TRANSACTIONS

of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Volume 84 • 1996

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TRANSACTIONS

of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Volume 84 • 1996

Editor William J. Urbrock

Department of Religious Studies

University of Wisconsin Oshkosh

Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901

Managing Editor Patricia Allen Duyfhuizen

321 Heather Court

Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701

Interns Jennifer Kraus

Jennifer Kushnier

Breck Schwartz

Meredith Weber

1 ransactions welcomes articles that explore features of the State of

Wisconsin and its people. Articles written by Wisconsin authors on

topics other than Wisconsin sciences, arts and letters are occasionally

published. Manuscripts and queries should be addressed to the editor.

Submission requirements: Submit three copies of the manuscript,

double-spaced, to the editor. Abstracts are suggested for science/

technical articles. The style of the text and references may follow that

of scholarly writing in the author’s field. Please prepare figures with

reduction in mind.

© 1996 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

All rights reserved

ISSN 0084-0505

For information on membership in the Academy,

call (608) 263-1692.

Contents

TRANSACTIONS

Volume 84 • 1996

From the Editor v

A qualitative survey of bivalve mollusks of the Chippewa River y

Wisconsin: From Eau Claire , Wisconsin y to the Chippewa Flowage 1

Terry Balding and Nancy Balding

Eighteen species of bivalve mollusks, including three Wisconsin endangered species,

were identified in an intensive qualitative survey of a reach of the Chippewa River,

Wisconsin.

“ Getting rid of the stumps”: Wisconsin *s land-clearing program —

The experience of the northern lake country y 1900—1925 1 1

Mark Davis

In the early twentieth century, promoters of agriculture in northern Wisconsin, trying

to save their faltering campaign to attract settlers to the cutover, inaugurated an

intensive, destructive, and ultimately unsuccessful crusade to clear the land of stumps.

A vascular flora of Green Lake County y Wisconsin

Thomas L. Eddy 23

This vascular flora includes 921 catalogued species that grow or have grown without

cultivation in Green Lake County. During the study, nine Wisconsin threatened and

endangered species were found, as well as a native grass previously unreported for

Wisconsin.

Flora and fauna of northwest Wisconsin Waterfowl Production Areas

James O. Evrard and Richard A. Lillie

The occurrence and relative abundance of over 700 plant and animal species were

documented in wetlands and surrounding uplands in Waterfowl Production Areas in

northwest Wisconsin.

Effects of a catastrophic flood on the insect fauna of Otter Creeky

Sauk County , Wisconsin 103

William L. Hilsenhoff

A catastrophic flood in Baxter’s Hollow on 1 8 J uly 1 993 rearranged substrates in Otter

Creek, which affected insects inhabiting the stream. Some species became more

numerous, many became scarce, some were probably eliminated, and others were

apparently unaffected.

A quantitative survey of the floating-leafed and submersed

macrophytes of Fish Lake , Dane County , Wisconsin 1 1 1

Richard A. Lillie

Researchers from the Department of Natural Resources have encountered an unusual

twist while monitoring changes in vegetation in a Dane County lake: a native weevil

appears to be controlling an exotic watermilfoil.

Comparisons among aquatic insect communities of streams 1 27

draining the Baraboo Range

Richard A. Lillie and Rebecca S. Isenring

A survey of the aquatic insect communities of 24 streams draining the Baraboo Range

revealed significant differences among streams on an east-west gradient, which are

thought to reflect glacial history.

When you can V see the forest for the folks: Late 19th/ early 20th

century Wisconsin photographs of outdoor leisure activities 149

Susan Talbot-Stanaway

This study suggests that social and photographic conventions affected the composition

as well as the meaning of popular photographs.

They thought we were dreamers: Early anti-pollution efforts on the

lower Fox and East Rivers of northeast Wisconsin , 1927—1949 161

Paul Wozniak

Environmental campaigns for Wisconsin rivers have a long multi-generational

history, as shown in this case study from northeast Wisconsin.

IV

From the editor

“All the world's a stage. "Among the annual highlights of

summer in Wisconsin for my wife Barbara and me is our

weekend of drama at the Wisconsin Shakespeare Festival

(WSF) in the Center for the Arts on the campus of the

University of Wisconsin Platteville. This year’s 20th Anni¬

versary Season featured a marvelous trio of plays in

repertoire: Macbeth , Twelfth Night , and Taming of the

Shrew. As always, the Festival’s productions were marked

by energetic acting, fresh interpretations of character,

imaginative staging, and stunning costuming. In fact, as a

special anniversary attraction, the Henry Nohr Gallery in

the adjacent UW Platteville Student Center featured an

eye-pleasing exhibition of selected costume designs by

Wendy Collins, who has served as resident costume de¬

signer for the WSF since its inception.

“All the world's a stage. " Our yearly pilgrimage to

Platteville delights us, moreover, nearly as much for the

beautiful drive to and from Oshkosh, the interesting at¬

tractions in town and country along the way, and the

renewal of friendly ties with the hosts at our favorite bed

and breakfast, as for the actual hours spent enjoying

Shakespeare’s incomparable art. The landscape and people

of Wisconsin all seem to be staging a marvelous event for

us, always in full costume. From the green farmlands in the

glaciated terrain between Oshkosh and Madison to the

urban scurry around the Beltway and the sights and smells

of Middle Eastern dining at a downtown Lebanese restau¬

rant, from the rainbow explosion ofwildflowers along state

highway 151 between Verona and Mt. Horeb to the

Cornish ambience of Mineral Point, from the breath¬

taking roller-coaster vistas of southwestern Wisconsin’s

driftless zone to the many colors of Platteville itself bus¬

tling with visitors come for Shakespeare, for the art fair in

the square, and for the spectacle of the Chicago Bears

football summer training camp on the University cam¬

pus — what a marvelous procession of scenes and scenery!

“All the world's a stage. "Playwrights and their plays are

not without their critics, whose insights add to our appre¬

ciation of the drama. In this issue of Transactions we offer

v

you, our readers, several scholarly analyses

of portions of the ever-unfolding play of

life in Wisconsin.

As is often the case on our pages, several

of our contributors offer studies of the

flora and fauna associated with Wisconsin’s

lakes, streams, and wetlands.

Terry Balding and Nancy Balding pub¬

lish the results of their 1989 to 1994

summer surveys of bivalve mollusks along

some 120 miles of the Upper Chippewa

River from Eau Claire north to the

Chippewa flowage at Winter Dam.

William Hilsenhoff reports on some

significant changes in the insect fauna of

Otter Creek, which flows south out of the

Baraboo Hills in Sauk County, before and

after a catastrophic flood in Baxter’s Hol¬

low in 1993.

In a complementary study, Richard

Lillie and Rebecca Isenring present the

findings of an April 1992 survey of the

aquatic insect communities of 24 streams,

including Otter Creek, that drain the

Baraboo Range.

Fish Lake in nearby Dane County, notes

Richard Lillie in a second article, was the

site of annual surveys from 1991 to 1994

that yielded an unusual discovery: an

aquatic weevil may deserve credit for a

major decline in Eurasian watermilfoil,

which has been a nuisance in the lake for

some two decades.

James Evrard teams up with Richard Lillie

to offer readers an exhaustive biological in¬

ventory of the flora and fauna in the waterfowl

production areas (wetlands and adjacent

grassy uplands) of northern St. Croix and

southern Polk counties in northwestern Wis¬

consin along the St. Croix River and the

Minnesota border. The inventory represents

the results of 1 0 years of field observation and

documentary reports by Evrard, Lillie, and

others from 1982 to 1991.

From Green Lake County comes an

ambitious inventory of another sort. Tho¬

mas Eddy catalogues the non-cultivated

plants that grow or have grown in the

county, mainly on the basis of specimens

collected from 1979 to 1993 and now

housed in the University of Wisconsin

Oshkosh herbarium. Like several of the

studies mentioned above, this work may

well serve as a baseline reference for future

researchers.

Finally, we are pleased to feature three

articles that afford some scenes of

Wisconsin’s people from the end of the

nineteenth through the first half of our

twentieth century.

Susan Talbot-Stanaway takes us to the

Green Bay area for a look at how popular

photography, from about 1890 to 1920,

recorded folks enjoying their favorite pas¬

times in the outdoors, which usually served

as little more than a contrived scenic back¬

drop for the poses of these local residents at

leisure.

As Mark Davis reminds us, during these

same years when northeastern Wisconsin¬

ites were first experimenting with family

photographs among the trees, farmers and

would-be farmers in Vilas and Oneida

Counties were trying to get rid of the

trees — or, at least, the stumps! The great

land-clearing program of 1900 to 1925,

however, ultimately gave way to efforts to

rebuild the forest and renew the natural

heritage of the northern lakes country of

Wisconsin.

Finally, Paul Wozniak chronicles a quar¬

ter of a century (1927 to 1949) of early

anti-pollution efforts on the Lower Fox

and East Rivers in northeastern Wiscon¬

sin. Lawyers, politicians, journalists,

government, business, and conservation

organizations all entered the fray that helped

raise public awareness and advance the

vi

national political agenda about issues of

water quality.

“All the world's a stage. ” Applause, ap¬

plause for all who contributed articles to this

1996 Transactions, thereby helping to shine a

spotlight on significant features of Wiscon¬

sin from the 1890s to the 1990s, from one

end of the state to the other, and from its

natural to its human heritage. Applause also

for the many reviewers, for managing editor

Patricia Duyfhuizen, and for editorial staff

and assistants. Their tireless efforts behind

the scenes helped enormously towards the

production of this issue.

Bill Urbrock

Editor’s Preview of Coming Attractions

Look for a special issue of Transactions in 1997 devoted

entirely to original short fiction by Wisconsin writers. Mean¬

while, we warmly invite submission of the usual scholarly

manuscripts for consideration for 1998.

vii

The Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters was

chartered by the State Legislature on March 16, 1870, as a

membership organization serving the people of Wisconsin. Its

mission is to encourage investigation in the sciences, arts and

letters and to disseminate information and share knowledge.

Terry and Nancy Balding

A qualitative survey of bivalve mollusks

of the Chippewa River, Wisconsin:

From Eau Claire, Wisconsin

to the Chippewa Flowage

Abstract During the summers of 1989— 1994 we collected 10,020 shells

from an approximately 196 km stretch of the Chippewa River be¬

tween Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and the Chippewa Flowage near

Winter, Wisconsin. Eighteen species were identified, including

Cumberlandia monodonta, Plethobasus cyphyus, and Cyclonaias

tuberculata, which are listed as Wisconsin endangered species.

Actinonaias ligamentina and Elliptio dilantata were co-dominants.

Comparisons are made between the lower and upper Chippewa

River, the lower having greater species richness, larger-sized shells,

and less abundance. Unionid abundance and species richness were

both positively related to the length of the riverine reach in the

upper Chippewa River.

Bivalve mollusks are sometimes called clams, freshwater

mussels, or even naiads; in this paper they are referred to

as unionids because all specimens collected, with the excep¬

tion of one Margaritiferidae, belong to the family Unionidae.

Unionids are fdter feeders, long lived, and relatively immobile;

therefore, they are good ecological indicators of stream qual¬

ity. The objective of this study was to provide baseline data so

that future studies can document changes in unionid abun¬

dance, distribution, or species richness caused by disturbances

such as bridge and dam construction, mining, pollutants, and

the impact of the impending zebra mussel ( Dreissena

polymorpha) invasion.

In earlier Wisconsin studies Chadwick (1905, 1906^, and

1906b) conducted unionid surveys primarily in the southeast.

Baker (1928) was more statewide in scope, but cited only a

TRANSACTIONS Volume 84 (1996)

1

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

few species found specifically in the Chip¬

pewa River. Morrison (1932) and Flowers

(1973) apparently did not collect from the

Chippewa River, although they did collect

from tributaries of the Chippewa. Mathiak

(1979) completed a survey of the streams of

Wisconsin, but only collected from six sites

on the Chippewa River.

Balding (1992) arbitrarily divided the

Chippewa River into three study areas: (1)

the lower main stem, from the mouth of the

Chippewa with the Mississippi River to the

first dam in Eau Claire, Wisconsin; (2) the

upper main stem from the Eau Claire Dam

to the Winter Dam, which forms the

Chippewa Flowage; and (3) the east and

west forks to their source. An intensive

qualitative survey was completed on the

lower Chippewa River (Balding 1992). In

that study 26 species were recorded, four of

which are on the Wisconsin endangered and

threatened species list. Most of these species

had not been previously reported for the

Chippewa.

The current study of the Chippewa River

surveys the second study area, the upper

main stem. We began this qualitative bivalve

mollusk survey of the Chippewa River in

1989 and ended in 1994. Rather than us¬

ing scientific names suggested by Turgeon

et al. (1988), we used scientific names con¬

sistent with our earlier study and according

to how the voucher specimens were cata¬

logued by Dr. David Stansbery of the Ohio

State University Museum of Biological Di¬

versity.

The study area was an approximately 1 96

km (121.8 mile) stretch of the Chippewa

River in northwest Wisconsin, where eight

hydroelectric power dams divide the river

into seven reaches (Figure 1, Table 1). In

1993 the farthest downstream gauging sta¬

tion at Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, recorded

a mean annual discharge of 171.4 cubic

meters per second (cms), while the discharge

recorded at the farthest dam upstream was

24.3 cms (Holmstrom et al. 1993). The dam

with the lowest operating head was approxi¬

mately 7 m. Most of the dams are located

on granite or metamorphic bedrock, with

very large boulders nearby. Downstream

from the dams, the boulders become smaller,

and eventually the river becomes more riv¬

erine, with patches of sand and gravel be¬

tween and below smaller glacial rocks; some

river reaches are all sand. Riverine areas typi¬

cally had riffles, runs, and pools, usually not

exceeding 2 m in depth. Sometimes the dis¬

tance between dams does not allow a par¬

ticular reach of river to become riverine

before becoming impounded from the

downstream dam (Table 1).

Table 1. Riverine and impounded segments of each of the seven reaches of the study

area downstream to upstream.

Reach Riverine (km) Impounded (km)

2

TRANSACTIONS

BALDING and BALDING: Survey of bivalve mollusks of the Chippewa River

to the Winter Dam.

Volume 84 (1996)

3

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Methods

According to U.S. Geological Survey topo¬

graphic maps, the upper Chippewa River

flows through 78 different sections; in this

study each of these sections was a sampling

station. In a previous study of the lower

Chippewa River (Balding 1992), unionids

were not plentiful, and the search of an en¬

tire mile section of river was sometimes nec¬

essary. In this study, unionids were abun¬

dant in some parts of the river; for those sec¬

tions a sample was taken, rather than search¬

ing the entire section.

To determine an adequate sample size, a

site was arbitrarily selected, a presample was

taken, and the number of specimens was

plotted against the number of new species.

After 108 specimens were located, nine spe¬

cies were represented (108 specimens usu¬

ally fill a 15 liter container). A tenth species

was not found until specimen 142. We de¬

cided a 1 5 liter sample would yield adequate

species representation and that additional ef¬

fort was not warranted.

Wading with and without a glass-bot¬

tomed bucket and snorkeling were the ma¬

jor methods used to locate unionids in riv¬

erine reaches. Boating and wading were done

along shorelines in impounded reaches. A

diver with SCUBA was used on several oc¬

casions in some impoundments or transition

zones. A transition zone is a deeper part of

the river having riverine and impounded

qualities dependent upon whether a down¬

stream dam is open or holding water.

Live unionids were placed in mesh bags

and kept in the river until a section was

searched or a 1 5 liter sample was collected.

All unionids were measured for length, iden¬

tified to species, counted, and released alive

in suitable substrata. Recently dead unionids

in identifiable condition were collected,

along with specimens from midden piles

(empty shells left by predators), although

these data are not reported here. Represen¬

tatives of all species were sent as vouchers

to the Ohio State University Museum of

Biological Diversity where their identifica¬

tion was verified by Dr. David Stansbery.

Results and Discussion

This study found 17 live species of Union-

idae (Table 2) and one live species of Mar-

garitiferidae. Mathiak (1979) found only nine

of these species. The Holcombe to Radisson

reach had the greatest abundance and species

richness; it was also the longest riverine sec¬

tion. In fact, a very close positive relationship

exists between both abundance and species

richness to the length of riverine habitat

(Tables 1 and 2). The relationship may be

partially biased because the method of search

was more intense and better suited for river¬

ine areas than impounded areas.

The two dominant species within river¬

ine reaches, Actinonaias ligamentina and

Elliptio dilatata , comprise 65% of the 5,957

live unionids found (Table 3). Shells such

as E. dilatata are possibly underrepresented

as they are smaller and often buried deeply;

hence they may not be detected as easily as

larger, more exposed shells like A. liga¬

mentina. There was generally a positive re¬

lationship between a unionid’s abundance

and how frequently it was found (Table 3).

Live unionids 30 mm or smaller were col¬

lected for some species. Generally, shells of

this size are less than four years old and rep¬

resent juveniles, indicating recent reproduc¬

tion. Occurrence of juveniles, together with

the great abundance found in the Holcombe

to Radisson reach, suggests that most

unionid species have healthy populations.

Although data collected on dead specimens

are not presented, it should be noted that

there was a high percentage of dead Amblema

4

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Volume 84 (1996)

5

(Say, 1817)

Cumberlandia monodonta *

(Say, 1829)

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 3. Data for unionids from the study area with frequencies given for riverine reaches

of the Chippewa River from Eau Claire to the Chippewa Flowage.

Species Number Range Mean Standard Frequency

Live in Length Length (mm) Deviation % of 78 Sites

Total specimens 5,957

Total species 17

plicata and Ligumia recta , suggesting that

these two species are in decline in the upper

Chippewa.

Otters and muskrats are predators of

unionids along the Chippewa River. They

remove the soft parts and leave the empty

shells in middens. Since middens were rare

in the lower Chippewa River and common

in the upper Chippewa, it is possible these

predators could have biased the number of

juveniles we found in the upper Chippewa

River. Hanson et al. (1989) observed size se¬

lectivity of unionids by muskrats along a

lakeshore.

Three species identified in this study,

Cyclonaias tuberculata , Plethobasus cyphyus,

and Cumberlandia monodonta, are on the

Wisconsin endangered species list. Only one

live specimen of C. monodonta was collected,

despite an extensive search in the area, where

it was found using SCUBA. We assume this

is a relic species not likely to be found in the

Chippewa again. Contrary to C. monodonta ,

the other two endangered species seem to

occur frequently in the Holcombe to

Radisson reach. C. tuberculata and P. cyphyus

rank nine and eleven in abundance among

the seventeen unionid species we observed

(Table 3). Not enough P. cyphyus were col¬

lected to present a meaningful size class dis¬

tribution; however, C. tuberculata is well

represented in many sizes, reflecting a stable

population (Figure 2). No juvenile C.

tuberculata were collected below 40 mm

(about five years of age). This is more likely

due to predation or a collecting bias than

lack of reproduction. Small unionids are dif¬

ficult to find, and perhaps they may have

been in habitats that were not searched.

Quantitative data were collected at cer¬

tain selected sites and are also not presented

here. However, the highest density measured

was 74 specimens/m2. Considering the large

size of the dominant species, A. ligamentina ,

and the amount of rock in the river, a higher

density might not be physically possible.

6

TRANSACTIONS

BALDING and BALDING: Survey of bivalve mollusks of the Chippewa River

Figure 2. Size class frequency of Cyclonaias tuberculata in the upper Chippewa River,

Wisconsin.

Using SCUBA, we were able to docu¬

ment that two impoundments above the

Holcombe and Jim Falls dams did contain

good unionid representation, although not

with the abundance or species richness of the

riverine areas. In other impoundments, three

species, Lampsilis radiata , Anodonta grandis,

and Anodonta imbecillis, were the most fre¬

quently occurring.

Comparison to lower Chippewa River

The total number of species identified for

the Chippewa River, from both the lower

river study (Balding 1992) and this study,

is 29; 6 of these are listed by the Depart¬

ment of Natural Resources as endangered or

threatened. With the exception of A. im¬

becillis , C. monodonta, and C. tuberculata,

the 18 species collected in this study were

also found in the lower Chippewa River

(Balding 1992). A. imbecillis was found only

in impounded portions of this study area,

and since only the riverine portion of the

lower Chippewa River was searched, it is

likely also present in backwater areas of the

lower Chippewa River. Mathiak (1979) did

Find A. imbecillis in the backwater of the

lower Chippewa River. Greater species rich¬

ness was found in the lower Chippewa River

than in the upper Chippewa. It has long

been known that species richness increases

with increased river size (Coker et al. 1921;

Baker 1922).

Dominant species differed between the

upper and lower Chippewa River. A.

ligamentina and E. dilatata , the co-domi¬

nants of this study area, and the next most

common species, Pleurobema sintoxia , were

rare in the lower Chippewa River. Con¬

versely, the three most dominant species

found in the lower Chippewa River, Fus-

conaia flava , Obovaria olivaria , and Leptodea

fragilis , were absent or not as abundant in

this study area.

Of interest is the comparison of Wiscon¬

sin endangered and threatened species in the

lower Chippewa and in this study area. C.

mondonta and C. tuberculata were found

during this study, but not in the lower

Chippewa River in the earlier study. In con¬

trast, Quadrula metanevra, Tritogonia

Volume 84 (1996)

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

verrucosa, and S. ambigua were only found

in the lower Chippewa, while P. cyphyus lives

in both study areas. Mudpuppies (Necturus

maculosus), the host for Simpsonaias am¬

bigua , were observed in the upper Chippewa

and were also reported by Vogt (1981).

However, no live or dead S. ambigua were

collected, although we did not specifically

search under flat rocks for S. ambigua be¬

cause of time constraints.

Of special note in the comparison be¬

tween the lower Chippewa and this study

area is the overall difference in abundance.

In studies related to this one, which are to

be reported elsewhere, transects were placed

across the river in the Holcombe to Radisson

reach, according to predetermined features

of the shoreline such as a bridge or tree. The

mean number of unionids/m2 was nearly 12.

This overall greater density of unionids col¬

lected more frequently led us to conclude

that the Holcombe to Radisson reach has a

much more plentiful unionid population

than any other reach of the Chippewa.

The mean shell length for all species was

always smaller in the upper Chippewa. Al¬

though many factors may be involved, this

is generally what is expected in the more

fluctuating environment typical of the up¬

per reaches of rivers. An area for future study

would be to investigate if the smaller mean

shell length in the upper Chippewa is due

to a decrease in growth, longevity, or both.

In summary, there was a positive relation¬

ship of both abundance and species richness

to the length of riverine habitat. Two Wis¬

consin endangered species, C. tuberculata and

P. cyphyus, were common in some areas.

There are considerable differences between

the species found in this study and those

found in our earlier study of the lower

Chippewa River, although of the 18 species

collected alive in this study, all but A.

imbecillis, C. monodonta, and C. tuberculata

were found in the lower Chippewa River.

Also, it is our opinion that unionids are

much more plentiful in some sections of the

upper Chippewa than in the lower Chip¬

pewa.

We feel that abundance of unionids, spe¬

cies richness, widespread distribution, and

the presence of juvenile shells indicate the

Holcombe to Radisson portion of this study

area has a healthy unionid population. No

zebra mussel or other exotic bivalve mollusks

were found.

Acknowledgments

Thanks for help in collecting unionids are

due to Shawn Balding, Susan Caley, Rod

Cook, Derrik Duchesneau, Marc Harper,

Sheri Harper, Dan Kelner, Lori Lyons, and

John Reed. We would like to thank Craig

Koltes and Kristi Minahan for their assis¬

tance in tabulating data. We are very appre¬

ciative of the many generous landowners

who gave us access to the Chippewa River.

We are once again indebted to Dr. David

Stansbery of the Ohio State University Mu¬

seum of Biological Diversity for his verifi¬

cation of the unionid identification. Thanks

are also due to many reviewers.

Literature Cited

Balding, T. A. 1992. Distribution, abundance,

and diversity of mollusks (Bivalvia: Union-

idae) from the lower Chippewa River, Wis¬

consin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy

of Sciences, Arts and Letters 80:1 63-68.

Baker, F. C. 1922. The molluscan fauna of the

Big Vermillion River, Illinois, with special

reference to its modification as a result of pol¬

lution by sewage and manufacturing wastes.

Illinois Biology Monographs 7:1 03-224.

Baker, F. C. 1928. The freshwater mollusca of

Wisconsin. Part II. Pelecypoda. Bulletin of

8

TRANSACTIONS

BALDING and BALDING: Survey of bivalve mollusks of the Chippewa River

the Wisconsin Geological and Natural His¬

tory Survey 70:1-495.

Chadwick, G. H. 1905. List of Wisconsin shells.

Nautilus 19:57-60.

- . 190 6a. List of Wisconsin shells. Nau¬

tilus 20:22-24.

- . 190 6b. Notes on Wisconsin Mollusca.

Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History So¬

ciety 4:67-99.

Coker, R. E., A. F. Shira, H. W. Clark, and A.

D. Howard. 1921. Natural history and

propagation of fresh-water mussels. Bulletin

of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries 37:77-181.

Flowers, W. 1975. Notes on the current status

of Wisconsin Unionidae. Sterkiana 57:40-42.

Hanson, J. M., W. C. MacKay, and E. E.

Prepas. 1989. Effect of size-selective preda¬

tion by muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) on a

population of unionid clams ( Anodonta

grandis simpsoniana). Journal of Animal Ecol¬

ogy 58 : 15-28.

Holmstrom, B. K., R. A. Kammerer, and B. R.

Ellefson. 1993. Water resource data: Wiscon¬

sin, water year 1993. U.S. Geological Survey,

Water-Data Report.

Mathiak, H. A. 1979. A river survey of the

unionid mussels of Wisconsin, 1973-19 77.

Horicon, WI: Sand Shell Press.

Morrison, J. P .E. 1932. A report on the

mollusca of the Northeastern Wisconsin Lake

district. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy

of Sciences, Arts and Letters 27:359-96.

Turgeon, D. D., A. E. Bogan, C. V. Coan, W.

K. Emerson, W. G. Lyons, W. L. Pratt, C.

F. E. Roper, A. Scheltema, F. G. Thompson,

and J. D. Williams. 1988. Common and sci¬

entific names of aquatic invertebrates from

the United States and Canada: Mollusks.

American Fisheries Society Special Publica¬

tion 16.

Vogt, R. C. 1981. Natural history of the amphib¬

ians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Pub¬

lic Museum. 205 pp.

Terry and Nancy Balding have been studying

the red-shouldered hawk and bivalve mollusks of

the Chippewa River and its tributaries for the

past ten years. Terry is Professor of Biology at the

University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Address :

Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-

Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702-4004

Volume 84 (1996)

9

Mark Davis

“Getting rid of the stumps”:

Wisconsin's land-clearing program—

The experience of the northern lake

country, 1900—1925

ooking out of his train window in the winter of 1912,

JL/ newly appointed county agent Ernest L. Luther liked what

he saw of northern Wisconsin: “The old saw mills of boyhood

days, real mackinaws, not the crudy-college [sic] kind, here one

sees brawn, and a great free movement....” He noted rough

shacks, neat farms, “rambling but well-painted towns.” The

one drawback he noted was stumps, remnants of the forest that

had once covered the North. “S-T-U-M-P-S,” Luther ex¬

claimed, “Durn the stumps. I can see my job.... Stumps, S-T-

U-M-P-S, Stumps!”1 The stumps were a blot on the landscape

and they had to be removed (Figure 1).

Luther’s new job was a part of a thirty-year campaign on

the part of northern farmers to get rid of the stumps. In the

end they failed, but their vain struggle stands as a symbol of

the entire effort to convert northern Wisconsin into produc¬

tive farmland. Nowhere did the attempt to clear land falter

more than in the northern lake country in Oneida and Vilas

counties. Dotted with more than 1,700 lakes, the region com¬

prises 1.1 million acres located around the towns of

Rhinelander and Eagle River.2

Creating the cutover in the lake country began in 1856,

when the Fox and Helms Lumber Company of Stevens Point

opened a logging camp in the region. Other lumbermen fol¬

lowed, attracted by magnificent stands of white pine that grew

on the sandy lakeshores. Over the next thirty years, thousands

of acres of northern forest disappeared. The railroad arrived

in the lake country in the 1880s and the scope of the destruc¬

tion increased. By the end of the century, most of the original

forest was gone, replaced by brushy second-growth woodlots

and miles and miles of stump-filled cutover.3 In 1902, the

1 1

TRANSACTIONS Volume 84 (1996)

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Figure 1. A farmer sits in his uncleared field of rocks, rubble, and stumps. Courtesy

State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

popular writer Ray Stannard Baker could

Find “no desert more pitifully forlorn, more

deserted, more irreclaimable, and more

worthless than the man-made deserts of

northern Wisconsin.... [They are] hideous,

grotesque, pitiful, a reminder of the reckless

wastefulness of man.”4

In the face of such utter devastation, the

Wisconsin legislature passed two bills in the

1 890s that addressed the future of the north¬

ern part of the state. One, in 1895, autho¬

rized the University of Wisconsin College of

Agriculture to launch an intensive campaign

to promote northern farming; the other, in

1897, inaugurated a forestry program in

Wisconsin, which by 1905 included plans

for a state forest reserve in the lake country.5

For the next twenty years, advocates of for¬

estry and of agriculture pushed their sepa¬

rate agendas. The foresters purchased thou¬

sands of acres to set aside for the reserve,

while agricultural boosters produced a flood

of promotional material hyping the north¬

ern “Empire in Waiting.”6

Both sides floundered. Opponents of for¬

estry challenged the reserve for wasting good

farm land and interfering with northern eco¬

nomic development. They also argued that

the program broke Wisconsin’s constitu¬

tional proscription against state involvement

in internal improvements. Although the vot¬

ers elected to amend the constitution, op¬

ponents discovered that the legislature had

not followed the proper procedures, and

they succeeded in having the Supreme Court

declare the forestry program unconstitu¬

tional in 191 5. 7 Meanwhile, the blitz of ag¬

ricultural promotion was not producing the

results that its backers desired. Although the

number of farms in the lake country had in¬

creased from 433 to 837 between 1900 and

1910, local boosters were still disappointed.

Most of the cleared farm land was owned by

a few large corporate potato farms that had

moved into the lake country. Meanwhile,

the “actual settlers,” whom the boosters saw

as the foundation of the new north, were

struggling simply to hold onto their farms.8

12

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WHi(H44)74

DAVIS: Wisconsin’s Land-Clearing Program 1900—1925

To boost settlement and to help dis¬

tressed northern farmers, the College of Ag¬

riculture created the office of county agent

in 1912 and implemented an array of pro¬

grams to help farmers improve their yield

and market their products.9 With the end

of forestry in 1915, the assistance provided

by the College took on added significance.

For two decades, agriculturalists had argued

that the North could sustain a farm eco¬

nomy. It was time for them to prove their

case, and of all the things standing in their

way, the stumps seemed to be the fore¬

most.10

Land clearing was an arduous and daunt¬

ing task that broke the spirit of many would-

be farmers. An average acre of cutover land

in the lake country contained 117 stumps.11

Smaller hardwoods rotted quickly and were

relatively easy to remove. Larger pine stumps

were another matter. They resisted decay

and had a deep, wide-spreading root system

that tenaciously anchored the stump to the

ground.

Work began in the spring when the

ground was still frozen. Settlers fractured the

stumps into several pieces with dynamite

and then yanked them out using a team of

horses or a mechanical stump-pulling ma¬

chine. After removing a stump, workers

knocked the dirt off and dragged and

hoisted it onto a huge pile for burning. The

first try seldom removed all the deep roots.

They required more explosives, more dig¬

ging, and more pulling. When the stump

was finally gone, children filled in the cra¬

ter left behind, burying what little topsoil

remained after all the dynamiting and dig¬

ging. Even then the work was not finished.

Before the settlers could cultivate their land,

they must clear brush (a never-ending job),

remove logs and other debris, dig out rocks,

and level the ground (Figure 2). 12

Clearing land was not only a slow pro¬

cess, it was expensive as well. Amounts var¬

ied, but between 1902 and 1926, the cost

of tools, dynamite, and labor averaged about

twenty dollars per acre in the lake country.13

Only corporate potato growers or those

farmers who brought ample savings with

them could come up with that kind of

money. Most immigrant families arrived in

the North with little capital. After making

a down payment on their land and build¬

ing a house and barn, they had no money

left for stump removal. In need of an income

and without cleared land on which to plant

a cash crop, many of them sought jobs off

their farms. Most settlers became part-time

farmers, who, lacking both money and time,

cleared less than two acres a year. At that

rate, they needed three to five years just to

begin to earn enough from their land to pay

off their mortgages.14

To overcome the hardships of stump re¬

moval, farm promoters began offering to

help settlers clear their land as early as 1900.

Manufacturers peddled tools, tractors, and

dynamite, while bankers offered credit to

pay for them. Farmers helped themselves by

forming co-ops to buy stump-pulling ma¬

chines, or by designing their own, such as

the popular Conrath piler, a homemade der¬

rick for lifting stumps onto burning piles

(Figure 3). Swindlers got into the act. In

1908, a farmer near Rhinelander advertised

a mixture of acids that he said would turn

stumps into a “charred pulpy mass that

could be spread over the soil as fertilizer.”15

It later proved to be a sham.

