-V

TRANSACTIONS

w 7 \a/ 4,3

OF THE

WISCONSIN ACADEMY

OF

SCIENCES, ARTS, AND LETTERS

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY

YOI. IX.

1893

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF LAW

MADISON, WISCONSIN

DEMOCRAT PRINTING COMPANY, STATE PRINTER

1893

COUNCIL

Term expires December, 1893.

President ,

Geo. W. Peckham, Milwaukee.

Vice-Presidents,

C. E. Van Hise, Madison.

A. H. Tolman, Ripon.

J. J. Blaisdell, Beloit.

Secretary,

Wm.H. Hobbs, Madison.

Treasurer,

Samuel D. Hastings, Madison.

CONTENTS.

Page.

On some Analogies between the Equations of Elasticity and Elec¬

tro-Magnetism, by John E. Davies . 3

Notes on a Trip to the Lipari islands in 1889 (with plate I), by Wm.

H. Hobbs . 21

Some Suggestions concerning Methods of psychological Study, by

J. J. Blaisdell . 33

On the Flora of Madison and Vicinity, a preliminary Paper on the

Flora of Dane county, Wisconsin (with plate II), by L. S. Cheney

and R. H. True . 45

The Direction of social Reform, by David Kinley . 137

A supplementary List of parasitic Fungi of Wisconsin, by J. J. Davis 153

On the Cyclopidse and Calanidse of central Wisconsin (with plates

III-VI), by C. Dwight Marsh . 189

The progress of geological Surveys in the State of Wisconsin — a

Review and Bibliography, by Wm. P. Blake . . 225

A Contribution to the Flora of the lake Superior Region, by L. S.

Cheney . . . . . 233

Geology of the Waterloo quartzite Area (with plates VII-IX), by Ira

M. Buell . 255

Notes on Oladocera, III (with plates X-XIII), by E. A. Birge . 275

On the structure and affinities of Bunops scutifrons , Birge (with

plates XIV-XV), by Harriet Bell Merrill . 318

Proceedings:

Report of the Secretary;

Minutes of the field meeting of 1892 . . i

Minutes of the 23d annual meeting . iv

Report of the Treasurer . xiii

Report of the Auditing Committee . xiv

Report of the Library Committee . xv

Report of the Librarian. . , . xvii

Report of the Custodian . lxiii

Report of the Committee on the Revision of the Constitution . lxv

In Memorium:

Aaron Lucius Chapin, D. D., L. L. D., by J. J. Blaisdell . Ixxi

Philo Romayne Hoy, M. D., by John G. McMynn . . . .. lxxv

List of Officers and Members . . . . . lxix

Appendix:

Catalog of the Library, by Wm. H. Hobbs . App. 1

Index . ■ . App. 213

LIST OF FULL PAGE . ILLUSTRATIONS.

Opp. Page'

Plate I, Fig. 1. View of Volcano in Eruption (1889) . 32

Fig. 2. Volcanic Projectiles from eruption of Volcano

(1889) . 32

Plate II. Map of the Four Lakes Country, Wisconsin . 136

Plates III-VI. Cyclopidae and Calanidse of Central Wisconsin.. 224

Plate VII. Map of the Area including the Waterloo quartzite

outcrops . 274

Plate VIII. Thin Sections of Quartzite . 274

Plate IX, Fig. 1. Section of Portland Quartzite . 274

Fig. 2. Section of Red Quartzite . . 274

Plates X-XIII. Cladocera from Wisconsin . 318

Plates XI V-XV. Details of Bunops scutifrons, Birge . 342

Portrait of the late A. L. Chapin, D. D., LL. D . lxxi

Portrait of the late P. R. Hoy, M. D . lxxv

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

WISCONSIN ACADEMY

SCIENCES, ARTS AND LETTERS

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY

MADISON, WISCONSIN

DEMOCRAT PRINTING COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS

1893

COUNCIL.

Term expires December, 1893.

President,

Geo. W. Peckham, Milwaukee.

Vice-Presidents,

C. R. Van Hise, Madison.

A. H. Tolman, Ripon.

J. J. Blaisdell, Beloit.

Secretary,

Wm. H. Hobbs, Madison.

Treasurer,

Samuel D. Hastings, Madison.

ON SOME FORMAL ANALOGIES

BETWEEN

THE PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Expressive of the strains in a circular elastic plate under certain distri¬

butions of load, and the equations which give the magnetic force in

a cylindrical iron core under the influence of electrical current;

together with some other formal electric and elastic analogies.

BY

JOHN EL D A V 1ES,

Professor of Mathematical Physics in the University of Wisconsin.

ON SOME ANALOGIES BETWEEN THE EQUATIONS OF

ELASTICITY AND ELECTRO-MAGNETISM.

By JOHN E. DAVIES,

Professor of Physics in the University of Wisconsin.

The whole tendency of experimental work in electricity and magnet¬

ism since Clerk Maxwell’s celebrated working-out of the stresses and

strains in a dielectric medium subjected to electric or magnetic forces,

has been to confirm the reality of the existence of such states of stress.

The work of Hertz, Lodge, Thompson, Tesla and many others, points

certainly in this direction. One cannot take up a modern treatise on

elasticity in which the lines of stress of a strained elastic medium are

shown without being struck with the resemblance of these lines to those

of electro-static or electro-magnetic induction across dielectrics con¬

necting conductors or magnetized bodies.

To the mathematican the analogies presented by the analytical for¬

mulae are numerous and striking. Especially is this true of some of the

differential equations which present themselves in the theories of

elasticity and of electro-statics. But it is also true of many of the equa¬

tions peculiar to electro-magnetism. Some of these formal analogies

have already been alluded to by Sir Wm. Thomson* and Oliver Heavi¬

side — especially the latter.

* From a remark of Sir William Thomson in his presidential address

before the Institution of Electrical Engineers, January 10th, 1889, en¬

titled, “ Ether Electricity and Ponderable Matter,” it would appear that

Faraday had set forth a theory of electro -statical induction, which sug¬

gests the idea that there may be a problem in the theory of elastic

solids corresponding to every problem connected with the distribution

of electricity on conductors, or with the forces of attraction and repul¬

sion exercised by electrified bodies. Sir William adds “ the clue to a

similar representation of magnetic and galvanic forces is afforded by

Mr. Faraday’s recent discovery of the affection with reference to polar¬

ized light of transparent solids subjected to magnetic or electro -magnetic

forces. I have thus been led to find three distinct particular solutions

of the equations of equilibrium of an elastic solid, of which one ex¬

presses a state of distortion, such that the absolute displacement of a

particle in any part of the solid represents the resultant attraction at

this point produced by an electrified body. Another gives a state of the

4 Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies.

I have in each case indicated the sources from whence the formulae

are derived as well as the general course of the demonstrations by which

their authors have established them. I have done so partly for the pur¬

pose of showing the entirely distinct grounds upon which the demonstra¬

tions are based in the two theories, and consequently the greater

impressiveness and possible meaning of their coincident results, and

partly in order to call the attention of elementary students of both sub¬

jects to a field which seems to be one of considerable promise. It seems

certain that in this great border region of the elastic and other me¬

chanical properties of a medium in which ether, matter, and possibly a

“ tertium quid, electricity” exist, lie some of the greatest problems and

discoveries of the near future in both chemistry and physics. It is that

towards which Sir Wm. Thomson, in his Baltimore lectures and various

papers published since then, has contributed so largely, and in which the

efforts now making to find a comprehensive theory of physical optics

have been so ably summarized by Prof. Glazebrook in his Report to the

British Association for the Advancement of Science (Aberdeen meeting,

1885). It is the complete theory of the ether embracing electro-magnet-

ism and optics, towards which our present knowledge has made only a

small advance.

These close analogies between elasticity and electro -statics or magnet¬

ism have led me to place side by side a few of the well known formulae

of both of these great fundamental branches of physics, with their de¬

rivations. In this manner the points of resemblance become more ap-

solid in which each element has a certain resultant angular displace¬

ment, representing in magnitude and direction the force at this point

produced by a magnetic body; and the third represents in a similar

manner the forces produced by any portion of a galvanic wire; the di¬

rections of the force in the latter case being given by the axis of the re¬

sultant rotations impressed upon the elements of the solid.”

“Let there be an elastic body of exceedingly small density, and let

there be a tubular portion of it porous, but with the same aggregate

rigidity as that of the continuous elastic matter round it. Let the pores

be filled with a dense viscous fluid, and let this fluid be forced, by aid of a

piston or otherwise, to move through the tube. The pull of the fluid

upon the porous solid will produce static rotational displacement exactly

proportional to the continued rotatory motion which we had in the case

of the viscous fluid. Some of the most interesting practical problems

of electro-magnetic induction can be dynamatically realized, as it were,

in model, by following out this idea; in fact, if we had nothing but

electricity and ether, the thing would be done. If it were not gross

ponderable matter that we are forced to consider, I should be perfectly

satisfied with the problem of electro-magnetic induction, by taking the

electricity as a viscous fluid, and ether an elastic solid, porous in some

places, and continuous or non-porous elsewhere.” See in particular ar¬

ticle XCIV., Reprint of Mathematical and Physical Papers, Vol. III.

Partial Differential Equation of Vibrating Plate.

5

parent, and their physical significance, should there be any, are more

likely to be understood. Mere analytical or formal analogies may be of

some help, and it is only to two or three of these that attention is called

in this paper. The first is that of an elastic bent circular plate, and it is

compared with an iron core under magnetic force.

It is shown in treatises on elasticity and mathematical physics that in

the “ case of a uniform plate of finite or infinite extent, symmetrically

influenced in concentric circles by a load distributed symmetrically

and by boundary appliances if required,” if r and 0 be polar coordin¬

ates of any point P, so that x—r cos 6 and y—r sin 0, the origin being at

the center of symmetry, then the usual differential equation for the

bending of an elastic plate having equal flexibility in all directions, viz.:

(/).... A

d4z Q cVz

dz 4 ~^'dx'2dy2

, d4z\

+7f?)=Z-

dM

dx

dj X\,lx‘ + df/ Z

takes the form

(2)...

A _d_( d_

‘ r dr ( T dr

* Derived from the more general equation

. d4z . d4z . rsy n \ d4z dAz _,d4 z „ dM dL

Adxi+~b EjcW; + (C^2c^dxMyi + ~a dxdf+Bdff4~Z~dx^fdty

(where A, 5, (7, c B, a, are supposed constant and not as in the most gen¬

eral case functions of x and y) on the supposition that all the coeffi¬

cients of elasticity are equal to any one of them, say A. As to the

meaning of the constant A it is

{l + d)pr

-r

In this expression 6 is Poisson’s ratio -= — — — ratio of lateral contrac¬

tion to longitudinal extension, which is also

_ 2{2k + n ) m — n

3 k — 2n 2 m

where k is the bulk modulus and n is the rigidity. 6 according to

Poisson is always equal ^.t In very many known solids k is greater than

f n, while in others it is less, so that there seems to be no necessary

relation between these two constants.

where q is Young’s modulus

qr6

12{1— G)

Skn _ 9kn

m 3k + n

and r is the thickness of the plate, and p its density.

t Poisson and Navier’s assumption that this ratio was always = i

k

leads to the constant ratio — = f . Poisson always maintained that the

6

Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies.

This is the equivalent of A\J'2\/'2z^= Z ; or in other words the Laplacian

operator doubly applied, because

where z is a function of r alone (where as usual V'2 denotes Laplace’s

operator), and because the quantity

d_E

dx dy

becomes, in the case of concentric load, a simple function of the radius-

ratio of k to n is constant and equal to f. The whole question of the

values of these constants and whether there are ultimately one or more

in isotropic bodies seems to rest upon whether elastic isotropic bodies

can be considered as made up of molecules mutually acting on each

other in the line of their centers and according to a law of variation

with distance merely, or whether the action of one molecule upon another

is likewise a function of the action of other molecules upon each of the

two considered — a function of aspect in other words as well as distance.

It would seem that this must be true for magnetized bodies where

polarity must be considered.

To see that this is so we have only to consider the different expres¬

sions for the law of force between two magnets, according as they are

end-on or broadside-on to each other. The expression in either case

is a series, involving increasing negative powers of the distance. But

this series is in the case of end-on, double its value for the other

case, regarding one of the magnets as movable and the other as fixed. It

would be an interesting problem to form for a magnetic medium the

equations of equilibrium and motion on the hypothesis that we have in

such a medium an infinite assemblage of molecules having polarity; in

other words an infinite assemblage of molecular magnets whose result¬

ant attractions for each other would be represented by a function of

distance and aspect (orientation) and not of distance alone. Green in

his remarkable essay on the “ Equilibrium of Fluids analogous to the

Electrical Fluid,” has treated the case of equilibrium of a medium

somewhat analogous to such a medium, inasmuch as he applies the

method of potentials to the case of a medium where the law of force is

inversly as any power n of the distance, where n may represent any

number whatever, fractional or irrational. On supposing that n is, as in

the case of finite magnets sufficiently close to each other to involve a

consideration of their lengths and orientation as well as their distances,

a complex function of the molecular magnetic moments and distances,

all of Green’s results would be immediately available to the considera¬

tion of any equilibrium problems of the medium which Ewing regards

as making up a magnetic one. No doubt the problem of motion would

be a complicated one, but it is easy to see without any mathematics that

such a medium would possess most of the properties which Ewing has

assigned to it in his theory of magnetism.* Green, it is true, conceives

* An interesting illustration by experiment of such a medium is given by Mr. Crew in the

New York Electrical World for 1891. It was also given by Prof. Ewing before the British

Association.

Displacements of Circular Vibrating Plates.

7

of the plate which we may designate by Z. “ Z will then be the amount

of load per unit area, when the applied forces on each small part are re¬

ducible to a single normal force through some point of it.”

Small z is then a function of r likewise and denotes the displacement

perpendicular to the original plane of the plate. Its value as is well

known is:

z — ~~f rdr§ —f r Z dr + l C ( log r — l)r- + i CV2 + C" log r + C"

C" is merely displacement of the plate as a whole and need not be

any further considered.

C" log r denotes anticlastic displacement with ±C"/r'2 for the curva¬

ture, the same in the two principal sections. The radial and cross

radial bending couples to match are

L=±(A-C)fr.

<7, the same. This would be realized in an infinite plane plate with a

circular aperture and uniform distribution of load in the shape of bend¬

ing couple around the circular edge everywhere as axis.

34 C'r2 is the displacement of spherical curvature.

34 C ( log r—1) r- is a deflection involving shearing force and couple.

■■SrAC/r— shearing force and %C(A + c) log r+A(A — C) = bending couple.

Since from the symmetry of the case considered when the plate has

a circular contour the tangent plane to the strained plate at the center

will be horizontal, C" will be zero unless there be discontinuity in the

“Circular loading so as to cause a circle of inflexion to occur between the

center and the outer margin, which is without the limits of any cas e

save a circular loaded membrane and not an elastic plate. It is realized,

however, in the case of a plate with a circular aperture.*

If we turn from elasticity to electro-magnetism and consider the in¬

duction of currents and magnetic lines in cores under the influence

of coils wrapped about them and carrying currents, we shall eventually

come upon an equation entirely similar to equation ( 2 ). For, as Oliver

Heaviside has shown in discussing this subject of induction of currents

44 a fluid analogous to the electric fluid ” having only a repulsion between

its particles and having moreover V, the potential, only a function of

the distances between these particles. But our medium would have to

be one in which every particle would have both attraction and repulsion

for its neighbors according to the poles presented, and ultimately a re¬

pulsion according to an unknown law to account for first the extension

of a bar of soft iron under medium magnetic stress, as first shown by

Joule and as measured by Mayer and others, and afterwards a contrac¬

tion, as Shelf ord Bid well- has shown.

■ * Thoms on and Tait Nat. -Phil., §651.

8

Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies.

and lines of magnetic force in cores, if we have produced in the core a

magnetic force represented by iT, and an electro-motive force per unit

length at distance r from the axis of the core represented by e, giving

rise to a current of density y (using the square of the same unit of

length for the unit area) at the distance r, then H is parallel to the

axis and a function of r , y is a function of r and is perpendicular to r

and to if; and since a tube of thickness dr and unit of length must carry

a current ydr , and produce a magnetic force in the core of 47tydr ivithin

the current tube, and zero without , irtydr is the amount by which H

decreases in passing from within outwards over a distance from r to r + dr.

The relation thus established between the induced core current and core

force is:

y— — (— - 7— H' for short. \

' 4-77" n.r \ Art /

This is a special case of Maxwell’s 4Tty— Curl H.

Mag.) If p denote specific resistance

e=py~—

pH'

4:71 ’

(See 2d vol. Elec, and

The core is supposed to be symmetrically situated with respect to the

center of the surrounding coil.

The magnetic induction (total) through a core of radius r is equal to

y j 27cr. dr

and as the electro motive force is e and its line integral 27tr.e this must

equal the time rate of decrease of the definite integral just given, i. e.,

2nre~ — yj^H. 2itrdr

If in this the value of

y~H‘

4tc

above be substituted we will have one form of the differential equation

of the magnetic force viz:

rH’=~So * irdr •

the dot denoting a fluxion and the prime mark differentiation to r. Dif¬

ferentiating this equation to r we get

- d-<rH)

r dr

4ny

U

a partial differential equation which is a well known special case of the

more general one given further on as equation (3).*

*See Fourier’s Analytical Theory of Heat; Rieman’s Partial Diff. Eqs.;

Rayleigh on Sound; Maxwell Elec, and Mag.; Induction of Currents in

Cores, Oliver Heaviside, London “Electrician,” Vol. X., etc-, etb!)'

Alternating Magnetic Force in a Solenoid.

9

If the currents in the coil be oscillatory, kept np by an impressed E.

M. F.= E sin pt where p = 2rcn ( n denoting the frequency), then the

magnetic force in the core will also be oscillatory; and calling it H , we

will have also H—H1 sin pt + H2 cos pt. t

If this value of H be substituted in the general differential equation

for H just above given, we shall have the two equations:

!||| H'i)=-xH2

and

7-iFrH'*)= + xH'

where x is put for From these two equations we infer that the

common equation which both Hx and H& will satisfy is

Id d 1

r dr dr r

d

dr

H = — xiH . . .

. (5)

This is an equation of exactly the same form as the elastic equation (2).

If Hx be made equal to AaM+A2N where M and N are functions of r

and equal to

M=l —

xbrl

2-ip 2*. . . . 12‘2

xr 2 2H*6'2 x5210

4 cc3r* +2\ .. .10* .

then H=(AM + BN) sin nt + (AN — BM) cos nt.

If H2=BqM+B2N and A0= — B2 while A2= — B0

This can be shown by writing Hx and H2 in series, viz.:

HX=A0 + Axr + A2r 2 + etc.

H2=Ba + B1r+ B2r~ + e tc.

inserting the series in the biquadratic differential equations, as val¬

ues of Hx or U2, differentiating as required and equating to zero the

coefficients of the different powers of r. All the odd coefficients A

and B disappear. We need only the A0 and A2 B0 and B2 To satisfy

| Fleming calls p the pidsations of the current; in harmonic motion

p— —jT- = a constant.

dt

2

10

Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies .

the separate equations which give rise to the biquadratic Aa must = — Bs

and A2= — B0 then the expression H=Hl sin nt + H2 cos nt will take

the form H=(AM+BN) sin nt + (AN — BM) cos nt, as given above.

M—Ni=J0 (r^/xi)

M+Ni=J0 (r-]/ — xi)

Ja is the Bessel Function of zero order.

(-H’)'2=,(-A2 + B'2)(M'2 + N -)={47tN)\ry if F is coil current, and N is turns

per unit length of core, and parentheses denote average amplitudes of

current and force.*

It will be noticed that the magnetic force is a function of r, and that

on the right side of the equation we have this force multiplied by — x 2.

This requires that z in the elastic problem should stand for H in

the magnetic one, and that the load per unit area, Z , in the elastic prob¬

lem should be a multiple of z the displacement. Again, one is positive,

the other negative. The one would seem to imply a greater effect the

further we go from the center of the core, the other the nearer we go to

the center of the plate.

What may be the physical meaning of this analogy, if any, I do not

know. The mere fact of the appearance of oscillatory functions to de¬

note results of analysis does not by any means imply the necessary ex¬

istence of vibrations. The same equation is often satisfied by an

expression which denotes a variety of things in physics — witness the

celebrated equation of Laplace in partial differential coefficients V2=0

and others. It may be that the analogy is merely formal or mathemati¬

cal and without any physical significance whatever. It is somewhat

singular, however, that the equation is one closely related to waves, and

that certainly waves of magnetic force penetrate into the interior of

iron cores surrounded by currents, very much after the manner which

Fourier shows to be the manner of diffusion of heat waves into the

interior of solid bodies.

It is very likely that it is in this conception of diffusion that the

whole analogy lies. One cannot help recalling how the equations which

Fourier has given for the transmission of heat along a wire are made to

give the necessary formulae for the transmission of signals along a sub¬

marine cable, and possibly also there may be some hint of the form of

potential that the magnetic force in the interior of a core ought to be

derived from, when one reflects that Lame has shown that while the

equation V2d=0 is satisfied by a potential

* See Oliver Heaviside Phil. Mag., July, 1886, and elsewhere.

Probable Form of Magnetic Core Potential .

11

which he calls one of the first kind, and which in stretched bars is known

to be related to Young’s Modulus,* the equation V2V2^=o is satisfied by

one of the form

/ f f f '(<*, P, r ■>) R, da, dp, dy

which he calls a potential of the second kind. This latter biquadratic

differential equation is the subject of special mention by Emile Mathieu

in his treatise on potentials . j*

*For example, if Young’s Modulus is called ^ then the above integral

is denoted by F. C is related to the usual elastic coefficients X and ju, as

follows: For a cylinder with a force F per unit of area acting on its ends

C=F

/j,-\-X

ju(3X + 2jay

therefore

F 3X+2n _

—fx - —e

C X+ju

or Young’s Modulus.

(See Rieman's Partial Differential Equations and elsewhere.)

j* Emile Mathieu gives the equation /7%=o and shows that its solution

is u=gd + v where

and

00 — ^ prdd

, r^fP-dd.

(“Theory of the potential,” Vol. I., pp. 80-84.)

p and p' are functions of the co-ordinates of each point of a surface 6

and r is the distance of x , y , z, from dd. v and go are first and second

potentials of the two layers of matter which cover that surface. Re¬

duced to the form

dHc dhi diu_

dxi+ dx2dy2^~ dy*~

it has for solution the sum of two integrals

/ (r2 log7+‘V‘) f lo%^ds-,

cp and being two functions of a co-ordinate proper to determine a

point of a contour S, and r the distance of the point a?, y, from the ele¬

ment ds.

Every continuous function which in the interior of a curve S satisfies

d4u dAu dhi _

dx‘1dy'2+ dy*

is the sum of a first potential of a layer covering the curve S, and of the

second potential of another layer on the same contour; likewise, also,

the derivatives of this function of the first three orders.

12

Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies .

We have another interesting analogy in the case of the equations of

free vibrations of an elastic medium once subjected to applied forces,

surface tractions, or both, and then left to its own forces of recovery.

We shall find that the final equations are similar to those of the dis¬

charge of a condenser, especially if a dissipatory term be introduced into

the equations of elasticity.

If u, v, and w, be displacements in an ordinary homogeneous elastic

medium, at a point aj, y, z, of the same, then

_ clu dv _div

e~~ dx ‘ — dy dz

will be the so-called elongations about the point x, y, z; being rates of

variation of absolute displacements in proceeding along the coordinate

axes.

a, b , c, are shears, if

Aw dv , , dn dw . dv dn

a=b^+d5; + Tx' c=Ax+Hy'

+ — ,— = the cubical dilatation;

/V'Y* /Vi/ /7 v

not necessarily uniform in all directions.

.-><£-©• *•->(

dy

are rotations.

dv

dx

du"

dy.

P = (m + n) e -t- (m—n)(f+ g)

Q — {m + n)f+{m—ri){g +e)

R = (m + n~)g + {• m—ri){e +/)

will be normal stresses across the three coordinate planes at the point

x y z and

S=na ; T—nb\ U—nc

are the tangential stresses, reckoned per unit area, at the same place.

The inversion of these formulae will give

a =

U

e = — — d(Q + R)/q

f = -S--6(R + P)/q

g = ~-6(P + Q)/q

Where q denotes Young’s modulus; n = what Sir W. Thomson calls dis_

torsional rigidity; 6— Poisson’s ratio (which Poisson considered always

General Equations of Elasticity

13

to be i; Wertheim but which may apparently have any value from £

for incompressible bodies, to infinity as in the case of elastic gums. It is

questionable, however, if the latter can properly be ranked as elastic

solids.)*

In the general case of elastic distortion involving shear, dilatation, and

variation of rotation we have either

§

m + nZ-u + p( u — X ) =0

8 A

m—^ + n^v + p( v — Y) —0

+ p{w — Z) =0

oz

wheiein the rotations (or their variations) do not explicitly appear; or

the following due to Lame wherein they do appear, viz.:

(m+ n)

^L_2n(sA?_sh\

dx \SiJ Sz /

+ p{u — X)—0

with a similar equation for y and z each.

If all applied forces and surface tractions are zero then these equa¬

tions become those of an elastic system in motion under its own elastic

recovery, or intermolecular forces, whatever these may be, and the most

general motion possible consists of a series of superposed small har¬

monic vibrations of the points of the body about their positions of

equilibrium, translations and rotations of the body as a whole being ex¬

cluded. These vibrations may give rise to sounds and are ultimately

dissipated as heat. The equations then simply lose the terms contain¬

ing X, Y, Z, and their most general possible solution is of the form

u=u1r1+u2r2+usrs+ .... u-t\- 1- .

v=v1r1' + v2t2' + v3r3' . vfl 4-

w=w1r1 +w2r2 +w6ri

The ui vi wi are functions of position {x y z ) only, and the r. are

functions of the time only. Any set, such as u=uiri v—v^^ w=w,iriB

*As before stated, the relations between these constants are

3kn

=m=lc+^n. 6-

3k — 2n

q > 2(3k + n)

generally. This makes 6—\ (Poisson) if n—%k\ k is the pressural rigidity

or the bulk modulus of Sir W. Thomson’s writings; n is his rigidity;

q is Young’s modulus.

14 Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies.

■will constitute a simple simultaneous solution of the equations. On

substitution of such a set of values the equations take the form

( <52^ 8ivi ) d^ri

m\ r<T&+ri'm*sri‘mh) +nry‘ui—puCfflr

with similar equations for v and w each.

The necessary and sufficient conditions for a solution are that

Ti—r^z=zJ' for all values of i. Because on this supposition left hand

members can be freed from time functions and the right hand members

from position functions; in other words, we have a separation of the

variables, and the equations may be written

In these equations three functions independent of time are equated to

the same function of time and not position. They must therefore all

be constants. Let that constant be denoted by ip (negative) so that

also

p d'2ri

m

m

=—ip

+ npr*vi + pivi=0

with solutions u—'S{uir^

v=S(viTi); W=2(w(r{y,

Oscillatory Discharge of a Leyden Jar.

15

This equation has in it no term involving loss of energy by friction or

a similar cause.

The solution of

dP

+ iT{=0

depends on the form of i. If i be real and positive

r^=zA sin Ji.t +B cos y/i.t

if real and negative

r,—Ae/ ^ +Be

J—i.t

These solutions indicate oscillatory motion of the elastic medium, or

gradual subsidence to rest, according to the value of i.

Now as far back as 1842 Prof. Joseph Henry recognized that the dis¬

charge of a condenser might be oscillatory. Helmholtz seems to have

so considered it in 1847 in his famous essay on the conservation of

energy. In the Phil. Mag. for June, 1847, Sir William Thomson showed

that when a condenser is discharged through a resistance having self

induction L (or electro-dynamic capacity, as he termed it) and electro

static capacity C of the condenser; being loaded originally with the

charge q where q-

■■CV and — —i= current at any instant, = ~

dt a

by

Ohm’s law in the case of steady currents, then

d^q R dq 1 _

dtp + ~L ~dt +'LCq~°

The general solution of such an equation is of the form

.^4 + /V-i) (a*- /V~*>

, R , * / 1 -R2

where u= — — and

This equation reduces to one of the the form (\q + -=—=0 when the

dP LC

resistance of the discharging circuit can be neglected in comparison

with the self induction coefficient of the same. The discharges

are then strictly oscillatory, the, time of a complete oscillation, being

27t^/LC. When R= ^ the motion has just ceased to be oscillatory or

is dead beat. For sufficiently large values of R in comparison with L

the value of fi becomes imaginary, and there is no proper oscillation.

16

Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies .

The fact of electrical oscillations in such cases has been sufficiently

well established experimently by Feddersen, Food, Lodge, Trowbridge

and many others. Hertz and Lodge have traced out in great detail

the dissipation of the energy of these vibrations, both in electro-mag¬

netic waves and heating of the dielectric. The whole electro -magnetic

theory of light assumes that when these oscillations are sufficiently

rapid and the wave lengths correspondingly short, they are capable of

affecting the retina and of producing chemical change. As we see from

the expression above given for the time of an oscillation, such rapid

vibrations and short wave lengths imply very small electro -static ca¬

pacity and self inductance, such only as we could look for among mole¬

cular or atomic structures.

The next analogy has reference to the self induction of rods, and the

magnetic forces within them when they are of other forms than circular.

It is well known that Coulomb made great use of the torsion balance

in his establishment of the law of the inverse square of the distance as the

fundamental law of force between electrical charges mutually acting on

each other, and also between magnet poles. He appears to have consid¬

ered in connection with this work the theory of the torsion of elastic

threads, of hair, silk, and metals. He likewise appears to have been the

first who established with reference to them, the simple differential

equation

where Mk* is the moment of inertia of the cylindrical thread round its

axis, and 11 the torsional rigidity. The solution of this equation gives

the time of an oscillation. This time can also be observed. Thus the

assumption that the force of torsion is proportional to 0 can be tested

experimentally. This is found to be the case for small arcs, and we have

here the fundamental equation so much used in all magnetic and elec¬

tric as well as general physical work.

For circular cylinders (solid or hollow) every straight line “ is turned

round the axis through such an angle as to give a uniform rate of twist

(r) equal to the applied couple divided by the product of the moment of

inertia of the circular area into the rigidity (n) of the substance,” i. e.’

the moment of the twisting couple,

(where d6 is an element of area), and r is rate of twist.

Now Saint Venant has shown that in all but strictly circular cylinders

(solid or hollow) there is a warping of each cross section in the vertical

direction whose amount depends upon the position of the point rela¬

tively to the axis and the amount of total twist given to the prism.

Magnetic Force and Torsional Strains.

17

Thus, if a and (3 be the y and x components of the strain, then ac

cording to Saint Venant

a dy dy

^-T°+dx’ a=TX + ~dy-

If n is rigidity, the forces are n times these; hence + /32) taken over

a section of the prism represents the energy of the strain ( potential ) per

unit of length of the prism, y, which denotes the warping, fulfils

Laplace’s equation, viz.:

F V=0, and also -g^r^

Here p denotes a perpendicular drawn from the center of the prism (or

origin of coordinates) to a tangent to the surface of the same. |^For cur¬

rent along a cylinder where the current density is FQ and where 12 de¬

notes (polar) magnetic potential we have an analogous expression

dFl „ d{r^

■7tr

’]

dp ° ds

It is needless to point out that negative 12 represents y, and TtFQ repre¬

sents \r in the elastic analogy.

In the ordinary notation of strains we have in such prisms under

torsion P—O, Q=0, R=0, U—O, while

dy\

— TV 4-— 1

S'=n(rx + ^d T=n(rry+

dy/ V y dx/

These cover the tractions and shears in the interior, or the body forces;

while F—O, G—O, FI=T sin cp + S cos cp, reach the surface tractions.

Consequently

H=n(dr

dp

-rq

or

H=n

i.~dy C°S Sin sin V~x cos j

if p be the above perpendicular and q= distance from point of surface

for which H is taken along the tangent to the foot of this perpendicu¬

lar p.

For the usual form of couple, according to Coulomb’s law, we should

have as above

N—nrj'J(x2+y^)dxdy,

which would require a valne of H equal to that just given to prevent

warping; while if H be zero and warping freely allowed, the real couple

necessary to produce the rate of twist (r) would be less than this, i. e.,

N=Jj (Sx — Ty)dxdy=nr j' f'(x2 + y*)dxdy—nj' f — x~dJj) dxdy

3 — A. & L.

18

Davies. — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies.

The last term is the time integral of the continuous couple by which an

angular velocity r would be communicated to the liquid in a closed infin¬

itely light box of the same internal shape as the given prism to which

torsion is imparted, and of length unity, liquid density n, as was shown by

Stokes in 1843. (Math, and Phys. Papers, vol. I., p. 17.) The effective

moment of inertia* of the liquid equals the correction to the torsional

elasticity of the prism calculated by Coulomb’s law as if the cross sec¬

tion were circular, a and p would in this case represent the compon¬

ents parallel to x and y of the velocities of the liquid relatively to the

box. If in any case this couple be divided by r we have the so-called

torsional rigidity of the prism. For a prism of eliptical section

n£ f

where J and L are moments of inertia around x and y respectively.

For a triangular prism (equilateral)

J+L) ] 1—

(a2-V)

(a2 + b2 j

-nr

7ta 353

a- + b'2

N=r-

na 4

~l$Vf

and so on.

Now Oliver Heaviside has shown that, calling H1 and H2, the two

components of the magnetic force in a cylinder in which an electric cur¬

rent is flowing, and which is surrounded by a return conductor in the

form of a closely fitting sheath (like the Deptford mains, for example)

then

H1=-27trro

dDj m

dx ’

H2=27txr c

dn

dy

Likewise also, in analogy with the expression above given for the

energy of a twisted prism, viz.:

^(u2 + /42)

where a and denote the x and y components of the twisting strain, we

have, calling T the magnetic energy per unit of length of a rod carrying

a current of density PQ and which is enclosed by a return conducting

sheath,

= Energy of magnetic field per unit length of rod carrying current.

“ The lines of tangential stress in the torsion problem and the lines of

magnetic force in the electrical problem are identical,, and the energy is

* By the effective moment of inertia is meant “ the moment of inertia

of a rigid solid which may be fixed within the box, if the liquid be re¬

moved, to make its motions the same as they are with the liquid in it.” —

Thompson & Tait, Nat. Phil., part II, p. 242.

Inductances and Coefficients of Rigidity.

19

similarly reckoned.” Moreover, it appears that the ratios of the in¬

ductances of wires of different sections (taking the circular wire as a

standard), are as the ratios of the torsional rigidities of rods of various

cross sections in the torsion problems as worked out by Saint Venant

For example, the torsional rigidity of a circular cylinder being

M

j d6r2—mtr

and that of an elliptical cylinder being as above,

7ta3b3

— =-5

a2 + b2

the latter is essentially

cib

a'2 + b2

times that of the circular cylinder. So if L=\u (ju being permeability)

be the coefficient of self induction per unit of length of a round wire,

then

\n

ab r

Id + b2

is that of unit length of an elliptical one. So also Aklln is that of a

square one; .3627/q that of one of triangular cross section (equilateral);

%7tjna/b that for a flat strip or sheet whose thickness is a and breadth b,

and so on.

It will be noticed that these coefficients are the halves of those given

by Saint Venant for the amounts by which the torsional rigidities of

circular prisms of equal area are to be diminished when the cross sec¬

tions are as given above, and warping of the cross sections is a part of

the strain.

Now, as stated at the beginning of this paper, whatever may be the

exact nature of electricity or magnetism, Clerk Maxwell has shown that

the phenomena of both lead to the idea that electro-static lines of force

and magnetic lines of force cause a stress in the medium they exist in,

which is measured by

along the lines; being of the nature of the tensile stresses transmitted

along tie lines in elasticity, and are accompanied by corresponding pres¬

sures at right angles to them. The phenomena are essentially of the

nature of elasticity and point to a medium capable of sustaining stresses

The exact mechanism by which these stresses are produced is another

question. It may be that mere attraction resisting displacement (as is

sometimes assumed in theories of elasticity) is at the bottom of electro¬

static strains, but it seems pretty certain that ether rotations are at the

bottom of magnetic strains, and Sir William Thomson has shown that a

20

Davies . — Some Electric and Elastic Analogies .

medium can be conceived to which minute rotations give a quasi elas¬

ticity, such that the magnetic rotation of the plane of polarization of

light can be explained thereby. On this view the quantity denoting

permeability in the magnetic problem, and which seems to be the ana¬

logue of that which denotes rigidity in the elastic problem, would have

very different values within and without an iron core. Within it would

be smaller than without, so that the resistance to rotation would be less in

soft iron than in copper or air. “ In the place of the soft iron we must

suppose ether of vastly less rigidity than that of the ether through the

rest of space, whether copper or air. * ' * * To represent the case of a

soft iron core of permeability 300, suppose the value of n [the rigidity]

for the ether in the space corresponding to the soft iron core to be 3^ of

its value elsewhere, and let the circuital forcive * be the same as that in

the former case.” * * * ‘In this case the rotation, and therefore the

energy of the ether within the core is 300 times what it is in the same

region without the core, except near the ends.’ |

* By “ forcive ” Sir William Thomson seems here to mean the system of

reactions aroused by absolute rotations in the ether just as elastic re¬

actions are aroused by displacements in an elastic solid. Electricity in

motion he seems to regard as a go-between for ordinary matter and

ether. The latter is supposed to have no rigidity to ordinary slides — at

least such as are involved in the ordinary movements of the ether; i. e.,

those movements that are caused by the passage of bodies through it at

ordinary velocities.

•[Thomson’s Reprint of Mathematical and Physical Papers, Vol. III.

Note. — The whole subject of the properties and modes of motion of

various ethers has recently been very clearly and powerfully treated by

vector methods by Oliver Heaviside, in a series of articles in the London

“ Electrician.” The old elastic solid theory of the luminiferous ether is

shown to be quite inadequate to explain electro-magnetic relations.

NOTES ON A TRIP TO THE LI PARI ISLANDS IN 1889.

(With Plate L)

By WM. H. HOBBS.

The Lipari or iEolian group of islands are all of volcanic origin and

lie in the Mediterranean Sea between thirty and forty miles northwest

of the Straits of Messina. There are seven large islands and ten islets,

all of which received various names by the ancients. The Greeks made

them the abode of iEolus, the god of the winds, and Volcano or Vulcano,

one of the two active volcanic vents, was supposed to be the forge of

Vulcan.

