiema; weiß, schillemndk.......ne.sesseetese nes serennesareansaegnearpererenern 8. versicolor, spec. nov. (S. 100)

20(19) Stigma hyalin oder gelb

21(24) Mesopleuren ganz oder teilweise rot

22123) Mesopleurenirob een essen nee 9. extremus, spec.

23(22) Mesppleuren rot. + SCHWARZ. a. senken nee nee 10. bicolor, spec.

24(21) Mesopleuren schwarz

25(26). "Lereit-2-Ende% Hotb:.... ahnen nennen nee ee 11. morenator, spec.

26(25) Tergit-2-Ende %-Yıo gelblich

2728)" Mesopleuren(tast)\elatt se. ee ehe. 12. norrbyneus, spec.

28(272), Mesopleuren'stärk'punktiertn. er... nennen 13. boreus, spec.

29(2) Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1

30(37) Tibia-II-Ende breit (min. %) verdunkelt

3132). Hbia-Il-cEnde %; schwarzen. need 1

(31) Tibia-III-Ende % schwarz

33(36) Tergit-2-Ende % weiß

Ga)esSchläafe < Auigenpreie. rennen 15,

(34) ‚Schläfe > Augenbteile............:uveues ee he nn re see

3683). Tersie 2-Ender va Toten. en. een nenne trennen eher 17:

(30) Tibia-II-Ende schmal (max. Y) verdunkelt oder hell

(41) Tibia-IIl-Ende hell oder max. Yıo verdunkelt

(49 Ocellus Vertexbrucker 2... en 1

(3I)M@cellus®> Vertexbrücker2..... ee ee

41(38) Tibia-Ill-Ende Y-Y geschwärzt

ZI AS) CoxalMiliverdumkeltern.r 2. reereeeeeeeee

ABA2) TCoxariilie

44(1) Stigma (heller oder dunkler) braun

45(108) Bohrer > Tarsus II, 1

46(93) Tibia-IIl-Ende breit (min. %) verdunkelt

47(54) Schläfe 2 Augenbreite

48(49) Schläfe > Augenbreite ........2....r2uetsss-.anssasessnnonsnrnnnneraunnseseransnennbgrare

49(48) Schläfe = Augenbreite

50(5

51(50

52(53) ' Mesopleuren! glatt =...

1)”. Stigma schwarzbraun ...........20..4:keasasenepensenunessnonennsngeesonrnneesenengen rare

)

Stigma heller braun

93192), "Mesopleuren stark punkuert unseren

54(4

55(62

) Schläfe < Augenbreite

)

Mesopleuren schwarz(-braun) + rot

4. sardegnae, spec.

tenuiscapus, spec.

16. myrtilli, spec.

tarnabyanus, spec.

8. subfuscus, spec.

19. luridipes, spec.

20. riparius, spec.

21. nitidus , spec.

22. superbus, spec.

..23. arduus, spec.

....24. bellus, spec.

25. sufflatus, spec.

noV.

NOV.

noV.

NOV.

noV.

. 101)

. 102)

. 103)

. 104)

56(57)

57(56)

58(59)

59(58)

60(61)

61(60)

62(55)

63(64)

64(63)

65(76)

66(67)

67(66)

68(69)

69(68)

7071)

71(70)

72(73)

73(72)

74(75)

75(74)

76(65)

77(84)

78(79)

79(78)

80(81)

81(80)

82(83)

83(82)

84(77)

85(88)

86(87)

87(86)

88(85)

89(90)

90(89)

91(92)

erst Enlery/a weiß nn. ee En 26. lunarius, spec.

Tergit-2-Ende 4-Yı rot

Tereir 2 Endermit’Yı rotem Dreieck... 27. messaureus, Spec.

Tergit-2-Ende 4-1 rot

Rene 2-Esclband3% TOf .........s0mensarstscsenneneneeennnmenenneeeeenennne 28. venerandus, spec.

Bee SErelDanıck AalTot nel nenresuneesenannenenmeeneenrer een 29. dilobatus, spec.

Mesopleuren schwarz

IMESOSTSR IT NO ee 30. sternalis, spec.

Mesosternum schwarz

Tergit-2-Endband Yıo-Yı2 weiß

Grin gel 31. pumilionis, spec.

Gesicht gebräunt oder geschwärzt

(Selen Soon ee 32. bracatus, spec.

Gesicht geschwärzt

Beinen stasppllz teens kann aneanacsneeeanenannseregere een 33. olitorius, spec.

Bohrer-Ende stumpf

Siiemarhyalin-braumerau.....s...msesessssnestrnenensnesteeeeseeneeeeeee 34. hortensis, spec.

Stigma schwarzbraun

Gesichtsmitte mit erhöhtem Kiel ......................neneenn 35. carinatus, spec.

@esientsmitterochnmerkKiele...... 36. insularis, spec.

Tergit-2-Endband %-Y, rot

Tergit-2-Endband %-% rot

Gesichtsgebraunt .....eesesene een 37. martinus, spec.

Gesicht geschwärzt

Stemamhellbraun®t:.:...2.2....0e ee 38. aranealis, spec.

Stigma schwarzbraun

känge4:5 mm; Bohrer'schmal, schwarz... num er 39. iniquus, spec.

Länsei6 a mm7Bohrer breit, rot... nu 40. canaveseus, spec.

Tergit-2-Endband %-Y rot

Mesopleuren stark punktiert

Ikbsa-NEENdeRANschWarze ee 41. cacuminis, spec.

bie Endesd4 Verdunkelt sn... 0 ne 42. gladiator, spec.

Mesopleuren (fast) glatt

NebenRühlerordreieckie,weiß........ur..n. re 43. gemellus, spec.

Neben Fühlern anders gefärbt

Eoxa; II, schwarz. ern neeeeeeen 44. piemontensis, spec.

NOV.

noV.

NOV.

noV.

nOoV.

noV.

NOV.

noV.

(S.

105)

« 105)

..1105)

. 105)

. 106)

107)

. 107)

. 108)

108)

. 108)

. 109)

92(91)

93(46)

95(105)

95(98)

96(97)

97(96)

98(95)

99(102)

100(101)

101(100)

102(99)

103(104)

104(103)

105(94)

106(107)

107(106)

108(45)

109(126)

110(117)

111(112)

112(111)

113(114)

114(113)

115(116)

116(115)

117(110)

118(119)

119(118)

120(121)

121(120)

122(123)

12%

124(125)

125(124)

126(109)

ER OE en 45. ovimaculatus, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-III-Ende schmal (max. Y) dunkel

Mesopleuren schwarz

Gesicht (z.T.) schwarz

Bohrer geraden n...08 s0nsne se heuer ehe ennne nee 46. pullus, spec. nov. (S

Bohren gebogen. 2... ER 47. terebratus, spec. nov. (S

Gesicht hell oder gebräunt

Stigma hyalin-braun

Lange 4.5’mm; Klauen sekammt...........u ren 48. pectinipes Bridgman (S.

4 mm; Klauen ungekämmt...n.ennee en 49. amnicolaris, spec. nov. (S

Stigma schwarzbraun

COX IT A N ANNETTE 50. mülleri, spec. nov. (S

Koxalliliseschwanatken. en 51. horstmanni, spec. (S

Mesopleuren rot + schwarz

Schlafer = nmsenbreite 2... n..2. ee 52. inflatus, spec. nov. (S

Schlaferseaugenbreite....22 2 Er ee 53. meridionator Aubert (S.

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1

Tibia-Ill-Ende breit (min. %) dunkel

Schläfe 2 Augenbreite

Sechlate >PAugenbeeite .......nnen. nen 54. pascuus, spec. nov. (S

Schläfe = Augenbreite

Ters#t-2-Endrande Tat... nee ee 55. zwettleus, spec. nov. (S

Tergit-2-Endrand ca. Yı2 weiß

Abdomen-Hiimterhälfte schwarz ...........02eeneeeeeneeeeeeennee nenne 56. chasseralis, spec. nov. (S

Abdomen-Flinterhaältte gebändert .............M.umeen 57. oxfordensis, spec. nov. (S

Schläfe < Augenbreite

Tergit.2 mit % selbweißem Dreieck...............2...2:3% 58. pyramideus, spec. nov. (S

Tergit 2 mit %4-Yı2 hellem Endband

Tergit 2 mit Yo weißem Endband".............en.2.2. seen 59. solus, spec. nov. (S

Tergit 2 mit %4-Y gelbrotem Endband

Mesopleuren rofl... ee ee 60. tenuigenae, spec. nov. (S.

Mesopleuren schwarz

Neben Fühlern weißes Dreieck... 61. pectoralis Ratzeburg (S.

Neben: Fühlerntanders gefärbt... un... 62. diluvius, spec. nov. (S.

Tibia-III-Ende schmal (max. %) dunkel .................uuuueeeeeeeeeeenee 63. versuranus, spec. (S.

109)

. 109)

110)

. 110)

.111)

111)

.111)

212)

)

112)

. 112)

.112)

113)

1. Mesochorus virgatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.2 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Stigma verbreitert; Bohrer sehr lang (Tarsus III, 1 + 2), schmal, stark verjüngt; Gesicht

gelblich, mit 3 braunen Flecken, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax-Oberseite braun; Mesoscutum

mit hellerer H-Makel; Thorax-Seiten gelbrot; Stigma trüb-hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y4-% schwarz; Tergit 1

schwarzbraun; Tergit 2 braun, mit %4 rotem Endband; folgende Tergite rotbraun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 4 km SSE, 18.6.88, Nr. 12/88, Mulde-Auenwald, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Östl. Deutschland.

2. Mesochorus alternus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren flach punktiert;

Nervulus postfurkal; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, breit stabförmig; Gesicht geschwärzt, mit breiten gelbroten

Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin, mit Gelbstich; Tibia-IIl-Ende %schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % weißlichem Endband; Tergit 3 dreifarbig: % bogenförmiger roter Basalsaum,

braunschwarzes und braunes Band; Tergit 4 dunkel-hellbraun gebändert; ab Tergit 5 schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Umgebung Linz/A, 19.5.27, H. Priesner (ZSM).

Österreich.