Land sellers tried to lure buyers into

northern Wisconsin with a variety of land¬

clearing schemes. In 1915, the G. F.

Sanborn Company of Eagle River, for ex¬

ample, offered to sell forty-acre tracts for

$1,100. In its advertisements, the company

issued a common challenge to the settlers’

toughness, warning them that the first year

Volume 84 (1996)

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Figure 2. Farmers using a team of horses to pull out a stump. Courtesy State Historical

Society of Wisconsin.

Figure 3. A Conrath piler lifting stumps onto a pile for burning. The team of horses pro¬

vide the power to lift the stump. Courtesy State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

14

TRANSACTIONS

WHi(D482)6801 WHi(x3)45192

DAVIS: Wisconsin’s Land-Clearing Program 1900—1925

“tries men’s souls up here and decides

whether they have the right stuff in them.”

To help farmers through the tough times,

Sanborn included in his offer a cabin, a cow,

pigs, and chickens, and two cleared acres of

land. Farm families could then sustain them¬

selves while they put their “best licks in get¬

ting [their] land in shape for a crop.” For

their part, settlers had to put $250 down,

pay taxes and 6 percent interest for three

years, and then pay off the balance in three

equal installments.16

The chief source of land-clearing assis¬

tance was the College of Agriculture, whose

county agents gave free advice, tested tools,

and exposed swindlers. With the end of the

forestry program, the College stepped up the

aid it provided. In 1916, it cooperated with

manufacturers and railroad companies to

sponsor the first “Land Clearing Special.”

These trains, two of which crisscrossed

northern Wisconsin during the summer,

brought in experts to show farmers the lat¬

est land-clearing techniques.17 At each stop,

“stump dentists” blasted, tugged, and pulled,

while crowds stood around, watched, and

compared the “Hercules Horse Stump

Puller” to the “Kirsten One-Man” machine.

College personnel kept records and sold dy¬

namite, while other boosters urged local of¬

ficials to organize land-clearing co-ops and

coaxed bankers into extending credit to

farmers so they could buy the demonstrated

products. The trains made several stops in

the lake country; about 200 people attended

each demonstration (Figure 4). 18

In October, the College held a Land

Clearing Congress at Rhinelander to assess

the effectiveness of the trains. State and lo¬

cal boosters attended the meeting. Although

a few participants questioned the need for

the trains, the majority congratulated them¬

selves on a job well done, and agreed they

should do more.19 During the winter, the

College established a Land Clearing Depart¬

ment and named a former county agent,

John Swenehart, to head it. Meanwhile, the

state legislature appropriated money for

Swenehart to run the Land Clearing Special

in 1917 and 1918 and authorized him to

buy dynamite in quantity and, working

through the county agents, to sell it to farm¬

ers at cost.20

The bill was controversial. State senator

A. B. Whiteside, who represented the lake

country, opposed selling dynamite because

Figure 4. A Land Clearing Special prior to setting up a demonstration. Courtesy State

Historical Society of Wisconsin.

Volume 84 (1996)

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WHi(x3)36966

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

he feared that speculators, not settlers, would

benefit.21 A. D. Campbell, head of the Wis¬

consin Advancement Association, one of the

state’s largest agricultural booster groups,

also opposed the bill, favoring instead that

the state purchase 300 Kirsten stump pull¬

ing machines to rent to farmers for 23 cents

a day.22 John Swenehart, on the other hand,

was pleased with the legislation. He hoped

the trains would increase the pace of land

clearing, and while they ran, they did arouse

a modicum of interest in the lake country.

In 1917, for example, six hundred people

showed up for the demonstrations, pur¬

chased ten tons of the College’s dynamite,

and used it to clear 9,000 acres.23 It was not

enough, however. By 1920, only 37,884

acres, less than 3 percent of the region, had

been cleared of stumps. Most of that be¬

longed to large potato growers.24

Time was working against the agricultural

boosters. Five years after the end of the for¬

est reserve, they still had not induced many

settlers into the lake country.25 The question

was why. To the farm promoters, the answer

could not be the poor soil or climate, the

lack of markets, or the north’s still primi¬

tive living conditions. It must be the stumps.

Boosters looked at their bleak landscape and

wondered if all its ragged-looking stumps

were discouraging settlers from coming to

the North.26 They received some backing

from agricultural experts, who said the

stumps lowered farmers’ incomes by taking

up too much room in the fields, hindering

plowing, and preventing agricultural diver¬

sification. According to John Swenehart,

land clearing was the final stave that was

missing from the northern “barrel of pros¬

perity,” and so in the early 1920s, the effort

to get rid of the stumps intensified.27

The crusade found an ally in the federal

government. During World War I, it had

stockpiled several million pounds of TNT.

After the armistice, the government planned

to dump the TNT into the ocean. Seeing

its possible use to northern farmers, the Col¬

lege of Agriculture asked that it be made

available for stump removal. Believing that

TNT was toxic and dangerous, the govern¬

ment required the College to first study its

suitability for land clearing. After a month

of tests in May 1919, John Swenehart re¬

ported that TNT was both safe and eco¬

nomical.28 The government then agreed to

release it, and by the end of 1920, county

agents had distributed 900,000 pounds of

it to Wisconsin farmers. Its chief benefit was

its cost — 10 cents a pound compared to the

13 cents that farmers were paying for the

College’s dynamite.29 Beginning in 1921, as

the TNT ran out, Swenehart switched to

other government explosives — picric acid,

sodatol, and pyrotol, selling them in the lake

country for as low as 5 cents a pound (Fig¬

ure 5). 30

Despite Swenehart’s efforts, many farm¬

ers in the lake country remained aloof from

the land-clearing programs. The costs were

still too high, and in any case, most settlers

were not relying on only their farms to sup¬

port themselves.31 Potatoes, one of the

region’s two chief farm products, were an

unpredictable crop, subject to blight and rot

and often not worth digging.32 The other,

dairy products, had a small local market, and

the necessity of strong food for the cows dur¬

ing the long winter made it very expensive.33

The plight of local farmers was made worse

when, beginning in 1920, national farm

prices fell and agriculture tumbled into a se¬

vere economic depression.34 For many set¬

tlers, jobs off the farm, which ranged from

guiding hunters and fishermen to working

in a paper mill, promised more income than

growing potatoes or tending cows ever

would. With the higher tax assessments for

cleared land added to the burdens that set-

16

TRANSACTIONS

DAVIS: Wisconsin’s Land-Clearing Program 1900-1925

SAFETY WITH EXPLOSIVES

^KOWIEBGEhw

djiveh BLACK MftCtC

out or exhosi^s

Savs;

: FUSE. :

> ' Kttl>A*a,V FSSH HWKHRES ' -

MAKE THESE THINGS '

j ; A HABIT «. . :

T'.-K '« wue i-r { ■

> wsmm* m$t m&rei* j -

€m* Cumpms mm Pmmis

help * • irusEf mm

PREVENT ACCIDEHTS - ‘

Use « mum r&; -

m twwMt m m, #fj|.

Cot s fuse som^saim ; #%»* »

PyrotolPete iK-

HAS SOME -«o heeo to mm <f

k AT COST. • „ Yoss»s« «hooch '

Figure 5. During the 1920s the College of Agriculture conducted an extensive “Pyrotol

Pete” safety campaign to show settlers the proper use of government explosives. Cour¬

tesy State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

tiers already bore, many decided that pull¬

ing out stumps was simply a waste of their

time and money.

In the face of such indifference, the farm

boosters redoubled their efforts to lure the

settlers into the battle against the stumps.

John Swenehart acknowledged the farmers’

concerns, but argued that land clearing was

“laying a foundation for the better prices and

better times to come.” The editor of the

Eagle River Review agreed: “The man who

can show the stuff of which he is made by

clearing land will soon earn a position for

himself in the community and be able to se¬

cure the credit he needs for future develop¬

ment.”35

While the men talked, the C-S Club, a

group of farm wives, initiated the Vilas

County Land Clearing Association. More

than 225 people showed up at the Eagle

River Opera House for its first meeting in

February 1921. After enjoying a luncheon

prepared by the C-S Club, which, no doubt,

was the main attraction of the gathering,

they paid 25 cents to join, received a red

button to wear, ordered explosives, and

signed an agreement to clear a specified

number of acres during the upcoming sum¬

mer.36

The Land Clearing Association’s cam¬

paign to attract members continued into the

spring. Boosters held more meetings to in¬

duce farmers to sign up and agree to clear

land. They held contests. The Review prom¬

ised to pay a dollar for the best answer to

the question “Why should I join the Land

Volume 84 (1996)

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WHi(x3)5462

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Clearing Association.” When it received “no

deluge of answers” the paper upped the prize

to include “a purple, hand-painted honor

ribbon that will be more lasting than

money.”37 Meanwhile, the Association an¬

nounced a contest to see who could clear the

most land by the end of the summer. When

settlers complained that larger farmers had

an unfair advantage, the Association evened

things out by subtracting points for the use

of machines and hired help. Merchants

chipped in with prizes. Druggist H. A. S.

Egbert, for example, donated a bottle of

McConan’s Liniment to the “contestant de¬

veloping the greatest backache.”38 When the

weather warmed up, the Association spon¬

sored picnics that offered lunch, races, and

dances, and gave settlers another chance to

see Swenehart’s crews demonstrate how to

remove stumps.39 During the summer, farm¬

ers in Vilas County cleared 1,282 acres.40 In

September, Rhinelander businessmen, upset

that Oneida County farmers had only

cleared 950 acres during the summer, spear¬

headed the Oneida County Land Clearing

Association.41

The land-clearing campaigns in the lake

country peaked in 1922. Both county orga¬

nizations began by setting goals for the year.

After agent C. P. West told members that

another 4,500 acres were needed to feed a

larger dairy herd, the Oneida County Asso¬

ciation established that as its target for the

year. To reach it, each farmer had to clear

five acres of land.42 Not to be outdone, Vilas

County boosters announced a goal of 5,000

acres, the equivalent of 10 acres per farm.43

To reach their lofty goals, boosters under¬

took another round of hoopla-filled cam¬

paigns urging farmers to get out the stumps.

Newspapers retold stories of Paul Bunyan’s

land-clearing exploits, suggesting settlers fol¬

low in the footsteps of the legendary logger.44

Posters carried the same message: One

showed a scruffy axe-wielding woodsman,

Paul Bunyan, no doubt, with the caption:

“Drive Them Out! Blow Them Out! Pull

Them Out! Anyway To Get Them Out, But

Get Them Out Of Vilas County!”45 To go

along with the posters and slogans, the

boosters held more land-clearing meetings

during the winter at which, typically, a Col¬

lege of Agriculture faculty member addressed

the settlers with a stirring pep talk and a

“bully good Moving Picture.”46 Farmers or¬

dered explosives, and in Oneida County,

407 farmers signed pledges to clear 4,324

acres in 1922. 47 In the spring, there were

more contests, picnics, and demonstrations.

“Come prepared to spend the entire day,”

advised one editor. “The programs will be

both instructive and entertaining.”48 Local

newspapers estimated that 2,000 people at¬

tended six of the demonstrations in Oneida

County and ordered more than a ton of pi¬

cric acid.49 The highlight of the season surely

must have been the day the Vilas County

Association blew up an acre of stumps in one

gigantic blast.50

The land-clearing associations did more

than engage in spirited public relations.

Oneida County boosters raised $10,000 in

1922 and loaned 56 farmers more than

$6,000 to pay for stump removal.51 The as¬

sociations also helped to distribute explo¬

sives. For their big campaigns in 1922,

county agents dispensed 67,000 pounds of

picric acid obtained from the government,

while the boosters added another 187,000

pounds of commercial dynamite. So armed,

Oneida County farmers surpassed their goal

and cleaned up 4,586 acres. Although many

of the farmers ran out of money and failed

to meet their pledges, large corporate farms

in the county took up the slack. In Vilas

County, farmers fell short of their goal of

5,000 acres and cleared only 3, 500. 52

After the 1922 campaign, the excitement,

18

TRANSACTIONS

DAVIS: Wisconsin's Land-Clearing Program 1900—1925

the contests, and the demonstrations petered

out. Despite the efforts of state and local ag¬

ricultural boosters, settlers came to the real¬

ization that devoting limited resources to

land clearing was simply not in their inter¬

est. The time and effort put into land clear¬

ing could not overcome the region’s poor

soils and lack of markets. If settlers were to

survive in the lake country, they had to fash¬

ion an income from sources other than just

farming. Even with the contests and the

cheap explosives, removing stumps took set¬

tlers away from other more productive work

off the farm.

Although county agents continued to dis¬

tribute government explosives for five more

years, most of it went to corporate potato

farms. By the end of 1928, area farmers had

used 600,000 pounds of surplus explosives

and at least that much commercial dynamite

to double the amount of cleared land in the

lake country. Still, twelve years after the first

“Land Clearing Special” in 1916, only

65,000 acres, 5 percent of the lake country’s

1.1 million acres, had been turned into

farmland53 (Figure 6).

Just at the time the struggle to get out the

stumps peaked in the early 1920s, the state

legislature reintroduced the forestry program,

including another reserve. Initially hesitant,

lake country boosters were soon among its

most enthusiastic supporters. If farmers did

not want to come to the region, the boost¬

ers discovered that vacationers and wealthy

summer residents did. These tourists were

not interested in cleared potato fields, but in

forests, lakes, and scenic drives. They wanted

the reserve. The fruitless battle against the

stumps, then, was the last wholesale assault

on the lakeland’s environment. Ever since,

northern residents have been trying, success¬

fully or not, to rebuild their forest.

Figure 6. Land better left to the forest. Courtesy State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

Volume 84 (1996)

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Endnotes

lE. L. Luther to “Professor” [K. L. Hatch], Feb.

7, 1912, Ernest L. Luther Papers, box 1, State

Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison

(hereafter cited as Luther Papers).

2Wisconsin Conservation Department, Wiscon¬

sin Lakes , Publication 218-51 (Madison,

1951), unpaginated. Oneida County is

576,640 acres; Vilas County is 533,120 acres;

combined they are 1,109,760 acres.

3Vilas County News, May 23, 1923; George O.

Jones, Norman S. McVean, et al., History of

Lincoln , Oneida , and Vilas Counties, Wiscon¬

sin (Minneapolis, 1924), 171; Joe Botsford,

The Curran Story: The Beginning of Rhine¬

lander (Rhinelander, 1953), 8; Edmund C.

Espeseth, “Early Vilas County: Cradle of an

Industry,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 37

(1953), 27; T. V. Olsen, The Rhinelander

Country, vol. 2, Birth of a City (Rhinelander,

1983), 114; Filbert Roth, On the Forestry

Conditions of Northern Wisconsin, Wisconsin

Geological and Natural History Survey, Bul¬

letin no. 1, Economic Series no. 1 (Madison,

1898), 62, 65.

4Ray Stannard Baker, “The Great Southwest,”

Century Magazine 42 (1902), 216.

5 Laws of Wisconsin, 1895, Chapter 311; Laws of

Wisconsin, 1897, Chapter 229.

f’B. G. Packer, untitled manuscript, n.d., in the

Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Immi¬

gration Division Records, 1920-1930, State

Record Series 729, State Historical Society of

Wisconsin, Madison. For the complete story

of the conflict between farmers and foresters

see: Dennis East, “Water Power and Forestry

in Wisconsin: Issues of Conservation, 1890-

1915” (Ph.D dissertation, University of Wis¬

consin, 1971); Vernon Carstenson, Farms of

Forests: Evolution of a State Land Policy for

Northern Wisconsin , 1850-1932 (Madison,

1962).

7Carstenson, Farms or Forests, 79-89; East, “Wa¬

ter Power and Forestry,” 399—406.

8 Thirteenth Census of the United States (1910): Vol.

6, Agriculture, 918-19; E. L. Luther to K. L.

Hatch, Jun. 2, 1912, Luther papers, box 1.

^“History of the Agricultural Extension Service,

Instigated By Alpha Sigma Chapter, Epsilon

Sigma Phi,” 1935, Luther Papers, box 1.

1()W. H. Grover, Farm and College, The College

of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin,

A History (Madison, 1952), 283; Henry L.

Russell, untitled manuscript, 1916, in Col¬

lege of Agriculture: Administration, Office of

the Dean and Director, General Subject Files,

Deans Henry and Russell, 1880-1930, box

21, University of Wisconsin Archives, Madi¬

son (Hereafter cited as Henry and Russell

Papers).

11 University of Wisconsin Agricultural Experi¬

ment Station, Getting Rid of Stumps, Wiscon¬

sin Bulletin 295 (Madison, 1918), 23. The

figures are calculated from those given for

Rhinelander and Mercer.

,2Carl Schels, A Trapper's Legacy (Harrisburg,

1984), 39-40; Sherwood W. Shear, “A Sur¬

vey of Settler’s Progress in Upper Wisconsin”

(Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin,

Madison, 1924), 63-67; Theodore Francis

Groves, Land Of the Tamarack: Up-North

Wisconsin (Berkeley, 1968), 161, 169-75.

13L. K. Wright, “Agricultural Resources of

Northern Wisconsin,” in Annual Report Of

the Wisconsin State Board of Agriculture, 1902,

304; E. L. Luther to K. L. Hatch, Apr. 30,

1912, in Luther Papers, box 1; William Potts

to Richard Runte, Nov. 15, 1926, in Cyrus

Carpenter Yawkey and Aytchmonde Perrin

Woodson Papers, 1887-1957, box 51, State

Historical Society of Wisconsin, Stevens

Point.

14Shear, “A Survey of Settlers Progress,” 52, 63, 94.

15Minoqua Times, Sept. 3, 1908; Vilas County

News, Sept 9, 1908, Dec. 15, 1909.

16Eagle River Review, Dec. 24, 1915.

I7H. L. Russell to the Board of Regents, May 3,

20

TRANSACTIONS

DAVIS: Wisconsin’s Land-Clearing Program 1900-1925

1916, typed form letter, October 6, 1916,

Henry and Russell Papers, box 23; W. A.

Rowlands, “Land Clearing Research Investi¬

gation and Demonstration Have Added

Wealth to Wisconsin’s Agriculture,” typed

manuscript, in Walter A. Rowlands Papers,

University of Wisconsin, College of Agricul¬

ture, Agricultural Economics Department, ss

1, box 23, University of Wisconsin Archives,

Madison; Rhinelander New North , Apr. 6,

1916.

,8Rhinelander New North , Apr. 27, June 1,

1916; Eagle River Review , May 5, 26, 1916;

Grover, Farm and College , 282. All in all, the

train made thirty-three demonstrations in

northern Wisconsin before a reported 20,000

people. The term “stump dentists” is from

Farm and Fireside , Oct. 21, 1916.

“Rhinelander New North, Oct. 3, 1916; untitled

typed report of the Rhinelander Conference,

[1916], Henry and Russell Papers, box 21.

20Laws of Wisconsin, 1917, Chapter 476; “State¬

ment Submitted to the Join Finance Com¬

mittee relative to Bill 387-s Introduced by

Senator A. H. Wilkinson,” n.d., Henry and

Russell Papers, box 21; Biennial Report of the

Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, 1917-

1918, 34. The legislature subsequently autho¬

rized the Land Clearing Special for a third

year, 1919, which was the last year that it ran.

Also in 1917, the legislature passed the

Settler’s Reclamation Bill which set up a pro¬

gram to provide farmers with loans to pay for

the costs of land clearing. Laws of Wisconsin,

1917, Chapter 288. The law was little used.

21 W. B. Angelo to H. L. Russell, May 21, 1917,

Henry and Russell papers, box 21.

“College of Agriculture to A. D. Campbell, May

4, 1917; Unsigned memo, Jun. 18, 1917.

Shortly after the passage of the bill the Wis¬

consin Advancement Association fired

Campbell. E. P. Arpin to F. M. White, May

18, 1917. All in Henry and Russell Papers,

box 21.

““Annual Report of the Oneida County Agri¬

cultural Agent, 1917,” and “Annual Report

of the Vilas County Agricultural Agent,

1917,” both in College of Agriculture: Agri¬

cultural Extension, County Agricultural

Agents Annual Reports, 1915-1952, Vilas

and Oneida Counties, University of Wiscon¬

sin Archives, Madison.

24 Fourteenth Census of the United States , 1920,

Vol. 6, Agriculture, part 1, 404. Total acre¬

age in Vilas and Oneida counties was

1,354,880 acres, of which 37,884 (2.80%)

was improved farm land.

“From 1910 to 1920, the number of farms in¬

creased from 837 to 1 , 1 4 1 (+304), a slower

growth rate than the previous decade when

the number of farms increased by 404. Four¬

teenth Census (1920), Vol. 6, Agriculture, 404.;

Thirteenth Census (1910): Vol. 6, Agriculture,

918-19.

“See the comments of E. O. Brown, untitled

report of the Rhinelander Conference, 7,

Henry and Russell Papers, box 21.

17 Getting Rid Of the Stumps, 3-5; John Swene-

hart, Clear More Land, Agricultural Experi¬

ment Station Bulletin 320 (Madison, 1920),

3-5; Eagle River Review, May 6, 1921;

Rhinelander New North , Feb. 9, 1922; “An¬

nual Report of the Oneida County Agent,

1923.”

28“TNT As a Land Clearing Explosive;” “War

Explosives At Useful Work,” typed manu¬

scripts in Rowlands Papers, ss 1, box 1.

““Wisconsin’s Use of Salvage War Explosives

For Land Clearing” and “Statement Regard¬

ing Land Clearing Work By the University

of Wisconsin,” typed manuscripts, Henry and

Russell Papers, box 23; Grover, Farm and

College, 283; Helgeson, Farms In the Cutover ,

107-08.

3()“Annual Report of the Oneida County Agri¬

cultural Agent, 1923.” By 1928, when the

state land clearing program came to an end,

19,000,000 pounds of surplus explosives had

Volume 84 (1996)

21

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

been distributed in Wisconsin. Fifty thousand

farmers spent more than $1,000,000, and in

the process, blew up, to one degree or an¬

other, 4.5 million acres of land. Helgeson,

Farms in the Cutover , 109; Grover, Farm and

College , 285.

31Shear, “A Survey of Settlers’ Progress,” 13;

Robert J. Gough, “Richard T. Ely and the

Development of the Wisconsin Cutover,”

Wisconsin Magazine of History 75 (Autumn

1991), 16-17.

32Walter Ebling, Wisconsin Agriculture: A Statis¬

tical Atlas, 1926-1927 ', Bulletin 90, Co-op¬

erative Crop and Livestock Reporting Service

(Madison, 1928), 46; J. W. Milward, “Report

on Extension Projects in Potato Breeding and

Disease Control,” radio transcript, n.d., J. W.

Milward Papers, microfilm, reel 5, State His¬

torical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; Will¬

iam Connor, Sr. to William Connor, Jr., Oct.

16, 1924, box 5, Connor Forest Industries

Records, State Historical Society of Wiscon¬

sin, Madison; Vilas County News, Feb. 23,

1921.

33Eric E. Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Indus¬

try in Wisconsin : A Study in Agricultural

Change, 1820-1920 (Madison, 1963), 275; E.

L. Luther, “Histories of County Extension

Work,” handwritten manuscript, Luther Pa¬

pers, box 3.

34Robert C. Nesbit, Wisconsin: A History, 2nd ed.

(Madison, 1989), 459-60; Paul Glad, The

History of Wisconsin, Vol. 4, War, a New Era,

and Depression, 1914-1940 (Madison, 1990),

133-36; Gough, “Ely and the Cutover,” 26.

33Both quotations are in Eagle River Review , May

6, 1921.

36Eagle River Review , Dec. 17, 1920; Feb. 4, 1 1,

Mar. 4, 1921. One editor praised the women

for “setting a pace for the men, and placing

them where they belong — in the ranks of the

progressive farmers of the states.” Vilas

County News, Feb. 16, 1921.

37Eagle River Review, May 25, 1921.

38Eagle River Review, Mar. 11, 1921.

39Vilas County News, June 10, 1921; Rhine¬

lander New North, Aug. 18, 1921.

40The Rhinelander New North Sept. 29, 1921,

reported that in 1920 there were 8,444 cleared

acres in Vilas County. The Eagle River Re¬

view, Dec. 23, 1921, reported that at that

time there were 9,726 acres of cleared land. I

am assuming that the difference between the

two is the amount of land cleared in 1921.

41Rhinelander New North, Sept. 29, Oct. 6,

1921.

42“Annual Report of the Oneida County Agri¬

cultural Agent, 1922.”

43Eagle River Review, Dec. 23, 1921.

44Vilas County News, Dec. 21, 1921, Jan. 11,

1922.

45Taken from a poster included with “Annual

Report of the Vilas County Agent, 1922.”

46Vilas County News, Jan. 11,1 922.

47Rhinelander New North, Mar. 16, 23, 30, 1922.

48Rhinelander New North, May 1 1, Jun. 8, 1922.

49Rhinelander New North, Jun. 8, 1922.

50A photograph of the blast is in the “Annual

Report of the Vilas County Agricultural

Agent, 1922.”

51Jones, History, 111; Rhinelander New North,

Dec. 11, 14, 1922.

52“Annual Report of the Vilas County Agent,

1922;” “Annual Report of the Oneida

County Agent, 1922;” Rhinelander New

North , Dec. 14, 1922.

53“War Explosives History,” Rowlands Papers, ss

1, box 1; “Annual Report of the Oneida

County Agent, 1928.” The exact Figure cited

was 598,273 pounds.

Mark Davis, a long-time resident of northern Wis¬

consin, is a lecturer of history at the University of

Wisconsin Center-Baraboo. He is also completing

a dissertation on the northern cutover at the Uni¬

versity ofWisconsin-Madison. Address: 4917 As¬

cot Lane, Madison, WI 5371 1

22

TRANSACTIONS

Thomas L. Eddy

A vascular flora of

Green Lake County ; Wisconsin

Abstract The main part of this report is a catalog of vascular plants that

grow or have grown without cultivation in Green Lake County,

Wisconsin. Presently, the county flora contains 921 cataloged spe¬

cies. Of these there are 31 pteridophytes, 8 gymnosperms, 283

monocotyledons and 599 dicotyledons. Plant records are based

mainly on specimens in the University ofWisconsin-Oshkosh her¬

barium ( OSH) that were collected from 1979 to 1996. During

this study it was determined that nine Wisconsin threatened and

endangered species are members of the county flora. Of these, Cyp-

ripedium candidum, Gentiana flavida, Habenaria flava var. herbiola,

Opuntia fragilis, Parthenium integrifolium, Polytaenia nuttallii, and

Tofieldia glutinosa are threatened, while Armoracia lacustris and

Scirpus cespitosus var. callosus are endangered. In August 1989 a

native grass, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, previously unknown in

Wisconsin, was discovered at the Berlin Fen, a state scientific natu¬

ral area. To date, M. richardsonis is not known to occur elsewhere

in the state.

The original land survey records for Green Lake County, circa

1834, along with old letters and journals, document the

presettlement vegetation as predominantly oak savanna. Various

oak communities, notably oak openings, were prevalent through¬

out the county prior to European settlement and were a tie-in be¬

tween the oak forests and grasslands. Tallgrass prairie covered the

flat uplands in the southeastern part of the county, while in the

northwestern half, wetlands occupied floodplain throughout most

of the Upper Fox River Valley and its tributaries. Two small tracts

of climax maple-basswood forest were established in the county —

below the Prairie du Chien escarpment southeast of Green Lake

and a small area in what is now part of Berlin. Adding to this

diverse vegetation complex, a small forest of mixed red and white

pine extended north of Lake Puckaway to within 3 miles south of

Princeton.

TRANSACTIONS Volume 84 (1996)

23

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

This vascular flora, which is based on a

thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of

the degree of Master of Science at the Uni¬

versity of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, is a record of

the non-cultivated plants that grow or have

grown in Green Lake County, Wisconsin. It

serves as a reference for comparison with the

flora of the same area in the future and adds

to the broader regional botanical record. Dur¬

ing this study the known distribution ranges

were extended for many species that had been

previously unreported for the county. In ad¬

dition, this county flora documents the oc¬

currence of state threatened and endangered

plants, the possible extirpation of one species,

and the appearance of a native grass previ¬

ously unreported in Wisconsin. Since it is

probable that some plants were inadvertently

overlooked during the study, and because the

flora of any region changes with time, it is

expected that others will contribute to this

record. Monitoring these floristic changes are

essential for the protection of rare species and

the restriction of nuisance plants.

The conservation of a diverse county flora

and the preservation of native biodiversity at

all levels depends on intelligent and sustain¬

able land-use practices. Modern agricultural

methods and commercial, residential, and

recreational expansion can have an irrevers¬

ible impact on the vegetation. In Green Lake

County the development and implementa¬

tion of a comprehensive land-use plan is es¬

sential for natural resources protection.

Updating the county’s GIS (geographical in¬

formation system) digital layers via a compre¬

hensive land-use inventory; revision of land

zoning ordinances; identification of environ¬

mentally sensitive areas; and educating the

township and county board officials, as well

as the general public about the inherent value

of natural areas will, in the long run, provide

the most reliable protection for the county’s

native flora.

Location and Land Use

Green Lake County is located in east-central

Wisconsin approximately 60 miles northeast

of Madison and 30 miles southwest of

Oshkosh (Figure 1). The parallel 43°45'

North Latitude and the meridian 89°00'

West Longitude intersect in the county (Fig¬

ure 2). Two state geographical provinces di¬

vide the county roughly in half (Martin

1963). The northwestern half lies on the

western edge of the Central Plain and is char¬

acterized by gently rolling topography. The

southeastern half of the county, which is part

of the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands province,

consists of numerous escarpments and valleys.

The county is slightly below Wisconsin’s ten¬

sion zone, a region of transition between Wis¬

consin’s northern hardwood province and the

prairie-forest province (Curtis 1959). Al¬

though oak savanna is the dominant vegeta¬

tion cover throughout the county, some

species that are more typical north of the ten¬

sion zone grow here. Of the 72 Wisconsin

counties, Green Lake County ranks 65th in

area size. The total land area for the county

is 355 square miles, or 226,816 acres. Land

use in the county, based on the 1995 Sta¬

tistical Report of Property Values, is sum¬

marized in Table 1 (Wis. Dep. Revenue

1995). Tax exempt lands, which include

state wildlife management areas and county

and city parks, account for 1,331 acres, or

approximately 0.6% of the total land area.

Table 1. Land use in Green Lake County

Land Use Acres % of Total Taxable

Type Land Area (Acres)

24

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

Figure 1. Location of Green Lake County, Wisconsin (U.S. Dept. Agr. 1977).

Physiography and Geology

The northwestern half of Green Lake

County is occupied by an extinct glacial

lakebed within the Central Plain’s Upper

Fox River Valley. The altitude of the valley

ranges from 750 to 780 ft above sea level.

The southeastern half of the county, which

is part of the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands,

is composed of several parallel ridges and

wide valleys that lie in a general northeast-

southwest direction. The southeastern up¬

lands attain altitudes of 1,170 ft above sea

level, while the surface relief varies from 1 00

to 270 ft relative to the lake level of Green

Lake.

Local physiography within the two con¬

trasting provinces consists of three general

land areas. The northwestern region of the

county, which is typified by sandy soils and

wetlands, has low, nearly level terrain. The

poor surface relief is occasionally broken by

Volume 84 (1996)

25

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Figure 2. Green Lake County, Wisconsin, highway map (adapted from the Wisconsin

Department of Transportation, 1988).

morainal deposits that form low hills and

ridges. The southeastern part is formed by

a high plain on the backslopes of two dolo-

mitic limestone cuestas, and a smaller area

in the southwestern portion of the county

is interconnected by knolls and lowlands.

Green Lake County is underlain with

five bedrock types that appear in different

locations throughout the county. The old¬

est is Precambrian igneous rock that out¬

crops as rhyolite at Berlin, Pine Bluff, the

abandoned village of Utley, and near

Marquette. In the past the igneous bedrock

was quarried at all four locations.

26

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

The Precambrian rock is overlaid by four

younger sedimentary units of Cambrian and

Ordovician ages. Cambrian sandstone un¬

derlies the Central Plain region and is the

upper bedrock for nearly 70% of the county.

To the southeast, Ordovician bedrock lay¬

ers underlie the Eastern Ridges and Low¬

lands. In the order from oldest to youngest

these include Prairie du Chien dolomite, St.

Peter sandstone, and Platteville-Galena do¬

lomite and limestone.

Surface features in the county are the re¬

sult of erosion and deposition by the Green

Bay glacial lobe during the Woodfordian

stage of Wisconsinan glaciation, 12,000 to

23,000 years before the present (B.P.).

Ground moraine covers the high plain in the

southeastern portion of the county, while

drumlins and outwash deposits are common

to the southwestern part. A broken line of

recessional moraines were deposited from

the northwest corner of the county to the

southeast. A recessional moraine forms a

morainal dam on the west end of Green

Lake and is responsible, in part, for creat¬

ing Wisconsin’s deepest inland lake at 237

ft. Spring Lake, East and West Twin lakes,

and Little Green Lake are kettle lakes.