Lipari, near the center of the group, has figured prominently in his¬

tory. Plundered by the Athenians and later by the Carthaginians, it

was the scene in B. C. 260 of the capture of the Roman general, Cnseus

Cornelius Scipio, by the Carthaginians. Eruptions of Volcano must

have taken place in B. C. 204 and 126. In the middle ages and later the

government changed hands frequently.

With the exception of Lipari and Salina near the center of the group,

the islands are at present but little inhabited. Volcano, the southern¬

most, which till recently contained vineyards and important chemical

industries depending on the emanations of the torpid volcano, has been

entirely deserted since the outbreak of 1888 and 1889. Yet amid all this

desolation is to be found some of the most romantic scenery in Italy.

Lipari, the largest and most productive of the islands, has an area of ten

to eleven square miles. On the east side of the island in a natural

amphitheatre is the town of the same name, the walls of the amphithe¬

atre being formed by the now extinct volcanoes; Monte Rosa, Monte

Sant’ Angelo and Monte della Guardia. Monte Sant’ Angelo, the high¬

est point (1952 feet), rises in the center of the island on the west of the

town. Monte Rosa extends into the sea as a rocky promontory inclosing

the harbor of Lipari on the north, while Monte Guardia serves a similar

purpose on the south. In the middle of the crescent-shaped amphithe¬

atre is an isolated rock projecting above the waters of the bay and joined

to the mainland by a narrow neck. This rock is crowned by the sombre

walls and towers of the Fort or “ Castello,” and is the site of the ancient

town.

22

Hobbs. — Notes on a Trip to the Lipari Islands .

The modern town is erected around the fort and contains ware¬

houses, where are stored for shipment the products of the island — the

finest pumice stone, sulphur, currants, figs, Malmsey wine, etc. The

vegetation is semi-tropical. Outside of the town the opuntia or prickly

pear is abundant. Figs, agaves and grapes thrive. The great difficulty

the inhabitants have to meet is the scarcity of water, which they collect

for domestic purposes on their peculiar flat-roofed houses. For this

reason oranges and lemons, so abundant in neighboring Sicily, are not

cultivated here. The population was formerly much larger than at

present, many of the natives having emigrated to America. As a conse¬

quence the price of a day’s labor, which I was informed was a few years

since about a lire (20 cents), has risen to about twice that sum. The

Lipari islands lie somewhat off the line of tourist travel. Except by

naturalists wTho are interested in their volcanic features, the islands are

rarely visited, both because of the difficulty in reaching them and be¬

cause of the primitive character of the accommodations.

The chief interest then of the traveler in these Islands lies in the

volcanoes, and particularly the active vents, Stromboli and Volcano.

The map has been prepared to show the relation of these vents to

one another and to the other volcanoes of Italy. First of all it will

be seen from the map how the vents are arranged linearly. It will next

Arrangement of the Italian Volcanoes.

23

be noticed that the main fissure there indicated runs parallel to the

backbone of the Italian Peninsula, which finds its extension in the

mountain range skirting the north coast of Sicily. This principal line

of vents begins with the extinct Mte. Amiata on the north, is extended

in the crater lakes of the Roman Campagna — Lago di Bolsena, Lago di

Vico, and Lago di Bracciano — in the Alban Hills to the south of Rome,

Frosinone, the Rocca Monfina, and Vesuvius. Here the fissure line to

continue its course parallel to the peninsular backbone would enter the

sea. Following its approximate course we see that the Lipari islands

form a continuation of it. The enlarged view giving the arrangement of

individual vents on the islands indicates that this fissure forks in the

island of Panaria, one branch passing westward through the extinct

craters of Salina, Filicudi and Alicudi and probably continued in

the shoal of Graham’s Island and in Pantellaria. The other branch

passes southward through Mti. Campo Bianco, Sant’ Angelo and Guardia

in Lipari, the vents of Vulcanello and Vulcano, and a submarine fumar-

ole off Cape Calava on the north shore of Sicily, to Etna. Crossing the

main fissure near Naples is a shorter one passing roughly east and west

through the Ponza Islands, Ischia, Procida, the Campi Phlegraeii or

Burning Fields near Naples, Vesuvius and Mte. Vultura on the eastern

slope of the Apennines. This secondary fissure runs parallel to an out¬

lying arm of the Apennines indicated in the Sorrento Peninsula and

Capri. Vesuvius, the present focus of volcanic activity on the Italian

Peninsula, is situated at the intersection of these two fissure-lines. Ob¬

servations in other regions have shown that the largest cones have gen¬

erally been built up where the fissure is widened from this or some

other cause. In the Lipari islands, strangely enough it would seem, the

active foci are not on Panaria where the fissure forks but on Stromboli

and Volcano some distances to the northward and southward. It has

been argued that Panaria was once the seat of an outburst so violent as to

destroy itself, the remnants of a great crater being made out in the islets

of the vicinity. To recapitulate, the positions of the Italian volcanoes

illustrate well two almost universal features of volcanic regions; first, a

linear arrangement of the vents, indicating that they are formed on fis¬

sures in the crust of the earth, and second a substantial agreement be¬

tween the direction of this fissure and the trend of important folds in

the strata (as shown in the prominent mountain ranges) which are

structurally directions of weakness.

In the spring of 1889 I visited Italy in company with an English

friend, Mr. Bernard Hobson, now lecturer in geology in the Victoria

University, Manchester. It was our intention to observe as much as

possible of the volcanic areas, especially Vesuvius and Vulcano, both of

which were then active. In Naples we were privileged to meet Dr. H. J.

Johnston-Lavis, the energetic and careful student of volcanic phen¬

omena, the authority on Vesuvius as well as the best authority on

24

Hobbs. — Notes on a Trip to the Lipari Islands.

the Italian volcanoes in general. Dr. Johnston-Lavis kindly furnished

us with a letter of introduction to Mr. A. E. Narlian of Lipari, and sup¬

plied us with much valuable information concerning the islands. We

had in onr outfit a small camera belonging to my friend, to whom I am

indebted for the photographs from which the figures in this paper were

prepared. We were also fortunate to fall in at Naples with Dr. Brauns

of Marburg, with whom I had made geological tramps in Saxony. He

was accompanied by his brother and bound for the Lipari islands, so that

we joined onr forces, making a party of four. I have thought that it

might be well to put on record some of onr observations and at the

same time collect the main facts in the history of Volcano.

The town of Lipari, as seen from Mte Rosa. Mte Guardia on the right. On the left, in the

distance, is Volcano, with eruption beginning.

The trip to Messina was made without notable incident, unless it be

the difficulty we had in getting aboard onr vessel on the evening of onr

departure from Naples. The vessel does not come to the wharf, but is

moored out some distance in the bay so that passengers must secure

boatmen with yawls to go aboard. We selected what were apparently

the least villainous of the Neapolitan boatmen lounging about the land¬

ing and bargained with them to take ns aboard onr vessel. Just as the

landing stairs of the vessel were reached a demand was made for double

the tariff. I being nearest the landing stairs jumped out, throwing the

boatmen the rate agreed upon. Before the others could do so the boat

was pushed away from the vessel. Mounted to the deck, I saw and

heard a lively discussion between my friends and the boatmen, carried

on in bad Italian with occasional German and English interjections on

the one hand and very voluble Italian on tbo other. The boat drifted

Incidents of the Journey ,

25

farther away, and in the dnsk I could make out that the matter was ap¬

parently settled by the Italians sturdily rowing the boat toward the

shore. Before they had reached it a warning whistle sounded from the

vessel; again commotion in the boat and soon a change in its direction.

This time my friends reached the vessel, but only by submitting to the

extortion. We must have passed near Strom boli in the night, but we were

too tired from our tramps around Vesuvius to watch for the “ Light¬

house of the Mediterranean.” After various contacts — more or less

agreeable — with the Sicilians, and after watching them prepare maca¬

roni or load oranges on British vessels bound for America, we embarked

on the little steamer which leaves Messina semi-weekly for Lipari, and

at midnight passed between Scylla and Charybdis.

At six o’clock the next morning, the 7th of April, we cast anchor in

the harbor of Lipari. Hurrying to the deck, I saw a picture I shall long

remember. Before me were the quaint town, the fertile slopes about it

and the sombre but picturesque CasteXlo , the whole hemmed in by frown¬

ing crater walls. A few miles south rose the wide-mouthed cinder-cone

of Volcano, the most beautiful and symmetrical of all cinder-cones.

Around our small steamer were numerous yawls manned by natives, who

were quarreling for position at the landing stairs and vociferating in a

manner only possible to Italians. We submitted to be taken ashore by

them, and found them far less disagreeable than we were led to expect

from acquaintance with their Neapolitan brothers. An experience of

two months in Italy, spent as much in the country off the lines of

tourist travel as in the cities, taught us that the most troublesome

Italians are in the cities, but especially in Naples. One needs to stop in

Naples to understand how Mark Twain could spend two weeks “studying

human villainy.” Before I had reached the shore I had seen three grand

explosions of Volcano accompanied by a loud rumbling and the sending

up of a great cloud of dust and ash, and followed by the rattling of the

projectiles as they fell back in the crater or rolled down the outer slope

into the sea. After a moment the outburst would be over, and the only

visible remnant would be a dense black cloud floating away under the

light breeze to the eastward. At greater distances in the same direction

could be seen similar clouds due to earlier explosions. Between explo¬

sions a large fumarole sent out a volume of white vapour resembling the

’ scape of a locomotive. We were soon housed at the one rather primitive

Locanda or hotel that the town supported, and hastened to make the

acquaintance of our guide, Bartolomeo Nicotera, who was to serve us

in our trip to Volcano. That day and the one following were spent on

Lipari in examination of the old craters and acid lava streams, and col¬

lecting from the obsidian, pumice and liparite so abundant in the

vicinity. But Volcano was an attraction that outweighed others in our

minds, and to it I shall direct attention. I shall therefore interrupt my

narrative to give something of its history.

26 Hobbs. — Notes on a Trip to the Lipari Islands.

The island on which the volcano is located, which bears the same

name — Volcano or Vnlcano, has an area of about eight and one-half

square miles. The crater, the “ Gran Cratere ” of the natives, is situated a

little to the northward of the center of the island. On a peninsula at

the north end of the island is Vulcanello, a small triple-cratered hill

joined to the mass of the island by a low and narrow neck of land. This

forms two bays, of which the one on the east side is called the Porto di

Levante, and is the landing place for boats. The present mountain is a

cinder-cone par excellence , and rises a few hundred yards south of the

landing. The crater had a diameter according to Johnston-Lavis (in

September, 1889) of about 250 metres and a depth of 30-40 meters below

the lowest lip. (Scottish Geographical Magazine, VI., p. 147.) These

values are much lower than those of Baltzer taken in 1873, who gives

the diameter of the crater as 900 metres. The depth of the crater he

measured and found to be 86 metres (Zeitsch. d. d. geol. Gesellschaft, 1875,

p. 9). The height of the lip of the crater (the Piano della Fossa ) is about

700 feet above the sea. With the exception of a moderate-sized obsidian

stream on the northwest flank, the material of the cone seems to be en¬

tirely fragmentary. Baltzer, in 1873, sketched beds showing the dip of the

material within the lip of the crater to be toward the center. Near the ob¬

sidian stream, just outside the crater rim on the north side, is a secondary

crater about 200 feet in diameter which has long been an active fumarole.

Encircling the present crater at a distance of one-half to three-quarters

of a mile is an older explosive crater, the highest point of which is Mte.

Saraceno to the south. To the south of this Judd has described three

still older craters, the centers of which lie in the medial line of the

island. All these older craters including that of Monte Saraceno, unlike

the present active one, are essentially composite in character being

made up of lavas with ash, lapilli, etc. . The lavas near the south of the

island are doleritic in character, rich in olivine, while to the north they

are composed of trachytic rock. The beds are traversed by radial dikes

showing the former existence of parasitic cones. Some of these dikes

belong to the curiously hollow type recently described by Johnston-

Lavis from Vesuvius, Stromboli and this locality. (“L’Eruzione del

Vesuvio nel 2 Maggio, 1885,” Ann. d. Accad. O. Costa d’Asp. Naturalisti,

Era 3, Vol. 1. Nature xxxviii, 13.) These are due to the draining out of

the lava below after it has been injected into the fissure and a portion

has consolidated on the walls.

The structure of the island shows clearly that the early eruptions

which built it up were largely of basic lava, that the active vent was

migratory northward along the medial line of the present island, each

successive eruption blowing out the north wall of the crater formed by

the preceding eruption and affording more and more acid material. Ac¬

cording to Scrope the present form of the volcano is. largely due to the

History of Volcano.

27

eruption of 1788. After this eruption the mountain passed into the

solfatara condition, or condition of moderate fumarole activity. The

gases — boric acid, sulphur, sal ammoniac, etc. — were collected by the

Italian firm of Nunziate and later by the English firm of Stevenson.

The method of collecting was to pile cinder over the fumaroles so that

the materials would sublime, then remove to the manufactories for further

concentration. One of the manufactories was within the crater and the

other on the shore of the Porto di Levante. The competition from Asia

Minor and California resulted in the neglecting of the boric acid industry,

but it was proposed to build large leaden chambers over the fumaroles for

the better condensation of the sulphur gases, when the increasing activ¬

ity of the fumaroles interrupted the work. The light eruption which

began in August, 1873, and ended in December, 1874, hai4 been described

by Baltzer and presents many interesting features. Flames, once

thought so common but now known to be extremely rare at volcanic

eruptions, were observed in this instance. They showed a tinge of green,

doubtless to be ascribed to boric acid. The most interesting feature,

however, was the fall during the early stage of the eruption of a fine snow-

white powder, which covered the island to a depth in some places of three

to four centimetres. This was followed by a gray ash of the ordinary type,

nothing more nor less than finely divided liparite lava. The snow-white

ash, however, was 94 per cent, silica, and was shown to be tridymite by its

low specific gravity, its solubility in alkalies and its optical behavior. Balt¬

zer has offered the plausible explanation that this material is formed dur¬

ing the long period of quiescence, by the action of the acid gases of the

fumaroles on the plug and walls of the chimney under the high pressure

and temperature which must attain there. This explanation accounts

for the absence of the snow-white ash from the later phases of the

eruption. (See Baltzer, Zeitsch. d. d. geol. Gesellschaft, 1875, pp. 3-29.)

After this very light eruption, which was not violent enough to expel

the workmen from the crater, the old conditions of fumarole activity

were resumed. In 1886 there came a slight eruption which cleared out

the bottom of the crater, since which time it has never entered into its

former quiescent condition. Before 1888 the English firm owning the

sulphur industry had set out large vineyards and fig orchards at the

north end of the island. Mr. A. E. Narlian, who was in charge of these,

had his villa a few hundred yards north of the cinder cone of Volcano.

In August, 1888, occurred an outbreak which, though not to be ranked

with eruptions of the first order of intensity, caused much damage. The

main facts connected with this eruption were reported to us by Mr.

Narlian at his home in Lipari. They were contained in a letter to Prof.

Johnston-Lavis, and were published in the London Times and in the

Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for

1888 (p. 664).

28

Hobbs.— Notes on a Trip to the Lipari Islands.

On the 3rd of August an outburst took place in the crater, of sufficient

force to throw projectiles out to the sides, whence they rolled down the

slope. This lasted ten to fifteen minutes and was repeated at intervals

of twenty or thirty minutes. With the throwing out of the projectiles

t here would be a great rush of thick smoke (mainly steam and dust)

Such eruptions had been observed several times before within the thir¬

teen years Mr. Narlian had been on the island, and he was led to hope

that these would end like former eruptions. Toward evening the lead¬

ing fumarole (the secondary crater on the north lip of the main crater),

which had given off offensive gases for some months, showed a clear,

high flame tinged with green or blue. Mr. Narlian was so alarmed that

he did not undress for the night. Towards morning he fell asleep, but

was soon awakened by a tremendous din caused by the fall of projectiles

on the roof of his villa. Securing his children, he ran to the drawing

room, but as the door was opened a red-hot mass of pumice, two feet in

diameter fell through the roof, ceiling and floor, smashing and setting

fire to everything. Turning back, they reached the verandah by another

passage, when a second red-hot block, similar to the first, fell at their

feet, was smashed to fragments and burned the feet and legs of the two

boys. Mr. Narlian, helping his children as best he could, ran away from

the thundering mountain toward Vulcanello. The men, in their despair

had carried off the two available boats, leaving him without any means

of escape. He was obliged to remain on Vulcanello, almost within reach

of the falling blocks, until taken off about noon by boats from Lipari.

The violence of the eruption diminished somewhat in intensity, but to

the end of the month the noise continued to be heard in Lipari (at a

distance of six miles) as a prolonged thunder. Almost the same condi¬

tion of affairs continued through the year, the quantity of projectiles

diminishing somewhat and being replaced by fine ash, which mounted

as a black cloud to a height of three miles or more before floating off.

When I visited the volcano on April 9th of the year following, this

was the condition of affairs, with the intensity of the outbursts some¬

what further diminished. We engaged four swarthy boatmen and their

boat for the entire day for twelve lires ($2.40). These men, who rowed

standing, were dressed in bright colored shirts and trousers rolled

nearly to their hips. Their sandals they carried in their pockets while

in the boat. Enormous brass rings were stuck in their ears. We

carried provisions and wine, as nothing to eat or drink could be ob¬

tained on the island. The morning was clear but the sea was quite

choppy. I had never seen water of such a beautiful tint. The oars as

they dipped in the water showed a beautiful turquois blue. We landed

at the Porto di Levante, the boatmen carrying us through the surf on

their shoulders. We visited Vulcanello and photographed the explo¬

sions from that point. One of these photographs has been engraved, and

Structure of the Volcanic Projectiles.

29

shows the great dust-cloud ascending and curiously branching as it

attains a height above the crater about equal to the height of the

mountain. (See Plate I., Fig. 1.) The interval between eruptions varied

from three to four minutes to a half hour.

From Vulcanello we visited Mr. Narlian’s ruined villa (about three -

fourths mile from the crater), which presented a most desolate appear¬

ance with its smashed and charred roof and walls half buried in ashes,

lapilli and bombs. The vine and fig plantation was almost completely

buried in cinder and entirely ruined, occasioning a loss of about £40,000

sterling. The entire plain (Atrio) between the mountain and the encir¬

cling ring of Monte Saraceno and Monte Luccia, is covered with lapilli

to a depth of several feet, and this is strewn with projectiles (the so-

called “ bombs ”) of all sizes from such as are smaller than one’s fist to

those several feet or even yards in diameter. The larger ones have dug

themselves great pits in the loose lapilli so that they are nearly or quite

buried, the lapilli being thrown out to a considerable distance. When¬

ever the mass was more than afoot in diameter it was sure to be cracked

or broken from the force of its fall, being composed of a coarse acid

pumice. Their porous character explains how they could attain to

such extraordinary dimensions. We saw numerous specimens that

had clearly been over four feet in diameter and at distances of

one-half to three-quarters of a mile or more from the crater.

Mr. Narlian mentioned one near the well of his house that he

thinks was ten yards in diameter. This I did not see. A projectile

at least three feet in diameter we found well up on the slope of Monte

Saraceno in the encircling “ Somma.” The structure of these projectiles

is very interesting. Their shape approaches roughly to an ellipsoid and

generally one of rotation, though they are really polyhedral with peculiar

warped plane surfaces. Pear-like shapes are not found and their presence

would hardly be expected when the material is so porous. They have an

outer glassy skin, about a half -inch thick, with fine scattered vesicles.

This has a gray surface color like pumice, with cracks opened in and be¬

tween the warped bounding surfaces. Dr. Johnston-Lavis has aptly termed

this unique structure the “ bread-crust structure,” since it closely resem¬

bles both in appearance and in probable manner of formation, that of a

baked bread crust, in which cracks have formed from the expansion of the

gas in the dough after the surface has hardened. The larger cracks show

upturned edges and reveal at the bottom of the crack a fine-grained

spongy pumice. Everyone will recollect analogies to this in bread.

The interior of the “bomb” is pumice with in general an increase

in the size of the vesicles toward the center.' (See Plate I, Figure 2.)

These vesicles are usually elongated in the direction of the radi-

vectori of the bomb. This is doubtless to be ascribed to the centrifugal

force developed by the rotation of the mass in the air. The petrograph-

30 Hobbs . — Notes on a Trip to the Lipari Islands.

ical and chemical relations of these projectiles will be treated in another

paper.

The explanation of Dr. Johnston-Lavis for the formation of the

projectiles is so satisfactory that I quote from him:

Their structure is “ due to the obsidian reaching that intermediate

stage between a liquid and a solid or in other words a state of intense

viscosity, like slightly warmed sealing wax or hardened Canada balsam,

which break when exposed to strong and violent mechanical stress but

bend under a slight and gradually applied one. The magma in the upper

part of this volcanic chimney seems to be in this critical state, and, as

the vapor collects and escapes from the more heated and fluid portion

beneath the upper part, is broken in fragments and ejected, when it is

relieved from the surrounding pressure and allowed to expand. The

crust has cooled along the cracks before this, and continues to do so, as

it is whirled through the air, and after its fall, whilst the interior ex¬

pands at the same time, innumerable vesicles being formed from the

water dissolved in the magma separating as steam. This expansion

causes the cracking of the hardened crust and in some cases protrusion

through the crust.” (Proc. Geol. Assoc. London, XI, p. 390, August,

1890.)

View of Volcano from Mte Saraceno, showing the “Barrancos11 and the beginning of an

eruption. The island in the distance is Lipari.

We climbed Monte Saraceno and Mr. Hobson again photographed Vol¬

cano during the explosion. From this point the cone shows well the gul¬

lies (Barrancos) which in other regions figured so prominently in the “ ele¬

vation crater theory.” From this point we could see that the wind, which

was fresh from the west, carried the projectiles of the eruptions to the

east of the crater. Owing to this favorable circumstance we hoped to be

able to safely ascend to the crater from the west side. Mr. Hobson and my¬

self therefore attempted the ascent and had toiled half way to the summit

through lapillo and ash lying at the angle of repose, when a severe squall

that had been threatening for some time, broke upon us. The sea

about the island was lashed into foam. The strong wind picked up the

The Return.

31

loose ash and lapilli and drove it against us with such force that we

were compelled to cover our heads with our coats to protect our faces.

We gave up the ascent to the crater and made the descent, which was as

easy as the ascent was difficult. Reaching the Porto di Levante we shel¬

tered ourselves as best we could from the wind and rain till toward even¬

ing, when the violence of the storm abated and we made our way to

Lipari by dint of hard rowing in a heavy sea.

On the following day with our faces still toward Volcano we took our

departure from Lipari on the little mail steamer from Messina, which

had again cast anchor in the harbor. After the volcano had almost van¬

ished from sight, we stretched ourselves on the deck under the bright

sun. Rising some moments after I noticed that my clothes were being

covered by the fine liparite ash of the mountain which was borne to us

by the wind. Spreading a paper on the deck we were able to collect a

considerable quantity of the material. Thus we bid our adieu to Vol¬

cano.

Some five months . later a party from the Geologists’ Association of

London visited the island under the guidance of Dr. Johnston-Lavis.

They succeeded in reaching the crater’s edge. They saw the inner slop¬

ing walls of the crater to be made up of ash with scattered “ bread-

crust” bombs of all sizes. In the bottom were conical depressions which

emitted no steam between eruptions. Explosions at intervals of five

minutes to half an hour would raise the whole or part of the bottom in a

vast cloud, such as we had observed, estimated to attain to a height of

8,000 feet. (Proc. Geologists’ Association XI, p. 389.)

It is interesting in this connection to recount certain accidents which

have happened to the telegraph cable between Lipari and Capo Melazzo

in Sicily. This cable passes quite near Volcano. On the 21st and 22nd

of November, 1888, a rupture occurred near Volcano and the cable was

buried. Again on March 30th, 1889, a less serious break, and again on

September 11, 1889, a more serious one occurred. These facts point to

the formation of a submarine vent quite near Vulcano.

University of Wisconsin , June 2 , 1892.

32

Hobbs. — Notes on a Trip to the Lipari Islands.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Figure 1.

View of Volcano looking south from Voleanello, engraved from a

photograph by Bernard Hobson, B. Sc., taken April 9th, 1889. The dust

cloud mounting from the crater, which in its initial stages showed but a

single important lobe, has just sent off lateral lobes the distribution of

which is very symmetrical to the central lobe. The active fumerole on

the north lip of the crator (in shadow) gives a smaller volume of

steam than in the interval between explosions.

Figure 2.

“ Bread-crust” projectiles from the Atrio to the west of the Cinder-Cone

of Volcano. At the left of the figure is a bomb about the size of a tur¬

key’s egg, which shows the polyhedal shape, the hard, smooth surface,

and the peculiar cracking. On the right is a fragment from a bomb

which was about the size of a man’s head. The piece is three and one-

half inches high. The upper is the original outer surface and shows a

vesicular obsidian extending to a depth of about one-half an inch. The

rest of the material is pumice, the vesicles of which are ellipsoidal with

their longest axes roughly perpendicular to the original obsidian sur¬

face. The size of the vesicles increases toward the center of the bomb.

Trans. Wis. Acad . Sci.

Vol. IX, PL I.

Fig. 1.

Hobbs.

Fig. 2.

Trip to Lipari Islands.

i

f-

p:

;

!-•

Psychology as a Science.

33

SOME SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING METHODS OF

PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY.

By J. J. BLAISDELL, Beloit, Wis.

I feel myself already rebuked ia bringing before you the matter which

1 am about to read. Not indeed because it is, in my view, for substance

without importance; but for the reason that ia the way ‘of its putting, it

is crude and in a measure meager and inadequate. It will have this ele¬

ment of advantage, that it is beaten into deep personal convictions by

not a feu; years of teaching the branch in question, and put to the test

of its truthfulness by having contributed to helping a number of fair

minds into an apparently well-grounded habit of good living. What

proves to be well adjusted to normal living— the best test of the signifi¬

cance of theories — cannot be altogether spoiled by the manner or

method of its presentation. What suggestions I have to make upon the

methods of teaching Psychology I should like to bring before you in the

way of several questions.

1. Should it not be more thoroughly insisted on that psychology is a

science — a science of observation— an inductive science? Avery com¬

mon use of the word science makes it designate only a concept of the

several d partments of what may be loosely described as physical, nat¬

ural, material processes. It often means any such concept as may be

gathered up piecemeal of a conglomerate of unrelated facts in a given

field, without insisting on the logical coordination of these facts, and

their subordination to some generic principle. Even in many cases

wherein the claim of psychology to a scientific dignity is allowed, it is

done with a timidity which seems to arise from a suspicion that as a sci¬

ence it jacks the clearness, distinctness and adequacy, which constitute

the perfection of scientific character. If indeed there be just question

whether psychology is thus usurper of a place in the category of the sci¬

ences, it is fair certainly to give it thorough challenge. If, on the con¬

trary, it presents a defined field. of fact with its exact extension and in¬

tension, and is entirely capable of differentiating and relating its con¬

tents, it is time that scholarship should clear its habit from undue bias

derived from study by the five senses and, with explicit commitment,

admit it into the order of the sciences,— this one, without which, if its

scientific character be made good, all others would wield a barren scep-

4— A. & L.

34 Blaisdell — Suggestions for Psychological Study.

ter. The phrase, “science of psychology” should be pronounced in a

major key. In a curriculum of studies the designation “science” should

certainly as much include psychology as geology or chemistry. The

word “scientist”— barring the infelicity of its mongrel etymology, which

makes it a pain to use it, — should not denote one more than the other.

There is no reason why science should mean science of matter more

than science of mind. College boys and university men should not be

allowed to grow up with the paralogism bred into them that science is

even by one whit of eminence a conquest of five senses — sight, hearing,,

touch, taste and smell.

Equally questionable is it whether science should not register sound¬

ings upon its scientific chart in regard to the word “observation.” One

is tempted at times to wonder whether in the great eagerness after the

discovery of new facts in the wide realm of the unknown, we have not

not only fallen into mistaken views of the relation of the departments-

of science to each other, but failed to hold proper balance of apprecia¬

tion as regards the very instruments of discovery themselves. If the

five senses have, in whatever alliance, yielded up wonderful disclosures

to the throbbing heart of the student, his wisdom lies in keeping due con¬

fidence in other means of approach to the arcana of things. We can

often sail by looking at sun and stars or watching ocean currents; it is

convenient to have in reserve the methods of dead reckoning. We must,

remember that science is the concept of the whole universe, that there

is really only one science, and that there are paths up the inland heights

of that awful realm which no vulture’s eye hath seen. Is not con¬

sciousness, by which the phenomena of mind are cognized by mind, an

implement of observation as trustworthy as the eye or the ear, or has it

failed oftener the explorer who has used it? I am not now speaking of

inferences, though one does not easily see why inferences from consci¬

ousness are more likely to be mistaken than inferences from the dis¬

closures of the telescope or the spectroscope, for they both stand on the

same level of safety. I only speak of the facts of mind which are the

subject matter of psychology, and suggest that, disclosed as they are in

consciousness, they are as much matters of observation as the things

which are learned under the acid or the hammer. While, as is fully rec¬

ognized, the physiological laboratory may be invoked as an ally to illus¬

trate and perhaps supplement them, they are facts of observation in

consciousness, and their distinctness and fullness of disclosure entitle

psychology to be classed with as much firmness as an observational sci¬

ence like physiology or natural history. There is no apparent justice in

arrogating to physiological psychology exclusively the designation em¬

pirical psychology, as has been strangely done by some of late. It seems

much like the forwardness of unripe intelligence, the crudity of a late=

arrival in the realm of metropolitan science.

Nor have we less reason to put questions to a disposition to speak of

Laboratory Practice.

35

psychology as if there were some uncertainty as to its being an in¬

ductive science. It would be salutary as a mental alterative if we

would often really recur to Francis Bacon, a man as much abused by

modern science as Aristotle was abused by him. It is hard to see why

the facts of mental science, which lie within the horizon, of conscious¬

ness as truly as those of the heavens lie within the range of the eye

may not be induced into general concepts, and by still further in¬

duction constituted into a hierarchy of principles so as to make psy¬

chology an inductive science of observation. Certainly any possible

science of physiological psychology is conditioned upon the authenticity

of consciousness, for its “cortical irritations” are only disjecta membra,

to whose disclosure consciousness holds the key of witness.

2. I would like to express a suspicion I have felt in regard to the

prevailing conception of laboratory practice as applied to the study of

psychology. What I have in mind does not primarily concern the

laboratory practice1 which is made so much of in investigating psychical

processes by the aid of physiological experiments. No objection can be

made to such adjuvant processes for throwing light upon the occult

phenomena of volition, thought and feeling. I can see no reason, how¬

ever, why such laboratory practice should not in honesty be designated

as physiological. Is it not physiological practice? No doubt much

curious light has been thrown upon mental processes by such experi¬

ments, though perhaps their value has been relatively overestimated,

particularly in the inferences they have been supposed to justify. At

all events, of the two inferences, spiritism and materialism, the former

is more likely to be the ultimate one than the latter.

What I have in mind is rather the unduly restricted conception of

laboratory practice, which makes it inapplicable to the immediate inves¬

tigation of mental phenomena by consciousness. What is a laboratory?

Is it anything more than a place where the student proceeds to explore,

by experimental methods of scrutiny adapted to the theorem in ques¬

tion, any conceived phenomena ? And laboratory practice is such

personal beleaguerment of the field of fact, is it not? Is there any rea¬

son why it should be prosecuted exclusively with the eye unarmed, or

armed with the microscope and knife ? The phrase, “laboratory practice,”

is freely used in respect to the corresponding method of studying

history. It is not insisted on that history should be elaborated with the

•eye or the ear, or literature. And so, in psychology, for the eye and the

hand consciousness may as well be substituted, and under the scruti¬

nizing eye of introspection the procession of mental states may be made

to pass and give account of itself. It may very likely be more difficult

to differentiate and diagnose the elements of the theorem in mind than

in matter, so that the student is more likely to need a mentor, and it is

not probably as safe to leave the tyro to himself, because he is not so

used to moving in realms of mental facts as in realms of sense. Accord

36 Blaisdell — Suggestions for Psychological Study.

ingly, Plato excluded from his esoteric classes men who had not studied

the mathematics. He will very likely require for safe conclusion an

older student at his side to hold the object of investigation in the focus

of view, and help him spell out the unfamiliar objects in those invisible

regions. So Plato needed Socrates— Plato, the teacher of the ages. It

may be done in the class room, which you may call a laboratory; but it

is a laboratory, where results are reached — under any good teacher — by

laboring them out by the use of a cutting and coming again process as

truly as corresponding things are laborated in chemistry or biology. In

fact the ancient method of recitation by memory— and it had its ex¬

cellencies, which in the new days will be altogether lost to very

great damage —is everywhere modified, and there is no good teacher, nor

was there ever a good teacher in any department of instruction, whose

recitation room is not a laboratory. So Gorgias thought when he sat in

the laboratory of the great typical teacher, Socrates. So Polus thought

when he was dealt with by the great teacher as Marsyts was dealt with

when he thought to excel Apollo in the use of the lyre.

Indeed, to say one of the many things which one would like to sqy in

caution about this laboratory work, there is less likelihood at present of

one danger from the use of laboratory methods in psychology than iu

the material sciences, from this very need of the presence of a teacher

to superin ‘-end laberation. It is coming to be more than suspected by

thoughtful observers that what may be said to amount to a fad of labor

atory practice is, in the hands of a multitude of teachers, only the

turning of the student into a laboratory supplied at a great cost with

the requisite implements, to find out, by tardy and unmilitant processes,

the less or more significant facts in a department of things, without

seeing to it that in the student’s mind these facts are properly coordi¬

nated and reduced to a whole of scientific structure and import. The

truth is, that no body of facts in any science can properly be left, as

found by the student of whatever perceptive sagacity, without being

constructed into the wholeness of their scientific relation by a teacher’s

broader and maturer comprehension of them, and interpreted into the

student’s mind in all their mighty and living import out of the

heated furnace of an endowed teacher’s aroused heart. All good teach¬

ing is interpretative empowerment — whatever the thing taught, and

not in the way of mere intellectual stimulation in order that they may

study, as Prof. Moses Stuart used to say, “ like a tiger, ” but in the way

of making the perfect concept elaborated mighty to the volume and

momentum of living. And any good teacher of psychology is all the

better circumstanced, by his necessity of holding his mind close to the

student’s mind, for a laboratory practice which will minister to the

highest ends of teaching and study. That teaching is everywhere the

best— and none other is good — which makes thoroughly scientific con¬

cepts generative in the pupil’s mind of most productive momentum

in manhood and womanhood.

Order of Topics.

37

3. A third question I have to raise is in reference to the proper order

of topics in the study of psychology. It has seemed to me very strange

that the treatment of psychology should persist in handling the func¬

tions of mind in the order of intellect, sensibilities and will. It of course

suggests itself as a reason of this order that by the intellect are fur¬

nished the facts by which the sensibilities are awakened, and that in

these the will finds its immediate motive of purpose. This is no doubt

plausible, and is very likely the traditional reason of the order. Some

writers in psychology have been controlled by a rhetorical reason, and

have constructed their work on the principle of the law of rhetorical

cadence. The exaggerated relative importance attached to the intellect¬

ual function of mind has not only led to giving intellect first place in

treatment, but even to making it the exclusive topic, allowing at least

small and insignificant attention to the executive powers, perhaps put¬

ting them over for consideration into the department of ethical science.

It can easily be explained that one who is handling psychology in the

interests of illustrating the evolution theory and setting forth a genesis

of mind in that interest, as Hoefding and many others, will adopt that

method. But no such reason can be assigned in the case of many

writers.

The preliminary question ought fairly to be discussed, which one of

the two conceptions ought to rule in the teaching of science . Mr. Her¬

bert Spencer would no doubt answer, that the various sciences ought to

be taught entirely in the interests of the one comprehensive natural

procedure of the universe. Psychology has its worth and its interest

for us as a stage in that cosmic procedure, and the sole dominating

principle of its teaching is loyalty to this method of procedure. There

is but one science in this view, that of evolution.

Some others of us believe in the reality of final causes, and in a moral

final cause, and that man’s being is determined by reference to that

moral final cause, so that he is not only a stage in the cosmic series but

a responsible actor in view of the series. Indeed, it would seem that

man is hardly a co-ordinate stage in the series, but that the series is so

related to him’that he is, so far as this world is concerned, its final cause.

He seems to be protagonist in a system which constitutes his arena. We

think him disengaged from the tyrannic current of natural processes,

and that he has in himself, and not in nature, the law by which he is to

be studied and estimated and held responsible. Indeed, if this is true

of man, it is, in a related way, true of everything else. The question is,

whether we are to hold everything as part of a stage of aimless nature,

or as related to a final moral stage. I suspect that the real question

which underlies our method of teaching at the present moment is squarely

this, whether we are pupils of Herbert Spencer or of Socrates, or — to

mention no other— of Jesus Christ. This, apparently, is the only issue

which — whatever may have been the reason in the past, and with merely

38

Blaisdell — Suggestions for Psychological Study .

traditional teachers today— will control onr practice as regards the or¬

der of our topics in teaching psychology. We may say with Hoefding,

In the feeling of responsibility and in repentance is implied no more

than that the individual recognizes that he has willed the action, and, by

virtue of the better mind to which he has come, condemns himself for

having done so. The idea that it would have been equally possible to

have acted in the opposite way does not make itself manifest in all in¬

dividuals, and, when manifested, must be explained partly as the con¬

fusion of a metaphysical notion with psychological experience, partly as

an illusion which is very natural when the individual has his new con¬

viction and, with a strong desire to have acted otherwise, is vividly con¬

scious himself at the moment of action, without, however, being able to

survey and realize all the inner and outer condition in actual operation

at the time.” Or with Ziehen, “The idea of a casual relation is an idea

of similarity. The analysis gives no ground for the assertion of a spe¬

cific faculty of will. It is different with the conception of moral respon¬

sibility. This conception is contradictory to the deductions of physiol¬

ogical psychology.” On the contrary, with the letter of Hoefding’s last

word, spoken no doubt with another view: “However far it may be pos¬

sible to explain man through the world, the world in its turn is always

explained through man.” According then as we explain mind as a pro¬

cedure of persistent and transmitted “cortical irritations,” or as a citizen

of the spiritual commonwealth, we must determine where in his being

to begin its study.

My question is only whether, if we are teaching mind not as a persist¬

ing procedure of “cortical irritations,” but as a citizen of a spiritual

kingdom ordered in good, we had better not begin with the will, which

in this latter view is the man. In my own practice, if I may be allowed

to speak of it, I have done this with comparatively most satisfactory re¬

sults in ways of which I cannot now speak. It has seemed to me that the

will should be emphasized in treatment as the prime and mainly con¬

stitutive function of personality, the form of the function being care¬

fully studied, its relation to causation, its organic connection in the

mental economy, and the conditions under which it is related to the

system of which individual mind is itself only a co-operative member.