3. Mesochorus rapae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, S: 3mm; Schläfe ? <, d = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren

schütter punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, relativ breit; Griffel = Tarsus Ill, 2, dünn; Gesicht stark

gebräunt, mit schmalen (%), breiteren (d) gelbroten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit +

deutlicher brauner H-Makel; Stigma trüb-hyalin; Coxa III gebräunt; Tibia-IIl-Ende '4-% schwarz; Tergit

1 schwarz; Tergit 2 dto., mit %-Ys gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 längs der Mitte rot, seitlich schwarz;

folgende Tergite schwarz(-braun).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Warszawa/PL, 9.8.71, T. Plenica (Warschau). - Paratypen: 235, Messaure/S; K. Müller

(AEI).

Ex Pieris via Apanteles (Plen.).

Schweden, Polen.

4. Mesochorus septentrionalis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.1 mm; Schläfe = Wangenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Stigma verkleinert; Postpetiolus mit Furche und Rillen; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, am Ende etwas

aufgebogen; Gesicht gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit schwacher brauner H-Makel; Scutel-

lum mit braunen Seiten; Stigma hyalin; Coxa III schwach verdunkelt; Tibia-III-Ende % geschwärzt;

Tergit 1 schwarz, mit dunkelroter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit schmalem hellen Endrand; folgende

Tergite rot, mit braunen Bändern (selten in der Mitte durchgehend rot (s. Schlüssel DHH).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Kiruna/S, 3.8.68, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 1?, dto.; 17, Abisko/S, R. Hinz (ZSM); 19,

Thorsarver/Isl., Falle B 21, E. Olavsson (AEI).

Island, N-Schweden.

5. Mesochorus provocator Aubert

Mesochorus provocator Aubert, 1965: 21, 2 d.

Diagnose. ?, d: 3.5-4.6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > (2), < (3) Vertexbrücke; Postpetiolus mit

Längsrillen; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, am Ende verbreitert; Gesicht

gebräunt bis geschwärzt; Thorax schwarz, mit brauner H-Makel und braunen Scutellum-Seiten; Pro-

thorax und Mesopleuren partiell rot; Stigma hyalin; Coxa III gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt;

Tergit 1 schwarz, mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit '% gelbrotem Endband; Tergit 3 basale Hälfte

gelbrot, apikale schwarz, selten rotgelb; folgende Tergite rot, mit dunklen Bändern oder ganz dunkel.

Typen. Holotypus ?, Bernay (Eure) (F., 7.54), J. F. Aubert (Aubert).

Ex Porthesia (Lymantriidae) (Aubert); ex Ephyra (Geometridae) via Apanteles (Cap.); ex Geometridae an

Kiefer via Apanteles (Schw.).

M-Europa.

6. Mesochorus bucculentus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht punk-

tiert; Stigma schmal; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht gelbrot, mit breiten weißen Orbiten, neben Fühlern

dreieckig weiß; Stigma überwiegend hyalin; Prothorax schwarz + rot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Coxa

III verdunkelt; Tibia-Ill-Ende schmal undeutlich verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Yı2

weißem Endrand; ab Tergit 3 rot/dunkelbraun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Nichelino, TO/L Stupinigi, 9.-14.5.88, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino); nach der Besch-

reibung Abdomen verloren.

N-Italien.

7. Mesochorus tenebricosus, spec. noV.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.6-5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal, zum Ende stark verjüngt; Gesicht rot; Thorax schwarz; Stigma

hyalin; Tibia-IlI-Ende % unscharf verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz, Tergit 2 schwarz, mit "4 gelbrotem

Endsaum; Tergit-3-Mitte rot, Seiten schwärzlich; folgende Tergite schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Col. d’Ornon/F, E 055900, N 450200, 10.7.75, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 17, Les Deux

Alpes/F, 12, Kandersteg/CH, R. Hinz (ZSM).

Französ. und Schweizer Alpen.

8. Mesochorus versicolor, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 3.6-5.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren fein

punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, relativ breit, am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn,

nadelspitz; Gesicht ? rotgelb, mit weißen Orbiten, d gelbweiß; Thorax ? rot, mit braunen Wischen auf

Mesoscutum, Scutellum und Mesopleuren; 3 Prothorax gelbweiß, übriger Thorax braunrot; Mesoscu-

tum mit gelbroter H-Makel; Scutellum rot; Stigma hyalin, weiß schillernd; Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal

undeutlich verdunkelt; Tergit 1 braunschwarz, mit roter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarzbraun, mit schmalem

weißem Endsaum; Tergit 3? rotbraun, d weiß, mit braunen Seiten; Tergit 4 basal % weiß, danach 7

rotbraun; folgende Tergite rotbraun, mit feinen weißen Grenzsäumen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Skäne/S, Falle 4, Bo Svensson, 7.69 (AEI). — Paratypus: 14, Polen, Nr. 916 (Warschau).

S-Schweden, Polen.

100

9. Mesochorus extremus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.3 mm; Schläfe extrem schmal; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Gesicht quadratisch; Stigma

verbreitert; Postpetiolus mit Rillen; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht rot, mit Verdunklungen;

Prothorax rot, übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit flächiger gelber Zeichnung; Scutellum über-

wiegend rot; Mesopleuren oben etwas rot; Stigma trüb-hyalin; Coxa III gebräunt; Tibia III weiß, am

Ende Y schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit dunkelroter Basis; ab Tergit 4 dunkel/hell gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus:?, Polen, Nr. 927 (Warschau).

Polen.

10. Mesochorus bicolor, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.0-6.9 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus £ Vertexbrücke; Postpetiolus mit

Delle; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1, relativ breit; Griffel = Tarsus III, schlank, stabförmig; Gesicht ? schwarz,

d gebräunt, mit hellen Orbiten; Prothorax ? rot + braun, d gelbbraun; Mesothorax $ braun, mit

gelblicher H-Makel auf Mesoscutum, roten Scutellum-Seiten und zweifarbigen Mesopleuren: oben rot,

unten schwarz; Mesothorax d ganz rot; Metathorax $ schwarz, d oben (rot +) braun, seitlich rot; Stigma

hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende Ys-Yıo verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende mit Ys-Yı2 gelbweißem En-

drand; Tergit 3 rot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen (selten auch Tergite 4 + 5 rot); ab Tergit 4 schwarz /

braun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Gröbenzell, Bay./D, 6.7.78, W. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypen: 12?%, (Ryrholm/S, Hinz/

D, Schwenke/D, Zoerner/D, Schwarz/A) und 1038, (Schwenke/D, Ryrholm/S, Hinz/D, Haeselbarth/D;

(Haeselbarth, Hinz, Schwenke: ZSM).

Ex Operophthera (Geometridae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Hz.); ex Leucoma (Lymantriidae) (Ryr.).

N- und M-Europa.

11. Mesochorus morenator, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma vergrößert; Meso-

pleuren stark punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht gebräunt, mit gelbroten Orbiten, neben Fühlern

dreieckig weiß; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit braunem H-Fleck; Scutellum-Seiten rot; Stigma

schmutzig-hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem

Endsaum; folgende Tergite rot/braun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, El-Soldado, Sierra Morena/E, 21.5.26, Seyrig (Paris). Kopf gesondert geklebt.

Iberische Halbinsel.

12. Mesochorus norrbyneus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.5 mm; Schläfe schmal; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma schmal; Petiolus mit 3

Furchen; Tergit 2 basal mit Grube; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1; Gesicht stark gebräunt; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-

III-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Yı6 weißem

Endband; Tergit 3 rotbraun, seitlich verdunkelt; ab Tergit 4 vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Norrbyn/S, 20.9.80, K. Müller (AEI)

Schweden.

101

13. Mesochorus boreus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.8 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schmal, zum Ende verdünnt; Gesicht schwach verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz,

mit roter H-Makel auf Mesoscutum und roten Scutellum-Seiten; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende sehr

schmal verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende ca. Ys gelblich; Tergit 3 mit rotgelber Mittellasche

bis %; ab Tergit 4 dunkler-vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Kvikkiokk/S, 1.7.64, R. Hinz (ZSM).

Schweden.

14. Mesochorus sardegnae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.5 mm; Schläfe sehr schmal; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Stigma lang und schmal;

Bohrer < Tarsus IIl, 1, dick; Gesicht schwarz, mit gelbweißen Orbiten, die, sich verschmälernd, in

Fühlerhöhe enden; Thorax rot; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Makel; Stigma überwiegend hyalin; Tibia-

III-Ende %-" schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergite 2 + 3 dunkelrot; ab Tergit 4 schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Sardegna/l, Rio Piscinas, Marina di Arbus (CA), 25.5.82, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzi-

no).

Italien.

15. Mesochorus tenuiscapus Thomson

Diagnose. 9, S: 4,2 - 5,7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren dicht

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1; Griffel = Tarsus IIl, 2, nadelspitz; Gesicht rot; Prothorax rotgelb;

übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Makel; Scutellum-Seiten rot; Mesopleuren rot +

braun; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-Ill-Ende % schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-Ys rotem

Endrand; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich geschwärzt; folgende Tergite schwarz.

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke 1968 (UZI Lund).

Ex Taeniocampa (Noctuidae) via Braconidae (Hz.); ex Larentia (Geometridae) via Braconidae (Hz.).

Zahlreiche Fundorte in Schweden,Deutschland, Österreich und N-Italien.

N- und M-Europa.

16. Mesochorus myrtilli, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.2 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma klein und schmal;

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, am Ende kaum verjüngt; Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax

schwarz; Stigma größtenteils hyalin; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit 2 mit schmalem weißem Endsaum; Tergit 3 längs der Mitte gelbrot, Seiten schwarz-

braun; folgende Tergite schwarzbraun, mit schmalen apikalen Aufhellungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Reither-Alm/D, 850 m, 26.5.71, an Heidelbeeren, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Dt. Alpen.

17. Mesochorus tarnabyanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren grob punkti-

ert; Nervulus praefurkal; Postpetiolus mit feinen Rillen; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht leicht

102

gebräunt; Prothorax rot; übriger Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit angedeuteter brauner H-Makel;

Scutellum-Seiten braun; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2

schwarz, mit % gelbweißem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, mit verdunkelten Seiten; folgende Tergite schwarz-

braun.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Tarnaby/S, 21.7.69, R. Hinz (ZSM).