The Woodfordian drift in the northwest¬

ern half of Green Lake County is covered

by glacio-lacustrine sediments from the

Valders stage, 6,000-12,000 years B.P. Wet¬

lands and sandy plains in the northwestern

half of the county occupy the extinct lake

bed of Glacial Lake Oshkosh (Pauli and

Pauli 1977).

Water Resources

Two of Wisconsin’s major drainage systems

are present in Green Lake County. The Fox-

Wolf River drainage basin drains nearly all

of the county except for the southeastern

portion of Mackford Township, which is

drained by the south branch of the Rock

River basin (Fassbender et al. 1970). Major

sub-watersheds include the White, Puchyan,

and the Grand rivers. Of these, the Grand

River system is the largest.

There are 36 lakes and 58 streams in the

county, encompassing 18,555 acres, or 8%

of the total land area. The four largest riv¬

ers comprise 972 acres, or 94% of the total

stream area. In the order of greatest area and

length these include the Fox, Grand,

Puchyan, and White rivers. Approximately

95% of the surface water area is made up

by Green Lake, Lake Puckaway, Grand

River Marsh, and the Fox River (Fassbender

et al. 1970).

The Fox River flows through the north¬

western half of the county from southwest

to northeast. Tributary streams, while rela¬

tively few, are perennial and enter the Fox

River at right angles from the northwest and

southeast, e.g., the White and Puchyan riv¬

ers. With the exception of some potholes

and Lake Puckaway, which is actually a wid¬

ening of the Fox River, the Central Plain re¬

gion in Green Lake County is devoid of

lakes.

Most of the named lakes in the county are

located in the southeastern half. The main

direction of stream flow is from east to west,

with the Grand River being the major flow-

age present. Compared to the Central Plain,

the tributaries of the Eastern Ridges and

Lowlands have higher flow gradients, nota¬

bly during seasonal precipitation and runoff.

Intermittent tributaries are more common in

the southeastern half of the county due to

the presence of heavier soils, which are not

conducive to percolation.

Soils

Vegetation patterns and species distribution

are closely related to three general soil cat-

Volume 84 (1996)

27

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

egories that are present in Green Lake

County: loams, sands, and peats. Loams

cover the southeastern region and are rep¬

resented almost exclusively by two major soil

associations. The Plano-Mendota-St.

Charles and Kidder-Rotamer-Grellton asso¬

ciations include shallow loams on glaciated

uplands and account for about 57% of the

land area (U.S. Dep. Agr. 1977). These loam

soils are derived from glacial dolomitic par¬

ent materials and are relatively fertile for ag¬

riculture.

The five remaining soil associations are

found almost exclusively in the northwestern

half of the county. Sandy loams and wind-

deposited sands conceal the glacio-lacustrine

deposits that were laid down during the

Valders stage of glaciation. The sands are

mainly derived from calcareous glacial lake

deposits and cover the level to rolling plains

in the Central Plain region of the county.

Wetlands, which cover about 17% of the

county, include peat soils of the Willette-

Poy-Poygan and Adrian-Houghton associa¬

tions (U.S. Dep. Agr. 1977). The mainly

acidic and poorly drained peat soils are de¬

rived from glacial lake deposits and oxidized

plant material. The peat soils are invaluable

for absorbing and storing excess water dur¬

ing flooding.

Climate

The continental climate of Green Lake

County produces winters that are cold and

snowy and summers that are warm and hu¬

mid. Prevailing winds are westerly in win¬

ter and southerly in summer. The mean an¬

nual high temperature is 34.2°C, and the

mean annual low is -28.6°C (U.S. Dep. Agr.

1977). July is the warmest month and Janu¬

ary the coldest. Frost-free days average about

136, ranging from May 13 to September 26.

The county receives approximately 30 inches

of annual precipitation, 60% of which falls

from May to September. The mean annual

snowfall totals 39 inches, with an average of

77 days of snow cover of one inch or more.

Presettlement Vegetation

Ethnobotany

Indians were the earliest humans to influ¬

ence the nature of the vegetation in ways

that mostly related to obtaining food (Curtis

1959). There is strong circumstantial evi¬

dence that the use of fire by Winnebago In¬

dians, the primary inhabitants of the region,

indirectly influenced the vegetation cover

(Dorney 1981). The presence of oak savanna

and open wetlands vegetation in Green Lake

County supports this view because all of

these plant communities originate from re¬

current fires and depend on periodic

burnings for their perpetuation.

Some of the earliest descriptions of the

vegetation in the region were made by the

French Jesuit missionary, Jacques Marquette.

In 1673 Marquette and Louis Joliet traced

Jean Nicolet’s 1634 exploration of the Fox

River. Marquette recorded these observations

at the time of their visit to the Mascoutin

village, a large Indian encampment within or

very near the county’s borders:

I took pleasure in observing the situation of

this village. It is beautiful and very pleasing;

For, from an Eminence upon which it is

placed, one beholds on every side prairies, ex¬

tending farther than the eye can see, inter¬

spersed with groves or with lofty trees. The

soil is very fertile and yields much indian

corn. The savages gather quantities of plums

[Prunus] and grapes [ Vitis riparia], wherewith

much wine could be made if desired. (The

Jesuit Relations, 1673-1677, Reuben Gold

Thwaites, ed.)

28

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

Marquette also observed that “rushes,”

perhaps Scirpus or Typha, were used by the

Indians for making wigwams. His reference

to the scarcity of bark in the region is fur¬

ther evidence of an oak savanna landscape.

As Bark for making cabins is scarce in this

country, They use Rushes; these serve Them

for making walls and roofs, but do not af¬

ford them much protection against the

winds, and still less against the rains when

they fall abundantly. The Advantage of Cab¬

ins of this kind is, that they make packages

of Them, and easily transport them wherever

they wish, while they are hunting. (The Je¬

suit Relations, 1673-1677, Reuben Gold

Thwaites, ed.)

Farther upstream from the Mascoutin vil¬

lage, Marquette described the bounty of

“wild oats.”

But the road [Fox River] is broken by so

many swamps and small lakes that it is easy

to lose one’s way, especially as the River lead¬

ing thither is so full of wild oats that it is dif¬

ficult to find the Channel. (The Jesuit Rela¬

tions, 1673-1677, Reuben Gold Thwaites,

ed.)

“Wild oats” refers to wild rice, Zizania

aquatica and Z. palustris, a notable food crop

of the Indians that grew abundantly in the

area waterways.

Among the Indian antiquities in Green

Lake County, thirteen Indian campsites,

three main planting grounds, and numerous

food caches have been discovered within the

immediate vicinity of Green Lake (Brown

1917). The oak forests that surrounded

Green Lake yielded great quantities of

acorns, which were ground, dried, and

stored in buried caches for use in winter.

The Winnebago used to make small

mounds to preserve their provisions. When

plentiful, they dried fish in the sun till they

were as dry as powder, then put them in big

puckawa sacks. The squaws also picked up

bushels of acorns. In deep holes, below frost¬

line, they would bury their fish and acorns

together, twenty bushels or so in a place, and

cover them over with a mound of earth.

When the deer had gone south, and game

was scarce— they would come and camp on

these mounds and dig up fish and acorns for

their winter food, and live on this proven¬

der until spring opened or game appeared.

(Dart 1910)

Maple sugar was made from Acer sac -

charum from at least two localities in climax

forest near the east end of Green Lake

(Brown 1917). The maple sugar was stored

in birch bark baskets that were fashioned

from Betula papyrifera.

. . .We had no sugar, save maple made by

Indians, and this was very dirty. The natives

used to pack this sugar in large baskets of

birch-bark, and sell it. (Dart 1910)

The area woodlands also supplied wood

for fuel, poles and bark for wigwams, and

wood for making tools and weapons.

Wooden bowls were carved out of ash,

Fraxinus species, and American basswood,

Tilia americana (Heiple and Heiple 1976).

Shagbark hickory, Carya ovata, and red ce¬

dar, Juniperus virginiana, were utilized to

make hunting bows (Brown 1917).

Wild ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, may

have been one of the few plants in the

county that was overharvested by the Indians

and later the Europeans, until it was nearly

extirpated from the region. The late Mrs.

Walter (Polly) Bartel provided this account

Volume 84 (1996)

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

where P. quinquefolium and Juniperus

virginiana grow near the Bartel farm today:

Chief Highknocker’s family always came out

to the Twin Spring Farm [Brooklyn Town¬

ship, circa 1890], pitched their tents, and

picked ginseng [Panax quin qui folium] and

also Juniper berries [Juniperus virginiana].

(Heiple and Heiple 1976)

Among those species reported to have

been introduced by Indians, both intention¬

ally and by accident, and which are part of

the county flora, are Acorus calamus , Allium

tricoccum, Apios americana , Nelumbo lutea ,

and Prunus americana (Curtis 1959).

Government Survey Records

The early government land survey records

for Green Lake County, circa 1834, contain

the most comprehensive record of the veg¬

etation prior to European settlement. The

field notes of the surveyors contain refer¬

ences to the vegetation, as well as to specific

plants, making it possible to interpret the

general vegetation cover for the county.

Wherever possible, individual trees that in¬

tersected section lines were recorded by the

early surveyors, along with bearing trees that

helped identify corners. To supplement and

verify entries, surveyors recorded a summary

of the vegetation along the section lines, and

often included sketch maps of each town¬

ship. When the survey of interior section

lines of a township had been completed, a

general summary of the vegetation for the

township was included.

According to the surveyors’ field notes,

the original vegetation of Green Lake

County was predominantly oak savanna

(Finley 1976) (Figure 3). Oak forest was

prevalent throughout much of the county,

giving way to wetlands vegetation along the

lower Grand River and throughout most of

the Fox River Valley and its tributaries.

Where the oak forest canopy was one-half

or more open, surveyors often acknowledged

the scattered spacing of trees and recorded

the vegetation as oak opening. Because the

field notes do not consistently mention the

spacing between trees, it is possible that ar¬

eas of what is mapped as oak forest may have

really been oak opening (Finley 1976).

Oak forests in Green Lake County were

generally widespread, established along the

limestone and dolomitic escarpments in the

southeast, as well as on knolls and sandy

plains in the northwestern half of the

county. Forest trees that are recorded in the

field notes include white oak, Quercus alba;

black oak, Q. velutina; bur oak, Q. macro-

carpa; northern red oak, Q. borealis; and

shagbark hickory, Carya ovata.

Land surveys conducted west of Lake

Maria and for areas surrounding most of the

eastern half of Green Lake include numer¬

ous references to oak openings. The oak

opening, a transitional community between

oak forest and grasslands, resembles a park¬

like scattering of individual and small clus¬

ters of oak trees with a prairie groundlayer.

In the field notes bur oak, Quercus macro-

carpay is frequently cited as a marker tree at

oak openings.

Where the oaks diminished in numbers,

notably on the flat uplands in the southeast¬

ern part of the county, the landscape was

treeless and covered by mesic prairie. The

tallgrass prairie abruptly gave way to climax

forest where the Prairie du Chien escarp¬

ment overlooks the mouth of Silver Creek,

Green Lake’s inlet. Marker trees mentioned

at this forested site were sugar maple, Acer

saccharum, and American basswood, Tilia

americana. A sizable part of this rich climax

woodland still exists today as part of

Mitchell’s Glen.

30

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EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

K = OAK FOREST

white oak, black

oak, bur oak

E = PINE FOREST

white pine, red

pint

T = WETLANDS

marsh, sedge

meadow, wet

prairie, lowland

shrubs

L = OAK OPENINGS

bur oak, white

oak, black oak

J = CLIMAX FOREST

sugar maple,

basswood, red oak,

white oak, black oak

Figure 3. Presettlement vegetation of Green Lake County, Wisconsin, circa 1834

(adapted from Finley, 1976).

Three miles north of Green Lake between

sections 14 and 15 at T16N and R12E the

field notes describe the area where the Prai¬

rie du Chien escarpment and the central

plain lowlands converge. For the purpose of

clarity, the survey measurements are ex¬

cluded here.

Descend a Ledge (sand stone). . .W Oak. . .Enter

Tamk swamp [Larix laracina]. . . Leave Tamk

swamp &C Enter marsh. . .stream [Snake

Creek]. ..Set post corner sections 10, 11, 14,

15.. .south of swamp hilly and stoney, third rate

Blk & W Oak [Quercus velutina and Q. alba].

(General Land Office Survey 1834)

At the same township and range, between

sections 12 and 13, the field notes read,

“Land low wet Marsh. .. Flagg Rushes

Grass.” “Flagg” refers to large blue flag, Iris

versicolor, common to the Snake Creek wet¬

lands, while “Rushes” is a possible reference

to Scirpus. While low prairies, fens, and

sedge meadows were certainly present, they

were not distinguished from marsh by the

early surveyors.

In 1851 Deputy Surveyor Ira Cook de¬

scribed the township at T15N and R11E,

which is located in the southwestern part of

Green Lake County and includes Lake

Puckaway:

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

The land in this township in the Northwest¬

ern part is Rolling, in the Southern & East¬

ern it is level, low & wet. The soil, where it

can be cultivated is of a good quality. The

timber in some portions of the town is of a

good quality consisting of White, Black, Bur

& Red Oak & Pine. The Township contains

12 or 13 settlers, besides a good many claims

have been made but not yet improved. (Gen¬

eral Land Office Survey 1831)

Common names of lowland trees and

shrubs mentioned in the field notes at T15N

and R1 IE include black ash, Fraxinus nigra;

white ash, F. americana ; silver maple, Acer

saccharinum; and quaking aspen, Populus

tremuloides. Speckled alder, A In us rugosa, and

willows, Salix species, are mentioned as “un¬

dergrowth.”

A small pine forest extended north of Lake

Puckaway to approximately 3 miles south of

present-day Princeton. The survey records

distinguish “Pine,” which is white pine, Pinus

strobus, from “Black Pine,” or red pine, P.

resinosa. The field notes report that black

oak, Quercus velutina, and white oak, Q.

alba, were often mixed in with the pines.

Early Settlement

After the land was surveyed and became

available for purchase through the Green

Bay Land Office, early settlers were drawn

to the area primarily because of agricultural

opportunities. Numerous accounts of early

settlement recorded by pioneering men and

women include the common names of spe¬

cific plants, as well as references to entire

plant communities. In 1840 Anson Dart

and his family established the first perma¬

nent white settlement on Green Lake. Ri¬

chard Dart, then twelve years old, later re¬

called these observations of his family’s ar¬

rival to Green Lake.

It took us two days to wind up through the

marshes to Green Lake. [From the mouth of

the Puchyan River, approximately seven

miles.] The last night we camped opposite the

present Dartford boat-landing, where the

road-bridge crosses toward Sherwood forest

resort. It was then surrounded with alders

[Alnus rugosa] and marshes, and we did not

know, that beautiful June night (June 11,

1840), that we were so near the lake. When

we passed out from the thickets into Green

Lake, the next morning, we shouted with joy!

There was at this time no heavy timber

around the lake, except at the foot [Silver

Creek inlet], in the marshes — only what were

called “clay openings,” [oak openings] burned

over each autumn by the prairie fires. (Dart

1910)

Soon after the Dart family’s arrival to the

Green Lake area, they acquired more land.

The “clay openings,” which consisted of oak

savanna vegetation on dry knolls and glacial

moraines, were difficult to farm.

All the while, we were clearing and break¬

ing land. It was thin and poor in the clay

openings, and as yet we did not know how

to farm to advantage. Father used to repair

grist-mills and sawmills as far off as Water-

town, leaving us boys to run the farm. Finally

we got enough money together to go up on

the prairie and buy a “forty” of better land,

with richer soil.

...We got him [Pete Le Roy, the Dart’s

nearest neighbor] and his ox-team to come

over that month and break up for us a half

acre that had been cleared by the boys, and

in which we planted yellow corn. (Dart 1910)

The rolling prairies and oak openings

that merged with wetlands were frequently

mentioned by early settlers and visitors in

letters and journals. Julia Peck Sherwood, in

32

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

a letter to her sister Harriet (Hattie) Sage

and family, dated August 28, 1854, de¬

scribed a trip from Green Lake to Ripon as

follows:

Last Friday I went with Mr. S [William C.

Sherwood] to Ripon, a village about seven

miles from Dartford that was the farthest I

have rode since I arrived here and the first time

that I have past over any green prairie [where

Hwy 23 lies between Green Lake and Ripon].

It was a beautifully grand prospect to see

one uninterrupted, unbroken undulating

meadow as far as the eye could extend to¬

wards the Missippie [sic] with occasionally a

herd of cattle of thirty or forty, they always

keep in companys [sic]. The land was culti¬

vated along where the road passed, or some

of it was, but it looks strange to see so few

fences where the country looks as if it had

been cleared. Mr. S has no prairie, he has one

large marsh that serves him for a meadow

[wetlands bordering Green Lake Mill Pond],

but all the cattle in the vicinity feed on it if

they choose, but there is good pasturage in

the woods here, the trees are so small and

scattering. They are all oaks, and there are

places that they call oak openings of many

acres that there are no trees or stumps. (Origi¬

nal letter loaned by Clarence F. Busse)

In another section of his narrative, Rich¬

ard Dart described the prairie wildflowers

around Green Lake, circa 1840:

I wish I could adequately describe the prairie

flowers. Every month during spring and sum¬

mer they grew in endless variety — such fields

of changing beauty, I never saw before. It was

a flower-garden everywhere. You could gather

a bouquet any time, that couldn’t be equalled

in any greenhouse of New York or Chicago.

There were double lady-slippers [Cypripedium

calceolus var. pubescens?] , shooting-stars

[Dodecatheon meadia], field-lilies [Lilium

superbum] etc., etc. Some of them still linger

beside the railway tracks. We tried over and

over to transplant them, but only the shoot¬

ing-stars would stand for the change. There

was also the tea-plant [Ceanothus americanus L.

var. pitcheri ?], whose leaves we dried for tea.

When in blossom, the oak and clay [prairie]

openings, for miles around, were white with

it, like buckwheat. We also had splendid wild

honey from the bee-trees. (Dart 1910)

Once, while returning from a trip to

Ripon, Richard Dart and his companions

accidentally found a large wild strawberry

patch, Fragaria virginiana.

We were coming up near where you go

down Scott Hill, by a thicket on the prairie,

about the site of the old Bailey farm [Section

25, T16N, R13E], when we snuffed a de¬

lightful odor — the smell of ripe strawberries.

We followed it up and found a place as big

as an eighty-acre lot, that had been burned

over, all covered with ripe wild strawberries

as big as any tame ones you ever saw, and so

thick that you could not lay your hand down

without crushing berries. The ground was red

with them, bushels and bushels for the pick¬

ing. We carried home our handkerchiefs full,

also everything else we had to hold them.

(Dart 1910)

From 1843 the accelerated settlement of

Green Lake County brought about signifi¬

cant changes in the vegetation. Even though

commercial logging did not occur on any

appreciable scale, forests played an impor¬

tant role in the development of farming by

furnishing the materials for building homes,

barns, fences, and bridges.

Richard Dart explained how some of the

local timber resources were utilized when his

family arrived in 1840.

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

We soon crossed the lake and reached our

land, of which my father recognized the quar¬

ter-section corner. [The original Dart farm

was in Section 5, T15N, R13E.] We lugged

our stuff up by hand from the lake [near

Sandstone Bluff], erected a shanty for shel¬

ter, and at once went to work to build a plank

house. We split and hewed white oak

[Quercus alba] planks, about two inches thick

by six feet long, and set them upright, two

lengths end-to-end twelve feet high, held to¬

gether by grooved girts or stringers. We used

poles for rafters and “shakes” for shingles, the

latter shaved out of green oak. (Dart 1910)

Dart also described how they prepared

corn meal from yellow field corn, an early

staple of the settler’s diet.

There being no mill, we made a huge mor¬

tar by boring out a hard, white-oak log, and

with a heavy hickory [Carya ovata] pestle, we

ground our corn. As the mortar held but two

quarts, it was only by rising at four o’clock

that we could get enough meal pounded for

a Johnnie-cake. The coarser part we boiled

as samp, for dinner, and had cornmeal fried

for supper, with neither milk nor butter.

(Dart 1910)

Besides being dependent on local timber

resources for constructing their buildings,

the early settlers relied on the surrounding

oak forests and openings for heating fuel.

Even after the house was finished it was

very cold, for the joints were not tight. We

tried to plaster up the cracks with white marl,

but when dry this came tumbling off. Some¬

times we used old newspapers, as far as we had

any, to paste over the cracks. While we had

no thermometer to measure the cold, I am

sure that the winter of 1 843-44 was the worst

we ever experienced. . . .

We nearly froze in our rudely-built house,

for we had no stove — only a big fireplace,

where in twenty-four hours we would some¬

times burn two cords of four-foot wood. It

took hard work for the boys just to keep the

fires going. (Dart 1910)

Great quantities of wood were also burned

as the land was cleared for farming. Such fires

often escaped and did much damage to the

remaining timber by injuring or destroying

trees and consuming the accumulated leaf

mulch on the ground. It was a common

practice to “green up the woods” for pasture

by burning. These routine fires were started

and left unattended to burn where they

would. In some instances, controlled burns

were practiced for safety reasons, as explained

by Richard Dart: “Every fall we had to burn

round everything — house, sheds, and

stacks — to save them from these fires that

annually swept the prairies” (Dart 1910).

The first commercial production of cran¬

berry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in Wiscon¬

sin began in Green Lake County about 1860

(Wis. Dep. Agr. 1958). Natural wetlands

were modified for cranberry growing by

building irrigation systems and water reser¬

voirs. Some planting was done, but the

greater part of the early crops was harvested

from the wild marshes in the northern half

of the county. In another letter to her sister

Hattie, dated November 26, 1854, Julia

Peck Sherwood explained that she made

“cranberry pie” for Thanksgiving dinner.

Not surprising, she did not reveal if the pie

was made from local cranberries (original let¬

ter loaned by Clarence Busse).

No voucher specimen of Vaccinium

macrocarpon or any of the associated bog

ericads were found during this study. The

most likely habitats, tamarack swamps and

boggy meadows, are lacking most typical

bog species. It is conceivable that early ef-

34

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

forts to promote cranberry production even¬

tually contributed to the extirpation of en¬

tire relic bog communities.

Similarly, wetlands that bordered Green

Lake were altered greatly by the construc¬

tion of artificial impoundments. Before the

Dartford dam was built in 1841, a lowland

forest occupied the eastern shore of Green

Lake. After the waters of the lake were raised,

much of this land was submerged, killing the

trees that were later removed, thereby cre¬

ating more open water (Brown 1917).

Until 1890 steamboats carrying freight

and passengers on the Upper Fox River from

Lake Winnebago to the Wisconsin River at

Portage played an important role in the set¬

tling of the county. Wetlands in the Fox

River Valley were modified or completely

eliminated near Berlin, Princeton, and on

the White River because of dredging activi¬

ties and the installation of locks on the Fox.

Portions of Green Lake, Berlin, Princeton,

Kingston, and Marquette are built on former

wetlands that have been almost entirely

drained and filled in.

Water transportation was replaced by rail¬

roads after the first train arrived at Berlin in

1857. The railroad system enhanced devel¬

opment of the territory and further divided

the unbroken expanses of oak savanna veg¬

etation. Ironically, the right-of-way embank¬

ments along some railroads and abandoned

railways harbor original oak opening and

prairie remnants.

Noteworthy Plants

Two state endangered species are known

from Green Lake County, Armoracia

lacustris and Scirpus cespitosus var. callosus.

Lake-cress, Armoracia lacustris, is a lake mac¬

rophyte that was last collected in Green Lake

in 1921 and it is uncertain whether it is still

extant in the county (Patman and litis

1961). Scirpus cespitosus, a common arctic

species, is very local to calcareous fens and

has a limited distribution statewide.

State threatened species include Cypripe-

dium candidum, Gentiana flavida, Habenaria

flava var. herbiola, Opuntia fragilis. Par -

thenium integrifolium, Polytaenia nuttallii,

and Tofieldia glutinosa.

Of the various plant communities in

Green Lake County, fens are the least com¬

mon. Locally, fens are mainly situated in the

southeastern half of the county where they

reside along the base of dolomitic limestone

escarpments. Threatened and endangered

fen species, Cypripedium candidum, Scirpus

cespitosus, and Tofieldia glutinosa, occur in a

calcareous fen that is part of the Snake Creek

Wetlands state natural area. At the same site,

a small collection of rare sedges grows in and

around the perimeter of calcareous seepages:

Carex limosa, Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis

robbinsii, Rhynchospora alba, R. capillacea,

and Scleria verticillata. Other non-sedge spe¬

cies associated with this assemblage are

Hypericum kalmianum, Juncus alpinus, J.

brachycephalus, Liparis loesellii, Triglochin

maritima, and T. palustris. It is interesting

to note that Gentianopsis procera, which

thrives in a different Snake Creek fen less

than one-half mile away, is absent at this site,

even though other fen indicators are com¬

mon to both locations.

Gentiana flavida and Habenaria flava var.

herbiola, along with Habenaria lacera, Scleria

trigomerata, Asclepias hirtella, and Hypericum

gentianoides, are established on moist sand

prairies and meadows in the old lakebed of

Glacial Lake Oshkosh. Also associated with

the extinct lake bed are disjunct species that

are members of the Atlantic Coastal Plain

element — Aletris farinosa, Bartonia virginica,

Panicum commonsianum var. euchlamydeum,

Rhexia virginica, Scleria verticillata, and Xyris

torta. It is conceivable that they became es-

Volume 84 (1996)

35

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

tablished during post-glacial times via mi¬

grating waterfowl (Read 1976).

A single specimen of Parthenium inte-

grifolium was observed in 1995 in an old

field that is partly restored to upland prai¬

rie. It is possible that the seeds of P.

integrifolium were present in a seed pool of

the old field and did not germinate until af¬

ter restoration efforts in 1983. The property

owners are confident they did not knowingly

or unknowingly introduce P. integrifolium to

the site.

While most of the original oak openings

in Green Lake County are gone, a few small

remnants persist. Among the rarer species of

oak openings in the county are Arctostaphylos

uva-ursi, Monotropa hypopithys, and Spiran-

tbes lacera , known from Pine Bluff; Talinum

rugospermum, from a roadside opening north

of Lake Pucka way; and Poly taenia nuttallii,

which is exclusive to the Puchyan Prairie, a

state natural area.

A native grass, Muhlenbergia richardsonis,

previously unknown in Wisconsin, was dis¬

covered at the Berlin Fen, a state scientific

natural area, in August 1989 (Eddy and

Harriman 1992). I have botanized in fens

and calcareous meadows that are floristically

similar to the Berlin Fen but have not found

M. richardsonis in any of them.

Natural Areas

Natural areas in the county that are regu¬

lated by the Wisconsin Department of

Natural Resources comprise wildlife areas,

refuges and scientific natural areas. The

White River Wildlife Area, Grand River

Marsh, and the Fox River Public Access are

among the larger management and refuge

areas. In addition, four Wisconsin Natural

Areas are established in the county: Puchyan

Prairie, section 1, T16N, R12E; Fountain

Creek Prairie, sections 8 and 17, T14N,

R11E; and Berlin Fen, section 12, T17N,

R13E. In 1994 the Green Lake Chapter

Izaak Walton League deeded approximately

18 acres of high quality fen, low prairie, and

sedge meadow habitats to the Department

of Natural Resources. This property, section

14, T16N, R12E, was dedicated as a state

natural area in 1995 and is named the Snake

Creek Wetlands.

On a county level, natural areas that are

part of any one of the six parks are protected.

The largest, Dodge County Park, encom¬

passes a wetlands complex and the lower

branch of Roy Creek, a tributary of Green

Lake at section 15, T15N, R12E.

Private organizations have also taken mea¬

sures to protect natural areas. The Green

Lake Chapter Izaak Walton League owns

and manages approximately 1 5 acres of wet¬

lands within the Snake Creek corridor in

sections 13, 14 and 15, T16N, R12E. The

Snake Creek Wetlands Trail, a public hik¬

ing trail, is established on an abandoned rail¬

road embankment. In addition, the Green

Lake Chapter owns and manages more than

100 acres of wetlands in sections 17 and 18,

T17N, R13E. This property, called the

Mascouten Fox River Wetlands, is protected

from development by a conservation ease¬

ment.

Other private lands that feature quality

natural areas include the Mitchell’s Glen

area, section 35, T16N, R13E; Pine Bluff,

section 1, T17N, R1 IE; and the Upper Fox

River area southwest of Princeton, T15N,

R11E.

Catalog Sources

The catalog of species is a list of vascular

plants that grow or have grown without cul¬

tivation in Green Lake County, Wisconsin.

Cultivars that may have escaped and are re¬

producing spontaneously are included.

36

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

A “record” in the context of this paper re¬

fers to any herbarium voucher that verifies

the existence of a plant that is, or has been,

a member of the county flora. Plant records

are based mainly on specimens in the Uni¬

versity of Wisconsin-Oshkosh herbarium

(OSH) that were collected from 1979 to

1996.

Some records include specimens that are

represented in the herbaria at UW-Madison

and UW-Milwaukee, while others, notably

from the Potamogetonaceae, are supported

by vouchers that are part of a teaching col¬

lection at Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin.

All Green Lake County specimens cited in

the catalog have been examined and verified.

Species mapped for Green Lake County

in the “Preliminary Reports on the Flora of

Wisconsin,” but for which vouchers were

not located, are not included in the catalog.

These include Lycopodium tristachyum and

Cheilanthes feei (Peck 1982); Panicum

columbianum (Fassett 1951); Viburnum

rafinesquianum var. rafinesquianum (Sala-

mun 1979); Silene stellata (Schlising and litis

1961); Vaccinium macrocarpon (Fassett 1929);

Acalypha gracilens (Richardson et al. 1987);

Petalostemum candidum (Fassett 1961);

Gentiana rubricaulis (Mason and litis 1965);

Epilobium leptophyllum (Ugent 1962);

Lysimachia lanceolata (litis and Shaughnessy

I960); Salix rigida (S. eriocephala) (Argus

1964); and Agalinis gattingeri and Penstemon

hirsutus (Salamun 1951).

Species reported in the Natural Areas In¬

ventory, but which are not supported with

herbarium vouchers, are not listed in the

catalog. Among those species regarded as

possible sightings are Carex haydenii, Bromus

kalmi, Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias

ovalifolia , Asclepias viridiflora , Aster ptar-

micoides (Solidago ptarmicoides), and Utricu-

laria intermedia (Wis. Dep. Nat. Res. 1 977—

1979).

Asclepias lanuginosa, a state threatened

species, is among the plants listed in a Bu¬

reau of Endangered Resources publication

entitled Rare, Threatened and Endangered Spe¬

cies and Natural Communities in Green Lake

County { Wis. Dep. Nat. Res. 1994). Since A.

lanuginosa is not supported by a herbarium

specimen, it is not included in the catalog.

The plant, which was identified during Field

surveys for the Natural Heritage Inventory,

appears in the publication based solely on re¬

ports submitted by a reliable observer and a

1986 photograph (Elizabeth Simon, personal

communication, 27 June 1996). I have been

unable to locate a specimen of A. lanuginosa

in the county, despite explicit directions and

detailed field notes that were generously pro¬

vided for me (Richard Barloga, personal com¬

munication, 28 June 1996).

Catalog Design

Plant families are alphabetized within the

major plant groups, as are the genera and

species within a family. Nomenclature

strictly follows Gleason and Cronquist

(1991). Due to the magnitude of this study,

the treatment of narrowly defined species

and most infraspecific taxa are avoided, as

well as a listing of synonyms.

For most species a brief habitat descrip¬

tion and the frequency of occurrence are

stated. Mention of specific locations are

mostly avoided to ensure privacy for private

landowners and dissuade indiscriminate

botanizing by overzealous plant collectors.

Section, township and range locations, how¬

ever, are included on herbarium labels for

each species in the catalog.

The collectors and collection numbers are

cited for all species listed in the catalog, with

most of these represented by specimens at

OSH. Catalog records not represented by

vouchers at OSH are cited with the respec-

Volume 84 (1996)

37

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

tive herbaria from which specimens have

been examined and verified. These include

WIS (UW-Madison) and UWM (UW-Mil-

waukee). RIP denotes records for specimens

that are part of a teaching collection at

Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin.

State threatened and endangered plants in

the catalog are based on the most recently

published list prepared by the Wisconsin

Bureau of Endangered Resources (Wis. Dep.

Nat. Res. 1993).

Summary of Taxa

Presently, the county flora comprises 921

cataloged species. A summary of the num¬

ber of families, genera, and species for the

major plant groups is shown in Table 2.

The monocots are largely represented by

the Poaceae and Cyperaceae, which, when

combined, account for 66.8% of the total

number of monocots. Nearly one-fifth, or

18.4%, of the dicots are represented by a

single family, the Asteraceae. A comparison

of the three largest monocot and dicot fami¬

lies is presented in Table 3.