If this primary and leading consideration is given to the will, will not

the intellect and sensibilities take the place in the study of psychology

not merely secondary in the order of time, but secondary and ancil¬

lary in the order of function? Will being the main constituent of

personality and life being progressive adjustment to environment, envir¬

onment will relate itself to personality through avenues of intelligence.

It becomes then the office of,' the cognitive powers to gather in, as data

for voluntary procedure, the facts of the environing universe, furnish¬

ing them for memory to cherish, judgment to conceive and imagina¬

tion to represent, constituting therein science, the handmaid of living.

For the purposes of character, however, will, and will does not fulfil

Scientific Arrangement of the Sensibilities.

39’

its citizenship save as it becomes character— is placed under disci¬

pline of alternatives, in adjustment to environment, only by means

of the appeal of sensibilities; and consequently feeling, in its various

forms, becomes a second subsidiary function in the mental life. This

order in the treatment of mind— which, to do it justice, should be

much more fully given in detail — has the justification that it deals

with m'nd as we deal with every structure, whether vital or mechanicaL

Of course this is said only on the supposition that mind in itself has

a final cause— that man as a free being is accountable under moral order.

If we are intelligently considering, in order to understand, a locomotive

engine, we go straight to the heart of this world's wonder in the force

which moves the mighty pistonrod. From out that heart, we follow

back to the steam and the fire which generates it, and the furnace and

the boiler as needful conditions, and forward to the valves and the

cylinder chamber, the levers and the wheels, by which it is applied to the

problem of movement. If we would enlighten the pupil concerning

a tree, we direct him first of all to the appropriative and digestive

force which constitutes the active principle of life, furnishing from

soil and by sunlight the varied material and varied fiber. The leaf,

the root, the trunk, the branches, the new seed, follow in their order.

With the human body it is the same. I cannot see why it should not

be so in the study of mind — that we should not adopt for our order

will, intellect, sensibilities.

4. Of the remaining questions which 1 wish to leave an impression

of. one is concerning the possibility of a more scientific arrangement

of the sensibilities. Even upon the supposition that all the feelings

are but ulterior and elaborated sensations arising in evolutionary

order and issuing in so-called naturally determined action, should

there not be an organic conception of them? Nature is orderly, and

is quite capable of giving an account of herself in the terms of order

anywhere. She has no real conglomerates. Especially it is impossible to

justify fairly the absence of due logical subordination, to which this

most interesting function has been abandoned by those who recognize

the moral personality of mind. The traditional classification — simple

emotions, affections and desires— has no justification in any organic

conception of mental life.

Would it not be worth while to try as a working hypothesis at

least, in case mind is free personality under moral law, whether we may

not find among the sensibilities some that constitute the appeal of that

realm of law to this freely acting personality? It may be— it seems

reasonable that it should be — nay, it seems manifest that it is true, that,

correlative to the law of the true, under which mind acts in judgment,

and the law of beauty, under which the sensibilities are ordered in

feeling, and to the dual law of the good, under which the will is responsi¬

ble in citizenship, there are clearly defined and explained sensibilities

which stand as advocates before the free personality to induce the

40

Blaisdell — Suggestions for Psychological Study.

higher and supreme conformity of the will, in loyalty to the good, the

beautiful and the true —that ultimate kinglom which is the home and

the aspiration of man. If we should find this hypothesis justified, we

might call these sensibilities the rectoral sensibilities.

On this general conception of the significance of mind, the classifica¬

tion of the sensibilities may be easily completed. The function of

moral citizenship under law having to be performed in relations suitable

to the common weal, the environment which they furnish may be ex¬

pected to be — we should suppose must be— nay, are manifested as be¬

ing, by whatever law of the survival of the fittest or any other, brought

to bear on the personality for adjustment by corresponding forms of

feeling. The race, the nation, the family, have their correlated sensibili¬

ties, which promote the integrity and permanent maintenance of these

relations. These we may call the relational sensibilities.

The individual personality, however, could not be expected to be left

without provision in corresponding sensibilities which should guarantee

its support. Man is a dual oiganism in which, whatever explanation we

may make of it, is the antithesis of mind and body. Mind and body

must be brought into touch, for their support, with the will by forms of

sensibility which present their needs to this central personality. There

must be the mental and the corporeal appetites, and thus we have a

third class of sensibilities which we may well enough call suppeditary sen¬

sibilities. Without going into detail and explaining certain forms of

sensibility which only seem extraordinate to this classification, would it

not be practicable to substitute for the old classification or for none at

all, this: The rectoral, the relational, the suppeditary? Certain it is

that in the study of mind, whatever view we may take of its place

and relation in the kosmos, we are compelled to account upon mind as

being a most consummate piece of perfect work. The eye, which detects

harmony, is a harmony. The mind that responds to summer sunsets is no

jnmble. The wonders of constructive art in lower organic life are out¬

matched in the structure of the personality. If we cannot say with

Hamilton, in the legend over his teacher’s desk. “There is nothing great

in the universe but man; there is nothing great in man but mind,” we

can consent to all that the great dramatic poet has said of him, and we

can adopt the words of that composite lyric philosopher which sends

his plummet deeper than Shakespeare’s has gone into wondrous depths

of personality: “Thou hast made him little lower than the angels.’

Surely the study of psychology has yet conquests to make in the dis¬

covery of mental order that are beyond the achievements of the micro¬

scope and the section knife of the tyro, who has not yet sounded his

own mind’s depths and the depths of the great heart of the world and

of history. He only who is, through long listening, a seer, is fitted

to hear the revelations of this oracle out of the unknown and awful

Holy of Holies.

Epistemology Empirically Considered. 41

5. Socrates in the Republic is made to say: (C e7ti6vry,irj is the knowl¬

edge, in respecb to the reality, that the reality is.” Now it is affirmed that

“we have numerous sensations and by means of these we acquire ideas.

We then assume external objects as the cause of these sensations and ideas.

Empirical psychology therefore relegates the further handling of the

problem, in so far as it is capable of any solution whatever, to Episte¬

mology.” Now I would raise the question whether Epistemology is res¬

ponsible for giving account of the causes of sensations and ideas any

more than it is for certifying the reality of subjective sensations and

ideas themselves. Is it any less gratuitous to say that we have sensa¬

tions and ideas or to entertain a concept of sensations and ideas as being

their mental image representing a mental reality, than it is to affirm a

cause of our psychic states? If it is not legitimate for empirical psy¬

chology to affirm causes of mental states then it is not legitimate for

empirical psychology to affirm ideas or sensations. An idea is some¬

thing, a sensation is something, even though it be merely a phenomenon.

The question is, whether in case we have not Epistemology, there can be

not only any affirmation of causes, but any trust in the existence of sen¬

sations or ideas. Does not a psychology which leaves a lacuna oppofite-

the word knowledge , for the same reason leave one opposite the word

■ reality , opposite the word sensation , opposite the word therefore , op¬

posite the word science? This only goes so far as to constitute a caveat

against making any part of psychology its own verification. Empiri¬

cal psychology, whether it be constructed by consciousness alone or

with the valuable aid of physiology, is a dependent science. It is a

natural science — I am quite willing it should be called so, if the human

mind be regarded as a part of the fundementally free system of nature

and not a part of a supernatural realm, as Dr. Bushnell classes it, and

all its phenomena are answerable to the law of sufficient reason and so

are verified by Epistemology.

I was intending, however, only to ask the question as to the order of

studying the cognitive function of mind. If it is by the exercise of this

function that knowledge is had, and the science of knowledge, which is

Epistemology, exists, the function itself is a topic of psychology. It has

always been a puzzle how to furnish any adequate warrant for the ver¬

acity of the senses. Any explanation which can be furnished out of the

phenomena of mere sensation by recurring to the coordination and

mutual consensus of all the senses is unsatisfying. It is in vain to re¬

sort to the Cartesian verification in the veraciousness of a beneficent

Creator, for this would involve sooner or later a circle in reasoning.

Must we not first find our verifications in the certainties of reason? Does

not the significance of the five senses lie in the fact that we have super¬

sense cognition, or reason? It is customary to begin the study of the

presentative functions of mind with the subject of sensation and sense-

perception, doing as well as we can with the question why we should

5 -A. & L.

42 Blais dell — Suggestions for Psychologiccd Study.

trust the senses. As for myself, I have found it satisfactory to seek in

reason— the supersense cognitive function in its various modes— en¬

trance to the intellectual department of mental study and find there

the ground on which to plant the superstructure of perception by sensa¬

tion. It is only because we have the power of rational knowledge that

we have the power of sensing reality. Reason is the only apprehension.

Sensation only gives coloring. I would suggest that along this line of

procedure— for those who have not surrendered the department of psy¬

chology, like others, wholly to agnostic theory— will be found relief from

an otherwise unresolved perplexity. There is no ground for believing in

a cortical irritation, or in a sensation, or an idea, or for making any

judgment or using any predicate, unless there be found first in empiri¬

cal psychology intimation of a function of rational knowledge. If you

can not find it by physiological psychology you must seek it by the

psychology of conciousness. If you say there is no other psychology

than physiological psychology, your physiological psychology is the fu¬

tility of the hypothesis of the dream of a dream. Utter skepticism even

is a baseless hypothesis which is itself an endless hypothetical series..

When we arrive at such a pass we may say with Cicero: “Et mihi ipsi

diffidem” — “I do not know which end my head is on.”

6. The only other suggestion I have to make is of a doubt whether

we have not hitherto done violence to psychology by limiting its range

to individual mind. The ancient conception of man as having not only

his end but his significance merely as a fraction of the state, against

which, in its classic form, Christianity made divine protest, but which

corporate Christianity too much yielded to, giving away under the in¬

tense materialism of the French revolution period, is, in better form

and under better auspices, reasserting itself in this our new period.

Ours has been a most beneficent era of the clearing up and differenti¬

ating of the individual personality, of which era the French revolution

was the criminal evangel. Since that baleful morning of blessing, the

individual has happily, by slow and painful and turbulent process, be¬

come identified not only out of the classes into which an utterly un¬

sympathetic science had generalized him, but out of the mass of the

civic society in which selfish social tyranny had lost him, making him

only a cypher for multiplying its own significance. Now that not only

the word man has come to mean man, and woman has come to mean

woman, but each individual man is revealed in the common conscious¬

ness as being his own determinate and significant self, and each woman

as being her own determinate and significant self, and in like manner

and degree childhood has come to the recognition of his and her signi¬

ficant identity also— a process not altogether completed— a splendid re¬

integration into a richer integrity of civic society is already putting to

us the question whether, as our practical philanthropy and patriotism

are asserting the new gospel of organic solidarity, so the science of man

Conclusion.

43

should not reconstitute itself on the same better principles. The

question arises, is the psychic man realized in the individual or in so¬

ciety? Is psychology complete when it isolates the individual person¬

ality and studies him thus, or should it at least complete its work in

maturing the perfect concept of that flood of social purpose, instructed

by confluent intelligence and made persuasive by fellowship

of heart,— the social personality, which is immeasurably more than the

sum of its constituent individualities, even as the living body is the sum

of more than all its members and as you have not the oak when you have

its root, its trunk, its leaves and its branches which hold them forth to-

breathe the air of the winds of the mountains? It certainly seems likely^

that, obeying the widening comprehension of all thought, social psycho¬

logy will inherit the interest of scholarship not long hence — the empiri¬

cal science of the social mind.

All things force us to the conclusion, that, while the science of which

I have been speaking is reverend with the growth of many years and by the>

record of many who have been made illustrious in its study and teach¬

ing, it has most interesting and momentous inquiries yet for the stud¬

ent to consider — new fields to conquer. Certain it is that, such is the

relation of psychology to science as science, no conquests in the field of

other sciences can be made settled realms of human possession so that

man can call them his and be much greatened and ennobled by their

influence, save so far as by this science of the mind the endowments,

in whose hands can be found the title deeds of their certain tenure, are

disclosed.

ON THE FLORA OF MADISON AND VICINITY, A PRE¬

LIMINARY PAPER ON .THE FLORA OF DANE

COUNTY, WISCONSIN.

BY L. S. CHENEY AND R. H. TRUE.

In its conception, the plan of the work which has resulted in

this paper, included merely the formation of a list of the

phsenogamous flora of Madison and vicinity. As the work pro¬

gressed, however, the determination of limits became increasingly

difficult and it was finally resolved to make the results already

obtained the first instalment of a list of the flora of Dane county.

It, therefore, follows that the list, fairly complete through the

Bryophyta, for the original locality, becomes a rather meager

one for the larger area. As it is intended to thoroughly can¬

vass the remaining parts of the county as time may permit, it

Las seemed best to entitle this paper “a preliminary list, ” with

a request that errors and additions be kindly brought to the

notice of the writers.

As environment is so influential in determining the character

of the flora of any given region, it has seemed best to preface

the consideration of the plant life of the area in question by

a brief notice of its topography, geological structure and meteor¬

ological conditions.

In drawing up the following account, free use has been made

of the descriptions and plates found in the “Geology of Wis¬

consin,”* especially Vol. II, and those desiring greater local

detail than the limits of the subject permit here, are referred

to that work.

Dane county occupies a position about midway in the width

of the State and its southern boundary is twenty-four miles

north of the Illinois state line. It has an area of about 1,238

♦Madison, Wis. T. C. Chamberlin, Chief Geologist, Vol. II, 1878. (Roland D. Irving, As¬

sociate Geologist for Central Wisconsin.)

6— A. & L.

46 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

square miles. In shape, it is almost a perfect rectangle, the-

northwest corner being cut off by the Wisconsin river. From

north to south, its extent is thirty miles; frcm east to west,,

forty-two miles.

Except an area of 120 square miles in the northwestern part,,

which is drained by the Wisconsin river, Dane county lies in

the Rock river basin. The water-shed between these two basins

crosses the county in a southwesterly direction, cutting the

north and the west lines fifteen miles and thirteen miles, re¬

spectively, from their intersections with the Wisconsin. There-

is maintained, therefore, a valley of approximately regular-

width. This ridge has an altitude of from 500 to 600 feet

above Lake Michigan and a width sometimes equal to a township.

Both sides are irregularly eroded, the northern side, espec¬

ially, being fringed out into long, abrupt headlands. The top

is occupied by a prairie belt. Except in the middle third of its

course, in the towns of Middleton and Cross Plains, its surface-

stratum is Lower Magnesian limestone. Here St. Peter’s sand¬

stone and Trenton limestone appear. Toward the Wisconsin

river the level is broken by outlying patches of high country..

The southern slope from this water-shed is much more gradual,,

more nearly conforming to the slope of the underlying strata.

Although included in the Rock river basin, the remaining part

of the county is drained in three different directions by a num¬

ber of small streams. Chief among these is the Yahara river.

The valley occupied by it and the chain of lakes which it con¬

nects, forms the central topographical feature of the county.

This river, entering from the north, flows south to the middle of

the county and empties into the largest and most northern of

the lakes. From here a general southeast direction is followed

to the point of exit from the county. At varying intervals

along its lower course, the river widens to fill cross valleys of

various sizes, thus forming the well-known series of lakes.

Along this valley as far south as the lowest of these lakes, Pots¬

dam sandstone is the surface stratum, bordered at the sides by

Mendota limestone and Madison sandstone (Lower Magnesian).

Along the remainder of its course in this county, the surface-

formations are in general Lower Magnesian limestone with limited.

Topography and Geological Structure.

47

areas of Potsdam sandstone. The general altitude of the valley

is from 250 to 300 feet above Lake Michigan. The surface is

occasionally rather irregular owing to the varying thickness of

the drift deposit. This is especially true in the immediate

vicinity of Madison.

In the southwestern part of the county, separated from the

Yahara valley by a belt of hilly country, is the Sugar river val¬

ley. The slope is here almost directly south. The surface for¬

mations are principally St. Peter’s sandstone, Trenton and Galena

limestone frequently occurring in limited areas.

East of the Yahara valley and separated from it by a ridge

varying from 240 to 400 feet in altitude above Lake Michigan, is

the third drainage area in that portion of the Pock river basin

included in Dane county. Here the slope is nearly east with a

gentle, undulating descent. In the northern part of this regiony

Lower Magnesian and Trenton limestone form the surface strata;

in the middle area, St. Peter’s sandstone prevails, while Trenton

limestone forms the greater part of the surface rock in the

southern part.

The soil of Dane county is, in general, very fertile, the chief

exception being found in the sandy lowlands along the Wiscon¬

sin river. Since the soil derives its character to a great degree

from the underlying strata, we might expect that the Yahara

valley with its Potsdam foundation would also present a sandy

soil. On the contrary, drift and alluvial additions have ren¬

dered it most productive. In the limestone region the char¬

acteristic fertile soil is found.

Although the meteorological observations here quoted were

made at Madison, it may be assumed that they hold with suffi¬

cient accuracy for the entire county.

The average annual rainfall is about 34.5 inches. The month

of least average fall is February; the month of greatest fall,

June. The average number of days in which rain or snow falls

is 105, so that protracted drouths are very rare.

The mean annual temperature is about 45°P. The maximum

summer heat is about 100° and the. minimum of winter is abou

26° below zero. Continued severe winter weather is the excep¬

tion.

48 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

The vegetation of the region under consideration varies some¬

what with elevation and character of soil. The woods, confined

chiefly to the uplands, are made up largely of the oaks, with

occasional limited areas characterized by maples, cottonwood or

the white elm. The conifers are barely represented by Larix

Americana , Juniperus Virginiana and Picea nigra. Generally

speaking, the low marshy meadow bordering on the lakes and

.streams yields chiefly grasses and sedges.

The greater number of the flowering plants and ferns enu¬

merated are quite generally distributed throughout the region,

■but there are some exceptions worthy of mention. Of the six¬

teen Orchids listed, but three, Orchis spectabilis , Habenaria

bracteata and Cypripedium pubescem, may be regarded -as having

a general distribution ; the others occur in very limited areas

only. Larix Americana occurs in a swamp near Windsor, in a

similar place east of Lake Waubesa and at Hook Lake; Mitella

nuda and Trientalis Americana in the swamps near Windsor

just mentioned. So far as has been observed, Ophioglossum vul-

gatum grows in a single locality, a little sandy knoll near the

outlet of Lake Wingra. Several introduced species, such as

Balsola Kali , Camelina sativa , Barbarea vulgaris , Arenaria ser-

pyllifolia and Veronica arvensis , are found only along railroads

and near towns. Of Platanus occidentalism but a single small spec¬

imen was found. This stands at the water’s edge on the west shore

of Lake Kegonsa midway between the northern and the southern

extremities. Of Gymnocladus Canadensis , two small trees are

growing in the woods near the lake shore east of Winnequah.

Most noteworthy of all exceptions is that furnished by Hook

Lake. This small sheet of water occupies a basin in the “kettle

range” in the southern part of the county and has no outlet. In

the lake is a floating bog of several acres extent, and also a high

wooded island. On the bog are a few scattered spruces {Picea

nigra) and a dense undergrowth of Vaccinium corymbosum. On

the margin of the lake Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum , V. corym -

bosum , Pyrus arbutifolia , var. melanocarpa , Spircea tomentosa

and Betula papyrifera were collected.

Another peat bog of a somewhat similar character of smaller

area is found in the most southeast section of the town of Madi-

Classification of Species.

49

son. Here Sphagna are found in abundance along with the flow¬

ering plants characteristic of such regions.

Of the 729 flowering plants here listed, 626 are Indigenous to

Wisconsin. These, with the exception of nine species, are

natives of Dane county and of the special portion of it under con¬

sideration as well. Of the 103 introduced species, Salsola Kali

came from the eastern states ; Robinia pseudacacia , Mollugo ver-

ticillata , Helianthus annuus, Phlox paniculata and Tecoma radC

cans from the middle and southern states ; Ipomoea purpurea ,

Amarantus retroflexus and Chenopodium ambrosoides , var. anthel-

minticum from tropical America ; AEsculus Hippocastanum from

Asia; and Abutilon Avicennce and Polygonum Orientale from

India. The remaining ninety-one are European. Probably

sixty of the introduced species have been cultivated as plants

useful to man. Salsola Kali and Mollugo verticillata are Ameri¬

can weeds that are becoming widely distributed, though not es¬

pecially troublesome. The remaining forty-one have come to us

unbidden as the accompaniments of immigration and importa¬

tion from foreign lands and include most of our troublesome

weeds.

The moss flora (including the liverworts) of Madison and

vicinity is not especially rich. The absence of the most favor¬

able conditions, such as pine or dense hard wood forests and

peat bogs, together with the general cultivation of the soil, con¬

spire to keep out or drive out many forms that otherwise might

be expected in this latitude. The lack of the necessary moist¬

ure on the rock exposures about the lakes prevents the growth

of many forms occurring in damper spots in the southern part

of the State.

Of the 150 species and varieties identified, fifteen are liver¬

worts, distributed as follows : Jungermanniaceoe , five ; Antho-

cerotacece , two; Marchantiacece , five; and Ricciacece, three. The

remaining 135 include forty-three Hypnums , ten Dicranumsy

eight Bryums , five Polytrichums , six Orthotrichums , four

Mniums and fifty-nnie species distributed among thirty-one

genera, not more than three species occurring in any one genus.

Among forms of rare or of local occurrence, the following may

be noted: Pylaiscea subdenticulata , P. polyantha, , Leslcea Aus-

50 Cheney and True — ‘-Flora of Madison a,nd Vicinity.

tini , Hypnum irriguum , var. spinifoliurn , IT", acuturn , .£T. eom-

p actum, H. filicinum , Desmatodon arenaceus , Bar but a fallax,

Gymnostomum calcareum , 6?. rupestre , Philonotis calcarea , 67y£-

indrothecium compressum , Dicranum viride , D. Bonjeani , vars

alatum and Schlotthaueri , Grimmia Donniana , G. plagiopodia,

Mnium rostratum , df. serratum and Sphagnum molle.

The list of plants included in this paper is the result of the

work of three seasons. During that time fully five thousand

specimens have been examined. All plants admitted to this

list have passed through the hands of the authors ; therefore,

they only are responsible for errors.

On account of lack of time during the early part of the season

it has been impossible to make a systematic study of the difficult

genus, Salix. It is expected to give to it a thorough study dur¬

ing the coming season and a report upon it will be made in a

later paper.

For the convenience of collectors and others to whom it will be

of use, a map of Madison and vicinity is included with the list.

It is based on the topographical atlas sheets of the United States

Geological Survey and has been brought up to date in regard

to roads. It is hoped that it may serve as a practical field

guide to collectors.

In nomenclature the sixth edition of Gray’s Manual has been

followed in all cases. The reason for so doing has been that of

convenience, as this is the manual most in use here.

In general arrangement we have followed the same work with

a few exceptions. For Phanerogamia, the term Spermaphyta

has been used. The Gymnosperma: have been placed between

the Monocotyledones and the Pteridophyta. In the minor de¬

tails of classification the manual has been followed in all partic¬

ulars. We again make convenience the reason for so doing with¬

out thereby expressing any opinion of our own.

At the suggestion of Dr. Edward Kremers, of the Pharma¬

ceutical Department of the University of Wisconsin, we have

indicated, for the convenience of students of Pharmacy, the

medicinal plants occurring in this region. We have designated

the unofficinal medicinal plants by one asterisk before the name of

each, and those officinal by two asterisks. Whenever the name

Acknowledgements.

51

by which a plant is known in the United States Dispensatory

-differs from that given in the last edition of Gray’s Manual,

the former is quoted in parenthesis as a synonym of the latter.

As a basis for comparison we have used the third edition of the

Dispensatory and the sixth edition of Gray’s Manual.

In the preparation of this list we have received much kind aid.

Grateful acknowledgments are due to Dr. Charles R. Barnes, of

the University of Wisconsin, for assistance rendered in the de¬

termination of the more difficult species of mosses ; to Dr. L. M.

Underwood, of the University of Texas, for the indent ification of

liverworts; to Dr. C. Warnstorf, of Neu Ruppin, Prussia,

ior the determination of mosses belonging to the genus

Sphagnum ; to Dr. Charles Morong, of Columbia College, and to

Dr. Stanley Coulter, of Purdue University, for the determina¬

tion of difficult species of flowering plants.

For help rendered in compiling the list of flowering plants, we

wish to express our thanks to Dr. H. L. Russell, Mr. G. W.

Moorehouse and Mr. H. E. Case. For kindly suggestions on

various points, we acknowledge indebtedness to Drs. Edward

JKremers and W. H. Hobbs, both of the University of Wisconsin.

We are indebted to Mr. I. M. Buell for the use of his corrected

map of Dane county, which has been used freely.

Madison, Wis., January 27, 1893.

52

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity

SPERMAPHYTA.

ANGI0SPERMA2.

POLYPETAL^E.

DICOTYLEDONES.

Ranunculaceas (Crowfoot Family.)

Clematis, L. Virgin’s bower.

1. *C. Virginiana , L. Common virgin’s bower.

Not rare along the shores of the lakes.

Anemone, L. Windflower.

2. ** A. patens , L. var. Nuttaliana , Gray. Pasque-flower.

Rocky and gravelly hills west and south of Madi¬

son. Local.

3. A. cylindrical Gray. Long-fruited anemone.

Occasional throughout the region.

4. A. Virginiana , L.

Commoner than A. cylindrica. Of same range.

5. A. Pennsylvania , L.

Common.

6. *A. nemorosa, L. Wood anemone. Wind-flower.

On open-wooded hillsides. Not rare.

Hepatica, Dill. Liver-leaf. Hepatica.

7. *11. triloba , Chaix.

Occurring much more rarely than the following.

In similar localities.

8. *j U. acutiloba, DC.

This species, with H. triloba , is still found on the

wooded north slopes about the lakes, but gradually

disappearing as the locations are improved.

Ranunculaceee.

53

Anemonella, Spach.

9. A. thalictroides , Spach. Rue-anemone.

Wooded pasture south of Madison. Local.

Thalictrum. Tourn. Meadow-rue.

10. T. dioicum , L. Early meadow-rue.

Rich woods. Common.

11. T. purpurascens , L. Purplish meadow-rue.

Dry uplands. Common.

Ranunculus, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.

12 R. aquatilis , L. var. trichop hyllus, Gray.

Common in the shallower parts of the lakes and in

sluggish streams.

13. R. multifidus, Pursh. Yellow water-crowfoot.

Common throughout the region.

14. R. rhomboideus , Goldie.

Thinly wooded uplands south of Madison.

15. R. abortivus , L. Small-flowered crowfoot.

Common everywhere.

16. *i?. sceleratus, L. Cursed crowfoot.

Common in wet land that has been cultivated or

broken.

17. R. recurvatus, Poir. Hooked crowfoot.

Of occasional occurrence throughout the region.

18. R. fctscicularis , Muhl. Early crowfoot.

Common on dry hillsides.

19. R. septentrionalis , Poir.

Distributed throughout regicn. Not abundant.

20. *R. repens , L.

Same distribution as R. septentrionalis. Much

rarer.

21. R. Pennsylvanicus , L. f. Bristly crowfoot.

Common in low wet lands.

ISOPYRUM, L.

22. I. biternatum , Torr. & Gray.

Lakes Wabesa and Kegonsa. Local

54

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Caltha, L. Marsh marigold.

23. C. palustris, L.

Common throughout the region.

Aquilegia, Tourn. Columbine.

24. A. Canadensis , L. Wild columbine.

On rocky bluffs around the lakes.

Act^a, L. Baneberry. Cohosh.

25. *A. spicata , L., var. rubra , Ait. Red baneberry

(A. rubra , Bigelow.)

Throughout the region in rich woods.

Menispermace^e. ' (Moonseed Family. )

Menispermum, L. Moonseed.

26. **Jf. Canadense, L.

Not rare along shores of lakes.

Berberidace^e. (Barberry Family.)

Berberis, L. Barberry.

27. *B. vulgaris, L.

North of Bake Wingra. Wingra Park. May be

looked for elsewhere near dwellings. Escaped from

cultivation.

Caulophyllum, Michx. Blue cohosh.

28. *67. thalictroides, Michx. Papoose-root.

Met with occasionally throughout the region.

Podophyllum, L. May-apple. Mandrake.

29. **jP. peltatum, L.

Common.

Nymph^eace^s. (Water-lily Family. )

Brasenia, Schreber. Water-shield.

30. B. peltata , Pursh.

Lake Wingra. Hook Lake. Local

Sarraceniacece , Papaveracece , Fumariacece , Crucifer m.

55

[Nymph,® A, Tourn. Water-nymph. Water-lily.

31. W. reniformis , DC. !

This is our common white water-lily. Abundant

in the shallow bays of all our lakes and in the

streams emptying into them.

Nuphar, Smith. Yellow pond-lily. Spatter-dock.

32. *W. advena , Ait. f.

Common. Of same range as Nymphoea reniformis.

Sarraceniace®. (Pitcher-plant Family.)

:SarraCenia, Tourn. Side-saddle flower.

33. *S. purpurea , L. Pitcher-plant. Huntsman’s cup.

Found occasionally in marsh land south of Lakes

Monona and Wingra, and east of Lake Wabesa.

Papaverace®. (Poppy Family. )

Sanguinaria, Dill. Blood-root.

34. **$. Canadensis , L.

Found throughout the region. Rather local in its

occurrence.

Fumariace®. (Fumitory Family.)

Dicentra, Borkh. Dutchman’s breeches.

35. D. Cucullaria , DC.

Common.

36. *D. Canadensis , DC. Squirrel corn.

Two specimens found by E. B. Copeland on Gov¬

ernor’s Island growing with D. cucullaria. Rare.

Corydalis, Vent.

37. C. glauca , Pursh. Pale corydalis.

Ridge northeast of Lake Wingra. Rare.

Crucifer®. (Mustard Family. )

Dentaria, Tourn. Toothwort. Pepper-root.

38. *Z>. laciniata , Muhl.

Common in rich woods throughout the region

56

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity ..

Cardamine, Tourn. Bitter-cress.

39. C. rhomboidea , DC. Spring cress.

Common in marshy pasture land.

Arabis, L. Rock cress.

40. A. hirsuta , Scop.

Rocky bluffs about the lakes. Not common..

41. A. confnis, Watson.

Dry hills. Local.

42. *A. lyrata, L.

Growing on rocky or gravelly points. Local.

43. A. dentata , Torr. & Gray.

Rich woodlands. Not abundant.

Draba, Dill. Whitlow-grass.

44. D. Caroliniana, Watt.

Growing on sandy ridges and slopes about the1

lakes. Local.

Camelina, Crantz. False flax.

45. *C. sativa, Crantz.

Found occasionally along railroad tracks. Not

common. Introduced.

Nasturtium, R. Br. Water-cress.

46. *N. officinale, R. Br. True water-cress.

Common in all springs and spring branches in the

region.

47. *W. palustre , DC. Marsh cress.

Found with JV. officinale . Not common.

48. *N. Armoracia, Fries. Horseradish. ( Cochlearia

Armor acia, L. )

Throughout the region. Becoming very abundant

in some places. Escaped from cultivation.

Barbarea, R. Br. Winter cress.

49. *B. vulgaris, R. Br. Common winter cress. Yellow

rocket.

Found growing near the Fuller and Johnson Plow

Works in the eastern part of the city of Madison*

Introduced.

Crucifer ob , Capparidacece and Cistacem.

57

Brysimum, Tourn. Treacle mustard.

50. E. parviflorum , Nutt.

„ Picnic Point, Madison. Rare.

Sisymbrium, Tourn. Hedge mustard.

51. S. canescens, Nutt. Tansy mustard.

Sandy shores of Lakes Monona, Wabesa and Win-

gra. Rare.

52. *S. officinale, Scop. Hedge mustard.

Common throughout the region.

Brassica, Tourn.

53. *B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock.

Throughout the region. Abundant. Commonly

known here as “black mustard. ”

54. *B. nigra, Koch. Black mustard.

Observed in two places in the city of Madison and

west of the city near an old dwelling. To be

looked for elsewhere. Introduced.

Capsella, Medic. Shepherd’s purse.

55. *C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench.

Everywhere as a weed.

Lepidium, Tourn. Pepperwood. Peppergrass.

56. *L. Virginicum , L. Wild peppergrass.

Common throughout the region.

Capparidace^;. (Caper Family.)

Pol anisia, Raf.

57. P. GRAVEOLENS, Raf.

G-rowing occasionally along railroads.

Rare.

Introduced.

Cistacem. (Rock-rose Family.)

Helianthemum, Tourn. Rock-rose.

58. *H. Canadense , Michx. Frost-weed.

Common in dry thickets and pasture land.

58

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity..

V iOLACEiE. (Violet Family.)

Viola, Tourn. Violet. Heart’s-ease.

59. *V\ pedata) L. Birdfoot violet.

Common throughout region on dry, rocky or grav¬

elly points.

60. V. pedatifida , G. Don.

Distribution the same as that of V. pedata. Not so-

common and on better soil.

61 V. palmata , L. Common blue violet.

Same range as V. pedatifida. Not common.

62. *V. palmata, L., var. cucullatci , Gray. (F. cucullata

Ait. )

Everywhere. The common violet of southern Wis¬

consin.

63. V. sagittata. Ait. Arrow-leaved violet.

Dry wooded hills. Local.

64. V. blanda , Willd. Sweet white violet.

Growing at the base of trees and clumps of shrubs

in wet woodlands about the lakes. Local.

65. V. blanda , Willd., var. palustriformis , Gray.

Found occasionally with V. blanda. Not common.

66. V. pubescens , Ait. Downy yellow violet.

Common in rich woodlands throughout the region.

67. V. canina , L., var. Muhlenbergii, Gray. Dog violet.

Edge of marsh south of Lake Wingra. Not ob¬

served elsewhere.

Caryophyllace^e. (Pink Family. )

Saponaria, L.

68. *S. officinalis, L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.

Escaped from cultivation. Common along road¬

sides near dwellings.

Silene, L. Catchfly. Campion.

69. S. stellata , Ait. Starry campion.

Found growing in a few places in rich woods near

Caryophyllacece and Portulacacece. 59

70. S. antirr/una, L. Sleepy campion.

Not uncommon in dry, sandy places. Local.

71. S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering campion.

Observed in three or four places in the city of Mad¬

ison. Not common.

Lychnis, Tourn. Cockle.

72. L. G-ithago, Lam. Corn cockle.

Widely distributed, though not abundant, in grain

fields and along railroads.

Arenaria, L. Sandwort.

73. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved sandwort.

Abundant on sandy shore of Lake Monona east of

Elmside addition, Madison ; also along west bank of

Yahara river at Stoughton.

74. A. Michauxii , Hook. f.

Dry rocky hills about Madison.

75. A. lateriflora , L

Common.

Stellaria, L. Chickweed. Starwort.

76. S. media, Smith. Common chickweed.

Common.

77. S. crassifolia , Ehrh.

Collected on north side of University bay. Lake

Mendota.

Cerastium, L. Mouse-ear chickweed.

78. C. viscosum, L. Mouse-ear chickweed.

Collected on east shore of Lake. Mendota. Not com¬

mon.

79. C. VULGATUM, L. Larger mouse-ear chickweed.

Common.

PORTULACACEiE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)

Portijlaca, Tourn. Purslane.

80. P. oleracea, L. Common purslane.

Common in cultivated grounds as a weed.

Claytonia, G-ronov. Spring beauty.

81. C, Virginica , L.

In rich woods. Local.

60

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Hypericacese. (St. John’s-wort Family.)

Hypericum, Tourn. St. John’s- wort.

82. H. maculatum , Walt.

Occurring occasionally in low grassy places.

83. IT. mutilum , L.

15 to 20 stamens! Common.

Elodes, Adans. Marsh St. John’s-wort.

84. E. campanulata , Pursh.

Not uncommon in the low lands about the lakes.

Malvaceae. (Mallow Family.)

Malva, L. Mallow.

85. *M. rotundifolia, L. Common mallow.

Common along roadsides in waste places and culti¬

vated grounds.

86. *M. sylvestris, L. High mallow.

Persisting occasionally after cultivation.

Abutilon, Tourn. Indian mallow.

87. *A. Avicenna, G-aertn. Velvet-leaf.

A weed in cultivated land. Not very abundant.

Hibiscus, L. Rose mallow.

88. H. Trinonum, L. Bladder Ketmia.

Occasionally escaping from cultivation.

Tiliace^e. (Linden Family.)

Tilia, Tourn. Linden. Basswood.

89. *T. Americana, L. Basswood.

Not uncommon about the lakes and along the

streams.

Linace^e. (Flax Family.)

Linum, Tourn. Flax.

90. L. sulcatum, Riddell.

Collected on a rocky point at Burke. Rare.

91. **L. usitatissimum, L. Common flax.

Common along railroads.

Geraniacem , Rutacece , Ilicinece , Celastracece , Rhamnacece. 61

Geraniace.e. (Geranium Family. )

Geranium, Tourn. Cranesbill.

92 . **G. maculatum , L. Wild cranesbill.

Common in all the woods and thickets of the re¬

gion.

Oxalis, L. Wood-sorrel.

93. 0. tiiolacea , L. Violet wood-sorrel.

Common on sandy or gravelly soil.

94. *0. corniculata, L. , var. strict a, Sav. Yellow wood-

sorrel. ( 0. stricta , L. )

Growing everywhere.

Impatiens, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed.

95. I. pallida , Nutt. Pale touch-me-not.

Occasionally met with in rich woodlands. Rare.

96. I. fulva , Nutt. Spotted touch-me-not.

Abundant about the lakes and in wet places.

Rutacece. (Rue Family.)

Xanthoxylum, L. Prickly ash.

97. **X. Americanum , Mill. Northern prickly ash. Tooth¬

ache tree.

Found occasionally in dry woods.

Ilicinece. (Holly Family. )

Ilex, L. Holly.

98. **I. verticillata , Gray. Black alder. Winterberry.

Along the borders of marshes and ponds. Local.

Celastracece. (Staff-tree Family. )

Celastrus, L. Staff-tree. Shrubby bitter-sweet.

99. *C. scandens , L. Wax- work. Climbing bitter-sweet.

Ridge northeast of Lake Wingra. In woods along

south shore of Lake Mendota. Rare.

Rhamnacece. (Buckthorn Family. )

Ceanothus, L. New Jersey tea. Red-root.

100. *C. Americanus , L. New Jersey tea.

Throughout the region on the high land.

7 - A. & L.

62

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison arid Vicinity .