Schweden.

18. Mesochorus subfuscus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2, d: 3.6-5.8 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren fein

punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, mit großen

Basalkörpern (Abb. 2C); Gesicht schwach gebräunt; ganzer Körper rot und hellbraun; dunkelbraune

Teile: Schulterstreifen; Tergit 1, außer hellroter Basis; bei Exemplar aus Schweden und Thüringen auch

Metanotum, aus Thüringen auch Mesopleuren partiell dunkelbraun; Tergit 2 dunkelbraun, außer

schmalem hellerem Endband; ab Tergit 3 dunkelbraun/hellbraun, vespoid.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Kelchsau/A, 1.850 m, 22.7.71, E. Haeselbarth (Z5M). — Paratypen: 32%, Haeselbarth,

Österr. Alpen + Dt. Alpen; 14, Scaramozzino, Ital. Alpen; 234, Österr. Alpen, Schwarz, Hartig; 14, Thüring.

Wald/D, Zoerner; (Haeselbarth, Hartig: ZSM; H. Zoerner: DEI).

Ex Lygris (Geometridae) via Rogas (Braconidae) (Haes.); ex Geometridae-Raupe an Vaccinium myrtillus

(Geometridae) (Haes.).

M-Europa, montan und alpin.

19. Mesochorus luridipes, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1, breit,

gerade, zum Ende kaum verjüngt; Gesicht rotbraun, mit breiten rotgelben Orbiten; Prothorax gelb;

Mesothorax gelbrot; Mesoscutum mit braunen Wischen; Scutellum partiell braun; Mesopleuren basal

2% braun; Metathorax schwarz; Beine weiß; Tibia-II-Ende schmal schwach verdunkelt; Abdomen

schwarz; Tergit 2 mit Yı» weißem Endband; Tergit 3 längs der Mitte gelbrot, Seiten braun; Tergit 4

braun, mit von der Basis-Mitte ausgehender breiter gelber Zunge bis Segment-Mitte; folgende Tergite

braun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Skäne/S, 8.69, Falle 1, Bo Svensson (AEI).

Schweden.

20. Mesochorus riparius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.1 mm; Schläfe sehr schmal; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punktiert;

Tergit 1 mit langer Mittelfurche; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht geschwärzt, mit roten Orbiten;

Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin; Coxa III stark gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende ca. Yıo geschwärzt; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbweißem Endband; Tergit 3 basale Hälfte gelbrot, apikale Hälfte

schwarz; folgende Tergite schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 4 km SSW, 19.9.85, Nr. 267/85, Taube-Ufer, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Deutschland.

21. Mesochorus nitidus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, breit,

am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Gesicht schwarz, mit roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma überwiegend

103

hyalin; Coxa III und Femur III gebräunt; Tibia-IIl-Ende % verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2

schwarz, mit Y gelbem Endrand; Tergit 3 rot, Seiten verdunkelt; folgende Tergite braun/rot gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Grünten b. Sonthofen, Obb./D, 1.450-1.600 m, 15.8.83, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Bayer. Alpen.

22. Mesochorus superbus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.0-6.5 mm; Schläfe viel > Augenbreite; Ocellen extrem klein; Gesicht stark

aufgebläht; Mesopleuren dicht und tief punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig; Griffel = Tarsus

III, 2; Gesicht ? schwarz, mit breiten roten Orbiten, d gelbrot; Thorax ? schwarz, mit braunen Wischen

auf Mesoscutum und Scutellum; d Prothorax rot, Mesopleuren rot + schwarz, Mesoscutum mit

flächiger rotgelber H-Makel; Scutellum-Seiten rot; Stigma hyalin-braun; Coxa III oben stark gebräunt;

Tibia-Ill-Ende \4 geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % (2), % (3) gelbrotem Endsaum;

Tergit 3 rot, beim d mit Verdunklungen; folgende Tergite schwarzbraun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Fischen, Allgäu/D, 25.8.80, W. Schwenke (ZSM). - Paratypen: 236, Tirol/A, E. Haesel-

barth (ZSM); 18, Harz/D, E. Bauer (ZSM); 13, Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Europa.

23. Mesochorus arduus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 4.8-5.2 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Metanotum-Absturz

auffallend steil; Area post. auffallend groß; Bohrer viel > Tarsus III, 1, etwas nach unten gebogen;

Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn, etwas nach oben gebogen; Gesichtsmitte geschwärzt (?) oder gebräunt (9),

mit weißgelben Orbiten, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit schwacher

brauner H-Makel; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III oben geschwärzt; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt;

Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit sehr schmalem weißsgelbem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rotgelb, seitlich

verdunkelt; ab Tergit 4 braun/gelb gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Skäne/S, 6.69, Falle 2, B. Svensson (AEI). - Paratypen: 33d, dto.

Schweden.

24. Mesochorus bellus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 3.5-3.6 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Abdomen fast spitz-

eiförmig; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig dünn; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2, relativ klobig; Gesicht gelbrot,

leicht verdunkelt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-bräunlich; Coxa III stark verdunkelt; Tibia-IIl-Ende

1 schwarz; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit ca. Yı weißem Endsaum; Tergit 3 mit schmalem gelbem

Basalsaum.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Viechtach, Bayer. Wald/D, 8.71, W. Schwenke (ZSM). — Paratypus: 13, (ohne nähere

Angaben) (ZSM).

M-Europa.

25. Mesochorus sufflatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 5.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; unter jedem Fühler eine

flache Grube; Mesopleuren dicht grob punktiert; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1, stabförmig; Gesicht schwarz,

mit roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit roter H-Makel; Scutellum-Seiten rot; Stigma

hyalin-braun; Coxa III oben verdunkelt; Tibia-Ill-Ende 4 schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz,

mit Y4 gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 hellrot, am Ende seitlich verdunkelt; folgende Tergite schwarz-

braun.

104

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Griesenau, Tirol/A, 700 m, 4.6.68, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Ost-Alpen.

26. Mesochorus lunarius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4 mm; Schläfe < Wangesbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punkti-

ert; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht rot; Stirnseiten halbmondförmig weiß; Thorax rot, mit braunen

Verdunklungen; Stigma hyalin; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt; Stiel dunkelbraun, mit roter Basis und

Spitze; Tergit 2 schwarzbraun, mit schmalem hellem Endband; folgende Tergite rot, mit dunklen

Querbändern.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Sierra Morena/E, El Soldado, 23.7.26, Seyrig (Paris). - Paratypus: 12, dto (ohne Abdomen,

Hinterbeine und rechten Vorderflügel).

Iberische Halbinsel.

27. Mesochorus messaureus, spec. noVv.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma gleichschenklig;

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal, fast spitz; Gesicht rot; Thorax rot; Mesoscutum braun, mit gelber H-

Makel; Basal-Hälfte des Metanotums braun; Stigma hell-graubraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt;

Tergit 1 dreifarbig: rot-braun-rot; Tergit 2 braun, mit Yı unscharfem rotem Dreieck; folgende Tergite rot

+ braun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Messaure/S, 9.71, K. Müller (AEI).

Schweden.

28. Mesochorus venerandus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 7,6 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma vergrößert;

Flügelgeäder stark dunkel gefärbt; Bohrer = Tarsus Il, 1, breit; Gesicht rot, mit weißsen Orbiten, neben

Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax gelbrot, nur Mesoscutum-Makel und basale Hälfte des Metanotums

braun; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz + % apikal

gelb; ab Tergit 3 rot, mit dominanten braunen Verdunklungen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Ochrid, S.H.S., Macedonia, 6.1835 (!), R. Wolfschläger (ZSM).

Balkan.

29. Mesochorus dilobatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 3.0-3.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus = Vertexbrücke; Stigma verbreitert;

Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht gelbrot, mit gelbweißen Orbiten;

Stigma graubraun, mit hyalinen oberen Ecken; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit

hellroter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 3: % gelbrot, % schwarzbraun;

folgende Tergite schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Krailling/D, 6.52, Esch (ZSM). — Paratypen: 7??, 255, Polen, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau).

Ex Diloba (Noctuidae) via Apanteles (Braconidae) (Esch).

Deutschland, Polen.

105

30. Mesochorus sternalis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, sehr

schmal; Gesicht rot, mit gelbweißen Orbiten; Thorax schwarz, Pro- und Mesosternum auffallend rot;

Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-III-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2: % schwarz, % rötlich;

Tergit 3 Mittelstreifen rot, Seiten schwärzlich; folgende Tergite braun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Zwiesel, Bayer. Wald/D, 20.7.68, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

SE-Deutschland.

31. Mesochorus pumilionis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 3 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma vergrößert; Bohrer =

Tarsus III, 1, breit; Gesicht rot, leicht gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit angedeuteter brauner

H-Makel; Scutellum-Seiten braun; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende "4 geschwärzt; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit schmalem weißlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 Mittelstreifen rot, seitlich

braun; folgende Tergite rot, mit breiten braunen Querbändern.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Leicester/UK, 8.73, Jennifer Owen (AEI). — Paratypus: 1?, dto.

England.

32. Mesochorus bracatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 3.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Femur III verdickt; Bohrer

= Tarsus III, 1, kurz, stabförmig; Gesicht rot, mit Verdunklungen; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-

braun; Coxa III stark verdunkelt; Femur III verdunkelt; Tibia-Ill-Ende %- geschwärzt; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit schmalem weißlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 längs der Mitte rot, seitlich

verdunkelt; ab Tergit 4 dunkelbraun.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Kerry Eire Beirne/Irland, 6.8.40 (leg. ?) (AEI).

Irland.

33. Mesochorus olitorius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2, d: 3.1-3.3 mm; Schläfe < (2), = (8) Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma

schmal; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, schlank, zur Spitze stark verjüngt; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht

schwarz (?) oder braun (d), mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit versch-

wommener H-Makel; Scutellum seitlich braun; d Prothorax schwarz + rot; Stigma braun; Coxa III

verdunkelt (2), hell (8); Tibia-II-Ende % verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit "4

gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 basal Y rotgelb; folgende Tergite braun-schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Apfelbach/D, 25.8.89, G. Peters (ZSM). - Paratypen: 53d, dto.