Table 2. Summary of major plant taxa in

Green Lake County

38

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

CATALOG OF SPECIES

Division Lycopodiophyta

LYCOPODIACEAE (Clubmoss Family)

Lycopodium digitatum Dillen. Oak woods. Rare.

(Eddy 41 10)

L. lucidulum Michx. Rare, known from one site;

moist oak woods. (Harriman 1255)

S ELAGIN ELLACEAE (Selaginella Family)

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Local on rhyo¬

lite outcrops. (Harriman 1249; Underwood

232)

Division Equisetophyta

EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)

Equisetum arvense L. Roadsides, railroad cinders,

old fields. Common. (Eddy 2207; Trotter 229)

E. x ferrissii Clute. (Eddy 409, 509)

E. fluviatile L. Marshes, wet ditches. (Eddy 207,

349, 1678)

E. hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton.

(Peters 005, WIS)

E. laevigatum A. Braun. (Eddy 1531; Harriman

793, 18292; Kohlman 673)

E. x litorale Kuhlewein ex Rupr. (Fassett 8799,

WIS)

Division Polypodiophyta

ADLANTACEAE (Maidenhair Fern Family)

Adiantum pedatum L. ssp. pedatum. Deciduous

woods. Uncommon. (Harriman 734; Hock-

man s.n.; Galster s.n.)

Pellaea glabella Mettenius. Shaded dolomitic

cliffs. Uncommon. (Eddy 2218; Harriman

16680)

ASPLENLACEAE (Spleenwort Family)

Asplenium rhizophyllum L. Local on moist,

shaded cliffs. (Rill 7071)

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. var. michauxii

Mettenius. Deciduous woods. Common.

(Eddy 176, 1525, 1728, 1873, 1928; Har¬

riman 1252, 1253; Weinkauf 1050; Under¬

wood 236)

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Shaded dolo¬

mitic outcrops. Uncommon. (Eddy 180, 181,

2412)

C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. fragilis. Shaded dolo¬

mitic outcrops. Uncommon. (Eddy 2205;

Harriman 16681 A; Hockman s.n.)

Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H. P. Fuchs.

Swamps, wet woods. Common. (Eddy 1514,

2703; Harriman 821)

D. cristata (L.) A. Gray. Swamps. Common.

(Eddy 1729, 2389, 2704; Harriman 2071)

D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. Moist woods.

(Eddy 1747; Shaver 047)

Thelypteris palustris Schott, var. pubescens

(Lawson) Fern. Common in wetlands. (Eddy

1761, 1931, 2025)

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Local on rhyolite out¬

crops. (Cochrane et al. 6109; Eddy 1505,

1799; Underwood 235)

W. obtusa (Sprengel) Torr. Local on rhyolite out¬

crops. (Eddy & Sonntag 2103; Harriman

16681)

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE (Bracken Family)

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. var. latiusculum

(Desv.) Underw. Wooded openings, roadsides.

Common. (Pucker 1433)

ONOCLEACEAE (Sensitive Fern Family)

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. Swamps,

wet woods, escape from plantings. (Eddy 4208)

Onoclea sensibilis L. Common in wetlands. (Eddy

1560)

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Adder’s Tongue Family)

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Uncommon.

(Underwood 1320)

B. multifidum (S. G. Gmelin) Rupr. (Pratt s.n.,

WIS)

Volume 84 (1996)

39

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

B. virginianum (L.) Swartz. Moist oak woods.

(Buchholtz 1243; Eddy 168, 1755, 2053;

Harriman 733; Hockman s.n.)

OSMUNDACEAE (Royal Fern Family)

Osmunda cinnamomea L. Moist woods. (Har¬

riman 823)

O. claytoniana L. Moist open woods, swamps,

wet ditches. Uncommon. (Eddy 1463, 1875)

O. regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray.

Swamps, sedge meadows, wet ditches. (Eddy

532; Harriman 776; Hockman 038)

POLYPODLACEAE (Polypody Family)

Polypodium virginianum L. Local on moist

shaded rock outcrops. (Eddy 1788, 2169;

Harriman 16682; Shaver 049; Underwood

234)

Division Pinophyta

CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress Family)

Juniperus communis L. Dry rocky woods. Com¬

mon. (Krysiak Oil)

J. virginiana L. Disturbed woods and dry hill¬

sides. Common. (Buchholtz 1360; Burbey 006;

Eddy 2632; Kampa 033; Krysiak 012; Kuen

026; Schroeder 005; Schultz 067)

Thuja occidentals L. (Pichette 044)

PINACEAE (Pine Family)

Larix laricina (Duroi) K. Koch. Dominant tree

of conifer swamps. (Eddy 708; Hockman 123;

Kampa 021)

Pinus banksiana Lambert (Eddy 4200)

P. resinosa Aiton. Originally native to the county,

now occasionally spreading from pine plant¬

ings, along with P. strobus. (Eddy 4199)

P. strobus L. See P. resinosa. (Kyrsiak 009;

Schultz 061)

P. sylvestris L. Planted and occasionally escaped.

(Kampa 032)

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

ACERACEAE (Maple Family)

Acer negundo L. Disturbed woods, fencerows,

roadsides. Common. (Draheim 006; Nyman

062; Shaver 044)

A. rubrum L. Moist woods. Common. (Wein-

kauf 1230)

A. saccharinum L. A dominant tree of low for¬

ests. (Pinchette 047)

A. saccharum Marshall. Rich woods; co-domi-

nant tree with Tilia americana in climax for¬

est. (Eddy 4210)

AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family)

Amaranthus albus L. Common weed. (Under¬

wood 223)

A. hybridus L. Common weed. (Draheim 117)

A. retroflexus L. Common weed. (Draheim 062;

Pucker 094; Zeitler 199)

A. tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer. Wetlands. (Eddy

2637, 2723)

ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family)

Rhus aromatica Aiton var. aromatica. Known

from one site; a prairie restoration site at the

Green Lake Center. Probably an escaped cul-

tivar. (Eddy 4191)

R. copallinum L. Local in dry woods and oak

openings at Pine Bluff, a rhyolite rock outcrop.

(Eddy 1801; Underwood 860)

R. glabra L. Roadsides, railroads, wooded open¬

ings. Common. (Draheim 023; Nyman 068;

Krauth 140; Pucker 080)

R. typhina L. Roadsides, wooded openings. Less

common than R. glabra. (Bennett 229)

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. Disturbed

woods, paths, clearings. Locally abundant.

(Eddy 1813; Gorsuch 121; Harriman 735;

Nyman 066)

T. vernix (L.) Kuntze. Local in Larix swamps.

(Eddy 039)

40

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

APIACEAE (Carrot Family)

Angelica atropurpurea L. Marshes, wet ditches,

sedge meadows. Common. (Eddy 130; Har-

riman 513; Nelson s.n.)

Carum carvi L. Garden escape. (Draheim Oil;

Pucker 622)

Cicuta bulbifera L. Marshes, sedge meadows, wet

ditches. Common. (Chier 1 169; Eddy 974)

C. maculata L. Marshes, sedge meadows, wet

ditches. (Habighorst 045)

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Moist woods.

(Eddy 2329)

Daucus carota L. Roadside weed. (Eddy 4163)

Heracleum lanatum Michx. Moist ditches, low

thickets. (Draheim 017)

Osmorbiza claytonii (Michx.) C. B. Clarke.

Woods. Common. (Eddy 1744; Hockman

s.n.)

O, longistylis (Torr.) DC. Woods. (Eddy 196;

Harriman 772)

Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. Low prairies, sedge

meadows, marshes, wet ditches. Common.

(Eddy & Rill 2022; Kohlman 1293)

Pastinica sativa L. Common weed. (Eddy

Harriman s.n.)

Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Known from one site;

Puchyan Prairie, a state scientific natural area.

STATE THREATENED (Eddy 2358)

Sanicula gregaria E. Bickn. Woods. (Eddy 010,

2321)

S. marilandica L. Woods. (Eddy 009, 516;

Pucker 632)

Sium suave Walter. Sedge meadows, marshes,

swamps. (Eddy 1688)

Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fern. Known from one

site; remnant dry prairie. (Eddy & Harriman

19689)

Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Mesic prairies. Common.

(Eddy 2139; Pucker 631; Underwood 494,

854)

APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Roadsides, rail¬

roads, oak openings. Common. (Draheim 027;

Eddy 275; Harriman 1117; Hockman s.n.)

A, sibericum Jacq. Roadsides. Uncommon. (Eddy

2647)

Vinca minor L. Garden escape. (Burbey 061;

Dubester 059; Rohlfs 039)

AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family)

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray Swamps. (Eddy

1601; Harriman 1246, 18930; Kohlman 1322)

ARALLACEAE (Ginseng Family)

Aralia nudicaulis L. Woods. Common. (Har¬

riman 684)

A. racemosa L. Rich woods. Uncommon. (Eddy

1876, 2469; Harriman 18934)

Panax quinquefolium L. Moist wooded slopes.

Rare. (Galster 1 196; Misterek 131)

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Birthwort Family)

As arum canadense L. Moist woods. Locally abun¬

dant. (Eddy 1399)

ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family)

Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. Dry prairies,

oak openings. Uncommon. (Eddy 2421, 2669;

Hockman 072)

A. exaltata L. Woods, openings. Uncommon.

(Eddy 1972; Hockman s.n.)

A. hirtella (Pennell) Woodson. Sand prairies.

Rare. (Eddy 2645, 3068; Underwood 815)

A. incarnata L. Wetlands. Common. (Draheim

059; Eddy 637; Harriman 1 169; Jennings 265;

Lindvall 159)

A. syriaca L. Roadsides, fields, disturbed soils.

Common. (Harriman 1163)

A. tuberosa L. Mesic prairies, roadsides. Com¬

mon. (Harriman 1 162; Laurent 029)

A. verticillata L. Roadsides, waste places. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 747; Harriman 1208, 1259;

Kasierski 004; Weber 039)

ASTERACEAE (Aster Family)

Achillea millefolium L. Roadsides, prairies, old

fields. Common. (Eddy 132; Harriman 779;

Nelson s.n.; Pucker 213; Weiss 176; Zeitler

231)

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Common weed.

(Draheim 073; Lindvall 166; Pucker 067;

Supple 215; Underwood 240)

A. trifida L. Common weed. (Eddy 1857;

Volume 84 (1996)

41

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Manthei 203; Manthei & Bennett 222;

Salzman 076; Zietler 212)

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Dry

openings. Common. (Harriman 1233)

Antennaria neglecta Greene. Forming dense

patches in dry openings, on lawns. Common.

(Eddy 233, 263; Schroeder 004)

A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson. Dry openings,

fields. (Eddy 13, 232; Hockman s.n.)

Anthemis cotula L. Common weed. (Draheim

064; Eddy 827)

Arctium minus Schk. Common weed. (Draheim

052; Zeitler 215)

Artemisia biennis Willd. (Zeitler 222)

A. campestris L. Sandy soils. (Eddy 2175)

A. ludoviciana Nutt. Upland prairies, roadsides.

(Eddy 2639)

Aster borealis Prov. Low prairies, fens, sedge

meadows. Locally abundant. (Eddy 1943;

Galster 1075; Underwood 1178)

A. ciliolatus Lindley. Woods. (Misterek 146)

A. ericoides L. Prairies, roadsides. Common.

(Bennett 220; Jennings 260)

A. firmus Nees. Low prairies. (Draheim 111;

Nyman 059; Habighorst 158)

A. hesperius A. Gray. Low prairies, sedge mead¬

ows. Uncommon. (Eddy 1911)

A. laevis L. Prairies. Common. (Eddy 2059;

Pucker 093; Macfarlane 1 13)

A. lanceolatus Willd. var. lanceolatus. Prairies,

fields, roadsides. Common. (Breitlow 201;

Eddy 1777, 1905; Salzman 074; Underwood

1190; Weiss 160; Zeitler 224)

A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Oak openings, prai¬

ries. Common. (Briscoe s.n.; Draheim 096;

Jansen 222; Supple 194; Wepner 003; Zeitler

207)

A. linariifolius L. Dry sandy openings. Rare.

(Harriman 1240)

A. novae-angliae L. Low prairies, sedge meadows,

roadsides. Common. (Bennett 213; Eddy

2176; Gorsuch 122; Jennings 233; Mateyka

059; Underwood 221; Weiss 169; Zeitler 221)

A. oolentangiensis Riddell. Upland prairies, oak

openings. Common. (Bennett 205; Buchholtz

1142; Draheim 205; Harriman 1231; Lindvall

158; Mittelstaedt 243; Taves 905)

A. pilosus Willd. Dry sandy openings. (Coburn

s.n.; Jansen 222)

A. puniceus L. Larix swamps. (Whinney s.n.)

A. sagittifolius Willd. Oak openings, prairies,

roadsides. Common. (Mittelstadet 238; Turner

013)

A. sericeus Vent. Oak openings, prairies.

(Harriman 1206; Weiss 070)

A. umbellatus Miller. Low prairies, sedge mead¬

ows, fens. Locally abundant. (Eddy & Rill

1024; Eddy 1989; Underwood 1186; Whirry

774)

Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Marshes, sedge

meadows. (Habighorst 040)

B. cernua L. Wet ditches, shores, marshes. Com¬

mon. (Draheim 140; Eddy 784, 2172; Jen

nings 241; Krauth 146; Nyman 063; Weiss

167)

B. connata Muhl. Moist or wet waste places.

(Zeitler 229)

B. coronata (L.) Britton. Marshes, sedge mead¬

ows. Common. (Buchholtz 1366; Harriman

18972; Weiss 154)

B. frondosa L. Marshes, sedge meadows. Com¬

mon. (Brudnicki 134; Harriman 1247, 18980)

Cacalia suaveolens L. Local on sandy flats on

Lake Puckaway. (Harriman 13214; Under¬

wood 1 166)

Carduus nutans L. Old pastures. (Eddy 4215;

Eddy &C Harriman s.n.)

Centaur ea maculosa Lam. Common roadside

weed. (Eddy 2635)

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Common

weed. (Draheim 022)

Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. angustifolia

(Rybd.) Cronq. Dry sandy openings. Uncom¬

mon. (Jansen 220)

Cichorium intybus L. Roadside weed. (Eddy

4172)

Cirsium altissimum (L.) Sprengel. Open woods.

(Harriman 18998)

42

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

C. arvense (L.) Scop. Common weed. (Eddy

4162)

C. muticum Michx. Sedge meadows, low prairies,

fens. Common. (Eddy 766, 1934, 2161;

Underwood 21 1, 1 183; Weiss 148; Zeider 227)

C. vulgar e (Savi) Tenore. Uncommon weed.

(Jennings 270; Misterek 127; Turner 040)

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Common weed.

(Bennett 194; Jansen 216; Pucker 068)

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Prairies. Common.

(Eddy 749, 2102; Harriman 2085)

Crepis tectorum L. Common weed. (Eddy 2545,

2557)

Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. Various habitats

recently burned over. (Harriman 13209)

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Common weed. (Eddy

2372)

E. philadelphicus L. Roadsides, openings. Com¬

mon. (Draheim 018; Eddy 1566; Nelson s.n.;

Pucker 619; Taves 445)

E. pulchellus Michx. Open woods. Uncommon.

(Draheim 019; Harriman 72 7)

E. strigosus Muhl. Common weed. (Harriman

1244)

Eupatorium maculatum L. Low prairies, sedge

meadows, damp thickets. Common. (Habig-

horst 068; Nyman 054; Zeitler 219)

E. perfoliatum L. Low prairies, sedge meadows.

Common. (Habighorst 171; Kasierski 008;

Zeitler 228)

E. purpureum L. Openings, thickets. Uncom¬

mon. (Davis s.n.)

E. rugosum Houttuyn. Woods, thickets. (Davis

s.n.; Draheim 093; Harriman 16679; Wepner

004)

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Mesic prairies.

(Weiss 161)

Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Sandy oak openings.

(Draheim 037)

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon. Com¬

mon weed. (Eddy 616; Turner 213)

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Dry openings, pas¬

tures. (Draheim 091; Galster 811; Harriman

1263; Mittelstaedt 110, 236; Supple 189; We¬

ber 037)

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. var. squarrosa.

Roadsides. Uncommon. (Eddy 1829; Har¬

riman 4189)

Helenium autumnale L. Low prairies, sedge

meadows, fens. Common. (Breitlow 200;

Draheim 069; Jennings 255; Misterek 126;

Supple 270; Underwood 216, 1193; Weiss

146; Whirry 1081; Zeitler 226)

Helianthus annuus L. (Breitlow 204)

H. decapetalus L. Oak openings, thickets. Com¬

mon. (Davis s.n.)

H. giganteus L. Roadsides, thickets. Common.

(Draheim 068; Eddy 783, 2149; Habighorst

048)

H. grosseserratus Martens. Roadsides. (Eddy

4166)

H. hirsutus Raf. Dry woods, openings. (Ber-

lowski 039; Turner 043).

H. occidentals Riddell. Oak openings, upland

prairies. Common. (Eddy 1910, 21 19; Har¬

riman 1236)

H. strumosus L. Openings, roadsides. (Buchholtz

1016; Eddy 1886; Harriman 1257; Jennings

1237)

H. tuberosus L. Roadsides, waste places. (Breitlow

202)

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet, var. scabra

(Dunal.) Fern. Openings, prairies. (Davis s.n.;

Harriman 1 174)

Hieracium aurantiacum L. Common weed.

(Draheim 016; Eddy 266; Harriman 510,

1892)

H. caespitosum Dumort. Common weed. (Dra¬

heim 015; Eddy 012, 709, 1516)

H. kalmii L. Dry openings. (Eddy 408, 1105;

Harriman 18977)

H. longipilum Torr. Dry openings. Uncommon.

(Eddy 1956, 2627; Harriman 2071)

H. scabrum Michx. Dry openings. Common.

(Eddy 1919, 1947, 2684; Harriman 1235)

H. umbellatum L. Openings, thickets. Uncom¬

mon. (Eddy 1912, 1919-A, 2056; Harriman

1238)

Volume 84 (1996)

43

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Krigia biflora (Walter) S. F. Blake. Mesic prai¬

ries. Uncommon. (Eddy 690, 2136; Harriman

794, 1848; Underwood 830)

K virginica (L.) Willd. Sandy openings. Uncom¬

mon. (Harriman 18293)

Kuhnia eupatorioides L. var. corymbulosa T. & G.

Dry sandy openings. (Eddy 833; Harriman

1205, 1256)

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. Thickets.

(Draheim 098; Eddy 4153; Harriman & Rill

s.n.)

L. canadensis L. Common weed. (Davis s.n.;

Eddy 2584; Harriman & Rill s.n.; Kuen 020;

Underwood 828)

L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. (Harriman & Rill

s.n.)

Lapsana communis L. Uncommon weed of rhyo¬

lite outcrops. (Eddy 1754)

Liatris aspera Michx. Mesic prairies. Common.

(Bennett 225; Habighorst 161; Harriman

1260; Kasierski 006; Underwood 237; Wiest

071)

L. ligulistylis (A. Nels.) K. Schum. Mesic prai¬

ries. Rare. (D. Chier 1077)

L. pycnostachya Michx. Mesic prairies. Common.

(Eddy 050, 1945, 1949)

Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Com¬

mon weed. (Eddy &C Harriman s.n.)

Parthenium integrifolium L. Rare, known from

one site; old field restored, in part, as upland

prairie. (The property owners are confident

they did not introduce P. integrifolium to the

site.) A single specimen observed and conser¬

vatively top-picked. STATE THREATENED.

(Eddy &c Schultz 4218)

Prenanthes alba L. Woods, thickets. (Buchholtz

1011; Eddy 2158, 2721; Habighorst 064;

Kasierski 007; Kohlman 1300)

P. racemosa Michx. Mesic prairies. Less common

than P. alba. (J. Linde 1375)

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Upland prai¬

ries. (Eddy 4157)

Rudbeckia hirta L. Upland prairies. Common.

(Eddy 515; Harriman 1168, 1881)

Senecio pauperculus Michx. Peaty soils. Com¬

mon. (Dean 023; Eddy 131, 2137)

S. plattensis Nutt. Dry prairies. Uncommon.

(Harriman 809, 1845)

Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Mesic prairies,

roadsides. Common. (Eddy 2624; Pucker

1139)

Solidago canadensis L. Prairies, old fields, road¬

sides. Common. (Anderson s.n.; Habighorst

053; Harriman 1166; Underwood 226; Weiss

162; Zeitler 210)

S. flexicaulis L. Woods, openings. Common.

(Eddy 818; Misterek 132)

S. gigantea Aiton. Openings. (Eddy 1916;

Michels 022; Pucker 1064)

S. nemoralis Aiton. Oak openings. Common.

(Eddy 1 103, 1869; Jennings 265; Mittelstaedt

240; Underwood 243; Weber 030)

S. riddellii Frank. Fens, calcareous seepages in

low prairies, sedge meadows. Locally abundant.

(D. Chier 1061; Eddy 2150, 3063; Weber

035)

S. rigida L. Dry prairies, oak openings. (Bennett

215)

S. speciosa Nutt. Openings, prairies. Uncommon.

(Bennett 221; Manthei 189; Wiest 066, 067)

S. uliginosa Nutt. Local in boggy meadows, fens.

(Dean 042; Eddy 1921, 2151, 2163; Galster

1058, 1068)

S. ulmifolia Muhl. Openings. Common. (Wep-

ner 001; Wiest 062)

Sonchus oleraceus L. Common weed. (Davis s.n.;

Eddy 4206)

Tanacetum vulgare L. Garden escape. (Harriman

1047)

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers. Ubiq¬

uitous weed. (Jennings 268; Supple 214)

Tragopogon dubius Scop. Common roadside

weed, open habitats. (Eddy, 4213)

T. pratensis L. Common roadside weed, open

habitats. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 4214)

Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Low prairies. Com¬

mon. (Harriman & Kasierski 010; Salzman

079; Underwood 1210)

44

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

Xanthium strumarium L. Common weed of dis¬

turbed sites. (Bennett 208)

BALSAM IN AC EAE (Touch-Me-Not Family)

Impatiens capensis Meerb. Shores, wetlands.

Common. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 1837)

BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family)

Berberis thunbergii DC. Escape on edge of oak

woods. (Eddy 4152)

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Maple-

basswood forests. Common. (Eddy 2199)

Podophyllum peltatum L. Forming dense patches

in forests. Common. (Draheim 020; Pucker

564)

BETULACEAE (Birch Family)

Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Larix swamps, sedge

meadows. Common. (Eddy 1775; Harriman

18938; Weinkauf 1222)

Betula alleghaniensis Britton. Known from one

site; Green Lake Center. (Eddy 2345)

B. glandulosa Michx. Larix swamps, sedge mead¬

ows, fens. Locally common. (D. Chier s.n.;

Eddy 345, 1580; Underwood 837)

B. papyrifera Marshall. Various habitats. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 511, 712; Harriman 523)

Corylus americana Walter. Forming dense thick¬

ets in woods and some low prairies. (Eddy

2406; Hockman s.n.; Harriman 2074)

C. cornuta Marshall. Thickets, openings. (Eddy

2204)

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch. Rich wood.

Common. (Eddy 421 1)

BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family)

Hackelia virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnst. Upland

forests. Common. (Eddy 1663, 1743)

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. One speci¬

men collected between 1900 and 1908. (Davis

s.n.)

Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Oak

openings, upland prairies. Common. (Eddy

1475; Harriman 687, 738; Shaver 046; Taves

878)

L. caroliniense (Walter) MacMillan. Mesic prai¬

ries. Less common than L. canescens. (Eddy

705)

Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) G. Don. Open

woods, roadside ditches. (Berlowski 044)

M. virginica (L.) Pers. Garden escape. (Eddy

1446)

Myosotis scorpioides L. Occasional weed along

shorebanks in the southern half of the county.

(Eddy 1647)

M. verna Nutt. Known from one site; rhyolite

quarry. (Eddy & Harriman 19687)

BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family)

Alliaria petiolaris (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande.

Weed in disturbed woods. (Harriman 18904)

Arabis canadensis L. Known from one location;

rhyolite quarry. (Eddy & Harriman 19686)

A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Dry soils. (Eddy 1504,

2755; Harriman 780, 2039)

A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. glabrata T. & G. Rocky

ledges. Uncommon. (Eddy 1529)

A. lyrata L. Dry openings, old fields. Common.

(Harriman 688, 795)

A. missouriensis Greene. (Eddy &C Harriman s.n.)

Armoracia lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V.

Bates. Quiet waters and muddy shores. The last

record for Green Lake County was collected

from Green Lake in 1921 (Patman &C litis,

1961), and it is uncertain whether this lake

macrophyte is still extant in the county.

STATE ENDANGERED. (Rickett s.n., WIS)

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Common weed. (Eddy

260)

Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Common weed.

(Buckstaff 40-15; Habighorst 178; Harriman

1 176; Kasierski 005; Supple 184)

Brassica nigra (L.) Common weed. (Buchholtz

1388)

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus. Ubiquitous

weed. (Eddy & Harriman s.n.)

Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwartz.

Moist woods. (Burbey 062; Eddy 1401;

Kampa 029; Rohlfs 040; Schultz 063)

C. douglassii Britton. Wet woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 4091)

C. parviflora L. (Eddy & Harriman s.n.)

C. rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. Wetlands. Common.

Volume 84 (1996)

45

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

(Eddy 197, 357; Harriman 676; Taves 887;

Underwood 497)

Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton var.

brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern. Weed on railroad

cinders. (Eddy 3065)

Hesperis matronalis L. Common roadside escape.

(Eddy 4228)

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader. Common weed.

(Bennett 185; Eddy 41 56; Harriman 778)

L. virginicum L. Common weed. (Harriman

762; Zeitler 202)

Raphanus raphanistrum L. Weed. (Hockman

069; Misterek 148; Taves 617)

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek. An

Old World species thoroughly naturalized in

spring streams and spring-fed ponds. (Eddy

603; Harriman 781; Weiss 149)

R. palustris (L.) Besser. var . palustr is (Eddy 1695,

1840, 2540)

R. sylvestris (L.) Besser. (Fassett & Sperry 18388,

WIS)

Sisymbrium altissimum L. Weed. (Draheim 137;

Harriman 680, 740, 789, 2084, 2095; Pucker

635)

S. officinale (L.) Scop. Weed. (Eddy 1670;

Harriman 761; Supple 210)

Thlaspi arvense L. Common weed. (Harriman

678, 759)

CACTACEAE (Cactus Family)

Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Dry sand prairies.

Rare. (Shinners s.n., WIS; Fassett 9203, WIS)

O. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. STATE THREAT¬

ENED (Pratt s.n., WIS)

CAMPANULACEAE (Bellflower Family)

Campanula americana L. (Eddy 4205)

C. aparinodes Pursh. Wetlands. (Davis s.n.;

Harriman 2263)

C. glomerata L. Garden escape. (Eddy 2368)

C. rapunculoides L. Common along roadsides.

(Davis s.n.)

C. rotundifolia L. Gravely soils. (Davis s.n.;

Kohlman 1035)

Lobelia inflata L. Open woods. (Davis s.n.; J.

Linde 1025; Supple 191; Whirry 830)

L. kalmii L. Fens, calcareous seepages in low

prairies, sedge meadows. Locally common.

(Eddy 104; Galster 081; Hockman 127; Kuen

002; Taves 901; Underwood 220; Whirry

1079)

L. siphilitica L. Marshes, stream banks, wet

shores. Common. (Briscoe s.n.; Davis s.n.;

Draheim 086, 102; Galster 812; Jennings 269)

L. spicata Lam. var. spicata. Upland prairies, oak

openings, roadsides. Common. (Crosswhite

s.n.; Eddy 1622, 1881, 2408; Harriman 1886;

Hockman 073; Kohlman 675)

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Local on thin

soils of rhyolite outcrops. (Eddy & Harriman

s.n.; Harriman 801)

CANNABACEAE (Indian Hemp Family)

Cannabis sativa L. Common weed; cultivated

during the 1940s as a source of hemp fiber.

(Harriman 1239; Hockman 115; Weiss 147)

CAPPARACEAE (Caper Family)

Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. Sandy oak open¬

ings within the Central Plain. Common. (Eddy

078, 097; Rill 4073)

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)

Diervilla lonicera Miller. Oak wooded openings.

Uncommon. (Eddy 1506; Hockman 041)

Lonicera x bella Zabel. (Doll s.n., WIS)

L. tartarica L. A cultivar, widely escaping and

appearing naturalized in open woods. Com¬

mon. (Berlowski 003; Eddy 267, 270)

Sambucus canadensis L. Woods, thickets, moist

roadside ditches. Common. (Eddy 441; Supple

212)

S. racemosa L. ssp. pubens (Michx.) House.

Woods. Less common than S. canadensis.

(Eddy 1443, 2203; Harriman 820)

Triosteum perfoliatum L. Low woods. (Misterek

133)

Viburnum acerifolium L. Woods. Uncommon.

(Harriman 1258)

V lentago L. Woods, fencerows. Common.

(Harriman 18926)

V. opulus L. var. americanum Aiton. Woods. Un¬

common. (Eddy 1847)

46

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)

Arenaria lateriflora L. Woods, openings. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 1434, 2320)

A. stricta Michx. var. stricta. Limestone outcrops.

(Harriman 689, 723)

Cerastium arvense L. Lawns, fields, roadsides.

Common. (Sadler X34)

C. nutans Raf. (Hockman s.n.)

C. vulgatum L. Common weed. (Davis s.n.;

Dean 009; Eddy 018; Linde 015; Walker 244)

Dianthus armeria L. Garden escape. (Eddy 4184)

Gypsophila paniculata L. Garden escape.

(Hockman 102; Redmond 142)

Saponaria officinalis L. Common weed. (Har¬

riman 1 175)

Silene antirrhina L. Sandy soils. (Harriman 815,

2041)

S. dichotoma Ehrh. Dry sandy soils. (Eddy 481)

S. latifolia Poir. (Eddy 1656; Harriman 817;

Pucker 09 1 ; Zeitler 211)

S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. Roadsides, fields,

railroads. Common. (Eddy 1812, 2167)

S. aquatica (L.) Scop. Moist sands on edge of

White River. (Underwood 833)

Stellaria graminea L. Sedge meadows. (Harriman

777)

S. longifolia Muhl. Sedge meadows. (Eddy 1581,

2478)

CELASTRACEAE (Staff-Tree Family)

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Garden escape.

(Eddy 2182; Grim s.n.)

C. scandens L. Woods, thickets, openings. (Dean

020; Eddy 2458, 2722; Hansen 063; Kuen

032)

CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort Family)

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Rivers, streams,

lakes, ponds. Common. (Bumby 62, 1214,

RIP)

CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family)

Chenopodium album L. Common weed. (Eddy

2547; Zeitler 223)

C. urbicum L. Waste places. (Eddy 2713)

Cycloloma atrip licifolium (Spreng.) J. M. Coulter.

Railroad gravels. Common. (Bennett 204;

Breitlow 196)

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader. Disturbed soils.

(Brudnicki 144)

Salsola kali L. Disturbed soils. (Breitlow 179)

CISTACAE (Rock-rose Family)

Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. Dry sandy soils.

(Eddy 678; Kohlman 1042)

H. canadense (L.) Michx. Oak openings. (Davis

s.n.; Eddy 1596; Harriman 1850; Supple 183)

Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Sandy roadside near

Princeton Locks. (Dean 019)

Lechea intermedia Leggett. Dry sandy soils, blow¬

outs. Locally abundant. (Eddy 1959, 4186;

Harriman 1232)

CLUSLACEAE (Mangosteen Family)

Hypericum canadense L. Wetlands. (Eddy 2686;

Harriman 18979; Linde 1371)

H. gentianoides (L.) BSP. Local on moist sand

prairies. Rare. (Eddy 2660; Underwood 246,

861)

H. kalmianum L. Local in fens, calcareous seep¬

ages in sedge meadows. (Eddy 1944, 2496;

Underwood 826)

H. majus (A. Gray) Britton. Sedge meadows.

(Buchholtz 787; Eddy 1756, 2658; Kohlman

842; Weber 032)

H ’. perforatum L. Common weed of roadsides,

pastures, fields. (Eddy 4220; Harriman 1046)

H. punctatum Lam. Oak openings, dry prairies,

roadsides. Common. (Brudnicki 145)

H. pyramidatum Aiton. Moist soils. (Draheim

115; Eddy 4221)

Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason. Marshes,

sedge meadows. (Eddy 4207)

CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning-glory

Family)

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Common weed.

(Breitlow 194; Davis s.n.; Draheim 135;

Harriman 509, 2044)

Convolvulus arvensis L. Common weed. (Ander¬

son s.n.; Eddy 2695)

CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family)

Cornus amomum Miller var. schuetzeana (C. A.

Meyer) Rickett. Low woods, stream banks.

Volume 84 (1996)

47

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

(Dean Oil; Eddy 1738; Harriman 18935;

Krauth 147)

C. racemosa Lam. Sedge meadows, thickets,

woods. Common. (Draheim 055; Eddy 1579;

Harriman 1887)

C. rugosa Lam. Sandy or rocky soils. Common.

(Draheim 028; Eddy 530)

C. sericea L. Wetlands, thickets. Co-dominant

with Salix species in shrub-carr communities.