Vitace^e. (Vine Family. )

Vitis, Tourn. Grape.

101. *V. riparia , Michx.

Common in all thickets and along water courses in.

woods.

Ampelopsis, Michx. Virginian creeper.

102. *A. quinquefolia) Michx.

Not uncommon. Having same distribution as

Vitis riparia and growing with it.

Sapindace^e. (Soapberry Family. )

iEscuLUS, L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye.

103. *A. Hippocastanum, L. Common horse-chestnut.

Growing in lawns as an ornamental tree in Madison.

Acer, Tourn. Maple.

104. A. saccharinum , Wang. Sugar or rock maple.

In some localities forming a large element of the

woods. In others of rather rare occurrence.

105. A. dasycarpum , Ehrh. White or silver maple.

The soft maple commonly used in this region as a

shade or ornamental tree.

106. A. rubrum , L. Red or swamp maple.

Occasionally used as an ornamental tree. In the

low wet woodlands about the lakes.

107. A. platanoides, L. Norway maple.

An ornamental tree on University campus and in

Capitol park.

Negundo, Moench. Ash-leaved maple. Box-elder.

108. N. aceroides , Moench.

Often planted along Madison streets. Occasionally

wild in the woods about the lakes.

Staphylea, L. Bladder-nut.

109. S. trifolia , L. American bladder-nut.

University campus near pump house. Rare.

Anacardiacece , Polygalaceae, Leguminosw.

63

Anacardiace^e. (Cashew Family. )

Rhus, L. Sumach.

110. *R. typhina , L. Staghorn sumach.

Common.

111. **i?. glabra , L. Smooth sumach.

Common.

112. **R. Toxicodendron , L. Poison ivy. Poison oak.

Not uncommon in thickets. Often confused with

Ampelopsis quinquefolia ; from which, however, it

may readily be distinguished by the number and

form of its leaflets. In R. Toxicodendron the leaf is

composed of three unsymmetrical leaflets, while in

A. quinquefolia there are five symmetrical ones.

POLYGALACEiE. (MlLKWORT FAMILY.)

Polygala, Tourn. Milkwort.

113. **P. Senega, L. Seneca snake-root.

On dry hillsides. Not common.

114. *P. sanguinea, L.

Common in low cultivated land.

115. P. verticillata , L.

Common on dry points.

Leguminos^e. (Pulse Family. )

Baptisia, Vent. False indigo.

116. B. leucantha , Torr. & Gray.

On gravelly hills south of Madison. Not uncom¬

mon.

Lupinus, Tourn. Lupine.

117. *L. perennis , L. Wild lupine.

Common.

Trifolium, Tourn. Clover. Trefoil.

118. T. prAtense, L. Red clover.

Largely cultivated. Escaped to roadsides and

waste places.

J l9. T. repens , L. White clover.

Common everywhere.

64 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

120. T. hybridum, L. Alsike clover.

Not rare with T. repens . Becoming more abun¬

dant.

121. T. procumbens, L. Low hop clover.

Observed in a few places about Madison. Doubt

less introduced with other clovers.

;Melilotus, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet clover.

422. *M. officinalis, Willd. Yellow melilot.

Occurring occasionally with M. alba.

123. *M. alba, Lam. White melilot.

Common along roadsides and in waste grounds.

Medicago, Tourn. Medick.

124. *M. sativa, L. Lucerne. Alfalfa.

Escaped from cultivation and becoming established

in a few places about Madison.

125. M. luplina, L. Black medick.

Observed near the University and in two places

northeast of Madison along the Portage line of the

C. M. & St. P. R. R.

Amorpha, L. False Indigo.

126. A. canescens, Nutt. Lead-plant.

Throughout the region in dry soil.

Petalostemon, Michx. Prairie clover.

127. P. violaceus , Michx. Violet prairie clover.

Common on rocky points and along railroads.

1 28. P. candidus , Michx. White prairie clover.

With P. violaceus , but not so common.

Robinia, L. Locust tree.

129. *R. Pseudacacia, L. Common locust-tree or false

acacia.

Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree. Per¬

sisting in many places about old dwellings.

Astragalus, Tourn. Milk vetch.

130. A. Canadensis , L.

Growing beside the road west of Madison. Rare.

Leguminosce.

65

Desmodium, Desv. Tick-trefoil.

131. D. acuminatum , DC.

In rich open woods. Common.

132. D. canescens , DC.

Common along railroads and in thickets.

133. D. Canadense , DC.

With D. canescens.

Lespedeza, Michx. Bush clover.

134. L. capitata , Michx.

On dry soil. Not uncommon.

Vicia, Tourn. Vetch. Tare.

135. V. sativa, L. Common vetch or tare.

Along railroads and in thickets. Not abundant.

136. V. Caroliniana , Walt.

Low rich thickets. Common.

137. V. Americana , Muhl.

Moist ground.

Lathyrus,' Tourn. Vetchling. Everlasting pea.

138. L. ochroleucus , Hook.

Hillsides. Not uncommon.

139. L. venosus , Muhl.

Along railroads and in thickets; very abundant

sometimes covering the ground so completely as to

keep out all other vegetation.

140. L. palustris, L.

Everywhere in wet meadow land.

141. L. palustris , L. , var. myrtifolius , Gray.

With L. palustris , but much rarer.

Apios, Boerhaave. Ground-nut. Wild bean.

142. A. tuberosa , Moench.

Observed at half a dozen places near Madison at

the margin of pond or lake. Local.

Amphicarp^ea, Ell. Hog pea-nut.

143. A. monoica , Nutt.

Common in all the woodlands of the region

66

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

144. A. Pitcheri , Torr. & Gray.

With A. monoica and almost as common.

Gymnocladus, Lam. Kentucky coffee-tree.

145. G. Canadensis , Lam.

Two trees growing near shore of Lake Monona at

Winnequah. Rare.

Gleditschia, L. Honey-locust.

146. G. triacanthos , L. Three-thorned acacia. Honey lo¬

cust.

Beside the road south of Lake Monona. Beside

the road near Hook Lake, and in a lawn at the

west end of Lake Wingra. Rare.

Rosacea. (Rose Family.)

Frunus, Tourn. Plum, cherry, etc.

147. j P. Americana , Marshall. Wild yellow or red plum.

Common.

148. P. pumila , L. Dwarf cherry. Sand cherry.

High rocky point near head of Pheasant Branch.

Similar place west of Madison. Rare.

149. P. Pennsylvania , L. f. Wild red cherry.

West shore of Lake Kegonsa. Rare.

L50.**P. Virginiana , L. Choke cherry.

Common about the lakes.

151**jP. serotina , Ehrh. Wild black cherry.

Occasionally met with in all rich woods through¬

out the region.

Spiraea, L. Meadow-sweet.

152. S. salicifolia , L. Common meadow-sweet.

Low wet meadows and marshes ; rather scarce.

153. *S. tomentosa , L. Hardhack. Steeplebush.

Hook Lake. Rare.

Rubus, Tourn. Bramble.

154. R. triflorus, Richardson. Dwarf raspberry.

In low wet grove south of Madison near Lake

Wingra. Not common.

Rosacce.

67

155. *R. strigosus, Michx. Wild red raspberry.

Common in waste places.

156. *R. occidentalism L. Black raspberry. Thimbleberry.

Along roadsides and old fences.

157. **R. villosus , Ait. Common or high blackberry.

Common everywhere.

158. **R. Canadensis , L. Low blackberry. Dewberry.

With R. villosus. Less common.

%

Geum, L. Avens.

159. G. album , G-melin.

In open woods. Not common.

160. G. strictum , Ait.

Moist meadows. Not uncommon.

Fragaria, Tourn. Strawberry.

161. F. Virginiana , Mill.

Common and abundant everywhere.

162. F. Virginiana , Mill., var. Rlinoensis , Gray.

With the species. Less common.

163. F. vesca , L.

Dry rocky slopes. Not rare, though less abundant

than F. Virginiana.

Potentilla, Cinque-foil. Five-finger.

164. P. arguta , Pursh.

Throughout the region on dry soil.

165. P. Norvegica , L.

Same distribution as A. arguta , in similar places,

and much more abundant.

166. *jP. argentea , L. Silvery cinque-foil.

Along shore of Lake Mendota east of Eagle’s Nest.

Rare.

167. *P. palustris, Scop.. Marsh five-finger.

In the marshes about the lakes. Not very abun¬

dant and rarely flowering here.

168. *P. Canadensis , L. Common cinque-foil or five-finger.

Common in dry soil throughout region.

68

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Agrimonia, Tourn. Agrimony.

169. *A. Eupatoria , L. Common agrimony.

Common in all woodlands.

Rosa, Tourn. Rose.

170. R. blanda , Ait.

Along railroads and on rocky places. Common.

Pyrus, L. Pear. Apple.

171. P. coronaria , L. American crab-apple.

Distributed throughout the region.

172. P. arbutifolia , L. f. , var. melanocarpa , Hook.

Hook Lake. Rare.

173. *P. Americana, DC. American mountain-ash.

Introduced from northern part of state in many

places as an ornamental tree.

Crataegus, L. Hawthorn. White thorn.

174. C. tomentosa, L.

Throughout the region. Not so common as the fol¬

lowing species.

175. C. coccinea , L.

Common throughout the region.

Amelanchier, Medic. June berry.

176. A. Canadensis , Torr. & G-ray. Shad-bush. Service-

berry.

West shore of Lake Kegonsa. Not common.

177. A. Canadensis , Torr. & G-ray, var. oblongifolia , Torr.

& Gray.

Common in low moist grounds.

Saxifragaceal (Saxifrage Family. )

Saxifraga, L. Saxifrage.

178. S. Pennsylvania, L. Swamp saxifrage.

Everywhere in wet meadow lands and marshes*

Mitella, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop’s-cap.

179. M. nuda, L.

In small tamarack swamp near Windsor. Rare.

Saxifragacece , Crassulctcece, Hciloragece.

69

Heuchera, L. Alum-root.

180. H. hispida , Pursh.

Not rare about the lakes.

Parnassia, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus.

181. P. Caroliniana , Michx.

Wet meadows. Common.

Ribes, L. Currant. Gooseberry.

182. R. Cgnosbati, L.

In open woodlands and pastures. Very common

183. R. gracile , Michx. Missouri gooseberry.

Having distribution of R. Cgnosbati. Common.

184. R. floridum , L’Her. Wild black currant.

In rich open woods. Not common.

185. R. rubrum , L. , var. subglandulosum , Maxim. Red cur¬

rant.

Near Madison in two or three places. Not common.

Crassulaceje. (Orpine Family.)

Penthorum, Gronov. Ditch stone-crop.

186. P. sedoides , L.

Common in wet places.

Sedum, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine.

187. *S. Telephinum, L. Garden orpine. Live-forever.

Escaped from cultivation and persisting about old

dwellings.

Halorage^e. (Water-milfoil Family.)

Myriophyllum, Vaill. Water-milfoil.

188. M. spicatum , L.

Common in all the lakes.

Proserpinaca, L. Mermaid-weed.

189. P. palustris , L.

Low lands west of Lake Wabesa. Local.

Hippuris, L. Mare’s tail.

190. H. vulgaris , L.

In springs south of Lake Wingra. Rare

70

Cheney and True — Flora, of Madison and Vicinity.

Callitriche, L. Water star- wort.

191. *61 verna , L.

Low land east of Lake Monona. Local.

Lythrace^e. (Loosestrife Family. )

Lythrum, L. Loosestrife.

192. L. alatmn , Pursh.

Not infrequent in wet meadows about the lakes.

Decodon, G-mel. Swamp loosestrife.

193. D. verticillatus, Ell.

Occurring occasionally about the margins of the

lakes. Rare.

Onagrace^. (Evening-primrose Family.)

Ludwigia, L. False loosestrife.

194. L. polycarpa , Short & Peter.

Growing in low wet places and at margins of ponds.

Not rare.

195. L. palustris , Ell. Water purslane.

In places similar to those in which L. polycarpa are

found. Less common.

Epilobium, L. Willow-herb.

196. *E. angustifolium , L. Great willow-herb. Fire- weed.

A few plants found beside railroad south of Madi¬

son. West of Lake Wingra. Rare.

197. E. linear e, Muhl.

Low lands about the lakes.

198. E. color atum, Muhl.

Common in low lands.

199. E. adenocaulon , Haussk.

Common in low lands in 5th ward, Madison.

200. E. Hornemanni , Reichenb.

Wet sandstone faces near Black Hawk’s cave, Lake

Mendota. Dr. Stanley Coulter kindly verified this

determination.

Cucurbitacece , Ficoidece, Umbeleiferce.

71

CEnothera, L. Evening primrose.

201. *(E. biennis , L. Common evening primrose.

Common.

202. (E. pumila , L.

Occasionally found in low land. Rare.

Circle a, Tourn. Enchanter’s nightshade.

203. C. Lutetiana , L.

Common in rich woods.

Cucurbit ace as. (Gourd Family.)

Sicyos, L. One-seeded bur-cucumber.

204. S. angulatus , L.

Growing about the lakes. Not rare.

Ficoidece.

M#llugo, L. Indian chickweed.

.205. M. yerticillata, L. Carpet-weed.

Sandy places. Not common.

Umbellifer^e. (Parsley Family.)

JPastinaca, L. Parsnip.

206. P. sativa, L.

Escaped from cultivation and maintaining itself

everywhere as a weed.

POLYTAENIA, DC.

207. P. JVuttallii, DC.

Dry hillsides. Rare.

PlMPINELLA, L.

208. P. integerrima , Benth & Hook.

Dry sandy soil. Widely distributed.

Cryptotasnia, DC. Honewort.

209. C. Canadensis , DC.

Rich woods. Rather common.

:Sium, Tourn. Water parsnip.

210. *S. circutcefolium , Gmelin. (S. lineare, Michx. )

Common in marshy land.

72 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Cicuta, L. Water hemlock.

211. *<7. maculata, L. Spotted cowbane. Musquash root..

Beaver-poison.

About the lakes and along streams. Occasional.

A deadly poison ; the “wild parsnip” of most cases,

of poisoning.

212. C. bulb if era, L.

In wet meadow land and marshes, abundant.

Osmorrhiza, Raf. Sweet cicely.

213. 0. brevistylis , DC.

In rich woods. Not common.

214. 0. longistylis , DC.

Having same distribution as 0. brevistylis.

Eryngium, Tourn. Eryngo.

215. *E. yucccefolium , Michx. Rattlesnake-master. Button

snake root. •

On dry hills along railroads. Not common.

Sanicula, Tourn. Sanicle. Black snakeroot.

216. *JS. Marylandica , L.

Open woods. Common.

Araliace^:. (Ginseng Family.)

Aralia, Tourn. Ginseng. Wild sarsaparilla.

217. *A. racemosa, L. Spikenard.

In rich woods. Widely distributed.

218. *A. nudicaulis , L. Wild sarsaparilla.

Rich woodlands. Not rare.

219. *A. quinquefolia , Decsne & Planch. Ginseng.

Occasional in rich woods. Becoming rather rare..

CoRNACEiE. (Dogwood Family.)

Cornus, Tourn. Cornel. Dogwood.

220. C. Canadensis , L. Dwarf cornel. Bunch berry.

Found east of Lake Monona about one mile. Rare.

221. *C. sericea , L. Silky cornel. Kinnikinnik.

Growing along watercourses and at the margins of'

ponds. Not common.

Cornacece , Caprifoliacece.

222. (7. stolonifera , Michx. Red-osier dogwood.

Having same distribution as (7. sericea. Common.

223. (7. paniculata, L’Her. Panicled cornel.

On upland in open woods and thickets.

224. C. altemifolia , L. f.

Observed in Fuller’s woods east of Madison. Rare.

GAMOPETAL2E.

Caprifoliaceoe. (Honeysuckle Family.)

Sambucus, Tourn. Elder.

225. **$. Canadensis , L. Common elder.

Everywhere. Common.

Viburnum, L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus.

226. *F. Opulus , L. Cranberry-tree.

Low wet thickets. Not rare.

227. V. dentatum , L. Arrow- wood.

Rocky woodlands. Rather local.

228. V. Lentago , L. Sweet viburnum. Sheep-berry.

Woods throughout the region. Not common.

229. **F. prunifolium , L. Black haw.

Common along streams and at the margins of ponds

and marshes.

Triosteum, L. Feverwort. Horse-gentian.

230. *T. perfoliatum , L.

Rich woodlands. Widely distributed.

Linn^a, Gronov. Twin-flower.

231. L. borealis , Gronov.

One mile north of Mendota. Rare.

Symphoricarpos, Dill. Snowberry.

232. S. vulgaris, Michx. Indian currant. Coral-berry.

Occasionally escaped from cultivation.'

Xonicera, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine.

233. L. glauca, Hill.

Rich woodlands. Not uncommon.

74

Cheney and True— Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Diervilla, Tourn. Bush-honeysuckle.

234. D. trifida , Moench.

Rocky places. Rare.

Rubiace^e. (Madder Family.)

Houstonia, L.

235. H. ccerulea , L. Bluets.

South of Lake Kegonsa. Reported from Madison

by Hale in 1859, in University of Wisconsin Herb¬

arium.

Cephalanthus, L. Button-bush.

236. *C. occidentalism L.

Low wet woods and thickets. Local.

Mitchella, L. Partridge-berry.

237. *'M, repens , L.

One mile east of Lake Monona. Rare.

Galium, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers.

238. *G. Aparine , L. Cleavers. Goose-grass.

Common.

239. *6r. circcezans , Michx. Wild liquorice.

Occasional in rich woods.

240. G. trifidum , L. , var. latifolium , Torr. Small bedstraw.

In rich woods. Not rare.

241. *G. tri forum, Michx. Sweet-scented bedstraw.

With G. trifidum. Common.

V ALERIANACEiE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

Valeriana. Tourn. Valerian.

242. V. edulis , Nutt.

In moist meadow lands bordering lakes and water¬

courses.

Composite. (Composite Family.)

Vernonia, Schreb. Iron-weed.

243. V. fasciculata , Michx.

Low places in pastures and along streams. Not.

common.

Composite®.

75-

Eupatorium, Tourn. Thoroughwort.

244. *E. purpureum , L. Joe-pye weed. . Trumpet weed.

Common throughout the region.

245. **E. perfoliatum , L. Thoroughwort. Boneset.

Dry soil in open places. Not abundant.

246. E. ageratoides , L. White snake-root.

Very common in open woods and copses.

Kuhnia, L.

247. K. eupatorioides , L.

Dry hills about Madison. Rather local.

Liatris, Schreb. Button snakeroot. Blazing-star.

248. L. cylindracea , Michx.

Rocky points west of Madison. Local.

249. L. scariosa , Willd.

Along railroads and on dry wild land ; everywhere..

Solidago, L. Golden-rod.

250. S. latifolia , L.

Woods and copses. Very common.

251. S. stricta , Ait.

Not uncommon in low moist places.

252. S. speciosa, Nutt.

Growing in rich copses. Rather common.

253. S. ulmifolia , Muhl.

Borders of open woods. Very common in some lo

calities.

254. S. Missouriensis, Nutt.

Not rare in all dry open land.

255. S. serotina, Ait.

Common throughout the region; passing by all

grades of variation into the next.

256. S. serotina , Ait. var. gigantea , Gray.

With the species. No less common.

257. S. Canadensis , L.

Very common everywhere.

258. S. nemoralis , Ait.

On rocky and gravelly soil. Common.

76 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

259. S. rigida , L.

Growing on dry hills. Rather local.

260. S. Eiddellii, Frank.

Low moist places. Not common.

261. S. lanceolata , L.

Moist grassy copses, and along fences in similar

places. Not abundant.

Bellis, Tourn. Daisy.

262. B. integrifolia) Michx. Western daisy.

(The right of this species to a place in the present

list is doubtful. In 1890 it was reported as

occurring here, but no specimens of it have been

preserved and it has not been observed since. )

Aster, L. Starwort. Aster!

263. A. Novce-Anglice) L.

Low wet pastures. Very common.

264 A. sericeus, Vent.

Growing on dry rocky points about Madison. Local.

265. A. azureus , Linde.

On sandy or gravelly soil. Not common.

266. A. sagittifolius, Willd.

Dry grounds throughout the region. Common.

267. A. turbinellus , Lindl.

Common on dry soil.

268. A. Icevis , L.

Dry gravelly or sandy places. Not common.

269. A. multiflorus, Ait.

Not uncommon in dry soil along fences and in

copses.

270. A. diffusus , Ait., var. hirsuticaidis , Gray.

Everywhere common in fields and thickets.

271. A. Tradescanti , L.

Low grounds. Not rare.

272. A. paniculatus , Lam.

Common in low lands.

273. A. longifolius, Lam. (of Gray’s Man., 6th ed.)

Growing in rich low lands. Rather common.

Composite B.

77

274. A. Novi-Belgii , L.

Occurring occasionally throughout the region.

275. A. puniceus , L.

Low thickets and swamps. Very abundant.

276. A. umbellatus , Mill.

Low moist thickets. Not rare.

277. A. linariifolius , L.

Sandy hillsides west of Madison. Rare.

278. A. ptarmicoides , Torr. & G-ray.

Dry hills about Madison. Rather local.

Erigeron, L. Fleabane.

279. *E. Canadensis , L. Horse- weed. Butter- weed. (E.

Canadense , L.)

Very common in open woodlands and cultivated

fields.

280. *E. annuus , Pers. Daisy fleabane. Sweet scabious.

A very common weed in meadows. Popularly

known in many places as ‘ ‘white top. ”

281. *E. strigosus , Muhl. Daisy fleabane.

Common everywhere.

282. E. bellidifolius , Muhl. Robin’s plantain.

Dry soil in open woods and brush land.

283. *A. Philadelphicus , common fleabane.

Rather common in moist places.

Antennaria, G-sertn. Everlasting.

284. *A planta.ginifolia , Hook. Plantain-leaved everlasting.

On dry soil everywhere. Common.

Anaphalis, DC. Everlasting.

285. *M. margaritacea , Benth. & Hook. Pearly everlasting.

( Gnaphalium margaritaceum , L.)

Dry sandy soil in a few places about Madison,

Local.

Inula, L. Elecampane.

286. **I. Helenium, L.

Roadside about four miles west of Madison on Min¬

eral Point road.

8 -A. & L.

78

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Polymnia, L. Leaf-cup.

287. P. Canadensis , L.

Growing in low wet woods about Lakes Wingra

and Monona. Not common.

Silphium, L. Rosin-weed.

288. *S. laciniatum , L. Rosin-weed. Compass-plant.

Growing along railroads and on little spots of wild

land in fields. Not rare.

289. *S. terebinthinaceum , L. Prairie dock.

With S. laciniatum.

290. S. integrifolium , Michx.

Throughout the region in dry open places. Com¬

mon.

291. S. perfoliatum , L. Cup-plant.

Growing in moist places. Not common.

Ambrosia, Tourn. Ragweed.

292. *A. trifida , L. Great ragweed.

Low places, especially banks of streams. Common.

293. *A. artemisicefolia , L. Roman wormwood. Hog-weed.

Bitter-weed.

This is perhaps our commonest weed, growing in

all soils under all sorts of conditions.

Xanthium, Tourn. Cocklebur. Clotbur.

294. X. Canadense , Mill. (X. strum arium, L. )

Cultivated lands everywhere. In many places a

very troublesome weed. Not especially abundant

in this region.

Heliopsis, Pers.

295. //. Icevis , Pers.

Rather common everywhere.

Rudbeckia, L. Cone-flower.

296. R. ladniata , L.

Low thickets and borders of woods. Not common.

. 297. R . hirta , L.

Growing on dry soil everywhere.

Compositor.

79

Lepachys, Raf.

298. L. pinnata , Torr. & Gray,

Growing in dry soil, borders of woods and thickets.

Common.

Helianthus, L. Sunflower.

299. *H. annuus , L.

Persisting occasionally after cultivation. Very

common in cultivation.

300. //. rigidus , Desf.

Common in dry rocky woods and thickets.

30*1. H. occidentalism Riddell.

Dry open lands throughout the region.

302. II. grosse-serratus , Martens.

Not uncommon on dry rich soil.

303. H. strumosus , L.

Low copses. Not rare.

304. H. decapetalus , L.

Not rare in borders of thickets and in low land

along streams.

Coreopsis, L. Tickseed.

305. C. palmata , Nutt.

In dry soil throughout the region. Rather com¬

mon.

306. C. trichosperma , Michx. Tickseed sunflower.

Not rare in the marsh land south of Madison.

Bidens, L. Bur-marigold.

307. B. frondosa , L. Common beggar-ticks. Stick-tight .

Common.

308. B. connata , Muhl. Swamp beggar-ticks.

Common in low lands.

309. B. clirysanthemoides , Michx. Large bur-marigold.

Abundant in swampy grounds about Madison.

Anthemis, L. Chamomile.

310. *A. Cotula, DC. May-weed.

Very common in waste places and along roadsides.

Achillea, L. Yarrow.

311. *A. Millefolium , L. Common yarrow or milfoil.

Of common occurrence throughout the region.

80

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Chrysanthemum, To urn. Ox-eye daisy.

312. C. Leucanthemum, L. Ox-eye or white daisy. White-

weed.

Very abundant in a pasture four miles west of

Madison. Occurring in many other places in

small numbers. Not common.

Tanacetum, L. Tansy.

313 **T. vulgare, L. Common tansy.

Persisting in many places after cultivation.

•

Artemisia, L. Wormwood.

314. A. candata, Michx.

Common in dry soil throughout the region.

315. *A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Western mugwort.

Growing on dry sandy points about Madison.

Rather local.

316. A. biennis , Willd.

In gravelly places. Not common.

Senecio, Tourn. Groundsel.

317. *S. aureus , L. Golden ragwort. Squaw- weed.

Common everywhere.

Cacalia, L. Indian plantain.

318. C. atriplicifolia , L. Pale Indian plantain.

This species was observed growing as the crossing

of the C. M. & St. P. R. R. and the C. & N. W.

R. R. east of Elmside, Madison. Rare.

Erechtites, Raf. Fireweed.

319. E. hieracifolia , Raf. Fireweed.

Growing in the marshes about the lakes and on

ground newly cleared and burned over. Not rare.

Arcticum, L. Burdock.

320. **A. Lappa, L.

A common weed about dwellings, old buildings and

in waste places.

Composite.

81

Cnicus, Tourn. Common or plumed thistle.

321. C. lanceolatus, Hoffm. Common thistle.

Very common throughout the region.

322. C. altissimus , Willd.

Rocky open woods. Common.

323. C. altissimus , Willd., var. discolor , Gray.

Growing with the species.

324. C. muticus , Pursh. Swamp thistle.

Low wet meadows and pastures. Common.

325. C. pumilus , Torr. Pasture thistle.

Growing in dry pastures. Along C. M. & St. P.

R. R. west of Madison. Not common.

326. C. arvensis, Hoffm. Canada thistle.

Roadsides in Madison, 5th ward, Mills street at

crossing of C. M. & St. P. R. R. , north of C. M. &

St. P.' depot. Pasture west of old Camp Randall.

Chicorium, Touru. Succory or chicory.

327. *C. Intybus, L.

In Madison, roadsides along University avenue and

other streets. Fairground. Spreading rapidly as

a weed along roads.

Tragopogon, L. Goat’s-beard.

328. T. PORRiFOLius, L. Salsify. Oyster-plant.

Escaped. Growing along I. C. R. R. west of Mad¬

ison.

329. T. pratensis, L. Goat’s-beard.

Observed in two or three places along railroads.

Not common.

Hieracium, Tourn. Hawkweed.

330. //. Canadense , Michx.

Dry woods throughout the region. Common.

331. H. venosum , L. Rattlesnake-weed.

Common everywhere.

Prenanthes, Vaill. Rattlesnake-root.

332. P. racemosa , Michx.

Growing in rich open woods. Not rare.

333. *P. alba , L. White lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.

Borders of woods and thickets. Common.

82

Cheney and True — Flora, of Madison and Vicinity.

Troximon, Nutt.

334. T. cuspidatum , Pursh.

A few specimens collected at old stone quarry north

of C. M. & St. P. R. R. west of -Madison. Rare.

Taraxacum, Haller. Dandelion.

335. **T. officinale, Weber. Common dandelion.

Everywhere as a persistent weed.

Lactuca, Tourn. Lettuce.

336. *L. Scariola, L. Prickly lettuce.

Common in waste places as a weed. Spreading

very rapidly along railroads.

337. L. Canadensis, L. Wild lettuce.

Common throughout the region.

338. L. Floridana , Gaertn.

Growing in rich soil and newly cleared land. Not

rare.

Sonchus, L. Sow-thistle.

339. S. oleraceus, L. Common sow-thistle.

Very common along railroads and in waste grounds.

340. S. asper, Vill. Spiny leaved sow-thistle.

Growing with the preceding. Less common.

341. S. arvensis, L. Field sow-thistle.

A single specimen of this species collected in 1890

on the University of Wisconsin farm. Not ob¬

served since.

*

Lobeliace^e. (Lobelia Family.)

Lobelia, L.

342. *L. syphilitica, L. Great lobelia.

Common in low moist places.

343. **L. inflata, L. Indian tobacco.

In dry soil. Rather rare.

344. L. spicata, Lam.

Growing in dry grassy places. Not common.

345. L. Kalmii , L.

Growing in the marsh land about the lakes. Com¬

mon.

Campanulaceoe and Ericaceae.

83

Campanulaceoe. (Campanula Family.)

Specularia, Heister. Venus’s looking-glass.

346. S. perfoliatum , A. DC.

Sterile, open grounds. Not common.

Campanula, Tourn. Bellflower.

347. C. rotundifolia , L. Harebell.

G-rowing in1 sandy soil. Not common.

348. C. aparinoides , Pursh. Marsh bellflower.

Common in the marsh land about the lakes,

349. C. Americana , L. Tall bellflower.

Low rich woods. Not common.

Ericaceae. (Heath Family. )

Vaccinium, L. Blueberry. Bilberry. Cranberry.

350. V. Pennsylvanicum , Lam. Dwarf blueberry.

A few specimens collected at Hook Lake.

351. V. corymbosum , L.

Growing with the preceding. Much more abun¬

dant.

Cassandra, Don. Leather-leaf.

352. C. ccdyculata , Don.

Growing at Hook Lake. Peat bog in Section 36,

town of Madison.

Chimaphila, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

353. ** C. umbellata , Nutt. Prince’s pine. Pipsissewa.

In woods west of Madison. Local.

Pyrola, Tourn. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

354. P. secunda, , L.

Growing on wooded hillside near I. C. R. R. west

of Madison. Rare.

355. *jP. elliptica, Nutt. Shin-leaf.

Throughout the region in rich woods.

Monotropa, L. Indian pipe. Pine-sap.

356. M. uniflora , L. Indian-pipe. Corpse-plant.

Rich woods. Widely distributed. Not common.

84

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Primulace^e. (Primrose Family. )

Dodecatheon, L. American cowslip.

357. D. Meadia , L. Shooting-star.

Common throughout region.

Trientalis, L. Chick weed- winter green.

358. T. Americana , Pursh. Star-flower.

A few plants found in tamarack swamp near Wind'

sor. Not observed elsewhere.

Steironema, Raf.

359. JS. cilicUum, Raf.

Rich woods and thickets. Very common.

360. S. lanceolatum , Gray.

In woods west of old Camp Randall, Madison. Rare.

361. S. lonyifolium, Gray.

Common in wet meadows.

Lysimachia, Tourn. Loosestrife.

362. *L. quctdrifolia , L.

In dry rocky land. Not common.

363. L. tkrysiflora , L. Tufted loosestrife.

Common about the margins of the lakes.

Oleace^e. (Olive Family.)

Fraxinus, Tourn. Ash.

364. *F. Americana , L. White ash.

A common tree in all the woods of the region.

365. F. sambucifolia , Lam. Black ash.

In low wet woods. Rather local.

Apocynace^e. (Dogbane Family.)

Apocynum, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian hemp.

366. androscemifolium , L. Spreading dogbane.

Borders of thickets and open woods. Common.

367. **M. cannabinum, . L. Indian hemp.

In moist places. Less common than the preceding.

Asclepiadacece and Gentiahabeoe.

85

Asclepiadacece. (Milkweed Family.)

Asclepias, L. Milkweed. Silkweed.

368. **A. tuherosa , L. Buutterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.

Dry open woods. Common.

369. A. purpurascens , L. Purple milkweed.

Abundant in low meadows and pastures.

370. *A. incarnata, L. , var. pulchra , Pers. Swamp milk¬

weed.

Not uncommon in low land.

371. *A. Cornuti , Decaisne. Common milkweed or silkweed .

Common everywhere.

372. A. obtusifolia , Michx.

Along C. M. & St. P. R. R. west of Madison. Not

common.

373. A. phytolaccoides , Pursh. Poke milkweed.

Occurring occasionally along railroads.

374. A. ovalifolia , Decaisne.

Dry places west of Madison. Local.

375. A. verticillata, L.

A few specimens collected along C. & N. W. R.

R. south of Madison. Rare.

Acerates, Ell. G-reen milkweed.

376. A. longifolia , Ell.

Sandy knoll northeast of Mendota. Along railroad

west of Madison. Local.

377. A. viridiflora , Ell.

In sandy places. Not common.

378. A. lanuginosa , Decaisne.

Lawn near Washburn Observatory, University of

Wisconsin. Dry hill west of Madison. Rare.

Gentian ace^:. (Gentian Family. )

Gentiana, Tourn. Gentian.

379. G. crinita , Froel.

Not rare in low wet meadows.

86 Cheney and True — Flora op Madison and Vicinity.

380. G. serrata , Gunner.

There is some doubt as to the affinities of the

plants referred to this species. Specimens exam¬

ined exhibited all grades of variation in the shape

of leaf from linear to lanceolate. All, however,

had petals with “fringe shorter or almost obso¬

lete at the summit, ” and all had the ovary lanceo¬

late. Specimens agreed with herbarium specimens

of G. serrata ( detonsa ), which are supposed to be

authentic.

in marsh on road to Fish Hatchery from Madison.

381. G. quinqtie flora, Lam.

Dry hillsides. Not common.

382. *G. puberula , Michx.

On sandy hills west of Madison. Local.

383. *G. Andrewsii , Griseb. Closed gentian.

Common in low wild meadows.

384. G. alba , Muhl.

•Low sandy soil. Rare.

Menyanthes, Tourn. Buckbean.

385. *M. trifoliata , L.

Occurring occasionally in marsh land about the

lakes. Local. ’

POLEMONIACEiE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

Phlox, L.

386. P. PANICULATA, L.

Madison. Escaped from cultivation.

387. P. pilosa , L.

Not rare in dry rich land.

388. P. divaricata , L.

Common.

Polemonium, Tourn. Greek valerian.

389. P. reptans, L.

Merrill Springs. Woods northeast of Mendota

Rare.

Hydrophyllaceoe and Borraginaceoe.

7

Hydrophyllaceoe. (Waterleaf Family.)

Hydrophyllum, Tourn. Waterleaf.

390. H. Virginicum , L.

Rich woods. Common.

391. H. appendiculatum , Michx.

Near slaughter house northeast of Madison. At

Winnequah.

Ellisia, L.

,392. E. Nyctelea , L.

At mill on Yahara river. Along C. M. & St. P.

R. R. west of Madison. Rare.

Borraginaceoe. (Borage Family.)

Cynoglossum, Tourn. Hound’s-tongue.

393. *C. officinale, L. Common hound ’ s-tongue.

Along the I. C. R. R. in the city of Madison. Not

common.

Echinospermum, Lehm. Stickseed.

394. E. Virginicum , Lehm. Beggar’s lice.

Common in rich woods.

395. E. Lappula, Lehm.

Throughout the region. Not common.

Mertensia, Roth. Lungwort.

396. *M. Virginica, DC. Virginian cowslip. Lungwort.

Blue bells.

In garden in east Madison. Not observed in the

wild state, though not uncommon along the Rock

and Pecatonica rivers somewhat south.

Lithospermum, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon.

397. L. hirtum , Lehm.

Rather common in dry places.

398. L. angustifolium , Michx.

On high sandy points about Madison. Not com¬

mon.

88

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Symphytum, Tourn. Comfrey.

399. *S. officinale, L. Common comfrey.

Persisting about the U. W. farm where it was cul¬

tivated as a forage plant.

CONVOLVUL ACEiE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

Ipomea, L. Morning glory.

400. I. purpurea, Linn. Common morning glory.

Escaping occasionally from cultivation.

Convolvulus, Tourn. Bindweed.

401. C. spithameus , L.

Sandy hills west of Madison. Local.

402. C. sepium , L. Hedge bindweed.

Too common along railroad embankments and in

cultivated fields.

403. C. sepium , L., var. Americanus , Sims.

With the species. No less common.

404. C. sepium , L. , var. repens , Gray.

With the two preceding. Not rare.

405. C. arvensis, L. Bindweed.

Agricultural Experimental Farm, near Hiram

Smith Hall. Along railroad near Angleworm sta¬

tion, Madison. Rare.

Cuscuta, Tourn. Dodder.

406. C. chlorocarpa , Engelm.

In moist places. Less common than C. Gronovii .

407. C. Gronovii , Willd.

Common in wet land.

408. C. glomerata , Choisy.

On Compositse along streams. Not rare.

SOLANACEiE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Solanum, Tourn. Nightshade.

409. **S. Dulcamara, L. Bittersweet.

Woods west of Fair grounds. Local.

410. *S. nigrum , L.

Common in fields.

Solcinctcece and Scrophidariacece.

89

Physalis, L. Ground cherry.

411. P. Philadelphia , Lam.

Along railroad embankments. Not common.

412. *P. pubescens , L.

Common in sandy soil.

Lycium, L. Matrimony-vine.

413. *L. vulgar e, Dunal.

A few specimens found growing along I. C. R. R.

west of Madison.

SCROPHULARIACEiE. (FlGWORT FAMILY.)

Verbascum, L. Mullein.

414. *V. Thapsus, L. Common mullein.

Common in pastures and fields.

Linaria, Tourn. Toad-flax.

415. *L. vulgaris, Mill. Ramsted. Butter and eggs.

Common about dwellings as an escape from culti¬

vation.

Scrophularia, Tourn. Figwort.

416. S. nodosa , L., var. Marylandica , Gray. (S. nodosa , L.)

Common throughout the region.

Chelone, Tourn. Turtle-head. Snake-head.

417. *GT. glabra, L.

Low wet meadow land. Not rare.

Mimulus, Monkey-flower.

418. M. ringens, L.

Growing in the marsh land about the lakes. Com¬

mon.