Ex Cerostoma xylostellum (Plutellidae) (Pet.).

Deutschland.

34. Mesochorus hortensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 4.3-5.1 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma schmal;

Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, breit; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2, stabförmig; Gesicht schwarz (2) oder gebräunt (J);

Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit schwacher brauner H-Makel; Scutellum-Seiten schwach braun;

Stigma hyalin-braungrau; Tibia-Ill-Ende % unscharf geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz,

mit ca. Yıo weißlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich verdunkelt; folgende Tergite braun(-schwarz).

106

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Reither-Alm, Bay./D, 850 m, 26.5.72, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). - Paratypen: 722, 639, Polen,

J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau); Österreich, M. Schwarz (Schwarz); Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

Von Vaccinium myrtillus gekeschert (Haes.).

M-Europa.

35. Mesochorus carinatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Gesichtsmitte mit erhöhtem

Kiel; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht lackschwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Frontal-Orbiten neben

Fühlern auffällig zweiteilig weiß; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-III-Ende Yıo ge-

schwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Yı weißem Endrand; Tergit 3 rot, mit seitlichen

Verdunklungen; folgende Tergite braunschwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Oxford/UK, 7.81, C 12, Denis Owen (AEI). - Paratypen: 2??, dto.

England.

36. Mesochorus insularis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 3.5-4.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, schmal, stark verjüngt; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, stabförmig; Gesicht

schwarz (?), braun (d), Orbiten schmal gelbrot; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit undeutlicher braun-

er H-Makel; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III oben verdunkelt; Tibia-Il-Ende 4 geschwärzt; Tergit 1

schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit sehr schmalem weißgelbem Endsaum; Tergit 3 schwarz, in der Mitte

sanduhrförmig gelb; folgende Tergite gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Leicester/UK, 10.73, Jennifer Owen (AEI). - Paratypen: 265? ?, 133g, dto.

England.

37. Mesochorus martinus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1,

schmal, am Ende stark verjüngt; Gesicht gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Prothorax schwarz + rot; Mesop-

leuren oben rot, zum größten Teil schwarz; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Makel; Scutellum-Seiten

braun; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit '%

rotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich braun; folgende Tergite überwiegend braun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Lutherstadt Wittenberg/D, 7.64, Lichtfalle, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Europa.

38. Mesochorus aranealis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.1-5.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Hinterbeine auffal-

lend lang; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht rot, bräunlich verdunkelt; Thorax

schwarz; bei d Prothorax z.T. rot und Mesoscutum-Makel schwach braun; Stigma braun; Tibia-III-Ende

a schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-Y4 rötlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, mit verdun-

kelten Seiten; folgende Tergite schwarz(-braun).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Warszawa/PL, 20.9.71, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau). — Paratypen: 53, östl. Deutschland,

H. Zoerner (DEI), 15, Polen, J. Sawoniewicz (Warschau).

Polen, Deutschland.

107

39. Mesochorus iniquus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 3.8-4.8 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Postpetiolus mit

Rillen; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Griffel = Tarsus Ill, 2, dünn; Gesicht schwarz, mit roten Orbiten (2), rot

+ braun, mit gelben Orbiten (4); Thorax schwarz, bei d mit rotem Prothorax und brauner Mesoscutum-

Makel; Stigma schwarzbraun; Femur III geschwärzt; Tibia-Ill-Ende %4-' schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-Y gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 Basalhälfte rotgelb, Apikalhälfte geschwärzt;

folgende Tergite schwarz(-braun).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Retzbach, Main/D, 7.6.95, Baumgarten (Baumgarten). — Paratypen: 17, 235, dto.

Ex Polyommatus (Lycaenidae) via Aleiodes und Cotesia (Braconidae) (Bauer).

M-Europa.

40. Mesochorus canaveseus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 5.7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren schütter

punktiert; Postpetiolus apikal gerieft; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, am Ende kaum verdünnt; Gesicht schwarz,

mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Zeichnung; Scutellum-

Seiten braun; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % undeutlich geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit

2 rot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen; ab Tergit 3 rot/braun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Bienca Canavese, Piem./I, 400 m; 20.9.-19.10.85, A. Casale (Casale).

N-Italien.

41. Mesochorus cacuminis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5.8-6 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma schmal; Bohrer

< Tarsus III, 1, schmal, fast spitz; Griffel = Tarsus, nach innen gebogen; Gesicht gebräunt; Thorax

schwarz; Stigma hyalin-graubraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit

Vs-Yıo weißgelbem Endrand; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich dunkel; folgende Tergite braunschwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Brandenberg, Tir./A, 1.200-1.400 m, 20.6.84, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). — Paratypus: 16,

Freilassing/D; in Falle, Picea abies-Kultur mit starkem Pristiphora-(Tenthredinidae)-Befall.

S-Deutschland.

42. Mesochorus gladiator, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ? 6.4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punkti-

ert; Stigma vergößert; Bohrer sehr lang, > Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig; Gesicht schwarz, Orbiten rot; Thorax

schwarz; Mesoscutum mit angedeuteter brauner H-Makel; Stigma braun; Coxa III stark verdunkelt;

Tibia-III-Ende undeutlich % verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit '% rotem Endband;

Tergit 3: % rot, % schwarz; folgende Tergite gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: 9, Sonthofen, Obb./D, 7.9.85, W. Schwenke (ZSM).

Bayer. Alpen.

43. Mesochorus gemellus Holmgren

Mesochorus gemellus Holmgren, 1858: 123, ? 6.

Mesochorus tachypus Holmgren, 1858: 130, ? 3; syn. nov. (aus Vergleich M. gemellus Holmgren det. J. F. Aubert

nach Lectotypus mit M. tachypus Holmgren, Beschreibung.

Mesochorus brevicollis Thomson, 1885: 340, ? d, syn. nov. nach Lectotypus.

108

Diagnose. ?, d: 4.0-6.5 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren fast glatt;

Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, breit stabförmig; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht schwarz (?), braun (d), mit

schmalen weißlichen Orbiten, neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax schwarz; Stigma mittel- bis

dunkelbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y-Y geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rötlichem

Endsaum; Tergit 3 schwarz, mit rötlicher Lasche (?) oder ganz rot (S); folgende schwarz(-braun).

Typen. Lectotypus: ?, Aubert 1966 (Stockholm). — M. brevicollis Thomson: Lectotypus: ?, Schwenke 1968 (UZI

Lund).

Ex Pieris (Pieridae) (Zah.); ex Malacosoma (Lasiocampidae) (Cap.); ex Cidaria (Geometridae) (Hz.); ex

Larentia (Geometridae) via Campopleginae (Hz.).

Fundorte in allen Teilen Europas.

Europa.

44. Mesochorus piemontensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1;

Gesicht schwarz, Orbiten rot; Thorax schwarz, mit undeutlicher brauner H-Makel auf Mesoscutum;

Scutellum-Seiten braun; Stigma hyalin-braun; Coxa III geschwärzt; Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit

1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit schmalem weißlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, Seiten verdunkelt; ab

Tergit 4 gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Valdieri, Piem./I, 980 m; 9.-11.86, G. Della Beffa (AEI).

N-Italien.

45. Mesochorus ovimaculatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 9, 3: 3.3-4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1;

Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht rot, leicht gebräunt oder gefleckt; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit

undeutlicher brauner H-Makel; Scutellum seitlich braun; Stigma graubraun; Tibia-IIl-Ende % ge-

schwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Ys-Yıo hellem Endband; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich verdun-

kelt; folgende Tergite schwarz; bei 2 letztes und vorletztes Tergit mit auffallendem gelbem eiförmigem

Fleck.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 5,3 km S, Auwald, 26.8.85, Nr. 220/85, H. Zoerner (DEI). — Paratypen: Jan,

436, Dessau Umgeb., Dübener Heide, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Europa.

46. Mesochorus pullus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.2 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Postpetiolus mit feinen Rippen; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, schmal, am Ende verjüngt und etwas

aufgebogen; Gesicht schwarz, mit roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende

\4-4 schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem Endsaum; Tergite 3 + 4 rot, seitlich

verdunkelt; ab Tergit 5 überwiegend braun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Bienca Canavese, To., Piem./l, 400 m, 7.85, A. Casale (Casale).

N-Italien.

47. Mesochorus terebratus , spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 9, 4: 5.2-5.3 mm; Schläfe = (?), < (3) Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma

etwas vergrößert; Bohrer sehr lang und dick, viel > Tarsus III, 1, leicht nach unten gebogen; Griffel >

109

Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht schwarz, mit breiten roten Orbiten, bei d nur gebräunt; Stigma dunkel- bis

schwarzbraun, obere Ecken hyalin; Coxa III stark verdunkelt; Tibia III Y-) verdunkelt; Thorax

schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rötlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 schwarz, mit %

rötlichem Basalsaum, in der Mitte laschenförmig erweitert; ab Tergit 4 schwarz(-braun).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Zigana-Paß/Türkei, E 393100/N 404100, 24.7.73, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 229,

Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI), Salzburg/A, R. Hinz (ZSM); 33d, Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI); Salzburg/A, R.

Hinz (ZSM); Zwettl/Ober-Osterr., M. Schwarz (Schwarz).

M- und SE-Europa, Türkei.

48. Mesochorus pectinipes Bridgman

Mesochorus pectinipes Bridgman, 1883: 166, Ö.

Diagnose. ?, 3: 5.3-6.3 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren ? relativ

stark punktiert; Scutellum ? G, seitlich betrachtet, mit kleiner waagrechter Spitze; Klauen lang und

dicht gekämmt; Bohrer sehr groß und breit, > Tarsus III, 1, etwas nach unten gebogen; Griffel etwas

> Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht rot, + stark gebräunt; Thorax schwarz, Mesoscutum mit undeutlicher

brauner H-Makel, oben trüb-hyalin, unten (größerer Teil) graubraun; Coxa III stark gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-

Ende unscharf schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit %-Ys rotem Endsaum; Tergit

3 braun, in der Mitte sanduhrförmig gelb; folgende Tergite überwiegend braun.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Norwich, Bridgman, 5.82 (Norwich).