(Eddy 1680; Harriman 520; Hockman s.n.;

Underwood 219, 488)

CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family)

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. &: G. Thickets,

damp openings. Common. (Draheim 083;

Eddy 802, 4154; Harriman 2243; Underwood

222; Zeitler 205)

CUSCUTACEAE (Dodder Family)

Cuscuta coryli Engelm. Twining on vegetation.

(Weinkauf 767)

C. cuspidata Engelm. (Harriman 13216)

C. pentagona Engelm. (Eddy 2006)

DIPSACACEAE (Teasel Family)

Dipsacus laciniatus L. Introduced and spreading.

Known from one site; grassy old field. (Eddy

4118)

DROSERACEAE (Sundew Family)

Drosera intermedia Hayne. Boggy habitats. Un¬

common. (Kuen 050)

D. rotundifolia L. Boggy habitats. Uncommon.

(Eddy 2502)

ERICACEAE (Heath Family)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel. Rare,

known from one site; Pine Bluff oak opening

on rhyolite outcrop. (Eddy & Brooks 4183)

Gaultheria procumbens L. Woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 1620)

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch.

Woods. Uncommon. (Eddy 1455; Harriman

732)

Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton. Oak openings.

Common. (Eddy 4 12)

EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Common weed. (Eddy

2054)

Euphorbia corollata L. var. corollata. Dry prairies,

roadsides, waste places. Common. (Davis s.n.;

Dean 043; Draheim 143; Kasierski 001)

E. cyparissias L. Garden escape. (Davis s.n.; Eddy

2378; Sadler X32)

E. maculata L. Common weed. (Eddy 4225)

FABACEAE (Pea or Bean Family)

Amorpha canescens Pursh. Upland prairies, oak

openings. Common. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 437;

Kasierski 002)

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Woods, thick¬

ets. Common. (Eddy 828)

Apios americana Medikus. Moist woods, thick¬

ets. Uncommon. (Eddy 1879, 1978)

Baptisia lactea (Raf.) Thieret. (B. leucantha).

Mesic prairies. Uncommon. (Davis s.n.; Eddy

1510)

B. bracteata Elliott var. glabrescens (Larisey) Isley

(B. leucophaea). Sand prairies. Less common

than B. lactea. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 1469;

Underwood 822)

Coronilla varia L. Planted to reduce bank ero¬

sion and commonly spreading on roadsides.

(Eddy 1546; Weinkauf 1306)

Dalea purpurea Vent. Upland prairies, oak open¬

ings. Common. (Bennett 203; Harriman 1234;

Manthei 180)

Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Roadsides, thick¬

ets, openings. Common. (Eddy 2626)

D. glutinosum (Muhl.) A. Wood. (Davis s.n.;

Draheim 208; Eddy 190, 1664; Harriman

1115; Mittlestaedt 242)

D. illinoense A. Gray. Woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 740)

D. nudiflorum (L.) DC. (Fassett 16785, WIS)

Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Escape crop plant;

roadside collection. (Harriman 18946)

Lathyrus palustris L. Low prairies, sedge mead¬

ows, marshes, wet roadside ditches. Common.

(Eddy 341,2297)

L. venosus Muhl. var. intonsus Butters &C St.

John. Moist woods, thickets. Uncommon.

(Eddy 2407)

Lespedeza capitata Michx. Upland prairies, oak

48

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

openings, roadsides. Common. (Eddy 838,

1815, 1901; Harriman 1261; Lindvall 159;

Supple 182)

Lotus corniculatus L. Planted to reduce bank ero¬

sion, commonly escaping to roadsides and

clearings. (Eddy 14 1)

Lupinus perennis L. Sand prairies, oak openings.

Common. (Warmbier 073)

Medicago lupulina L. Common weed. (Kasierski

003)

M. sativa L. Introduced. (Bennett 212; Salzman

073; Turner 044)

Melilotus alba Medikus. Introduced. (Eddy &

Harriman s.n.)

M. altissima Thuill. Introduced. (Zeitler 242)

M. officinalis (L.) Pallas. Introduced. (Eddy &

Harriman s.n.)

Robinia pseudoacacia L. Introduced. (Draheim

043; Eddy 4202; Kuen 033)

Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Local on dry-

mesic prairies, oak openings, sandy roadsides.

(Eddy 2569)

Trifolium arvense L. Weed. (Davis s.n.; Rill

5023)

T. aureum Pollich. Weed. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 506)

T. campestre Schreber. Common weed. (Eddy

2476)

T. hybridum L. Common weed. (Eddy 306,

2534)

T. pratense L. Common weed. (Habighorst 047;

Jennings 259; Manthei 195; Zeitler 200)

T. repens L. Common weed. (Draheim 066;

Eddy 310; Jennings 243)

Vicia americana Muhl. Roadsides, openings,

thickets. Common. (Pucker 634; Underwood

510)

V caroliniana Walter. Woods, thickets. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 1476)

V sativa L. (Eddy 1885)

V. villosa Roth. Weed. (Draheim 104; Eddy

2534; Harriman 521; Weinkauf 1337)

FAGACEAE (Beech Family)

Quercus alba L. Upland forests. Common. (Eddy

1896; Wiest 106)

Q. bicolor Willd. Bordering wetlands. (Eddy

18928)

Q. ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Dry openings, woods.

(Eddy 1971, 4141; Eddy & Sonntag 2094;

Hockman s.n.; Wiest 073)

Q. macrocar pa Michx. Oak openings, roadsides,

woods. Common. (Buchholtz 1315)

Q. rubra L. Upland forests. (Eddy 1897; Michels

024)

Q. velutina Lam. Upland forests, oak openings.

Common. (Mateyka 150; Wiest 065)

FUMARLACEAE (Fumitory Family)

Corydalis aurea Willd. Known from one site;

rocky ground in clear-cut oak forest. (Davis

s.n.; G. Linde 217)

C. sempervirens (L.) Pers. Local on rhyolite out¬

crops. (Davis s.n.; Harriman 1896; Hockman

s.n.; Underwood 241)

Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Known from

one site; growing in dense patches at the Green

Lake Center grounds. (Eddy 3079)

D. cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Maple-basswood for¬

ests. Common. (Eddy 1415)

GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family)

Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP. Local on moist sand

prairies and boggy meadows in the Central

Plain. A rare Atlantic Coastal disjunct. (Eddy

& Neil s.n.)

Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Low prairies, sedge

meadows, fens. Common. (Draheim 095;

Harriman 18984; J. Linde 1374; Weiss 151)

G. flavida A. Gray. Known from one site; moist

sand prairie-meadow complex. STATE

THREATENED (Harriman 18985)

G. puberulenta). Pringle Dry prairies, oak open¬

ings. Uncommon. (Anderson s.n.; J. Linde

1373; Underwood 230)

Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small. Upland

woods. Uncommon. (J. Linde 1214)

Gentianopsis procera (Holm.) Ma. Local in fens,

calcareous seepages in sedge meadows. (Eddy

2152; Galster 1062; Kuehn 005)

GERANLACEAE (Geranium Family)

Geranium bicknellii Britton. (Rill 7142)

Volume 84 (1996)

49

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

G. carolinianum L. Known from one site;

rhyolite quarry. (Eddy & Harriman

19688)

G. maculatum L. Woods, thickets, roadsides.

Common. (Draheim 007; Hockman s.n.;

Taves 883; Underwood 493)

G. pusillum L. Adventive weed in prairie garden

at Green Lake Public School. (Eddy 4130)

GROSSULARLACEAE (Gooseberry Family)

Ribes americanum Miller. Woods. (Eddy 1893;

Underwood 487)

R. cynosbati L. Woods. (Eddy 2229, 2418;

Harriman 1825)

R. missouriense Nutt. Woods. (Eddy 533)

R. sativum Syme. Garden escape in oak woods.

(Eddy 1420)

HALORAGACEAE (Water-Milfoil Family)

Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov. (Myriophyllum

exalbescens). (M. J. Bumby 123)

M. spicatum L. Common macrophyte of rivers,

lakes. (M. J. Bumby 1244)

Proserpinaca palustris L. One collection from a

water-filled ditch near the north shore of Lake

Puckaway. (Eddy 2594)

JUGLANDACEACE (Walnut Family)

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch. Known

from one site; maple-basswood woods. Un¬

common. (Eddy 4212)

C. ovata (Miller) K. Koch. Common through¬

out the county. (Eddy 4224)

Juglans cinerea L. (Eddy 4187)

J. nigra L. (Eddy 4161)

LAMIACEAE (Mint Family)

Galeopsis tetrahit L. var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. &C

Courtois. Garden escape. (Eddy 2616)

Glechoma hederacea L. Common weed. (Pin-

chette 059)

Hedeoma hispidum Pursh. Dry sandy soils.

(Harriman 806; Hockman 042)

H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. Upland woods. (Eddy

2049)

Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. (Trichostema

brachiatus). (Fassett 18379, WIS; Fassett &

Wadmond 18394, WIS)

Leonurus cardiaca L. Common weed. (Davis s.n.;

Draheim 040; Pucker 070)

Lycopus americanus Muhl. Wetlands. (Draheim

097; Eddy 2602; Hockman 126; Smith 040;

Taves 443)

L. uniflorus Michx. Wetlands. (Taves 872;

Underwood 1179)

Mentha arvensis L. Moist soils. (Eddy 4148;

Harriman 2072)

Monarda fiistulosa L. var. fistulosa. Prairies, oak

openings, roadsides. Common. (Davis s.n.;

Draheim 054; Hockman s.n.)

M. punctata L. var. villicaulis Pennell. Dry sandy

openings. Common. (Harriman 1178; Hock¬

man 124; Kasierski 012, 018)

Nepeta cataria L. Common weed. (Bennett 191;

Eddy 1669)

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Sedge

meadows, low prairies, marshes. Common.

(Eddy 1899; Harriman 13213; Weber

033)

Prunella vulgaris L. Common weed of moist

soils. (Eddy 1734)

Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walter) BSP. Prairies.

Common. (Eddy 2642)

P. virginianum (L.) Durand & B. D. Jack-

son. Prairies. Common. (Taves 903;

Zeitler 225)

Scutellaria galericulata L. Wetlands. (Davis s.n.;

Eddy 751, 2560; Harriman 2264; Hockman

063)

S. lateriflora L. Wetlands. (Eddy 2159)

S. leonardii Epling. Woods, openings, prairies.

(Eddy 512, 1511,4144)

Stachys hispida Pursh. Wetlands. (Eddy 449,

1 690, 1891,4165; Harriman 1 1 70)

S. palustris L. Wetlands. (Eddy 4219)

Teucrium canadense L. var. occidentale (A. Gray)

McClintock & Epling. Moist soils. (Davis s.n.;

Eddy 087, 1697; Harriman 2257; Hockman

125)

LENTIBULARIACEAE (Bladderwort Family)

Utricularia vulgaris L. Shallow waters. Common.

(Eddy 301)

50

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family)

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott var. laevigatus T.

& G. Marshes, swamps, river and lake shores.

(Eddy 1823)

Lythrum alatum Pursh var. alatum Pursh. Loose¬

strife. Low prairies, sedge meadows, marshes,

wet ditches. Common. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 032)

L. salicaria L. Aggressive exotic that is established

and spreading in wetlands. (Cibik 180; Zeitler

208)

MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)

Abutilon theophrasti Medikus. Common field

weed. (Eddy 2180; Misterek 151)

Hibiscus trionum L. (Jennings 268)

Malva neglecta Wallr. Common weed. (Pucker

065)

MELASTOMATACEAE (Melastome Family)

Rhexia virginica L. Rare, known from one wet¬

lands site, north of Lake Puckaway; local on

moist sands of the Central Plain. An Atlantic

Coastal Plain disjunct. (Eddy 2578)

MENYANTFIACEAE (Buckbean Family)

Menyanthes trifoliata L. (Thompson 82, WIS)

MOLLUGINACEAE (Carpet-Weed Family)

Mollugo verticillata L. Weed of sandy, sterile

soils. (Draheim 136; Harriman 1230)

MONOTROPACEAE (Indian Pipe Family)

Monotropa uniflora L. Woods. Uncommon.

(Davis s.n.; Eddy 1874, 2500; Harriman 1204)

M. hypopithys L. Rare, known from one site; Pine

Bluff oak opening on rhyolite outcrop. (Eddy

& Neil 4143)

MORACEAE (Mulberry Family)

Morus alba L. Roadsides, waste places, thickets.

Common. (Ihrke 030; T. Whirry 1348)

MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family)

Comptonia peregrina (L.) J. M. Coulter. Sandy

soils of oak openings. (Eddy 1458)

NELUMBONACEAE (Lotus-Lily Family)

Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. Shallow waters.

Locally abundant. (Eddy 1676; Harriman

13202)

NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-O’Clock Family)

Mirabilis nyctagineus (Michx.) MacMillan. Com¬

mon weed. (Harriman 1241; Underwood 225)

NYMPHACEAE (Water-Lily Family)

Nuphur variegata Durand. Shallow waters. Lo¬

cally abundant. (Campbell 053; Eddy 032;

Harriman 13208)

Nymphaea odorata Aiton. Shallow waters.

(Campbell 052; Eddy 1677, 1846)

OLEACEAE (Olive Family)

Fraxinus nigra Marshall. Swamps, wet woods.

(Harriman 18925)

F. pennsylvanica Marshall. Woods. (Eddy 112)

Syringa vulgaris L. Garden escape. (Eddy 967)

ONAGRACEAE (Evening-Primrose Family)

Circaea alpina L. Known from one site; shaded

sandstone outcrop. (Rill 7069)

C. lutetiana L. Moist woods. (Eddy 175, 1640,

1665, 1740; Hockman 080; Pucker 1072; Rill

7074)

Epilobium angustifolium L. Moist soils, notably

common in burned over habitats. (Eddy 2475;

Hockman 037)

E. ciliatum Raf. Sedge meadows, marshes, wet

ditches. Common. (Harriman 2261; Weiss 150)

E. coloratura Biehler. Sedge meadows, marshes,

wet ditches. Common. (Eddy 2717)

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott. Muddy flats, shal¬

low waters. (Eddy 2690; Harriman 18909)

Oenothera biennis L. Common along roadsides,

waste places. (Jansen 227)

O. clelandii Dietrich, Raven & W. L. Wagner.

Roadsides, fields. (Eddy 2569; Harriman 1051,

2093)

O. parviflora L. (Anderson s.n.; Pucker 088)

O. perennis L. Old fields, openings. (Eddy 1567,

1629, 2342; Underwood 825)

OXALIDACEAE (Wood Sorrel Family)

Oxalis stricta L. Common weed. (Draheim 089;

Eddy 4171; Harriman 1847)

O. violacea L. Woods, oak openings. Uncom¬

mon. (Berlowski 006; N. Morton 226; Under¬

wood 491)

PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)

Eschscholzia californica Cham. Garden escape.

(Grim s.n.)

Volume 84 (1996)

51

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Papaver orientate L. Garden escape. (Eddy 2379)

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Moist woods. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 1404)

PHYTOLACCACEAE (Pokeweed Family)

Phytolacca americana L. Known from one site;

shaded lane at the Green Lake Center.

(Hockman s.n.)

PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family)

Plantago lanceolata L. Common weed. (Eddy

2429)

P. major L. Common weed. (Hockman s.n.;

Jennings 247)

P. patagonica Jacq. Railroad gravels. (Harriman

2092; Hockman 036)

P. rugelii Decne. Common weed. (Harriman

1163)

POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family)

Phlox paniculata L. Garden escape. (Zeitler 203)

P. pilosa L. var . fulgida Wherry. Upland prairies,

oak openings. Common. (Eddy 715, 1582;

Harriman 726; Warmbier 072)

Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans. Moist woods,

thickets. (Eddy 1 464; Underwood 484)

POLYGALACEAE (Milkwort Family)

Polygala polygama Walter. Open sandy soils.

(Eddy 504; Harriman 1884)

P. sanguinea L. Prairies, oak openings. Common.

(J. Linde 1 152; Underwood 245; Weber 028)

P. senega L. Low prairies. Uncommon. (Eddy

1591, 2411; Taves 888)

P. verticillata L. (Shinners s.n., WIS)

POLYGONACEAE (Smartweed Family)

Polygonella articulata (L.) Meissner. Dry sandy

openings. Locally abundant. (Eddy 4195)

Polygonum amphibium L. Shallow waters, mud

flats. Common. (B. A. & T. S. Cochrane 7417;

Davis s.n.; Eddy 214, 826, 2147; Eddy & Rill

2040; Harriman 16687; Kasierski 013; J. Linde

1389; Kohlman 1127; Underwood 1162)

P. aviculare L. Common weed. (Eddy 2549)

P. convolvulus L. Common weed. (Harriman

1172; Zeitler 201)

P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Escape. (Eddy s.n.)

P. lapathifolium L. Moist soils. Common. (Eddy

& Rill 2042; Harriman 2255, 13207; Supple 185)

P. pensylvanicum L. Moist waste places. Com¬

mon. (Anderson s.n.; Bennett 205; Davis s.n.;

Draheim 076; Eddy & Rill 2017; Harriman

1118; Lindvall 162; Salzman 072)

P. persicaria L. Common weed. (Eddy 1878;

Eddy & Rill 2019)

P. punctatum Elliott. Marshes, swamps, sedge

meadows, wet ditches. Common. (Eddy 995,

2664)

P. sagittatum L. Marshes, sedge meadows. Com¬

mon. (Harriman 1251, 2262)

P. scandens L. Moist woods, thickets. (Davis s.n.;

Eddy 1994)

P. tenue Michx. Dry sandy soils. (Eddy 831,

1800, 2007; Harriman 18941)

P. virginianum L. Moist woods. (Harriman

18933)

Rumex acetosella L. Common weed on lawns, old

fields, pastures. (Harriman 764)

R. crispus L. Common weed of moist waste

places. (Draheim 042)

R. maritimus L. Wet soils. (Eddy 2622)

R. obtusifolius L. (Eddy & Harriman s.n.)

R. orbiculatus A. Gray. Marshes, swamps, sedge

meadows. Common. (Habighorst 177; Zeitler

217)

R. salicifolius J. A. Weinm. Wet soils. (Eddy

2623)

PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)

Claytonia virginica L. Moist woods. Common.

(Eddy 1398)

Portulaca oleracea L. Common weed. (Eddy

4158)

Talinum rugospermum Holzinger. Dry sandy

openings. Rare. (Eddy 1798, 2571; Harriman

18893; Underwood 233)

PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family)

Dodecatheon meadia L. Upland prairies, oak

openings. (Harriman 768; Hockman 076;

Underwood 504)

Lysimachia ciliata L. Marshes, sedge meadows,

low prairies. Uncommon. (Eddy 2533; Hock¬

man 081)

52

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

L. nummularia L. Escape. (Eddy 4170)

L. quadrifolia L. (Eddy 1621)

L. quadriflora Sims. Low prairies, sedge mead¬

ows. Common. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 1705, 1942,

2603; Harriman 1 167; Taves 876)

L. terrestris (L.) BSP. Swamp openings. Uncom¬

mon. (Eddy 2586; Hockman 039)

L. thyrsiflora L. Larix swamps, wet woods,

marshes. Common. (Eddy 4227; Taves 858)

Trientalis borealis Raf. Local in Larix swamps,

moist pine plantations and oak openings.

(Eddy 421; Harriman 729)

PYROLACEAE (Shinleaf Family)

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton. Oak woods.

Uncommon. (Eddy & Harriman s.n.)

Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Oak woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 248)

RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup Family)

Actaea alba (L.) Miller. Moist woods. Uncom¬

mon. (Eddy 1877)

A. rubra (Aiton) Willd. Woods. Common.

(Draheim 049; Eddy 249, 1442; Hockman

s.n.)

Anemone canadensis L. Low prairies, roadsides.

Common. (Davis s.n.; Harriman 519)

A. cylindrica A. Gray. Upland prairies, oak open¬

ings. Common. (Draheim 204; Taves 433)

A. patens L. var. multiflda Pritzel. Dry prairies

and openings. Uncommon. (Harriman 792;

Kraus 007; Krysiak 040; Shcroeder 003; Tan¬

ner 015)

A. quinquefolia L. Moist woods. Common.

(Burbey 067; Eddy 245; Kampa 034)

A. virginiana L. Woods, openings. (Davis s.n.;

Eddy & P. Sonntag 2101)

Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach. Woods.

Common. (Underwood 507)

Aquilegia canadensis L. Woods. Common.

(Draheim 014; Harriman 774; Taves 324)

Caltha palustris L. Swamps, wet ditches, sedge

meadows, shallow marshes. (Eddy 665; Kampa

020; Pichette 056, 061; Shaver 042; Stalker

077; Underwood 501)

Clematis occidentals (Hornem.) DC. Known

from one site; rocky woods on south shore of

Green Lake. (Eddy 1421, 1866)

C. virginiana L. Fencelines, thickets. Common.

(Eddy 2177)

Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawler. Moist

woods. (Eddy 240)

Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. Moist

woods. (Dubester 048)

Ranunculus abortivus L. Woods. Common.

(Eddy 320; Harriman 760)

R. acris L. Weed of roadsides, old fields. (Ander¬

son s.n.)

R. fascicularis Muhl. Roadsides, old fields, pas¬

tures. (Hockman s.n.; Schroeder 001; Shaver

045; Trotter 644)

R. flabellaris Raf. Quiet waters, muddy shores.

(Eddy 4 17)

R. hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Elliott) T.

Duncan. Woods. (Eddy 1405)

R. longirostris Godron. Shallow waters. (Davis

s.n.)

R. pensylvanicus L. f. Sedge meadows, wet

ditches, marshy habitats. (Eddy 1699; Kohl-

man 844)

R. recurvatus Poiret. Moist woods. (Eddy 2276)

R. rhomboideus Goldie. Prairies, openings.

(Burbey 063; Krysiak 039)

R. sceleratus L. (Eddy & Harriman s.n.)

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fischer & Ave-Lall. Low

prairies, sedge meadows, roadsides. Common.

(Harriman 522; Nelson s.n.)

T. dioicum L. Moist woods. Common. (Har¬

riman 686; Hockman s.n.)

RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family)

Ceanothus americanus L. var. pitcheri T. & G.

Low prairies. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 187; Hockman

101)

Rhamnus cathartica L. Common escape and ap¬

pearing naturalized in woods and openings.

(Eddy 2090)

R. frangula L. Escape from cultivation and ap¬

pearing naturalized. Moist woods, thickets.

(Eddy 037, 477, 1781; Harriman 825, 1245;

Whirry 109)

Volume 84 (1996)

53

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

ROSACEAE (Rose Family)

Agrimonia eupatoria L. Introduced. (Davis s.n.)

A. gryposepala Wallr. Wood, openings. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 4168)

Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. Rocky

woods. (Eddy 2191)

A. sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. sanguined. Oak

woods. (Eddy 1419)

A. spicata (Lam.) K. Koch. Dry woods, openings,

old fields. (Draheim 024; Hockman s.n.)

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott. Roadsides,

openings, old fields. (Eddy 2263; Harriman

827)

Crataegus coccinea L. (Eddy 2238)

C. punctata Jacq. (Draheim 092; Misterek 129)

Filipendula rubra (Hill) B. L. Robinson. Rare,

known from one site in the city of Green Lake;

remnant population at edge of wet thicket in

the city of Green Lake. (Eddy 4117)

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Upland prairies,

oak openings, railroad gravels. Common.

(Underwood 964)

Geum aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Aiton) Fern.

Woods, roadsides. Common. (Davis s.n.; Eddy

640, 1763)

G. canadense Jacq. Woods. Common. (Eddy

1730)

G. triflorum Pursh. Dry prairies and openings.

Uncommon. (Harriman 810, 1843)

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Sedge mead¬

ows, wet thickets. Common. (Eddy 340, 2387)

Potentilla anserina L. Moist sandy soils. Com¬

mon. (Underwood 213)

P. argentea L. Common weed. (Eddy 347;

Harriman 802, 1851; Hockman s.n.)

P. arguta Pursh. Dry prairies and openings.

(Harriman 799, 1888; Hockman s.n.)

P. fruticosa L. Fens, calcareous seepages in sedge

meadows and low prairies. Common. (Under¬

wood 212)

P. norvegica L. Roadsides, waste places. (Har¬

riman 767; Weiss 144)

P. palustris (L.) Scop. Marshy shores, wet ditches.

Common. (Harriman 18937)

P. recta L. Common weed. (Davis s.n.; Har¬

riman 507)

P. simplex Michx. Roadsides, waste places, old

fields. Common. (Eddy 329; Harriman 731)

Prunus americana Marshall. (Eddy 1410)

P. pensylvanica L. f. (Eddy 2188)

P. serotina Ehrh. Woods. Common. (Eddy 269,

330; Harriman 1834)

P. virginiana L. Woods, thickets. Common.

(Harriman 682)

Pyrus ioensis (A. Wood) L. Bailey. (Eddy 2257,

4201)

Rosa blanda Aiton. Prairies, roadsides. (Eddy

2405; Krauth 139)

R. Carolina L. Roadsides, old pastures. Common.

(Draheim 013; Nelson s.n.; Rill 4315)

R. multiflora Thunb. Escape from cultivation.

(Eddy 1527)

R. palustris Marshall. Swamps, marshes, low prai¬

ries. (Eddy 2598)

Rubus allegheniensis T. C. Porter. Varied habi¬

tats. Common. (Eddy 140, 1572)

R. recurvicaulis Blanchard. (Eddy 2333)

R. hispidus L. Woods, thickets, openings. Com¬

mon. (Harriman 1940, 1828)

R. idaeus L. Openings, thickets. Common.

(Eddy 2630; Harriman 763)

R. pubescens Raf. Larix swamps, wet woods.

(Eddy 350, 510, 2708; J. Walker 220)

R. setosus Bigel. (Eddy 2681)

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun. (Hockman

046)

Spiraea alba Duroi var. alba. Sedge meadows,

marshes, low prairies. Common. (Davis s.n.;

Hockman 033)

S. tomentosa L. var. tomentosa. Larix swamps,

boggy meadows. Less common than S. alba.

(Harriman 1248; Kasierski 021; J. Linde 791;

Weber 029)

RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Shorebanks of White

and Fox rivers. Uncommon. (Eddy 4229)

Galium aparine L. Woods. Common. (Harriman

819; Weinkauf 1057)

54

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

G. boreale L. Low prairies, sedge meadows. Com¬

mon. (Draheim 034; Eddy 618; Harriman

518; Hockman s.n.)

G. labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. (Fassett 18955,

WIS)

G. obtusum Bigelow. Moist soils. (Eddy & Rill

2043; Underwood 818)

G. trifidum L. Marshy habitats. (Eddy 095,

1689; Weinkauf 1131)

G. triflorum Michx. Woods. (Eddy 1737;

Harriman 18931)

G. verum L. Garden escape. (Eddy 1666, 1926)

Hedy otis longifolia (Gaertner) Hook. Local on

rhyolite outcrops. (Eddy 1502; Harriman

1889)

Mitchella repens L. Moist woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 172)

RUTACEAE (Rue Family)

Zanthoxylum americanum Miller. Forming dense

thickets in disturbed woods, openings. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 2357; Harriman 18929)

SALICACEAE (Willow Family)

Populus alba L. Escape. (Eddy 4155)

P. deltoides Marshall. River bottoms, disturbed

sites. Common. (Trotter 965)

P. grandidentata Michx. (Eddy 4209)

P. tremuloides Michx. Old fields, disturbed sites.

Common. (Krauth 151; Krysiak 013)

Salix bebbiana Sarg. Wetlands. Common. (Eddy

704; Trotter 593; Underwood 490)

S. Candida Fluegge. Fens, calcareous sedge mead¬

ows. (Eddy 694; Underwood 502, 843)

S. discolor Muhl. Various wetlands. Common.

(Underwood 486)

S. exigua Nutt. Wet ditches, shores, sandbars.

Common. (Eddy 480; Pucker 249)

S. fragilis L. Shores, wet ditches, riverbanks. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 612; Harriman 508; Pucker 427)

S. humilis Marshall. Low prairies. Uncommon.

(Underwood 495)

S. lucida Muhl. Wetlands. Uncommon. (Eddy

276)

S. nigra Marshall. Alluvial soils. Common. (Eddy

304)

SANTALACEAE (Sandlewood Family)

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. var. umbellata.

Upland prairies, oak openings, railroad grav¬

els. Common. (Eddy 662, 1588; Harriman

805)

S ARRACEN LACEAE (Pitcher- Plant Family)

Sarracenia purpurea L. Boggy meadows and fens.

Locally abundant. (Eddy 706)

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family)

Heuchera x hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydb.

Woods, openings. (Eddy 521, 1583; Harriman

875, 1894)

H. richardsonii R. Br. Prairies, oak openings.

Common. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 1509)

Mitella diphylla L. Rich woods. Rare. (Eddy

1432)

Parnassia glauca Raf. Local in fens, calcareous

seepages in sedge meadows. (Eddy 2164; Kuen

018; Whirry 776)

Penthorum sedoides L. Marshes, sedge meadows,

muddy flats. Locally common. (Eddy 753,

2622)

Saxifraga pensylvanica L. Low prairies, boggy

meadows. (Davis s.n.; Eddy 404; Harriman

694)

SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family)

Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. parviflora

(Benth.) B. Boivin. Moist sand prairies, rail¬

road gravels. (Eddy 2683; Underwood 229)

A. tenuifolia (M. Vahl) Raf. Low prairies, open¬

ings. (D. Chier 1064; Eddy 1907; Harriman

2250, 13217; Jansen 223; Kasierski Oil; J.

Linde 761; Taves 904)

Aureolaria grandifolia (Benth.) Pennell, var.

pulchra Pennell. Wooded openings. (Harriman

1254)

A. pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. ambigens (Fern.)

Farw. Dry woods, openings. (Harriman 1237;

Kohlman 847)

Castilleja coccinea (L.) Sprengel. Low prairies.

Rare. (Eddy 720, 2140; Rill 5908)

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange. Railroad grav¬

els. (Kohlman 646)

Chelone glabra L. Low prairies, sedge meadows,

Volume 84 (1996)

55

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

wet ditches. (C. Buchholtz 1150; Underwood

215, 1158)

Digitalis lutea L. Garden escape. (Eddy 2511)

Gratiola neglecta Torr. Wet soils. (Eddy 2689)

Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum.-Cours. Open

sandy soils. (Harriman 826, 2078)

L. vulgaris Miller. Common weed. (Davis s.n.;

Jennings 226; Kasierski 009)

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell. Muddy or sandy

flats. Locally common. (Harriman 18978)

Mimulus ringens L. Marshes, sedge meadows, wet

ditches. Common. (Eddy 429; Harriman

2248)

Pedicularis canadensis L. Mesic prairies, openings.

Common. (Eddy 405, 1462)

P. lanceolata Michx. Marshes, fens, boggy mead¬

ows. (Harriman 2260; Taves 906)

Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Oak openings, road¬

sides. (Crosswhite s.n.)

P. gracilis Nutt. Dry prairies and openings.

(Eddy 513; Harriman 798, 1846)

Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. Openings, road¬

sides. (Davis s.n.)

Verbascum thapsus L. Common weed. (Weber

031)

Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (HBK.) St.

John & Warren. Moist soils. (Harriman 679,

693)

V serpyllifolia L. Common lawn weed. (Eddy

649; Underwood 482)

Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Prairies,

wooded openings. Common. (Davis s.n.;

Draheim 050; Eddy 431)

SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family)

Physalis heterophylla Nees. Open sandy soils.

Common. (Eddy 159)

P. longifolia Nutt. (Eddy 2531)

P. virginiana Miller. (Harriman 1885)

Solanum dulcamara L. Common. (Eddy 4160)

S. nigrum L. Common. (Eddy 4159)

TILLACEAE (Linden Family)

Tilia americana L. Rich woods; co-dominant tree

with Acer saccharum in climax forest. (Eddy

1887)

ULMACEAE (Elm Family)

Celtis occidentalis L. Moist woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 1643; Harriman 18896)

Ulmus americana L. Low woods, residential

yards. (Eddy 4151)

U. pumila L. Introduced. (Ihrke 029)

URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swartz. Larix swamps,

sedge meadows, marshes. Common. (Eddy

609; Whirry 1174)

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. Woods. Uncom¬

mon. (Eddy 188, 1742; Eddy & P. Sonntag

2088)

Pile a fontana (Lunell) Rydb. Wet soils. (Jansen

226; Kohlman 1121; Underwood 1205)

P. pumila (L.) A. Gray. Wet soils. (Eddy 971,

2173)

Urtica dioica L. var. procera (Muhl.) Wedd.

Common weed. (Bennett 228; Draheim 074;

Pucker 092)

VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family)

Valeriana edulis Nutt. var. ciliata (T. & G.)

Cronq. Fens, low prairies. Locally common.

(Eddy 719, 1 590; Underwood 489)

VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family)

Phryma leptostachya L. Woods. Common. (C.

Buchholtz 1002; Davis s.n.; Eddy 1662, 1811;

Harriman 1116; Hockman s.n.)