419. M. Jamesii, Torr.

Near springs south of Lake Wingra. Merrill

Springs. Rare.

Ilysanthes, Raf.

420. I. riparia, Raf. False pimpernel.

In wet places. Local.

90

Cheney and True— Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Veronica, L. Speedwell.

421. ** V. Virginica , L. Culver’s-root. Culver’s physic.

Rich woods. Everywhere.

422. * V. Americana , Schweinitz. American brooklime.

Brooks and ditches. Not rare.

423. V. serpyllifolia , L. Thyme-leaved speedwell.

Wet pastures. Not rare.

424. V. peregrina , L. Neckweed. Purslane speedwell.

Very abundant in low cultivated land.

425. V. ARVENSis, L. Corn speedwell.

Bank of Yahara river near Stoughton.

Gerardia, L.

426. G. grandiflora , Benth.

Growing on dry wooded hills. Not rare-.

427. G. purpurea , L. Purple gerardia.

Very abundant in low meadows and pastures.

428. G. tenuifolia , Vahl. Slender gerardia.

A few specimens found in wet pasture south of

Madison. Rare.

Castilleia, Mutis. Painted-cup.

429. C. coccinea , Spreng. Scarlet painted-cup.

On dry soil in open woods. Not common.

430. C. sessiliflora , Pursh.

A half dozen specimens of this species wTere col¬

lected on a rocky hill west of Madison. Not ob¬

served elsewhere.

Pedicularis, Tourn. Lousewort. Wood betony.

431. P. Canadensis , L. Common lousewort. Wood betony.

On dry uplands. Not uncommon.

432. P. lanceolata , Michx.

Common in low grounds.

LENTIBULARIACEiE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Utricularia, L. Bladderwort.

433. TJ. vulgaris , L. Greater bladderwort.

Common about the muddy margins of the lakes..

Bignoniaceoe , Verbeniacece and Labiatee.

91

Bignoniaceoe. (Bignonia Family.)

Tecoma, Juss. Trumpet-flower.

RADICANS, Juss.

Cultivated here, growing wild in central Illinois.

Verbeniaceoe. (Vervain Family.)

Tourn. Vervain.

urticcefolia , L. White vervain.

In open woods and pastures. Common.

With V. itrticcefolia and as abundant.

stricta, Vent. Hoary vervain.

Along railroads and on dry hills about Madison.

Not common.

bracteosa, Michx.

Dry, sandy and gravelly soil throughout the region.

Rather common.

Phryma, L. Lopseed.

439. P. Leptostaehya , L.

Rich woods. Very common.

Labiatce. (Mint Family.)

Teucrium, Tourn. Germander.

440. *T. Canadense , L. American germander. Wood sage.

Occurring occasionally about the lakes.

441. T. occidentale , Gray.

Lake shore near University drive, Experiment

Farm. Rather common in low ground. Dr. Stan¬

ley Coulter kindly verified this determination.

Mentha, Tourn. Mint.

442. **M. viridis, L. Spearmint.

Picnic Point, Lake Mendota.

443. M. Canadensis , L. Wild mint.

Common in low pastures, along watercourses and

about the margins of the lakes.

92 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Lycopus, Tourn. Water horehound.

444. L. sinucitus , Ell.

Common.

Pycnanthemum, Michx. Mountain mint. Basil.

445. *P. lanceolatum , Pursh.

Common in wet meadow land.

Hedeoma, Pers. Mock pennyroyal.

446. **//. pulegioules , Pers. American pennyroyal.

In dry soil. Throughout this region but not

abundant.

Monarda, L. Horse-mint.

447. *M. fistulosa , L. Wild bergamont.

Abundant everywhere.

448. *Jf. punctata , L. Horse-mint.

Three or four specimens of this species were col¬

lected near the Fuller and Johnson Plow Works,

Madison. Not observed elsewhere in this region.

Blephilia, Baf.

449. B. ciliata , Raf.

Growing in wild meadow land northeast of Men-

dota and south of Lake Wingra. Local.

Lophanthus, Benth. Giant hyssop.

450. L. nepetoides, Benth.

Growing beside the C. M. & St. P. R. R. east of

Elmside. Rare.

Nepeta, L. Cat-mint.

451. *N. Cataria, L. Catnip.

Common in waste grounds.

452. *N. Glechoma, Benth. Ground ivy. Gill-over-the-

ground.

Along fences and sidewalks. Rather common.

Scutellaria, L. Skullcap.

453. **$. lateriflora, L. Mad-dog skullcap.

Wet shady places. Common.

454. S. parvula, Michx.

In dry soil. Local.

Labiatce, Plantaginacece and JSTyctaginacece.

93

455. *S. galericulata , L.

In wet land about the lakes. Abundant.

Brunella, Tourn. Self-heal.

456. *B. vulgaris, L. Common self-heal or heal-all.

Very common.

Leonurus, L. Motherwort.

457. *L. Cardiaca, L. Common motherwort.

In rich soil. Common.

Stachys, Tourn. Hedge-nettle.

458. JS. aspera, Michx.

Flowers finely pubescent! Growing in low places.

Not rare.

Plantaginace^:. (Plantain Family.)

Plantago, Tourn. Plantain. Ribwort.

459. *P. major , L. Common plantain.

Common as a persistent weed in lawns, waste

grounds and by roadsides.

460. *P. lanceolata, L. Rib grass. Ripplegrass.

Growing on campus near Science Hall, on private

lawn near Science Hall and along I. C. R. R. west

of Madison.

APETALiE.

Nyctaginace^e. (Four-O’Clock Family.)

Oxybapbus, Vahl. •

461. 0. nyctagineus , Sweet.

Along C. M. & St. P. R. R. in Madison and west

of the city.

Amarantace^e. (Amaranth Family.)

Aaiarantits, Tourn. Amaranth.

462. A. retroflexus, L. Pigweed.

A rank weed in cultivated fields. Common.

9— A. & L.

94

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity „

463. A. albus , L. Tumble weed.

Abundant on newly cleared land.

464. A blitoides , Watson.

Growing in waste ground. Not common.

Acnida, Mitch. Water-hemp.

465. A tuberculata , Moq.

Common about the margins of the lakes.

Chenopodiace^e. (Goosefoot Family.)

Chenopodium, Tourn. Goosefoot. Pigweed.

466. *C. album, L. Lamb’s-quarters. Pigweed.

A common weed everywhere.

467. C. MURALE, L.

Collected at Madison. Not common.

468. C. hybridum , L. Maple-leaved goosefoot.

In rich soil, widely distributed. Not abundant.

469. C. capitatum , Watson. Strawberry blite.

Dry rich soil. Rare.

470. **C. ambrosioides, L. , var. anthelminticum, Gray"

Wormseed.

In the I. C. R. R. yards. Rare.

Atriplex, Tourn. Orache.

471. A. patidum , L. , var. hastatum , Gray.

In all parts of Madison. Local.

Salsola, L. Saltwort.

472. S. Kali, L. Common saltwort.

Railroad track near Prof. King’s house near Agri¬

cultural Experiment Farm. Found east of Madi¬

son along railroad track near Yahara river. Along

N. W. R. R. south of Lake Monona. Becoming-

more abundant.

Polygonacece.

95

Polygonacece. (Buckwheat Family.)

Rumex, L. Dock. Sorrel.

473. R. Brittannica , L. Great water-dock.

Growing in shallow water at margins of lakes and

streams.

474. R. altissimus, Wood. Pale dock.

In marshes about the lakes. Common.

475. R. verticillatus, L. Swamp dock.

With R. altissimus. Not common.

476. **R. crispus, L. Curled dock.

A weed in cultivated land.

477. **R. obtusifolius, L. Bitter dock.

With R. crispus. More abundant.

478. R. acetosella, L. Field or sheep sorreh

Abundant along railroads and on sandy soil.

Polygonum, Tourn. Knotweed.

479. *P. aviculare , L.

Common in yards and along roadsides.

480. P. erectum , L.

With P. aviculare. Less abundant.

481. P. Pennsylvanicum , L.

In low wet places. Common.

482. *P. amphibium , L.

In shallow water. Local.

483. P. Muhlenbergii , Watson.

Growing in muddy places. Not common.

484. P. Hartwrightii, Gray.

In muddy places. Rare.

485. P. orientale, L. Prince’s feather.

Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

486. *P. Persicaria, L. Lady’s thumb.

Common in waste grounds and .along roadsides.

487. *P. liydropiperoides , Michx. Mild water-pepper.

Low wet pastures and cultivated land. Common.

488. *jP. Hydropiper , L. Common smartweed or water-

pepper.

Very abundant in cultivated fields.

96

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

489. P. Virginianum) L.

Rich woods east of Lake Mendota. Local.

490. P. sagittatum , L. Arrow-leaved tear- thumb.

In marsh east of Lake Monona.

491. P. dumetorum , L., var. scandens, Gray. Climbing’

false buckwheat.

Along railroads and on newly cleared land.

Eagotyrum, Tourn. Buckwheat.

492. F. esculentum, Moench. Buckwheat.

Along railroads and in fields after cultivation.

Aristolochiace^e. (Birthwort Family.)

As arum, Tourn. Asarabacca. Wild ginger.

493. *A. Canadense , L.

In low woods northeast of Lake Wabesa. Rare.

S ANTAL ACE^E. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.)

Gomandra, Nutt. Bastard toad-flax.

494. C. umbellata , Nutt.

Dry ground. Not common.

Euphorbiace^e. (Spurge Family.)

Euphorbia, L. Spurge.

495. E. serpyllifolia , Pers.

Along railroads. Not common.

496. E. glyptosperma , Engelm.

Thin soil. Common.

497. E. maculata , L.

Along railroads and on dry hills. Everywhere

very abundant.

498. *E. humistrata , Engelm.

With E. maculata. Common.

499. *E. Preslii , Guss.

Along railroads. Not so common as E. maculata

or E. humistrata.

Euphorhiacece and Urticacece.

97

500. *E. corollata , L.

Dry ground. Everywhere,

501. *E. Cyparissias, L.

Occurring occasionally as an escape from culti¬

vation.

502. *E. Peplus, L.

Spontaneous in many lawns and gardens in Madi¬

son. Local.

Acalypha, L. Three-seeded mercury.

503. A. Caroliniana , Ell.

Rich woods. Common.

Urticacece. (Nettle Family.)

Ulmus, L. Elm.

504. fulva , Michx. Slippery or red elm.

Occurring occasionally throughout the region.

505. *V. Americana , L. American or white elm.

Common, especially in low woods.

Celtis, Tourn. Nettle-tree. Hackberry.

506. C. occidentalism L. Sugarberry. Hackberry.

Occasional in the older forest tracts.

Cannabis. Tourn. Hemp.

507. **C. sativa, L. Hemp.

Growing along roads and about dwellings. Not

rare.

Humulus, L. Hop.

508. **H. Lupulus , L. Common hop.

Growing wild in many places.

Urtica, Tourn. Nettle.

509. U. gracilis , Ait.

In low rich soil. Common.

Pilea, Lindl. Richweed. Clearweed.

510. P. pumila , Gray.

In rich woods. Not rare.

98

Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Boehmeria, Jacq. False nettle.

511. B. cylindrical Willd.

Very common in wet places.

Parietaria, Tourn. Pellitory.

512. P. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Growing on leaf mould in woods. Local.

*

PLATANACEiE. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

Platanus, L. Sycamore. Buttonwood.

513. P. occidentalis, L.

A single small tree on west, shore of Lake

Kegonsa.

JUGLANDACEiE. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

Juglans, L. Walnut.

514. **J. cinerea, L. Butternut. White walnut.

In rich soil in open woods.

515. *J. nigra, L. Black walnut.

With J. cinerea. Less common.

Carya, Nutt,. Hickory.

516. C. alba, Nutt. Shell-bark or shag-bark hickory.

Open woodland throughout the region.

517. C. amara, Nutt. Bitternut or swamp hickory.

Low lands about lakes. Not uncommon.

CupuLiFERiE. (Oak Family.)

Betula, Tourn. Birch.

518. *B. papyrifera, Marshall. Paper or canoe birch. (B.

papyracea, Ait. )

North of University Hall, Madison. Cultivated. A

small tree growing wild in woods south of ceme¬

tery. Growing wild at Hook Lake.

519. *B. pumila, L. Low birch.

Marshes about the lakes. Local.

CupulifercB and Salicaceoe.

99

Alnus, Tourn. Alder.

520. A. incana , Willd. Speckled or hoary alder.

In low lands along watercourses. Not abundant.

•CoRYLirs, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert.

521. *C. Americana , Watt. Wild hazel-nut.

Common everywhere.

Ostrya, Micheli. Hop-hornbeam. Iron-wood.

522. 0. Virginica , Willd. American hop-hornbeam. Lev-

erwood.

Of occasional occurrence throughout the region.

Qttercus, L. Oak.

523. **Q. alba, L. White oak.

In all woodlands of the region. With the excep

tion of Q. coccinea , this is our most abundant oak.

524. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur oak. Over-cup or

mossy-cup oak. ,

This species is represented in all parts of the

region by small clumps or single individuals of

medium sized trees.

525. Q. bicolor, Willd. Swamp white oak.

Low, wet woods about the lakes. Local.

526. Q. rubra, L. Red oak.

Forming a considerable element in the older for¬

ests of the region.

527. Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarlet oak.

Forming the chief element in the oak forests of

the region.

Salicaceoe. (Willow Family.)

Salix, Tourn. Willow. Osier.

528. S. discolor, Muhl. Glaucous willow.

Wet places along lakes and watercourses. Com¬

mon.

529. S. humilis, Marsh. Prairie willow.

Along railroads and on dry wild lands.

100 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

530. S. Candida , Willd. Sage willow. Hoary willow.

In marsh lands about lakes. Common.

531. S. myrtilloides , L.

With S. Candida. Less common.

PoPULTTS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Hydrocharidace,®. (Frog’s-bit Family.)

Elodea, Michx. Water-weed.

537. E. Canadensis , Michx. ( Anacharis Canadensis , Plan-

chon. )

Very abundant in most spring waters of the-

region. Becoming a troublesome obstruction in

many streams.

Vallisneria, L. Tape grass. Eel grass.

538. V. spiralis , L.

Common in the shallow parts of the lakes.

Orchid ace ae. (Orchis Family.)

Aplectrum, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve.

539. A. hiemale , Nutt.

Rich woodlands east of Lake Mendota. Local.

Orchidacece.

101

Corallorhiza, Haller. Coral-root.

540. *G. odontorrhiza , Nutt.

Rare. A few specimens found in woods near

quarries west of Madison.

541. *G. multiflora, Nutt.

Dry woodlands. Widely distributed but not

abundant.

Spiranthes, Richard. Ladies’ tresses.

542. S. cernua, Richard.

Low grounds south of Madison.

Goodyera, R. Br. Rattlesnake-plantain.

543. G. pubescens, R. Br.

Woods near I. C. R. R. , two miles southwest of

Madison. Rare.

Calopogon, R. Br.

544. C. pulchellus, R. Br.

Two specimens collected in wild meadow south of

Lake Wingra. Very rare.

Orchis, L.

545. O. spectabilis, L. Showy orchis.

In rich woods throughout the region. Not

abundant.

Habenaria, Willd. Rein-orchis.

546. II. tridentata, Hook.

Low, wet meadows southwest of Windsor. Rare.

547. H. bracteata, R. Br.

Rich woods. Common.

548. H. hyperborea , R. Br.

At Merrill Springs, Lake Mendota. Rare.

549. H. leucophcea, Gray.

A few specimens collected along C., M. & St. P.

R. R., near Lakeside. Summer of 1888. Two

specimens found along same road west of U. W.

Farm buildings, 1891. Not observed in either

place since.

102 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

550. H. lacera , R. Br.

A few specimens collected south of Lake Wingra.

Rare.

551. H. psy codes, Bray.

Growing in low thicket southeast of Lake Win¬

gra. Rare.

Cypripedium, L. Lady’s slipper. Moccasin-flower.

552. C. candidum , Muhl. Small white lady’s slipper.

Very abundant in limited areas in the wild mea¬

dow lands about the lakes. Especially south of

Lakes Monona and Wingra.

553. **(7. parviflorum , Salisb. Smaller yellow lady’s slipper.

Three specimens reported from marsh land south

of Lake Wingra.

554. **C. pubescens , Willd. Larger yellow lady’s slipper.

In all the rich woodlands of the region.

555. C. spectabile. Salisb. Showy lady’s slippor.

A few specimens found in tamarack swamp south¬

west of Windsor. Nearly extinct.

i

H^modorace^e. (Bloodwort Family.)

Aletris, L. Colic-root. Star-grass.

556. *A. farinosa , L.

A few specimens found growing on little knoll in

marsh northeast of Mendota. Rare.

iRiDACEiE. (Iris Family.)

Iris, Tourn. Flower-de-Luce.

557. **/. versicolor , Larger blue flag.

Common in marshes.

Sisyrinchium, L. Blue-eyed grass.

558. S. angustifolium , Mill.

Common on dry sandy soil.

Amaryllidacece , Dioscoreacece and Liliaceee.

103

Amaryllidaceae. (Amaryllis Family.)

Hypoxis, L. Star-grass.

559. H. erecta. L.

Usually with Sisyrinchium angustifolium.

common.

Less

Dioscoreacece. (Yam Family.)

Discore a, Plumier. Yam.

560. *D. villosa , L. Wild yam-root.

In thickets throughout the region.

Liliacece. (Lily Family. )

Smilax, Tourn. Green brier. Cat-brier.

561. 8. herbacea , L. Carrion-flower.

In woods, everywhere.

562. S. ecirrhata , Watson.

With 8. herbacea. Less common.

563. 8. hispida , Muhl.

In thickets. Not rare.

.Allium, L. Onion. Garlic.

564. A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild leek.

Rich woods. Widely distributed.

565. A. Ganadense , Kalm. Wild garlic.

Common. Generally known here as “wild onion. ”

Polygonatum, Tourn. Solomon’s seal.

566. *P. biflorum , Ell. Smaller Solomon’s seal.

Low, rich woods. Not common.

567. *P. giganteum , Dietrich. Great Solomon’s seal.

Rich woodlands, throughout the region.

Asparagus, Tourn. Asparagus.

568. *A. officinalis, L. Garden asparagus.

Occasionally escaped.

Smilacina, Desf. False Solomon’s seal.

569. *N. racemosa , Desf. False spikenard.

Common in open woods.

570. 8. stellata , Desf.

Common along railroad tracks and other banks.

104 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Maianthemum, Wigg.

571. M. Canadense , Desf.

Low, wet woods north of Lake Wabesa. Tn a simi¬

lar place west of Lake Wingra. Local.

Uvularia, L. Bell wort.

572. U. grandiflora, Smith.

In all woodlands.

Erythronium, L. Dog’s-tooth violet.

573. E. albidum , Nutt. White dog’s-tooth violet.

Rich woods about the lakes.

Lilium, L. Lily.

574. L. Philcidelphicum , L. Wild orange-red lily. Wood'

lily.

Along railroads and in other places on wild land.

575. L. superbum , L. Turk’s-cap lily.

Margins of wild meadows. Rather rare.

Trillium, L. Wake robin. Birthroot.

576. *T. erectum , L.

In rich woods east of Lake Mendota. Not com¬

mon.

577. *T. grandiflorum , Salisb.

With T. erectum. Much rarer.

PONTEDERIACEiE. ( PICKEREL- WEED FAMILY.)

Pontederia, L. Pickerel-weed.

578. P. cor data, L.

Abundant in northwestern part of Lake Wingra.

Local.

Heteranthera, Ruiz & Pav. Mud-plantain.

579. H. graminea , Vahl.

Yahara river below Lake Monona. Dr. Chas..

Morong kindly determined this species.

COMMELINACEiE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

Tradescantia, L. Spiderwort.

580. T. Virginica, L. Common spiderwort.

Along railroads. Not uncommon.

Juncacece , Typhacece and Aracece.

105

Juncacece. (Rush Family.)

Juno, us, Tourn. Rush. Bog-rush.

581. J. tenuis, Willd.

In paths, everywhere.

582. J '. bufonis , L.

Roadsides in low places. Not common.

583. J. nodosus , L.

Wet meadows. Occasional.

584. J. Canadensis , J. Gay.

Wet meadows and marshes. Rare.

XiUZULA, DC. Wood-rush.

585. L. campestris , DC.

Hook Lake. Rare.

Typhacece. (Cat-tail Family.)

Typha, Tourn. ' Cat-tail flag.

586. T. latifolia , L. Common cat-tail.

Common in marshes, especially eas.t of city oj

Madison.

Sparganium, Tourn. Bur-reed.

587. S. simplex . Huds. ?

Marshes about Lake Mendota.

Araceje. (Arum Family.)

Aris^ma, Martius. Indian turnip. Dragon arum.

588. *A. triphyllum , Torr. Indian turnip.

Low, rich woods. Not common.

Symplocarpus, Salisb. Skunk cabbage.

589. *S. foetidus. Salisb.

Merrill Springs and Lake Wabesa. Local.

AlCOrsu, L. Sweet flag. Calamus.

590. **M. Calamus , L.

Growing in the shallow, muddy bogs of all the

lakes.

106 Cheney and True — Flora oj- Madison and Vicinity .

Lemnace^e. (Duckweed Family. )

Spirodela, Schleiden.

591. **$. polyrrhizci , Schleid.

Abundant on all quiet waters of the region.

Lemna, L. Duckweed. Duck’s-meat.

592. L. trisulca , L.

Growing with Spirodela poly rrhiza. Common.

593. L. minor , L.

With L. trisulca . Rarer.

Wolefia, JBLorkel.

594. W. Columbia; na, Karsten.

Very abundant on the lakes in late summer and

autumn.

595. W. Braziliensis , Weddell.

With W. Columbiana , much rarer.

Alismaceje. (Water-plantain Family.)

Alisma, Tj. Water-plantain.

596. *A. Plcintago , L.

Common in ditches, at margins of ponds, etc.

Sagittaria, L. Arrow-head.

597. S. variabilis , Engelm.

Everywhere in shallow water.

NAI ADAGES. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

Triglochin, L. Arrow-grass.

598. T. maritima , L.

Growing in marshy grass land about lakes. Bare.

Potamogeton, Tourn. Pondweed.

599. P. natanSj L.

Common in all the waters of the region.

600. P. fluitans, Roth.

University bay, Lake Mendota.

601. P. amplifolius , Tuckerm.

Growing in Lakes Wingra and Wabesa.

N'aiadacem and Cyperaceee.

107

602. P. perfoliatus , L.

Common.

603. P. zoster cefolius, Schum.

University bay. Lake Mendota.

604. P. mucronatus , Schrad.

Lagoon on Picnic Point.

605. P. pectinatus, L.

University bay, Lake Mendota.

606. P. marinus.

Lagoon on Picnic Point.

Naias, L. Naiad. .

607. N. ftexilis, Rostk. & Schmidt.

With Potamogeton marinus.

Cyperace^:. (Sedge Family.)

Cyperus, Tourn. Galingale.

608. C. diandrus , Torr.

Common on sandy beaches.

609. C. Schieeinitzii , Torr.

Sandy ridge east of Lake Wingra. Rare.

610. C. Jiliculmis , Yahl.

Dry, sandy soil about the lakes. Local.

611. C. strigosus , L.

Rather common in wet sandy places.

Dulichium, Pers.

612. D. spathaceum , Pers.

Growing in shallow water along margins of lakes.

Not rare.

Eleocharis, R.Br. Spike-rush.

613. E. ovata , R.Br.

Common about ponds.

614. E. palustris, R.Br.?

Shallow places' in the lakes and in very wet land

Common.

615. E. compressa , Sullivant.

Wet places. Not common.

616. E. acicularis , R.Br.

Muddy places. Widely distributed.

108 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Scirpus, Tourn. Bulrush or club-rush.

617. S. pun yens, Vahl.

Lake shores. Local.

618. S. lacustris, L. Great bulrush.

Common in all the shallow waters of the region.

619. S. atrovirens , Muhl.

Collected on north side of Lake Wingra. Not

common.

Eriophorum, L. Cotton-grass.

620. E. cyperinum , L.

Wet meadows and marshes. Common.

621. E. polystachyon, L.

Growing in all the marsh land of the region. Not

uncommon.

Carex, Ruppins. Sedge.

Wet thickets. Not abundant.

lupulina, Muhl., var. pedunculata, Dewey.

Growing with the species.

Tuckermani, Dewey.

Growing at the edge of a pond east of Madison.

Rare.

retrorsa , Schwein.

Rather common in wet places.

hystricina , Muhl.

In shallow water or wet places. Not rare.

Pseudo- Cyperus, L., var. Americana, Hochst.

Wet meadows and marshes. Rather common.

filiformis, L.

Growing in marsh south of Lake Wingra. Local.

filiformis, L. Var., latifolia, Boeckl.

In places similar to that in which the species was

found. More abundant.

riparia, W. Curtis.

Common in very wet meadows.

Cyperacece.

109

631.

632.

633.

634.

635.

636.

637.

638.

639.

640.

641.

642.

643.

644.

645.

646.

G. stricta , Lam,

The commonest Carex in all marsh lands. This

species forms a very large element of the “wild

hay“ of this region.

C. stricta, Lam. var. , decora,, Bailey.

Growing with the species. Less common.

C. limosci , L.

A few specimens collected in marsh south of Lake

Wingra. Rare.

C. longirostris, Torr.

Growing on shady banks. Not common.

C. laxiflora, Lam.

Moist, shady places. Not abundant.

C. platyphylla. Carey.

Growing in moist, rich woods. Local.

C. Pennsylvanica, Lam.

Very common in dry open woods.

C. stipata, Muhl.

Forming large tufts in low meadows and pastures.

Widely distributed.

C. decomposita, Muhl.

In marshes or low lands. Local.

C. teretiuscidci, Gooden.

Growing in loose tufts in wet places. Common.

C. rosea, Sehkuhr., var. radiata, Dewey.

In dry, open woods. Not rare. *

C. sparganioides , Muhl.

Not rare in rich woods.

C. cephcdop flora, Muhl.

Forming tufts in dry soil. Rather common.

G. echinata, Murray, var. microstachys, Boeckl.

Wet meadows. Common.

G. siccata, Dewey. •

Sandy fields and banks. Abundant.

C. tribuloides, Wahl., var. cristata, Bailey.

Forming tufts in low, wet places. Rather com¬

mon.

10 -A. & L.

110 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

647. C. scoparia , Schkuhr.

Common in wet meadows and swales.

648. C. straminea , Willd.

Common throughout the region.

649. C. straminea , Willd., var. foenea , Torr.

With the species.

650. C. straminea , Willd., var. brevior , Dewey.

With the species.

Gramine^e. (Grass Family.)

Spartina, Schreber. Cord or marsh grass.

651. S. cynosuroides , Willd. Fresh-water cord-grass.

Growing in wet places throughout the region.

Not uncommon.

Panicum, L. Panic- grass.

652. P. SANGrUiNALE, L. Common crab-or finger-grass.

Rich cultivated and waste grounds. Very com¬

mon.

653. P. capillar e, L. Old- witch grass.

Common in sandy soil.

654.

655.

656.

657.

.658.

659.

P. vir gatum , L.

Growing on dry soil along railroads and on spots

of wild land in fields. Local.

P. latifolium , L.

Dry places on wild grass land and along railroads

about Madison. Not uncommon.

P. dichotomum , L.

With P. latifolium. Much more abundant.

P. laxiflorum , Lam.

Growing on dry hills about Madison. Common.

P. depauper atum, Muhl.

Dry, rocky points west of Madison. Local.

P. Crus-galli, L. Barnyard-grass.

Low, wet places in fields and along roadsides.

Common.

Graminece.

Ill

Setaria, Beauv. Bristly foxtail grass.

660. S. glauca, Beauv. Fox tail. Pigeon-grass.

Very common in all cultivated fields and in old

pastures and meadows.

661. S. viridis, Beauv. Breen foxtail. Bottle-grass.

With S. glavca. Less common.

662. S. Italica, Kunth. Millet. Hungarian or Bengal

grass.

Cultivated as a forage crop. Persisting after

cultivation.

Cenchrus, L. Hedgehog or bur-grass.

663. C. tribuloides , L.

Browing along railroads and in sandy fields. Not

rare.

Leersia, Schwartz. White grass.

661. L. Virginica , Willd. White grass.

Occasionally met with in open woods. Not com¬

mon.

665. L. oryzoides, Schwartz. Rice cut-grass.

Browing in ditches, sluggish branches and shal¬

low ponds. Common.

Zizania, Bronov. Water or Indian rice.

666. Z. aquatica, L. Indian rice.

Abundanl in Lake Wingra. Occurring in many

places in the marshes about Lakes Mendota,

Monona and Waubesa. Local.

Andropogon, Royen. Beard-grass.

667. A. furcatus , Muhl.

Common in the dry portions of all wild lands, in

fields and along railroads.

668. A. scoparius , Michx.

Browing with A. furcatus. Much less common.

Chrysopogon, Trin.

669. C. nutans , Benth. Indian grass. Wood-grass.

Dry ground borders of woods and copses. Local

12 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Hierochloe, Gmelin. Holy grass,

670. IT. borealis , Roem. & Schultes. Vanilla or Seneca

grass.

Growing in low, moist grass land south of Lake

Monona along C. M. & St. P. R. R.

Stipa, L. Feather-gra^s.

671. S. spartea , Trim

Along the C. M. & St. P. R. R. near the Univer¬

sity of Wisconsin farm and farther west. Rare.

Oryzopsis, Michx. Mountain rice.

672. 0. melanocarpa, Mum.

Growing in woods north of University Hall. Not

observed » elsewhere.

Muhlenbergia, Schreber. Drop-seed grass.

673. M. glomerata , Trim

Rather common in the marshes about the lakes.

674. M. Mexicana , Trim

With M. glomerata. More inclined to be local in

its distribution.

675. M. sylvatica , Torr. & Gray.

Moist woods and copses. Not rare.

676. M. Wildenovii , Trim

Rocky woods. Rare.

677. M. diffusa , .Schreber. Drop -seed. Nimble Will.

Dry, shady places. Local.

oRachyelytrum, Beauv.

678. B. aristatinn , Beauv.

Dry, open woods. Common.

Phleuw, L. Cat’s-tail grass.

679. P. pratense, L. Timothy. Herd’s-grass (in New Eng.

and N. Y. )

The chief cultivated hay grass. Growing wild

everywhere.

Alopecurus, L. Foxtail grass.

o8Q. A. geniculatus , L.; var. ciristulatus , Torr. Floating

foxtail.

Observed growing at the eastern margin of the

lagoon on Picnic Point. Rare.

Grammece.

113

Sporobolus, R. Br.

681. S. asper, Kunth.

Common in dry, sandy or gravelly soil.

682. S. heterolepis , Gray.

Growing along railroads. Rather rare.

683. &. cryptandrus , Gray.

Growing on high sandy ridge between Lakes

Wingra and Monona. Not observed elsewhere.

Agrostis, L. Bent-grass.

684. A. alba, L. Fiorin or white bent-grass.

Not rare. In all grass and pasture land.

685. A. alba, L. , var. vulgaris, Thurb. Red top.

Herd’s-grass (of Penn. )

A .very common and considerable element in all

the pasture lands of the region.

686. A. scabrci , Willd. Hair-grass.

Met with occasionally on dry soil. Not common.

687. C. arundincicea , L.

In shady places at margins of ponds. Local.

Calamagrostis, Adans. Reed bent-grass.

688. C. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-joint grass.

Forming a very valuable and considerable element

in the “wild hay“ made throughout the region.

Very common.

Arrhenatherum, Beauv. Oat-grass.

689. A. avenaceum, Beauv.

Persisting in places about Madison after cultiva¬

tion. Not common.

Bouteloua, Lagasca. Muskit-grass.

690. B. racemosa , Lag.

On dry hills and rocky points. Rather local.

Phragmites, Trin. Reed.

691. P. communis , Trin..

In all marshes about the lakes forming dense

patches. Local.

Kceleria, Pers.

692. K. cristata , Pers.

Not uncommon in dry ground along railroads

114 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Eragrostis, Beauv.

693. E. reptans , Nees.

Growing in moist, sandy soil. Not abundant.

694. E. major. Host.

Becoming very common as a weed in cultivated

or waste grounds.

695. E. Purshii , Schrader.

Rather common in hard, dry ground.

Dactylis, L. Orchard grass

696. D. GLOMERATA, L.

Persisting in many places on good soil after culti¬

vation.

Poa, L. Meadow-grass. Spear-grass.

697. P. annua, L. Low spear-grass.

Moist, shady places. Rather common.

698. P. compress a. L. Wire-grass. English blue-grass.

Dry hillsides and along railroads. Not rare.

699. P. serotina , Ehrh. False red- top. Fowl meadow

grass.

Widely distributed and rather common.

700. P. pratensis , L. June grass. Spear-grass. Kentucky

blue-grass.

This is the most abundant and valuable of the

spontaneous grasses in the region.

Glyceria, R. Br. Manna-grass.

701. G. nervata, Trin. Fowl-meadow grass.

Not uncommon in wet meadows and marshes.

702. G. fluitansr R. Br.

Growing in lagoon on Picnic Point. Not observed

elsewhere.

Festuca, L. Fescue-grass.

703. F. tenella , Wilid,

This species is found on dry, sandy and gravelly

points about Madison. Not infrequent but rather

local.

704. F. nutans , Willd.

Rocky woods and copses. Not common.

Grammece.

115

705. F. elatior , L., var. pratensis , Gray. Taller or mea--

dow fescue.

Occurring occasionally in low, moist grass land.

Not common.

Bromus, L. Brome-grass.

706. B . Kalmii , Gray. Wild chess

In copses and along railroads. Rather rare

707. B. secalinus, L. Cheat or chess.

Widely distributed. Not especially abundant.

708. B. ciliatus , L.

Rocky woods and thickets. Common.

709. B. asper, L.

Growing in moist woods and copses. Rather

common.

Lolium, L. Darnel .

710. *L. perenne, Common darnel. Ray-or rye-grass.

Observed growing spontaneously on the Univ. of

Wis. farm and in several places in the city of

Madison. Local.

Agropyrum, Gaertn.

711. **A repens , Beauv. Couch, quitch or quick-grass.

Common in dry soil throughout the region.

712. A. dasystachyum , Vasey.

Found with A. repens. Rather rare.

Hordeum, Tourm Barley.

713. H. jubaturti , L. Squirrel-tail grass.

Common in dry, waste places.

Elymus, L. Lyme-grass. Wild rye.

714. E. Canadensis , L.

Dry, gravelly or sandy embankments or slopes*

Not rare.

715. E. striatus , Willd.

Open, rocky woods. Not common.

AlSprella, Willd. Bottle-brush grass.

716. A. Hystrix , Willd.

Dry, open woodlands. Rather common.

116 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

GYMNOSPERMiE.

Conifers. (Pine Family. )

PlNUS, Tourn. Pine.

717. P. Strobus, L. White pine.

University campus. Cultivated. This species has

doubtless been a native of this region, as it is still

found on the hills at Pine Bluff.

718. P. resinosa, Ait. Red pine.

Near Lake Wingra. Cultivated.

719. **P. sylvestris, L. Scotch pine.

University campus. Cultivated.

Picea, Link. Spruce.

720. P. nigra, Link. Black spruce.

Hook Lake.

721. *P. alba, Link. White spruce, (Abies alba , Michx.)

W. Johnson St., Madison. Cultivated.

Tsuga, Carriere. Hemlock.

722. **T. Canadensis, Carr.

Hedge on State St. Cultivated.

Abies, Link. Fir.

723. **A. excelsa, Norway spruce.

University campus. Cultivated.

724. **A. balsamea, Miller. Balsam or balm-of-Gilead fir.

University campus. Cultivated.

Larix, Tourn. Larch.

725. *L. Americana , Michx. American or black larch.

Tamarack. Hackmatack.

University campus. Cultivated.

In wild state in marsh near Windsor; east of Lake

Waubesa and at Hook Lake.

Thuya, Tourn. Arbor vitae,

726. occidentalism L. Arbor vitae. White cedar.

University campus. Cultivated.

Juniperus, L. Juniper.

727. *J. Virginiana , L. Red cedar or savin.

State street. Cultivated.

In wild state on rocky bluffs about the lakes.

Eqidsetaceoe and Filices.

117

PTERIDOPHYTA.

Equisetace^e. (Horsetail Family.)

Equisetum. L. Horsetail. Scouring rush.

Not rare throughout the region.

Filices. (Fern Family.)

Polypodium, L. Polypody.

732. *P. vulcfare, L.

Not rare on rocks along lakes.

Adiantum, L. Maiden hair.

733. *A. pedatum , L.

Common in rich, moist woods.

Pteris, L. Brake or bracken.

734. P. aqidlina , L. Common brake.

Common in open woods and thickets.

Pell^ea, Link. Cliff-brake.

735. P. atropurpurea , Link.

On faces of rocks about the lakes. Local.

Asplenium, L. Spleenwort.

736. *A. Felix-fcemina , Bernh.

Pich woodlands. Not uncommon.

Aspidium, Schwartz. Shield fern. Wood fern.

737. A. Thelypteris , Schwartz.

Very common in all the marsh lands about the

lakes.

118 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Cystopteris, Bernhardi. Bladder fern

738. C bulbifera, Bernh.

Growing on the principal rock exposures about

Lakes Mendota and Monona. Local.

739. C. fragilis , Bernh.

Shaded banks south of Lake Mendota. Rare.

Onoclea, L.

740. 0. sensibilis , L. Sensitive fern.

Moist thickets and meadows throughout the re¬

gion. Not uncommon.

Osmund a, L. Flowering fern.

741. *0. regalis, L. Flowering fern.

But a single small specimen of this fern has been

observed. This stands on the right bank of the

little stream which forms the outlet of Lake Win-

gra, a few rods below the lake.

742. 0. Claytonia , L.

Moist, rich woods. Not uncommon.

Ophioglossace^. ( Adder’ s-tongue Family.)

Botrychium, Schwartz. Moonwort.

743. B. Virginianum , Schwartz.

Found in all rich woodlands, though not abun¬

dant.

Ophioglossum, L. Adder’ s-tongue.

744. 0. vulgatum , L.

A few specimens collected on the low, sandy ridge

northeast of Lake Wingra, about fifteen rods from

the lake.

Lycopodiace^:. (Club-moss Family.)

Lycopodium, L. Club-moss.

745. L. lucidulum , Michx.

South of Fish Hatcheries. Rare.

Sphdgnatece and Bryacece.

119

BRYOPH YTA.

MUSCI. (THE MOSSES.)

SPHAGNACEiE. (PEATMOSSES.)