Fundorte (?? neu, dd) in Polen, England, Deutschland und Österreich.

M- und W-Europa.

49. Mesochorus amnicolaris, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, S: 2.8-3.1 mm; Schläfe = (3), < (?) Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer >

Tarsus III, 1, stabförmig, verjüngt; Griffel < Tarsus III, 2, klobig; Gesicht gelb, mit weißen Orbiten (2),

etwas bräunlich (3); Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-graubraun; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-III-Ende

schmal undeutlich verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Ys-Yıo gelbrotem Endsaum;

Tergit 3 schwarz, mit Ys-Yıo gelbrotem Basalsaum, in Mitte verbreitert; folgende Tergite schwarz.

Typen. Holotypus: 2, Sebnitz/CSFR, 9 km N, 8.8.93, Nr. 283/93, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 522, 134g,

Oppach, Thür./D, Dessau/D, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Europa.

50. Mesochorus mülleri, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.0 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren stark punk-

tiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, schmal, stark verjüngt, fast spitz; Gesicht leicht gebräunt, mit gelben

Orbiten, neben Fühlern dreieckig weifßs; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-III-Ende undeut-

lich schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit hellroter Basis; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit "4 gelbrotem

Endsaum; ab Tergit 3 hellbraun/dunkelbraun (dominierend) gebräunt.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Messaure/S, 28.7.72, K. Müller (AEI).

Schweden.

110

51. Mesochorus horstmanni, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 6.4-6.6 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren relativ

stark punktiert; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, breit; Griffel etwas > Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht gebräunt bis

geschwärzt, mit breiten roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit brauner H-Makel; Scutellum-

Seiten braun; Coxa III stark verdunkelt; Tibia-III-Ende % undeutlich geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit sehr schmalem rötlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, mit seitlichen Verdunklungen,

folgende Tergite schwarz(-braun), mit dunkelroten Mittelteilen.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Mellum, Nordsee-Insel/D, FS8/G, 3.5.-7.6.86, V. Haeseler (Horstmann)). — Paratypen:

329,.19,.dto:

N-Deutschland.

52. Mesochorus inflatus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 3.3 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma verbreitert, die zwei

Schenkel wie 1:1; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht gelbrot, mit weißlichen Orbiten, neben

Fühlern mit weißem Dreieck; Prothorax rot, Meso- und Metathorax schwarz; Mesoscutum mit brauner

H-Makel; Scutellum braun; Mesopleuren braunschwarz und rot; Stigma schwarzbraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende

schmal verdunkelt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, Seiten

schwarzbraun; folgende Tergite rot, mit breiten braunen Basalbändern.

Typen. Holotypus: $, Messaure/S, 22.7.72, K. Müller (AEI).

Schweden.

53. Mesochorus meridionator Aubert

Mesochorus meridionator Aubert, 1969: 69, 2.

Diagnose. ?: 3.2-3.6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer > Tarsus III, 1;

Gesicht rot, mit weißen Orbiten, neben Augen dreieckig weiß; Thorax gelbrot; Mesoscutum und

Scutellum mit undeutlichen braunen Wischen; Metanotum dunkelbraun; Stigma rotbraun; Tibia-Ill-

Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz, mit dunkelroter Basis und gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 2 schwarz,

mit Y, rotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich etwas verdunkelt; folgende Tergite überwiegend dunkel-

braun.

Typen. Holotypus ?, La Mole/F, 8.61 J. F. Aubert (Aubert).

Fundorte in Südfrankreich, Spanien und N-Afrika.

SW-Europa.

54. Mesochorus pascuus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, d: 4.2-4.7 mm; Schläfe > (2), = (d) Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer <

Tarsus II, 1, parallelseitig, am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, stabförmig; Gesicht ?

geschwärzt, mit roten Orbiten, d gebräunt, mit weißen Orbiten, bei d neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß;

Thorax ? schwarz; d Oberseite schwarz, Seite schwarz und rot gefleckt; d Mesoscutum mit flächiger

rotgelber H-Makel, Scutellum-Seiten rot; Stigma ? dunkelbraun, d heller braun; Tibia-IIl-Ende ? %,

Y geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % (?), % (d) rotgelbem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot,

seitlich schwarzbraun; ab Tergit 4 mit breiten schwarzbraunen/schmalen roten Bändern.

Typen. Holotypus: %, Insterberg, Tir./A, 1.250 m, 25.6.83, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM). — Paratypus: 1d, dto.

N-Alpen.

55. Mesochorus zwettleus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4.2 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus II, 1,

bauchig; Gesicht schwarz, mit roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma hyalin-graubraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende

Y geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz, Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rötlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich

geschwärzt; folgende Tergite schwarzbraun.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Langzwettl bei Zwettl/ Ober-Österr., 24.6.88, M. Schwarz (Schwarz).

Österreich.

56. Mesochorus chasseralis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 6.5-6.7 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Gesicht gewölbt; Mes-

opleuren dicht fein punktiert; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, schmal; Gesicht schwarz, mit roten Orbiten;

Thorax schwarz; Stigma grau- bis schwarzbraun; Coxa III verdunkelt; Tibia-Ill-Ende %-Y4 geschwärzt;

Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit ca. Yı2 gelblichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 rot, seitlich geschwärzt;

folgende Tergite schwarz(-braun).

Typen. Holotypus: ®, Chasseral/CH, 28.7.9%.4.92, R. Hinz (ZSM). - Paratypen: 32, dto.

Ex Rhabdinoina (Tenthr.) (Hz.).

Schweizer Alpen.

57. Mesochorus oxfordensis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1, breit;

Gesicht schwarz, mit schmalen roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma schwarzbraun; Coxa III verdun-

kelt; Tibia-III-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit schmalem gelbweißem

Endsaum; ab Tergit 3 schwarzbraun, je Segment mit einem umgekehrten roten Dreieck.

Typen. Holotypus:?, Oxford/UK, 7.81, Denis Owen (AEI).

England.

58. Mesochorus pyramideus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.3 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1,

schmal, am Ende etwas aufgebogen; Gesicht rot, mit gelbroten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Mesoscutum

mit undeutlicher brauner H-Makel; Stigma graubraun; Tibia-Ill-Ende % schwarz; Coxa III leicht

gebräunt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % gelbem apikalem Dreieck; Tergit 3 schwarz, mit

gelber Mittellasche bis %% der Länge; ab Tergit 4 rot/dunkelbraun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Skäne/S, Falle 4, 7.69, Bo Svensson (AEI).

Schweden.

59. Mesochorus solus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. 2: 4 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht

rot, gebräunt; Thorax schwarz; Stigma graubraun; Tibia-III-Ende Y geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz;

Tergit 2 schwarz, mit Y gelbweißem Endsaum, Tergit 3 längs der Mitte rot, seitlich schwarz; folgende

Tergite schwarzbraun gebändert.

172

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Dessau/D, 1,7 km NW, 29.9.93, Nr. 395/93, H. Zoerner (DEI); Kopf gesondert geklebt.

M-Deutschland

60. Mesochorus tenuigenae, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 5-6 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus > Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1, am

Ende etwas aufgebogen; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht gebräunt, mit schmalen gelbroten

Orbiten; Thorax rot; Meso- und Metathorax-Oberseite schwarz; Mesoscutum mit roter H-Makel;

Scutellum seitlich rot; Stigma dunkelbraun; Tibia-III-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2

schwarz, mit %-Ys gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 3 längs der Mitte rot, Seiten schwarz; folgende Tergite

schwarz(-braun).

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Sirnitz/A, 9.7.82, E 135730/N 465100, R. Hinz (ZSM). — Paratypen: 1d, dto; 722, 386,

Österreich, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM); N-Italien, A. Scaramozzino (Scaramozzino); Französ. Alpen, R. Hinz (ZSM).

Alpen.

61. Mesochorus pectoralis Ratzeburg

Mesochorus pectoralis Ratzeburg, 1844: 1, 149, 2 Ö.

Meoschorus stigmaticus Brischke, 1880: 183, ? 3; syn. Schmiedeknecht 1910: 1994.

Diagnose. ?, d: 4.1-6.1 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer = Tarsus II, 1,

schmal, am Ende stark verjüngt; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn; Gesicht schwarz (2), verdunkelt (3), mit

gelbroten Orbiten; neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß; Thorax schwarz; d Prothorax partiell rot; Mesoscu-

tum mit + deutlicher brauner H-Makel; Scutellum seitlich undeutlich braun; Stigma heller oder dunkler

braun; Coxa III verdunkelt bis schwarz; Tibia-Ill-Ende Y4 schwarz; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 mit %-Ys

rötlichem Endsaum; Tergit 3 überwiegend rot, an den Seiten verdunkelt; ab Tergit 4 überwiegend

schwarz(-braun), selten überwiegend rot (s. declinans-Gr.).

Typen. Verschollen.

Ex Noctuidae, Geometridae, Plutellidae via Braconidae (Hz., Pet., Schw.).

In allen Teilen Europas nachgewiesen.

Europa.

62. Mesochorus diluvius, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?, 3: 4.0-4.5 mm; Schläfe £ Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Bohrer < Tarsus III,

1, schmal; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2; Gesicht ? stärker, d schwacher geschwärzt, mit roten Orbiten; Thorax

schwarz; ö Prothorax rot; Mesoscutum d mit schwacher brauner H-Makel; Stigma graubraun; Tibia-

III-Ende % geschwärzt; Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergite 2 schwarz, mit %-Ys gelbrotem Endsaum; Tergit 3

gelbrot, mit braunen Seiten; folgende Tergite schmal-rot/breit-braun gebändert.

Typen. Holotypus: ?, Köthen/D, 19.5.88, Nr. 46/88, H. Zoerner (DEI). - Paratypen: 1d, Dessau/D, Nr. 110/87;

12, Löbau/D, Nr. 298/93, H. Zoerner (DEI); 12, Polen, Nr. 371 (Warschau).

E-Deutschland, Polen.