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene. River bottoms.

(Rill 4075)

Verbena bracteata Lagasca & Rodriquez. Upland

prairies, roadsides, waste places. (Harriman

806, 811)

V hastata L. Sedge meadows, marshes, wet

ditches, low prairies. Common. (Anderson s.n.;

Davis s.n.; Draheim 046; Habighorst 145;

Harriman 1177; Kasierski 014)

V stricta Vent. (Hockman 079)

V urticifolia L. Thickets, waste places. Uncom¬

mon. (J. Linde 1 154)

VIOLACEAE (Violet Family)

Viola lanceolata L. Known from one site; damp

sand prairie. (Eddy 4226)

Viola palmata L. var . pedatifida (G. Don) Cronq.

56

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

Dry prairies, oak openings. Uncommon. (Eddy

222)

V. pedata L. Upland prairies, oak openings. Lo¬

cally abundant. (Harriman 797; Taves 325)

V puhescens Aiton. Moist woods. Common.

(Pichette 046)

V sagittata Aiton. Low prairies, sedge meadows.

Uncommon. (Harriman 1841)

V sororia Willd. Woods. (Eddy 1460, 2216;

Hockman s.n.)

V tricolor L. Garden escape. (Eddy s.n.)

VITACEAE (Grape Family)

Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A. Hitchc. Woods,

thickets. Common. (Draheim 078; Pucker

075)

Vitis riparia Michx. Woods, thickets, fencerows.

Common. (Pucker 071)

Class Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)

ACORACEAE (Sweet Flag Family)

Acorus calamus L. Marshy shores. Common, no¬

tably along south shore of Lake Puckaway.

(Eddy 1679, 4142; Harriman 2075; Warmbier

1082)

ALISMATACEAE (Water Plantain Family)

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Shallow waters,

marshy shores. Common. (Eddy 1758; Jen¬

nings 244)

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon Shallow waters,

marshy shores. (Eddy 4203)

S. latifolia Willd. (Jansen 228)

ARACEAE (Arum Family)

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Deciduous

woods. Common. (Jansen 233)

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Swamps, bot¬

tomland forest, low stream banks. Common.

(Eddy 4178)

COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Family)

Commelina communis L. Garden escape. (Eddy

2699)

Tradescantia ohioensis Raf. Prairies, oak openings,

roadsides. Common. (Davis s.n.; Harriman

517, 1849; Hockman 035)

CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)

Bulhostylis capillaris (L.) C. B. Clarke. Moist

sands and gravels, especially on railroad beds.

Common. (Eddy 093, 4142, 4185; Under¬

wood 231)

Carex alopecoidea Tuckerman. Wet woods, sedge

meadows, marshes. Common. (Eddy 362, 564,

2539)

C. aquatilis Wahlenb. Marshes, sedge meadows,

wet ditches. Common. (Draheim 021; Eddy

355,907, 1674, 2593)

C. arctata W. Boott. Woods. (Eddy 2299)

C. atlantica L. Bailey (Eddy 562)

C. aurea Nutt. Dolomitic outcrops. (Eddy 192;

Underwood 799)

C. bebbii (L. H. Bailey) Fern. Wet prairies, sedge

meadows, marshes. Common. (Eddy 207, 276,

567, 585,2146, 2580,4169)

C. bicknellii Britton. Wet prairies, sedge mead¬

ows. Common. (Eddy 003, 546; Harriman

730, 1895)

C. brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie. Sedge meadows.

(Eddy 552; Harriman 1890)

C. buxbaumii Wahlenb. Wet prairies, sedge

meadows. (Eddy 699, 1584, 2581; Harriman

784)

C. castanea Wahlenb. Dry thickets. (Eddy 2219)

C. cephalophora Muhl. Dry open woods. (Eddy

126, 1503, 1724)

C. communis L. Bailey Woods. (Eddy 2265)

C. comosa F. Boott. Larix swamps. (Eddy 1649,

1782; Harriman 2254; Turner 22 6)

C. conoidea Schk. Low prairies, sedge meadows.

(Eddy 4090A)

C. crawfordii Fern. Sedge meadows. (Eddy 449,

1683, 1749, 2587; Harriman 2040)

C. cristatella Britton. Sedge meadows, swamps.

(Eddy 1691)

C. cryptolepis Mackenzie. Fens, low prairies with

calcareous seepages. (Eddy 2562)

C debilis Michx. Woods. (Eddy 1617; Harriman

829)

C. deweyana Schwein. Larix swamps. (Eddy 396,

581)

Volume 84 (1996)

57

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

C. echinata Murray Boggy meadows, fens. (Eddy

560, 2401)

C. festucacea Schk. Upland prairies, oak open¬

ings. (Eddy 2011, 2354)

C. foenea Willd. Dry, wooded openings. (Eddy

089, 1595, 1667)

C. gracillima Schwein. Low woods. (Eddy 1765)

C. granularis Muhl. (Eddy 4180)

C. gravida L. Bailey. Dry openings. (Eddy 1766)

C. hystericina Willd. Marshes, stream banks.

Common. (Eddy 568, 573, 695, 1786, 2599;

Harriman 786; Turner 225)

C. interior L. Bailey. Sedge meadows. Uncom¬

mon. (Eddy 360, 389, 418, 563, 1563, 4047)

C. lacustris Willd. Larix swamp. (Eddy 1474,

2398)

C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fern. Swamps,

sedge meadows, marshes, shores. (Eddy 362,

1597; Hockman 040)

C. laxiflora Lam. Low woods. (Eddy 2555)

C. leptalea Wahlenb. Boggy meadows. (Eddy

583, 589, 1553)

C. limosa L. Known from one site; Snake Creek

Wetlands fen, a state scientific natural area.

(Eddy 4111)

C. muhlenbergii Schk. Sandy soils. (Eddy 398;

Harriman 800, 1852; Underwood 835)

C. muricata L. var. laricina (Mackenzie) Gleason.

Wetlands. (Eddy 1626, 3082, 4042)

C. normalis Mackenzie. Woods and low prairies.

(Eddy & Busse 2454)

C. pensylvanica Lam. Woods, openings. Com¬

mon. (Harriman 1829)

C. pseudocyperus L. Wetlands. Common. (Eddy

365)

C. retrorsa Schweintz. (Eddy 4167, 4179)

C. rosea Schk. Woods. (Eddy 2259, 2322)

C. rostrata Stokes. Marshes. (Eddy 1693)

C. sartwellii Dewey. Marshes, shores. Common.

(Eddy 590, 1592, 1614,2399)

C. scoparia Schk. Low prairies, sedge meadows.

(Eddy 2088; Harriman 286, 1627)

C. sparganioides Muhl. Woods, thickets. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 004, 1671)

C. sprengelii Dewey. Moist woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 2415)

C. stipata Muhl. Open swamps, sedge meadows.

Uncommon. (Eddy 381)

C. stricta Lam. Sedge meadows. Common.

(Eddy 4 176)

C. tenera Dewey. Sedge meadows, thickets.

(Eddy 1731, 2289)

C. tetanica Schk. Wet woods, sedge meadows.

(Eddy 1471, 1491, 2350, 2401, 4045)

C. trisperma Dewey. Larix swamps. Uncommon.

(Eddy 2400)

C. umbellata Schk. Local on rock outcrops. Un¬

common. (Eddy 2184, 2223)

C. vulpinoidea Michx. Sedge meadows, stream

banks, wet ditches. (Eddy 067, 292, 1685,

1722, 1757; Harriman 516, 2042; Turner

222)

Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Local in

Snake Creek Wetlands fen, a state scientific

natural area. (Eddy 3092)

Cyperus bipartitus Torr. Sedge meadows, shores.

Common. (Eddy 1721, 2659; Harriman

18982; Underwood 1206)

C. diandrusTon. (Fassett 13233, WIS)

C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Mud flats. (Eddy 1841;

Harriman 13218; Rill 4469; Smith 043)

C. escidentus L. (Hansen 002)

C. filiculmis Vahl. Dry woods, fields. (Eddy

2625)

C. houghtoniiTon. Dry open woods. (Eddy 492)

C. odoratus L. Edge of gravel road in White River

Marsh. (Eddy 1784; Harriman 13203, 18940)

C. schweinitziiTon. Sandy stream banks. (Eddy

059, 2162; Harriman 1050, 2073, 2087, 2094;

Weiss 168)

C. strigosus L. Sedge meadows, Larix swamps.

(Anderson s.n.; Eddy 1099; Harriman 2246)

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes.

Muddy shores. Uncommon. (Eddy 4090)

E. compressa Sullivant. Sedge meadows. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 692, 1578; Underwood 832)

E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Sand-muck

shores, mud flats, drying ponds. (Eddy 2515)

58

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

E. ovata (Roth) Roemer & Schultes. Shallow

marshes, mucky shores. (Eddy 2606, 2656)

E. palustris L. Sedge meadows, ditches. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 065, 461, 586, 2552; Harriman

2076)

E. rostellata (Torr.) Torr. Rare, known from one

site; Snake Creek Wetlands fen, a state scien¬

tific natural area. (Eddy 308 6)

Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny. Sedge

meadows, fens. Common. (Eddy 703)

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Local in Snake

Creek Wetlands fen, a state scientific natural

area. (Eddy 2211 y 3091; Underwood 500)

R. capillacea Torr. Local in Snake Creek Wet¬

lands fen, a state scientific natural area. (Eddy

3090)

R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl. Boggy meadows,

fens. Rare. (Eddy 1937, 2493)

Scirpus acutus Muhl. Marshes, shores. Common.

(Eddy 280; Harriman 13212; Zietler 213)

S. atrovirens Willd. Marshes, shores, sedge mead¬

ows, swamps. Common. (Draheim 053; Eddy

491; Habighorst 106)

S. cespitosus L. var. callosus Bigel. Locally abun¬

dant in Snake Creek Wetlands fen, a state sci¬

entific natural area. STATE ENDANGERED

(Eddy 4041)

S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Marshes, shores. (Eddy

1681; Habighorst 120; Kasierski 022; Weiss

158)

S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. Shallow waters.

Common. (Harriman 13210)

S. pendulus Muhl. (Eddy 2368)

S. pungens Vahl. (Harriman 16683)

S. validus Vahl. Marshes, shores, wet ditches.

Common. (Eddy 475, 1746, 1844, 2541;

Harriman 2043; Jennings 235; Turner 223;

Weiss 159)

Scleria triglomerata Michx. Local on moist sand

prairies. Rare. (Eddy 1902, 1948, 2492)

S. verticillata Muhl. Local in Snake Creek Wet¬

lands fen, a state scientific natural area. A rare

Atlantic Coastal Plain disjunct. (Eddy 3084;

Harriman & Underwood 18945)

DIOSCOREACEAE (Yam Family)

Dioscorea villosa L. Moist woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 2466; Harriman 18936)

HYDRO CHARITACEAE (Frog’s-Bit Family)

Elodea canadensis Michx. Quiet waters. Com¬

mon. (Grim, s.n.)

Vallisneria americana L. Submersed in shallow

waters. Common. (Bumby 7, 26, 46, 1211,

1239, RIP; Cozart 19, RIP)

IRIDACEAE (Iris Family)

Iris pseudacorus L. Shores; introduced. (Eddy

4217)

/. versicolor L. Shores, wet ditches, various wet¬

lands. Common. (Eddy 129; Harriman 512)

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller. Prairies, oak

openings. Common. (Eddy 520, 522)

S. campestre E. Bickn. Prairies, oak openings.

(Eddy 256, 416, 660, 2280; Harriman 76 5,

790, 1833, 1840)

JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)

Juncus acuminatus Michx. Moist sandy soils.

Uncommon. (Eddy 2657)

/. alpinus Vill. Local in Snake Creek Wetlands

fen, a state scientific natural area. Harriman

2259, 2579; Weiss 166)

J. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau. Local in

Snake Creek Wetlands fen, a state scientific

natural area. (Eddy 3087)

/. bufonius L. Wet ditches, old lanes. Uncom¬

mon. (Harriman 2245; Hockman s.n.)

J. canadensis J. Gay. Fens, low prairies, sedge

meadows, wet ditches. Common. (Eddy 1913;

Whirry 771)

J. dudleyi Wieg. Moist soils of various habitats.

Common. (Harriman 2038, 2258; Underwood

800, 1171)

J. ejfusus L. Widespread on wet ground. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 464, 2601; Harriman 2082, 2249)

J. greenei Oakes &C Tuckerman. Moist, sandy

habitats. Uncommon. (Eddy 815, 1805;

Harriman 1228, 2086; Weber 040)

J. marginatus Rostk. Local on wet sandy shores.

Uncommon. (Eddy 2663, 2716)

/. nodosus L. Wetlands. (Eddy 587, 864;

Volume 84 (1996)

59

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Harriman 2578; Underwood 1207; Weiss 165)

/. tenuis Willd. Widespread on disturbed moist

soils. (Eddy 291, 580; Harriman 1883, 2080,

2244; Hockman 075; Weiss 170)

/. torreyi Cov. Wet ditches, sedge meadows. Un¬

common. (Eddy 066; Harriman 2252)

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. Woods, clearings.

Common. (Eddy 387, 553)

L. campestris (L.). (Eddy 489, 683; Underwood

508)

JUNCAGINACEAE (Arrow-Grass Family)

Triglochin maritimum L. Local in Snake Creek

Wetlands fen, a state scientific natural area.

(Eddy 001, 3089)

T. palustre L. Same habitat as T. maritima. (Eddy

3088)

LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family)

Lemna minima Philippi. Floating on quiet wa¬

ters. (Eddy 1973, 1833, 2148)

L. minor L. Most commonly occurring duck¬

weed species in the county. Stagnant waters of

ditches, ponds, slow streams. (Jansen 225)

L. trisulca L. Quiet surface waters. (Hockman

065)

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. Quiet surface

waters. (Eddy 2621; Grim s.n.; Harriman

16690)

Woljfla punctata Griseb. Stagnant waters. Un¬

common. (Hockman 064)

LILIACEAE (Lily Family)

Aletris farinosa L. Rare, known from one site;

moist sand prairie. An Atlantic Coastal Plain

disjunct. (Eddy 1950, 2491)

Allium canadense L. Low prairies, low woods.

Common. (Hockman 074)

A. tricoccum Aiton. Deciduous woods. Common.

(Eddy 1764; Misterek 138)

Asparagus officinalis L. Garden escape. Common

along roadsides, wooded clearings. (Harriman

768, 1832; Pucker 072; Sandler X27)

Convallaria majalis L. Garden escape. (Sandler

X29)

Erythronium albidum Nutt. Moist woods. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 1396; Kampa 038)

E. americana Ker Gawler. Similar habitat, but

less common than E. albidum. (Burbey 057;

Kampa 024; Stalker 056)

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Garden escape com¬

mon along roadsides, abandoned farm sites.

(Eddy 620)

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. Prairies, oak openings.

Common. (Eddy 661, 1439, 1600; Harriman

796, 1826, 1842; Pucker 6161; Taves 867;

Underwood 498)

Lilium superbum L. Wetlands. Common. (Eddy

054, 1648, 2576; Underwood 839)

L. lancifolium Thunb. Garden escape. (Eddy

2633)

Maianthemum canadense Desf. Common in

woods. (Harriman 728, 1827; Underwood

509)

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott. Fence-

rows, roadsides, clearings. Common. (Pucker

076; Taves 885)

Scilla sibirica Andrews. Spreading from gardens.

(Eddy 1411)

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Deciduous woods,

thickets, roadsides. Common. (Eddy 251;

Hockman 100)

S. stellata (L.) Desf. Deciduous woods, thickets,

roadsides. Common. (Eddy 254; Harriman

690; Misterek 135; Underwood 492)

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Local in Snake

Creek Wetlands fen, a state scientific natural

area. STATE THREATENED (Eddy 3060;

Taves 874)

Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Decidu¬

ous woods. Common. (Draheim 002; Hock¬

man s.n.)

Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Deciduous

woods. Common. (Harriman 691; Hockman

s.n.)

Zigadenus elegans Pursh. Rare, known from one

site in wooded opening along south shore of

Green Lake. (Eddy 2482, 2524)

NAJADACEAE (Water-Nymph Family)

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostkov & Schmidt.

(DNR 2261; Harriman 16689; Molter s.n.)

60

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family)

Cypripedium acaule Aiton. Known from three

sites; at one, locally abundant on sterile, sandy

soil of a red pine plantation. (Eddy 1480)

C. calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll.

Rare, known from two sites; oak woods. (Eddy

1482; Harriman 736)

C. candidum Muhl. Rare, known from one site;

Snake Creek Wetlands fen, a state scientific

natural area. STATE THREATENED (Eddy

3093)

Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. Oak woods,

pine plantation. Rare. (Harriman 2294)

Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. var. herbiola (R. Br.)

Ames & Correll. Rare, known from two sites;

shrubby meadows with peaty soils interspersed

with Fine loamy sands. STATE THREAT¬

ENED (Crosswhite s.n.; Eddy 2490, 3066)

H. lacera (Michx.) Lodd. Rare, known from one

site; associated with H. flava. (Eddy 3067)

H. psycodes (L.) Sprengel. Wet ditches, wet open

woods, thickets. The most commonly occur¬

ring Habenaria species in the county. (Eddy

2591, 2652)

Liparis lilifolia (L.) Rich. Oak woods, pine plan¬

tations. Local. (Eddy 002, 1523)

L. loeselii (L.) Rich. Rare, known from one site;

fen with calcareous seepages. (Eddy & Harri¬

man 4188)

Orchis spectabilis L. Rare, known from one site;

maple-basswood forest. (Eddy 4181)

Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Fens, boggy mead¬

ows, Larix swamps. Locally abundant. (Eddy

760, 2109; Whirry 772)

S. lacera (Raf.) Raf. var lacera. Rare, known from

one site; Pine Bluff oak opening on rhyolite

outcrop. (Eddy 3006)

POACEAE (Grass Family)

Agrostis capillaris L. (Eddy 524)

A. gigantea Roth. Wetlands, woods, openings.

Common. (Eddy 2527)

A. hyemalis (Walter) BSP. Open sandy habitats.

Uncommon. (Eddy 548, 2589, 4145)

A. perennans (Walter) Tuckerman. Moist open

woods. (Eddy 471, 573)

A. stolonifera L. var. palustris (Hudson) Farw.

Appearing naturalized in wetlands. (Eddy

1653, 2447, 2462)

A. tenuis Sibth. (Eddy 524)

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Wetlands. (Eddy

1750, 2692; Harriman 722)

A. pratensis L. Sedge meadows. Uncommon.

(Eddy 145, 363; Linde 757)

Andropogon gerardiiW itman. Prairies, oak open¬

ings, recovering roadsides, railroad gravels.

Common. (Eddy 999; Underwood 214)

Aristida basiramea Engelm. var. basiramea. Rail¬

road gravels, sandy openings. (Eddy 2008,

4196; Fassett & Shinners 20657; Harriman

1227)

A. basiramea Engelm. var. curtissii (A. Gray)

Shinners. Thin soil on rhyolite outcrops. Un¬

common. (Eddy 2171)

A. longespica Poiret. var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern.

Railroad cinders. (Eddy 2156)

A. oligantha Michx. Dry sand prairies. Uncom¬

mon. (Eddy 4140)

Avena sativa L. Escape from cultivation.

(Jennings 229)

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Dry prai¬

ries. Uncommon. (Harriman 1207)

B. hirsuta Lagasca. Dry prairies. Uncommon.

(Eddy 1964; Harriman 1227, 18894)

Bromus ciliatus L. Prairies, sedge meadows. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 578, 2648)

B. inermis Leysser. Roadsides, disturbed sites.

Common. (Harriman 816; Nelson s.n.)

B. pubescens Muhl. Woods. (Eddy 193)

B. secalinus L. (Fassett 1951, UWM)

B. tectorum L. Roadsides, disturbed sites. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 633, 724)

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv.

Wetlands. Common. (Eddy 821, 1687, 2510)

C. stricta (Timm) Koeler. (Shinners s.n., WIS)

Cenchrus longispinus (Hackel). Fern. Roadsides,

disturbed sites. Common weed. (Brudnicki

146; Eddy 837; Harriman 1 173, 1229;

Kohlman 1044)

Volume 84 (1996)

61

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Cinna arundinacea L. Low woods, thickets.

(Harriman 18900)

Dactylis glomerata L. Roadsides, disturbed sites.

Common weed. (Eddy 459, 1864; Pucker 629)

Danthonia spicata (L.) P. Beauv. Dry woods, oak

openings. (Eddy 555, 1745, 2095)

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Muhl. (Eddy

4197)

D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Roadsides, lawns, dis¬

turbed sites. Common weed. (Bennett 138;

Eddy 1849)

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Disturbed

sites. Common. (Bennett 210; Habighorst 148;

Zeitler 214)

E. muricata (P. Beauv.) Fern. (Eddy 1003, 1723,

1857)

E. occidentalis (Wieg.) Rydb. (Draheim 061)

E. walteri (Pursh) Heller. Wet shores, ditches,

marshes. Uncommon. (Harriman 13205,

18939)

Elymus canadensis L. Prairies, oak openings.

Common. (Eddy 062, 069; Jennings 266;

Mateyka 152; Weiss 164)

E. hystrix L. (Hystrix patula). Woods, openings.

(Eddy 1659; Harriman 16686)

E. riparius Wieg. Fountain Creek Prairie Scien¬

tific Area. (Underwood 1200)

E. trachycaulus (Link) Gould. Low prairies.

(Eddy 2641; Harriman 2090; Underwood 839,

853)

E. villosus Muhl. Dry woods. (Harriman 16685)

E. virginicus L. Moist woods, prairies. (Eddy

1714, 2091)

Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski. Lawns, fields, dis¬

turbed sites. Common. (Eddy 191, 1860)

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Dry sandy soils.

(Eddy &C Sonntag 2086)

E. cilianensis (All.) Janchen. Common weed.

(Eddy 2178)

E. hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Forming dense tufts

on mud flats. Uncommon. (Eddy 2698; Rill

4096)

E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. Various habitats.

(Harriman 1171)

E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel. Dry roadsides,

fields, open woods. Common. (Eddy 2672;

Harriman 1262; Linde 1027; Mateyka 151;

Mittelstaedt 237)

Festuca elatior L. Roadsides, pastures. (Eddy

2554)

F. obtusa Biehler. Moist woods. Uncommon.

(Eddy 1769)

F. ovina L. Roadsides, fields, waste places. (Eddy

2303, 2369, 2758)

F. rubra L. Various habitats. (Eddy 2522; Eddy

& Harriman s.n.; Michaels 032)

Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder. Sedge mead¬

ows. (Eddy 2655)

G. canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Marshes, sedge

meadows, low prairies. Common. (Eddy 2563,

4193; Harriman 2081)

G. grandis S. Wats. Marshes, sedge meadows,

low prairies. Uncommon. (Eddy 2607)

G. striata (Lam.) A Hitchc. Various wetlands. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 565, 1556, 1645; Harriman 785)

Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv. Low prairies,

sedge meadows. Common. (Eddy 146, 368,

1431; Underwood 483, 499)

Hordeum jubatum L. Roadsides, waste places.

Common. (Harriman 783; Hockman 078)

Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P. Beauv. Dry prai¬

ries, sandy roadsides. Common. (Eddy 1668,

2574; Harriman 803)

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz. Colonizing wet

ditches. (Eddy 2687)

L. virginica Willd. Common along Shore Drive

at the Green Lake Center. (Harriman 18901)

Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase. Open

sandy ground. Uncommon. (Eddy 1100, 1741;

Harriman 1049)

Lolium perenne L. Lawns, waste places, roadsides.

Common. (Eddy 2691)

Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hackel. In¬

troduced. (Eddy 4222)

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poiret) Fern. Low woods,

thickets. (Eddy & Sonntag 2084, 2087)

M. glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Wetlands. Com¬

mon. (Eddy 1980)

62

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Railroad cinders. Un¬

common. (Eddy 972, 1 983, 2 1 66; Eddy & Rill

2016; Harriman 13213; Underwood 1192;

Weiss 153)

M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Low prairies, sedge

meadows. Common. (Eddy & Rill 2033)

M. richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. Known only from

the Berlin Fen, a state scientific natural area.

M. richardsonis , a native grass, was first discov¬

ered in Wisconsin in August 1989. (Harriman

& Underwood 18944)

M. sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. Shore of Little Green

Lake. Uncommon. (Harriman 16684)

Panicum capillare L. Common weed of waste

places, fields, gardens. (Eddy 2001, 2165;

Jennings 242; Zeitler 204)

P. commonsianum Ashe. var. euchlamydeum

(Shinners) Pohl Open sandy habitats; prairies,

dunes, blowouts. Uncommon Atlantic Coastal

Plain disjunct. (Eddy 2338, 2693)

P. dichotomiflorum Michx. (Eddy 2154)

P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Known only from

the Berlin Fen, a state scientific natural area.

(Harriman 18969)

P. lanuginosum Elliot var. implicatum (Scribn.)

Fern. (Eddy 4115)

P. latifolium L. Woods and thickets. Common.

(Eddy 183)

P. leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Sandy prairies, oak

openings. (Eddy 2049, 2361; Eddy & Harri¬

man 19685; Harriman 1892)

P. linearifolium Scribn. Sandy oak opening.

(Eddy s.n., 3081; Eddy & Harriman 19684;

Harriman 18970)

P. miliaceum L. Recurrent introduction. (Eddy

1856; Harriman 16677)

P. oligosanthes Schultes. Sandy prairies, openings.

(Eddy 2338.5; Harriman 788, 874; Hockman

088; Underwood 834)

P. villosissimum Nash. (Eddy 088, 550, 576)

P. virgatum L. Prairies, oak openings. (Eddy

4223)

Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. ciliatifolium

(Michx.) Vasey. Sandy roadsides, oak openings.

(Harriman 18895)

Phalaris arundinacea L. Becoming a monocul¬

ture in some wetlands. Mostly introduced from

Europe as a forage crop, but the species is likely

native. (Draheim 030)

Phleum pratense L. Roadsides, pastures, waste

places. (Nelson s.n.)

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. (P. communis).

Marshes, wet ditches. (Harriman 13206;

Jansen 234)

Poa annua L. Lawns, disturbed sites. Common.

(Eddy & Harriman s.n.)

P. compressa L. Roadsides, fields. (Eddy 1641,

1694,2546)

P. palustris L. Sedge meadows. Uncommon.

(Eddy 790, 2371)

P. pratensis L. Lawns, roadsides, waste places.

Common. (Draheim 010)

Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Pari. (Eddy &

Harriman s.n.)

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var.

scoparium. Same habitats as A. gerardii. Com¬

mon. (Bennett 209; Eddy 834, 1107; Manthei

187; Underwood 244)

Secale cereale L. Escape from cultivation. (Eddy

384; Harriman 739)

Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Common weed.

(Pucker 079)

S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Common weed. (Breitlow

195; Eddy 1859; Pucker 079; Turner 045)

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Prairies. (Eddy

1995,2115; Underwood 228)

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Escape from culti¬

vation. (Jennings 225)

Spartina pectinata Link. Wet prairies. (Eddy 075;

Jennings 234; Pucker 211; Smith 044)

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. ma¬

jor (Torr.) K. S. Erdman Moist woods. Un¬

common. (Eddy 006)

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Open,

sandy habitats. Uncommon. (Eddy 061;

Harriman s.n.)

S. heterolepis A. Gray. Low prairie. Uncommon.

(Eddy & Rill 2027)

Volume 84 (1996)

63

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

S. vaginiflorus (Torr.) A. Wood. Railroad grav¬

els. (Eddy 2009)

Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Dry prairie. Uncom¬

mon. (Harriman 8 76)

S. spartea Trin. (Shinners &C Shaw 4 384, WIS)

S. viridula Trin. Known from one site, dry sand

prairie. (Eddy 4140)

Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapman. Dry sandy

soil. (Eddy 073)

Triticum aestivum L. Escape from a bird seed

mixture. (Eddy 4 156)

Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rybd. Sandy soils.

(Eddy 2441)

Zizania aquatica L. var. aquatica (Eddy 4204;

Harriman & Eddy s.n.; Fassett & McLaughin

12181, WIS) . Very common in waterways dur¬

ing presettlement times.

Z. palustris L. var. interior (Fassett) Dore. (Z.

aquatica L. var. interior Fassett) (Fassett &

McLaughin 1536, WIS)

Z. palustris L. var. palustris. (Fassett & Warren

9629, WIS)

PONTEDERIACEAE (Water-Hyacinth Family)

Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) Small. (Bumby 1219)

POTAMOGETONACEAE (Pondweed

Family)

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerman. (Bumby 60,

RIP)

P. crispus L. Common macrophyte of lakes and

streams. (Eddy 2487; Harriman 16688)

P. filiformis Pers. (Grim s.n.)

P. foliosus Raf. (Bumby 1222, 1235, RIP)

P. friesii Rupr. (Bumby 33, 34, 52, RIP)

P. gramineus L. (Bumby 12, 36, RIP)

P. illinoensis Morong. (Tracy 1, RIP)

P. natans L. Common lake macrophyte. (Harri¬

man 1892)

P. nodosus Poiret. (Grim s.n)

P. pectinatus L. (Bumby 1232; Molter, s.n.)

P. praelongus L. Wulfen. (Nhler & McLaughin

374, WIS)

P. pulsillusb. (Bumby 67, 1241, 1234, RIP)

P. richardsonii (Ar. Bennett) Rydb. (Bumby 5,

47, 57, 1237, RIP)

P. zosteriformis Fern. Locally abundant. (Bumby

1207)

SMILACACEAE (Catbrier Family)

Smilax herbacea L. Damp woods. (Eddy 1598)

S. hispida Muhl. Fencerows, thickets, roadsides.

Common. (Eddy 1804)

S. illinoensis Mangaly. Woods. (Underwood 506)

S. lasioneura Hooker. Woods. (Draheim 075;

Eddy 109; Hansen 539; Kohlman 1340;

Whirry 1357)

SPARGANIACEAE (Bur-Reed Family)

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. Marshes, stream

banks. (Eddy 2654)

S. eurycarpum Engelm. Marshes, wet shores.

Common. (Campbell 051; Harriman 511,

13211; Nelson s.n.; Zeitler 240)

TYPHACEAE (Cat-Tail Family)

Typha angustifolia L. Marshes, wet ditches, shal¬

low waters. (Eddy 4164)

T. latifolia L. Marshes, wet ditches, shallow wa¬

ters. (Pucker 195; Turner 224)

XYRIDACEAE (Yellow-Eyed Grass Family)

Xyris torta J. E. Smith. Rare, known from two

sites; local on moist sand prairies. An Atlantic

Coastal Plain disjunct. (Eddy 2661)

ZANNICHELLIACEAE (Horned Pondweed

Family)

Zannichellia palustris L. (Bumby 20, 99, RIP)

64

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Neil A. Harriman, Curator

of the Herbarium at the University of Wiscon-

sin-Oshkosh, for his many hours of consulta¬

tion and assistance with the Green Lake flora.

Neil has not only served me as a mentor, but

he has also been an unflagging friend. I am ap¬

preciative for the thoughtful suggestions made

by Theodore S. Cochrane, Dr. Neil Harriman,

Dr. John W. Thomson and Dr. Phil B.

Whitford who reviewed the manuscript.

This study would not have been possible save

for the contributions of many others. Thanks

and credit are extended to the following people

who provided information and/or assisted with

field work: Richard Barloga, Larry Behlen, Dr.

Bill Brooks, Clarence Busse, Lois Carver,

Theodore S. Cochrane, Barbara Eddy, Cliff

Germain, Tom Hanson, Dr. Neil Harriman,

and Bernie Kaserski. I also wish to recognize

those Green Lake students who studied the

Snake Creek flora as participants in the Wis¬

consin Academy’s Student-Teacher Integrated

Research (STIR) program from 1978 to 1980.

I also want to thank these people who per¬

mitted me to examine the Green Lake County

specimens from their respective herbaria: Hugh

H. litis and Steven L. Solheim at WIS; Carl

Taylor at MIL; Don Les at UWM; Bob Wallace

and George (Skip) Wittier at Ripon College;

and Mary Jane Bumby for sharing her Green

Lake macrophyte collection.

Patricia (Tricia) Duyfhuizen, managing edi¬

tor for Transactions , did a superb review of the

final manuscript and has been invaluable with

preparing this paper for final publication. Be¬

sides her remarkable thoroughness, Tricia’s

friendliness and expeditious replies to my in¬

quiries via Internet electronic mail has made the

entire process enjoyable.

And for their encouragement and compan¬

ionship throughout this study, I am most grate¬

ful for my family (Barb, Molly, and Robyn).

Literature Cited

Argus, George W. 1964. Preliminary reports on

the flora of Wisconsin. No. 51. Salicaceae.

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sci¬

ences, Arts and Letters 53:217-72.

Brown, Charles E. 1917. The antiquities of

Green Lake. Wisconsin Archeologist 16:1-55.

Busse, Clarence F. Original letters written by

Julia Peck Sherwood to relatives in New York

state, 1854. Princeton, WI.