Sphagnum, Dill. Peat moss.

746. S. Girgensohnii , Russ. (S. strictum , Lindb. )

A small tuft of this moss was collected at the

margin of a marshy meadow about one mile north

of Mendota station. Rare.

747. S. molle , Sulliv.

Rare, one small specimen collected at the edge of

a small pond one mile east of Lake Monona.

748. S. cymbifolium , Ehrli.

Only a small dwarfed tuft collected from the mar¬

gin of Lake Mendota a few rods east of Mr. Ful¬

ler’s woods. Rare.

Bryacece. (True Mosses.)

Phascum, Linn., in part.

749. P. cuspidatum , Schreb.

On fallow ground. Common.

Pleuridium, Brid.

750. P. alternifolium , Brid., in part.

In pastures and clover fields. Common.

Astomum, Hampe.

751. A. Sullivantii , Schimp.

On ground in grass lands. Common.

Gymnostomum, Hedw.

752. G. calcareum , Nees & Hornsch.

On jutting rocks, south shore of Lake Mendota.

Rare.

753. G. rupestre, Scbwaeger.

Collected from the face of the cliff, Maple Bluff.

Not common.

120 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity

754. - G. curvirostrum , Hedw.

Common about the lakes on rocks overhanging

the water.

Weisia, Hedw.

755. W. viridula , Brid.

Common on the ground.

Hicranella, Schimp.

756. D. varia, Schimp.

On the ground. Rex Magnus, Picnic Point, on

Lake Mendota ; Scliuetzen Park, Lake Monona. Not

common.

757. D. heteromalla , Schimp.

Collected at Second Point and Merrill Springs, on

Lake Mendota ; at McFarland ; and along the C. &

N. W. R. R. southwest of Madison. Not un¬

common.

Hicranum, Hedw.

758. D. montanum , Hedw.

On decaying logs in woods north of Mendota, south

and west of Madison, and east of McFarland. Not

uncommon.

759. I). viride , Schimp.

G-rowing on a stone close to the ground in woods

along I. C. R. R. northwest of Forest Hill Ceme¬

tery. Rare. Always sterile.

760. D. flagellare , Hedw.

On decaying wood in a swamp near Windsor; on

a log in woods east of Madison, and in a similar

place south of Madison. Not common.

761. D. scoparium , Hedw.

Rich woods west of Lake Wingra, woods east of

Lake Monona, tamarack swamp near Windsor, and

along the • lake shore a few rods east of Fuller’s

WToods. Not rare.

762. D. Bonjeani , He Not.

Sterile. Typical in leaf and cells. On ground

near Mendota. A form varying but slightly from

the species is common in low woods at margins of

marsh lands.

Bryacece.

121

763.

764.

765.

766.

767.

D. BonjecmM De Not., var. alatum , Barnes.

On damp ground near Mendota. Rare.

D . Bonjeani , De Not., var. Schlotthcmeri, Barnes.

Good specimens agreeing with the type specimens

of this variety in all points except the slightly

larger size of the former were collected at Hook

Lake. Rare.

D. Schraderi , Web. & Mohr.

In a tamarack swamp near Windsor. Local.

D. Dnummondii , Muell.

A single small tuft found growing at the edge of a

shallow pond one mile east of Lake Monona.

D. und alatum . Turn.

Growing on the ground in woods west of Lake

Wingra, along the Mineral Point road four miles

west of Madison, in the woods a mile and a half

northeast of Mendota, and in the woods east of

Lake Monona. Not abundant.

Fissidens, Hedw.

768. F. bryoides , Hedw.

On damp ground in woods. Not rare.

769. F. incurvus , Schwaegr.

On moist rock surfaces about Lake Mendota and

on the stones in the bed of an intermittent stream

two miles west of Madison. Not uncommon.

770. F. adiantoides , Hedw.

Found growing on the ground in a low, wet grove

four miles northeast of Madison, along the C., M.

& St. P. R, R. ; east of Lake Monona; and near

the I. C. R. R. northwest of the cemetery. Not

common.

Leucobryum, Hampe.

771. L. vulgare , Hampe.

Marshy land northeast of Lake Waubesa; tama¬

rack swamp near Windsor; edge of marsh north¬

east of Mendota, and rich woods west of Lake

Wingra.. Not rare.

122 Cheney and Time— Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

Ceratodon, Brid.

772. C. purpureus , Brid.

On the ground. Common everywhere.

Leptotrichum, Hampe.

773. L. tortile , Muell.

On ground and on sandstone faces at Merrill

Springs. Not common.

774. L. tortile , Muell., var. pusillum , Schimp.

On ground at Experiment Station Farm.

Desmatodon, Brid.

775. D. arenaceus , Sulliv. & Lesq.

This species occurs in abundance on the rock ex¬

posures about Lake Mendota. It was collected at

the northwest extremity of Lake Kegonsa, and

from the old exposures at the quarries west of

Madison. Local.

Barbula, Hedw.

776. B. unguiculatci , Hedw.

On ground, very common, especially in low, moist

soil.

777. B. fallax , Hedw.

This moss grows with Desmatodon arenaceus and

was collected in all localities from wThich that

species was obtained. It was obtained, also, from

old tombstones in Forest Hill cemetery. Local.

778. B. rnucroni folia, Bruch & Schimp.

Forming cushions on ground in open woods. Near

Mendota Heights ; at Second Point ; also at the

lake shore east of Lakeside, and along the north¬

west shore of Lake Kegonsa. Not rare.

Grimmia, Ehrh.

779. G. apocarpct , Hedw.

On limestone west of Madison ; not common.

780. G. plaqiopoda . Hedw.

Not rare on granitic boulders along C. M. & St.

P. R. R. near Stevens’ quarries.

Bryacece.

123

781. (x. Donniana , Smith.

Growing on a fragment of limestone on a stony

point north of C. M. & St. P. R. R. near Stevens’

quarries.

Hedwigia, Ehrh.

782. H. ciliata, Ehrh.

Not rare on boulders throughout the region.

783. H. ciliata, Ehrh. , var. viridis, Schimp.

On granite erratic near Merrill Springs.

Ulota, Mohr.

784. U. crispa , Brid.

Growing on granitic boulders near C. & N. W. R.

R. four miles east of Madison ; near the State Fish

Hatcheries, and two miles west of Madison. Not

common.

Orthotrichum, Bedw.

785. 0. anomalum , Hedw.

Growing on boulders near Rex Magnus; at Eagle’s

Nest, and east of Lake Monona. Not common.

786. 0. cupulaturn. Hoffm.

In U. W. herbarium, collected at Madison by T.

J. Hale.

787. 0. affine , Schrad.

On boulder beside the Mineral Point road six

miles west of Madison. Rare.

788. 0. speciosum , Nees.

On granitic boulders east of Lake Monona; along

Mineral Point road four miles west of Madison,

and near Eagle’s Nest.

789. 0. Ohioense , Sulliv. & Lesq. ?

A specimen collected on the University campus

which differs from the description in some minor

points has been inserted under this name.

790. 0. strangulatum , Beauv.

Very common on the bark of trees, on decaying

logs, and occasionally on stones throughout the

region.

124 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

Tetraphis, Hedw.

791. T. pellucida , Hedw.

On decaying stumps in tamarack swamp near

Windsor. Local.

Physcomitritim, Brid.

792. P. pyriforme, Brid.

Common on the ground throughout the region.

Funaria, Schreb.

793. F. hyyrometrica, Sibth.

On ground, everywhere.

Bartramia, Hedw.

794. j 8. pomiformis , Hedw.

A single, small tuft collected from rock exposure

near I. C. R. R. two miles west of Madison. Rare.

Philonotis, Brid.

795. P. fontana , Brid.

Growing in springy place at the margin of a marsh

near Windsor.

796. P. calcar ea, Schimp.

In a number of small calcareous springs at Mer¬

rill springs. Excellent specimens of this moss

were collected, all in sterile condition.

Leptobryum, Schimp.

797. L. pyriforme , Schimp.

Common on ground. On limestone foundation of

Library Hall, University of Wisconsin.

Webera, Hedw.

798. W. nutans , Hedw.

Growing on the ground at Hook Lake.

799. IF. albicans , Schimp.

Growing in a wet, sandy place near the lake

shore between Picnic Point and Second Point.

Sterile. Rare.

Bryum, Hill.

800. B. pendulum , Schimp.

On ground forming cushions. Common.

Bryaceve.

125

801. B. pendulum, Schimp., var. angustatum, Renauld.

At the base of a tree in a small wood lot south of

the I. C. R. R. near Forest Hill cemetery. Rare.

802. B. inclinatum, Bruch & Schimp.

Forming small, dense cushions on the ground

throughout the region. Not rare.

803. B. uliginosum, Bruch & Schimp.

One small specimen collected from the wooded

slope north of Hook Lake.

804. B. bimum, Schreb.

Growing on sandy soil near Hook Lake. Not com¬

mon.

805. B. argenteum , Linn.

Common on ground, especially in dry, sandy

places. On rocky, dry hills west of Madison.

806. B. ceespiticium , Linn.

A single specimen collected at Hook Lake. Not

common.

807. B.

roseum , Schreb.

At bases of trees and on decaying wood through¬

out the region. Rather common. Rare in fruit¬

ing stage. Collected in fruit at a big spring

south of Lake Wingra and in the woods west of

Stevens’ quarries.

Mnium, Linn.

808. M. cuspidatum, Hedw.

On ground in shady places. Common.

809. M. rostratum , Schwaegr.

Growing in a damp place near the edge of pond

one mile east of Lake Monona. Not common.

810. M. ffiane , Bland.

Shady, damp bank one mile north of Mendota

Station. Low, wet woods four miles southwest of

of Madison, near I. C. R. R., and muddy bank of

the Yahara river just below Lake Kegonsa. Not

rare.

811. M. s erratum, Laich.

With M. affine, on damp, shady bank one mile

north of Mendota Station. Not common.

11— A. & L.

126 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison cmd Vicinity.

Aitlacomnium, Schwasgr.

4

812. A. palustre , Schwaegr.

Not rare at the margins of marshes and wet mea¬

dow lands throughout the region.

Timmia, Hedw.

813. T. megapolitana , Hedw.

Not rare. On ground at Merrill Springs; moist,

shady bank one mile north of Mendota Station,

and on wet rocks at Stevens’ quarries.

Atbichum, Beauv.

814. A. undulatum , Beauv.

Common in open woods on ground. Variable.

815. A. cingustatum , Bruch & Schimp.

On ground near lake shore, between Picnic Point

and Second Point; in the woods along the I. C.

R. R. Near Forest Hill Cemetery. Not rare.

Polytrichum, Linn.

816. P. gracile, Menz.

Collected at Eagle’s Nest. There is also a speci¬

men in U. W. herbarium, collected by S. H. Wat¬

son. Not common.

817. P. juniper mum, Willd.

Abundant on ground about the lakes and on sandy

wooded hillsides.

818. P. strictum , Banks.

On ground at stone quarry west of Madison, and

in woods at the margin of marsh along the C. M.

& St. P. R. R. near Burke. Local.

819. P. commune , Linn.

On ground in shady places about the lakes. Not

rare.

820. P. Oliioense , Renauld & Cardot, Bot. Gaz., 1888.

Collected along the shore of Lake Mendota a few

rods east of Fuller’s woods. Not common.

Neckera, Hedw.

821. N. pennata , Hedw.

Rare, but one small specimen being found in the

woods half a mile southeast of Forest Hill ceme¬

tery.

Bryacece.

127

Thelia, Sulliv.

822. T. hirtellci , Sulliv.

On base of trees. In woods south of Lake Win-

gra. Rare.

823. T. asprdla , Sulliv.

Growing on the bases of trees, on decaying stumps

and logs and occasionally on the ground. Com¬

mon.

Leskea, Hedw.

824. L. obscura , Hedw.

Common on trees and rocks near the ground.

825. L. Austini , Sulliv.

This beautiful little moss is common throughout

the region. It grows in the chinks of the bark of

trees, usually preferring the elm, but not uncom¬

monly found on other trees. It is not common in

fruit, having been found in this condition in but

one locality, the woods along the I. C. R. R.

southeast of Forest Hill Cemetery.

Hook & Tayl.

rostrotus , Schimp.

Rather common growing on the bases of trees.

attenuatus , Hueben.

On bases of trees at Merrill Springs. Rare.

obtusifolius , Bruch & Schimp.

Our commonest species of Anomodon. It is found

growing on the bases of trees in moist places.

Usually sterile.

Platygyrium, Bruch & Schimp.

829. P. repvns , Bruch & Schimp.

On decaying logs and stumps in woods. Common.

Pylais^a, Bruch & Schimp.

830. P. polyantha , Bruch & Schimp.

Collected in the woods across the road from, the

Wisconsin State Fish Hatchery, and from a log in

the fence beside the Mineral Point road six miles

west of Madison.

128 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

8dl. P. subdenticidata , Schimp.

Growing on trees in the woods near Forest Hill

cemetery; in woods southwest of Lake Monona,

and on the lake shore near pump house, University

of Wisconsin.

832. P. intricata , Bruch & Schimp.

Common on trees and logs. Found also on crumb¬

ling limestone and on the ground.

Cylindrothecium, Bruch & Schimp.

833. C. cladorrhizans , Schimp.

Common on bases of trees, and on logs, and on

rocks.

831. C. seductrix , Sulliv.

On bases of trees and logs. Not so common as.

C. cladorrhizans.

835. C. compressum, Bruch & Schimp.

On decaying stump, Picnic Point. Very rare.

Climacium, Web. & Mohr.

836. C. Americctnum , Brid.

Rather common; on ground in moist woods. Usu¬

ally sterile. Fruiting abundantly in the low, wet

woods about the northeastern extremity of Lake

Waubesa.

Hypnum, Dill.

Thuidium.

837. If. minutulum , Hedw.

Growing on the bases of trees in woods west and

southwest of Madison. Rather local.

838. H. scitum , Beauv.

Collected in small wood lot south of the I. C. R. R.

near Forest Hill Cemetery. Growing on the base-

of a tree.

839. H. gracile , Bruch & Schimp.

Very common on the ground and on the bases of

trees throughout the region.

840. H. recognitum , Hedw.

On. the ground near Windsor. One tuft only was

found. Rare.

Bryacece.

129

841. H. delicatulum , Linn.

On the ground in rich, moist woods and on the

bases of trees. Common throughout the region.

842. . A. pciludosum , Sulliv.

Among grass in edge of marsh near Windsor.

Probably occurring often in such places.

Brachythecium.

843.

844.

845.

846.

847.

848.

849.

H. Icetum , Brid.

On the ground; common on damp, shady banks.

Very variable.

H . acuminatum , Beauv.

Very common at the roots of trees.

H. salebrositm , Hoffm.

Growing on the ground in moist, shady places.

Common.

H. salebrosum , Hoffm., var. palustre , Lesq. & James.

In marshes, growing among the grass. Merrill

Springs. Marsh south of Madison.

H. acutum , Mitt.

Pound growing at the edge of small marsh along

the C., M. & St. P. R. R. near Burke, and at

Washburn Springs. Not common.

If. rutabulum , Linn.

A single specimen found on the ground in low,

wet thicket along the Montfort branch of the

C. & N. W. R. R. two miles southwest of Madi¬

son. Rare.

Eurhynchium.

II. hians, Hedw.

Collected at the margin of a small marsh near the

Montford branch of the C. & N. W. R. R. two

miles southwest of Madison. Not rare.

Rhynchostegium. ,

850. H. serrulatum , Hedw.

In open woods, forming patches at base of trees,

and on the ground. Common throughout the

region.

Plagiothecium.

130 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity .

851. H. sylvcdicum , Huds.

Growing on the ground in woods on the left bank

of Yahara river, three miles northeast' of Men-

dota, and on the ground in thicket northeast of

Lake Monona; Not common.

852. H. denticulatum , Linn.

Common on the ground and decaying wood in

moist woods.

Amblystegium.

853. H. serpens , Linn.

On the ground, everywhere.

854. H. radicate , Beauv.

Plants agreeing quite closely with the European

Amblystegium are common throughout the region.

It is probable, however, that they will prove to

be A. vctrici.

855. H. orthocladon , Beauv.

Specimens of this plant were collected at Wash¬

burn Springs, along the lake shore east of Fuller’s

woods, east of Lake Monona and at McFarland.

Not common.

856. H. irriguum , Hook. & Wils.

Growing on the ground about Washburn Springs

and about the large springs on the south side of

Lake WTingra. Not common.

857. IT. irriguum , Hook. & Wils., var. spinifolium , Lesq.

& James.

In most calcareous springs throughout the region.

Collected in the fruiting stage in a large spring

south of Lake Wingra and in one of the springs*

on the south side of the lake.

858. H. adnatum , Hedw.

Growing; on stones and at the bases of trees in

woods. Not rare.

859. H. compactum , Muell.

On calcareous soil at the base of Maple Bluff-

Fare.

Bryacece.

131

860. H. riparium , Linn.

In wet places on stumps, logs, sticks, etc. Near

lake shore, McFarland, and at the edge of pond

near Mineral Point road, six miles west of Madi¬

son.

861. II. riparium , Linn., var. , flaccidam , Lesq. & James.

G-rowing with the species and mnch more com¬

mon. Distributed throughout the region.

Campylium.

862. H. hispidulum , Brid.

Growing on the bases of trees and on the ground

in all the woods of the region.

863. H. chrysopliyllum , Brid.

This plant is not uncommon about the quarries

and on sandy soil west of Madison.

864. II. stellatum , Schreb.

Collected at the edge of a marsh one mile north¬

east of Mendota Station and in the marsh west of

University Bay. Not common.

Harpidium.

865. H. aduncum , Hedw. , car. polycarpum , Bruch &

Schimp.

Collected from a large spring south of Lake Win-

gra. One of the less common varieties of this

species.

866. H. aduncum , Hedw., var. gracilescens , Bruch &

Schimp,

Very abundant in spring ground at Merrill

Springs. Somewhat local.

86-7. H. aduncum , Hedw., var. tenue , Bruch & Schimp.

Several specimens of this variety were collected

near the Wisconsin State Fish Hatchery. It is

doubtless common in low meadows.

868. If. aduncum , Hedw., var. hamatum , Lesq. & James.

The form that we have listed as this variety is

very abundant in all submerged marsh land along

the lakes, and in ditches along roads and rail¬

roads, and has a wide range of variation.

132 Cheney and True — Flora of Madison and Vicinity.

869. H. uncinatum , Hedw.

Of this plant only one small tuft was collected.

This was found on a decaying log beside the road

six miles west of Madison. Rare.

870. II. filicinum , Linn.

On the ground in a bog at Merrill Springs. Grow¬

ing with Philonotis calcarea. Rare.

Ctenium.

871. H. crista-castrenis , Linn.

On the ground in woods at the margins of swamps.

Widely distributed. Rare in fruit.

Hypnum.

872.

873.

874.

875.

876.

H. reptile , Michx.

Forming wide, close-adhering patches on granitic

rocks. Everywhere.

H. imponens , Hedw.

Collected on a log near the road from Stoughton

to Oregon, five miles east of the former place.

Rare.

H. cupressiforme , var.

A few small specimens of this moss were found at

the Wisconsin State Fish Hatchery. Not com¬

mon.

II. Haldanidnum , Grev.

Woods near lake shore one mile east of the vil¬

lage of Pheasant Branch. Growing on a log.

Not common.

H. arcuatum , Lindb.

This is one of our commonest mosses. It forms

wide mats in marshy meadows and in low, wet

woods. Not common in fruiting condition.

Calliergon.

877. H. cuspidatum , Linn.

In marsh west of Lake Wingra. Rare.

878. H. Schreheri , Willd.

Growing with H. crista-castrensis. Less common.

Rare in fruit.

Hylocomium.

Hepciticce.

133

879. H. triquetrum , Linn.

'With the preceding. Much less common. Usually

sterile.

HEPATIC2E. (LIVERWORTS.)

JtlNGERMANNIACEiE. (SCALE MOSSES.)

Erullania, Raddi.

880. F. Ehoracensis , Lehrn.

G-rowing on north side of trees. Common through¬

out the region.

881. F. Asagrayana , Mont.

With the preceding. Less common.

Porella, Dill.

882. P. platyphylla , Lindb.

On stumps and rocks and at the base of trees in

moist places. Common.

Ptilidium, Nees.

883. P. ciliare, Nees.

A small specimen was collected along Mineral

Point road six miles west of Madison. Rare.

Lophocolea, Dumort.

884. L. bidentata , Dumort.

On decaying wood in moist places. Not rare.

Anthocerotace^e. (Horned Liverworts.)

Anthoceros, Micheli.

885. A. loevis, L.

G-rowing on the ground in moist, grassy places

and on wet rocks. Not rare.

Notothylas, Sulliv.

886. JY. orbicularis , Sulliv.

G-rowing on the ground with the preceding.

Marchantiaceje. (Liverworts.)

Marchantia, Marchant. f.

887. M. polymorpha , L.

In damp, shady places; very common everywhere.

184 Cheney and Trite — Flora. ; of Madison and Vicinity.

Preissia, Nees.

888. P. commutata , Nees.

On overhanging rocks about Lake Mendota.

Conocephalus, Neck.

889. C. conicus , Dumont.

Very abundant on the faces of cliffs about the--

lakes, near the water, and not rare on the ground

in wet places. Rare in fruit.

Asterella, Beauv.

890. A. hemisphcerica , Beauv.

On overhanging rocks about Lake Mendota.

Grimaldia, Raddi.

891. G. barbifrons , Bisch.

On the ground on dry, gravelly hillsides. Wingra-

Lake; ridge and hills near quarry two miles south

of Madison.

Ricciaceas.

Riccia, Micheli.

Additions and Corrections.

135

ADDENDA.

Lechea, Kalm. Pinweed.

895. L. minor , L,

Sandy knoll south of Eagle’s Nest.

896. Vaccmium macroccirpon , Ait. Large or American

cranberry.

Peat bog, Sec. 36, town of Madison.

897. TJlmus racemosa , Thomas. Corky white elm.

Governor ’s Island. Rare.

898. Pellcea gracilus , Hook.

On a damp sandstone exposure near Eagle’s

Nest. Rare.

899. Lycopodium clavcitum , L. Common club-moss.

A single specimen found on the northwest shore-

of Hook Lake. Rare.

900. Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh.

On decaying wood south of Forest Hill Cemetery

Not rare.

ERRATA.

On page 52, instead of POLYPETAL2E, read DICOTYLE-

DONES.

On page 52, instead of DICOTYLEDONES, read POLY-

PETALS.

Kinley — The Direction of Social Reform .

137

THE DIRECTION OF SOCIAL REFORM.

By David Kinley, Madison.

With the classification of Sociology as a department of

Biology, an important change has been wrought in the com¬

mon view of the nature and mode of growth of society. The

“social body” is regarded as, in some sense, an organism

developed under varying conditions from pre-existent forms.

It is now recognized that social progress consists in a con¬

tinual readaptation to changed and changing environment, the

nature of which is such as to produce a more complex structure,

or an organism of higher order. The nature of the institu¬

tions of a people depends, as is now well understood, on the

character of the people, on climate, mode of life, and a score of

lesser influences.

The changes of conditions, or environment, which hitherto

have induced changes in the social structure, have been in the

main spontaneous. They have not, generally speaking, been

the result of a preconceived purpose on the part of men to-

attain an ideal. Whatever changes men have made have Deen,.

so to speak, remedial rather than formative; to meet present

exigencies rather than to construct a new social fabric. The

result of human action has been to put experience into laws,,

which roughly mark the boundaries of civilization rather than

constitute its expansive force. In short, “blind evolution”

has been the chief motive power of change. As, however,

knowledge of the laws underlying human life in society in¬

creases, it should become more and more possible for men to

guide these laws for the accomplishment of a preconceived pur¬

pose; so to change the conditions under which they operate

as to direct their movement to the attainment of an ideal.

Social and economic conditions have come to be, in a large

and an increasing degree, under human control. The change

138

Kinley — The Direction of Social Reform.

of the environment is no longer the result of forces wholly unreg¬

ulated by human action, but of forces working under conditions

imposed by the will of man. In the one set of circumstances,

social problems worked themselves out under the law of sur¬

vival of the fittest; in the other, they are worked out by the

establishment of conditions which will evolve, or create, the

life or organism which is deemed to be the fittest. They

formerly fought themselves out, now they may be thought out.

That is to say, reform is added to spontaneous evolution as a

means of social progress. But reform is itself evolutionary

It is but evolution under guidance. The spontaneous evolution

is purposeless, at least so far as man is concerned; reform is

purposeful. One is unconscious; the other, conscious. Yet

both are evolution. For man cannot prevent the operation of

natural laws. He can only guide, control, direct them. All

his efforts to consummate his purpose must be under their

operation. The laws themselves remain, but the conditions

under which they operate may change or be changed, so as to

produce different results. This is a general truth. It is

true in physics as well as in sociology. The electric current

which under one set of conditions turns machinery, under

another gives us light. It is the same current, generated and

flowing under the operation of the same laws, but through a

different medium. So the sociologist, or the practical economist,

may so adjust the conditions of taxation, for example, as to

produce very varied social results. Yet the same general laws

directing the “incidence of taxation” will still operate. Taxa¬

tion, like any other force, follows the line of least resistance.

“Taxation may create monopolies or it may prevent them; it

may diffuse wealth or it may concentrate it; it may promote

liberty and equality of right or it may tend to the establish¬

ment of tyranny and despotism; it may be used to bring about

reforms or it may be so laid as to aggravate existing griev¬

ances and foster dissension and hatred between classes ; taxa¬

tion may be so contrived by the skilful hand as to give free

scope to every opportunity for the creation of wealth or for

the advancement of all true interests of states and cities, or it

Some Mistakes of Social Reformers.

139

may be so shaped as to place a dead weight on a community in

the race for industrial supremacy.”*

At this point, as it seems, practical economists and social

reformers are in dangeh of making two mistakes. In the first

place, the language used to deny economic perpetualism and

■cosmopolitanism seems, in some instances, rather strong. The

idea has at times been conveyed that economic Icnos are varia¬

ble; that the laws underlying the economic and social develop¬

ment of one time or nation, are different from those by which

the life of another time or nation has been moulded. But this,

surely, is a false view. Economic laws, properly consid¬

ered, are ‘‘natural laws” or laws of nature, for they are expres¬

sive of relations of cause and effect. Given the same economic

or social conditions, the same results must follow. Such are

the “laws” of physics, of chemistry, and of every other

•science. The law of gravitation tells us that a body is

attracted to the earth with a force that varies as the mass and

the inverse square of the distance. The fact that a body of

given dimensions has a different weight at the sea-level on the

equator from what it has on the same level at the poles, does

not prove the law false or inoperative. Other factors have

entered the problem. It is the same law acting under different

conditions — the law constant and universal, the media through

which it operates, variable, temporary or local. So of economic

and social laws. They are as truly “natural” as the laws of

physics in their universality of time and place. But national

characteristics and institutions differ; geographical, climatic,

and natural industrial opportunities and conditions differ.

And so the same laws work out different results. There are

“diversities of operations,” but the same laws.

The other mistake, which is really a corollary of this one,

consists in the application of empirical plans for the cure of

social ills. Two features of the present period will strike the

future historian with astonishment. One is the great number

■ of schemes proposed for social reform ; the other, the large

number of intelligent and educated people who believe in one

*Ely: Taxation in American States and Cities, p. 55.

140

Kinley — The Direction of Social Reform.

or another of them. The wrecks of these schemes strew the

world’s pathway for more than a generation, though most of

them contain some of the elements necessary to success. The

very fact of their conception and existence, the very fact that,

they have been so earnestly believed in by so many intelligent

people, emphasizes the fact of the existence of a social question

more than could be done by any recital of its causes or its

details.

On the other hand, the fact that so many of these schemes

have been shattered on the hard rocks of real life is the best of

evidence that they did not conform to the conditions of social

growth. It is not enough for successful reform that wrong

exists. It is not enough that the wrong is recognized, or that

plans are made for its removal or its cure. The plans them¬

selves must be framed in conformity with the laws of social

growth if it is desired to construct them so as to insure suc¬

cess. To do so requires the scientific consideration of the

mode of development of social life. Reform must learn from

evolution. Present conditions are not absolute. Society is a.

growth, its life, a continuity. The present depends on the

past, is conditioned by the past. Any new institution, then,,

must have a vital historical connection with those already

existing. To attempt to introduce one under any other circum¬

stances would be like trying to set a house on a new foundation

without regard to the size, shape or strength of the foundation.

The inevitable result of any such attempt is to produce

social jars, discontent, and wrong. This is not mere theory.

It has been proved in history again and again. One of the

most notable instances is the settling of the English legal and

land-tenure systems on India. The law of Hindoo society is so

unlike that of England that it could not, so to speak, be

squeezed into the English legal framework without great in¬

justice and distress. It is too vague to conform to English

strict legal formulas. Sir Henry Maine says, on this subject:

There is no doubt that the establishment of a tribunal on

similar principles [as the English courts] would now-a-days be

regarded as a measure of the utmost injustice and danger.”*

* Village Communities, p. 37.

Adaptation of New Institutions to Existing Conditions. 141

Maine recalls Macaulay’s description, in his essay on Warren

Hastings, of the consternation caused in India by the introduc¬

tion of the English courts. The injustice in the case described1

by Macaulay was not that the prisoner did not have a fair

trial from the point of view of English law; it was that “the

introduction of the law under which he suffered was felt as a-

general grievance. ”

The historical explanation of the friction was that in India

law had not yet become differentiated from religion, certainly

not to the same extent as in England. English legal develop¬

ment was far in advance.

As to the system of land tenure, the English, being accus¬

tomed to large- estates and great landlords, made the mistake

of supposing that the same must exist in India. Neglecting

the actual historical conditions they instituted such a system.,

conferring the large estates on tax gatherers, or “zemindars,”

as the class most nearly corresponding do the English land¬

lords. The purpose was to put an end to the irregular exac¬

tions to which the peasants had long been subjected. The

opportunity to establish a system “worthy to be ranked among

the noblest that were ever taken for the improvement of any

country” was blindly thrown away. The measure adopted

proved a total failure, in its main feature. Its promoters were

unaccustomed to allow for modification in the operation of new

institutions under the influence of pre-existing conditions.

Similar results followed the attempt of our own forefathers

to impose their systems of law and morals on the Indians.*

This same lack of adaption of the new to the old institutions

is the reason that so many laws are unenforced. To be effective,

a law must express the opinions of a majority, at least, of the

people. Law can never be far in advance of public opinion, if

it is to be enforced. It may be somewhat in advance ; and it

must be so, if it is to be a means of education. But it cannot

serve this purpose unless it is expressive of the opinion of at

least a respectable minority.

Any new system, whether legal, social, economic or politi¬

cal, must have reference, in the first place, to the character of

*See Weeden’s Economic History of N. E., Vol. I, p. 27 f£. ; also II, pp. 715 and 728.

12 - A. & L.

142

Kinley — The Direction of Social Reform.

the people. Our forefathers showed their character in their

refusal to submit to taxation without representation. £<Our

Indian subjects,” said Macaulay, “submit patiently to a salt

monopoly. We tried a stamp duty — a tax so light as scarcely

to be felt — on the fierce breed of the old puritans, and we lost

an Empire.” Bagehot had this same truth in mind when,

after pointing out certain faults in our political system, he

explained its working success by remarking that the American

people could run any system. There are not many peoples of

whom this would be true. For example, an attempt to govern

Turkey by. the American Constitutional system would invite

only ridiculous failure. There are races which, at least so far

in their development, seem incapable of self-government. Cer¬

tainly no other people shows such a capacity for it as the Anglo-

Saxons. The frequent convulsions which have taken place

among the Latin peoples suggest the inquiry whether they have

the faculty in any eminent degree. The legislators of even

republican France- come dangerously near making government a

farce.

But even if we grant that all people have, or may develop,

a sufficient character for self-government, tlieir stage of develop¬

ment may render them incapable of it at the selected time.

This suggests the second condition which schemes of reform

must observe: They must be adapted to the stage of develop¬

ment reached by the people. This lack of "equality of develop¬

ment was doubtless the cause of the hardships produced in

India by the introduction of the English legal system, as noted

above. To the same cause was probably due, in part, the ruin

and distress, “for which no parallel can be found in the annals

of commerce, ”* that followed the introduction of the English

system of manufacturers into India. The necessity of observing

this condition of reform is also the explanation of the ill-success

of attempts at revolution in Russia. The mass of the people is

not yet educated up to the plane of self-government and the

existing tyranny will endure until the majority of the Russian

people are sufficiently developed to appreciate a better system;

and the successful introduction of any better system will be

* Bentinck.

143

Progress Must be Conservative.

impossible until then. Ifc wouldn’t work. For institutions do

not run themselves. They require, the vital personality of a

people behind them and within them. “A nation cannot leap

several centuries of development.” -If it could, it would be

possible to construct a state artificially. But no form of state

lias ever artificially existed, and none can so exist.

To say that in reform regard must be had to the stage of

development, is to emphasize the importance of the average

general education. There always is, in a country, a small num¬

ber of people in advance of the rest. The masses cannot go as

fast as the thinking portion -of the community. But develop¬

ment, or progress, must wait on the body of the people. A

new regime must be on the intellectual level of the people in

general, if it is to be accepted and successful. It is for some

such reason as this that the purity of the ballot has. deterior¬

ated in some places. The voters are not sufficiently educated to

understand its value and importance. Similarly, it is claimed,

the negroes in some sections of the south, have so little correct

conception of their political rights and duties, that they are

incapable of self-government; and our political institutions, left

to management like theirs, would soon go to ruin.

Again, new institutions must be in the line with the 1 histor¬

ical development of a people. At present we in this country

.are having Germany held up to us as, in many respects, an in¬

stitutional model. We hear of the “model city” of Berlin.

We are told of its excellent municipal administration, and have

the government of our own cities held up in contrast. This

contrast is, indeed, both real and painfully impressive. But it

would be rash to conclude that the Berlin system could be suc¬

cessful in London or New York, or even in Boston. Its success¬

ful introduction would require a change not only in the temper

of our people, but, what amounts to the same thing, in the

spirit of our institutions. Americans and Englishmen would

not submit to what seems to us like the excess of bureaucratic

or administrative authority. The docile German spirit of re¬

spect for “ the powers that be, ” is lacking. “We are more

tenacious of our political rights than observant of our political

duties. ” This is, in some respects, a vicious spirit, but it is

144

Kinley—The Direction of Social Reform.

the spirit that has won us our liberties. It is true, indeed,,

that our liberties are now so secure that probably no exten¬

sion of administration could affect them. And, moreover, the-

social and industrial conditions of the more advanced nations

are becoming more and more alike. But we are yet far from

the stage of identity.

Moreover, supposing it is in keeping with the character, edu¬

cation, and development of the people, a new institution

requires for its successful operation time to adjust itself to its

surroundings. Institutions, like nations, cannot be built in a

day. Haste here makes not only waste but hardship and suffer¬

ing. One of the best illustrations of this need of time for ad¬

justment, is furnished by the history of internal taxation in our

Civil War. The system was novel to our institutions, and the

time required for it to get into complete touch with the life of

the people was such that, being imposed some time after the

beginning of the war, it yielded little help compared with

what it might have afforded if established two or three years-

earlier. “The system of internal duties then established,

did not get well under way till late in 1863. The revenue from

this source amounted for the four years after the close of the

war, to over three times what it did for the four preceding

years. ” * There is no doubt that the largest influence produc¬

ing this result was the one indicated.

We cannot, then, successfully impose ready-made institutions

on society. Any attempt to do so will result only in the ruin

of the institutions and in great hardship to the people.

Not only must new institutions have relation to those already

in existence, but they must be made to evolve from our old.

But we “cannot evolve what has not first been involved.” We

must, then, to construct intelligently, study the nature of

society. We must learn the manner of its growth.

It is the testimony of history that social growth is not

equable. Society, in a given period, as a generation, or a

century, develops more rapidly along some lines than along

others. Progress is unsymmetrical, disjointed. Not all de-

artments of activity move forward at the same rate. Having

* H. C. Adams: Public Debts, page 84.

The Mode of Social Progress.

145

advanced to a higher plane in one department, mankind must

pause there to bring the others up to the same, or rather a

harmonious, level. It is this fact which contains the truth

expressed in the common remark that each nation and genera¬

tion has its special mission. This same fact is illustrated by

the progress of civilization in the last few centuries. The

economic conditions existing under the Feudal System were

well adapted to the social and religious situation. When prog¬

ress began, it was not along all lines at once. It took the

form of religious change. The most palpable and immediate

result was not primarily a reform of ethics, or of religion itself.

Speaking broadly, the movement was simply an attempt to

secure individual independence of thought in theological mat¬

ters. It was an emphasis of the importance of the individual.

Strictly, of course, the individualism at the basis of modern

industrial society did not begin with the Reformation. It is

largely an inheritance from Stoicism. Perfection of character

and superiority to social turmoil was the aim of the Stoic.

But this, in its truest meaning, was too high for the Stoic to

attain. He sought it in self-renunciation, by withdrawal from

social duties, not by absorption in them. His perfection came

apart from them, and not through their noble discharge. This

was really a refined intellectual selfishness, the influence of

which waned only before that of Christianity and its purer

altruism. But it did not entirely disappear. It received a

new emphasis from the Reformation. The result was a break¬

ing up of class dependence. Through its influence on the doc¬

trine of Natural Liberty, this reassertion of the importance of

the individual revolutionized the political side of society, find¬

ing its expiession here in the American and the French

Revolutions.

Religious and political freedom thus secured, the next great

change was industrial. Industrial progress has been the main

line of advance in the last half century, and it has run beyond

the limits of harmonious adjustment with the legal and ethical

conceptions that were developed before it. Hence it is that

there is a shock, or a series of shocks, in the social body. This

is but the jarring that arises from its efforts to adjust itself

146 Kinley — The Direction of Social Reform.

harmoniously to its new environment. Harmony is .to be

restored only when the same relative degree, of progress is

attained by all departments of society. For the functions of

the organs of the social body are interdependent, and their

healthy action goes on only when they are tuned, so to speak,,

to the same pitch. Otherwise “ beats ” are inevitable. Ac¬

cordingly, most of the social and industrial evils at present

experienced are due to the fact that industrial development has

outrun the juridical, the social, and the practical ethical arrange¬

ments of society. “ The source of present complaint is found in

the fact that the conception of the rights and duties, of liberties

and constraints, of privileges and responsibilities, which lies at

the basis of our juridical system, is not applied to the highly

developed industrial system of the present. Difficulties have

arisen because the industrial life and activity of the social organ

ism have grown to a different plane from the one which underlies

the juridical system.”* The rapidity of the industrial change

and the emphasis of the social side of production have so

changed the re.ations between employers and employed that old

ideas of justice between the classes have been upset.