63. Mesochorus versuranus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. ?: 4.8 mm; Schläfe > Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren relativ stark

punktiert; Postpetiolus mit Rillen; Bohrer < Tarsus III, 1; Gesicht schwarz, mit roten Orbiten; Thorax

schwarz; Stigma hell graubraun, mit hyalinen oberen Ecken; Coxa III gebräunt; Tibia-Ill-Ende hell;

Tergit 1 schwarz; Tergit 2 schwarz, mit % rotem Endsaum; folgende Tergite rot/braun gebändert.

113

Typen. Holotypus: $, Partschins, Südtirol/l, 1.000 m, 31.8.67, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

Ital. Alpen.

64. Mesochorus gravis, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 4.7 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Mesopleuren ziemlich stark

punktiert; Stigma verbreitert; Postpetiolus mit Rillen; Griffel > Tarsus III, 2, stabförmig, gleich breit;

Gesicht gebräunt, Orbiten weiß, neben Fühlern breit dreieckig weiß; Pro- und Mesothorax rot; Mes-

oscutum braun, mit gelber H-Makel; Scutellum seitlich rot; Metanotum schwarzbraun, Metapleuren

dunkelrot; Stigma schwarzbraun, mit hellen oberen Ecken; Tibia-IIl-Ende schmal, unscharf verdunkelt;

Abdomen schwarzbraun; Tergit 1 apikal rötlich; Tergit 2 mit % gelbem Endsaum; Tergit 3 basal %

gelbrot; folgende Tergite mit undeutlichen breiten rötlichen Endsäumen.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Dessau/D, 2,2 km SE, Nr. 130/92, H. Zoerner (DEI).

M-Deutschland.

65. Mesochorus gardanus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.1 mm; Schläfe < Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Stigma verbreitert und

gleichschenklig; Griffel kurz stabförmig, = Tarsus III, 2, gleich breit; Gesicht und Prothorax gelbweiß;

Mesothorax braunschwarz, Mesopleuren gelbrot, Mesoscutum mit roter H-Makel; Scutellum seitlich

braun; Metathorax schwarzbraun, Absturz und Metapleuren rot; Beine weiß; Tergit 1 schwarzbraun;

Tergit 2 schwarzbraun, mit Y gelbweißem Endsaum; Tergit 3 längs Mitte breit gelbweiß, Seiten

verdunkelt; Tergite 4 und folgende: Basalhälfte braun, Apikalhälfte rot.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Garda Rocca/I, 100-250 m, 20.5.83, E. Haeselbarth (ZSM).

N-Italien.

66. Mesochorus giaglioneus, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 3.5 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Postpetiolus mit Mittel-

furche und einigen Rillen; Griffel etwas > Tarsus III, 2, am Ende leicht verbreitert; Gesicht schwarz, mit

roten Orbiten; Thorax schwarz; Stigma graubraun; Coxa III geschwärzt; Tibia-Ill-Ende 4-% ge-

schwärzt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit 2 mit sehr schmalem weißem Endsaum; Tergit 3 schwarz, mit

sanduhrförmiger weißer Zeichnung; ab Tergit 4 schwarzbraun.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Giaglione/l, To., 630 m, 8/9.88 R. Bassi (Bassi).

N-Italien.

67. Mesochorus dilleri, spec. nov.

Beschreibung. d: 8.0 mm; Schläfe = Augenbreite; Ocellus < Vertexbrücke; Gesicht quer, mit nach vorn

divergierenden Augenrändern; Mesopleuren stark punktiert; Nervulus praefurkal; Areola-Nerv al

kaum sichtbar; Postpetiolus mit Längsrillen; Griffel = Tarsus III, 2, dünn stabförmig; Gesicht-Mitte rot,

seitlich mit sehr breiten weißen Orbiten; Thorax rot, mit 3 braunen Wischen auf Mesoscutum; Stigma

hyalin; Tibia-III-Ende schmal verdunkelt; Abdomen schwarz; Tergit-2-Ende sehr schmal weißlich;

Tergit 3 zu % rot.

Typen. Holotypus: d, Korsika, Furiani-Tal, Kulturland, 250 m, 4.5.61, E. Diller (ZSM).

Korsika.

114

Bestimmungstabelle der dd mit Rotfärbung im mittleren oder/und hinteren Abdomen

Gruppen: angustatus (partiell) (a), declinans (d) und pectoralis (p)

(Farbliche Unterscheidungen lassen bei diesen dd keine Gruppen-Bestimmungsschlüssel zu)

1(6) Griffel nadelspitz

Po 12133. HENDLAUM sessescnescnescnesnauuensnnssnnuanenesnnnnseneosenundnensBeBeRVarET EB ER TRTn d 32. acutus, spec. nov. (S. 91)

3(2) Stigma hyalin

FE Letolus- Basis SCHWARZ ...22x2202u00ns0n00s000nS0nneunenenannaesnrsesunsnennennenneere p 15. tenuiscapus Thomson (S. 102)

Er RE BaStSR@t 2. .n-eeeneencsurnausnnsnsndsassenuennseheneneneokennsnsuseensenshe reden p 8. versicolor, spec. nov. (S. 100)

6(1) Griffel-Ende stumpf

7(36) Stigma (überwiegend) hyalin

8(29) Petiolus-Basis schwarz

Si). Unterer Mandibelzahn > oberer..........................0.0000 a0 d 7. vitticollis Holmgren (S. 84)

10(9) Beide Mandibelzähne gleich

BER line = 3 am. senessanaeeeännnenaasnsnensäsnssänensasannsnenensasnunsachinnhnnenshrHarensgnhensnensnnns p 3. rapae, spec. nov. (S. 99)

12(11) Länge 24mm

13(20) Mesopleuren stark punktiert

Bra lerkite. 1} 2 lang und schmal ......u02000240u204000cnsunsensnsnenenanenseshnenne d 5. aquilonis, spec. nov. (S. 84)

15(14) Tergite 1 +2 kürzer und breiter

16(17) [Klauen gekämmt (Indiv. mit roter Abd.-Mitte) ...........un a 7. giberius, spec. nov.] (S. 75)

17(16) Klauen glatt

IBAN Eanee8 mm; Nervwulus praefurkal ..........unesseesesesanrzescensenennunaasenene p 67.dilleri, spec. nov. (S. 114)

1908) 5-00m%Nervulusäntersttale.n.....ennnee een a 20. angustatus Thomson (S. 78)

20(13) Mesopleuren (fast) glatt

21(26) Mesopleuren schwarz

BP PD enittel-Ende, verdickt. :..........20.0:.::000040Ge2nnenssnseneesanennanderesenensernn ae d 12. castellanus, spec. nov. (S. 86)

23(22) Griffel-Ende unverdickt

PT IDIKersicht geschWarzt ....2.0.-2.0.4022Hnaennennzensasänsnnscsendernantenserrenereense Tree d 46. schwarzi, spec. nov. (S. 94)

PTD@esicheselbweiß 2... .2nenenessstircensunesnueere ee ee d 8. globulator, spec. nov. (S. 85)

26(21) Mesopleuren rot

DIESE Grihtel-—alarsus Tl 2er... ee REN p 10. bicolor, spec. nov. (S. 101)

Pers) Tarsus- Il 9... nee d 13. pallipes Brischke (S. 86)

29(8) Petiolus-Basis rot

ap sy @leellus, =. Vertex Brücke... een ee d 3. pharaonis, spec. nov. (S. 83)

31(30) Ocellus < Vertex-Brücke

BP 133), eritfel spatelförmie z...u..2.00.un.00 0000 nes sus easrnaastense nung art ekaenganeee p 5. provocator Aubert (S. 100)

33(32) Griffel stabförmig

1115)

34(35)

35(34)

36(7)

37(68)

38(51)

39(42)

40(41)

41(40)

42(39)

43(44)

44(43)

45(46)

46(45)

47(48)

48(47)

49(50)

50(49)

51(38)

52(59)

53(54)

54(53)

55(54)

56(55)

57(58)

116

Meso- und Metathorax braun(-rot) ............zssessssssoensenneennnnnns p 18. subfuscus, spec. nov. (S. 103)

Meso- und Melsthorax schwarz... creme rare naeh d 10. lacus, spec. nov. (S. 85)

Stigma heller oder dunkler braun

Tibia-III-Ende schmal (max. Y) verdunkelt

Gesicht hell

Petiolus-Basis rot

Augenränder nach vorn divergierend .......ueneseneneenenner d 15.dimidiator Aubert (S. 86)

Augenränder parallel..............:2.z.u0s0.22.1702R20nMB00882 00H 02nManeHEnern ne p 65. gardanus, spec. nov. (S. 86)

Petiolus-Basis schwarz

Unterer Mandibelzahn >>oberer ....l..r...20ssm0n0000.ecdennennereeneenee d 45. testaceus Gravenhorst (S. 94)

Beide Mandibelzähne gleich

Mesppleurenrab ee naeeenetan nase near nee teare een d 18. columbinus, spec. nov. (S. 87)

Mesopleuren (überwiegend) schwarz

Stiema dunkelbraun Sr... nennen ea d 41. rufoniger Brischke (S. 93)

Stigma hellbraun

ee ee ee et d 42. doleri, spec. nov. (S. 93)

Banpere 3 mim. ne nn ee d 47. minutulus, spec. nov. (S. 95)

Gesicht verdunkelt

Neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß

Tergit 2 Ende YauWelln..eeneenenestenren een ernee nenne enkenseneee p 49. amnicolaris, spec. nov. (S. 110)

Tergit-2-Ende %-Y rot

Griftel’z0m°Enderdünmer ...::... 0.0 p 43. gemellus Holmgren (S. 108)

Griffel-Ende nicht verdünnt

Mesopleüren TO8 „2... 0.2.2 0nenuenetneezereshentpuenensosnersrrassareener ausser nee p 64. gravis, spec. nov. (S. 114)

Mesopleuren Schwaras..n...... en oe klersrensereeternen a 21. caliginosus, spec. (S. 78)

Neben Fühlern nicht dreieckig weiß

Mesopleuren (fast) glatt

Siena VErDTeitenb zen nn. nenn ren een ereerenee use een p 47. terebratus, spec. nov. (S. 109)