Curtis, John T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wiscon¬

sin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison,

WI. 657 pp.

Dart, Richard. 1910. Proceedings of the State

Historical Society of Wisconsin (57th annual

meeting). Settlement of Green Lake County.

pp. 252-72.

Dorney, John R. 1981. The impact of native

Americans on presettlement vegetation in

southeastern Wisconsin. Transactions of the

Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Let¬

ters 69:26-36.

Eddy, Thomas L., and Neil A. Harriman. 1992.

Muhlenbergia richardsonis in Wisconsin. The

Michigan Botanist 3 1 :39-40.

Fassbender, Ronald L., John J. Weber, and Lin¬

den M. Nelson. 1970. Surface Water Re¬

sources of Green Lake County. Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources. 67 pp.

Fassett, Norman C. 1929. Preliminary reports

on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 2. Ericaceae.

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sci¬

ences, Arts and Letters 24:257-68.

- — . 1951. Grasses of Wisconsin. University

of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. 173 pp.

- . 1961. The Leguminous Plants of Wiscon¬

sin (2nd printing). University of Wisconsin

Press, Madison, WI. 155 pp.

Finley, Robert W. 1976. Original Vegetation

Cover of Wisconsin (map). North Central

Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service,

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Folwell Av¬

enue, St. Paul, MN.

Volume 84 (1996)

65

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

General Land Office. 1834-1851. Land Survey¬

ors’ Field Notes (for Green Lake County).

State of Wisconsin, Commissioner of Public

Lands.

Gleason, Henry A., and Arthur Cronquist. 1991.

Manual of Vascular Plants of the Northeastern

United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd ed.

The New York Botanical Garden, Southern

Boulevard at 200th Street, Bronx, New York,

10458. 910 pp.

Heiple, Emma B., and Robert W. Heiple. 1976.

A Heritage History of Beautiful Green Lake,

Wisconsin. McMillan Printing Co., Ripon,

WL 402 pp.

litis, Hugh H., and W. Shaughnessy. I960. Pre¬

liminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin.

No. 43. Primulaceae. Transactions of the Wis¬

consin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

49:113-35.

Martin, Lawrence. 1965. The Physical Geography

of Wisconsin. 3rd ed. Wisconsin Geological

and Natural History Survey Bulletin 36. 608

pp.

Mason, Charles T. Jr., and Hugh H. litis. 1965.

Preliminary reports on the flora of Wiscon¬

sin. No. 53. Gentianaceae. Transactions of the

Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Let¬

ters 54:295-329.

Patman, J., and H. H. litis. 1961. Preliminary

reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 44.

Cruciferae. Transactions of the Wisconsin

Academy of Sciences , Arts and Letters 50:1 7—

72.

Pauli, Rachel K., and Richard A. Pauli. 1977.

Geology of Wisconsin and Upper Michigan (In¬

cluding Parts of Adjacent States). Kendall-

Hunt Co., Dubuque, LA. 232 pp.

Peck, James H. 1982. Ferns and Fern Allies of

the Driftless Area of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota

and Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum

(Contributions in Biology and Geology), No.

53. 140 pp.

Read, Robert H. 1976. Endangered and threat¬

ened vascular plants in Wisconsin. Wiscon¬

sin Department of Natural Resources Tech¬

nical Bulletin 92. 58 pp.

Richardson, James W., Derek Burch, and

Theodore S. Cochrane. 1987. The flora of

Wisconsin, Preliminary report no. 69.

Euphorbiaceae. Transactions of the Wisconsin

Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 75:97-

129.

Salamun, Peter J. 1951. Preliminary reports on

the flora of Wisconsin. No. 36. Scrophu-

lariaceae. Transactions of the Wisconsin Acad¬

emy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 40(2): 1 1 1-38.

- -. 1979. Preliminary reports on the flora

ofWisconsin. No. 68. Caprifoliaceae. Trans¬

actions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences,

Arts and Letters 67:1 03-29.

Schlising, Robert A., and Hugh H. litis. 1961.

Preliminary reports on the flora of Wiscon¬

sin. No. 46. Caryophyllaceae. Transactions of

the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and

Letters 50:89-139.

Thwaites, Rueben Gold, ed. 1966. The Jesuit

relations and allied documents. Readex

Microprint Corporation, USA (based upon

a reprint of the 1900 edition by The Burrows

Brothers Company, Cleveland OH). 59:86-

211.

Ugent, Donald. 1962. Preliminary reports on

the flora of Wisconsin. No. 47. Cactaceae.

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sci¬

ences, Arts and Letters 51:1 28-32.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1977.

Soil Survey of Green Lake County, Wiscon¬

sin. Soil Conservation Service. 132 pp.

Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. 1958.

Wisconsin Rural Resources (Green Lake

County). Wisconsin State Department of

Agriculture, Madison, WL 58 pp.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

1977-1979. Natural Areas Inventory (Un¬

published field notes for Green Lake

County).

— — — . (August) 1993. Guide to Wisconsin’s

endangered and threatened plants (PUBL-

66

TRANSACTIONS

EDDY: A vascular flora of Green Lake County, Wisconsin

ER-067). Wisconsin Bureau of Endangered

Resources, Box 7921, Madison, WI. 129 pp.

- . 1994. Rare, threatened and endangered

species and natural communities in Green

Lake County. (FUBL-ER-224). Wisconsin

Bureau of Endangered Resources, Box 7921,

Madison, WI. 129 pp.

Wisconsin Department of Revenue (Bureau of

Property Tax, prepared by Douglas L.

Milius). 1995. Statistical Report of Property

Values.

Wisconsin Department of Transportation. 1988.

Green Lake County (highway map). State

Office Building, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin State Department of Agriculture.

1958. Wisconsin Rural Resources (Green

Lake County). 58 pp.

Thomas Eddy is a past recipient of the National

Association of Biology Teachers' OBTA ( Out¬

standing Biology Teacher Award) and the Kohl

Teaching Fellowship Award. Mr. Eddy teaches

biology for the Green Lake School District and

for Marian College , Fond du Lac , and contin¬

ues to be involved with natural areas preserva¬

tion. Address: 426 Walker Avenue, Green Lake,

WI 54941

Volume 84 (1996)

67

%

James O. Evrard and Richard A. Lillie

Flora and fauna of northwest

Wisconsin Wtterfowl Production Areas

Abstract Biological inventories are becoming increasingly important in our

rapidly changing world. This study documents the occurrence and \

to some extent , relative abundance of plant and animal species on

Waterfowl Production Areas (WPAs) in northern St. Croix and

southern Polk Counties, Wisconsin. Former prairie uplands have

undergone drastic landscape changes but wetlands have been im¬

pacted to a lesser degree. Over 200 vertebrate animal species, 54

terrestrial invertebrate animal taxa, and over 200 aquatic inver¬

tebrate species have been recorded in the WPA wetlands and sur¬

rounding uplands during 1982—91. Vegetation surveys have re¬

corded 169 terrestrial species and 96 aquatic species. The plant

and animal communities are dynamic over time, changing in re¬

sponse to a changing environment. The drought of 1987—88 pro¬

vided a dramatic example of these changes.

Today’s environment, threatened by massive land use

changes due to a burgeoning, human population, justi¬

fies the need to acquire baseline biological data to measure im¬

pacts of future landscape changes. Information obtained from

biological inventories is valuable for a variety of managerial,

economic, political, and judicial uses. This study was part of a

much larger research project to evaluate management tech¬

niques for increasing waterfowl and ring-necked pheasant

(Phasianus colchicus) production in the pothole region of north¬

west Wisconsin (Evrard and Lillie 1987).

The objective of this study was to document the occurrence

and, to a limited extent, relative abundance of terrestrial and

aquatic animals and plants on federal and state Waterfowl Pro¬

duction Areas (WPAs) in northern St. Croix and southern Polk

Counties, Wisconsin. The WPAs, consisting of wetlands and

TRANSACTIONS

Volume 84 (1996)

69

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

adjacent grassy uplands, were established in

the early 1970s. Although acquired prima¬

rily with federal duck stamp funds, WPAs

were managed by the Wisconsin Depart¬

ment of Natural Resources (WDNR) until

1993. Many WPAs protected relatively un¬

disturbed wetland habitats, which may have

served as refugia for various flora and fauna

that previously were quite common. Most

surrounding uplands, however, were greatly

disturbed by past agricultural practices, and

very little native vegetation remains.

Study Area

Field research was conducted in the 1,300

km2 study area in northern St. Croix and

southern Polk Counties, Wisconsin (Figure

1). Approximately 2,800 ha or 2.2% of the

study area were in WPAs. The study area lies

entirely within the North Central Hard¬

wood Forests ecoregion of Omernik (1987).

The landscape was formed by a terminal

moraine of the Superior lobe of the Wiscon¬

sin glaciation (Langton 1978). Up to 30 m

of glacial till overlies sandstone and dolo-

mitic limestone bedrock. Soils are mainly

sandy loams of the Santiago-Jewett-Magnor

Association with topography level to gently

sloping. The study area is about 86% up¬

lands, 13% wetlands, and 1% water.

The area has a continental climate with

warm, humid summers and cold, snowy

winters (Langton op. cit.). Mean precipita¬

tion is 73 cm with 65% falling from May

to September, and mean temperature is

44.1°F. The growing season averages 135

days with average last spring frost occurring

on 14 May and the average first frost on 26

September.

At the time of settlement, about 58% of

the study area was wooded, 27% was in tall

grass prairie, and 1 5% in wetlands and wa¬

ter (Langton op. cit.). Since settlement, the

prairie and much of the woodland was con¬

verted to agriculture. Today, most of the

land area is used for agricultural crops and

pasture. Corn, oats, and hay are the main

crops, with emphasis on dairy and livestock

production. Only about 1 1% of the county

is now wooded, but the wetland losses have

been minimal and still make up 13% of the

area. Although total wetland acreages are not

substantially reduced, the types of wetlands

found today may differ to some extent from

historic wetlands.

WPA wetlands range from small (< 1 ha),

shallow (< 1 m), slightly acidic (pH < 6.0),

kettle-hole, surface-water depressions to

moderately large (> 8 ha), deep-water (up to

3 m), slightly alkaline (pH > 9.0), ground-

water flow through wetlands (hydrologic

class based on Novitzki 1979). Under the

Cowardin et al. (1979) wetland classification

system, the majority of wetlands in Wiscon¬

sin’s prairie pothole region are temporary,

seasonal, semipermanent, and permanent

palustrine systems, while some of the larger

wetlands are classed as permanent lacustrine

systems. Annual water level fluctuations

range from less than 0.1 m during stable pe¬

riods (i.e., wet years) to as much as 1.0 m

during transition periods (onset of drought).

Many of the smaller seasonal and semiper¬

manent wetlands were entirely dry during

the drought of 1987-88. Productivity, mea¬

sured either in terms of nutrient concentra¬

tions or biological production, ranged from

generally low in the smaller, precipitation-

dominated, kettle-hole wetlands to high in

the larger ground-water dominated, deep¬

water marshes. Differences in land use and

vegetative cover of surrounding watersheds

contributed to marked differences in water

quality as expressed by turbidity and chlo¬

rophyll (i.e., algae) concentrations. Many

wetland margins and bottoms have been dis¬

turbed by cultivation during dry periods.

70

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

Volume 84 (1996)

71

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Methods

A broad combination of sampling methods

and sampling protocols was employed in this

study (Table 1). A field notebook was used

to record the presence of wildlife on the pub¬

lic properties. All personnel involved in this

study carried field notebooks in which sig¬

nificant wildlife observations were recorded

from 1982 through 1991. Observational

data recorded included species, numbers,

sex, activity, location, weather, time, and

date. However, many abundant animal spe¬

cies such as the red-winged blackbird

(Agelaius phoeniceus), thirteen-lined ground

squirrel (Cittellus tridecemlineatus), and the

painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) are under¬

represented in this study.

Additional wildlife observations were ob¬

tained from wildlife and vegetation surveys

described in detail in Evrard and Lillie

(1987); graduate research by Mauser (1985)

and McDowell (1989); and from research

project reports written by student interns

(Kjolhaug 1982, Fassbender 1983, Lueth

1983, Cordray 1984, Kreis 1984, Elert 1985,

Thilleman 1985, Giudice 1986, Seppi 1986,

Sweitzer 1989, Brua 1987, Balzer 1988,

Fleming 1989, Richter 1989, Dianich 1990,

Johnson 1990, Wier 1990). Fish observation

records, supplemented with field notes, were

provided by H. Bolton and J. Milligan, U.S.

Fish & Wildlife Service, Winona, MN and

Genoa, MN, respectively. Records of occur¬

rence of macro- and microinvertebrates (and

those plants requiring microscopic examina¬

tion for identification) were based on labo¬

ratory identifications using currently accept¬

able taxonomic keys and nomenclature. Lists

of taxonomic keys used are available from the

authors upon request. Voucher specimens of

representative specimens are available for

many flora and fauna at the WDNR Re¬

search Center, Monona, WI.

Results

Over 200 vertebrate species have been ob¬

served on the WPAs in northern St. Croix

and southern Polk Counties. These include

162 bird, 30 mammal, 10 amphibian, 5

turtle, 1 lizard, 3 snake, and 1 1 fish species

(Table 2). Evidence of breeding (eggs, nests,

or young) was found for 42 bird species

(Table 3). The status or relative abundance

and seasonal occurrence of each species was

determined from miscellaneous observations

(Table 1). Bird species observed during the

survey of Oakridge Lake were also assumed

to be breeding in the area (Table 3). Most

mammal, amphibian, turtle, lizard, snake

and fish species were also assumed to be

breeding in the WPAs.

Invertebrates were also observed and re¬

corded in the WPA uplands and wetlands.

At least 54 taxa, representing 44 terrestrial

arthropod families or orders were found in

the surrounding uplands (Table 4), and

nearly 200 aquatic invertebrate species were

found in the study area wetlands. Aquatic

taxa included over 167 insect species (Table

5), 20 zooplankton species, and representa¬

tives of 12 other aquatic invertebrate orders

(Table 6).

Vegetation surveys accounted for a mini¬

mum of 169 terrestrial plant species (Table

7) and 96 aquatic plant species (Table 8).

More detailed information regarding wet¬

land plant distribution is available in Evrard

and Lillie (1987).

Discussion

Earlier workers (Robbins 1961, Robbins

1968, Goddard 1975, Robbins 1969, Faanes

and Goddard 1976, Faanes 1981, Petersen

et al. 1982) recorded bird species present on

and adjacent to WPA wetlands in St. Croix

and Polk Counties. Temporal and spatial

72

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

changes in bird distribution and numbers

have occurred.

The rare and local red-necked grebe

(Podiceps grisegena) was first found breeding

in St. Croix County on Twin Lakes in 1973

and on Oakridge Lake in 1976 (Faanes

1981). By 1978, it had abandoned Twin

Lakes and by 1982, was found only on

Oakridge Lake (Evrard 1988). The common

loon (Gavia immer) reestablished itself as a

breeding species in St. Croix County in

1986 after an absence of decades (Evrard

1987). The trumpeter swan (Cygnus buc¬

cinator) again became a breeding species in

St. Croix County in 1990 following release

of birds in adjacent Minnesota (Evrard

1990, 1991). Despite Faanes (1981) report¬

ing brood records for redhead ducks (Ay thy a

americana), canvasback (Aythya valisneria ),

and lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) in the mid-

1970s, we never observed a single brood of

these species on these same wetlands during

our 10-year study.

Temporal and spatial changes have oc¬

curred with mammal species also. Coyotes

(Canis latrans) and black bears (Ursus

americanus), more common north of the

study area, were seen with increasing fre¬

quency during this study. Opossum (Didel-

phis marsupialus), which have been extend¬

ing their range northward in Wisconsin,

were first seen in a WPA in 1990. Since the

study area was formerly both prairie and

woodland, it was not surprising to find both

the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

and the prairie vole (M. ochrogaster) and

both the woodland deer mouse (Peromyscus

maniculatus gracilis) and the prairie deer

mouse (P. m. bairdii) (Long 1990).

This study also added to the knowledge

of the occurrence and distribution of little-

known wildlife groups such as the amphib¬

ians and reptiles. When compared to distri¬

bution records published by Vogt (1981),

new county records or county locations were

recorded for 2 salamander, 4 turtle, 1 lizard,

and 3 snake species (Wier 1990).

The short list of fish species inhabiting

WPA wetlands is not too surprising consid¬

ering the dynamic hydrologic fluctuations

experienced by most wetlands in the study

region. During the severe drought of 1987-

88, some wetlands formerly classed as per¬

manent dried up completely, while those

that retained water experienced severe win¬

terkill conditions. Most of the WPA wet¬

lands are landlocked, thus further delaying

recolonization after a total winterkill. It is

believed that some wetlands have been

stocked by neighboring landowners with

game and pan fish (in violation of state

laws), while others have been illegally

stocked with minnows by bait dealers. Many

of the smaller wetlands are fishless, while in¬

termediate-sized wetlands contain popula¬

tions of the hardy fathead minnow and cen¬

tral mudminnow. Only the largest, deepest

wetlands contain complex fish communities.

The list of insects and associated arthro¬

pods of terrestrial habitats (Table 4) un¬

doubtedly represents only a small fraction

of the total inventory present on WPAs in

northwest Wisconsin. Much more intensive

efforts would be required to provide a com¬

plete inventory.

Time constraints, financial support, and

the objectives of the major study, under

which the aquatic invertebrate data reported

herein were collected, precluded species level

determinations among all groups. Beetles

and bugs were identified to species, while

identification of other taxa was limited to

genus or higher. Therefore, the lists in

Tables 5 and 6 are unbalanced taxonomi-

cally and incomplete. However, because the

data represent a composite collection from

a wide range of wetland types and sizes, the

lists do provide a good indication of what

Volume 84 (1996)

73

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

may be considered typical inhabitants of

WPA wetlands in northwestern Wisconsin.

Relative abundance of the various taxa dif¬

fer dramatically among the individual wet¬

lands. Small, temporary wetlands (fishless)

generally contain an assemblage of species

quite distinct from assemblages in the larger,

more permanent wetlands. Small kettle-hole

wetlands had assemblages dominated by

dragonflies (Odonates), beetles (Coleoptera),

and caddisflies (Trichoptera). Most large

wetlands contained a diverse assemblage of

generally, smaller-bodied forms, including

flies (Diptera), beetles (a different group of

beetles than in the smaller wetlands - see

Lillie 1991), and bugs (Heteroptera). Zoop¬

lankton assemblages likewise were quite dis¬

tinct among wetlands. Fairy shrimp (Anos-

traca), Daphnia minnehaha , and Aglao-

diaptomus leptopus only were found on the

small, temporary, fishless wetlands. No en¬

dangered or threatened species of insects

were collected; however, several specimens

represent new distributional records for Wis¬

consin.

In addition to an already published note

concerning beetles (Lillie 1991), the follow¬

ing records are worth mentioning. Two

adult specimens of Euhrycbiopsis lecontei

were collected on Bierbrauer WPA (Sect. 4,

T31N, R17W, St. Croix Co.). This weevil

is believed to have potential as a naturally-

occurring biocontrol agent of the nuisance

aquatic plant, Eurasian watermilfoil, Myrio-

phyllum spicatum (Creed et al. 1992;

Newman and Maher 1993). As such, its ex¬

istence and knowledge concerning its distri¬

bution in Wisconsin is important. The

record of a single specimen of the water scav¬

enger beetle, Cercyon (nr.) roseniy from Deer

Park WPA (Sect. 7, T31N, R16W, St. Croix

Co.) is believed to be the first report of this

species in Wisconsin. This species appears

to be terrestrial or semiaquatic, associated

with wet areas near water (Smetana 1988)

and, due to its small size, may be often over¬

looked in most collections. A single speci¬

men of the water boatman, Cenocorixa

dakotensis, was captured from Erickson WPA

(Sect. 30, T31N, R17W, St. Croix Co.).

This species is listed as a taxon of “special

concern” by the WDNR, Bureau of Endan¬

gered Species (Wis. Misc. Rare Invert.

Working List). Only two other specimens

have been collected from Wisconsin (pers.

com. W. Hilsenhoff, UW-Madison).

Few components of the presettlement ter¬

restrial plant communities remain (Table 7).

Most upland plant communities surround¬

ing study area wetlands are either old fields

or grasses planted specifically for duck and

ring-necked pheasant nesting cover. Exotic

and weedy herbaceous plant species domi¬

nate with woody plants represented by trees

and shrub seedlings invading the grass-forb

communities. The handful of prairie species

such as the bluestem grasses (Andropogon

gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium) are classed

as uncommon and rare (Table 7). Aquatic

plant communities varied among wetlands

based primarily on size and position in the

landscape. The smaller, precipitation-domi¬

nated, surface-depression wetlands mostly

were of the sedge meadow type (Curtis

1939), dominated by sedges ( Carex spp.)

and grasses (Table 8). Some wetlands con¬

tained components of fens or bogs. The ma¬

jority of larger wetlands represented either

emergent or submerged aquatic communi¬

ties (of Curtis 1959). Emergent wetlands

were dominated by cat-tails ( Typha spp.), ar¬

rowheads (Sagittaria spp.), or various grasses

and spikerushes (Eleocharis spp.). Submerged

and floating-leafed communities were domi¬

nated by pondweeds (. Potamogeton spp.) and

duckweeds ( Lemna spp. and Spirodela

polyrhiza). No endangered or threatened spe¬

cies were encountered.

74

TRANSACTIONS

Table 1. Compilation of sampling methodologies employed in this survey.

Flora or Fauna Sampling Methods Sampling Period Sampling Frequency

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Volume 84 (1996)

75

Table 2. Wildlife occurrence3 in waterfowl production areas in St. Croix and southern Polk Counties, 1982-91. Latin names and

English names conform to usage in Birds of North America , 2nd ed., and are consonant with the most recent American Orni¬

thologists’ Union checklist.

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TRANSACTIONS

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Volume 84 (1996)

77

Merlin (Fa/co columbarius) MM R Mg

American kestrel (Falco sparverius) M* M M M* M* M* M* M* M* M* A SR.Mg

Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) MM M* M M* M U PR

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) M Ac

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Volume 84 (199&)

79

Common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) M M M R SR, Mg

Chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica) M M R SR

Belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) M BM PBM PM PBM PBM PBM BM M PBM C SR, Mg

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Volume 84 (1996)

81

Rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) MM R SR

Indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) MM R SR

American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) MM R SR.Mg

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Volume 84 (1996)

83

Spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum)

Eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)

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85

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

86

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

aData from Brua 1987.

bData from WDNR collections; identifications made by S. Krauth, Academic Curator, Insect Research

Collection, UW-Madison; specimens placed in UW-Madison Insect Research Collection in 1988.

‘Family or order containing some aquatic or semiaquatic taxa.

Volume 84 (1996)

87

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 5. Aquatic insect occurrence in WPA wetlands, late April to mid-August, 1983-92.

Order/ Common Family Species Relative

Suborder Name Abundance

Nepidae

Notonectidae

Pleidae

Gerridae

Hebridae

Hydrometridae

88

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

Volume 84 (1996)

89

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 5, continued.

Diptera

Ries, midges

Gyriniidae

Haliplidae

Hydrophilidae

Lampyridae

Scirtidae

Ceratopogonidae

Chaoboridae

Chironomidaec

90

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

aSee Lillie (1991) for more detailed information concerning distribution of beetles on WPA wetlands.

bTaxonomy after Askevold (1988).

cBased on a small random subsample of taxa present.

Volume 84 (1996)

91

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 6. Miscellaneous macro- and microinvertebrates found on WPA wetlands, 1983-92.

Phylum/ Class Order/ Species Common Name

Subphylum Suborder

Annelida Oligochaeta

Hirudinea

Sarcomastigophora

Arthropoda

Chelicerata Arachnida Araneae

Acarina

Hydracarina

Mandibulata Crustacea

Branchiopoda Anostraca

Diplostraca

Conchostraca

Cladocera

Ostracoda

Copepoda Calanoida

Harpactidoida

Cyclopoida

Malacostraca Isopoda

Amphipoda

Oligochaetes

Helobdella spp.a Leeches

Difflugia sp.. Amoebas

Spiders

Water mites

Fairy Shrimps

Clam Shrimps

Alona spp.a

Alona guttata?

Alona rectangula3

Alonella spp.a

Alonella excisa 3

Bosmina longirostris

Camptocercus sp.

Chydorus sphaericus

Ceriodaphnia spp.a

Daphnia spp.

Daphnia pulex-pulicaria

Daphnia minnehaha

Diaphanosoma spp.a

Eubosmina sp.

Graptoleberis sp.

Holopedium gibberum

llyocryptus spp.a

Kurzia latissima a

Latonopsis sp. ?

Macrothrix sp.

Pleuroxus spp.a

Pleuroxus procurvus3

Pleuroxus striatus3

Polyphemus pediculus

Scapholeberis spp.a

Simocephalus spp.a

Streblocerus serricaudatus3

Seed Shrimps

Calanoid Copepods

Aglaodiaptomus leptopus

Leptodiaptomus siciloides

Onychodiaptomus sanguineus

Skistodiaptomus oregonensis

Harpactacoid Copepods

Cyclopoid Copepods

Acanthocyclops vernalis

Diacyclops b. thomasi

Mesocyclops edax

Tropocyclops sp.

Isopods

Hyallela azteca Amphipods/Scuds

92

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

aAfter McDowell (1989).

Volume 84 (1996)

93

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 7. Terrestrial plant occurrence and relative abundance in Waterfowl Production

94

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

Table 7, continued.

Volume 84 (1996)

95

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

96

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

Table 7, continued.

Volume 84 (1996)

97

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 8. Aquatic plant occurrence and relative abundance within WPA wetlands, St.

98

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

aMauser 1985.

bMcDowell 1989.

cVerified by Dr. G. Smith, UW-Whitewater.

dVerified by T. Cochran, UW-Madison Herbarium.

eVoucher specimens at WDNR Research Center, 1350 Femrite, Monona, Wl.

Volume 84 (1996)

99

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Acknowledgments

We thank B. Bacon, B. and J. Fannucchi,

and the many seasonal WDNR technicians

and student interns for field assistance and

observations; S. Krauth and W. Hilsenhoff,

UW-Madison (retired), for taxonomic iden¬

tifications or verifications of insects; G.

Smith, UW-Whitewater (retired) and T.

Cochran and H. litis, UW-Madison, for

taxonomic identifications or verifications of

plants; and D. Knauer and G. Bartelt for

critical review of the manuscript. We also

thank the Editor, N. Harriman, and W.

Rainboth, UW-Oshkosh, and W. Hilsen¬

hoff, UW-Madison (retired), for their re¬

views and suggestions. Partial funding for

this study was provided by the Federal Aid

to Wildlife Restoration under Pittman-

Robertson Wis. Proj. W-141-R.

Works Cited

Askevold, I. S. 1988. The genus Neohaemonia

Szekessy in North America (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae: Donaciinae): Systematics, re¬

constructed phylogeny, and geographic his¬

tory. Transactions of the American Entomologi¬

cal Society 1 13:360-430.

Balzer, C. 1988. Evaluation of wood duck

broods contributed from boxes and natural

cavities. Unpublished report, University of

Wisconsin-River Falls. 16 pp.

Bennett, C. L. 1967. A new method for estimat¬

ing duck broods. Journal of Wildlife Manage¬

ment 3 1 : 555 — 62.

Brua, R. 1987. Sampling of terrestrial inverte¬

brates on federal waterfowl production areas

in St. Croix and Polk Counties of Wiscon¬

sin. Unpublished report, University of Wis-

consin-Stevens Point. 41 pp.

Cordray, R. 1984. Small mammal trapping of wa¬

terfowl production areas. Unpubished report,

University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. 21 pp.

Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and

E. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands

and deepwater habitats of the United States.

U.S. Department of the Interior, FWS/OBS-

79/31. 131 pp.

Creed, R. P., S. P. Sheldon, and D. M. Cheek.

1992. The effect of herbivore feeding on the

buoyancy of Eurasian watermilfoil. Journal of

Aquatic Plant Management 30:73-76.

Curtis, J. T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin:

an ordination of plant communities. Univer¬

sity of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 657 pp.

Dianich, H. J. 1990. Mallard and blue-winged

teal duckling survival rates on waterfowl pro¬

duction areas in St. Croix and Polk Coun¬

ties of Wisconsin. Unpublished report, Uni¬

versity of Wisconsin-River Falls. 23 pp.

Dzubin, A. 1969. Assessing breeding popula¬

tions of ducks by ground counts. Pp. 178-

230 in Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar. Cana¬

dian Wildlife Service Report Series No. 6.

262 pp.

Elert, J. A. 1985. Application of the Savory graz¬

ing method on Lundy Pond waterfowl pro¬

duction area. Unpublished report, University

of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. 37 pp.

Evrard, J. O., and R. A. Lillie. 1984. Duck and

pheasant management in the pothole region.

Study 316. Pp. 221-259 in Progress Rept.

December 1984. Wisconsin Department of

Natural Resources Wildlife Research Section,

Bureau of Research, Madison, WI.

Evrard, J. O., and R. A. Lillie. 1987. Duck and

pheasant management in the pothole region

of Wisconsin. Interim Rep. Study 316.

Pittman-Robertson Proj. W-141-R. Wiscon¬

sin Department of Natural Resources, Madi¬

son. 1 1 5 pp.

Evrard, J. O. 1987. Common loon breeding in

St. Croix County. Passenger Pigeon 49:98-

100.

Evrard, J. O. 1988. Nesting red-necked grebes

in St. Croix County, Wisconsin. Passenger

Pigeon 50:291-95.

100

TRANSACTIONS

EVRARD and LILLIE: Flora/fauna of northwest Wl Waterfowl Production Areas

Evrard, J. O. 1990. Trumpeter swans in St.

Croix and Polk Counties. Passenger Pigeon

52:29-33.

Evrard, J. O. 1991. An update on trumpeter

swans in St. Croix County. Passenger Pigeon

53:122-25.

Faanes, C. A., and S. V. Goddard. 1976. The

birds of Pierce and St. Croix Counties, Wis¬

consin. Passenger Pigeon 38:19-38, 57-71.

Faanes, C. A. 1981. Birds of the St. Croix River

valley: Minnesota and Wisconsin. U.S.D.I.

Fish and Wildlife Service, North American

Fauna No. 73. 196 pp.

Fassbender, P. 1983. Small mammals of Lundy

Pond waterfowl production area. Unpub¬

lished report, University of Wisconsin-

Stevens Point. 10 pp.

Fleming, K. C. 1989. Giant Canada goose popu¬

lation in St. Croix and southern Polk Coun¬

ties. Unpublished report, University of Wis-

consin-Stevens Point. 9 pp.

Giudice, J. H. 1986. Small mammal trapping on

waterfowl production areas. Unpublished re¬

port, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

43 pp.

Goddard, S. V. 1975. Spring waterfowl utiliza¬

tion of western Wisconsin wetlands. Passen¬

ger Pigeon 37:32-44.

Johnson, C. 1990. Effects of cover type on grass¬

lands songbird abundance Unpublished re¬

port, University ofWisconsin-River Falls. 18

pp.

Kjolhaug, M. S. 1982. Small mammal trapping,

St. Croix County, Wisconsin Unpublished

report, University of Wisconsin-Stevens

Point. 21 pp.

Kreis, D. 1984. Savory grazing method of Lundy

Pond waterfowl production area Unpublished

report, University of Wisconsin-Stevens

Point. 22 pp.

Langton, J. E. 1978. Soil survey of St. Croix

County, Wisconsin. USDA Soil Conserva¬

tion Service, Washington, D.C. 145 pp.

Lillie, R. A. 1991. The adult aquatic and semi-

aquatic Coleoptera of nine northwestern Wis¬

consin wetlands. Coleopterists Bulletin

45(2): 101 — 1 1 .

Long, C. A. 1990. Voles and bog lemmings of

Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin

Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 78:87—

110.

Lueth, B. 1983. Small mammal response to

predator-proof electric fencing Unpublished

report, University of Wisconsin-Stevens

Point. 6 pp.

Mauser, D. M. 1985. Invertebrates, aquatic

plants, and waterfowl on four selected wet¬

lands in St. Croix County, Wisconsin. MS

Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stevens

Point. 86 pp.

McDowell, P. K. 1989. The impact of Water-

fowl Production Area (WPA) fish communi¬

ties upon the invertebrate food base of wa¬

terfowl. MS Thesis, University of Wisconsin-

Stevens Point. 66 pp.

Newman, R. M., and L. M. Maher. 1995. New

records and distribution of aquatic insect her¬

bivores of watermilfoil (Haloragaceae:

Myriophyllum spp.) in Minnesota. Entomo¬

logical News 106:6-12.

Novitzki, R. P. 1979. An introduction to Wis¬

consin wetlands. Plants, hydrology, and soils.

University of Wisconsin-Extension, Geologi¬

cal and Natural History Survey, Madison,

WL 19 pp.

Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the con¬

terminous United States. Map Supplement.

Annuals Association of American Geogra¬

phers 77(1):1 18-25.

Petersen, L. R., M. A. Martin, J. M. Cole, J. R.