The great structure of society rises little by little, now this

corner, now that, until at length harmony of level is attained,

or rather approximated. For no organ of society can be

regarded as strictly quiescent while others are growing up to

it. At no period of history, certainly not of the history of the

progressive races, has such a period of rest, or quietude, or

social harmony, ever been attained. Social forces are never at

rest, never at a quiet level, never in stable equilibrium. No

sooner has the restoration of the disturbed equilibrium been

secured, than the social life reaches out further in some line of

its activity, and the series of jars and shocks and readjustments

begins anew.

Considerations like the the foregoing make a priori schemes

of social reform justly open to suspicion, and furnish safe, even

though rough, data of the mode in which progress should be

made. They enable us to gauge approximately the claims to

consideration of many plans now presented. We can endorse

* Science Economic Discussions, page 88.

The Fallacies of the Socialists.

147

only those which are comformable both to the direction and

stage of a nation’s development, and to the character and edu¬

cation of its people; those which may be fitted gradually to

existing circumstances, and conform to the laws of social evo¬

lution. All that man can do to bring about a new regime, is

to change social and economic environment, and not to devise

schemes that run counter to social and economic laws.

Viewed in the light of these truths the plans of the socialists,

despite their apparent spread, do not bear much promise of ulti¬

mate success. Altogether aside from the economic fallacies

involved in their proposals, it is clear that they offer a scheme

that is impracticable because artificial and unevolutionary.

The scheme of the socialist is not in the line of our historical

development. For our tendency has been, and is, towards elic¬

iting the most richly diversified individualism by assuring to

each the rewards of his own exertions. But even if Socialism

or Nationalism were in the line of our historical development,

we have not arrived at the proper stage for its introduction ; for

it presupposes a state of ethical culture far beyond what we have

reached. Nor is the scheme of the socialist in keeping with our

national character; for, as already pointed out, we are too tena¬

cious of our personal rights. It is possible, of course, for na¬

tional character to be changed. But the process must be a slow

one, and it can hardly be claimed that ours is changing in a so¬

cialistic direction.

The socialists look with satisfaction on the present tendency

towards great aggregations of capital in trusts and pools, re¬

garding this as a step towards the realization of their ideals.

But this is not a socialistic evolution. It is an intensification

of the principal of individualism in industry, an emphasis of its

despotic nature. G-reat combinations of capital are successful

only because management and responsibility are concentrated,

riot diffused. If it could be shown that as pools and trusts are

formed, responsibility for their management is divided among

the units composing them, this would prove the possibility of

general democracy in industry, and be favorable to Socialism.

The truth is that Socialism underrates the difficulty of business

enterprise.

148

Kinley — The Direction of Social Reform .

Socialists also mistake the present social need. Their cry is

for a new industrial organization. But, as already pointed out,

our present industrial system is the latest and most advanced

development of the social organism. It has outstripped other

social organs in the race of progress. This is the true explan¬

ation of the present disturbance. But we cannot properly call

the industrial change the cause. It is a symptom. It is at

once the result and the sign of progress. Therefore, to attempt

a reorganization or a reform of the industrial system, would be

to begin at the wrong end. It is not a proper statement of the

situation, from the historical and sociological point of view, to

say that our present industrial system involves great evils and

therefore needs to be changed; but rather, that in the long

struggle of social progress, the ethical and juridical functions of

the social organism have not yet developed to the extent of the

industrial.

This is not .to deny that there are evils in the present system

of industry. It is to deny that these evils, inhere wholly, or

mainly, in the system. It is to claim that under different

ethical conditions, the evils could be made largely to disappear.

Nor is this position a denial of the possibility and desirability of

a better system, even under other present conditions.

“Whilst, however, an organization of the industrial world may

with certainty be expected to arise in process of time, it would

be a great error to attempt to improvise one.”* Moreover, the

establishment of a system perfect from the industrial stand¬

point alone, would by no means do away with social ills. To

draw the industrial system away from the other departments

of social life to a still higher plane, would simply increase

the strain on the bonds that hold society together. The over¬

development of one organ to the neglect of others can never

produce either a normal man or a normal society.

The fact is that it is in the elevation of practical ethics that

we must look for the remedy of most of our present social ills.

The industrial evils are not a first cause. They are themselves

the result of relatively slow moral and legal progress. And it

is to the acceleration of this progress that we must give our

* Ingram’s Hist. Pol. Econ., p. 244.

Moral Force in the Industrial Field. 149

best efforts. We need a higher practical morality, a higher

conception of social duty, and juridical conceptions and defini¬

tions more in accord with modern conditions.. “Our ruling

powers have still an equivocal character; they are not in real

harmony with industrial life, and are in all respects imper¬

fectly imbued with the modern spirit. What is now most

urgent is not legislative interference on any large scale with

the industrial relations, but the formation in both the higher

and lower regions of the industrial world, of profound convic¬

tions as to social duties, and some more effective mode than at

present exists of diffusing, maintaining, and applying those

convictions. ”*

Moral force is not, indeed, new in the field of economics. It

is an old agent. The increasing extent of its field of opera¬

tions is new, however. The growing complexity of economic

relations has been accompanied by an increasing amount of

moral force in actual operation, but not an amount increasing

in proportion to the growing needs of the new conditions.

The growing tendency to seek state intervention is an

attempt to supply the lack of this moral force. But the

attempt confuses the sphere of church and state. It implies a

belief that the faults of human character cannot be eradicated,

and so must be continuously checked, repressed, crushed, by

external authority. The trouble with the method is that the

controlling authority itself has the same faults as have its

subjects, and that the faults cannot be so held in check. This

method does not remedy defects of human character; nor does

it do away with temptations to their activity; it only seeks to

surround them with legal and conventional barriers. It is

true, indeed, that change of industrial environment may have

an elevating effect on morals. Amidst the wrecks of profit-

sharing and co-operative schemes, for example, there are some

that testify to the evolution, as a result of the industrial change,

of higher ethical conceptions among those engaged in them.

But such means are partial and transitory. A highly moral

organization is impossible if the elements composing it are not

themselves moral. As Spencer says, “The belief that faulty

* Ingram, Ibid.

150 Kinley — The Direction of Social Reform.

character can so organize itself socially as to get out of itself

a conduct which is not proportionately faulty, is an utterly

baseless belief.”*

It is not in political, legal, or industrial conditions, then,

that we must seek the ultimate change. We do need a new

distribution of work as between the state and private individ¬

uals, in some particulars, and we need a purification of our

political life, an uplifting of our political morality. But that

new distribution and that purification will be results, not

causes, of a better moral life. We do need a better adaptation

of our juridical, or legal, system, to modern industrial condi¬

tions. But that adaptation will come only as a result of a

perception of the essential injustice of the present system.

And that perception, too, will be the result of the nobler

altruism of a better moral life. In short, any social reform

can be permanent only as it develops individual character, and

it is toward the improvement of this that our main efforts

must be directed in the future as in the past.

True, in the long meanwhile that must elapse before the har¬

monious adjustment of the various departments of social life to

the highest ethical standard can be attained, our duty is im¬

perative to seek by every legitimate though temporary

means, to lessen the jarring, the injustice, the suffering that the

existing ill-adjustment produces. To erect barriers against

injustice until we can remove its cause and prevent its recur¬

rence; to repress evil until the conditions of life come to be

such as of themselves to reduce it to its uneliminable minimum \

to change, even arbitrarily if necessary, existing juridical mis¬

conceptions and defects, until the environment of essential

justice on which the system is founded shall have had time to

evolve a “fitter” structure; to remedy, here and there, faults of

the existing industrial system at the same time that we work to

evolve an entirely new and better one; in short, to treat the

social body directly for its specific ills even while we seek to

bring it as a whole to a state of good health : these are duties

incumbent on the social reformer and the philanthropist in the

present, none the less because he is at the same time working

* Study of Sociology, p. 22.

The Place of Temporary Measures.

151

for the evolution of a system which by its nature will render

such evils impossible, if, indeed, such a system can be found.

But it will be only when perfect justice and love between man

and man become spontaneous that there can come the “reforma¬

tion for which the civilized world groans and travails, ” and

which will not be an isolated fact, but a revolution that will

affect every department of society, modifying our whole socia.

life, and elevating the whole plane of human conduct.

A SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF PARASITIC FUNGI OF

WISCONSIN.

BY J. J. DAVIS, RACINE, WIS.

In the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science

Arts and Letters, Vol. VI., there was published A Prelimin¬

ary List of the Parasitic Fungi of Wisconsin, by Wm. Trelease,

Sc. I). It was presented to the Academy in December, 1882.

Since that time considerable additional material has been

collected which, it would seem, ought to be used for the exten¬

sion of the list.

To this end, Prof. Trelease has kindly contributed notes and

specimens, Prof. A. B. Seymour of Cambridge, Mass., sent me

his Wisconsin collections, other collectors have aided me with

notes and specimens and my own collection has been used.

Owing to lack of time, Prof. Seymour has been unable to work

up his Wisconsin specimens and they were largely undeter¬

mined. I have identified as many of them as I was able to, but

a considerable number remain until he shall find time to name

them. Of course these lists do not approach, a complete enum¬

eration of the Parasitic Fungi of Wisconsin, and it is to be

hoped that those who collect within the limits of the state will

work towards the completion of the undertaking so well begun

by Professor Trelease. The name of the collector is given in

all cases except when the specimens were collected by me and

are preserved in my herbarium.

The notes on distribution and quantity refer to the vicinity

of Racine, and are jotted down from recollections of field exper¬

ience, which, as every collector knows, varies much from year

to year. The words common and rare are used with reference

to distribution, abundant and scarce with reference to quan-

tity.

In addition to Profs. Trelease and Seymour, I desire to ex-

press my ooligations to Mr. E. W. D. Holway of Decorah,

154

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

Iowa, for invaluable assistance in various ways; To Mr. J. B.

Ellis of Newfield, N. J. , who has determined a large propor¬

tion of the specimens upon which the list is based, and to Prof.

Chas. H. Peck of Albany, N. Y. , and Prof. W. G-. Farlow, of

Cambridge, Mass., who have kindly examined specimens sent

them.

Racine, Wisconsin, February, 1893.

ADDITIONAL HOSTS AND NOTES.

It happens that botanists separated by space, time or lan¬

guage, unwittingly describe the same thing, each under a dif¬

ferent name. To reduce the confusion caused thereby it is

necessary to have a general rule to be applied in all such cases.

The rule which has been adopted for that purpose is that the

name first published shall be taken. The white rusts have been

universally known by the generic name Gystopus. It is found

however, that the name Albugo had been previously used in thal

connection. It seems to me that in such a case the “law of

priority” should not operate because the exigency it was de¬

signed to meet did not exist. The generic name Albugo having

been revived, however, it seems necessary to adopt it to obvi¬

ate the confusion due to its resuscitation. It appears to me

that in the strict application of the “law of priority” the means

are sometimes unduly exalted above the end. Our white rusts

then would stand as follows : *

4. Albugo candidus, (Pers.) O. Kuntze. (Gystopus candidus,

P. , Prelim. List. ) Also on Gakile Americana ,

Nutt. Racine.

5. Albugo tragopogonis, (Pers.) S. F. Gray. ( Gystopus

cubicus , (Strauss) Lev., Prelim. List.)

This was rather abundant on Gnicus arvensis, Hoffm. , in

waste ground on the outskirts of the city of Racine in 1886. I

have not seen it on this host since.

* The numbers attached are those under which they were enumerated in the Preliminary

List.

Additional Hosts and Notes.

155

6. Albugo amaranth!, (Schw. ) O. Kuntze. ( Cystopus bliti,

Biv. -Prelim. List.)

On Acnida tuber culata , Moq. Racine.

Since the Preliminary List was written the genus Peronospora

has been divided, which changes the designation of some of the

species therein enumerated.

9. Plasmopara viticola, (B. & C.) Berl. and DeToni. (Per¬

onospora, Prelim. List.)

10. Plasmopara halstedii, (Farl. ) Berl. and DeToni. ( Per¬

onospora , Prelim. List.) Also on Bidens chrys-

ant/iemoides , Michx. Racine.

11. Plasmopara obducens, Schroeter. ( Peronospora , Prelim.

List. )

12. Plasmopara geranii, (Pk. ) Berl. and DeToni. (Peronos¬

pora, Prelim. List. )

13. Plasmopara ENTOSPORA,(Roze and Cornu) Berl. and PeToni.

( Peronospora , Prelim. List.)

On Aster sagittifolius , Willd. Racine.

14. Plasmopara pygm^ea, (Ung. ) Schroet. (Peronospora, Pre¬

lim. List.)

On Hepatica acutiloba , DC. Racine.

15. Bremia lactuc^e, Regel (Peronospora gangli for mis, (Berk.)

Prelim. List. )

16. Peronospora parasitica, (Pers.) Tul.

On Dentaria laciniata , Muhl, and Car damme

rhomboidea, DC., Racine.

17. Peronospora potentill^:, D By.

On Geum album, G-mel. and Agrimonia Eupatoria,

L. , Racine. Common and abundant on the former

host. Not seen on Agrimonia until 1892, when

it was rather abundant in one station, though

less so on Geum than in previous years.

21. Peronospora alta, Fckl.

On Plantago Rugelii, Dcsne., Racine.

156

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

25. Plasmopara australis, (Speg. ) Swingle. ( Peronospora ,

Prelim. List. )

28. Sclerospora graminicola, (Sacc. ) Schroet. ( Peronospora ,

Prelim. List.)

The changes made in the list of Erysiphece are to bring it in¬

to conformity with the monograph of the North American

species of the family, by Prof. T. J. Burrill in North American

Pyrenomycetes.

31. Unclnula salicis, (DC.) Winter. (W. adunca , (Wallr. )

Prelim List. )

On Populus tremuloides , Michx. Racine. On

P. tremuloides , Michx., and P. angulata , Ait.

(Tracy and G-alloway- in Journal of Mycology,

IV.— 35.

32 and 33. Uncinula 'negator, (Schw. ) Burrill. (V. subfusca ,

B. & C., and XJ. Americana , Howe, Prelim. List.)

On Vitis cordifolia, Michx. Racine.

34. Uncinula circinata. C. & P.

On Acer saccharinum , Wang. Racine.

37. Microsph^ra diefusa, C. & P.

The fungus on Lathy r us ochroleucus , Hook, referred here in

the Prelim. List would now probably be placed in Microsphcera

ravenelii , Berk.

36, 38, 40. Microsph^ra alni, (DC.) Winter. ( Microsphcera

friesii, Lev. , M. pulchrq, C. & P., and M penicil-

lata , (Wall.) Prelim. List.

These species, with others, are united by Burrill under the

above name.

On Ilex certicillata , Gray, Viburnum dentatumr

L., Betula pumila, L., Carpinus Carolinian a^ Wal¬

ter, and Fagus ferruginea , Ait. Racine.

39. Microsphcera grossulari^e, (Wallr.) Lev. ( Microsphcera

Van Bruntiana , Ger. Prelim. List. )

Additional Hosts and Notes.

157

41. Microsphasra quercina, (Schw. ) Burrill. ( Microsphcera

extensa , C. & P., Prelim. List.)

On Quercus alba , L., Quercus macrocarpa ,

Michx. and Quercus palustris , Du Roi. Racine.

43. Podosph^ra oxYACANTHiE, (DC.) D By. ( Podospliaera

tridactyla, Wall., Prelim. List.)

On Crataegus tomentosa. L. and Pyrus coronaria ,

L. Racine. Crataegus Oxyacantha , L. (Tracy

and G-alloway, loc. cit. p. 34. ) Rather common

on the wild crab leaves in 1888, but the peri-

theeia were much scattered.

44. Phyll actinia suffulta, (Reb.) Sacc;

On Alnus incana , Willd. , Acer saccharinum,

Wang., Hamamelis Virginiana , L., Fagus ferru-

ginea , Ait., Ostrya Virginica , Willd., Xanthoxy-

lum Americanum , Mill., Betula papyri feray Marsh.

Cornus stolonifera , Michx. and Cary a sp. Racine.

45. Sphjerotheca castagnei, Lev.

On Lactuca Floridana , G-aert., Prenanthes alba ,

L. , and Pedicular is lanoeolata , Michx. Racine.

The mildews on Rubus triflorus , Rich. , and Agrimonia Eupa-

toria , L. , referred to this species in the Preliminary List would

now probably be placed in Sphoerotheca humuli , (DC.) Burrill.

47. The Erysiphe on Clematis is referred to Erysiphe communis

(Wallr. ) Fr. ( Erysiphe tortilis , Wall. Prelim.

List. )

48. Erysiphe cichoracearum, DC. ( Erysiphe lamprocarpa ,

(Wall.) Prelim. List.)

On Aster puniceus, L., Aster sagittifolius , Willd.,

Solidago Canadensis , L., Helenium autumnale , L.,

corymbosus , Ait., Ambrosia trijida, L. , and

Phlox divaricata , L. Racine. corymbosus ,

Ait., and Inula Helenium , L. (Tracy and Galloway,

c^.)

13— A. & L.

158

Dav is— Wiscbns in Paras itic Fun gi.

49. Erysiphe communis, (Wallr.) Fr.

On Astragalus Canadensis, L., Aquilegia Cana¬

densis, L., and Geranium maculatum , L. (Tracy

and Galloway, Ice. cit. ) Thalictrum purpurascens ,

L. Racine. As noted above (No. 47) Clematis Vir-

giniana , L.. should probably be added as a host

of this species in Wisconsin.

67. Claviceps, sp.

Sclerotia also on Juncus nodosus , L. , and

Glycerict fluitans , R. Br. Racine.

69. Hypocrella, sp.

Dr. Trelease writes that this is directly parasitic on the

leaves.

77. Microstroma leucosporum, Mont. “Represented” on Jug-

Ians cinerea , L., “from just across the line in

Minnesota and Illinois, and hence certain to be

found in Wisconsin. It should also occur on

Cary a. ” (Prelim. List.)

It occurs at Racine on both Juglans and Cary a, and at Lake

Geneva on Juglans cinerea, L. The form on Juglans has been

separated as Microstroma juglandis, ( Bereng. ) Sacc.

78. Ramularia didyma, Ung.

On Ranunculus repens, L. ( ?) Racine. So la¬

belled before R. septentrionalis, Poir. , was differ¬

entiated and is likely the latter.

80. Ramularia plantaginis, E. and Martin.

On Plantago Rugelii, Dcsne. Racine.

82. Ramularia arvensis, Sacc.

On Potentilla Anserina, L. Bassett.

83. Ramularia macrospora, Fres. var. asteris, Sacc. (Var.

senecionis , Sacc. Prelim. List. )

Dr. Trelease states that the varietal name should be as given

above. Occurs also at Racine on the same host.

89. Ramularia desmodii, Cke.

On Lespedeza, sp. Racine.

Additional Hosts and Notes.

159

'91. Cercosporella cana, (Pass.) Sacc.

On Erigeron anuuus, Pers. Racine.

95. Cercospora chenopodii, Fres.

On Atriplex patulum , L. Racine/

107. COLLETOTRICHUM LAGENARIUM, (Pass.) E. & Hals.

( Gloeosporium lindemuthianum. Sacc. & Magnus,

Prelim. List.) On watermelon rinds. Mad¬

ison (Trelease & Seymour).

117. “Phyllosticta treleasii, Berl. & Vogl. in Sacc. Sylloge,

Suppl. 1-15, but scarcely distinct from P. sero-

tina,” (Trelease.)

118. Ascochyta treleasii, Berl. & Vogl. loc cit. 332. (Trelease.)

126. Septoria dentari^e, Peck. ( Septoria sisymbrii , Ellis.,

Prelim. List.)

On Cardamine rhomboidea , DC. Racine.

129. Septoria viol^e, West.

On Viola pahnata , L., var. cucullata , Gray.

G-enoa Junction.

137. The spore measurements given in the Preliminary List

correspond with those of Septoria aquilegiae ,

E. & K., to which it is probable Mr. Pammel’s

specimens should be referred. It has also been

collected in Kenosha county on the same host.

139. This is Septoria divaricata , E. & E., doubtless which also

occurs at Racine on the same host.

141. Septoria rubi, West.

On Rubus villosuSj Ait. Racine.

143. Septoria silphii, E. & E.

Dr. Trelease informs me that the specimens described under

this number should be placed as above. I have collected it at

Clinton Junction on Silphium per foliatum, L.

144. Rhabdospora ribicola, (B. & C.) Sacc. (Septoria ribicola^

B. & C. Prelim. List. )

160

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

150. Uromyces eab^e, (Pers.) DB y. ( U. orobi , (Pers. ) Pre¬

lim. List.)

Uredo on Vicia Americana , Muhl. Berry ville.

154. Uromyces junci, (Desm.) Tul.

On Juncus tenuis , Willd. Racine.

158. Uromyces hyperici, (Schw.) Curtis.

Uredo and teleutospores as well as gecidia on

Diodes campanulata , Pursh. Genoa Junction.

Uredo and teleutospores on Hypericum macula-

turn , Walter. Racine.

159. Uromyces rudbeckre, Arthur & Hoi way. Iowa Uredi-

neee, 154. (Trelease. ) ( U. solidaginis , (Niessl. )

Prelim. List.)

167. Puccinia silphii, Schw.

Teleutospores on Silphium laciniatum , L. Ra¬

cine county.

170. Lagerheim refers this to the genus Rostrupia.

171. Puccinia baryi, (B. & Br. ) Winter.

On Calamagrostis Canadensis , Beauv. Racine.

172. Puccinia andropogi, Schw.

Teleutospores on Andropogon furcatus , Muhl.

Racine.

190. Puccinia galii, (Pers.) Winter.

Teleutospores on Galium concinnum , Torr. &

Gr. Racine.

191. Puccinia pimpinelltE, (Strauss.) Lk.

iEcidium, uredo and teleutospores on Osmor-

rhiza longistylis , DC. Racine.

192. Puccinia menth^:, Pers.

Acidium on Mentha Canadensis , L. Teleuto¬

spores on Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers. Racine.

198. Puccinia viol,®, (Schum. ) DC.

jEcidium, uredo and teleutospores on Viola

canina , L., var. Muhlenbergii , Gray. Racine.

Additional Hosts and Notes.

161

199. Puccinia rubigo-vera, (DC.) Winter.

Uredo and teleutospores on Eatonia Pennsyl¬

vania, Gray. Teleutospores on Bromus cili-

atus , L. , Asprella Hystrix , Willd. , and Elymus

Virginicus, L. Racine.

A uredo which is sometimes very abundant on Poa, perhaps

belongs here. Racine, Madison. (Seymour.)

200. Puccinia graminis, Pers.

Teleutospores on Alopecurus geniculatus, L. , var.

aristulatus, Gray. Racine.

201. S ee AEcidium rhamni, Gmel., No. 485.

204. Phragmidium speciosum, Fr.

On Rosa blanda, Ait., Sauk. (Lueders fide

Trelease. )

205. Phragmidium rubi-idaei, (Pers.) Wint.

Uredo and teleutospores on Rubus strigosus ,

Michx. Racine.

225. ACcidium mariae-wilsoni, Peck. (AE. Petersii, B. & C.,

*

Prelim. List.)

“The name above given has priority. ’’—Trelease.

227. JEcidium grossulariae, DC.

On Ribes oxyacanthoides, L. Racine.

281. AECIDIUM CON VALL ARIAS, Schum.

On Smilacina. Sharon.

235. 2Ecidium thalictri, Grev.

On Thalictrum purpuras cens, L. Racine.

237. Dr. Trelease writes that this is AEcidium hepaticatumy

Schw. , in part.

242. AUcidium compositarum, Mart.

On Polymnia Canadensis, L. , RudbecJcia lacini-

ata, L. , Silphium integrifolium , Michx. , Silphium

terebinthinaceum , L. Racine. Bidens frondosa ,

L. , Xanthium strumarium , L. Kansas ville.

Enpatorium purpureum, L. Walworth county.

162

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi .

243. Probably the secidium of Gy mno sporangium globosum , Far-

low. (No. 208.)

244. This I presume is now to be referred to Roestelia pyrata ,

(Schw.) Thaxter, the ascidium of Gymnospor *

angium macropus , Link. No. 207.

253. “Probably a form of No. 250.” — Trelease.

256. Entyloma compositarum, Farlow.

On Senecio aureus , L. , and Ambrosia trifida , L„

Racine.

258. Entyloma line at a (Cke.) {F. crastophilum , Sacc. (?) Pre¬

lim. List.) Specimens collected at Kansasville on

Zizania aquatica , L. are referred to this species

by Dietel and Ellis. I assume that Dr. Trelease’ s

specimens are the same.

263. Prof. Farlow states that this is not Entyloma thalictrit

Schroeter. It has been collected at Racine on

Anemone nemorosa, L.

265. Urocystis anemones, Pers.

On Hepatica acutiloba , DC. Racine.

249. The smuts referred to Ustilago segetum , Persoon, have been

divided. That on Triticum vulgare , Vill., as U.

tritici , (Pers.) Jensen, on Arena sativa , L., as U.

avence , (Pers.) Jensen, while two species have

been recognized on Hordenm vulgare, L. , viz: U.

hordei , (Pers.) Kellerman and Swingle, and TJ.

nuda , (Jensen) Kellerman and Swingle. Both of

the latter probably occur in Wisconsin. Keller¬

man and Swingle refer to a specimen of IT.

nuda collected at LaCrosse by Prof. Pammel.

(Second Annual Report of the Experiment Sta-

^ tion, Kansas.)

Additional Species.

168

ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

NOT RECORDED IN THE PRELIMINARY LIST.

ChYTRIDIACE^E.

269. Synchytrium aureum, Schroeter.

On Viola pubescens, Ait., and Geum album, Gmel.

Berryville. Not scarce.

270. Synchytrium pluriannulatum, (B. & C.) Farlow.

On Sanicula Marylandica , L. Berryville and

Racine. Not scarce.

Peronosporace^e.

271. Peronospora euphorbia, Fckl.

On Euphorbia maadata, L. Madison. (Seymour.)

272. Peronospora ficari^e, Tul.

OnRanunculus fascicularis, Muhl. Madison. (Sey¬

mour. ) On Ranunculus recurvatus , Poir. Racine.

Rare.

273. Peronospora sordida, B. & Br.

On Scrophidciria nodosa , L., var. Marylandica ,

Gray. Racine. Only observed in 1892 and in a

single station, where it was rather abundant.

Gymnoasci.

274. Tapiirina deformans, (Berk.) Tul.

On Prunus Virginiana, L. Genoa Junction. Col¬

lected but once.

275. Tapiirina rhizophora, Johans.

On fruit of Popidus tremuloides, Mx. Racine,

abundant.

164 Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

Erysiphe^:.

276. Erysiphe galeopsidis, DC.

On Scutellaria lateriflora , L. Racine. On Scut -

ellaria parvula, Michx. “Wisconsin.” (Tracy &

Galloway, Journal of Mycology, IV-34.)

277. Microsph^ra ravenelii, Berk.

On Lathy rus ochroleucus , Hook, and L. venosus ,

Muhl. Racine. The specimens on the former

host, referred to Microsphcera diffusa , C. & P., in

the Preliminary List, would probably be placed

here by Prof. Burrill. (Bulletin of the Illinois

State Laboratory of Natural History, IT-420.)

278. Microsphcera semitosta, B. & C.

On Cephalanthus occidentalism L. Eagle Lake, Ra¬

cine county. Rare. Perithecia sparsely formed.

279. Microsphcera yaccinii, C. & P.

On Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Berry-

ville. Neither common nor abundant.

280. Sph^rotheca epilobii, (Lk.) DBy.

On Epilobium coloration, Muhl. Racine.

281. Sphcerotheca humuli, (DC.) Burrill.

On Geum album , Grnel. , Geum Virgmianum , L.,

and Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Racine. Potentilla

palustris , Scop. Kansasville. On Geum macro -

phyllum , Willd. “Wisconsin.” (Tracy & Gallo¬

way, Journal of Mycology, IV-34.) Probably the

specimens on Agrimonia Eupatoria , L., and those

on Rubus triflorus , Rich., would now be placed

here. (Prelim. List. No. 45. ) Common and

abundant.

282. Sph^rotheca mors-uvce, (Schw. ) B. & C.

On Ribes floridum , L. Racine. The mycelium is

abundant on species of Ribes, but the perithecia

are not common and the only specimen in my

herbarium is on the above host.

Additional Species.

165

283. Uncinula clintonii, Peck.

On Tilia Americana , L. Racine. Neither rare

nor scarce.

284. Uncinula macrospora, Peck.

On TJlmus Americana,, L. Racine. Not common,

Perisporiace^:.

285. Asterina gaultheri^e, Curtis.

On Gaultheria procumbens , L. Three Lakes.

Abundant.

286. Asterina rubicola, E. & E.

On Rubies strigosus , Michx. Racine. Sometimes

abundant.

287. Capnodium salicinum, Mont.

The conidial stage, Furnago vagcins , Pers.,on Salix .

Racine.

288. Dimerosporium pulchrum, Sacc.

The conidial stage, Sarcinella heterospora, Sacc., on

Cornus paniculata , L’Her, and C. stolonifera ,

Michx. Racine. Not rare.

289. L^estadia bidwellii, (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz.

The pycnidia, Phyllosticta labruscce , Thum., on

VUis cordifolia , Michx. Racine.

Phacidiace^e.

290. Pseudopeziza repanda, (Fr. ) Karst. ( Phacidium

autumnale , Fckl. )

On Galium trifidum , L. Racine. Not rare.

291. Rhytisma acerinum, Fr.

On Acer saccharmum , Wang., and very abundant

on Acer dasycarpum , Ehrh. , grown along the road¬

sides near Racine. Specimens kept exposed to

the weather matured in June.

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

166

Fungi Imperfecti.

Isolated Imperfect Forms.

292. Ascochyta cornicola, Sacc.

On Gornus sericea, L. Madison. (Seymour.) Racine.

293. Ascochyta pisi, Lib.

On pea pods from the Racine market.

294. Ascochyta silenes, E. & E.

On Silene antirrhina , L. Eagle Lake, Racine

county.

295. Asteroma venulosum, (Wallr.)

On Iris versicolor , L. Racine. Common.

296. Cercospora alth^eina, Sacc.

On Althaea rosea, L. Madison. (Seymour.) Ra¬

cine. Abundant.

297. Cercospora ampelopsidis, Peck.

On Ampelopsis quinquefolia , Michx. Madison.

(Seymour.)

298. Cercospora antipus, Ell. & Holw;

On Lonicera , sp. Eagle Lake, Racine county.

Lonicera Sullivantii , Racine.

299. Cercospora clavata, Gerard.

On Asclepias Gornuti , Dcsne. Madison. (Sey¬

mour.) On Asclepias Gornuti , Dcsne., and A.

incarnata , L. Racine. Asclepias phytolaccoides ,

Pursh. Walworth county. Common and abundant.

300. Cercospora davisii, E. & E.

On Melilotus alba , Lam. Racine. Not common.

301. Cercospora galii, Ell. & Holway.

On Galium triflorum , Michx. Racine. Rare.

302. Cercospora heucher,®, E. & M.

On Heuchera. Genoa Junction.

303. Cercospora microsora, Sacc.

On Tilia Americana , L. Genoa Junction.

303a. Cercospora monoica, E. & Holway.

On Amphicarpcea monoica , Nutt. Racine.

Additional Species.

167

304. Cercospora Montana. Speg.

On Epilobium color atum , Muhl. Cercospora epil-

obii , Schn. , is perhaps a more mature state, hav¬

ing 2 — 3 septate spores. In the Racine specimens

the spores are uni-septate.

305. Cercospora omphakodes, Ell. & Holway.

On Phlox divaricata, L. Racine.

306. Cercospora osmorrhizas, E. & E.

On Osmorrhiza longistylis , DC. Racine. Rare.

307. Cercospora pentstemonis, E. & K.

On Pentstemon pubescens , Solander. Kansas ville.

Rare.

308. Cercospora perfoliata, E. & E.

On Eupatorium perfoliatum , L. , and Eupatorium

purpureum , L. Racine. Not common.

309. Cercospora (Cercosporella) pirina, E. & E.

Ou Pyrus coronaria, L. Racine. Rare but some¬

times rather abundant.

310. Cercospjra platyspora, Ell. & Hoi,

On Pimpinella integerrima , B. & H. Madison.

(Seymour.) Racine. Abundant,

311. Cercospora polygonorum, Cke.

On Polygonum. Madison. (Seymour.) On Poly

gonum Hydropiper , L. Racine.

312. Cercospora punctoidea, E. & Hoi.

On Galium trijidum , Ait. Racine. Not common.

313. Cercospora reticulata, Peck.

On Solidago serotina , Ait. Racine. Rare.

314. Cercospora sagittari^;, Ell. & Kell.

On Sagittaria variabilis , Engelm. Racine.

315. Cercospora sequoia, E. & E., var. Junxperi, E. & E.

On Juniper us Virginiana , L. Genoa Junction.

Rare.

316. Cercospora sii, E. & E.

On Sium cicutcefolium , Gmel. Racine.

168

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

317. Cercospora squalidula, Peck.

On Clematis Virginiana , L. Racine.

318. Cercospora tuberosa, Ell. & Kell.

On Apios tuberosa , Moench. Racine. Abundant.

319. Cercospora varia, Peck.

On Viburnum Lentago , L. Racine.

320. Cercospora vernoni^e, E. & Kell.

On Vernonia fasciculata , Michx. Racine. Rare.

321. Cercospora zizi^e, E. & E.

On Zizea aurea , Koch. Racine.

322. Cylindrosporium apocyni, E. & E.

On Apocynum androscemifolium , L. Racine.

Common.

323. Cylindrosporium cicut^e, E. & E.

On stems of Cicuta maculata , L. Kansasville.

324. Cylindrosporium humuli, E. & E.

On Humulus Lupulus , L. Racine. Abundant.

325. Cylindrosporium rubi, Ellis & Morgan.

On Rubus strigosus, cultivated. “ Wisconsin, Dr.

J. Brown.” (Journal of Mycology, 1-127.)

326. Cylindrosporium saccharinum, E. & E.

On Acer saccharinum , Wang. Racine.

327. Cylindrosporium zizi^, E. & E.

On Zizia cordata) DC. Racine.

328. Entomosporium maculatum, Lev.

On Amelanchier Canadensis , Torr. & Or. Racine,

Rare.

329. Entomosporium thumenii, (Cke.) Sacc.

On Crataegus punctata , Jacq., and other species.

Common and abundant.

330. Fusarium uredinum, E. & E.

On Salix nigra , Marsh. Racine. Abundant. This

was suspected of being parasitic on the summer

form of Melampsora salicina , Lev., but further

observation showed that the willow was the host.

Additional Species.

169

331. Fusicladium angelica, E. & E.

On Angelica atropurpurea , L. Racine.

332. Glceosporium ampelopsidis, E. & E.

On Ampelopsis quinquefolia , Michx. Racine.

333. GLCEOSPORIUM (Marsonia) apicalis, E. & E.

On Salix lucida , Muhl. Racine. Scarce.

334. Glceosporium apocryptum, E. & E.

On Negundo aceroides , Moench. This species is

very common on the Box Elders cultivated for

shade trees in the city of Racine. In favorable

seasons it nearly defoliates them.

335. Glceosporium aridum, E. & E.

On Fraxinus Americana , L. Racine. Abundant.

When developing vigorously on exposed trees it

attacks one edge of the leaf, causing it to curl

toward the affected side. When less vigorous on

leaves of shaded trees it occurs on roundish spots

about 5 mm. in diameter.

336. G-lceosporium berberidis, Cke.

On Berberis vulgaris , L. Racine.

337. Glceosporium canadense, E. & E.

On Quercus alba , Racine and Kenosha county. On

Quercus macrocarpa , Michx. Racine. This fun¬

gus is very destructive to the leaves of the white

oaks some seasons.

338. GrLCEOSPORiUM coryli, (Desm.) Sacc.

On Corylus Americana , Walt. Racine. Not un¬

common.

339. Glceosporium fagi, Desm. & Rob., var. Americanum,

E. & E.

On Fagus ferruginea , Ait. Racine. Not com¬

mon.

340. Glceosporium fructigenum, Berk.

Not uncommon on apples from the Racine market.

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

341. Glceosporium piiegopteridis, Frank.

On Onoclea sensibilis , L., and Aspidium Thelypteris,

Swartz. Racine. Sometimes abundant on the

first mentioned host. On the Aspidium it does

not seem to develop so perfectly.

342. Glceosporium prunicolum, E. & E.

On Prunas Virginiana , L. Racine, Abundant,

but apparently not common.

343. Glceosporium potentill^, (Desm. ) Oud.

On Potentilla palustris, Scop. Kansasville.

344. Glceosporium rtbis, (Lib.) Desm. & Mont.

On Ribes floridum , L. , and wild and cultivated

gooseberries. Racine. Abundant.

345. Glceosporium robergei, Desm.

On Carpinus Caroliniana , Walt. Racine.

346. Glceosporium saccharinum, E. & E.

On Acer saccharinum , Wang. Racine and Wauke¬

sha. Destructive to the leaves of city shade trees ;

sometimes very much so. On forest trees it is

much less common and usually confined to definite

spots on the leaves.

347. Glceosporium americanum, E. & E.,

On leaves of Vicia Americana , Muhl. Berryville.

347a. Glceosporium davisii, E & E.

On pods of Vicia Americana, Muhl. Berryville.

This and the proceding occur on the same plants

and their distinctness may be doubted.

348. Gonatobotrys maculicola, Wint.

On Hamamelis Virginiana, L. Racine.

349. Heterosporium allii, Ell. & Martin.

On Allium Canadense, Kalm. • Racine. Rather

abundant in the only station where it was ob¬

served.

350. Isariopsis pusilla, Fres.

On Gerastium , sp. Racine and Lake Geneva.

Common

Additio nal Species.

171

351. Leptothyrium dryinum, Sacc.

On Quercus rubra. L. Racine.

352. Leptothyrium periclymeni, Desm., var. America

num, E. & E.

On Lonicera oblongifolia , Muhl. Racine county.

On Lonicera , sp. Three Lakes. The scutellate

perithecia are absent from the specimens collected

at Wind Lake in Racine county, but the fungus

is evidently the same as in specimens from north¬

ern Wisconsin and elsewhere in which they are

present. In none of the American specimens that

I have seen are the perithecia as well developed

as in those from Europe.