Stigma normal

Klauen zekämme. ee nen en erraten p 48. pectinipes Bridgman (S. 110)

Klauen nicht gekämmt

Ocellüs >Vertexbrücke 2.2.2. er d 40. artus, spec. nov. (S. 93)

Ocellus;< Vertexbrücken...:....0 re p 62. diluvius, spec. nov. (S. 113)

Mesopleuren stark punktiert..............usesesensnsusosenannneonnseunnaeere p 51. horstmanni, spec. nov. (S. 111)

Tibia-III-Ende breit (min. %) verdunkelt

Gesicht hell (weiß, gelb, rot), ungefleckt

Zu) Schlatere= Augenbreite 1.2... :.22.r a ann p 22. superbus, spec. nov. (S. 104)

71(70) Schläfe < Augenbreite

aa) ibia- II Ender> % verdunkelt:......u..nnneleene d 28. declinans Habermehl (S. 90)

73(72) Tibia-IIl-Ende max. % verdunkelt

74(79) Griffel = Tarsus III, 2

75(78) Schläfe < Augenbreite

Be langer 3 mm; Postpetiolüus. glatt .........0.us0000e0sneneedes nennen p 29. dilobatus, spec. nov. (S. 105)

ee Banse 5 mm; Postpetielus.gerieft ...............0n0....n0..0 d 35. skaneus, spec. nov. (S. 92)

BEWEnESschlate = Augenbreile......unssusmsnssssansnsasnssensnsasnsnennhensmsnsunneree d 24. tenthredinidis, spec. nov. (S. 89)

7974) Griffel > Tarsus II, 2

80(83) Petiolus-Basis rot

81(82) Mesopleuren rot; neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß ................ d 19. confusus Holmgren (S. 87)

82(81) Mesopleuren rot + schwarz; neben Fühlern anders gefärbt. d 25. slawicus, spec. nov. (S. 89)

83(80) Petiolus-Basis schwarz

BES) Wiesopleurensschwarz .4......8:&0000000000ArBennanaanaeneunnsHenndesagaRneT none ee d 30. semirufus Holmgren (S. 90)

85(84) Mesopleuren rot oder rot + schwarz

SR) Alibia-AlI-Ende"\sıgeschwärzt.............unneraesinsaeanisneesesneeenenehee a 16. tetricus Holmgren (S. 77)

87(86) Tibia-Ill-Ende % geschwärzt

BR Tersit>2-Endeiea. Ya Weiß......escaresnesessaesnnsenszensneeesrnensne heiten d 39. anglicus, spec. nov. (S. 93)

Br toit 2 Ende Vays toben. ne essiseeserencnsnnsenescnenregeeeneetreesae nee: d 36. vittator Zetterstedt (S. 92)

90(69) Gesicht verdunkelt oder gefleckt

SI as Nesopleuren Tot-+ braun .....e.......esensssresunnsnssnntetnegeseeneneneee d 21. valdierius, spec. nov. (S. 88)

92(91) Mesopleuren schwarz oder schwarz + rot

BOAy Griffel > Tarsus'Ill, 2; Sigma verbreitert, Area’postiea sehr groß nn een eeue:

ee a 15. curvicaudus Thomson (S. 77)

94(93) Die 3 Merkmale nicht zusammen

95(106) Schläfe = Augenbreite

96(99) Tergit-2-Endrand breit gelbrot

S798) länge: 3.2mm;'Ocellus = Vertexbrücke....... unsre nen p 33. olitorius, spec. nov. (S. 106)

Sala). lange 4.8. mm; Oeellus <Mertexbrücken. ne nn a 25. kirunae, spec. nov. (S. 79)

99(96) Tergit-2-Endrand sehr schmal weißs

KIND) Stioma. verbreitert. eu... 0 een en, p 23. arduus, spec. nov. (S. 104)

101(100) Stigma normal

12103) Postpetiolus: glakt..-..n.....20uumee isn seinen nase engenenaaepeen p 54. pascuus, spec. nov. (S. 111)

103(102) Postpetiolus längs gefurcht

104(105); Gesicht braun;gefleckt ......... nun nagen. msn ee p 24. bellus, spec. nov. (S. 104)

117

105(104) Gesicht schwarz .....ueeseseennenensnsenesnsnsnnenenenensnnenenenensnsensssnnnnenennn p 66. giaglioneus, spec. nov. (S. 114)

106(95) Schläfe < Augenbreite

107(108) Tergite 2 + 3 sehr lang und schmal ........uneeseseseseseseesennenne a 26. rupesus, spec. nov. (S. 79)

108(107) Tergite 2 + 3 kürzer und breiter

109(110) Ocellus > Vertexbrücke ......uensneesesensnensennenenensnnenrsenenensenen p 60. tenuigenae, spec. nov. (S. 113)

110(109) Ocellus < Vertexbrücke

111(112) Schläfe = Augenbreite ................0000000nnornenensonenensnnenenennnsnenuenen p 34. hortensis, spec. nov. (S. 106)

112(111) Schläfe < Augenbreite

113(122) Mesopleuren schwarz

114(115) Stigma hyalin-braun ...........esesensnensenseneesensennennne p 45. ovimaculatus, spec. nov. (S. 109)

115(114) Stigma (dunkel)braun

116(117) Neben Fühlern dreieckig weiß .......unessneneeseeenenesnsnennensnner p 61. pectoralis Ratzeburg (S. 113)

117(116) Neben Fühlern rot

118(121) Postpetiolus ohne Längsrillen

119(120) Tergit-2-Ende Yı weißlich .........uneseeseneesenensnnenseseseeneeeneneenen p 36. insularis, spec. nov. (S. 107)

120(119) Tergit-2-Ende %-% rötlich ...........neeessenesenenennenenseseeseneeenne p 38. aranealis, spec. nov. (S. 107)

121(118) Postpetiolus mit Längsrillen ............esessseenseeeenennene p 39. iniquus, spec. nov. (S. 108)

122(113) Mesopleuren rot + schwarz ........nnessnnsnenensenensnsenseseneesennnenn p 41. cacuminis, spec. nov. (S. 108)

118

Gattungs- und Artenindex

Normalschrift bei Namen: Synonyma

Kursivschrift bei Namen: Gültige Namen

Normalschrift bei Zahlen: Kurzer Hinweis

Kursivschrift bei Zahlen: Ausführliche Beschreibung

Die Namen einiger verschollener undeutbarer Arten wurden nicht in das Register aufgenommen.