March, and C. M. Pils. 1982. Evaluation of

waterfowl production areas in Wisconsin.

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horned owl nesting ranges in Stanton and

Erin Prairie Townships. Unpublished report,

University ofWisconsin-River Falls. 25 pp.

Volume 84 (1996)

101

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Robbins, S. E. 1961. Shorebirds in St. Croix

County. Passenger Pigeon 23: 63-64.

Robbins, S. E. 1968. Shorebirds deluxe. Passen¬

ger Pigeon 30:31-32.

Robbins, S. E. 1969. Eared grebe nests in Wis¬

consin. Passenger Pigeon 31:232.

Seppi, B. 1986. Scat analysis of predatory mam¬

mals on managed waterfowl production ar¬

eas. Unpublished report, University of Wis-

consin-River Falls. 15 pp.

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Hydrophilidae of Canada and Alaska (Co-

leoptera). Memoirs Entomological Society of

Canada, No. 142. 316 pp.

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brood observations on Bierbrauer Lake Un¬

published report, University of Wisconsin-

Madison. 36 pp.

Thilleman. S. 1985. Small mammal trapping on

waterfowl production areas Unpublished re¬

port, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

34 pp.

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ians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee

Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI. 205 pp.

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rence in the WPA’s of St. Croix and Polk

Counties, Wisconsin. Unpublished report,

University of Wisconsin-River Falls. 43 pp.

Zippen, C. 1958. The removal method of popu¬

lation estimation. Journal of Wildlife Manage¬

ment 22:82-90.

James O. Evrard is a wildlife research biologist

for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Re¬

sources at Grantsburg. Address: Box 637 ’,

Grantsburg, WI 54840. Richard A. Lillie is a

research limnologist for the Wisconsin Depart¬

ment of Natural Resources at Monona. Address:

1350 Femrite Drive, Monona, WI 53716.

102

TRANSACTIONS

William L. Hilsenhoff

Effects of a catastrophic flood

on the insect fauna of Otter Creek,

Sauk County, Wisconsin

Abstract A catastrophic flood in Baxter's Hollow on 18 July 1993 rear¬

ranged substrates in Otter Creek , eliminating most silt, sand,

gravel, pebbles, and organic debris from high gradient portions of

the stream and leaving predominately larger rock substrates. Com¬

parison of the insect fauna in the spring and early summer of 1994

with that previously documented showed it had been significantly

altered by the flood. While the insect fauna of high gradient por¬

tions was most severely altered, it was also changed by the flood in

lower gradient areas upstream. Some species of insects became more

abundant, a few species remained relatively unaffected, other spe¬

cies became scarce, and several may have been eliminated from

the stream.

Otter Creek flows south out of the Baraboo Hills through

Baxter’s Hollow, which is located 8 km SSW of Baraboo,

Wisconsin. It is known for its diverse insect fauna, which has

been extensively studied in Baxter’s Hollow; the lower gradi¬

ent area south of Baxter’s Hollow and Kings Corner Road has

received less attention. Since 1963, students in the Aquatic In¬

sects class at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have

sampled the stream almost every year. In 1972 Richard Narf

(Narf and Hilsenhoff 1975) completed a study of the stonefly

fauna, and in 1982 Jeffrey Steven completed a study of the

caddisfly fauna (Steven and Hilsenhoff 1984). In 1984 and

1985 three adjacent riffles (rapid, splashing water) in the high

gradient portion of the stream were sampled every two weeks

from mid-April to mid-November as part of a study of six

streams to develop a correction factor for the biotic index

TRANSACTIONS Volume 84 (1996)

103

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

(Hilsenhoff 1988). On each date at least 100

insects were collected from each riffle for the

purpose of determining the biotic index

(Hilsenhoff 1987).

On 18 July 1993 thunderstorms pro¬

duced very heavy rain in the Baraboo Hills

and caused severe flooding. Baraboo re¬

ported 19.8 cm (7.78 inches) of rain, with

unofficial reports of higher amounts nearby.

In Baxter’s Hollow the water level of Otter

Creek rose at least 2 m, washing out the

road at bridges and rearranging substrates in

Otter Creek. The high gradient portion of

Otter Creek adjacent of Stones Pocket Road

was most affected. This portion of the

stream had consisted of a series of riffles con¬

taining sand, gravel, pebbles, cobbles (64-

236 mm diameter rocks), larger rocks, and

organic debris. Interspersed between riffles

were runs (rapid, deeper water) containing

mostly cobbles, and pools of sand, silt, and

debris beneath deep, slow-moving water.

The flood carried with it all silt and debris

and almost all exposed sand, gravel, and

small pebbles; it eliminated pools and most

riffles, leaving mostly cobbles and some

larger rocks to form an almost continuous

run. Samples of insects taken from the

stream in late summer and autumn 1993

indicated most species were scarce and some

had perhaps disappeared.

In 1990 a list of genera and species of in¬

sects inhabiting Otter Creek was compiled

for the Department of Natural Resources

and The Nature Conservancy, which now

owns most property in Baxter’s Hollow

where Otter Creek is located; the list was

updated in December 1992. Because this list

and data from 96 samples collected from

riffles in 1984 and 1983 document the pre-

flood insect fauna, I initiated a sampling

program to determine effects of the July

1993 flood by comparing the insect fauna

in 1994 with previous collections.

Materials and Methods

Qualitative samples of insects were collected

with a D-frame net on 14 March and 16

May 1994 and preserved in 70% ethanol.

They were taken 300-400 m above the first

bridge on Stones Pocket Road north of

Kings Corner Road in Baxter’s Hollow

(lower Otter Creek) and above and below

the fourth bridge (upper Otter Creek), the

two areas of the stream sampled by Aquatic

Insects classes. Collections were made in all

available habitats. To duplicate samples col¬

lected in 1984 and 1985, I collected three

samples of 100+ insects with a D-frame net

from riffle areas on 18 April, 2 and 16 May,

10 and 27 June, and 26 July 1994. A set of

three samples on 30 May was collected by a

student who did not realize larval abundance

had diminished due to emergence. As a re¬

sult, only 156 insects were collected, which

was less than half the numbers collected on

similar dates in 1984 and 1985. Standard

collecting procedures for evaluation of wa¬

ter quality with the biotic index were used

(Hilsenhoff 1987). Samples were collected

from upstream, middle, and downstream

portions of an 18 m long riffle, the only one

remaining in the high gradient portion of

the stream that was similar to riffles sampled

previously. This riffle is about 320 m up¬

stream from the first bridge, 15m below a

paved parking area, and about 50 m down¬

stream from riffles sampled in 1984 and

1985. It was relatively unaffected by the

flood because it flows east toward the road

at a sharp bend, and most floodwater had

continued south out of the stream channel,

rejoining it several meters downstream.

Riffles upstream from the parking area from

which samples were collected in 1984 and

1985 were severely altered, being less than

1 m long and containing only rocks and

large cobbles.

104

TRANSACTIONS

HILSENHOFF: Effects of a catastrophic flood on the insect fauna of Otter Creek

Results and Discussion

Numbers and species of insects collected

from riffles in 1994 were compared with

collections made on similar dates in 1984

and 1985 (Table 1). Because only 156 in¬

sects were collected on May 30, numbers of

each species were multiplied by 2.25 to

make numbers in Table 1 comparable to

collections of 369 and 334 insects on simi¬

lar dates in 1984 and 1985. Degree day ac¬

cumulations above 4.5°C (Hilsenhoff 1988)

were used to compare the three years, be¬

cause development and emergence of most

species in the spring depend on warming of

the stream. Temperatures in 1984 were

slightly below the historic normal (State Cli¬

matologist), delaying emergence by perhaps

2 days, while in 1985 and 1994 tempera¬

tures were well above normal, causing insects

to emerge several days early. The spring of

1994 was not as warm as 1985, especially

from 14 May to 1 1 June, but was still 4-7

days ahead of normal; degree day accumu¬

lations in 1985 were 10-14 days ahead of

normal. In 1994, 7% fewer insects (using

adjusted 30 May samples) were collected

than in 1984, and 2% more were collected

than in 1985. This only slightly affects com¬

parisons of numbers in Table 1.

Table 1 shows that substantial changes

occurred in the insect fauna. Changes in

relative abundance of various substrates are

undoubtedly the reason for most alterations

of insect abundance, especially an almost

complete absence of the silt, sand, and gravel

that occurred previously and was replaced by

cobbles and rocks. Also important was an

absence of moss on rocks and a lack of

stream-side vegetation; both were prevalent

before the flood and eliminated by its scour¬

ing effect. After October 1993 amounts of

new allochthonous debris, especially leaves

and sticks falling or washed into the stream,

appeared similar to previous years and pro¬

vided a stable food resource for larvae of

many insects that emerge in the spring.

Plecoptera and Diptera larvae (excluding

Chironomidae) comprised a higher percent¬

age of the riffle fauna in 1994 than in 1984

and 1985, while larvae of Megaloptera, Co-

leoptera, and Chironomidae made up a

much lower percentage (Table 1). When

making comparisons, it must be remem¬

bered that only 100+ insects were used from

each sample (Hilsenhoff 1987), so unusual

abundance of one species results in appar¬

ent reduced abundance of others. A sum¬

mary of apparent changes in 1994 of spe¬

cies listed in Table 1 follows, along with

mention of all species or genera known from

Otter Creek and not listed in Table 1.

Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) Larvae: Larvae

of Baetis brunneicolor and B. tricaudatus were

found for the first time. Among other

Baetidae, Acerpenna macdunnoughi larvae

were more numerous, those of B. flavistriga

were less numerous, and Labiobaetis pro -

pinquus larvae were not found. Numbers of

Ephemerella needhami larvae were much

lower than in 1984 and 1985, while larval

numbers of closely related E. subvaria re¬

mained unchanged. Leucrocuta hebe larvae

were more abundant than previously. Ma¬

ture larvae of Leptophlebia cupida (Say) and/

or L. nebulosa (Walker) were collected 14

March, but adults had emerged by mid-

April. Paraleptophlebia mollis (Eaton) larvae

remained abundant through June and were

replaced by larvae of another species of

Paraleptophlebia in July. Two Stenacron

interpunctatum (Say) larvae were found 16

May in upper Otter Creek; this species was

not reported previously.

Odonata (Dragonfly) Larvae: Odonata

larvae are infrequent in riffles. Calopteryx

maculata (Beauvois) larvae were collected

from under banks in upper Otter Creek.

Volume 84 (1996)

105

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 1. Total number of each species or genus of insects collected in three samples

from Otter Creek riffles on seven dates between 14 April and 30 July in each of three

years, and total and percent occurring in each order.

HILSENHOFF: Effects of a catastrophic flood on the insect fauna of Otter Creek

Volume 84 (1996)

107

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Larvae of Aeshna umbrosa Walker, Basi -

aeschna janata (Say), and Phanogomphus

spicatus (Hagen), which had been collected

previously from low gradient areas north of

Kings Corner Road, were not found.

Cordulegaster obliqua Say larvae, which oc¬

cur in small, headwater seeps, were also not

collected. Both of these areas were not

sampled in 1994.

Plecoptera (Stonefly) Larvae: Larvae of

Leuctra sibley i Claassen, L. tenuis (Pictet),

Amphinemura delosa , Prostoia similis , and

Isoperla die ala, all of which have a one-year

life cycle, were distinctly more abundant

than before the flood. Larvae of Acroneuria

lycorias and Paragnetina media , which have

a three-year life cycle, were distinctly less

abundant; many large, older larvae were

likely swept downstream by the flood. Sev¬

eral emerging adults of the winter stoneflies

Paracapnia angulata and Taeniopteryx nivalis

(Fitch) were collected 14 March. Larvae and

adults of other winter stoneflies, Allocapnia

illinoensis Frison, A. nivicola (Fitch), A.

pygmaea (Burmeister), A. rickeri Frison, and

A. vivipara (Claassen), were not found be¬

cause all adults had probably emerged be¬

fore sampling was initiated in mid-March.

Since winter stoneflies spend the summer as

diapausing larvae deep in the substrate, the

effect of the flood on these species was prob¬

ably limited. The rare Zealeuctra narfi Ricker

& Ross also was not found.

Trichop tera (Caddisfly) Larvae: Absence

or lower numbers of larvae of the three spe¬

cies of Micrasema probably reflects a lack of

moss on rocks because of the flood. The in¬

crease in Glossosoma nigrior larvae likely re¬

sulted from an increase in cobbles on which

they live. Larvae of Neophylax concinnus

MacLachlan and N. oligius Ross also inhabit

cobbles; the lower number in 1985 was

probably due to warmer weather causing ear¬

lier emergence. The low number in 1994

may have resulted from young larvae hav¬

ing been scoured from the cobbles by the

flood. The large decline in numbers of

Cheumatopsyche gracilis (Banks) and/or C.

oxa Ross larvae was probably caused by a

lack of moss and filamentous algae on rocks

and cobbles; apparently they were replaced

by larvae of other net-spinning Hydro-

psychidae, namely Diplectrona modesta and

Ceratopsyche slossonae. Larvae identified as

Ceratopsyche sparna in 1994 were small and

may be C. alhedra. Lower numbers of

Pycnopsyche guttifera (Walker), P. lepida

(Hagen), and P. scabripennis (Rambur) lar¬

vae, which are most numerous in slower wa¬

ter, probably resulted from changed habitat

and from many larvae having been swept

away by the flood. A decline in numbers of

sand-dwelling Psilotreta indecisa larvae was

noticed in 1992; efforts to collect them in

1994 were futile. One larva of Molanna

blenda Sibley was found in a sandy area of

upper Otter Creek, and one Limnephilus sp.

larva was also collected. Larvae of several pre¬

viously collected species of generally uncom¬

mon caddisflies were not found. This in¬

cludes larvae of Lepidostoma libum Ross, L.

sackeni (Banks), L. vernale (Banks), Frenesia

missa Milne, Pseudostenophylax sparsus

(Banks), and P. uniformis (Betten) that oc¬

cur only in spring seeps, which were not

sampled. Also included are larvae of Lepi¬

dostoma bryanti (Banks), L. griseum (Banks),

Mystacides sepulchralis (Walker), Anabolia

consocia (Walker), Hydatophylax argus (Har¬

ris), Platycentropus radiatus (Say), Oligostomis

ocelligera (Walker), Ptilostomis ocellifera

(Walker), Paranyctiophylax moestus (Banks),

Polycentropus centralis Banks, P. flavus

(Banks), P. pentus Ross, and P. remotus

Banks, which occur in slow water and pools,

a habitat eliminated by the flood. Also not

found were larvae of Phylocentropus placidus

(Banks), Oecetis avara (Banks), and

108

TRANSACTIONS

HILSENHOFF: Effects of a catastrophic flood on the insect fauna of Otter Creek

Hesperophylax designates (Walker), which in¬

habit sandy habitats, Psychomyia flavida

Hagen larvae, which occur in decaying

wood, and Ironoquia lyrata (Ross) larvae,

which live under banks; all of these habitats

were greatly reduced by the flood. The un¬

common larvae of Hydroptila virgata Ross

and Oxyethira anabola Blickle may have

been overlooked because of their small size.

Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen) larvae, which

previously occurred occasionally on rocks

and cobbles in upper Otter Creek, also were

not found.

Megaloptera (Fishfly and Alderfly) Lar¬

vae: Larvae of Nigronia serricornis , which

take about four years to complete develop¬

ment, were unusually scarce in 1994, prob¬

ably because many were swept away by the

flood. Sialis spp. larvae, which mostly in¬

habit pools, were collected only from upper

Otter Creek.

Coleoptera (Riffle) Beetles and Larvae:

Only three Optioservus fastiditus larvae were

collected in 1994, compared to 86 adults

and larvae in 1984 and 65 in 1985. Al¬

though most riffle beetles and their larvae

burrow into sandy substrate when flooding

occurs, the depth to which sand and gravel

were removed by the flood suggests most

were washed downstream. Adults and larvae

of Dubiraphia minima Hilsenhoff and D.

quadrinotata (Say), which inhabit vegetation

and decaying wood, and those of Macro-

nychus glabratus Say, which also inhabit de¬

caying wood, were not found, probably due

to a lack of habitat.

Adults and larvae of three species of

Dytiscidae that previously were found in

debris or sand were not collected; they were

Agabus semivittatus LeConte, A. seriates

(Say), and Sanfilippodytes pseudovilis

(Young). Also not found were several previ¬

ously collected species of Hydrophilidae, in¬

cluding Anacaena lutescens (Stephens),

Cymbiodyta chamberlaini Smetana, C. vin-

dicata Fall, Enochrus ochraceus (Melsheimer),

He lop horns lacustris LeConte, H. linearis

LeConte, H. lineatus Say, H. marginicollis

Smetana, H. orientals Motschulsky, Hydro-

bins fuscipes (Linnaeus), and H. melaenus

(Germar). All these species live under banks

or on stream-side vegetation; they may have

been eliminated by the flood along with

their habitat.

Diptera (Midge and Fly) Larvae: Num¬

bers of midge larvae (Chironomidae) appar¬

ently were reduced by the flood because

most finer sediments and debris that they

inhabit were removed. Larvae in 12 genera

found previously in riffle samples were not

collected in 1994 (Table 1); also Diplocladius

spp. larvae, which had occurred previously,

were not found. Some other Diptera may

have disappeared as a result of the flood,

namely larvae of crane flies Antocha spp. and

some less common crane flies (. Limonia spp.,

Pedicia spp., Pilaria spp., and Pseudo -

limnophila spp.), and moth flies Pericoma

spp. Numbers of Prosimulium spp. black fly

larvae were essentially unchanged. In 1994,

larvae of three Simulium black fly species

(i aureum , jenningsi- group, venustum) were

collected for the first time, and numbers of

Simulium tuberosum larvae increased. Tipula

spp. larvae were also more numerous, per¬

haps because of more favorable habitat.

Heteroptera Adults (Aquatic Bugs): Be¬

cause they breathe air at the water’s surface,

Heteroptera adults and nymphs are not used

in biotic index evaluations. Adults of

Aquarius remigis (Say) and Microvelia

americana (Uhler), two water striders that

inhabit streams, were still present. Adults of

Limnoporus dissortis (Drake & Harris),

Microvelia pulchella Westwood, and Trepo-

bates pictus (Herrich-Schaffer) occurred pre¬

viously among vegetation along margins of

pools but were not found in 1994. The lat-

Volume 84 (1996)

109

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

ter species overwinters as an egg, and adults

occur only in late summer and autumn,

while the flood destroyed the habitat of L.

dissortis and M. pulchella.

Biotic Index Evaluations

Although evaluation of water quality was not

the intent of this study, it was noted that

mean biotic index values (Hilsenhoff 1987)

in 1994 were lower (AN OVA highly signifi¬

cant) than in 1984 and 1985, indicating a

cleaner stream with higher levels of dissolved

oxygen. This probably resulted from re¬

moval of excess organic debris and vegeta¬

tion by the flood. Decomposition of organic

matter and plant respiration at night lower

dissolved oxygen levels, so a decrease in or¬

ganic matter and living plants favors species

of insects with high dissolved oxygen re¬

quirements.

Conclusions

The flood obviously altered species compo¬

sition in the high gradient portion of the

stream, increasing numbers of some, reduc¬

ing numbers of others, and probably elimi¬

nating several species. Qualitative samples

suggested lower gradient areas upstream

were less affected. As allochthonous debris

enters the stream along with silt and sand

after each spring snow-melt and storm event,

the composition of the substrate and insect

fauna may gradually change to approach pre¬

flood conditions. Insects eliminated by the

flood can return if suitable habitat exists,

because adults of almost all species fly long

distances. However, alteration of the high

gradient portion was so great that it is un¬

likely the fauna will revert entirely to its pre¬

flood composition. A follow-up study after

several years would provide insight into

long-term effects of this catastrophic flood.

Acknowledgments

Dorothy Boorse, a teaching assistant in Zo¬

ology, helped me make qualitative collec¬

tions. Her help was very much appreciated,

as were her suggestions for improving the

manuscript.

Works Cited

Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1987. An improved biotic in¬

dex of organic stream pollution. Great Lakes

Entomologist 20:31-39 .

Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1988. Seasonal correction fac¬

tors for the biotic index. Great Lakes Ento¬

mologist 21:9-13 .

Narf, R. P., and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1975. Emer¬

gence pattern of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in

Otter Creek, Wisconsin. Great Lakes Ento¬

mologist 7: 1 1 7-25.

Steven, J. C., and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1984. The

caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Otter Creek, Wis¬

consin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy

of Sciences, Arts and Letters 72: 1 57—72.

William L. Hilsenhoff is a Professor Emeritus

in the Department of Entomology at the Uni¬

versity of Wisconsin-Madison. He has studied

aquatic insects throughout Wisconsin since 1957

and has actively studied stream insects for the last

30 years. His revised booklet, " Aquatic Insects

of Wisconsin, ” was published recently by Coop¬

erative Extension. Address: Department of En¬

tomology, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI

53706.

1 10

TRANSACTIONS

Richard A. Lillie

A quantitative survey of the floating-

leafed and submersed macrophytes of

Fish Lake, Dane County, Wisconsin

Abstract Quantitative surveys of the submersed and floating-leafed macro¬

phytes inhabiting the littoral zone of Fish Lake , Dane County,

were conducted annually from 1991 to 1994. These surveys were

conducted in conjunction with a Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources cooperative management-research effort that was in¬

tended to manipulate the lake s dense weed bed as a means to im¬

prove the largemouth bass-bluegill fishery. Biomass (dry weights)

and frequency of occurrence data were obtained from 21 transects

spaced 200 m apart. Samples were collected via SCUBA at 5 m

intervals along each transect from shore to a water depth of 6 m

during late July - early August each year.

Eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L., was domi¬

nant, representing approximately 90% of the total plant biomass,

occurring in almost 95% of all samples, and covering about 100

acres or nearly 40% of the total lake bottom. Coontail,

Ceratophyllum demersum L., ranked a distant second, with fre¬

quencies of occurrence ranging from 20 to 40% and relative bio¬

mass ranging from 3 to 11% of the total. The distribution of seven

other plant species was limited primarily to shallow nearshore

areas. Milfoil biomass was extremely high, averaging 420 g m2

for the four years. Highest densities of milfoil were restricted to a

nearly continuous bed at a water depth of 1.5 to 4.0 m that ringed

the entire perimeter of the lake. Although distribution (as mea¬

sured by frequencies of occurrence) of milfoil was highly stable

among years, milfoil biomass and relative dominance declined sub¬

stantially during 1994. Evidence suggests that the milfoil popula¬

tion may be in the process of crashing in Fish Lake. An aquatic

weevil, Eurhychiopsis lecontei (Dietz), is believed to be responsible

for the decline in milfoil.

TRANSACTIONS Volume 84 (1996)

1 1 1

TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Fish Lake, a 251 acre (100 ha) seepage

lake located 4 miles east of Prairie du Sac

and 25 miles northwest of Madison in the

northwest corner of Dane County, Wiscon¬

sin (T9N, R7E, Sec. 3; lat 43 17' 14", long.

89 39' 08"), is the site of a cooperative Wis¬

consin Department of Natural Resources

(WDNR), research-management project de¬

signed to improve the lake’s largemouth

bass-bluegill fishery through selective har¬

vesting of channels in a dense macrophyte

bed (Pellett 1995). The creation of deep

channels in dense macrophyte beds is ex¬

pected to increase edge habitat available to

fish and fish food items, thus improving the

habitat for both predator and prey popula¬

tions (Smith 1993 a and 1993£; Storlie et al.

1995). Fish Lake was selected as the study

site for this project because it contained a

large population of stunted panfish and a

slow-growing bass population, both of

which were suspected to be attributable, in

part, to the dense beds of Eurasian water-

milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) distrib¬

uted throughout the littoral zone of the lake.

Eurasian watermilfoil, first recognized in

Wisconsin in 1967 (Nichols and Mori

1971), has become widely naturalized in the

eastern half of the United States in recent

decades and now occurs in more than 70

Wisconsin lakes (Nichols 1994). Nichols

(1984) reported having found both M.

sibiricum Komarov (then called M. exal-

bescens Fern.) and M. spicatum in Fish Lake

in 1982, and a few specimens of the former

still exist.

The 1991-1994 period during which the

data reported herein were collected repre¬

sented the premanipulation phase of the

whole lake demonstration project. Quanti¬

tative surveys of the macrophyte community

were conducted once each year at the peak

of the growing season (late July to early Au¬

gust) in order to characterize the structure

and population dynamics of the macrophyte

community prior to manipulation of the

macrophyte bed. This paper summarizes the

findings resulting from the annual surveys

of the macrophyte community of Fish Lake.

Methods

Surveys of the floating-leafed and submersed

macrophytes of Fish Lake were conducted

30 July-2 August, 1991; 23-29 July, 1992;

21-27 July, 1993; and 21-26 July, 1994.

Macrophyte surveys were conducted using

SCUBA along 21 transects (19 transects in

1991) positioned perpendicular to shore and

spaced 200 m apart around the shoreline

(Figure la). Presence/absence data for all

macrophyte species were recorded within

circular quadrats (0.8 m2) spaced at 5 m in¬

tervals (linear distance) along each transect

from shore to a water depth of 6 m. Water

depth was recorded at each quadrat location.

The number of sample quadrats totaled 644,

732, 706, and 735 for 1991, 1992, 1993,

and 1994, respectively. These data were used

to compute frequencies of occurrence for

each species. Divers also visually assessed and

classified total plant standing crop at each

site as: rare = only a few sprigs of plant

present, sparse = less than 50% of the space

or water volume occupied by plants, or

dense = more than 50% of the space occu¬

pied by plant material (combined plant spe¬

cies). Samples for biomass determinations

were collected from a representative num¬

ber of sites within each subjective biomass

class (i.e., rare, sparse, or dense) by harvest¬

ing all plant shoots and stems within 0. 1 m2

quadrats (defined by a three-sided aluminum

frame) at the sediment-water interface. Bio¬

mass samples were collected from the first

and, thereafter, every third rare or sparse

quadrat encountered and at 10 m intervals

within the interior of uniformly dense mil-

112

TRANSACTIONS

LILLIE: A quantitative survey of the macrophytes of Fish Lake

(A) FISH LAKE

DANE COUNTY, WISCONSIN

H

(b) MACROPHYTE SAMPLING

CELL AREA X AVG BIOMASS = STANDING CROP

Figure 1. (a) Distribution of macrophyte survey transects in Fish Lake, and (b) areal

cells defined by depth contours and boundaries between adjacent transects.

Volume 84 (1996)

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

foil stands. All samples were bagged and la¬

beled accordingly as to transect, quad, and

depth, and transported in a cooler to the

laboratory where samples were sorted by spe¬

cies and oven-dried for a minimum of 48

hrs at 106°C. Epiphytic growths and car¬

bonate deposits on the surfaces of macro¬

phytes in Fish Lake were generally very

limited, and therefore no effort was taken to

remove epiphytic deposits prior to analysis.

Roots were removed and excluded from the

samples during the sorting process. Dry

weight determinations were made to the

nearest 0.1 g using a top-loading balance.

Weights were corrected for tared weight of

bags, and data were transcribed onto the

original field sheets for entry into the com¬

puter. Taxonomy follows Gleason and

Cronquist (1991). Voucher specimens were

prepared, and their identities were verified

by S. Nichols of the Wisconsin Geological

and Natural History Survey, Madison.

Three specimens of M. spicatum and one of

M. sibiricum taken in 1990 and deposited

in the University of Wisconsin-Madison

Herbarium were rechecked to assure accu¬

racy by R. Couch and E. Nelson of Oral

Roberts University, specialists in this diffi¬

cult genus. Genetic DNA analysis (Furnier

et al. 1995) of four specimens of milfoil col¬

lected in 1994 from Fish Lake and two

specimens from adjacent Mud Lake revealed

all specimens were M. spicatum.

Absolute frequencies of occurrence rep¬

resent the percentage of quadrats in which

a species was present. Relative frequencies of

occurrence represent a taxon’s absolute fre¬

quency of occurrence divided by the sum of

absolute frequencies of occurrence of all taxa

present. Biomass data were reported as g m'2.

For those rare or sparse quads where biom¬

ass samples were not collected, we applied a

standard biomass value derived from the

mean of actual biomass measurements for

each class (the mean was computed after

eliminating the lowest and highest 10% ex¬

treme values for each subjective class). These

standard values ranged from 1 5 to 30 g m'2

for rare quadrats and 30 to 60 g m‘2 for

sparse quadrats, varying among years and

teams of divers. For dense quads within the

interior of the milfoil bed, we interpolated

values for intervening 5 m quadrats from

adjacent 10 m quadrat data. Detailed analy¬

sis of the macrophyte biomass data, both in¬

cluding or excluding the interpolated data,

demonstrated that the interpolated data did

not change the outcome of our statistical

comparisons.

In order to obtain an estimate of the total

standing crop of each species in the lake, the

lake bottom was separated into cells outlined

by depth contours and common boundaries

equidistant between adjacent transects (see

Figure lb). Within each cell, the average

biomass of all quads located therein was cal¬

culated (by species), and the resulting val¬

ues were subsequently multiplied by the area

of the cell to derive an estimate of the total

biomass of each species on an areal basis.

These estimates (i.e., individual cells) were

then summed by depth zone (e.g., 1.5— 3.0

m zone) or further compiled to derive an es¬

timate of total standing crop for each spe¬

cies for each depth zone or for the entire lake

for a given year. Statistical comparisons

among means were conducted using

ANOVA (SAS Institute 1989). Data analy¬

sis and statistical comparisons were made

using both the simple sample means

(untransformed and unweighted) and areally

weighted means. Statistical significance is re¬

ported at the p < 0.05 level.

Results and Discussion

Twenty-one species of submersed and float¬

ing-leafed plants were recorded during the

1 14

TRANSACTIONS

LILLIE: A quantitative survey of the macrophytes of Fish Lake

current study, 1991—1994 (Table 1). With

the exception of a few scattered stems of cat¬

tail ( Typha sp.) and some grasses and sedges,

emergents were not routinely collected and

identified as part of this study of Fish Lake.

Among the floating-leafed plants, duckweeds

were routinely overlooked and, therefore,

were underrepresented in this survey. Eight

species of pondweed were identified during

the study, but it is likely that other narrow-

leafed forms were also present among sev¬

eral specimens of unidentified pondweeds

collected. Ten additional taxa, including the

stonewort, Chara sp., were also collected.

Northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum , for¬

merly M. exalbescens) has virtually disap¬

peared concomitant with the invasion of

Eurasian watermilfoil (M. spicatum), but a

few specimens were located. Some of these

specimens may represent a hybrid, and rep¬

resentative specimens have been collected

and shipped to the University of Minnesota

for isozyme analysis. Coincidentally, Nichols

(1994) reports that the first confirmed speci¬

men of M. spicatum in Wisconsin was col¬

lected from Fish Lake in 1967. Bidens

(-Megalodonta) beckii Torr. was observed in

bloom in 1990 at 2-3 m depths (pers.

obser.) along the south shore but was not

present in the biomass surveys of 1 99 1 —

1994.

Milfoil

Milfoil dominated the plant community of

Fish Lake during 1991-1994, both in terms

of relative frequency of occurrence and bio¬

mass (Table 2). The absolute frequency of

occurrence of milfoil in the 0-6 m littoral

zone of Fish Lake remained relatively con¬

stant (Table 3); however, the overall fre¬

quency of occurrence of sites with dense mil¬

foil (> 60 g nr2) declined from 80% to 72%,

and sites with very dense milfoil growth

Volume 84 (1996)

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TRANSACTIONS of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

Table 2. Relative importance of dominant macrophytes in Fish Lake based on relative

frequency of occurrence and relative dry weight biomass.

Relative Frequency of Occurrence Relative Biomass

tr. = trace

Table 3. Absolute frequencies of occur¬

rence of milfoil by stand density (limited

to 0-6 m zone).

(> 300 g m'2) declined by half from 68% to

34% (Figure 2). The frequency of occur¬

rence of dense milfoil sites declined at shal¬

low-water stations and increased at deeper

stations during the same period (Table 4).

This may have been an artifact of a rise in

the water level during 1992-1993. The fre¬

quency of occurrence of unvegetated sites

did not change substantially during the

study (4%, 4%, 3%, and 3%, 1991-1994,

respectively).

Total milfoil biomass in Fish Lake was

very high, averaging 420 g m 2 in vegetated

portions of the littoral zone (445 g m'2 within

milfoil stands). Large fluctuations in biom¬

ass occurred among years (Table 5). Milfoil

biomass decreased significantly in 1992, re¬

covered in 1993, and declined dramatically

in 1994. The decrease in milfoil biomass

from 1991 to 1994 (Table 5) accounted for

the significant decline in relative biomass of

milfoil (Table 2). Irrespective of the biomass

measurement (i.e., all vegetated sites or mil¬

foil sites only), average milfoil biomass de¬

clined by 50%, 49%, and 45% from 1991

to 1994 using vegetated, milfoil, or areally

weighted estimates, respectively. Milfoil-

stand biomass (sites where milfoil was

present) declined from 555 g m 2 in 1991 to