353. Oidium pirinum, E. & E.

On Pyrus coronaria , L. Racine. Rare.

354. Oidium radiosum, Lib.

On Popidus tremidoides, Michx. Racine.

355. Pestalozziella subsessilis, E. & E.

On Geranium maculatum, L. Madison. (Trelease.)

356. Phleospora oxyacanth^e, (Kze. & Schm.)

On Crataegus , sp. Racine. Abundant.

357. PHYLLOSTICTA ASTERICOLA, E. & E.

On Aster umbellatus, Mill. Kenosha county. Rare.

358. Phyllosticta ampelopsidis, Ell. & Martin.

On Ampelopsis quinquefolia , Michx. Kansasville.

359. Phyllosticta cruenta, Fr.

On Umdaria grandiflora) Smith. G-enoa Junction.

On Smilacina , sp. Walworth county.

360. Phyllosticta desmodii, E. & E.

On Desmodium , sp. Walworth county.

361. Phyllosticta fagicola, Ell. & Morgan.

On Fagus ferruginea , Ait. Racine. Scarce.

362. Phyllosticta gentian^ecola, Fr.

On Gentiana Andrewsii , Griseb. Racine. Abun¬

dant.

172

363.

364.

365.

366.

367.

368.

369.

370.

371.

372.

373.

374.

375.

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

Phyllosticta hamamelidis, Cke.

On Ilamamelis Virginiana, L. Racine. Rather

abundant.

Phyllosticta helianthi, E. & E.

On Helianthus , sp. Racine county.

Phyllosticta labruscce , Thum., is given under

Laestadia bidwellii , Viala & Ravaz, of which it

is supposed to be a pycnidial. form.

Phyllosticta nebulosa, Sacc.

On iSilene no cti flora, L. Racine. Rare.

Phyllosticta piiomiformis, Sacc.

On Quercus alba , L. Racine.

Phyllosticta prunicola, Sacc.

On Primus serotina , Ehrh. Racine. Not com¬

mon.

Phyllosticta pyrina, Sacc.

On Pyrus coronaria , L. Racine.

Phyllosticta serotina, Cke.

On Primus serotina , Ehrh. Racine. Perhaps the

same as No. 117 of the Preliminary List.

Phyllosticta tineola, Sacc.

On Viburnum dentatum , L. Racine.

PlGGOTIA FRAXINI, B. & C.

On Fraxinus > sp. Madison. (Seymour.) Racine.

Ramularia astragali, Ell. & Holway.

On Astragalus Canadensis , L. Racine. Not

common.

Ramularia barbare^e, Peck.

On Barbarea vulgaris , R. Br. Clinton Junction.

Ramularia brunell^e, E. & E.

On Brunella vulgaris , L. Racine. The spotted

leaves are very common and abundant, but the

conidial tufts are sparingly developed.

Ramularia decipiens, E. & E.

On Rumex obtusifolius , L. Racine and Sharon.

Additional Species .

173

376.

377.

378.

379.

380.

381.

382.

383.

384.

385.

386.

387.

Ramularia desmodii, Cke.

On Lespedeza , sp. Racine.

Ramularia dioscore^e, E. & E.

On Dioscorea villosa, L. Racine. Not uncom¬

mon.

Ramularia hamamelidis, Peck.

On Hamamelis Virginiana , L. Racine. Rather

abundant.

Ramularia impatientis, Peck.

On Impatiens pallida, Nutt. Madison. (Seymour.)

Impatiens , sp. Kenosha county.

Ramularia lysimachi^g, Thum.

On Steironema ciliatum , Raf. Racine. Rare and

scarce.

Ramularia Occident alis, E. & E.

On Rwnex , sp. Racine. Not common.

Ramularia oxalidis, Earl.

On Oxalis. Bayfield. ( Hoi way. )

Ramularia prini, Peck.

On Ilex verticillata , Gray. Racine. Abundant.

Ramularia reticulata, E. & E.

On Osmorrhiza , sp. Waterford. Rare and scarce.

Ramularia rosea, (Fckl. ) Sacc.

On Salix rostrata , Richards. Racine. Abundant.

Ramularia rudbecki^e, Peck.

On Rudbeckia laeiniata , L. Racine. Very com¬

mon and abundant.

Ramularia rufomaculans, Peck.

On Polygonum aviculare , L. , and P. Muhlenbergiiy

Watson. Racine. On Polygonum Muhlenbergiiy

Watson. Kansasville. A Ramularia which was

found growing abundantly on buckwheat ( Fag -

opyrum esculent urn y Moench. ) in Kenosha county

appears to belong here, but there is an entire

absence of spots.

14— A. & L.

174

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

388. Ramularia taraxaci, Karst.

On Taraxacum officinale , Weber. Racine and Shar¬

on. Common.

389. Ramularia variabilis, Fckl.

On Verbascum Thapsus , L. Racine. Not un¬

common.

390. Ramularia veronica, Fckl.

On Veronica serpyllifolia, L. Racine. Not on

F. p>eregrina as first reported. (Journ. Mycol.,

IV-1.)

391. Ramularia viburni, E. & E.

On Viburnum Lentago , L. Racine. Rare and

scarce.

392. SCOLECOTRICHUM GRAMINIS, Fckl.

On Dactylis glomerata , L. Madison. (Trelease. )

On Plileum pratense , L. Racine.

398. Septoria albaniensis, Thum.

On Salix Incida, Muhl. Racine. Common and

abundant.

398a. Septoria albicans, E. & E.

On Saxifraga Pennsylvania , L. Genoa Junction.

399. Septoria asclepiadicola, E. & E.

On Asclepias incar nata, L. Racine and Genoa

Junction. Common.

Additional Species. 175

400. Septoria astericola, Ell. & Evht.

On Aster sagittifolius , Willd. Racine.

401. Septoria atropurpurea, Peck.

Cn Aster macrophyllus , L. Racine.

402. Septoria aitrea, E. & E.

On Ribes aureum , Pursh. (cult.) Racine.

402 a. Septoria betul^e, (Lib.) West.

On Betula papyrifera, Marsh. Three Lakes.

403. Septoria campanula, (Lev.) Ellis.

On Campanula Americana , L. Madison. (Sey¬

mour. ) Kenosha county.

404. Septoria canadensis, Ell. & Davis.

On Solidago Canadensis , L. Racine and Sharon.

405. Septoria caricinella, Sacc. & Roum.

On Carex cephaloidea , Boott and Carex , sp. Ra¬

cine. Not scarce.

406. Septoria cerastii, Rob. & Desm.

On Cerastium , sp. Lake Geneva. Racine.

407. Septoria cirsii, Niessi.

On Cnicus arvensis , Hoffm. Racine. Rather

common and abundant.

408. Septoria conspicua, Ell. & Martin.

On Steironema ciliatum, Raf. Racine. Common

and abundant.

409. Septoria cornicola, Desm.

On Cornus sericea, L. Madison. (Seymour.) On

Cornus cdternifolia , L., and C. paniculata , L’Her.

Racine. C. alternifolia , L. Lake Geneva. Com¬

mon.

410. Septoria corylina, Peck.

On Corylus rostrata) Ait. Three Lakes.

411. Septoria crat^gi, Kickx.

On Crataegus tomentosa , L. Racine. Not com¬

mon.

176

Davis — Wisconsin Parsitic Fungi.

412. Septoria cryptot^ni^, Ell. & Ran.

On Cryptotoenia Canadensis , DC. Madison. (Sey¬

mour.) Racine. Very common and abundant.

Septorix samculoe , E. & E., should doubtless be

placed here, the host plant having been erro¬

neously determined.

413. Septoria cucurbit ace arum, Sacc.

On leaves of musk melon ( Cucumis Melo , L. ) Ra¬

cine. This was observed to be rather abundant

in that portion of a musk melon patch that was.

shaded from the west by a windbreak of trees.

414. Septoria diervill^e, E. & E.

On Diervilla trificla, Moench. Racine.

415. Septoria epilobii, West.

On Epilobium color atum, Muhl. Madison. (Tre-

lease and Seymour. )

416. Septoria fusariospora, E. & E.

On Erigeron strigosus , Muhl. Waterford.

417. Septoria helenii, E. & E.

On Helenium ciutumnale , L. Racine. Common.

Occasionally the perithecia are formed on large,

ill-defined, discolored areas instead of definite

spots.

418. Septoria helianthi, Ell. & Kell.

On Helianthus strumosus, L., H. annuus , L., H.

grosse-serratus , Martens, and other species. Ra¬

cine. “On young seedling Helianthus , perhaps

H. grosse-serratus." Madison. (Trelease.) Com¬

mon and abundant. Sometimes hypophyllous.

419. Septoria increscens, Peck.

On Trientalis Americana , Pursh. Racine and

Three Lakes.

420. Septoria intermedia, E. & E.

On Solidago. Racine. Rare.

421. Septoria lactuca^:, Pass.

On Lactuca Scariola , L. Waukesha.

Additional Species.

177

422. Septoria lapparum, Sacc.

On Lappa. Madison. (Trelease and Seymour. )

423. Septoria leptqstachya, Ell. & Kell.

On Phryma Leptostachya , L. Madison. (Sey¬

mour.) Racine. Abundant.

424. Septoria lobelia, Peck.

On Lobelia syphilitica. Racine and G-enoa Junc¬

tion. On L. spicata , Lam., L. cardinalis , L., and

L. inflata , L. Racine. Common.

425. Septoria ludwigl®, Cke.

On Ludwigia palustris, Ell. Racine.

426. Septoria lysimachi^e, West.

On Steironema longifolium , G-ray. Delavan and

Racine. Rather scarce.

427. Septoria melandrii, Pass.

On Lychnis vespertina , Sibth. Racine. Rare.

428. Septoria mimuli, E. & Kell.

On Mimulus ringens, L. Racine. Not rare.

429. Septoria nepetje, E. & E.

On JSfepeta Cat aria, L. Kenosha county. Col¬

lected but once and in small quantity.

430. Septoria noctiflorje, E. & Kell.

On Silene noctiflora , L. Racine. Rare. Mr.

Ellis thinks this may prove to be identical with

S. saponarice, (DC.)

430a. Septoria ostyra, Peck.

On Ostrya Virginica , Willd. Racine.

431. Septoria pachyspjra, E. & Hoi way.

On Xanthoxylum Americanum , Mill. Racine. No

colored border to the spots in my specimens from

Racine. Not scarce in the single station known

to me.

178

Davis — Wisconsin Paras:tic Fnugi.

432. Septoria paonia, West. (?)

On Pceony. Madison. (Pammel, com. Trelease.)

433. Septoria passerinii, Sacc.

On Horcleum jubatum , L. Racine. Apparently

not common.

434. Septoria physostegice, E. & E.

On Physostegia Virginiana , Benth. Racine.

435. Septoria pile,®, Thum.

On Pilea pumila , Gray. Racine.

436. Septoria plantaginis, Pass. (?)

On Plantago major, L. Madison. (Trelease.)

437. Septoria podophyllina, Peck.

On Podophyllum peltatum, L. Racine. Common.

438. Septoria prenanthis, E. & E.

On Prenanthes , sp. Racine. Not uncommon.

439. Septoria psilostega, E. & Martin.

On Galium. Racine.

440. Septoria ptelea, E. & E.

On Ptelea trifoliata , L. Racine. Rather abun -

dant on the few host plants known to me.

441. Septoria rhuina, B. & C.

On Rhus glabra , L. Kansasville. Not scarce.

442. Septoria sambucina, Peck.

On Sambucus Canadensis , L. Racine. Not abun¬

dant.

443. Septoria saponaria, (DC.)

On Silene antirrhina , L. Kansasville.

444. Septoria Scutellaria, Thum.

On Scutellaria galericulata , L. Wind Lake, Ra¬

cine county. S, lateriflora, L., Racine.

445. Septoria sicyi, Peck.

On Echinocystis lobata , Torr. & Gr. Racine. Not

common.

446. Septoria sii, Rob. & Desm.

On Sium cicutcefolium , Gmel. Burlington and

Racine. Not uncommon.

Additional Species.

179

On Solidago serotina , Ait., S. Canadensis , L., and

Aster Shortii, Hook. Racine. Common and abun¬

dant.

451. Septoria speculari^e, B. & C.

On Speculama perfoliata, A. DC. Kansasville.

452. Septoria spiculosa, E. & Holway.

On Symplocarpus foetidus , Salisb. Racine and

Lake Geneva. Rather common.

453. Septoria stachydis, Rob. & Desm.

On Stachys aspera, Michx. Racine. Not scarce.

454. Septoria stellari^e, Rob. & Desm.

On Stellaria media , Smith. Racine. Not com¬

mon.

455. Septoria trillii, Peck.

On Trillium erectum , L. , T. cernuum , L., T. gran -

diflorum , Salisb., and T. reciirvatum , Beck. Ra¬

cine. Common. On the white flowered species

the spots are larger, more irregular in shape, and

nearly black, but when mature with a gray center.

456. Septoria umbelliferarum, Kalch.

On Cicuta maculata , L., and Tiedemannia rigid a,

Coult. & Rose. Racine.

457. Septoria verbena, Rob. & Desm.

On Verbena hastata , L., and V. urticcefolia. L.

Racine. Common.

458. Septoria veronica, Desm.

On Veronica arvensis , L. Racine. Rather abun¬

dant. Specimens on V. Virginica , L. , collected

at Racine and Sharon, are referred here with some

doubt by Mr. Ellis.

180

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

459.

460.

461.

462.

463.

464.

465.

465a.

Uredine^e.

Uromyces po.e, Rabh.

Uredo- and teleutospores on Glyceria fluitans , R.

Br. Racine. Referred here by Prof. Charles H.

Peck. Not scarce in a single station now nearly

destroyed by pasturing.

Uromyces scirpi, Burrill.

Teleutospores on Scirpus fluviatilis , Gray. Ra¬

cine. Not scarce.

PUCCINIA ANGUSTATA, Peck.

Uredo and teleutospores on Scirpus atrovirens ,

Muhl., and Eriophorum lineatum , B. & H. Ra¬

cine. Not uncommon.

Puccinia CARTCis-STRiCTiE, Dietel., ( Uromyces caricis ,

Peck.)

Uredo and teleutospores on Car ex gracillima ,

Schw. Berryville.

Puccinia cypert, Arthur.

Teleutospores on Cy perns striyosus, L. Genoa

Junction and Kansas ville. The specimens re¬

ferred to Puccinia caricis , (Schum. ) in the Pre¬

liminary List, collected on Cyperus Schweinitzii ,

Tom, at Madison (Trelease), LaCrosse and Honey

Creek (Pammel), should now be referred here.

(J. C. Arthur, Botanical Gazette, XVI — 8-226.)

Puccinia eleocharidis, Arthur.

A few sori on a single plant of Eleocharis , sp.

indet . , were found near Kansas Mile.

Puccinia mari^-wilsoni, Clinton.

HCcidium and teleutospores on Claytonia Virgin-

ica , L. Racine. Not common.

Puccinia mesomegala, B. & C.

On Clintonia borealis , Raf. Bayfield (Hoi way).

Additional Specps.

181

466. Puccinia obtecta, Peck.

Uredo and teleutospores not uncommon on Scirpus

lacustris , L. , at Racine. Abundant along the

shores of Eagle Lake near Kansasville on Scirpus

pungens , Vahl.

467. Puccinia porphyrogenita, Curtis.

On Cornus Canadensis , L. Bayfield (Holway. )

468. Puccinia proserpinac^e, Farlow.

On Proserpinaca palustris , L. Racine. A single

station where it is somewhat abundant.

469. Puccinia spreta, Peck.

On Mitella dipliylla , L. Racine. I am indebted

to Prof. C. H. Peck for the determination.

470. Puccinia sanicul^e, G-rev.

iEcidium, uredo and teleutospores on Sanicula

Marylandica, L. Racine. Rare and scarce.

471. Puccinia saxifrage, Schl.

On Heuchera Americana , L. Madison. (H. L.

Russell. )

472. Puccinia suaveolens, (Pers.) Rostrup.

Spermogonia, uredo and teleutospores on Cnicus

arvensis , Hoffm. Racine. Common.

473. Puccinia veronicas, (Schum.) Winter.

Teleutospores on Veronica Virginica , L. Racine.

Rare and scarce.

474. Triphragmium clavellosum, Berk.

On Aralia. Bayfield. (Holway.)

475. Coleosporium yiburni, Arthur.

On Viburnum Lentago , L. Uredo and teleuto¬

spores. Racine. Not common, but sometimes

rather abundant.

476. Chrysomyxa ledi, (A. & S.) DBy.

Uredo on Ledum Icttifalium , Ait. Three Lakes.

Abundant

182

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

477. Cronartium asclepiadeum, Kze., var. Thesii, B.

On Comandra umbellata , Nutt. Racine.

478. Melampsora epilobii, (Pers.) Fckl.

Uredo on Epilobium color atum, Muhl. Racine.

Not uncommon nor scarce.

479. Melampsora sparsa, Winter.

On Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Sprengel. This has

not been compared with authentic specimens, but,

is probably correctly placed. From my experi¬

ence in collecting it I am led to think the specific

name a very appropriate one. Three Lakes.

480. Uredo Cassandra, Peck & Clinton.

On Cassandra calyculata , Don. Three Lakes.

Abundant.

481. .ZEcididium actae^e, (Opiz. ) Wallr.

On Actaea , sp. Baraboo. (True, com. Trelease.)

Racine. Rare.

482. iEciDIUM CLEMATIDIS, DC.

On Clematis Viryiniana, L. Racine. Not scarce.

483. tEcidium nesae^e, Gerard.

On Decodon verticillatus , Ell. Genoa Junction.

Rare.

484. iEciDiUM hydnoidetjm, B. & C.

A single sorus was found on a leaf of Dirca pal-

ustris , L., at Three Lakes.

484a. tEcidium porosum, Peck.

On Vida Americana , Muhl. Racine. Rather

abundant.

485. 2Ecidium rhamni, Gmel.

This species, the supposed secidial stage of Puc -

cinia coronata, Corda, was found in small quan¬

tity near Racine and in abudance near Wind

Lake, in Racine county, on Pliamnus alnifoliar

L’Her.

Additional Species.

183

Entomophthoee^e.

486. Empusa grylli, Fres.

“Very common at Madison on Caloptenus — Tre-

lease.

USTILAGINE^E AND ALLIES.

487. Entyloma floerke^e, Holway.

On FloerJcea proserpinacoides, Willd. Racine.

Abundant, but conidia scarce.

488. Entyloma sanicul^:, Peck.

On Sanicula Marylandica , L. Racine. Rather

common, but, as with the preceding species, the

conidia are scarce.

489. Protomyces fuscus, Peck.

On Hepatica acutiloba, PC. Racine. On Hepat-

ica triloba, Chaix. Waterford. Rare.

490. Protomyces macrosporus, Unger.

A few sori, agreeing with the description of this

species, were found on the stem of Gicuta macu-

lata, L., near Kansasville. ■ Although the host

was abundant, no more was found after consider¬

able search.

491. Ttjbercinia trientalis, B. & Br.

On Smilacina. Racine. Found but once.

492. Txtberculina persicina, Pitm.

On AJcidium impatientis, Schw. Racine. Rare.

493. Urocystis waldsteini^e. Peck.

On Waldsteinia fragarioides, Tratt. Three Lakes.

SCLEROTIA.

494. SCLEROTIUM NERVALE, A. & S.

On Viola pubescens, Ait. Berryville. Rare and

scarce.

495. Puring one season a grey, globular sclerotium was

very common on large compositae, Silphium, Heli-

anthus, etc., falling from the leaves when full

184

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

grown. In spite of its abundance that year I

have not seen it since. In 1892 a similar sclero-

tium wras observed on Calamogrostis Canadensis ,

Beauv. , at Berry ville, which distorted the plants

in a peculiar manner. The affected leaves were

curled longitudinally, beginning at the tip which

dropped to the leaf below, where it was firmly

held by the unrolling of the under leaf. The scler-

otia were cinereous, globular, about 2 mm. in

diameter, and were enclosed in the rolled up leaf.

Index to Hosts.

185

INDEX TO HOSTS.

Acer dasycarpum, 291.

Acer saccharinum, 34, 44, 291,

326, 346.

AciTda 'tuberculata, 6.

Actaea, 481.

Agrimonia Eupatoria, 17, 45,

281, 396.

Agropyrum repens, 397.

Allium Canadense, 349.

Alnus incana, 44.

Alopecurus geniculatus, 200.

Althaea rosea, 296.

Ambrosia trifida, 48, 256.

Amelanchier Canadensis, 328.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 297,

332, 358.

Amphicarpaea monoica, 303a.

Andorpogon furcatus, 172.

Anemone nemorosa, 263.

Angelica atropurpurea, 331.

Apios tuberosa, 318.

Apocynum androsaemifolium,

322.

Apples, 340.

Aquilegia Canadensis. 49, 137.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 479.

Aralia, 474.

Asclepias Cornuti, 299.

Asclepias incarnata, 299, 399.

Asclepias phytolaccoides, 299.

Aspidium Thelypteris, 341.

Asprella Hystrix, 199.

Aster corymbosus, 48.

Aster macrophyllus, 401.

Aster puniceus, 48.

Aster sagittifolius, 13, 48, 400.

Aster Shortii, 450.

Aster umbellatus, 357.

Astragalus Canadensis, 49, 372.

Atriplex patulum, 95.

Avena sativa, 249.

Barbarea vulgaris, 373.

Berberis vulgaris, 336.

Betula papyrifera, 44, 402a.

Bctula pumila, 40.

Bidens chrysanthemoides, 10.

Bidens frondosa, 242.

Bromus ciliatus, 170, 199.

Brunella vulgaris, 374.

Cakile Americana, 4.

Oalamogrostis Canadensis, 171,

199, 494.

Caloptenus, 486.

Campanula Americana, 403.

Cardamine rhomboidea, 16, 126.

Carex cephaloidea, 405.

Carex gracillima, 462.

Carex, 405.

Carpinus Caroliniana, 40, 345.

Carya, 44, 77.

Cassandra calyculata, 480.

Celastrus scandens, 40.

Cenchrus tribuloides, 253.

Ceplialanthus occidentali’s, 278.

Cerastium, 350, 406.

Cicuta maculata, 323, 456, 490.

Claytonia Virginica, 465.

Clematis Yirginiana, 47, 49,

317, 482.

186

Davis — Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi .

Clintonia borealis, 465a.

Cnicus arvensis, 5, 407, 472.

Comandra umbellata, 477.

Cornus alternifolia, 409.

Cornus Canadensis, 467,

Cornus paniculata, 288, 409.

Cornus sericea, 292, 409.

Cornus stolonifera, 44, 288.

Corylus Americana, 338.

Corylus rostrata, 410.

Crataegus coccinea, 243.

Crataegus oxyacantha, 43.

Crataegus punctata, 329.

Crataegus tomentosa, 43, 243,

411.

Crataegus, 329, 356.

Cryptotaenia Canadensis, 412.

Cucumis Melo, 413.

Cyperus Schweinitzii, 463.

Cyperus strigosus, 463.

Dactylic glomerata, 392.

Decodon verticillatus, 483.

Dentaria laciniata, 16, 126.

Desmodium, 360.

Diervilla trifida, 414,

Dioscorea villosa, 377.

Dirca palustris, 484.

Eatonia Pennsylvanica, 199.

Echinocystis lobata, 445.

Eieocharis, 464.

Elodes campanulata, 158.

Elymus Virginicus, 199.

Epilobium coloratum, 280, 304,

415, 478.

Erigeron annuus, 91.

Erigeron Philadelphicus, 130.

Erigeron strigosus, 416.

Erigeron, 130.

Eriophorum lineatum, 461.

Eupatorium ageratoides, 69.

Eupatorium perfoliatum, 308.

Eupatorium purpureum, 242,

308.

Euphorbia maculata, 271.

Fagopyrum esculentum, 387.

Fagus ferruginea, 40, 44, 339,

361.

Floerkea proserpinacoides, 487.

Fraxinus Americana, 335.

Fraxinus, 371.

Galium concinnum, 190.

Galium trifidum, 290, 312.

Galium triflorum, 301.^

Galium, 439.

Gaultheria procumbens, 285.

Gaylussacia resinosa, 279.

Gentiana Andrewsii, 362.

Geranium maculatum, 49, 355.

Geum album, 17, 269, 281.

Geum macrophyllum, 281.

Geum Virginianum, 281.

Glyceria fluitans, 67, 459.

Hamamelis Virginiana, 44, 348,

363, 378.

Hedeoma pulegioides, 192.

Helenium autumnale, 48, 417.

Helianthus annuus, 418.

Helianthus grosse-serratus,

418.

Helianthus strumosus, 418.

Helianthus, 364, 494.

Hepatica acutiloba, 14, 265,

489.

Hepatica triloba, 489.

Heuchera Americana, 471.

Heuchera, 302.

Hordeum jubatum, 433.

Hordeum vulgare, 249.

Humulus Lupulus, 324.

Hypericum, maculatum, 158.

Ilex verticillata, 40, 383.

Impatiens pallida, 379.

Jmpatiens, 379, 492.

Inula Helenium, 48.

Index to Hosts.

187

Iris versicolor, 295.

Juglans cinerea, 77.

Juglans, 77.

Juncus nodosus, 67.

Juncus tenuis, 154.

Juniperus Virginiana, 315.

Xactuca Floridana, 45.

Xactuca Scariola, 421.

Xappa, 422.

Xathyrus ochroleucus, 37, 277.

Xathyrus venosus, 277.

Xedum latifolium, 476.

Xespedeza, 89, 376.

Xobelia cardinalis, 424.

Xobelia inflata, 424.

Xobelia spicata, 424.

Xobelia syphilitica, 424.

Xonicera glauca, 38.

Xonicera obion gifolia, 352.

Xonicera Sullivantii, 298.

Xonicera, 298-352.

Xudwigia palustris, 425.

Xychnis vesper tina, 427.

Melilotus alba, 300.

Mentha Canadensis, 192.

Mimulus r ingens, 428.

Mitella diphylla, 469.

Muskmelon, 413.

Negundo aceroides, 334

Nepeta cataria, 429.

Onoclea sensibilis, 341.

Osmorrhiza longistylis, 191,

306, 395.

Osmorrhiza, 384.

Ostrya Virginica, 44, 430a.

Oxalis, 382.

Pseony, 432.

Pea, 293.

Pedicularis lanceoiata, 45.

Pentstemon pubescens, 307.

Phleum pratense, 392.

Phlox divaricata, 48, 139, 305.

Phragmites communis, 393.

Phryma Xeptostachya, 423.

Physostegia Virginiana, 434.

Pilea pumila, 435.

Pimpinella integerrima, 310.

Pisum sativum, 293.

Plantago major, 436.

Plantago Rugelii, 21, 80.

Poa, 199.

Podophyllum peltatum, 69, 437.

Polygonum aviculare, 387.

Polygonum Hydropiper, 311.

Polygonum Muhlenbergii, 387

Polygonum, 311.

Polymnia Canadensis, 242.

Populus angulata, 31.

Populus tremuloides, 31, 275,

354.

Potentilla anserina, 82.

Potentilla palustris, 281, 343.

Prenanthes alba, 45.

Prenanthes, 438.

Proserpinaca palustris, 468.

Prunua serotina, 117, 367, 369.

Prunus Virginiana, 274, 342.

Ptelea trifoliata, 440.

Pyrus coronaria, 43, 244, 309,

353, 368.

Quercus alba, 41, 337, 366.

Quercus macrocarpa, 41, 337.

Quercus palustris, 41.

Quercus rubra, 351.

Ranunculus abortivus, 394.

Ranunculus fascicularis, 272.

Ranunculus recurvatus, 272.

Ranunculus repens, 78, 261.

Rhamnus alnifolia, 485.

Rhus glabra, 441.

Ribes aureum, 402.

Ribes floridum, 282, 344.

Ribes oxyacanthoides, 227.

Ribes, 144, 344.

188

Davis-- Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi.

Rosa bland a, 204.

Rubus strigosus,205, 286, 325.

Rubus triflorus 45, 281.

Rubus villosus, 141.

Rudbeckia laciniata, 159, 242,

386.

Rumex obtusifolius, 375.

Rumex, 381.

Sagittaria variabilis, 314.

Salix lucida, 333, 398.

Salix nigra, 330.

Salix rostrata^ 385.

Salix, 287.

Sambucus Canadensis, 442.

Sanicula Marylandica, 270, 470,

488.

Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, 398a.

Scirpus atrovirens, 461.

Scirpus fluviatilis, 460.

Scirpus lacustris, 466.

Scirfpus pungens, 466.

Scrophularia nodosa, 273.

Scutellaria galericulata, 444.

Scutellaria lateriflora, 276, 444.

Scutellaria parvula, 276.

Senecio aureus, 256.

Silene antirrhina, 294, 443.

Silene noctiflora, 365, 430, 447.

Silene stellata, 448.

Silphium integrifolium, 118,

143, 242.

Silphium laciniatum, 167.

Sil-phium perfoliatum, 143.

Silphium terebinthinaceum, 242.

Silphium, 494.

Sium cicutsefolium, 316, 446.

Smilacina, 231, 359, 449, 491.

Solidago Canadensis, 48, 404,

450.

Solidago serotina, 313, 450.

Solidago, 420.

Specularia perfoliata, 451.

Stachys aspera, 453.

| Steironema ciliatum, 380, 408.

Steironema longifolium, 426.

Stellaria media, 454.

Symplocarpus foetidus, 452.

Taraxacum officinale, 388.

Thalictrum dioicum, 263.

Thalictrum purpurascens, 49,

235.

Tiedemannia rigida, 456.

Tilia Americana, 283, 303.

Trientalis Americana, 419.

Trillium cernuum, 455.

Trillium erectum, 455.

Trillium grandiflorum, 455.

Trillium recurvatum, 455.

Triticum vulgare, 249.

Ulmus Americana, 284.

Uvularia grandiflora, 359.

Verbascum Thapsus, 389.

Verbena hastata, 457.

Verbena urticsefolia, 457.

Vernonia fascicutlata, 320.

IVernonia noveboracensis, 118.

Veronica arvensis, 458.

Veronica serpyllifolia, 390.

Veronica Virginica, 458, 473.

Viburnum dentatum, 40, 370.

Viburnum Lentago, 40, 319,

391, 475.

Vicia Americana, 150, 347,

3476?, 484a.

Viola canina, 198.

Viola palmata, 129.

Viola pedatiflda, 225.

Viola pubescens, 269, 493.

Vitis cordifolia, 33, 289.

Waldsteinia fragariodes, 493.

Watermelon, 107.

Xanthium strumarium, 242.

Xanthoxylum Americanum, 44,

Zizania aquatica, 258. [431.

Zizia aurea, 321.

Zizia 327. cordata,

ON THE CYCLOPIDiE AND CALANIDiE OF CENTRAL

WISCONSIN.

By C. Dwight Marsh.

The material on which this paper is based has been largely

collected from the immediate vicinity of Ripon. The fauna of

Green Lake I have been enabled to study with considerable

thoroughness ; I have not only made a large number of collec¬

tions, but they have been made at all seasons from early spring

to December, and the work has extended over several years.

From some ponds in the neighborhood of Ripon, I have made

similar repeated collections. From Lake Puckaway, Lake

Winnebago, and the smaller lakes in Fond du Lac and Green

Lake counties, my collections were for the most part made in

the months of July and August.

Through the kindness of Prof. E. A. Birge, I have also had

materia] collected by him from lakes in the northern part of

the state, and by Miss H. Merrill from the Great Lakes.

This is not presented as a final report, for I still feel very

doubtful in regard to the relationships of some species. But

to properly define these relationships seems likely to involve a

long period of study, and possibly it cannot be done satisfac¬

torily until more is known of the embryonic and larval stages.

Inasmuch as so little has been published in regard to Ameri¬

can copepoda, I may be justified in publishing this paper,

although I am well aware of its imperfections.

While faunistic studies of fresh-water Crustacea have been

quite thoroughly prosecuted in Europe, and to some extent in

Asia and Africa, only a few localities in the United States

have been studied with any degree of thoroughness. The only

considerable publications on copepoda have been made by

Prof. Forbes, Prof. Cragin and Prof. Herrick. Prof. Forbes,

who has made very important additions to our knowledge of

15 — A. & L.

190 Marsh — Cyclopulce and Calanidm of Wisconsin.

American entomostraca, made his collections in Illinois, south¬

ern Wisconsin, the Great Lakes, and Montana and Wyoming.

Prof Cragin collected in eastern Massachusetts. Prof. Her¬

rick has collected very widely through the Mississippi valley

and the southern states. His reports on the Minnesota Crus¬

tacea (22, 25, 26) covered a region with a fauna nearly iden¬

tical with that of Wisconsin. His work of exploration must

have been done very thoroughly, for my work in Wisconsin

gives me little to add in the way of new species. Because of

incomplete descriptions or a lack of figures, it is, in some-

cases, however, difficult to identify his species.

In Wisconsin the cladoceran fauna is better known than in

any other part of the United States through the well-known

work of Prof. Birge, but the copepoda have been almost en¬

tirely neglected.

While the number of copepods in a collection from any

locality is frequently very large, the number of species is

generally small. In pools which are swarming with individ¬

uals, frequently there are not more than two or three species.

In pelagic collections there are seldom more than four to six

species. Of diaptomus there is ordinarily only one species in

a locality, although two or three species are sometimes found

together in pelagic collections.

Some species ot copepods may be considered strictly pelagic,,

and some as strictly littoral, while others are found only in

stagnant pools. But many species readily adapt themselves to

all these conditions, and with little or no change of structure

seem to thrive equally well wherever they may be.

The following may be considered a fairly accurate division

of the species according to their habitat :

Distribution of the Species.

191

Pelagic.

Litto¬

ral.

Stag¬

nant

Pools.

Diaptomus sanguineus . .

4 4 leptopus ....

4 4 pallidus ....

4 4 sicilis .

4 4 ashlandi . . .

4 4 minutus ....

4 4 oregonensis . .

Epischura lacustris ....

Limnocalanus macrurus

Cyclops americanus ....

4 4 brevispinosus . . .

4 4 navus .

4 4 pulchellus .

4 4 p arcus .

4 4 leuckarti .

4 4 signatus .

4 4 modestus .

4 4 flumatilis .

4 4 sermdatus .

4 4 phaleratus .

4 4 bicolor .

4 4 fimbriatus .

None of our species is peculiar to this immediate region, arid

it is probable that they are widely distriouted over the north¬

ern part of the United States and the southern part of British

America. Indeed, the copepod fauna of North America resem¬

bles very closely that of Europe and northern Asia. This fact

has already been remarked by Prof. Birge in regard to the

cladocera, and it seems no less true of the copepoda. Many of

our species are identical with those of Europe, even in the

minutest details, as in the case of Cyclops leuckarti Sars. In

other cases the structural differences are slight, and it is very

probable that we should consider them of only varietal value,

were we acquainted with the limits of species variation. That

the species should be identical, or nearly so, over such a wide

extent of territory is not at all strange when we remember

how easily the living animals and their eggs may be trans¬

ported by water-fowl. Most of the forms, too, seem to readily

192

Marsh — Cyclopidce and Calanidce of Wisconsin.

adapt themselves to change of environment with little percep¬

tible change of structure. Thus Cyclops pulchellus Koch, is a

common pelagic form of the larger lakes, and seems well adapted

to its environment, but I have found it in Rush Lake, a reed-

covered, shallow body of water, in which we would hardly

.expect to find any distinctive pelagic fauna.

It is to be noticed that the American species of Diaptomus

are distinct from those of Europe, and that they are, in some

cases, quite limited in their distribution.

The pelagic species are generally colorless, and the body and

appendages are more elongated than in the littoral forms.

"When a species occurs both in shallow and in deep water, the

same difference is noted, the pelagic forms in some cases form¬

ing well marked varieties.

The species of shallow water and stagnant pools are fre¬

quently highly colored, but the color is generally of little

value in distinguishing species. Quite generally all the cope-

poda and cladocera of a pool have the same prevailing color,

while the same species under other conditions of environment

may be entirely colorless. This was noticed by Herrick in

1883 (25 p. 385.) Certain species, however, seem to have a

coloration peculiarly their own, — like the purple tips of the

antennse in Diaptomus leptopus. The specimens of Cyclops

modestus which I have found, have possessed a distinct purple

tinge, very different from the colors of the species with which

they were associated.

In the synonomy of species I have followed the European

authors. It seems to me next to an impossibility to identify

the species of Koch and Baird, for their descriptions are of no

value whatever. All that is left for one to do is to accept

them as defined by later authors.

It has not been my aim to add to the already sufficiently

numerous descriptions of “new species, ” but rather to make

more clear the descriptions already given, to indicate the

proper synonymy, and to reduce the number of specific names

rather than to increase them. In doing this, I know I have

laid myself open to criticism, for it is, perhaps, presuming too

much to revise another author’s descriptions. My only excuse

Distribution of the Species. 193

is my reluctance to add to the cumbersome nomenclature of the

genera under discussion. For example, I have no doubt of the

identity of a Wisconsin species with Cyclops brevispinosus Her¬

rick, but Herrick’s description is not sufficient for a satisfac¬

tory identification. Therefore, rather than to add a new species

name, I have ventured to describe this species more completely.

Inasmuch as printed descriptions, even when accurate, are

frequently misleading, and as a list of species is only valuable

when one is certain of the accuracy of the identification, I have,

in most cases, drawn figures of the essential anatomical char¬

acteristics of the species treated of, and trust that I shall have

made clear at least what species I have described, and have

rendered it possible, if I have made mistakes, for others to

detect those mistakes.

194 Marsh — Cyclopidce and Calanidoe of Wisconsin.

The foregoing table will give an idea of the distribution of

the species in some of the bodies of water which I have exam¬

ined. Green Lake is about seven miles long and has a max¬

imum depth of a little less than two hundred feet. The other

lakes — the Great Lakes excepted — are shallow. Lake Winne¬

bago, although a large body of water, is said to be nowhere

more than twenty-five or thirty feet in depth. Rush Lake is

pretty largely covered with a growth of rushes and wild rice,

and is being gradually filled up. Lake Puckaway is an expan¬

sion of Fox river, is to a considerable extent covered with wild

rice and rushes, and is very shallow.

FAMILY CALANIDJE.

Genus DIAPTOMUS Westwood.

KEY TO SPECIES OF DIAPTOMUS FROM CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE.

Antepenultimate joint of antenna without appendage,

Fifth feet nearly equal in length, oregonensis.

Left fifth foot shorter than right, pallidus.

Antepenultimate joint of antenna with hyaline lamella, leptopus.