abraxator spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 56

aculeatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 58

acuminatus Thomson (Mes.) 49, 50, 54

acutus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 91, 115

agnellonis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 69, 70

alarius Gravenhorst (Cid.) 11, 12

albarascae, spec. nov. (Mes.), 63, 67

albifacies, spec. nov. (Mes.) 73, 79

albionis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 48, 53

albipes Thomson (Mes.) 86

albitarse Brischke (Ast.) 14, 21

albolimbatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 68

alternus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 99

alveus spec. nov. 81, 85

amnicolaris, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 110

amplitudinis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 42, 43

anale Holmgren (Ast.) 13, 16, 19, 21

anglicus spec. nov. 93, 117

angustatus Thomson (Mes.) 71, 73, 78, 115

anomalus Holmgren (Mes.) 49, 50, 54

anthracinus Kriechbaumer (Mes.) 60, 61

aquilonis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 80, 84, 115

aranealis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 107, 118

arduus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 104, 117

argus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 74

arietinus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 57

artus spec. nov. 82, 93, 116

Astiphromma Förster 5, 10, 13

barbatulum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 15, 24

baueri, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 50, 56

bavaricus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 74

bellus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 104, 117

betuletus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 55

bicinctus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 35, 36, 37

bicolor, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 101, 115

bilineatus Thomson (Stict.) 26, 27, 29

bipartitus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 39

boreomontanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 86

boreus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 102

bracatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 106

brevicollis Thomson (Mes.) 108

brevipetiolatus Ratzeburg (Mes.) 62, 63, 65

britannicus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 69, 71

buccatum Thomson (Ast.) 15, 16, 22

bucculentus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 100

bulgaricus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 48, 52

cacuminis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 108

caecum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 15, 24

calidus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 88

caligator, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 87

caliginosus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 73, 78, 116

callis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 62, 65

campestris, spec. nov. (Mes.) 60

canalis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 76

canaveseus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 108

carinatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 107

castellanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 86, 115

chasseralis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 112

Cidaphus Förster 5, 10, 11

cinctus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 40

clarus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 84

cognatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 48, 51

columbinus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 87, 116

compactus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 42, 43, 44

complanatus Haliday (Stict.) 31

confusus Holmgren (Mes.) 81, 87, 117

consertum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 15, 23

contractus spec. nov. (Mes.) 46, 48

contum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 15, 24

convexicollis Thomson (Stict.) 29

crassicrus Thomson (Mes.) 87

crassimanus Holmgren (Mes.) 85

curvicaudus Thomson (Mes.) 72, 77, 117

curvulus Thomson (Mes.) 6, 35, 37, 39

cuspidatus, spec. nov. (Stict.) 5, 26, 28

declinans Habermehl (Mes.) 6, 80, 82, 90, 117

Demophorellus Hedwig 13, 21

dessauensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 62, 67

dilleri, spec. nov. (Mes.) 114, 115

dilobatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 105, 117

dilutus, spec. nov. (Stict.) 26, 30

diluvius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 113, 116

dimidiator Aubert (Mes.) 81, 86, 116

dimidiatus Holmgren (Mes.) 85, 86

discolor, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 75

dispar Brischke (Mes.) 6, 48, 51, 52

dispersum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 14, 20

diversum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 15, 24

doleri, spec. nov. (Mes.) 83, 93, 116

Dolichochorus Strobl 5, 10, 12

dorsale Holmgren (Ast.) 5, 13, 14, 15, 16

dumosus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 53

eichhorni, spec. nov. (Mes.) 60, 61

Edrisa Cam. 33

119

exquisitus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 68

extraordinarius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 89

extremus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 101

facialis Bridgman (Mes.) 50, 51, 57

falcatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 69, 71

fennicus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 83, 94

festivus Holmgren (Ast.) 23

flaemingus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 67

flavescens B. D. Fonscolombe (Stict.) 25, 27, 30

flexus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 30, 37, 40

formosus Bridgman (Stict.) 5, 26, 28, 29

fraterculus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 73, 76

fraxini, spec. nov. (Stict.) 28, 32

frigidus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 42, 44

frondosus, spec. nov. (Mes. 36, 40

fulgurans Curtis (Mes.) 69, 70

fulvipes, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 73, 76

fulvus Thomson (Mes.) 6, 68, 69, 70

fuscicornis Brischke (Mes.) 62, 63, 66

fuscus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 39

gallicator Aubert (Mes.) 87

gardanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 114, 116

gemellus Holmgren (Mes.) 97, 108, 116

giaglioneus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 114, 118

gibbosus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 48, 50, 52

gibbulus Holmgren (Mes.) 43

giberius Thunberg (Mes.) 73, 75, 115

gigas Kriechbaumer (Cid.) 12

gilvus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 51, 57

gladiator, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 108

globulator Thunberg (Mes.) 81, 95, 115

gracilentus Brischke (Mes.) 87

granigerum Thomson (Ast.) 14, 17

gravis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 114, 116

haeselbarthi, spec. nov. (Mes.) 42, 43

halticae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 35, 38

hamatus, spec. nov. (Mes.)69, 71

hamulus Thomson (Ast.) 14, 16, 18

heydeni Habermehl (Ast.) 21

hinzi, spec. nov. (Mes.) 46, 47

hirsutus Bridgman (Ast.) 17

hispanicus, spec. nov. (Stict.) 28, 32

horstmanni, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 111, 116

hortensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 106, 118

hungaricus Szepligeti (Mes.) 84

hyalinus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 62, 66

ibericus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 67

iburganus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 91

illustris, spec. nov. (Mes.) 37, 41

incisus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 48, 53

inflatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 111

ingentis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 40

iniquus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 108, 118

insularis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 107, 118

intermissus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 90

interstitiale Const. (Ast.) 21

120

inversus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 59

italicum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 15, 22

iwatensis Uchida (Plect.) 25

jacobus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 54

Juranus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 67

kirunae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 79, 117

lacassus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 41

lacus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 85, 116

lanceolatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 50, 53

lapponicus Thomson (Mes.) 69

larentiae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 48, 50, 51

laricis, spec. nov. (Ast.) 16, 24

laticeps Thomson (Stict.) 31

latus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 55

leucogrammum Holmgren (Ast.) 14, 16, 19

longicaudus Thomson (Mes.) 87

longiceps Strobl (Dolich.) 12

longurius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 89

luminis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 58

lunarius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 105

luridipes, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 103

luridum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 14, 15, 18

macrocephalus Strobl (Stict.) 26, 28, 29

macrophyae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 69, 70

macrurus Thomson (Mes.) 77

madeirensis, spec. nov. (Stict.) 27, 31

malaiseus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 80, 83

mandibulare Thomson (Ast.) 14, 16, 18

marginatus Thomson (Mes.) 75

marginellum Holmgren (Ast.) 15, 16, 23

maroccanus, spec. nov. (Stict.) 26, 29

martinus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 107

Mater Schulz 11

maximus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 50, 53

melanocephalus Habermehl (Cid.) 12

melas B. D. Fonscolombe (Mes.) 43

mellis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 91

mellumiensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 43, 45

meridionator Aubert (Mes.) 98, 111

Mesochorella Szepligeti 5, 10, 13

Mesochorus Gravenhorst 5, 33

messaureus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 105

mimulus Hedwig (Ast.) 21

minutulus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 116

minutus Szepligeti (Mes.) 35, 37

mirabilis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 73, 78

monacensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 62, 65

montanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 37, 39

montis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 42, 45

moravius, spec. nov. (Stict.) 28, 33

morenator, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 101

moskwanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 83, 94

müilleri, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 110

myrtilli, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 102

nemoralis, spec. nov. (Stict.) 26, 28, 30

nigriceps Brischke (M-ella) 13

nigriceps Thomson (Mes.) 5, 35, 42, 44

nigripes Ratzeburg (Mes.) 6, 42, 43

nigrocoxatum Strobl (Ast.) 14, 16, 20

nigrum Pfankuch (Ast.) 21

nitidus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 103

norrbyneus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 101

obliterator Aubert (Mes.) 82, 88

obscurus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 58

ocellatus Brischke (Mes.) 74

olitorius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 106, 117

opacus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 74

Ophthalmochorus Rom. 11

oppacheus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 73

oranae, spec. nov. (Stict.) 28, 32

orbis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 92

orbitalis Holmgren (Mes.) 6, 62, 63, 64

orgyiae Dalla Torre (Mes.) 66

ovimaculatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 109, 118

owenae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 41

oxfordensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 112

pallidus Brischke (Mes.) 62, 63, 66

pallipes Brischke (Mes.) 81, 86, 115

palus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 35, 37, 38

parilis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 37, 42

parvioculatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 73, 79

pascuus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 111, 117

pectinipes Bridgman (Mes.) 98, 110, 116

pectinipes Thomson (Mes.) 71

pectoralis Ratzeburg (Mes.) 6, 95, 113, 118

perticatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 54

perugianus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 73, 77

pharaonis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 80, 83, 115

phyllodectae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 5, 34, 35

phyllotretae Jourdheul (Mes.) 37

piceanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 75

picticrus Thomson (Mes.) 87

pictilis Holmgren (Mes.) 49, 51, 57

pictum Brischke (Ast.) 5, 13, 14, 15, 17

piemontensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 109

pini, spec. nov. (Mes.) 60, 61

pizzighettoneus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 58

plagiatum Thomson (Ast.) 20

plebejanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 73, 78

Plectochorus Uchida 5, 25

Plesiophthalmus Förster 12

politus Gravenhorst (Mes.) 6, 45, 46, 47

polonius, spec. nov. (Stict.) 28, 31

potanini Kokujev (Cid.) 11, 12

procerus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 75

prothoracicus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 85

provocator Aubert (Mes.) 95, 100, 115

pullus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 109

pumilionis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 106

punctipleuris Thomson (Mes.) 44

pungens, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 58

pyramideus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 112

Pyrenaeus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 77

rapae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 99

religiosus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 35, 38

rimosum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 14, 17

riparius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 103

rivanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 42, 44

robustus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 80, 84

roccanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 59

rubeculus Hartig (Mes.) 72, 73, 74

rufoniger Brischke (Mes.) 83, 93, 116

rufopetiolatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 6, 34, 80

rupesus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 79, 118

russicus, spec. nov. (Stict.) 28, 32

sacromontis, spec. nov. (Stict.) 26, 30

salicis Thomson (Mes.) 62, 63, 64

samarae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 67

sardegnae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 102

sawoniewiczi, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 54

scandinavicus spec. nov. (Mes.) 46, 47

scaramozzinoi, spec. nov. (Mes.) 48, 50, 51

schwarzi, spec. nov. (Mes.) 94, 118

scopulus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 68

scutellatum Gravenhorst (Ast.) 15, 16, 23

sedis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 37, 41

semirufus Holmgren (Mes.) 82, 90, 117

septentrionalis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 99

sericans Curtis (Ast.) 20

sericeus Brischke (Mes.) 87

simplex Thomson (Ast.) 14, 16, 19

sincerus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 46, 48

skaneus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 92, 117

slawicus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 89, 117

söderlundi, spec. nov. (Mes.) 35, 36, 37

solus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 112

sordidus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 50, 59

spessartaeus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 43, 45

splendidulus Ratzeburg (Mes.) 33, 87

splenium Curtis (Ast.) 5, 13, 14, 16, 20

sternalis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 106

Stictopisthus Thomson 5, 26, 27

stigmaticus Brischke (Mes.) 113

stigmaticus Thomson (Mes.) 66

strenuus Holmgren (Ast.) 20

subfuscus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 103, 116

sublimis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 72, 76

subniger, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 38

suecicus Dalla Torre (Mes.) 69, 71

sufflatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 104

sulcatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 55

sulphuripes Brischke (Mes.) 87

suomiensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 91

superbus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 104

svenssoni, spec. nov. (Mes.) 60, 61

sylvarım Curtis (Mes.) 6, 59, 60

tachypus Holmgren (Mes.) 108

tarnabyanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 96, 102

temporalis Thomson (Mes.) 62, 63, 64 turbidus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 39

tenebricosus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 100 tyroliensis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 51, 59

tenthredinidis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 89, 117 uliginosum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 15, 23

tenuicorne Thomson (Ast.) 14, 16, 19 unicinctor Thunberg (Stict.) 27, 31

tenuigaster, spec. nov. (Stict.) 27, 31 valdierius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 88

tenuigenae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 113, 118 varipes Holmgren (Ast.) 13, 15, 16, 20, 22

tenuis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 81, 87 varius, spec. nov. (Mes.) 62, 63, 64

tenuiscapus Thomson (Mes.) 96, 102, 115 vejanus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 36, 41

terebratus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 109, 116 velox Holmgren (Mes.) 49, 51, 56

testaceus Gravenhorst (Mes.) 83, 94, 116 veluminis, spec. nov. (Mes.) 80, 83

tetricus Holmgren (Mes.) 72, 77, 117 venerandus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 97, 105

thomsoni Dalla Torre (Mes.) 44 versicolor, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 100, 115

thoracicus Gravenhorst (Mes.) 75 versuranus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 113

thuringiacus Brauns (Cid.) 11, 12 virgatus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 95, 99

tipularis Ratzeburg (Stict.) 31 vittator Zetterstedt (Mes.) 6, 45, 82, 92, 117

townesi, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 56 vitticollis Holmgren (Mes.) 6, 62, 81, 84, 115

trentinus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 73, 79 zoerneri, spec. nov. (Mes.) 46

triangulus, spec. nov. (Ast.) 82, 90 zwettleus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 98, 112

tridentatum, spec. nov. (Ast.) 14, 20 zygaenae, spec. nov. (Mes.) 63, 68

tuberculiger Thomson (Mes.) 46, 47 zyganaus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 82, 92

tumidus, spec. nov. (Mes.) 49, 55

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